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auto-update week 20
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Yo Robot
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@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
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"land": {
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"text": "14.2 million sq km (285,000 sq km ice-free, 13.915 million sq km ice-covered) (est.)"
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},
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"note": "<p><strong>note:</strong> fifth-largest continent, following Asia, Africa, North America, and South America, but larger than Australia and the subcontinent of Europe</p>"
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> fifth-largest continent, following Asia, Africa, North America, and South America, but larger than Australia and the subcontinent of Europe"
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},
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"Area - comparative": {
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"text": "slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US"
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@ -42,16 +42,16 @@
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"text": "about 98% thick continental ice sheet and 2% barren rock, with average elevations between 2,000 and 4,000 m; mountain ranges up to nearly 5,000 m; ice-free coastal areas include parts of southern Victoria Land, Wilkes Land, the Antarctic Peninsula area, and parts of Ross Island on McMurdo Sound; glaciers form ice shelves along about half of the coastline, and floating ice shelves constitute 11% of the area of the continent"
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},
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"Elevation": {
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"mean elevation": {
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"text": "2,300 m"
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"highest point": {
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"text": "Vinson Massif 4,892 m"
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},
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"lowest point": {
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"text": "Denman Glacier more than -3,500 m (-11,500 ft) below sea level"
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},
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"highest point": {
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"text": "Vinson Massif 4,892 m"
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"mean elevation": {
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"text": "2,300 m"
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},
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"note": "<br><br><strong>note:</strong> the lowest known land point in Antarctica is hidden in the Denman Galcier; at its surface is the deepest ice yet discovered and the world's lowest elevation not under seawater"
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the lowest known land point in Antarctica is hidden in the Denman Galcier; at its surface is the deepest ice yet discovered and the world's lowest elevation not under seawater"
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},
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"Natural resources": {
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"text": "iron ore, chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum and other minerals, and coal and hydrocarbons have been found in small noncommercial quantities; mineral exploitation except for scientific research is banned by the Environmental Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty; krill, icefish, toothfish, and crab have been taken by commercial fisheries, which are managed through the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Living Marine Resources (CCAMLR)"
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@ -64,9 +64,6 @@
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"Natural hazards": {
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"text": "katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise along the coast; volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica; other seismic activity rare and weak; large icebergs may calve from ice shelf"
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},
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"Environment - current issues": {
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"text": "the discovery of a large Antarctic ozone hole in the earth's stratosphere (the ozone layer) - first announced in 1985 - spurred the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987, an international agreement phasing out the use of ozone-depleting chemicals; the ozone layer prevents most harmful wavelengths of ultra-violet (UV) light from passing through the earth's atmosphere; ozone depletion has been shown to harm a variety of Antarctic marine plants and animals (plankton); in 2016, a gradual trend toward \"healing\" of the ozone hole was reported; since the 1990s, satellites have shown accelerating ice loss driven by ocean change; although considerable uncertainty remains, scientists are increasing our understanding and ability to model potential impacts of ice loss"
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},
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"Geography - note": {
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"text": "the coldest, windiest, highest (on average), and driest continent; during summer, more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent period <br /><br />mostly uninhabitable, 98% of the land area is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, the largest single mass of ice on earth covering an area of 14 million sq km (5.4 million sq mi) and containing 26.5 million cu km (6.4 million cu mi) of ice (this is almost 62% of all of the world's fresh water); if all this ice were converted to liquid water, one estimate is that it would be sufficient to raise the height of the world's oceans by 58 m (190 ft)"
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}
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@ -76,6 +73,19 @@
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"text": "no indigenous inhabitants, but there are both permanent and summer-only staffed research stations<br /> <br /><strong>note: </strong>53 countries have signed the 1959 Antarctic Treaty; 30 of those operate through their National Antarctic Program a number of seasonal-only (summer) and year-round research stations on the continent and its nearby islands south of 60 degrees south latitude (the region covered by the Antarctic Treaty); the population engaging in and supporting science or managing and protecting the Antarctic region varies from approximately 4,400 in summer to 1,100 in winter; in addition, approximately 1,000 personnel, including ship's crew and scientists doing onboard research, are present in the waters of the treaty region<br /> <br />as of 2017, peak summer (December-February) maximum capacity in scientific stations - 4,877 total; Argentina 601, Australia 243, Belarus 12, Belgium 40, Brazil 66, Bulgaria 22, Chile 433, China 166, Czechia 20, Ecuador 34, Finland 17, France 90, France and Italy jointly 80, Germany 104, India 113, Italy 120, Japan 130, South Korea 130, Netherlands 10, NZ 86, Norway 70, Peru 30, Poland 40, Russia 335, South Africa 80, Spain 98, Sweden 20, Ukraine 24, UK 196, US 1,399, Uruguay 68 (2017)<br /> <br />winter (June-August) maximum capacity in scientific station - 1,036 total; Argentina 221, Australia 52, Brazil 15, Chile 114, China 32, France 24, France and Italy jointly 13, Germany 9, India 48, Japan 40, Netherlands 10, South Korea 25, NZ 11, Norway 7, Poland 16, Russia 125, South Africa 15, Ukraine 12, UK 44, US 215, Uruguay 8 (2017) <br /><br />research stations operated within the Antarctic Treaty area (south of 60 degrees south latitude) by National Antarctic Programs year-round stations - approximately 40 total; Argentina 6, Australia 3, Brazil 1, Chile 6, China 2, France 1, France and Italy jointly 1, Germany 1, India 2, Japan 1, Netherlands 1, South Korea 2, NZ 1, Norway 1, Poland 1, Russia 5, South Africa 1, Ukraine 1, UK 2, US 3, Uruguay 2 (2017)<br /><br /> a range of seasonal-only (summer) stations, camps, and refuges - Argentina, Australia, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Brazil, Chile, China, Czechia, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, South Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, UK, US, and Uruguay (2017)<br /><br /> in addition, during the austral summer some nations have numerous occupied locations such as tent camps, summer-long temporary facilities, and mobile traverses in support of research"
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}
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},
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"Environment": {
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"Environment - current issues": {
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"text": "the discovery of a large Antarctic ozone hole in the earth's stratosphere (the ozone layer) - first announced in 1985 - spurred the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987, an international agreement phasing out the use of ozone-depleting chemicals; the ozone layer prevents most harmful wavelengths of ultra-violet (UV) light from passing through the earth's atmosphere; ozone depletion has been shown to harm a variety of Antarctic marine plants and animals (plankton); in 2016, a gradual trend toward \"healing\" of the ozone hole was reported; since the 1990s, satellites have shown accelerating ice loss driven by ocean change; although considerable uncertainty remains, scientists are increasing our understanding and ability to model potential impacts of ice loss"
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},
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"Climate": {
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"text": "the coldest, windiest, and driest continent on Earth; severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing; summers characterized by continuous daylight, while winters bring continous darkness; persistent high pressure over the interior brings dry, subsiding air that results in very little cloud cover"
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},
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"Land use": {
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"agricultural land": {
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"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
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}
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}
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},
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"Government": {
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"Country name": {
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"conventional long form": {
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@ -156,8 +166,8 @@
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}
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},
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"Heliports": {
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"text": "53 (2012)",
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"note": "<p><strong>note:</strong> all year-round and seasonal stations operated by National Antarctic Programs stations have some kind of helicopter landing facilities, prepared (helipads) or unprepared</p>"
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"text": "53 (2012)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> all year-round and seasonal stations operated by National Antarctic Programs stations have some kind of helicopter landing facilities, prepared (helipads) or unprepared",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> all year-round and seasonal stations operated by National Antarctic Programs stations have some kind of helicopter landing facilities, prepared (helipads) or unprepared"
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},
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"Ports and terminals": {
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"text": "most coastal stations have sparse and intermittent offshore anchorages; a few stations have basic wharf facilities"
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@ -48,11 +48,11 @@
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"text": "volcanic; coast is mostly inaccessible"
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},
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"Elevation": {
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"lowest point": {
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"text": "South Atlantic Ocean 0 m"
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},
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"highest point": {
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"text": "Olavtoppen (Olav Peak) 780 m"
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},
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"lowest point": {
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"text": "South Atlantic Ocean 0 m"
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}
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},
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"Natural resources": {
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@ -81,9 +81,6 @@
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"Natural hazards": {
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"text": "occasional volcanism, rock slides; harsh climate, surrounded by pack ice in winter"
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},
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"Environment - current issues": {
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"text": "none; almost entirely ice covered"
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},
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"Geography - note": {
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"text": "almost entirely covered by glacial ice (93%); declared a nature reserve by Norway; the distance from Bouvet Island to Norway is 12,776 km, which is almost one-third the circumference of the earth"
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}
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@ -93,6 +90,34 @@
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"text": "uninhabited"
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}
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},
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"Environment": {
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"Environment - current issues": {
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"text": "none; almost entirely ice covered"
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},
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"Climate": {
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"text": "antarctic"
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},
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"Land use": {
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"agricultural land": {
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"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
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},
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"agricultural land: arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 0% (2018 est.)"
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},
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"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
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},
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"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
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},
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"forest": {
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"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
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},
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"other": {
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"text": "100% (2018 est.)"
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}
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}
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},
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"Government": {
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"Country name": {
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"conventional long form": {
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@ -104,7 +129,7 @@
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"etymology": {
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"text": "named after the French naval officer Jean-Baptiste Charles BOUVET who discovered the island in 1739"
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},
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"note": "<p><strong>note:</strong> pronounced boo-vay i-land</p>"
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> pronounced boo-vay i-land"
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},
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"Dependency status": {
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"text": "territory of Norway; administered by the Polar Department of the Ministry of Justice and Oslo Police"
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@ -43,32 +43,37 @@
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"text": "<p><strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul):</strong> a volcanic island with steep coastal cliffs; the center floor of the volcano is a large plateau; </p><p><strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul):</strong> triangular in shape, the island is the top of a volcano, rocky with steep cliffs on the eastern side; has active thermal springs; </p><p><strong>Iles Crozet:</strong> a large archipelago formed from the Crozet Plateau is divided into two groups of islands; </p><p><strong>Iles Kerguelen:</strong> the interior of the large island of Ile Kerguelen is composed of high mountains, hills, valleys, and plains with peninsulas stretching off its coasts; </p><p><strong>Bassas da India (Iles Eparses):</strong> atoll, awash at high tide; shallow (15 m) lagoon; </p><p><strong>Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island:</strong> low, flat, and sandy; </p><p><strong>Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses):</strong> low, flat, sandy; likely volcanic seamount</p>"
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},
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"Elevation": {
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"lowest point": {
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"text": "Indian Ocean 0 m"
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},
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"highest point": {
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"text": "<span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">Mont de la Dives on Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul) 867 m</span>"
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},
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"note": "<br><br><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\"><strong>highest points throughout the French Southern and Antarctic Lands: </strong>unnamed location on Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul) 272 m; Pic Marion-Dufresne in Iles Crozet 1090 m; Mont Ross in Iles Kerguelen 1850 m; unnamed location on Bassas de India (Iles Eparses) 2.4 m;24 unnamed location on Europa Island (Iles Eparses) 24 m; unnamed location on Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses) 12 m; unnamed location on Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses) 10 m; unnamed location on Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses) 7 m</span>"
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"lowest point": {
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"text": "Indian Ocean 0 m"
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},
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"note": "<span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\"><strong>highest points throughout the French Southern and Antarctic Lands: </strong>unnamed location on Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul) 272 m; Pic Marion-Dufresne in Iles Crozet 1090 m; Mont Ross in Iles Kerguelen 1850 m; unnamed location on Bassas de India (Iles Eparses) 2.4 m;24 unnamed location on Europa Island (Iles Eparses) 24 m; unnamed location on Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses) 12 m; unnamed location on Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses) 10 m; unnamed location on Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses) 7 m</span>"
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},
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"Natural resources": {
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"text": "fish, crayfish, note, Glorioso Islands and Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses) have guano, phosphates, and coconuts",
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"note": "<br><br><strong>note</strong> - in the 1950's and 1960's, several species of trout were introduced to Iles Kerguelen of which two, Brown trout and Brook trout, survived to establish wild populations; reindeer were also introduced to Iles Kerguelen in 1956 as a source of fresh meat for whaling crews, the herd today, one of two in the Southern Hemisphere, is estimated to number around 4,000"
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"text": "fish, crayfish, note, Glorioso Islands and Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses) have guano, phosphates, and coconuts<br><br><strong>note</strong> - in the 1950's and 1960's, several species of trout were introduced to Iles Kerguelen of which two, Brown trout and Brook trout, survived to establish wild populations; reindeer were also introduced to Iles Kerguelen in 1956 as a source of fresh meat for whaling crews, the herd today, one of two in the Southern Hemisphere, is estimated to number around 4,000",
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"note": "<strong>note</strong> - in the 1950's and 1960's, several species of trout were introduced to Iles Kerguelen of which two, Brown trout and Brook trout, survived to establish wild populations; reindeer were also introduced to Iles Kerguelen in 1956 as a source of fresh meat for whaling crews, the herd today, one of two in the Southern Hemisphere, is estimated to number around 4,000"
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},
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"Natural hazards": {
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"text": "<p>Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul are inactive volcanoes; Iles Eparses subject to periodic cyclones; Bassas da India is a maritime hazard since it is under water for a period of three hours prior to and following the high tide and surrounded by reefs</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Reunion Island - Piton de la Fournaise (2,632 m), which has erupted many times in recent years including 2010, 2015, and 2017, is one of the world's most active volcanoes; although rare, eruptions outside the volcano's caldera could threaten nearby cities</p>"
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},
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"Environment - current issues": {
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"text": "introduction of foreign species on Iles Crozet has caused severe damage to the original ecosystem; overfishing of Patagonian toothfish around Iles Crozet and Iles Kerguelen"
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},
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"Geography - note": {
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"text": "<p>islands' component is widely scattered across remote locations in the southern Indian Ocean</p><p><strong>Bassas da India (Iles Eparses):</strong> atoll is a circular reef atop a long-extinct, submerged volcano; </p><p><strong>Europa Island and Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses):</strong> wildlife sanctuary for seabirds and sea turtles; </p><p><strong>Glorioso Island (Iles Eparses):</strong> islands and rocks are surrounded by an extensive reef system; </p><p><strong>Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses):</strong> climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones in the western Indian Ocean; wildlife sanctuary (seabirds, tortoises)</p>"
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}
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},
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"People and Society": {
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"Population": {
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"text": "no indigenous inhabitants",
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"note": "<br><br><strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>uninhabited but has a meteorological station<br /><strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>uninhabited but is frequently visited by fishermen and has a scientific research cabin for short stays<br /> <strong>Iles Crozet</strong>: uninhabited except for 18 to 30 people staffing the Alfred Faure research station on Ile del la Possession<br /> <strong>Iles Kerguelen:</strong> 50 to 100 scientists are located at the main base at Port-aux-Francais on Ile Kerguelen<br /> <strong><span class=\"category\">Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): </span></strong>uninhabitable<br /> <strong><span class=\"category\">Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): </span></strong>a small French military garrison and a few meteorologists on each possession; visited by scientists<br /> <strong><span class=\"category\">Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): </span></strong>uninhabited, except for visits by scientists"
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"text": "no indigenous inhabitants<br><br><strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>uninhabited but has a meteorological station<br /><strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>uninhabited but is frequently visited by fishermen and has a scientific research cabin for short stays<br /> <strong>Iles Crozet</strong>: uninhabited except for 18 to 30 people staffing the Alfred Faure research station on Ile del la Possession<br /> <strong>Iles Kerguelen:</strong> 50 to 100 scientists are located at the main base at Port-aux-Francais on Ile Kerguelen<br /> <strong><span class=\"category\">Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): </span></strong>uninhabitable<br /> <strong><span class=\"category\">Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): </span></strong>a small French military garrison and a few meteorologists on each possession; visited by scientists<br /> <strong><span class=\"category\">Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): </span></strong>uninhabited, except for visits by scientists",
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"note": "<strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>uninhabited but has a meteorological station<br /><strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>uninhabited but is frequently visited by fishermen and has a scientific research cabin for short stays<br /> <strong>Iles Crozet</strong>: uninhabited except for 18 to 30 people staffing the Alfred Faure research station on Ile del la Possession<br /> <strong>Iles Kerguelen:</strong> 50 to 100 scientists are located at the main base at Port-aux-Francais on Ile Kerguelen<br /> <strong><span class=\"category\">Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): </span></strong>uninhabitable<br /> <strong><span class=\"category\">Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): </span></strong>a small French military garrison and a few meteorologists on each possession; visited by scientists<br /> <strong><span class=\"category\">Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): </span></strong>uninhabited, except for visits by scientists"
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}
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},
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"Environment": {
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"Environment - current issues": {
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"text": "introduction of foreign species on Iles Crozet has caused severe damage to the original ecosystem; overfishing of Patagonian toothfish around Iles Crozet and Iles Kerguelen"
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},
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"Climate": {
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"text": "<p><strong>Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul:</strong> oceanic with persistent westerly winds and high humidity; </p><p><strong>Iles Crozet:</strong> windy, cold, wet, and cloudy; </p><p><strong>Iles Kerguelen:</strong> oceanic, cold, overcast, windy; </p><p><strong>Iles Eparses:</strong> tropical</p>"
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}
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},
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"Government": {
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},
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"Executive branch": {
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"chief of state": {
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"text": "President Emmanuel MACRON (since 14 May 2017), represented by Prefect Cecile POZZO DI BORGO (since 13 October 2014)"
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"text": "President Emmanuel MACRON (since 14 May 2017), represented by Prefect Charles GIUSTI (since 12 October 2020)"
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}
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},
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"International organization participation": {
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"text": "Heard Island - 80% ice-covered, bleak and mountainous, dominated by a large massif (Big Ben) and an active volcano (Mawson Peak); McDonald Islands - small and rocky"
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},
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"Elevation": {
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"lowest point": {
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"text": "Indian Ocean 0 m"
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},
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"highest point": {
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"text": "Mawson Peak on Big Ben volcano 2,745 m"
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},
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"lowest point": {
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"text": "Indian Ocean 0 m"
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}
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},
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"Natural resources": {
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"Natural hazards": {
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"text": "Mawson Peak, an active volcano, is on Heard Island"
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},
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"Environment - current issues": {
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"text": "none; uninhabited and mostly ice covered"
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},
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"Geography - note": {
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"text": "Mawson Peak on Heard Island is the highest Australian mountain (at 2,745 meters, it is taller than Mt. Kosciuszko in Australia proper), and one of only two active volcanoes located in Australian territory, the other being McDonald Island; in 1992, McDonald Island broke its dormancy and began erupting; it has erupted several times since, most recently in 2005"
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}
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"text": "uninhabited"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Environment": {
|
||||
"Environment - current issues": {
|
||||
"text": "none; uninhabited and mostly ice covered"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Climate": {
|
||||
"text": "antarctic"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2011 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "100% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government": {
|
||||
"Country name": {
|
||||
"conventional long form": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue