factbook.json/antarctica/hm.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>American sailor John HEARD discovered Heard Island in 1853 while fellow American William MCDONALD discovered the McDonald Islands the following year. Starting in 1855, sealers lived on the islands and harvested elephant seal oil; by the time the practice was ended in 1877, most of the islands’ seals were killed. The UK formally claimed the islands in 1910, and Australian explorer Douglas MAWSON visited Heard Island in 1929. In 1947, the UK transferred the islands to Australia for its Antarctica research, but Australia closed the research station on Heard Island in 1954 when it opened a new research station on the Antarctic continent. McDonald Island has been an active volcano since it emerged from dormancy in 1992, and the island doubled in size after an eruption in 1996. In 1997, the islands were named a UNESCO World Heritage site. Populated by a large number of bird species, seals, and penguins, the islands are primarily used for research, with limited fishing permitted in the surrounding waters.</p> <p style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: 18.0pt; background: white;\"> </p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "islands in the Indian Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Madagascar to Antarctica"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "53 06 S, 72 31 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Antarctic Region"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "412 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "412 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "0 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly more than two times the size of Washington, D.C."
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "101.9 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "exclusive fishing zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "antarctic"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "Heard Island - 80% ice-covered, bleak and mountainous, dominated by a large massif (Big Ben) and an active volcano (Mawson Peak); McDonald Islands - small and rocky"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Mawson Peak on Big Ben volcano 2,745 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "fish"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "0% (2011 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "100% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "Mawson Peak, an active volcano, is on Heard Island"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "Mawson Peak on Heard Island is the highest Australian mountain; at 2,745 m (9,006 ft), Mawson is taller than Mt. Kosciuszko in mainland Australia), and one of only two active volcanoes located in Australian territory; in 1992, McDonald Island, the other active volcano, broke its dormancy and began erupting; it has erupted several times since"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "uninhabited"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>limited scientific research and expeditions"
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Climate": {
      "text": "antarctic"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "0% (2011 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "100% (2018 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Heard Island and McDonald Islands"
      },
      "abbreviation": {
        "text": "HIMI"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "named after US Captain John HEARD, who sighted the island on 25 November 1853, and US Captain William McDONALD, who discovered the islands on 4 January 1854"
      }
    },
    "Dependency status": {
      "text": "territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the Department of Agriculture, Water, and the Environment (Australian Antarctic Division)"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "the laws of Australia apply&nbsp;"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "text": "none (territory of Australia)"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "embassy": {
        "text": "none (territory of Australia)"
      }
    },
    "Flag": {
      "text": "the flag of Australia is used"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "1 (natural); note - excerpted from the Australia entry"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Heard Island and McDonald Islands"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".hm"
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "2 (2025)"
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "defense is the responsibility of Australia"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
  }
}