diff --git a/africa/ag.json b/africa/ag.json index 1e7b516a..bf0b1233 100644 --- a/africa/ag.json +++ b/africa/ag.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "mostly high plateau and desert; Atlas Mountains in the far north and Hoggar Mountains in the south; narrow, discontinuous coastal plain" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "800 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Tahat 2,908 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Chott Melrhir -40 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Tahat 2,908 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "800 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,17 +99,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; mudslides and floods in rainy season; droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution in major cities; soil erosion from overgrazing and other poor farming practices; desertification; dumping of raw sewage, petroleum refining wastes, and other industrial effluents is leading to the pollution of rivers and coastal waters; Mediterranean Sea, in particular, becoming polluted from oil wastes, soil erosion, and fertilizer runoff; inadequate supplies of potable water" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "largest country in Africa but 80% desert; canyons and caves in the southern Hoggar Mountains and in the barren Tassili n'Ajjer area in the southeast of the country contain numerous examples of prehistoric art - rock paintings and carvings depicting human activities and wild and domestic animals (elephants, giraffes, cattle) - that date to the African Humid Period, roughly 11,000 to 5,000 years ago, when the region was completely vegetated" } @@ -127,8 +116,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%", - "note": "

note: although almost all Algerians are Berber in origin (not Arab), only a minority identify themselves as primarily Berber, about 15% of the total population; these people live mostly in the mountainous region of Kabylie east of Algiers and several other communities; the Berbers are also Muslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab cultural heritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, for autonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but has officially recognized Berber languages and introduced them into public schools

" + "text": "Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%

note: although almost all Algerians are Berber in origin (not Arab), only a minority identify themselves as primarily Berber, about 15% of the total population; these people live mostly in the mountainous region of Kabylie east of Algiers and several other communities; the Berbers are also Muslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab cultural heritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, for autonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but has officially recognized Berber languages and introduced them into public schools", + "note": "note: although almost all Algerians are Berber in origin (not Arab), only a minority identify themselves as primarily Berber, about 15% of the total population; these people live mostly in the mountainous region of Kabylie east of Algiers and several other communities; the Berbers are also Muslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab cultural heritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, for autonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but has officially recognized Berber languages and introduced them into public schools" }, "Languages": { "text": "Arabic (official), French (lingua franca), Berber or Tamazight (official); dialects include Kabyle Berber (Taqbaylit), Shawiya Berber (Tacawit), Mzab Berber, Tuareg Berber (Tamahaq)" @@ -198,10 +187,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "73.7% of total population (2020)" + "text": "74.3% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.46% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -323,7 +312,7 @@ "text": "27.4% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "3% (2012)" + "text": "2.7% (2018/19)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "NA" @@ -365,6 +354,96 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution in major cities; soil erosion from overgrazing and other poor farming practices; desertification; dumping of raw sewage, petroleum refining wastes, and other industrial effluents is leading to the pollution of rivers and coastal waters; Mediterranean Sea, in particular, becoming polluted from oil wastes, soil erosion, and fertilizer runoff; inadequate supplies of potable water" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Nuclear Test Ban" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "35.17 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "150.01 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "49.94 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "3.6 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "191 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "6.671 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "11.667 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "17.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 3.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 13.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "0.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "81.8% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.1% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "74.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "12,378,740 tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "990,299 tons (2013 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "8% (2013 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -396,7 +475,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: name derives from the Arabic \"al-Jazair\" meaning \"the islands\" and refers to the four islands formerly off the coast but joined to the mainland since 1525" + "note": "etymology: name derives from the Arabic \"al-Jazair\" meaning \"the islands\" and refers to the four islands formerly off the coast but joined to the mainland since 1525" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "48 provinces (wilayas, singular - wilaya); Adrar, Ain Defla, Ain Temouchent, Alger, Annaba, Batna, Bechar, Bejaia, Biskra, Blida, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Bouira, Boumerdes, Chlef, Constantine, Djelfa, El Bayadh, El Oued, El Tarf, Ghardaia, Guelma, Illizi, Jijel, Khenchela, Laghouat, Mascara, Medea, Mila, Mostaganem, M'Sila, Naama, Oran, Ouargla, Oum el Bouaghi, Relizane, Saida, Setif, Sidi Bel Abbes, Skikda, Souk Ahras, Tamanrasset, Tebessa, Tiaret, Tindouf, Tipaza, Tissemsilt, Tizi Ouzou, Tlemcen" @@ -478,8 +557,8 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Algerian National Front or FNA [Moussa TOUATI]
Algerian Popular Movement or MPA [Amara BENYOUNES]
Algerian Rally or RA [Ali ZAGHDOUD]
Algeria's Hope Rally or TAJ [Amar GHOUL]
Democratic and Social Movement or MDS [Hamid FERHI]
Dignity or El Karama [Aymene HARKATI]
Ennour El Djazairi Party (Algerian Radiance Party) or PED [Badreddine BELBAZ]
Front for Justice and Development or El Adala [Abdallah DJABALLAH]
Future Front or El Mostakbel [Abdelaziz BELAID]
Islamic Renaissance Movement or Ennahda Movement [Mohamed DOUIBI]
Justice and Development Front or FJD [Abdellah DJABALLAH]
Movement of National Construction (Harakat El-Binaa El-Watani) [Abdelkader BENGRINA]
Movement of National Understanding or MEN
Movement for National Reform or Islah [Filali GHOUINI]
Movement of Society for Peace or MSP [Abderrazak MOKRI]
National Democratic Rally (Rassemblement National Democratique) or RND [Ahmed OUYAHIA]
National Front for Social Justice or FNJS [Khaled BOUNEDJEMA]
National Liberation Front or FLN [Mohamed DJEMAI]
National Party for Solidarity and Development or PNSD [Dalila YALAQUI]
National Reform Movement or Islah [Djahid YOUNSI]
National Republican Alliance or ANR [Belkacem SAHLI]
New Dawn Party or PFJ [Tahar BENBAIBECHE]
New Generation or Jil Jadid [Soufiane DJILALI]
Oath of 1954 or Ahd 54 [Ali Fawzi REBAINE]
Party of Justice and Liberty [Mohammed SAID]
Rally for Culture and Democracy or RCD [Mohcine BELABBAS]
Socialist Forces Front or FFS [Hakim BELAHCEL]
Union for Change and Progress or UCP [Zoubida Assoul]
Union of Democratic and Social Forces or UFDS [Noureddine BAHBOUH]
Vanguard of Freedoms (Talaie El Houriat) [Ali BENFLIS]
Youth Party or PJ [Hamana BOUCHARMA]
Workers Party or PT [Louisa HANOUNE]", - "note": "

note: a law banning political parties based on religion was enacted in March 1997

" + "text": "Algerian National Front or FNA [Moussa TOUATI]
Algerian Popular Movement or MPA [Amara BENYOUNES]
Algerian Rally or RA [Ali ZAGHDOUD]
Algeria's Hope Rally or TAJ [Amar GHOUL]
Democratic and Social Movement or MDS [Hamid FERHI]
Dignity or El Karama [Aymene HARKATI]
Ennour El Djazairi Party (Algerian Radiance Party) or PED [Badreddine BELBAZ]
Front for Justice and Development or El Adala [Abdallah DJABALLAH]
Future Front or El Mostakbel [Abdelaziz BELAID]
Islamic Renaissance Movement or Ennahda Movement [Mohamed DOUIBI]
Justice and Development Front or FJD [Abdellah DJABALLAH]
Movement of National Construction (Harakat El-Binaa El-Watani) [Abdelkader BENGRINA]
Movement of National Understanding or MEN
Movement for National Reform or Islah [Filali GHOUINI]
Movement of Society for Peace or MSP [Abderrazak MOKRI]
National Democratic Rally (Rassemblement National Democratique) or RND [Ahmed OUYAHIA]
National Front for Social Justice or FNJS [Khaled BOUNEDJEMA]
National Liberation Front or FLN [Mohamed DJEMAI]
National Party for Solidarity and Development or PNSD [Dalila YALAQUI]
National Reform Movement or Islah [Djahid YOUNSI]
National Republican Alliance or ANR [Belkacem SAHLI]
New Dawn Party or PFJ [Tahar BENBAIBECHE]
New Generation or Jil Jadid [Soufiane DJILALI]
Oath of 1954 or Ahd 54 [Ali Fawzi REBAINE]
Party of Justice and Liberty [Mohammed SAID]
Rally for Culture and Democracy or RCD [Mohcine BELABBAS]
Socialist Forces Front or FFS [Hakim BELAHCEL]
Union for Change and Progress or UCP [Zoubida Assoul]
Union of Democratic and Social Forces or UFDS [Noureddine BAHBOUH]
Vanguard of Freedoms (Talaie El Houriat) [Ali BENFLIS]
Youth Party or PJ [Hamana BOUCHARMA]
Workers Party or PT [Louisa HANOUNE]

note: a law banning political parties based on religion was enacted in March 1997", + "note": "note: a law banning political parties based on religion was enacted in March 1997" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, BIS, CAEU, CD, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OPEC, OSCE (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)" @@ -531,7 +610,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Mufdi ZAKARIAH/Mohamed FAWZI" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1962; ZAKARIAH wrote \"Kassaman\" as a poem while imprisoned in Algiers by French colonial forces

" + "note": "note: adopted 1962; ZAKARIAH wrote \"Kassaman\" as a poem while imprisoned in Algiers by French colonial forces" } }, "Economy": { @@ -570,7 +649,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$485.801 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$169.912 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -585,7 +664,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$11,737 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -630,7 +709,16 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "48.6 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "78 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "38.4 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { "text": "54.8 (2020)" } }, @@ -666,7 +754,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "23% (2006 est.)" + "text": "5.5% (2011 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2011": { @@ -702,7 +790,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "20.4% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover central government debt as well as debt issued by subnational entities and intra-governmental debt

" + "note": "note: data cover central government debt as well as debt issued by subnational entities and intra-governmental debt" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -724,10 +812,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Italy 17.4%, Spain 13%, France 11.9%, US 9.4%, Brazil 6.2%, Netherlands 5.5% (2017)" + "text": "Italy 13%, France 13%, Spain 12%, United States 7%, United Kingdom 7%, India 5%, South Korea 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum, natural gas, and petroleum products 97% (2009 est.)" + "text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, refined petroleum, fertilizers, ammonia (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -738,10 +826,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 18.2%, France 9.1%, Italy 8%, Germany 7%, Spain 6.9%, Turkey 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "China 18%, France 14%, Italy 8%, Spain 8%, Germany 5%, Turkey 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods" + "text": "refined petroleum, wheat, packaged medical supplies, milk, vehicle parts (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -857,9 +945,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "4.504 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "135.9 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -889,7 +974,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 213; ALPAL-2 is a submarine telecommunications cable system in the Mediterranean Sea linking Algeria and the Spanish Balearic island of Majorca; ORVAL is a submarine cable to Spain; landing points for the TE North/TGN-Eurasia/SEACOM/SeaMeWe-4 fiber-optic submarine cable system that provides links to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; MED cable connecting Algeria with France; microwave radio relay to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia; Algeria part of the 4,500 Km terrestrial Trans Sahara Backbone network which connects to other fiber networks in the region; Alcomstat-1 satellite offering  telemedicine network (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-run Radio-Television Algerienne operates the broadcast media and carries programming in Arabic, Berber dialects, and French; use of satellite dishes is widespread, providing easy access to European and Arab satellite stations; state-run radio operates several national networks and roughly 40 regional radio stations" @@ -930,7 +1015,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "7T (2016)" + "text": "7T" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1021,7 +1106,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Algerian People's National Army (ANP): Land Forces, Naval Forces (includes coast guard), Air Forces, Territorial Air Defense Forces, Republican Guard; National Gendarmerie (subordinate to the Ministry of National Defense); Ministry of Interior: General Directorate of National Security (2020)" + "text": "Algerian People's National Army (ANP): Land Forces, Naval Forces (includes coast guard), Air Forces, Territorial Air Defense Forces, Republican Guard; Ministry of National Defense: National Gendarmerie, Municipal Guard; Ministry of Interior: General Directorate of National Security (2020)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1031,20 +1116,20 @@ "text": "5.5% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "5.81% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "5.8% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "6.55% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "6.6% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "6.32% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "6.3% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "

the Algerian People's National Army (ANP) has approximately 130,000 total active personnel (110,000 Army; 6,000 Navy; 14,000 Air Force); est. 40,000 Gendarmerie

(2019 est.)" + "text": "the Algerian People's National Army (ANP) has approximately 130,000 total active personnel (110,000 Army; 6,000 Navy; 14,000 Air Force); est. 50,000 Gendarmerie; est. 90,000 Municipal Guard (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the ANP's inventory includes mostly Russian-sourced equipment with smaller amounts from other suppliers, particularly China and Europe; since 2010, Russia is the leading supplier of armaments to Algeria (2020)" + "text": "the ANP's inventory includes mostly Russian-sourced equipment; since 2010, Russia is by far the leading supplier of armaments to Algeria, followed by China and Germany (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; 19-30 years of age for compulsory service; conscript service obligation reduced from 18 to 12 months in 2014 (2019)" @@ -1052,8 +1137,8 @@ }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) – Algeria; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun) (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T

" + "text": "al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) – Algeria; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun) (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/africa/ao.json b/africa/ao.json index 2035fa54..a184ddca 100644 --- a/africa/ao.json +++ b/africa/ao.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,112 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Moca 2,620 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Moca 2,620 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,112 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,25 +96,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on the plateau" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "overuse of pastures and subsequent soil erosion attributable to population pressures; desertification; deforestation of tropical rain forest, in response to both international demand for tropical timber and to domestic use as fuel, resulting in loss of biodiversity; soil erosion contributing to water pollution and siltation of rivers and dams; inadequate supplies of potable water" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the province of Cabinda is an exclave, separated from the rest of the country by the Democratic Republic of the Congo" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "33,642,646 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: Angola's national statistical agency projects the country's 2017 population to be 28.4 million

" + "text": "33,642,646 (July 2021 est.)

note: Angola's national statistical agency projects the country's 2017 population to be 28.4 million", + "note": "note: Angola's national statistical agency projects the country's 2017 population to be 28.4 million" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -128,8 +117,8 @@ "text": "Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed European and native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Portuguese 71.2% (official), Umbundu 23%, Kikongo 8.2%, Kimbundu 7.8%, Chokwe 6.5%, Nhaneca 3.4%, Nganguela 3.1%, Fiote 2.4%, Kwanhama 2.3%, Muhumbi 2.1%, Luvale 1%, other 3.6% (2014 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent most widely spoken languages; shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census

" + "text": "Portuguese 71.2% (official), Umbundu 23%, Kikongo 8.2%, Kimbundu 7.8%, Chokwe 6.5%, Nhaneca 3.4%, Nganguela 3.1%, Fiote 2.4%, Kwanhama 2.3%, Muhumbi 2.1%, Luvale 1%, other 3.6% (2014 est.)

note: data represent most widely spoken languages; shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census", + "note": "note: data represent most widely spoken languages; shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census" }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 41.1%, Protestant 38.1%, other 8.6%, none 12.3% (2014 est.)" @@ -196,10 +185,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "66.8% of total population (2020)" + "text": "67.5% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.32% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "4.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -229,8 +218,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "19.4 years (2015/16 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "19.4 years (2015/16 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "241 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -339,7 +328,7 @@ "text": "8.2% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "19% (2016)" + "text": "19% (2015/16)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "3.4% of GDP (2010)" @@ -371,13 +360,111 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "39.4%" + "text": "17.3%" }, "male": { - "text": "39%" + "text": "17.9%" }, "female": { - "text": "39.8% (2014 est.)" + "text": "16.7% (2014 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "overuse of pastures and subsequent soil erosion attributable to population pressures; desertification; deforestation of tropical rain forest, in response to both international demand for tropical timber and to domestic use as fuel, resulting in loss of biodiversity; soil erosion contributing to water pollution and siltation of rivers and dams; inadequate supplies of potable water" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "27.95 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "34.69 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "23.28 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "319.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "239.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "146.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "148.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "45.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 3.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 41.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "54.3% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.36% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "67.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever, malaria" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "4,213,644 tons (2012 est.)" } } }, @@ -418,7 +505,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "does not observe daylight savings time" }, - "note": "

etymology: originally named \"Sao Paulo da Assuncao de Loanda\" (Saint Paul of the Assumption of Loanda), which over time was shortened and corrupted to just Luanda" + "note": "etymology: originally named \"Sao Paulo da Assuncao de Loanda\" (Saint Paul of the Assumption of Loanda), which over time was shortened and corrupted to just Luanda" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "18 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza-Norte, Cuanza-Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda-Norte, Lunda-Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire" @@ -552,7 +639,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Manuel Rui Alves MONTEIRO/Rui Alberto Vieira Dias MINGAO" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1975

" + "note": "note: adopted 1975" } }, "Economy": { @@ -602,7 +689,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$217.987 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$97.261 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -617,7 +704,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$7,311 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -662,7 +749,16 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "41.3 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "79.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "36.2 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { "text": "28.1 (2020)" } }, @@ -695,7 +791,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "36.6% (2008 est.)" + "text": "32.3% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -752,10 +848,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 61.2%, India 13%, US 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "China 62%, India 10%, United Arab Emirates 4%, Portugal 3%, Spain 3% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "crude oil, diamonds, refined petroleum products, coffee, sisal, fish and fish products, timber, cotton" + "text": "crude petroleum, diamonds, natural gas, refined petroleum, ships (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -766,10 +862,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Portugal 17.8%, China 13.5%, US 7.4%, South Africa 6.2%, Brazil 6.1%, UK 4% (2017)" + "text": "China 22%, Portugal 15%, Nigeria 6%, Belgium 6%, United States 5%, South Africa 5%, Brazil 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and electrical equipment, vehicles and spare parts; medicines, food, textiles, military goods" + "text": "refined petroleum, scrap vessels, meat, rice, palm oil (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -885,9 +981,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "308.1 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "20.95 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -917,7 +1010,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 244; landing points for the SAT-3/WASC, WACS, ACE and SACS fiber-optic submarine cable that provides connectivity to other countries in west Africa, Brazil, Europe and Asia; satellite earth stations - 29, Angosat-2 satellite expected by 2021 (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state controls all broadcast media with nationwide reach; state-owned Televisao Popular de Angola (TPA) provides terrestrial TV service on 2 channels; a third TPA channel is available via cable and satellite; TV subscription services are available; state-owned Radio Nacional de Angola (RNA) broadcasts on 5 stations; about a half-dozen private radio stations broadcast locally" @@ -958,7 +1051,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "D2 (2016)" + "text": "D2" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1015,7 +1108,7 @@ "narrow gauge": { "text": "2,729 km 1.067-m gauge (2014)" }, - "note": "

123 km 0.600-m gauge" + "note": "123 km 0.600-m gauge" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1050,11 +1143,11 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Angolan Armed Forces (Forcas Armadas Angolanas, FAA): Army, Navy (Marinha de Guerra Angola, MGA), Angolan National Air Force (Forca Aerea Nacional Angolana, FANA; under operational control of the Army); Rapid Reaction Police (paramilitary) (2019)" + "text": "Angolan Armed Forces (Forcas Armadas Angolanas, FAA): Army, Navy (Marinha de Guerra Angola, MGA), Angolan National Air Force (Forca Aerea Nacional Angolana, FANA; under operational control of the Army); Rapid Reaction Police (paramilitary) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "1.6% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "1.7% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "1.8% of GDP (2018)" @@ -1070,10 +1163,10 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Angolan Armed Forces (FAA) are comprised of approximately 107,000 active troops (100,000 Army; 1,000 Navy; 6,000 Air Force); est. 10,000 Rapid Reaction Police (2019)" + "text": "the Angolan Armed Forces (FAA) are comprised of approximately 107,000 active troops (100,000 Army; 1,000 Navy; 6,000 Air Force); est. 10,000 Rapid Reaction Police (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "most Angolan military weapons and equipment are of Russian, Soviet, or Warsaw Pact origin; since 2010, Russia remained the principle supplier of military hardware to Angola; Belarus, Bulgaria, China, and Italy have also supplied smaller quantities of arms (2020)" + "text": "most Angolan military weapons and equipment are of Russian, Soviet, or Warsaw Pact origin; since 2010, Russia has remained the principle supplier of military hardware to Angola (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "20-45 years of age for compulsory male and 18-45 years for voluntary male military service (registration at age 18 is mandatory); 20-45 years of age for voluntary female service; 2-year conscript service obligation; Angolan citizenship required; the Navy (MGA) is entirely staffed with volunteers (2019)" @@ -1085,7 +1178,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "23,436 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)" + "text": "36,883 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers), 6,347 (Cote d'Ivoire), 5,726 (Mauritania)  (2021)" } }, "Illicit drugs": { diff --git a/africa/bc.json b/africa/bc.json index ec57a01a..4840b0e4 100644 --- a/africa/bc.json +++ b/africa/bc.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "predominantly flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in southwest" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,013 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Tsodilo Hills 1,489 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "junction of the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers 513 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Tsodilo Hills 1,489 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,013 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,25 +91,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "periodic droughts; seasonal August winds blow from the west, carrying sand and dust across the country, which can obscure visibility" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "overgrazing; desertification; limited freshwater resources; air pollution" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; population concentrated in the southern and eastern parts of the country" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "2,350,667 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "2,350,667 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -190,10 +179,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "70.9% of total population (2020)" + "text": "71.6% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.87% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.47% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -355,13 +344,114 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "36%" + "text": "37.8%" }, "male": { - "text": "29.6%" + "text": "39%" }, "female": { - "text": "43.5% (2010 est.)" + "text": "36.4% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "overgrazing; desertification; limited freshwater resources; air pollution" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "21.24 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "6.34 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "5.73 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "100.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "23.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "69 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "12.24 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "semiarid; warm winters and hot summers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "45.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 0.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 45.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "19.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "34.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.23% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.45% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "71.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.47% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "210,854 tons (2010 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "2,109 tons (2005 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "1% (2005 est.)" } } }, @@ -399,7 +489,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: named after GABORONE (ca. 1825-1931), a revered kgosi (chief) of the Tlokwa tribe, part of the larger Tswana ethnic group" + "note": "etymology: named after GABORONE (ca. 1825-1931), a revered kgosi (chief) of the Tlokwa tribe, part of the larger Tswana ethnic group" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "10 districts and 6 town councils*; Central, Chobe, Francistown*, Gaborone*, Ghanzi, Jwaneng*, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, Lobatse*, North East, North West, Selebi-Phikwe*, South East, Southern, Sowa Town*" @@ -415,7 +505,7 @@ "text": "previous 1960 (preindependence); latest adopted March 1965, effective 30 September 1966" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires approval in two successive Assembly votes with at least two-thirds majority in the final vote; proposals to amend constitutional provisions on fundamental rights and freedoms, the structure and branches of government, and public services also requires approval by majority vote in a referendum and assent by the president of the republic; amended several times, last in 2006" + "text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires approval in two successive Assembly votes with at least two-thirds majority in the final vote; proposals to amend constitutional provisions on fundamental rights and freedoms, the structure and branches of government, and public services also requires approval by majority vote in a referendum and assent by the president of the republic; amended several times, last in 2016" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -533,7 +623,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Kgalemang Tumedisco MOTSETE" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1966

" + "note": "note: adopted 1966" } }, "Economy": { @@ -580,7 +670,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$38.045 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$18.335 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -595,7 +685,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$17,253 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -640,8 +730,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "66.2 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "76.2 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "86.7 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "50 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -736,10 +835,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Belgium 20.3%, India 12.6%, UAE 12.4%, South Africa 11.9%, Singapore 8.7%, Israel 7%, Hong Kong 4.1%, Namibia 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "India 21%, Belgium 19%, United Arab Emirates 19%, South Africa 9%, Israel 7%, Hong Kong 6%, Singapore 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "diamonds, copper, nickel, soda ash, beef, textiles" + "text": "diamonds, insulated wiring, gold, beef, carbonates (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -750,10 +849,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "South Africa 66.1%, Canada 8.3%, Israel 5.3% (2017)" + "text": "South Africa 58%, Namibia 9%, Canada 7% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "foodstuffs, machinery, electrical goods, transport equipment, textiles, fuel and petroleum products, wood and paper products, metal and metal products" + "text": "diamonds, refined petroleum, cars, delivery trucks, electricity (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -869,9 +968,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "6.235 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -901,7 +997,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 267; international calls are made via satellite, using international direct dialing; 2 international exchanges; digital microwave radio relay links to Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "2 TV stations - 1 state-owned and 1 privately owned; privately owned satellite TV subscription service is available; 2 state-owned national radio stations; 4 privately owned radio stations broadcast locally (2019)" @@ -942,7 +1038,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "A2 (2016)" + "text": "A2" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1002,7 +1098,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Botswana Defence Force (BDF): Ground Forces Command, Air Arm Command, Defense Logistics Command (2020)" + "text": "Botswana Defence Force (BDF): Ground Forces Command, Air Arm Command, Defense Logistics Command (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1022,13 +1118,13 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Botswana Defense Force (BDF) has approximately 9,000 active personnel (8,500 Ground; 500 Air) (2019)" + "text": "the Botswana Defense Force (BDF) has approximately 9,000 active personnel (2021)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the BDF has a mix of foreign-supplied weapons and equipment, largely from European suppliers, as well as the US; since 2010, it has received limited quantities of equipment from a variety of suppliers, including Canada, France, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, and the US (2019)" + "text": "the BDF has a mix of foreign-supplied and mostly older weapons and equipment, largely from Europe and the US; since 2010, France is the leading supplier of armaments to the BDF (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)" + "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/africa/bn.json b/africa/bn.json index b7c3fccb..09bd67a0 100644 --- a/africa/bn.json +++ b/africa/bn.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "mostly flat to undulating plain; some hills and low mountains" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "273 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mont Sokbaro 658 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mont Sokbaro 658 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "273 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,25 +99,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north from December to March" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution; poaching threatens wildlife populations; deforestation; desertification (the spread of the desert into agricultural lands in the north is accelerated by regular droughts)" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "sandbanks create difficult access to a coast with no natural harbors, river mouths, or islands" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "13,301,694 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "13,301,694 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -198,10 +187,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "48.4% of total population (2020)" + "text": "49% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.89% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "3.74% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -231,8 +220,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "20.4 years (2017/18 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "20.4 years (2017/18 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "397 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -344,7 +333,7 @@ "text": "9.6% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "16.8% (2018)" + "text": "16.8% (2017/18)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "2.9% of GDP (2018)" @@ -386,6 +375,113 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution; poaching threatens wildlife populations; deforestation; desertification (the spread of the desert into agricultural lands in the north is accelerated by regular droughts)" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "33.11 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "6.48 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "5.8 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "145 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "30 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "59 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "26.39 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "31.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 22.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 3.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 4.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "40% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "28.7% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "2.24% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "49% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.74% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever and malaria" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + }, + "respiratory diseases": { + "text": "meningococcal meningitis" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "685,936 tons (1993 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "171,484 tons (2005 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "25% (2005 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -420,7 +516,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name Porto-Novo is Portuguese for \"new port\"; Cotonou means \"by the river of death\" in the native Fon language" + "note": "etymology: the name Porto-Novo is Portuguese for \"new port\"; Cotonou means \"by the river of death\" in the native Fon language" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "12 departments; Alibori, Atacora, Atlantique, Borgou, Collines, Couffo, Donga, Littoral, Mono, Oueme, Plateau, Zou" @@ -436,7 +532,7 @@ "text": "previous 1946, 1958 (preindependence); latest adopted by referendum 2 December 1990, promulgated 11 December 1990" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed concurrently by the president of the republic (after a decision in the Council of Ministers) and the National Assembly; consideration of drafts or proposals requires at least three-fourths majority vote of the Assembly membership; passage requires approval in a referendum unless approved by at least four-fifths majority vote of the Assembly membership; constitutional articles affecting territorial sovereignty, the republican form of government, and secularity of Benin cannot be amended" + "text": "proposed concurrently by the president of the republic (after a decision in the Council of Ministers) and the National Assembly; consideration of drafts or proposals requires at least three-fourths majority vote of the Assembly membership; passage requires approval in a referendum unless approved by at least four-fifths majority vote of the Assembly membership; constitutional articles affecting territorial sovereignty, the republican form of government, and secularity of Benin cannot be amended; amended 2019" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -464,10 +560,10 @@ }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { - "text": "President Patrice TALON (since 6 April 2016); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government" + "text": "President Patrice TALON (since 11 April 2021); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government" }, "head of government": { - "text": "President Patrice TALON (since 6 April 2016); prime minister position abolished" + "text": "President Patrice TALON (since 11 April 2021); prime minister position abolished" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president" @@ -502,8 +598,8 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Alliance for a Triumphant Benin or ABT [Abdoulaye BIO TCHANE]
African Movement for Development and Progress or MADEP [Sefou FAGBOHOUN]
Benin Renaissance or RB [Lehady SOGLO]
Cowrie Force for an Emerging Benin or FCBE [Yayi BONI]
Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI]
National Alliance for Development and Democracy or AND [Valentin Aditi HOUDE]
New Consciousness Rally or NC [Pascal KOUPAKI]
Patriotic Awakening or RP [Janvier YAHOUEDEOU]
Social Democrat Party or PSD [Emmanuel GOLOU]
Sun Alliance or AS [Sacca LAFIA]
Union Makes the Nation or UN [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI] (includes PRD, MADEP)
United Democratic Forces or FDU [Mathurin NAGO]", - "note": "

note: approximately 20 additional minor parties

" + "text": "Alliance for a Triumphant Benin or ABT [Abdoulaye BIO TCHANE]
African Movement for Development and Progress or MADEP [Sefou FAGBOHOUN]
Benin Renaissance or RB [Lehady SOGLO]
Cowrie Force for an Emerging Benin or FCBE [Yayi BONI]
Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI]
National Alliance for Development and Democracy or AND [Valentin Aditi HOUDE]
New Consciousness Rally or NC [Pascal KOUPAKI]
Patriotic Awakening or RP [Janvier YAHOUEDEOU]
Social Democrat Party or PSD [Emmanuel GOLOU]
Sun Alliance or AS [Sacca LAFIA]
Union Makes the Nation or UN [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI] (includes PRD, MADEP)
United Democratic Forces or FDU [Mathurin NAGO]

note: approximately 20 additional minor parties", + "note": "note: approximately 20 additional minor parties" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, CD, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" @@ -540,8 +636,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red (bottom) with a vertical green band on the hoist side; green symbolizes hope and revival, yellow wealth, and red courage", - "note": "

note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia

" + "text": "two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red (bottom) with a vertical green band on the hoist side; green symbolizes hope and revival, yellow wealth, and red courage

note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia", + "note": "note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "leopard; national colors: green, yellow, red" @@ -553,7 +649,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Gilbert Jean DAGNON" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1960

" + "note": "note: adopted 1960" } }, "Economy": { @@ -603,7 +699,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$34.023 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$10.315 billion (2018 est.)" @@ -618,7 +714,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$3,045 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -660,8 +756,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "52.4 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "90.6 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "68.9 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "41.5 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -682,7 +787,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "36.2% (2011 est.)" + "text": "38.5% (2019 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015": { @@ -739,10 +844,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Bangladesh 18.1%, India 10.7%, Ukraine 9%, Niger 8.1%, China 7.7%, Nigeria 7.2%, Turkey 4% (2017)" + "text": "Nigeria 25%, Bangladesh 14%, United Arab Emirates 14%, India 13%, China 8%, Vietnam 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "cotton, cashews, shea butter, textiles, palm products, seafood" + "text": "cotton, refined petroleum, gold, cashews, copper (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -756,10 +861,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Thailand 18.1%, India 15.9%, France 8.5%, China 7.5%, Togo 5.9%, Netherlands 4.3%, Belgium 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "China 28%, Thailand 9%, India 8%, Togo 6%, United States 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "foodstuffs, capital goods, petroleum products" + "text": "rice, cars, palm oil, electricity, cotton (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -875,9 +980,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "1.133 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "5.664 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -907,7 +1009,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 229; landing points for the SAT-3/WASC and ACE fiber-optic submarine cable that provides connectivity to Europe, and most West African countries; satellite earth stations - 7 (Intelsat-Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-run Office de Radiodiffusion et de Television du Benin (ORTB) operates a TV station providing a wide broadcast reach; several privately owned TV stations broadcast from Cotonou; satellite TV subscription service is available; state-owned radio, under ORTB control, includes a national station supplemented by a number of regional stations; substantial number of privately owned radio broadcast stations; transmissions of a few international broadcasters are available on FM in Cotonou (2019)" @@ -948,7 +1050,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "TY (2016)" + "text": "TY" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1021,39 +1123,39 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Benin Armed Forces (Forces Armees Beninoises, FAB): Army, Navy, Air Force; Ministry of Public Security: Republican Police (2019)" + "text": "Benin Armed Forces (Forces Armees Beninoises, FAB): Army, Navy, Air Force; Ministry of Interior and Public Security: Republican Police (Police Republicaine, DGPR) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "0.7% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "0.86% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "0.9% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "1.26% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "1.3% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "1.14% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "1.1% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { "text": "1.1% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Benin Armed Forces (FAB) are comprised of approximately 7,200 active duty troops (6,500 Army; 500 Navy; 200 Air Force); est. 5,000 Republican Police (2019)" + "text": "the Benin Armed Forces (FAB) are comprised of approximately 7,200 active duty troops (6,500 Army; 500 Navy; 200 Air Force); est. 5,000 Republican Police (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the FAB is equipped with a mix of foreign-supplied weapons; historically, France and Russia (including the former Soviet Union) have been the chief suppliers of military hardware (2019)" + "text": "the FAB is equipped with a small mix of mostly older French and Soviet-era equipment (2021)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "250 Mali (MINUSMA) (2020)" + "text": "250 Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-35 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary military service; a higher education diploma is required; both sexes are eligible for military service; conscript tour of duty - 18 months (2013)" + "text": "18-35 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary military service; a higher education diploma is required; both sexes are eligible for military service; conscript tour of duty - 18 months (2019)" }, "Maritime threats": { - "text": "West African piracy more than doubled in 2018 to become the most dangerous area in the World; the waters off of Benin saw a dramatic increase in 2018 with five attacks reported compared with none in 2017; three ships were boarded, two were hijacked, and 48 crew taken hostage or kidnapped" + "text": "

the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Niger Delta and Gulf of Guinea remain a very high risk for piracy and armed robbery of ships; in 2020, there were 98 reported incidents of piracy and armed robbery at sea in the Gulf of Guinea region; although a 24% decrease from the total number of incidents in 2019, it included all three hijackings and 9 of 11 ships fired upon worldwide; while boarding and attempted boarding to steal valuables from ships and crews are the most common types of incidents, almost a third of all incidents involve a hijacking and/or kidnapping; in 2020, a record 130 crew members were kidnapped in 22 separate incidents in the Gulf of Guinea, representing 95% of kidnappings worldwide; approximately 51% of all incidents of piracy and armed robbery are taking place off Nigeria, which is a decrease from the 71% in 2019 and an indication pirates are traveling further to target vessels; Nigerian pirates are well armed and very aggressive, operating as far as 200 nm offshore; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2021-002 - Gulf of Guinea-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Kidnapping for Ransom) effective 9 January 2021, which states in part, \"Piracy, armed robbery, and kidnapping for ransom continue to serve as significant threats to US-flagged vessels transiting or operating in the Gulf of Guinea.”

" }, "Military - note": { "text": "Benin participates in the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) against Boko Haram along with Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; the Benin military contingent is in charge of MNJTF garrison duties (2020)" @@ -1061,8 +1163,8 @@ }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "al-Qa’ida (Jama’at Nusrat al Islam wal Muslimeen); Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "al-Qa’ida (Jama’at Nusrat al Islam wal Muslimeen); Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/africa/by.json b/africa/by.json index 4185233d..fcf2930e 100644 --- a/africa/by.json +++ b/africa/by.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "hilly and mountainous, dropping to a plateau in east, some plains" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,504 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Heha 2,670 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Lake Tanganyika 772 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Heha 2,670 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,504 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,25 +91,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "flooding; landslides; drought" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "soil erosion as a result of overgrazing and the expansion of agriculture into marginal lands; deforestation (little forested land remains because of uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel); habitat loss threatens wildlife populations" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Law of the Sea" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congo watershed; the Kagera, which drains into Lake Victoria, is the most remote headstream of the White Nile" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "12,241,065 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "12,241,065 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -123,8 +112,8 @@ "text": "Hutu, Tutsi, Twa (Pygmy)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Kirundi only 29.7% (official); French only .3% (official); Swahili only .2%; English only .1% (official); Kirundi and French 8.4%; Kirundi, French, and English 2.4%, other language combinations 2%, unspecified 56.9% (2008 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent languages read and written by people 10 years of age or older; spoken Kirundi is nearly universal

" + "text": "Kirundi only 29.7% (official); French only .3% (official); Swahili only .2%; English only .1% (official); Kirundi and French 8.4%; Kirundi, French, and English 2.4%, other language combinations 2%, unspecified 56.9% (2008 est.)

note: data represent languages read and written by people 10 years of age or older; spoken Kirundi is nearly universal", + "note": "note: data represent languages read and written by people 10 years of age or older; spoken Kirundi is nearly universal" }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 62.1%, Protestant 23.9% (includes Adventist 2.3% and other Protestant 21.6%), Muslim 2.5%, other 3.6%, unspecified 7.9% (2008 est.)" @@ -191,10 +180,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "13.7% of total population (2020)" + "text": "14.1% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "5.68% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "5.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -224,8 +213,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "21.3 years (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "21.3 years (2010 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "548 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -337,7 +326,7 @@ "text": "5.4% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "27.2% (2018/19)" + "text": "27% (2018/19)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "5.1% of GDP (2018)" @@ -379,6 +368,112 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "soil erosion as a result of overgrazing and the expansion of agriculture into marginal lands; deforestation (little forested land remains because of uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel); habitat loss threatens wildlife populations" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "35.61 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.5 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "1.42 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "43.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "15 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "222 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "12.536 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees Celsius but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; two wet seasons (February to May and September to November), and two dry seasons (June to August and December to January)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "73.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 38.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 15.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 18.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "6.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "20.1% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "10.31% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "14.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "5.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria and dengue fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "widespread lack of access": { + "text": "due to floods, and landslides - about 1.33 million people were estimated to be severely food insecure in the October‑December 2020 period, mainly due to livelihood losses caused by floods and landslides, and as a result of the socio‑economic impact of the pandemic on the livelihoods of vulnerable households; torrential rains in April 2020 triggered flooding and landslides in several areas, affecting about 45,000 people and resulting in displacements, loss of life, and damage to infrastructure (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1,872,016 tons (2002 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -405,7 +500,7 @@ }, "Capital": { "name": { - "text": "Gitega (political capital), Bujumbura (commercial capital); note - in January 2019, the Burundian parliament voted to make Gitega the political capital of the country while Bujumbura would remain its economic capital; all branches of the government are expected to have moved from Bujumbura to Gitega by 2021" + "text": "Gitega (political capital), Bujumbura (commercial capital); note - in January 2019, the Burundian parliament voted to make Gitega the political capital of the country while Bujumbura would remain its economic capital; all branches of the government are expected to have moved from Bujumbura to Gitega by 2022" }, "geographic coordinates": { "text": "3 25 S, 29 55 E" @@ -413,7 +508,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the naming origins for both Gitega and Bujumbura are obscure; Bujumbura's name prior to independence in 1962 was Usumbura" + "note": "etymology: the naming origins for both Gitega and Bujumbura are obscure; Bujumbura's name prior to independence in 1962 was Usumbura" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "18 provinces; Bubanza, Bujumbura Mairie, Bujumbura Rural, Bururi, Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega, Karuzi, Kayanza, Kirundo, Makamba, Muramvya, Muyinga, Mwaro, Ngozi, Rumonge, Rutana, Ruyigi" @@ -426,7 +521,7 @@ }, "Constitution": { "history": { - "text": "several previous; latest ratified by referendum 28 February 2005" + "text": "several previous, ratified by referendum 28 February 2005" }, "amendments": { "text": "proposed by the president of the republic after consultation with the government or by absolute majority support of the membership in both houses of Parliament; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Senate membership and at least four-fifths majority vote by the National Assembly; the president can opt to submit amendment bills to a referendum; constitutional articles including those on national unity, the secularity of Burundi, its democratic form of government, and its sovereignty cannot be amended; amended 2018 (amendments extended the presidential term from 5 to 7 years, reintroduced the position of prime minister, and reduced the number of vice presidents from 2 to 1)" @@ -502,7 +597,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador S.E. Gandence SINDAYIGAYA (since 20 September 2019)" + "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Aimable NIYONKURU (since 24 December 2020)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Suite 408, Washington, DC 20007" @@ -544,7 +639,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Jean-Baptiste NTAHOKAJA/Marc BARENGAYABO" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1962

" + "note": "note: adopted 1962" } }, "Economy": { @@ -583,7 +678,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$8.375 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$3.027 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -598,7 +693,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$774 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -643,8 +738,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "46.8 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "92.9 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "47.3 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "43 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -734,10 +838,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Democratic Republic of the Congo 25.5%, Switzerland 18.4%, UAE 14.9%, Belgium 6% (2017)" + "text": "United Arab Emirates 50%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 7% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "coffee, tea, sugar, cotton, hides" + "text": "gold, coffee, tea, raw earth metal ores, wheat flours (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -751,10 +855,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "India 18.5%, China 13%, Kenya 7.9%, UAE 6.8%, Saudi Arabia 6.8%, Uganda 6%, Tanzania 5.4%, Zambia 4.6% (2017)" + "text": "China 14%, Saudi Arabia 14%, India 9%, Kenya 7%, United Arab Emirates 7%, Tanzania 5%, Zambia 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "capital goods, petroleum products, foodstuffs" + "text": "refined petroleum, packaged medicines, cement, raw sugar, cars (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -870,9 +974,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "217,000 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -902,7 +1003,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 257; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean); the government, supported by the Word Bank, has backed a joint venture with a number of prominent telecoms to build a national fiber backbone network, offering onward connectivity to submarine cable infrastructure landings in Kenya and Tanzania (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-controlled Radio Television Nationale de Burundi (RTNB) operates a TV station and a national radio network; 3 private TV stations and about 10 privately owned radio stations; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available in Bujumbura (2019)" @@ -929,7 +1030,7 @@ }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "9U (2016)" + "text": "9U" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -980,7 +1081,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "National Defense Forces (Forces de Defense Nationale, FDN): Army (includes maritime wing, air wing), National Police (Police Nationale du Burundi) (2019)" + "text": "National Defense Forces (Forces de Defense Nationale, FDN): Army (includes maritime wing, air wing), National Police (Police Nationale du Burundi) (2020)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1000,16 +1101,16 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the National Defense Forces (FDN) have approximately 25,000 active duty Army troops (includes small air and maritime wings) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the National Defense Forces (FDN) have approximately 25,000 active duty troops, the majority of which are ground forces (2020.)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the FDN is armed mostly with weapons from Russia and the former Soviet Union, with some Western equipment, largely from France; since 2010, the FDN has received small amounts of mostly second-hand equipment from China, South Africa, and the US (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "750 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 5,400 Somalia (AMISOM) (2020)" + "text": "750 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 5,400 Somalia (AMISOM) (Feb 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; the armed forces law of 31 December 2004 did not specify a minimum age for enlistment, but the government claimed that no one younger than 18 was being recruited; mandatory retirement ages: 45 (enlisted), 50 (NCOs), 55 (officers), and 60 (officers with the rank of general) (2017)" + "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; the armed forces law of 31 December 2004 did not specify a minimum age for enlistment, but the government claimed that no one younger than 18 was being recruited (2019)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "in addition to its foreign deployments, the FDN is focused on internal security missions, particularly against rebel groups opposed to the regime such as National Forces of Liberation (FNL), the Resistance for the Rule of Law-Tabara (aka RED Tabara), and Popular Forces of Burundi (FPB or FOREBU); the groups are based in the neighboring Democratic Republic of Congo and have carried out sporadic attacks in Burundi (2020)" @@ -1021,7 +1122,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "79,406 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2020)" + "text": "79,662 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "135,058 (some ethnic Tutsis remain displaced from intercommunal violence that broke out after the 1,993 coup and fighting between government forces and rebel groups; violence since April 2015) (2020)" diff --git a/africa/cd.json b/africa/cd.json index bfdab296..8aae5303 100644 --- a/africa/cd.json +++ b/africa/cd.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "The Kanem Empire (c.700-1380) and its successor the Bornu Empire (1380s-1893) existed in Chad's southern Sahelian strip and focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region. By 1920, France conquered the territory and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa. Chad attained independence in 1960, but then endured three decades of civil warfare, as well as invasions by Libya, before peace was restored in 1990. The government eventually drafted a democratic constitution and held flawed presidential elections in 1996 and 2001. In 1998, a rebellion broke out in northern Chad, which has sporadically flared up despite several peace agreements between the government and insurgents. In June 2005, President Idriss DEBY held a referendum successfully removing constitutional term limits and won another controversial election in 2006. Sporadic rebel campaigns continued throughout 2006 and 2007. The capital experienced a significant insurrection in early 2008, but has had no significant rebel threats since then, in part due to Chad's 2010 rapprochement with Sudan, which previously used Chadian rebels as proxies. Nevertheless, a state of emergency continues to be in place in the Sila and Ouaddai regions bordering Sudan. In late 2015, the government imposed a state of emergency in the Lake Chad region following multiple attacks by the terrorist group Boko Haram throughout the year; Boko Haram also launched several bombings in N'Djamena in mid-2015. A state of emergency is also emplaced in the western Tibesti region bordering Niger where rival ethnic groups are fighting. DEBY in 2016 was reelected to his fifth term in an election that was peaceful but flawed. A new constitution promulgated in 2018 allows DEBY to run for two additional consecutive terms of six years when his current term comes to an end in 2021. As of 2020, the country continued to face multiple challenges, including widespread poverty, an economy severely weakened by the drop in international oil prices, and insurgencies led by rebel militants in the north and Boko Haram and Islamic State terrorists in the Lake Chad Basin. In late 2019, the government was forced to declare a state of emergency in three eastern provinces for four months to stop a cycle of inter-ethnic violence, and the army has suffered heavy losses to Islamic terror groups in the Lake Chad area. In March 2020, Boko Haram fighters attacked a Chadian military camp in the Lake Chad region, killing nearly 100 soldiers; it was the deadliest attack in the history of the Chadian military." + "text": "

Chad emerged from a collection of powerful states that controlled the Sahelian belt starting around the 9th century. These states focused on controlling trans-Saharan trade routes and profited mostly from the slave trade. The Kanem-Bornu Empire, centered around the Lake Chad Basin, existed between the 9th and 19th centuries, and during its peak, the empire controlled territory stretching from southern Chad to southern Libya and included portions of modern-day Algeria, Cameroon, Nigeria, Niger, and Sudan. The Sudanese warlord Rabih AZ-ZUBAYR used an army comprised largely of slaves to conquer the Kanem-Bornu Empire in the late 19th century. In southeastern Chad, the Bagirmi and Ouaddai (Wadai) kingdoms emerged in the 15th and 16th centuries and lasted until the arrival of the French in the 19th and 20th centuries. France began moving into the region in the late 1880s and defeated the Bagirmi kingdom in 1897, Rabih AZ-ZUBAYR in 1900, and the Ouddai kingdom in 1909. In the arid regions of northern Chad and southern Libya, an Islamic order called the Sanusiyya (Sanusi) relied heavily on the trans-Saharan slave trade and had upwards of 3 million followers by the 1880s. The French arrived in the region in the early 1900s and defeated the Sanusiyya in 1910 after years of intermittent war. By 1910, France had incorporated the northern arid region, the Lake Chad Basin, and southeastern Chad into French Equatorial Africa.  

Chad achieved its independence in 1960 and saw three decades of instability, oppressive rule, civil war, and a Libyan invasion. With the help of the French military and several African countries, Chadian leaders expelled Libyan forces during the 1987 \"Toyota War,\" so named for the use of Toyota pickup trucks as fighting vehicles. In 1990, Chadian general Idriss DEBY led a rebellion against President Hissene HABRE. Under DEBY, Chad drafted and approved a constitution and held elections in 1996. DEBY won elections in 1996 and 2001. In June 2005, he held a referendum effectively removing constitutional term limits and has been in power ever since. Chad is scheduled to hold a presidential election in April 2021 - Deby’s 6th term as president if he wins.

Chad faces widespread poverty, an economy severely weakened by low international oil prices, and rebel and terrorist-led insurgencies in the Lake Chad Basin. Additionally, northern Chad has seen several waves of rebellions since 1998. In late 2015, the government imposed a state of emergency in the Lake Chad Basin following multiple attacks by the terrorist group Boko Haram, now known as ISIS-West Africa. In mid-2015, Boko Haram conducted bombings in N'Djamena. In late 2019, the Chadian government also declared a state of emergency in the Sila and Ouaddai regions bordering Sudan and in the Tibesti region bordering Niger where rival ethnic groups are still fighting. The army has suffered heavy losses to Islamic terror groups in the Lake Chad Basin. In March 2020, ISIS-West Africa fighters attacked a Chadian military camp in the Lake Chad Basin and killed nearly 100 soldiers; it was the deadliest attack in the history of the Chadian military.

" } }, "Geography": { @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, lowlands in south" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "543 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Emi Koussi 3,445 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Djourab 160 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Emi Koussi 3,445 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "543 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,17 +91,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural areas and poor farming practices contribute to soil and water pollution; desertification" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: Chad is the largest of Africa's 16 landlocked countries

note 2: not long ago - geologically speaking - what is today the Sahara was green savannah teeming with wildlife; during the African Humid Period, roughly 11,000 to 5,000 years ago, a vibrant animal community, including elephants, giraffes, hippos, and antelope lived there; the last remnant of the \"Green Sahara\" exists in the Lakes of Ounianga (oo-nee-ahn-ga) in northern Chad, a series of 18 interconnected freshwater, saline, and hypersaline lakes now protected as a World Heritage site

note 3: Lake Chad, the most significant water body in the Sahel, is a remnant of a former inland sea, paleolake Mega-Chad; at its greatest extent, sometime before 5000 B.C., Lake Mega-Chad was the largest of four Saharan paleolakes that existed during the African Humid Period; it covered an area of about 400,000 sq km (150,000 sq mi), roughly the size of today's Caspian Sea

" } @@ -189,10 +178,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "23.5% of total population (2020)" + "text": "23.8% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.88% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "4.1% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -222,8 +211,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "17.9 years (2014/15 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "17.9 years (2014/15 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "1,140 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -335,7 +324,7 @@ "text": "6.1% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "29.4% (2015)" + "text": "29.2% (2019)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "2.5% of GDP (2017)" @@ -364,6 +353,126 @@ "female": { "text": "6 years (2015)" } + }, + "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { + "total": { + "text": "1.5%" + }, + "male": { + "text": "2.4%" + }, + "female": { + "text": "0.7% (2018)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural areas and poor farming practices contribute to soil and water pollution; desertification" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Marine Dumping-London Convention" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "53.01 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "1.02 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "30.69 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "103.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "103.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "672.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "45.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical in south, desert in north" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "39.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 3.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 35.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "9.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "51.3% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "3.81% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "23.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.1% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria and dengue fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + }, + "respiratory diseases": { + "text": "meningococcal meningitis" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "widespread lack of access": { + "text": "due to civil insecurity - about 1.14 million people were projected to be in “Crisis” and above in the June‑August 2021 period due to persistent insecurity in the Lac and Tibesti regions, which continues to disrupt livelihood activities and to cause population displacements; about 336,124 people were displaced due to insecurity in Lake Chad Region; COVID‑19 pandemic containment measures continue to slow down the national economy, reducing employment opportunities; this downturn has contributed to a weakening of the purchasing power of poor vulnerable households, limiting their access to food (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1,358,851 tons (2010 est.)" + } } }, "Government": { @@ -383,7 +492,7 @@ "etymology": { "text": "named for Lake Chad, which lies along the country's western border; the word \"tsade\" means \"large body of water\" or \"lake\" in several local native languages" }, - "note": "

note: the only country whose name is composed of a single syllable with a single vowel" + "note": "note: the only country whose name is composed of a single syllable with a single vowel" }, "Government type": { "text": "presidential republic" @@ -398,7 +507,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: name taken from the Arab name of a nearby village, Nijamina, meaning \"place of rest\" " + "note": "etymology: name taken from the Arab name of a nearby village, Nijamina, meaning \"place of rest\" " }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "23 regions (regions, singular - region); Barh-El-Gazel, Batha, Borkou, Chari-Baguirmi, Ennedi-Est, Ennedi-Ouest, Guera, Hadjer-Lamis, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mandoul, Mayo-Kebbi-Est, Mayo-Kebbi-Ouest, Moyen-Chari, N'Djamena, Ouaddai, Salamat, Sila, Tandjile, Tibesti, Wadi-Fira" @@ -414,7 +523,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest approved 30 April 2018 by the National Assembly, entered into force 4 May 2018" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed as a revision by the president of the republic after a Council of Ministers (cabinet) decision or by the National Assembly; approval for consideration of a revision requires at least three-fifths majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires approval by referendum or at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; amended 2005, 2013" + "text": "proposed as a revision by the president of the republic after a Council of Ministers (cabinet) decision or by the National Assembly; approval for consideration of a revision requires at least three-fifths majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires approval by referendum or at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly (2021)" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -442,10 +551,10 @@ }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { - "text": "President Idriss DEBY Itno, Lt. Gen. (since 4 December 1990)" + "text": "Interim President Mahamat Idriss DEBY; note - on 20 April 2021, President Idriss DEBY Itno, Lt. Gen. died of injuries he sustained following clashes between government forces he was commanding and insurgents in the northern part of the country" }, "head of government": { - "text": "President Idriss DEBY Itno, Lt. Gen. (since 4 December 1990); prime minister position eliminated under the 2018 constitution" + "text": "Interim President Mahamat Idriss DEBY; note - on 20 April 2021, President Idriss DEBY Itno, Lt. Gen. died of injuries he sustained following clashes between government forces he was commanding and insurgents in the northern part of the country" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Council of Ministers" @@ -467,7 +576,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MPS 117, UNDR 10, RDP 9, RNDT/Le Reveil 8, URD 8, Viva-RNDP 5, FAR 4, CTPD 2, PDSA 2, PUR 2, UDR 2, other 19; composition - men 164, women 24, percent of women 12.8%" }, - "note": "

note: the National Assembly mandate was extended to 2020, reportedly due to a lack of funding for the scheduled 2015 election; the MPS has held a majority in the NA since 1997

" + "note": "note: the National Assembly mandate was extended to 2020, reportedly due to a lack of funding for the scheduled 2015 election; the MPS has held a majority in the NA since 1997" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -518,8 +627,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold, and red; the flag combines the blue and red French (former colonial) colors with the red and yellow (gold) of the Pan-African colors; blue symbolizes the sky, hope, and the south of the country, which is relatively well-watered; gold represents the sun, as well as the desert in the north of the country; red stands for progress, unity, and sacrifice", - "note": "

note: almost identical to the flag of Romania but with a darker shade of blue; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design based on the flag of France

" + "text": "three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold, and red; the flag combines the blue and red French (former colonial) colors with the red and yellow (gold) of the Pan-African colors; blue symbolizes the sky, hope, and the south of the country, which is relatively well-watered; gold represents the sun, as well as the desert in the north of the country; red stands for progress, unity, and sacrifice

note: almost identical to the flag of Romania but with a darker shade of blue; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design based on the flag of France", + "note": "note: almost identical to the flag of Romania but with a darker shade of blue; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design based on the flag of France" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "goat (north), lion (south); national colors: blue, yellow, red" @@ -531,7 +640,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Louis GIDROL and his students/Paul VILLARD" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1960

" + "note": "note: adopted 1960" } }, "Economy": { @@ -570,7 +679,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$23.832 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$10.912 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -585,7 +694,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$1,587 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -630,8 +739,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "36.9 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "52.5 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "37 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "45.5 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -658,7 +776,7 @@ "text": "

NA

" }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "46.7% (2011 est.)" + "text": "42.3% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2011": { @@ -715,10 +833,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 38.7%, China 16.6%, Netherlands 15.7%, UAE 12.2%, India 6.3% (2017)" + "text": "China 32%, United Arab Emirates 21%, India 19%, United States 10%, France 6%, Germany 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "oil, livestock, cotton, sesame, gum arabic, shea butter" + "text": "crude petroleum, gold, livestock, sesame seeds, gum arabic, insect resins (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -729,10 +847,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 19.9%, Cameroon 17.2%, France 17%, US 5.4%, India 4.9%, Senegal 4.5% (2017)" + "text": "China 29%, United Arab Emirates 16%, France 10%, United States 8%, India 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and transportation equipment, industrial goods, foodstuffs, textiles" + "text": "delivery trucks, paints, packaged medicines, aircraft, broadcasting equipment (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -848,9 +966,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "342,200 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -880,7 +995,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 235; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "1 state-owned TV station; 2 privately-owned TV stations; state-owned radio network, Radiodiffusion Nationale Tchadienne (RNT), operates national and regional stations; over 10 private radio stations; some stations rebroadcast programs from international broadcasters (2017)" @@ -914,6 +1029,9 @@ "text": "3" } }, + "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { + "text": "TT" + }, "Airports": { "total": { "text": "59 (2013)" @@ -963,7 +1081,7 @@ "total": { "text": "40,000 km (2018)" }, - "note": "

note: consists of 25,000 km of national and regional roads and 15,000 km of local roads; 206 km of urban roads are paved

" + "note": "note: consists of 25,000 km of national and regional roads and 15,000 km of local roads; 206 km of urban roads are paved" }, "Waterways": { "text": "(Chari and Legone Rivers are navigable only in wet season) (2012)" @@ -971,12 +1089,12 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Chadian National Army (Armee Nationale du Tchad, ANT): Ground Forces (l'Armee de Terre, AdT), Chadian Air Force (l'Armee de l'Air Tchadienne, AAT), General Direction of the Security Services of State Institutions (Direction Generale des Services de Securite des Institutions de l'Etat, GDSSIE); National Gendarmerie; National Nomadic Guard of Chad (GNNT) (2019)", - "note": "

note(s): the GDSSIE, formerly known as the Republican Guard, is the presidential guard force and considered an elite military unit; it is comprised of men from President DEBY's own Zaghawa ethnic group; the Chadian Army also includes the US-trained and equipped Special Anti-Terrorist Group (SATG)" + "text": "Chadian National Army (Armee Nationale du Tchad, ANT): Ground Forces (l'Armee de Terre, AdT), Chadian Air Force (l'Armee de l'Air Tchadienne, AAT), General Direction of the Security Services of State Institutions (Direction Generale des Services de Securite des Institutions de l'Etat, GDSSIE); National Gendarmerie; National Nomadic Guard of Chad (GNNT) (2020)

note(s): the GDSSIE, formerly known as the Republican Guard, is the presidential guard force and considered Chad's elite military unit; it is comprised of men from President DEBY's own Zaghawa ethnic group, has the best equipment, and reports directly to him; the Chadian Army also includes the US-trained and equipped Special Anti-Terrorist Group (SATG)", + "note": "note(s): the GDSSIE, formerly known as the Republican Guard, is the presidential guard force and considered Chad's elite military unit; it is comprised of men from President DEBY's own Zaghawa ethnic group, has the best equipment, and reports directly to him; the Chadian Army also includes the US-trained and equipped Special Anti-Terrorist Group (SATG)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "2.2% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "2.2% of GDP (2019 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "2.3% of GDP (2018)" @@ -992,25 +1110,26 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "estimates for the size of the Chadian National Army (ANT) vary; approximately 35,000 active personnel (30,000 Ground Forces; 300 Air Force; 4,500 General Direction of the Security Services of State Institutions); 5,000 National Gendarmerie; 3,500 National Nomadic Guard of Chad (2019)" + "text": "estimates for the size of the Chadian National Army (ANT) vary; approximately 35,000 active personnel (30,000 Ground Forces; 300 Air Force; 5,000 General Direction of the Security Services of State Institutions); 5,000 National Gendarmerie; 3,500 National Nomadic Guard of Chad (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the ANT is mostly armed with older or second-hand equipment from Belgium, France, Russia, and the former Soviet Union; since 2010, it has  received equipment, including donations, from China, France, Italy, Ukraine, and the US (2021)" + "text": "the ANT is mostly armed with older or second-hand equipment from Belgium, France, Russia, and the former Soviet Union; since 2010, it has received equipment, including donations, from a variety of countries, including China, Italy, Ukraine, and the US (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "1,450 Mali (MINUSMA) (2020)" + "text": "1,800 Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2021)

note(s): Chad is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger; Chad has committed 550 troops and 100 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane; Chad hosts the headquarters of Operation Barkhane in N’Djamena

Chad has committed approximately 1,000-1,500 troops to the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) against Boko Haram; national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own territories, although cross‐border operations are conducted periodically; in 2019, Chad sent more than 1,000 troops to Nigeria’s Borno State to fight BH as part of the MNJTF mission", + "note": "note(s): Chad is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger; Chad has committed 550 troops and 100 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane; Chad hosts the headquarters of Operation Barkhane in N’Djamena

Chad has committed approximately 1,000-1,500 troops to the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) against Boko Haram; national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own territories, although cross‐border operations are conducted periodically; in 2019, Chad sent more than 1,000 troops to Nigeria’s Borno State to fight BH as part of the MNJTF mission" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "20 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service, with a 3-year service obligation; 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary service; no minimum age restriction for volunteers with consent from a parent or guardian; women are subject to 1 year of compulsory military or civic service at age 21; while provisions for military service have not been repealed, they have never been fully implemented (2015)" + "text": "20 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service, with a 3-year service obligation; 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary service; no minimum age restriction for volunteers with consent from a parent or guardian; women are subject to 1 year of compulsory military or civic service at age 21 (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the ANT is chiefly focused on counterinsurgency/counter-terrorist operations against Boko Haram (BH) and the Islamic State in West Africa (ISWA) in the Lake Chad Basin area (primarily the Lac Province) and countering the terrorist threat in the Sahel; in 2020, it conducted a large military operation against BH in the Lake Chad region; also in 2020, Chad sent troops to the tri-border area with Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger to combat ISWA militants

Chad is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger; Chad has committed 550 troops and 100 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane; Chad hosts the headquarters of Operation Barkhane in N’Djamena

Chad has committed approximately 1,000-1,500 troops to the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) against Boko Haram; national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own territories, although cross‐border operations are conducted periodically; in 2019, Chad sent more than 1,000 troops to Nigeria’s Borno State to fight BH as part of the MNJTF mission (2020)" + "text": "the ANT is chiefly focused on counterinsurgency/counter-terrorist operations against Boko Haram (BH) and the Islamic State in West Africa (ISWA) in the Lake Chad Basin area (primarily the Lac Province) and countering the terrorist threat in the Sahel; in 2020, it conducted a large military operation against BH in the Lake Chad region; that same year, Chad sent troops to the tri-border area with Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger to combat ISWA militants (it also contributes a large force to the UN MINUSCA mission in Mali); the ANT  has frequently conducted counter-insurgency operations (COIN) against internal anti-government militias and armed dissident groups" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Boko Haram; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – West Africa (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Boko Haram; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – West Africa (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1019,10 +1138,10 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "361,945 (Sudan), 16,127 (Nigeria) (2020); 101,549 (Central African Republic) (2021)" + "text": "370,774 (Sudan), 110,416 (Central African Republic), 16,294 (Nigeria) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { - "text": "236,426 (majority are in the east) (2020)" + "text": "401,511 (majority are in the east) (2021)" } } } diff --git a/africa/cf.json b/africa/cf.json index e585c8fc..d7bb3af0 100644 --- a/africa/cf.json +++ b/africa/cf.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "coastal plain, southern basin, central plateau, northern basin" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "430 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mount Berongou 903 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mount Berongou 903 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "430 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,25 +99,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "seasonal flooding" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage; tap water is not potable; deforestation; wildlife protection" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "about 70% of the population lives in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, or along the railroad between them" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "5,417,414 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "5,417,414 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -136,6 +125,9 @@ "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 33.1%, Awakening Churches/Christian Revival 22.3%, Protestant 19.9%, Salutiste 2.2%, Muslim 1.6%, Kimbanguiste 1.5%, other 8.1%, none 11.3% (2010 est.)" }, + "Demographic profile": { + "text": "

The Republic of the Congo is one of the most urbanized countries in Africa, with nearly 70% of Congolese living in urban areas.  The population is concentrated in the southwest of the country, mainly in the capital Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, and along the railway line that connects the two.  The tropical jungles in the north of the country are sparsely populated.  Most Congolese are Bantu, and most belong to one of four main ethnic groups, the Kongo, Teke, Mbochi, and Sangha, which consist of over 70 subgroups.

The Republic of Congo is in the early stages of a demographic transition, whereby a population shifts from high fertility and mortality rates to low fertility and mortality rates associated with industrialized societies.  Its total fertility rate (TFR) – the average number of children born per woman – remains high at 4.4.  While its TFR has steadily decreased, the progress slowed beginning in about 1995. The slow down in fertility reduction has delayed the demographic transition and Congo’s potential to reap a demographic dividend, the economic boost that can occur when the share of the working-age population is larger than the dependent age groups. The TFR differs significantly between urban and rural areas – 3.7 in urban areas versus 6.5 in rural areas.  The TFR also varies among regions.  The urban regions of Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire have much lower TFRs than other regions, which are predominantly or completely rural. The gap between desired fertility and actual fertility is also greatest in rural areas.  Rural families may have more children to contribute to agriculture production and/or due to a lack of information about and access to contraception.  Urban families may prefer to have fewer children because raising them is more expensive and balancing work and childcare may be more difficult.  The number of births among teenage girls, the frequency of giving birth before the age of fifteen, and a lack of education are the most likely reasons for higher TFRs in rural areas.  Although 90% of school-age children are enrolled in primary school, repetition and dropout rates are high and the quality of education is poor.  Congolese women with no or little education start having children earlier and have more children in total than those with at least some secondary education." + }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "41.57% (male 1,110,484/female 1,089,732)" @@ -195,10 +187,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "67.8% of total population (2020)" + "text": "68.3% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.28% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "3.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -228,8 +220,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "19.8 years (2011/12 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "19.8 years (2011/12 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "378 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -338,7 +330,7 @@ "text": "9.6% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "12.3% (2015)" + "text": "12.3% (2014/15)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "3.5% of GDP (2018)" @@ -369,6 +361,118 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage; tap water is not potable; deforestation; wildlife protection" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "38.67 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "3.28 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "2.24 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "63.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "24 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "832 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); persistent high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "31.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 1.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 29.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "65.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "3.3% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "3.17% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "68.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria and dengue fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "severe localized food insecurity": { + "text": "due to floods - the Government of Congo declared a state of humanitarian emergency on 3 November 2020, after torrential rains in the north of the country triggered flooding, causing population displacements as well as extensive crop, livestock, and fisheries losses; at the end of December, the number of flood-affected people was estimated at 168,000; prices of staple foods, particularly of cassava and bananas, increased in the first months of 2021 due to low supply (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "451,200 tons (1993 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "118,214 tons (2005 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "26.2% (2005 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -403,7 +507,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: named after the Italian-born French explorer and humanitarian, Pierre Savorgnan de BRAZZA (1852-1905), who promoted French colonial interests in central Africa and worked against slavery and the abuse of African laborers" + "note": "etymology: named after the Italian-born French explorer and humanitarian, Pierre Savorgnan de BRAZZA (1852-1905), who promoted French colonial interests in central Africa and worked against slavery and the abuse of African laborers" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "12 departments (departments, singular - department); Bouenza, Brazzaville, Cuvette, Cuvette-Ouest, Kouilou, Lekoumou, Likouala, Niari, Plateaux, Pointe-Noire, Pool, Sangha" @@ -419,7 +523,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest approved by referendum 25 October 2015" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by Parliament; passage of presidential proposals requires Supreme Court review followed by approval in a referendum; such proposals may also be submitted directly to Parliament, in which case passage requires at least three-quarters majority vote of both houses in joint session; proposals by Parliament require three-fourths majority vote of both houses in joint session; constitutional articles including those affecting the country’s territory, republican form of government, and secularity of the state are not amendable" + "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by Parliament; passage of presidential proposals requires Supreme Court review followed by approval in a referendum; such proposals may also be submitted directly to Parliament, in which case passage requires at least three-quarters majority vote of both houses in joint session; proposals by Parliament require three-fourths majority vote of both houses in joint session; constitutional articles including those affecting the country’s territory, republican form of government, and secularity of the state are not amendable" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -519,8 +623,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow band; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is red; green symbolizes agriculture and forests, yellow the friendship and nobility of the people, red is unexplained but has been associated with the struggle for independence", - "note": "

note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia

" + "text": "divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow band; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is red; green symbolizes agriculture and forests, yellow the friendship and nobility of the people, red is unexplained but has been associated with the struggle for independence

note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia", + "note": "note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "lion, elephant; national colors: green, yellow, red" @@ -532,7 +636,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Jacques TONDRA and Georges KIBANGHI/Jean ROYER and Joseph SPADILIERE" }, - "note": "

note: originally adopted 1959, restored 1991

" + "note": "note: originally adopted 1959, restored 1991" } }, "Economy": { @@ -582,7 +686,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$21.844 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$8.718 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -597,7 +701,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$4,274 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -642,8 +746,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "39.5 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "65.8 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "19.7 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "44 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -675,7 +788,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "46.5% (2011 est.)" + "text": "40.9% (2011 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2011": { @@ -732,10 +845,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 53.8%, Angola 6.2%, Gabon 5.7%, Italy 5.4%, Spain 5.4%, Australia 4.8% (2017)" + "text": "China 49%, United Arab Emirates 15%, India 6%, Italy 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum, lumber, plywood, sugar, cocoa, coffee, diamonds" + "text": "crude petroleum, copper, lumber, ships, refined petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -746,10 +859,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "France 15%, China 14%, Belgium 12.2%, Norway 8.1% (2017)" + "text": "China 15%, France 12%, Belgium 6%, Angola 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "capital equipment, construction materials, foodstuffs" + "text": "ships, chicken products, refined petroleum, processed fish, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -865,9 +978,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "90.61 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "5.239 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -897,7 +1007,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 242; WACS submarine cables to Europe and Western and South Africa; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "1 state-owned TV and 3 state-owned radio stations; several privately owned TV and radio stations; satellite TV service is available; rebroadcasts of several international broadcasters are available" @@ -930,7 +1040,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "TN (2016)" + "text": "TN" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -986,7 +1096,7 @@ "unpaved": { "text": "20,213 km (2017)" }, - "note": "

note: road network in Congo is composed of 23,324 km of which 17,000 km are classified as national, departmental, and routes of local interest: 6,324 km are non-classified routes" + "note": "note: road network in Congo is composed of 23,324 km of which 17,000 km are classified as national, departmental, and routes of local interest: 6,324 km are non-classified routes" }, "Waterways": { "text": "1,120 km (commercially navigable on Congo and Oubanqui Rivers above Brazzaville; there are many ferries across the river to Kinshasa; the Congo south of Brazzaville-Kinshasa to the coast is not navigable because of rapids, necessitating a rail connection to Pointe Noire; other rivers are used for local traffic only) (2011)" @@ -1009,12 +1119,12 @@ "river port(s)": { "text": "Brazzaville (Congo)" }, - "note": "

Impfondo (Oubangi)\nOuesso (Sangha)\nOyo (Alima)" + "note": "Impfondo (Oubangi)\nOuesso (Sangha)\nOyo (Alima)" } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Congolese Armed Forces (Forces Armees Congolaises, FAC): Army (Armee de Terre), Navy, Congolese Air Force (Armee de l'Air Congolaise); Gendarmerie; Presidential Guard (2019)" + "text": "Congolese Armed Forces (Forces Armees Congolaises, FAC): Army (Armee de Terre), Navy, Congolese Air Force (Armee de l'Air Congolaise); Gendarmerie; Presidential Guard (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1031,13 +1141,13 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Congolese Armed Forces (FAC) have an estimated 12,000 active duty troops (8,000 Army; 800 Navy; 1-1,200 Air Force; 2,000 Gendarmerie) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Congolese Armed Forces (FAC) have approximately 12,000 active duty troops (8,000 Army; 800 Navy; 1,000 Air Force; 2,000 Gendarmerie) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the FAC is armed with mostly ageing Russian/former Soviet Union weapons, with some French and South African equipment; the leading suppliers of arms to the FAC since 2010 are Russia and South Africa (2019 est.)" + "text": "the FAC is armed with mostly ageing Russian/Soviet-era weapons, with some French and South African equipment; the leading supplier of arms to the FAC since 2010 is South Africa (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; women may serve in the Armed Forces (2013)" + "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; women may serve in the Armed Forces (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1046,7 +1156,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "20,700 (Central African Republic) (2020); 19,790 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)" + "text": "20,700 (Central African Republic) (2020); 19,791 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "304,430 (multiple civil wars since 1992) (2020)" diff --git a/africa/cg.json b/africa/cg.json index f69b3077..ddec881f 100644 --- a/africa/cg.json +++ b/africa/cg.json @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ "text": "vast central basin is a low-lying plateau; mountains in east" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "726 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Pic Marguerite on Mont Ngaliema (Mount Stanley) 5,110 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Pic Marguerite on Mont Ngaliema (Mount Stanley) 5,110 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "726 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,25 +96,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

periodic droughts in south; Congo River floods (seasonal); active volcanoes in the east along the Great Rift Valley

volcanism: Nyiragongo (3,470 m), which erupted in 2002 and is experiencing ongoing activity, poses a major threat to the city of Goma, home to a quarter million people; the volcano produces unusually fast-moving lava, known to travel up to 100 km /hr; Nyiragongo has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; its neighbor, Nyamuragira, which erupted in 2010, is Africa's most active volcano; Visoke is the only other historically active volcano

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "poaching threatens wildlife populations; water pollution; deforestation (forests endangered by fires set to clean the land for agricultural purposes; forests also used as a source of fuel); soil erosion; mining (diamonds, gold, coltan - a mineral used in creating capacitors for electronic devices) causing environmental damage" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Environmental Modification" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: second largest country in Africa (after Algeria) and largest country in Sub-Saharan Africa; straddles the equator; dense tropical rain forest in central river basin and eastern highlands; the narrow strip of land that controls the lower Congo River is the DRC's only outlet to the South Atlantic Ocean

note 2: because of its speed, cataracts, rapids, and turbulence the Congo River, most of which flows through the DRC, has never been accurately measured along much of its length; nonetheless, it is conceded to be the deepest river in the world; estimates of its greatest depth vary between 220 and 250 meters

" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "105,044,646 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "105,044,646 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -195,10 +184,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "45.6% of total population (2020)" + "text": "46.2% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.53% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "4.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -228,8 +217,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "19.9 years (2013/14 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "19.9 years (2013/14 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "473 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -333,13 +322,13 @@ "animal contact diseases": { "text": "rabies" }, - "note": "

note - on 18 October 2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued a Travel Health Notice for an Ebola outbreak in the South Kivu (Kivu Sud), North Kivu (Kivu Nord), and Ituri provinces in the northeastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; travelers to this area could be infected with Ebola if they come into contact with an infected person’s blood or other body fluids; travelers should seek medical care immediately if they develop fever, muscle pain, sore throat, diarrhea, weakness, vomiting, stomach pain, or unexplained bleeding or bruising during or after travel" + "note": "note: on 7 February 2021, the Ministry of Health declared the 12th outbreak of Ebola in Democratic Republic of the Congo; on 12 March 2021, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued a Travel Health Notice recommending travelers avoid non-essential travel for an Ebola outbreak in the North Kivu (Kivu Nord) province in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; travelers to this area could be infected with Ebola if they come into contact with an infected person’s blood or other body fluids; travelers should seek medical care immediately if they develop fever, muscle pain, sore throat, diarrhea, weakness, vomiting, stomach pain, or unexplained bleeding or bruising during or after travel" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "6.7% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "23.4% (2013)" + "text": "23.1% (2017/18)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "1.5% of GDP (2017)" @@ -381,6 +370,119 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "poaching threatens wildlife populations; water pollution; deforestation (forests endangered by fires set to clean the land for agricultural purposes; forests also used as a source of fuel); soil erosion; mining (diamonds, gold, coltan - a mineral used in creating capacitors for electronic devices) causing environmental damage" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Environmental Modification" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "37.62 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "2.02 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "61.24 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "464.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "146.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "71.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "1.283 trillion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season (April to October), dry season (December to February); south of Equator - wet season (November to March), dry season (April to October)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "11.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 3.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "67.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "20.7% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "8.72% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "46.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria, dengue fever, and trypanosomiasis-gambiense (African sleeping sickness)" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + }, + "note": "note: on 7 February 2021, the Ministry of Health declared the 12th outbreak of Ebola in Democratic Republic of the Congo; on 12 March 2021, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued a Travel Health Notice recommending travelers avoid non-essential travel for an Ebola outbreak in the North Kivu (Kivu Nord) province in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; travelers to this area could be infected with Ebola if they come into contact with an infected person’s blood or other body fluids; travelers should seek medical care immediately if they develop fever, muscle pain, sore throat, diarrhea, weakness, vomiting, stomach pain, or unexplained bleeding or bruising during or after travel" + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "widespread lack of access": { + "text": "due to persistent civil insecurity - an estimated 19.6 million people (33% of the analyzed population) were estimated to be severely food insecure in the first part of 2021, 10% below the high figure estimated for the July‑December 2020 period; the decline is mainly attributable to a modest recovery of economic activities and improved food availability early in 2021 (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "14,385,226 tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "704,876 tons (2005 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "4.9% (2005 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -418,7 +520,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

note: the DRC has two time zones

etymology: founded as a trading post in 1881 and named Leopoldville in honor of King Leopold II of the Belgians, who controlled the Congo Free State, the vast central African territory that became the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1960; in 1966, Leopoldville was renamed Kinshasa, after a village of that name that once stood near the site


" + "note": "note: the DRC has two time zones

etymology: founded as a trading post in 1881 and named Leopoldville in honor of King Leopold II of the Belgians, who controlled the Congo Free State, the vast central African territory that became the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1960; in 1966, Leopoldville was renamed Kinshasa, after a village of that name that once stood near the site


" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "26 provinces (provinces, singular - province); Bas-Uele (Lower Uele), Equateur, Haut-Katanga (Upper Katanga), Haut-Lomami (Upper Lomami), Haut-Uele (Upper Uele), Ituri, Kasai, Kasai-Central, Kasai-Oriental (East Kasai), Kinshasa, Kongo Central, Kwango, Kwilu, Lomami, Lualaba, Mai-Ndombe, Maniema, Mongala, Nord-Kivu (North Kivu), Nord-Ubangi (North Ubangi), Sankuru, Sud-Kivu (South Kivu), Sud-Ubangi (South Ubangi), Tanganyika, Tshopo, Tshuapa" @@ -552,7 +654,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Joseph LUTUMBA/Simon-Pierre BOKA di Mpasi Londi" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1960; replaced when the country was known as Zaire; but readopted in 1997

" + "note": "note: adopted 1960; replaced when the country was known as Zaire; but readopted in 1997" } }, "Economy": { @@ -596,7 +698,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$86.267 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$47.16 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -611,7 +713,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$1,060 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -656,8 +758,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "36.2 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "91.6 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "3.5 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "33.3 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -747,10 +858,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 41.4%, Zambia 22.7%, South Korea 7.2%, Finland 6.2% (2017)" + "text": "China 53%, United Arab Emirates 11%, Saudi Arabia 6%, South Korea 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "diamonds, copper, gold, cobalt, wood products, crude oil, coffee" + "text": "copper, cobalt, crude petroleum, diamonds (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -764,10 +875,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 19.9%, South Africa 18%, Zambia 10.4%, Belgium 9.1%, India 4.3%, Tanzania 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "China 29%, South Africa 15%, Zambia 12%, Rwanda 5%, Belgium 5%, India 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, transport equipment, fuels" + "text": "packaged medicines, refined petroleum, sulfuric acid, stone processing machines, delivery trucks (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -883,9 +994,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "991.1 million cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "3.146 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -915,7 +1023,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 243; ACE and WACS submarine cables to West and South Africa and Europe; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-owned TV broadcast station with near national coverage; more than a dozen privately owned TV stations - 2 with near national coverage; 2 state-owned radio stations are supplemented by more than 100 private radio stations; transmissions of at least 2 international broadcasters are available" @@ -956,7 +1064,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "9Q (2016)" + "text": "9Q" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1010,7 +1118,7 @@ "narrow gauge": { "text": "3,882 km 1.067-m gauge (858 km electrified) (2014)" }, - "note": "

125 1.000-m gauge" + "note": "125 1.000-m gauge" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1047,16 +1155,17 @@ "river or lake port(s)": { "text": "Boma, Bumba, Kinshasa, Kisangani, Matadi, Mbandaka (Congo)" }, - "note": "

Kindu (Lualaba)\nBukavu, Goma (Lake Kivu)\nKalemie (Lake Tanganyika)" + "note": "Kindu (Lualaba)\nBukavu, Goma (Lake Kivu)\nKalemie (Lake Tanganyika)" } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Forces d'Armees de la Republique Democratique du Congo, FARDC): Land Forces, National Navy (La Marine Nationale), Congolese Air Force (Force Aerienne Congolaise, FAC); Republican Guard (responsible for presidential security) (2019)" + "text": "Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Forces d'Armees de la Republique Democratique du Congo, FARDC): Land Forces, National Navy (La Marine Nationale), Congolese Air Force (Force Aerienne Congolaise, FAC); Republican Guard (2020)

note - the Republican Guard is under the direct control of the president", + "note": "note - the Republican Guard is under the direct control of the president" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "0.7% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "0.7% of GDP (2019 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "0.7% of GDP (2018)" @@ -1072,22 +1181,22 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "size estimates for the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo (FARDC) vary widely because of inconsistent and unreliable data, as well as the ongoing integration of various non-state armed groups/militias; approximately 100,000 active troops (80,000 Army; 7,000 Navy; 2,000 Air Force; 10,000 Republican Guard) (2019 est.)" + "text": "size estimates for the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo (FARDC) vary widely because of inconsistent and unreliable data, as well as the ongoing integration of various non-state armed groups/militias; approximately 100,000 active troops (mostly Army, but includes several thousand Navy and Air Force personnel, as well as about 10,000 Republican Guard; note -  Navy personnel includes naval infantry (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the FARDC is equipped mostly with a mix of second-hand Russian and Soviet-era weapons acquired from Ukraine and other former Warsaw Pact nations, as well as some equipment provided by Brazil and France; most equipment was acquired between 1970 and 2000; since 2010, Ukraine is the largest supplier of arms to the FARDC (2019 est.)" + "text": "the FARDC is equipped mostly with a mix of second-hand Russian and Soviet-era weapons acquired from former Warsaw Pact nations; most equipment was acquired between 1970 and 2000; since 2010, Ukraine is the largest supplier of arms to the FARDC (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-45 years of age for voluntary and compulsory military service (2012)" + "text": "18-45 years of age for voluntary and compulsory military service (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "

the modern FARDC was created out of the armed factions of the two Congo wars of 1996-1997 and 1998-2003; as part of the peace accords that ended the last war, the largest rebel groups were incorporated into the FARDC; many armed groups (at least 70 and by some recent estimates more than 100), however, continue to fight; as of September 2020, the FARDC is actively engaged in combat operations against numerous armed groups inside the country, particularly in the eastern provinces of Ituri, North Kivu, and South Kivu, although violence also continues in Maniema, Kasai, Kasai Central, and Tanganyika provinces; the military is widely assessed as being unable to provide adequate security throughout the country due to insufficient training, poor morale and leadership, ill-discipline and corruption, low equipment readiness, a fractious ethnic makeup, and the sheer size of the country and diversity of armed rebel groups

MONUSCO, the United Nations peacekeeping and stabilization force in the Democratic Republic of Congo, has operated in the central and eastern parts of the country since 1999; as of March 2020, MONUSCO comprised around 18,500 personnel, including nearly 14,000 military troops; in December 2019, the UN extended MONUSCO's s mandate until 20 December 2020; MONUSCO includes a Force Intervention Brigade (FIB; 3 infantry battalions), the first ever UN peacekeeping force specifically tasked to carry out targeted offensive operations to neutralize and disarm groups considered a threat to state authority and civilian security (2020)" + "text": "

the modern FARDC was created out of the armed factions of the two Congo wars of 1996-1997 and 1998-2003; as part of the peace accords that ended the last war, the largest rebel groups were incorporated into the FARDC; many armed groups (at least 70 and by some recent estimates more than 100), however, continue to fight; as of late 2020, the FARDC was actively engaged in combat operations against numerous armed groups inside the country, particularly in the eastern provinces of Ituri, North Kivu, and South Kivu, although violence also continues in Maniema, Kasai, Kasai Central, and Tanganyika provinces; the military is widely assessed as being unable to provide adequate security throughout the country due to insufficient training, poor morale and leadership, ill-discipline and corruption, low equipment readiness, a fractious ethnic makeup, and the sheer size of the country and diversity of armed rebel groups

MONUSCO, the United Nations peacekeeping and stabilization force in the Democratic Republic of Congo, has operated in the central and eastern parts of the country since 1999; as of January 2021, MONUSCO comprised around 17,500 personnel, including about 12,500 military troops and 1,400 police; MONUSCO includes a Force Intervention Brigade (FIB; 3 infantry battalions), the first ever UN peacekeeping force specifically tasked to carry out targeted offensive operations to neutralize and disarm groups considered a threat to state authority and civilian security" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Central Arica (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Democratic Republic of the Congo (ISIS-DRC) (2021)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1096,7 +1205,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "173,731 (Central African Republic), 214,777 (Rwanda) (refugees and asylum seekers), 54,755 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2020); 46,829 (Burundi) (2021)" + "text": "213,525 (Rwanda) (refugees and asylum seekers), 190,538 (Central African Republic), 55,453 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 45,768 (Burundi) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "5.512 million (fighting between government forces and rebels since mid-1990s; conflict in Kasai region since 2016) (2019)" diff --git a/africa/cm.json b/africa/cm.json index b4605934..542daded 100644 --- a/africa/cm.json +++ b/africa/cm.json @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ "text": "diverse, with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau in center, mountains in west, plains in north" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "667 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Fako on Mont Cameroun 4,045 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Fako on Mont Cameroun 4,045 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "667 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,25 +96,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

volcanic activity with periodic releases of poisonous gases from Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun volcanoes

volcanism: Mt. Cameroon (4,095 m), which last erupted in 2000, is the most frequently active volcano in West Africa; lakes in Oku volcanic field have released fatal levels of gas on occasion, killing some 1,700 people in 1986

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "waterborne diseases are prevalent; deforestation and overgrazing result in erosion, desertification, and reduced quality of pastureland; poaching; overfishing; overhunting" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa because of its central location on the continent and its position at the west-south juncture of the Gulf of Guinea; throughout the country there are areas of thermal springs and indications of current or prior volcanic activity; Mount Cameroon, the highest mountain in Sub-Saharan west Africa, is an active volcano" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "28,524,175 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "28,524,175 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -195,10 +184,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "57.6% of total population (2020)" + "text": "58.1% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.63% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "3.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -228,8 +217,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "19.7 years (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "19.7 years (2011 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "529 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -344,7 +333,7 @@ "text": "11.4% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "11% (2018)" + "text": "11% (2018/19)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "3.1% of GDP (2018)" @@ -386,6 +375,121 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "waterborne diseases are prevalent; deforestation and overgrazing result in erosion, desertification, and reduced quality of pastureland; poaching; overfishing; overhunting" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Nuclear Test Ban" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "65.26 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "8.29 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "30.71 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "246.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "104.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "737 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "283.15 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "20.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 13.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 3.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 4.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "41.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "37.7% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "2.5% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "58.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria and dengue fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + }, + "respiratory diseases": { + "text": "meningococcal meningitis" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "severe localized food insecurity": { + "text": "due to civil insecurity and population displacements - about 2.7 million people were estimated to be severely food insecure in the October‑December 2020 period, well above the previous year’s level; this is mainly the result of conflict, socio‑political unrest, flooding, and COVID‑19-related economic shocks; in the Far North Region, incursions by Boko Haram increased by 55% in 2020 compared to the previous year and triggered new population displacements (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "3,270,617 tons (2013 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "13,082 tons (2009 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "0.4% (2009 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -420,7 +524,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: founded as a German colonial settlement of Jaunde in 1888 and named after the local Yaunde (Ewondo) people" + "note": "etymology: founded as a German colonial settlement of Jaunde in 1888 and named after the local Yaunde (Ewondo) people" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "10 regions (regions, singular - region); Adamaoua, Centre, East (Est), Far North (Extreme-Nord), Littoral, North (Nord), North-West (Nord-Ouest), West (Ouest), South (Sud), South-West (Sud-Ouest)" @@ -542,8 +646,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow, with a yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; the vertical tricolor recalls the flag of France; red symbolizes unity, yellow the sun, happiness, and the savannahs in the north, and green hope and the forests in the south; the star is referred to as the \"star of unity\"", - "note": "

note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia

" + "text": "three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow, with a yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; the vertical tricolor recalls the flag of France; red symbolizes unity, yellow the sun, happiness, and the savannahs in the north, and green hope and the forests in the south; the star is referred to as the \"star of unity\"

note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia", + "note": "note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "lion; national colors: green, red, yellow" @@ -555,7 +659,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Rene Djam AFAME, Samuel Minkio BAMBA, Moise Nyatte NKO'O [French], Benard Nsokika FONLON [English]/Rene Djam AFAME" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1957; Cameroon's anthem, also known as \"Chant de Ralliement\" (The Rallying Song), has been used unofficially since 1948 and officially adopted in 1957; the anthem has French and English versions whose lyrics differ

" + "note": "note: adopted 1957; Cameroon's anthem, also known as \"Chant de Ralliement\" (The Rallying Song), has been used unofficially since 1948 and officially adopted in 1957; the anthem has French and English versions whose lyrics differ" } }, "Economy": { @@ -605,7 +709,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$87.32 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$34.99 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -620,7 +724,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$3,555 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -665,8 +769,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "46.1 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "86.3 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "16 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "39.9 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -701,7 +814,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "30% (2001 est.)" + "text": "37.5% (2014 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": { @@ -758,10 +871,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Netherlands 15.6%, France 12.6%, China 11.7%, Belgium 6.8%, Italy 6.3%, Algeria 4.8%, Malaysia 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "China 17%, Netherlands 14%, Italy 9%, United Arab Emirates 8%, India 7%, United States 6%, Belgium 6%, Spain 5%, France 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "crude oil and petroleum products, lumber, cocoa beans, aluminum, coffee, cotton" + "text": "crude petroleum, cocoa beans, lumber, gold, natural gas, bananas (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -772,10 +885,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 19%, France 10.3%, Thailand 7.9%, Nigeria 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "China 28%, Nigeria 15%, France 9%, Belgium 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery, electrical equipment, transport equipment, fuel, food" + "text": "crude petroleum, scrap vessels, rice, special purpose ships, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -891,9 +1004,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "135.1 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "7.672 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -923,7 +1033,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 237; landing points for the SAT-3/WASC, SAIL, ACE, NCSCS, Ceiba-2, and WACS fiber-optic submarine cable that provides connectivity to Europe, South America, and West Africa; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "government maintains tight control over broadcast media; state-owned Cameroon Radio Television (CRTV), broadcasting on both a TV and radio network, was the only officially recognized and fully licensed broadcaster until August 2007, when the government finally issued licenses to 2 private TV broadcasters and 1 private radio broadcaster; about 70 privately owned, unlicensed radio stations operating but are subject to closure at any time; foreign news services required to partner with state-owned national station (2019)" @@ -964,7 +1074,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "TJ (2016)" + "text": "TJ" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1012,7 +1122,7 @@ "narrow gauge": { "text": "987 km 1.000-m gauge (2014)" }, - "note": "

note: railway connections generally efficient but limited; rail lines connect major cities of Douala, Yaounde, Ngaoundere, and Garoua; passenger and freight service provided by CAMRAIL

" + "note": "note: railway connections generally efficient but limited; rail lines connect major cities of Douala, Yaounde, Ngaoundere, and Garoua; passenger and freight service provided by CAMRAIL" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1043,12 +1153,13 @@ "river port(s)": { "text": "Douala (Wouri)" }, - "note": "

Garoua (Benoue)" + "note": "Garoua (Benoue)" } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Cameroon Armed Forces (Forces Armees Camerounaises, FAC): Army (L'Armee de Terre), Navy (Marine Nationale Republique, MNR, includes naval infantry), Air Force (Armee de l'Air du Cameroun, AAC), Gendarmerie, Presidential Guard (2019)" + "text": "Cameroon Armed Forces (Forces Armees Camerounaises, FAC): Army (L'Armee de Terre), Navy (Marine Nationale Republique, MNR, includes naval infantry), Air Force (Armee de l'Air du Cameroun, AAC), Rapid Intervention Battalion (Bataillons d’Intervention Rapide, BIR), Gendarmerie, Presidential Guard (2020)

note - the Rapid Intervention Battalion, a brigade-sized force comprised of several high-readiness land units, maintains its own command and control structure and reports directly to President BIYA, rather than the Defense Minister", + "note": "note - the Rapid Intervention Battalion, a brigade-sized force comprised of several high-readiness land units, maintains its own command and control structure and reports directly to President BIYA, rather than the Defense Minister" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1068,16 +1179,20 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "size assessments for the Cameroon Armed Forces (FAC) vary widely; approximately 40,000 active duty troops; (25,000 Army, including the Presidential Guard; 2,000 Navy; 1,000 Air Force; 12,000 Gendarmerie) (2019 est.)" + "text": "size assessments for the Cameroon Armed Forces (FAC) vary widely; approximately 45,000 active duty troops; (30,000 ground forces, including the BIR and Presidential Guard; 2,000 Navy; 1,000 Air Force; 12,000 Gendarmerie) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the FAC inventory includes a mix of mostly older or second-hand Chinese, Russian, and Western equipment, with a limited quantity of more modern weapons; since 2010, the top suppliers to the FAC are China, Russia, Spain, and the US (2019)" + "text": "the FAC inventory includes a mix of mostly older or second-hand Chinese, Russian, and Western equipment, with a limited quantity of more modern weapons; since 2010, China is the leading supplier of armaments to the FAC (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "750 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); MNJTF (approximately 2,000-2,500 troops committed; note - the national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own country territories, although cross‐border operations occur occasionally) (2020)" + "text": "750 Central African Republic (MINUSCA) (Jan 2021)

note: Cameroon has committed approximately 2,000-2,500 troops to the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) against Boko Haram; national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own country territories, although cross‐border operations occur occasionally", + "note": "note: Cameroon has committed approximately 2,000-2,500 troops to the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) against Boko Haram; national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own country territories, although cross‐border operations occur occasionally" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-23 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription; high school graduation required; service obligation 4 years; periodic government calls for volunteers (2012)" + "text": "18-23 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription; high school graduation required; service obligation 4 years; periodic government calls for volunteers (2019)" + }, + "Maritime threats": { + "text": "tthe International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Niger Delta and Gulf of Guinea remain a very high risk for piracy and armed robbery of ships; in 2020, there were 98 reported incidents of piracy and armed robbery at sea in the Gulf of Guinea region; although a 24% decrease from the total number of incidents in 2019, it included all three hijackings and 9 of 11 ships fired upon worldwide; while boarding and attempted boarding to steal valuables from ships and crews are the most common types of incidents, almost a third of all incidents involve a hijacking and/or kidnapping; in 2020, a record 130 crew members were kidnapped in 22 separate incidents in the Gulf of Guinea, representing 95% of kidnappings worldwide; approximately 51% of all incidents of piracy and armed robbery are taking place off Nigeria, which is a decrease from the 71% in 2019 and an indication pirates are traveling further to target vessels; Nigerian pirates are well armed and very aggressive, operating as far as 200 nm offshore; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2021-002 - Gulf of Guinea-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Kidnapping for Ransom) effective 9 January 2021, which states in part, \"Piracy, armed robbery, and kidnapping for ransom continue to serve as significant threats to US-flagged vessels transiting or operating in the Gulf of Guinea.”" }, "Military - note": { "text": "the FAC is largely focused on the threat from the terror group Boko Haram along its frontiers with Nigeria and Chad (Far North region) and an insurgency from armed Anglophone separatist groups in the North-West and South-West regions (as of Feb 2020, this internal conflict has left an estimated 3,000 civilians dead and over 500,000 people displaced since fighting started in 2016); in addition, the FAC has occasionally deployed units to the border region with the Central African Republic to counter intrusions from armed militias and bandits (2020)" @@ -1085,8 +1200,8 @@ }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Boko Haram; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – West Africa (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Boko Haram; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – West Africa (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1095,10 +1210,10 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "316,017 (Central African Republic), 117,826 (Nigeria) (2021)" + "text": "321,603 (Central African Republic), 117,061 (Nigeria) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { - "text": "1,032,942 (2020) (includes far north, northwest, and southwest)" + "text": "1,032,942 (2021) (includes far north, northwest, and southwest)" } } } diff --git a/africa/cn.json b/africa/cn.json index 7518f9f5..f99c41f5 100644 --- a/africa/cn.json +++ b/africa/cn.json @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ "text": "volcanic islands, interiors vary from steep mountains to low hills" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Karthala 2,360 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -90,17 +90,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

cyclones possible during rainy season (December to April); volcanic activity on Grand Comore

volcanism: Karthala (2,361 m) on Grand Comore Island last erupted in 2007; a 2005 eruption forced thousands of people to be evacuated and produced a large ash cloud

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation; soil degradation and erosion results from forest loss and from crop cultivation on slopes without proper terracing; marine biodiversity affected as soil erosion leads to the silting of coral reefs" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "important location at northern end of Mozambique Channel" } @@ -124,8 +113,8 @@ "text": "Arabic (official), French (official), Shikomoro (official; a blend of Swahili and Arabic) (Comorian)" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Sunni Muslim 98%, other (including Shia Muslim, Roman Catholic, Jehovah's Witness, Protestant) 2%", - "note": "

note: Sunni Islam is the state religion

" + "text": "Sunni Muslim 98%, other (including Shia Muslim, Roman Catholic, Jehovah's Witness, Protestant) 2%

note: Sunni Islam is the state religion", + "note": "note: Sunni Islam is the state religion" }, "Demographic profile": { "text": "

Comoros’ population is a melange of Arabs, Persians, Indonesians, Africans, and Indians, and the much smaller number of Europeans that settled on the islands between the 8th and 19th centuries, when they served as a regional trade hub. The Arab and Persian influence is most evident in the islands’ overwhelmingly Muslim majority – about 98% of Comorans are Sunni Muslims. The country is densely populated, averaging nearly 350 people per square mile, although this varies widely among the islands, with Anjouan being the most densely populated.

Given the large share of land dedicated to agriculture and Comoros’ growing population, habitable land is becoming increasingly crowded. The combination of increasing population pressure on limited land and resources, widespread poverty, and poor job prospects motivates thousands of Comorans each year to attempt to illegally migrate using small fishing boats to the neighboring island of Mayotte, which is a French territory. The majority of legal Comoran migration to France came after Comoros’ independence from France in 1975, with the flow peaking in the mid-1980s.

At least 150,000 to 200,000 people of Comoran citizenship or descent live abroad, mainly in France, where they have gone seeking a better quality of life, job opportunities, higher education (Comoros has no universities), advanced health care, and to finance elaborate traditional wedding ceremonies (aada). Remittances from the diaspora are an economic mainstay, in 2013 representing approximately 25% of Comoros’ GDP and significantly more than the value of its exports of goods and services (only 15% of GDP). Grand Comore, Comoros’ most populous island, is both the primary source of emigrants and the main recipient of remittances. Most remittances are spent on private consumption, but this often goes toward luxury goods and the aada and does not contribute to economic development or poverty reduction. Although the majority of the diaspora is now French-born with more distant ties to Comoros, it is unclear whether they will sustain the current level of remittances.

" @@ -189,10 +178,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "29.4% of total population (2020)" + "text": "29.6% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.87% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.97% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -222,8 +211,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "24.6 years (2012 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "24.6 years (2012 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "273 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -356,7 +345,91 @@ "text": "20%" }, "female": { - "text": "18.8% (2018)" + "text": "18.8% (2014)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation; soil degradation and erosion results from forest loss and from crop cultivation on slopes without proper terracing; marine biodiversity affected as soil erosion leads to the silting of coral reefs" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "18.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.2 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.19 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "4.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "500,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "4.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "1.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "84.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 46.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 29.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 8.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "1.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "14.2% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "1.39% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "29.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.97% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "91,013 tons (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -377,7 +450,7 @@ "etymology": { "text": "name derives from the Arabic designation \"Juzur al Qamar\" meaning \"Islands of the Moon\"" }, - "note": "

 " + "note": " " }, "Government type": { "text": "federal presidential republic" @@ -392,7 +465,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: Moroni derives from \"mroni,\" which means \"at the river\" in Shingazidja, the Comorian language spoken on Grande Comore (N'gazidja)" + "note": "etymology: Moroni derives from \"mroni,\" which means \"at the river\" in Shingazidja, the Comorian language spoken on Grande Comore (N'gazidja)" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "3 islands; Anjouan (Ndzuwani), Grande Comore (N'gazidja), Moheli (Mwali)" @@ -410,7 +483,7 @@ "amendments": { "text": "proposed by the president of the union or supported by at least one third of the Assembly of the Union membership; adoption requires approval by at three-quarters majority of the total Assembly membership or approval in a referendum" }, - "note": "

note: a referendum held on 30 July 2018 - boycotted by the opposition - overwhelmingly approved a new constitution that allows for 2 consecutive 5-year presidential terms and revises the rotating presidency within the islands" + "note": "note: a referendum held on 30 July 2018 - boycotted by the opposition - overwhelmingly approved a new constitution that allows for 2 consecutive 5-year presidential terms and revises the rotating presidency within the islands" }, "Legal system": { "text": "mixed legal system of Islamic religious law, the French civil code of 1975, and customary law" @@ -473,7 +546,7 @@ "subordinate courts": { "text": "Court of Appeals (in Moroni); Tribunal de premiere instance; island village (community) courts; religious courts" }, - "note": "


\r\n

 

\r\n

 

" + "note": "
\r\n \r\n

 " }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros or CRC [AZALI Assoumani]
Democratic Rally of the Comoros or RDC [Mouigni BARAKA]
Independent Party [N/A]
Juwa Party or PJ [[Ahmed Abdallah SAMBI, Mahamoudou AHAMADA]
Orange Party [Mohamed DAOUDOU]
Party for the Comorian Agreement (Partie Pour l'Entente Commorienne) or PEC [Fahmi Said IBRAHIM]
Rally for an Alternative of Harmonious and Integrated Development or RADHI [Houmed MSAIDIE, Abdou SOEFO]
Rally with a Development Initiative for Enlightened Youth or RIDJA [Said LARIFOU]
Union for the Development of the Comoros or UPDC [Mohamed HALIFA] (2018)" @@ -483,7 +556,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Eric ANDRIAMIHAJA Robson, since March 2018" + "text": "Ambassador Bocchit EDMOND (since 23 December 2020)" }, "chancery": { "text": "Mission to the US, 866 United Nations Plaza, Suite 418, New York, NY 10017" @@ -501,8 +574,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "four equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), white, red, and blue, with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist; centered within the triangle is a vertical white crescent moon with the convex side facing the hoist and four white, five-pointed stars placed vertically in a line between the points of the crescent; the horizontal bands and the four stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago - Mwali, N'gazidja, Ndzuwani, and Mahore (Mayotte - department of France, but claimed by Comoros)", - "note": "

note: the crescent, stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam

" + "text": "four equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), white, red, and blue, with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist; centered within the triangle is a vertical white crescent moon with the convex side facing the hoist and four white, five-pointed stars placed vertically in a line between the points of the crescent; the horizontal bands and the four stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago - Mwali, N'gazidja, Ndzuwani, and Mahore (Mayotte - department of France, but claimed by Comoros)

note: the crescent, stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam", + "note": "note: the crescent, stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "four five-pointed stars and crescent moon; national colors: green, white" @@ -514,7 +587,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Said Hachim SIDI ABDEREMANE/Said Hachim SIDI ABDEREMANE and Kamildine ABDALLAH" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1978

" + "note": "note: adopted 1978" } }, "Economy": { @@ -550,7 +623,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$2.467 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$1.186 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -565,7 +638,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$3,032 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -610,8 +683,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "47.9 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "76.5 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "66.9 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "33 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -643,7 +725,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "44.8% (2004 est.)" + "text": "42.4% (2013 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": { @@ -700,10 +782,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "France 36.5%, India 12.2%, Germany 8.2%, Pakistan 6.3%, Switzerland 5.8%, South Korea 4.7%, Russia 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "France 32%, India 23%, Germany 10%, Turkey 9%, Madagascar 7% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "vanilla, ylang-ylang (perfume essence), cloves" + "text": "cloves, essential oils, vacuum flask, vanilla, scrap vessels (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { @@ -714,10 +796,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "UAE 32.8%, France 17.3%, China 13.2%, Madagascar 6.1%, Pakistan 4.5%, India 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "China 22%, United Arab Emirates 16%, France 11%, Pakistan 9%, India 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "rice and other foodstuffs, consumer goods, petroleum products, cement and construction materials, transport equipment" + "text": "rice, chicken products, refined petroleum, cement, cars (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -833,9 +915,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "193,600 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -865,7 +944,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 269; landing point for the EASSy, Comoros Domestic Cable System, Avassa, and FLY-LION3 fiber-optic submarine cable system connecting East Africa with Europe; HF radiotelephone communications to Madagascar and Reunion (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "national state-owned TV station and a TV station run by Anjouan regional government; national state-owned radio; regional governments on the islands of Grande Comore and Anjouan each operate a radio station; a few independent and small community radio stations operate on the islands of Grande Comore and Moheli, and these two islands have access to Mayotte Radio and French TV" @@ -900,7 +979,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "D6 (2016)" + "text": "D6" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -945,20 +1024,20 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "National Army for Development (l'Armee Nationale de Developpement, AND): Comoran Security Force (also called Comoran Defense Force (Force Comorienne de Defense, FCD), includes Gendarmerie); Ministry of Interior: Comoran Coast Guard, Comoran Federal Police (2019)", - "note": "

note: when the Gendarmerie serves as the judicial police, it reports to the Minister of Justice" + "text": "National Army for Development (l'Armee Nationale de Developpement, AND): Comoran Security Force (also called Comoran Defense Force (Force Comorienne de Defense, FCD), includes Gendarmerie); Ministry of Interior: Comoran Coast Guard, Comoran Federal Police (2019)

note: when the Gendarmerie serves as the judicial police, it reports to the Minister of Justice", + "note": "note: when the Gendarmerie serves as the judicial police, it reports to the Minister of Justice" }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "Comoran Defense Force has an estimated 600 personnel; est. 500 Comoran Federal Police" + "text": "Comoran Defense Force has an estimated 600 personnel; est. 500 Comoran Federal Police (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the defense forces are lightly armed with a mix of equipment from a variety of countries, including France, Italy, Russia, and the US" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for 2-year voluntary male and female military service; no conscription (2015)" + "text": "18 years of age for 2-year voluntary male and female military service; no conscription (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "a defense treaty with France provides naval resources for protection of territorial waters, training of Comoran military personnel, and air surveillance; France maintains a small maritime base and a Foreign Legion contingent on neighboring Mayotte" + "text": "the AND is limited in capabilities to performing search and rescue operations and maintaining internal security; a defense treaty with France provides naval resources for protection of territorial waters, training of Comoran military personnel, and air surveillance; France maintains a small maritime base and a Foreign Legion contingent on neighboring Mayotte" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/africa/ct.json b/africa/ct.json index 61391dd6..3fb3c7bd 100644 --- a/africa/ct.json +++ b/africa/ct.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "vast, flat to rolling plateau; scattered hills in northeast and southwest" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "635 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mont Ngaoui 1,410 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Oubangui River 335 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mont Ngaoui 1,410 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "635 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,25 +91,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect northern areas; floods are common" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water pollution; tap water is not potable; poaching and mismanagement have diminished the country's reputation as one of the last great wildlife refuges; desertification; deforestation; soil erosion" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Law of the Sea" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; almost the precise center of Africa" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "5,357,984 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "5,357,984 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -126,8 +115,8 @@ "text": "French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), tribal languages" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Christian 89.5%, Muslim 8.5%, folk 1%, unaffiliated 1% (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence the Christian majority

" + "text": "Christian 89.5%, Muslim 8.5%, folk 1%, unaffiliated 1% (2010 est.)

note: animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence the Christian majority", + "note": "note: animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence the Christian majority" }, "Demographic profile": { "text": "

The Central African Republic’s (CAR) humanitarian crisis has worsened since a coup in March 2013. CAR’s high mortality rate and low life expectancy are attributed to elevated rates of preventable and treatable diseases (including malaria and malnutrition), an inadequate health care system, precarious food security, and armed conflict. Some of the worst mortality rates are in western CAR’s diamond mining region, which is impoverished because of government attempts to control the diamond trade and the fall in industrial diamond prices. To make matters worse, the government and international donors have reduced health funding in recent years. The CAR’s weak educational system and low literacy rate have also suffered as a result of the country’s ongoing conflict. Schools are closed, qualified teachers are scarce, infrastructure, funding, and supplies are lacking and subject to looting, and many students and teachers are displaced by violence.

Rampant poverty, human rights violations, unemployment, poor infrastructure, and a lack of security and stability have led to forced displacement internally and externally. Since the political crisis that resulted in CAR’s March 2013 coup began in December 2012, approximately 600,000 people have fled to Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and other neighboring countries, while another estimated 600,000 are displaced internally as of October 2019. The UN has urged countries to refrain from repatriating CAR refugees amid the heightened lawlessness.

(2019)" @@ -191,10 +180,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "42.2% of total population (2020)" + "text": "42.6% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.52% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "3.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -336,7 +325,7 @@ "text": "7.5% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "20.8% (2018)" + "text": "20.5% (2019)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "1.2% of GDP (2011)" @@ -367,6 +356,115 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water pollution; tap water is not potable; poaching and mismanagement have diminished the country's reputation as one of the last great wildlife refuges; desertification; deforestation; soil erosion" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Law of the Sea" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "49.5 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.3 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "22.44 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "60.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "12 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "400,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "141 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "8.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 2.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 5.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "36.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "55.7% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "8.99% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "42.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria and dengue fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + }, + "respiratory diseases": { + "text": "meningococcal meningitis" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "exceptional shortfall in aggregate food production/supplies": { + "text": "due to conflict and population displacements - the 2020 aggregate crop production was forecast slightly below the average of the last five years, due to the impacts of floods and persistent insecurity, coupled with the effects of the COVID‑19 pandemic; according to Food and Agriculture Organization analysis, the number of severely food insecure people was estimated at 1.9 million in the September 2020-April 2021 period, a 20% increase over the previous year; the escalation is due to persistent fighting and the upsurge of violence between armed groups that has contributed to the high level of food prices and resulted in widespread population displacements (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1,105,983 tons (2014 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -404,7 +502,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: established as a French settlement in 1889 and named after its location on the northern bank of the Ubangi River; the Ubangi itself was named from the native word for the \"rapids\" located beside the outpost, which marked the end of navigable water north from from Brazzaville" + "note": "etymology: established as a French settlement in 1889 and named after its location on the northern bank of the Ubangi River; the Ubangi itself was named from the native word for the \"rapids\" located beside the outpost, which marked the end of navigable water north from from Brazzaville" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture), 2 economic prefectures* (prefectures economiques, singular - prefecture economique), and 1 commune**; Bamingui-Bangoran, Bangui**, Basse-Kotto, Haute-Kotto, Haut-Mbomou, Kemo, Lobaye, Mambere-Kadei, Mbomou, Nana-Grebizi*, Nana-Mambere, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pende, Sangha-Mbaere*, Vakaga" @@ -462,7 +560,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "Faustin-Archange TOUADERA reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Faustin-Archange TOUADERA (independent) 59.3%, Anicet Georges DOLOGUELE (URCA) 21%, other 19.7%" }, - "note": "

note: rebel forces seized the capital in March 2013, forcing former President BOZIZE to flee the country; Interim President Michel DJOTODIA assumed the presidency, reinstated the prime minister, and established a National Transitional Council (CNT) in April 2013; the NTC elected Catherine SAMBA-PANZA interim president in January 2014 to serve until February 2015, when new elections were to be held; her term was extended because instability delayed new elections and the transition did not take place until the end of March 2016

" + "note": "note: rebel forces seized the capital in March 2013, forcing former President BOZIZE to flee the country; Interim President Michel DJOTODIA assumed the presidency, reinstated the prime minister, and established a National Transitional Council (CNT) in April 2013; the NTC elected Catherine SAMBA-PANZA interim president in January 2014 to serve until February 2015, when new elections were to be held; her term was extended because instability delayed new elections and the transition did not take place until the end of March 2016" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { @@ -536,7 +634,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Barthelemy BOGANDA/Herbert PEPPER" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1960; Barthelemy BOGANDA wrote the anthem's lyrics and was the first prime minister of the autonomous French territory

" + "note": "note: adopted 1960; Barthelemy BOGANDA wrote the anthem's lyrics and was the first prime minister of the autonomous French territory" } }, "Economy": { @@ -575,7 +673,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$4.195 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$1.937 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -590,7 +688,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$913 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -635,8 +733,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "35.6 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "63.2 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "52.4 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "31.4 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -717,10 +824,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "France 31.2%, Burundi 16.2%, China 12.5%, Cameroon 9.6%, Austria 7.8% (2017)" + "text": "China 41%, United Arab Emirates 19%, France 7% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "diamonds, timber, cotton, coffee" + "text": "lumber, gold, diamonds, sea vessels, cocoa paste (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -731,10 +838,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "France 17.1%, US 12.3%, India 11.5%, China 8.2%, South Africa 7.4%, Japan 5.8%, Italy 5.1%, Cameroon 4.9%, Netherlands 4.6% (2017)" + "text": "India 18%, France 12%, United States 11%, China 9%, Netherlands 7%, Belgium 7%, Malta 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "food, textiles, petroleum products, machinery, electrical equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals" + "text": "refined petroleum, packaged medicines, natural gas, broadcasting equipment, second-hand clothing (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -850,9 +957,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "413,800 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -882,7 +986,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 236; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "government-owned network, Radiodiffusion Television Centrafricaine, provides limited domestic TV broadcasting; state-owned radio network is supplemented by a small number of privately owned broadcast stations as well as a few community radio stations; transmissions of at least 2 international broadcasters are available (2017)" @@ -923,7 +1027,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "TL (2016)" + "text": "TL" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -973,12 +1077,12 @@ "river port(s)": { "text": "Bangui (Oubangui)" }, - "note": "

Nola (Sangha)" + "note": "Nola (Sangha)" } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Central African Armed Forces (Forces Armees Centrafricaines, FACA): Ground Forces (includes Military Air Service), General Directorate of Gendarmerie Inspection (DGIG); National Police (2019)" + "text": "Central African Armed Forces (Forces Armees Centrafricaines, FACA): Army (includes an air squadron, Escadrille Centrafricaine), General Directorate of Gendarmerie Inspection (DGIG); National Police (2020)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -998,17 +1102,17 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Central African Armed Forces (FACA) have an estimated 8,000 Army troops (including an Air Service component of about 150) and about 1,500 Gendarmerie (2019)" + "text": "size estimates for the FACA vary; approximately 8-10,000 troops (includes a small air component of 100-200) and up to 2,000 Gendarmerie (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the FACA is armed mostly with second-hand equipment from China, Russia, and Ukraine (2020)", - "note": "

note: since 2013, CAR has been under a UNSC arms embargo; the embargo bans all supplies of arms and related materiel to the country except to the CAR security forces if approved in advance by the relevant UN Sanctions Committee" + "text": "the FACA is lightly and poorly armed with mostly outdated weapons; since 2010, it has received small amounts of second-hand equipment from China, Russia, and Ukraine (2020)

note: since 2013, CAR has been under a UNSC arms embargo; the embargo bans all supplies of arms and related materiel to the country except to the CAR security forces if approved in advance by the relevant UN Sanctions Committee", + "note": "note: since 2013, CAR has been under a UNSC arms embargo; the embargo bans all supplies of arms and related materiel to the country except to the CAR security forces if approved in advance by the relevant UN Sanctions Committee" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18 years of age for military service; no conscription (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the FACA is currently assessed as unable to provide adequate internal security for the country; the military was dissolved following the 2013 rebel seizure of the government and has struggled to rebuild in the years of instability since; France, Russia, the UN, and the European Union are providing various levels of security assistance

the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA) has operated in the country since 2014; its peacekeeping mission includes providing security, protecting civilians, facilitating humanitarian assistance, disarming and demobilizing armed groups, and supporting the country’s fragile transitional government; in November 2019, the UN Security Council extended the mandate of the MINUSCA peacekeeping mission another year; as of March 2020, MINUSCA had approximately 13,200 total personnel, including about 10,700 troops and 2,000 police

the European Union Training Mission in the Central African Republic (EUTM-RCA) has operated in the country since 2016; the EUTM-RCA contributes to the restructuring of the country's military and defense sector through advice, training, and educational programs (2020)" + "text": "the FACA is currently assessed as unable to provide adequate internal security for the country; the military was dissolved following the 2013 rebel seizure of the government and has struggled to rebuild in the years of instability since; France, Russia, the UN, and the European Union are providing various levels of security assistance

the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA) has operated in the country since 2014; its peacekeeping mission includes providing security, protecting civilians, facilitating humanitarian assistance, disarming and demobilizing armed groups, and supporting the country’s fragile transitional government; in November 2019, the UN Security Council extended the mandate of the MINUSCA peacekeeping mission another year; as of January 2021, MINUSCA had nearly 15,000 total personnel, including about 11,000 troops and 2,000 police

the European Union Training Mission in the Central African Republic (EUTM-RCA) has operated in the country since 2016; the EUTM-RCA contributes to the restructuring of the country's military and defense sector through advice, training, and educational programs" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1017,10 +1121,10 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "5,541 (Democratic Republic of Congo) (2020)" + "text": "5,541 (Democratic Republic of Congo) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { - "text": "630,834 (clashes between army and rebel groups since 2005; tensions between ethnic groups) (2020)" + "text": "738,279 (clashes between army and rebel groups since 2005; tensions between ethnic groups) (2021)" } }, "Trafficking in persons": { diff --git a/africa/cv.json b/africa/cv.json index ea9b5b67..aa034f74 100644 --- a/africa/cv.json +++ b/africa/cv.json @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ "exclusive economic zone": { "text": "200 nm" }, - "note": "

measured from claimed archipelagic baselines" + "note": "measured from claimed archipelagic baselines" }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and erratic" @@ -55,11 +55,11 @@ "text": "steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Mt. Fogo (a volcano on Fogo Island) 2,829 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -94,17 +94,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

prolonged droughts; seasonal harmattan wind produces obscuring dust; volcanically and seismically active

volcanism: Fogo (2,829 m), which last erupted in 1995, is Cabo Verde's only active volcano

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation due to demand for firewood; water shortages; prolonged droughts and improper use of land (overgrazing, crop cultivation on hillsides lead to desertification and erosion); environmental damage has threatened several species of birds and reptiles; illegal beach sand extraction; overfishing" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location 500 km from west coast of Africa near major north-south sea routes; important communications station; important sea and air refueling site; one of four North Atlantic archipelagos that make up Macaronesia; the others are Azores (Portugal), Canary Islands (Spain), and Madeira (Portugal)" } @@ -125,7 +114,7 @@ "text": "Creole (Mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Portuguese (official), Krioulo (a blend of Portuguese and West African languages)" + "text": "Portuguese (official), Krioulo (a Portuguese-based Creole language with two main dialects spoken in Cabo Verde and in the Cabo Verdean diaspora worldwide)" }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 77.3%, Protestant 4.6% (includes Church of the Nazarene 1.7%, Adventist 1.5%, Assembly of God 0.9%, Universal Kingdom of God 0.4%, and God and Love 0.1%), other Christian 3.4% (includes Christian Rationalism 1.9%, Jehovah's Witness 1%, and New Apostolic 0.5%), Muslim 1.8%, other 1.3%, none 10.8%, unspecified 0.7% (2010 est.)" @@ -192,10 +181,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "66.7% of total population (2020)" + "text": "67.1% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.97% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.83% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -343,13 +332,102 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "27.8%" + "text": "50.4%" }, "male": { - "text": "24.6%" + "text": "41.4%" }, "female": { - "text": "31.9% (2018)" + "text": "65.3% (2019)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation due to demand for firewood; water shortages; prolonged droughts and improper use of land (overgrazing, crop cultivation on hillsides lead to desertification and erosion); environmental damage has threatened several species of birds and reptiles; illegal beach sand extraction; overfishing" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "31.99 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.54 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.13 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "1.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "400,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "25 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "300 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and erratic" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "18.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 11.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 6.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "21% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "60.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.38% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "67.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.83% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "severe localized food insecurity": { + "text": "due to lingering effects of drought - about 10,000 people (approximately 2% of the total population) were estimated to be in “Crisis” in the June‑August 2020 period; the main causes of the food insecurity are the drought and pest attacks on cereal and fodder production (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "132,555 tons (2012 est.)" } } }, @@ -384,7 +462,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-1 (4 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the earlier Portuguese name was Villa de Praia (\"Village of the Beach\"); it became just Praia in 1974 (prior to full independence in 1975)" + "note": "etymology: the earlier Portuguese name was Villa de Praia (\"Village of the Beach\"); it became just Praia in 1974 (prior to full independence in 1975)" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "22 municipalities (concelhos, singular - concelho); Boa Vista, Brava, Maio, Mosteiros, Paul, Porto Novo, Praia, Ribeira Brava, Ribeira Grande, Ribeira Grande de Santiago, Sal, Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina do Fogo, Santa Cruz, Sao Domingos, Sao Filipe, Sao Lourenco dos Orgaos, Sao Miguel, Sao Salvador do Mundo, Sao Vicente, Tarrafal, Tarrafal de Sao Nicolau" @@ -473,7 +551,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Carlos W. VEIGA (since 18 January 2017)" + "text": "Ambassador Jose Luis do Livramento MONTEIRO ALVES DE BRITO (since 23 December 2020)" }, "chancery": { "text": "3415 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007" @@ -518,7 +596,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Amilcar Spencer LOPES/Adalberto Higino Tavares SILVA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1996

" + "note": "note: adopted 1996" } }, "Economy": { @@ -565,7 +643,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$3.57 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$1.971 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -580,7 +658,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$6,643 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -625,8 +703,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "55.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "55 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "84.5 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "69.1 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "64.8 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -650,7 +737,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "30% (2000 est.)" + "text": "35% (2015 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015": { @@ -707,10 +794,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Spain 45.3%, Portugal 40.3%, Netherlands 8.1% (2017)" + "text": "Spain 65%, Portugal 14%, Italy 8% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "fuel (re-exports), shoes, garments, fish, hides" + "text": "processed and frozen fish, mollusks, clothing, scrap iron (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -721,10 +808,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Portugal 43.9%, Spain 11.6%, Netherlands 6.1%, China 6.1% (2017)" + "text": "Portugal 36%, Netherlands 16%, Spain 11%, China 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "foodstuffs, industrial products, transport equipment, fuels" + "text": "refined petroleum, delivery trucks, coal tar oil, cars, rice (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -840,9 +927,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2016 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "867,800 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -872,7 +956,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 238; landing points for the Atlantis-2, EllaLink, Cabo Verde Telecom Domestic Submarine Cable Phase 1, 2, 3 and WACS fiber-optic transatlantic telephone cable that provides links to South America, Africa, and Europe; HF radiotelephone to Senegal and Guinea-Bissau; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-run TV and radio broadcast network plus a growing number of private broadcasters; Portuguese public TV and radio services for Africa are available; transmissions of a few international broadcasters are available (2019)" @@ -913,7 +997,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "D4 (2016)" + "text": "D4" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -964,7 +1048,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Cabo Verdean Armed Forces (FACV): Army (also called the National Guard, GN), Cabo Verde Coast Guard (Guardia Costeira de Cabo Verde, GCCV, includes naval infantry) (2013)" + "text": "Cabo Verdean Armed Forces (FACV): Army (also called the National Guard, GN; includes a small air component), Cabo Verde Coast Guard (Guardia Costeira de Cabo Verde, GCCV) (2020)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -984,13 +1068,13 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Cabo Verdean Armed Forces (FACV) consist of approximately 1,100 Army (includes an air component of about 100 personnel) and 100 Coast Guard active duty troops (2019)" + "text": "the Cabo Verdean Armed Forces (FACV) consist of approximately 1,100 Army (includes an air component of about 100 personnel) and 100 Coast Guard active duty troops (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the FACV has a limited amount of mostly dated and second-hand equipment, largely from China, European countries, and the former Soviet Union; since 2010, it has received limited quantities of equipment (naval patrol craft and air craft) from the Netherlands and Portugal (2019)" + "text": "the FACV has a limited amount of mostly dated and second-hand equipment, largely from China, European countries, and the former Soviet Union; since 2010, it has received limited quantities of equipment (naval patrol craft and aircraft) from the Netherlands and Portugal (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-35 years of age for male and female selective compulsory military service; 2-years conscript service obligation; 17 years of age for voluntary service (with parental consent) (2013)" + "text": "18-35 years of age for male and female selective compulsory military service; 2-years conscript service obligation; 17 years of age for voluntary service (with parental consent) (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/africa/dj.json b/africa/dj.json index ccbfe9cd..e327c8e5 100644 --- a/africa/dj.json +++ b/africa/dj.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "coastal plain and plateau separated by central mountains" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "430 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Moussa Ali 2,021 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Lac Assal -155 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Moussa Ali 2,021 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "430 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,17 +99,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

earthquakes; droughts; occasional cyclonic disturbances from the Indian Ocean bring heavy rains and flash floods

volcanism: experiences limited volcanic activity; Ardoukoba (298 m) last erupted in 1978; Manda-Inakir, located along the Ethiopian border, is also historically active

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution; limited arable land; deforestation (forests threatened by agriculture and the use of wood for fuel); desertification; endangered species" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location near world's busiest shipping lanes and close to Arabian oilfields; terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia; mostly wasteland; Lac Assal (Lake Assal) is the lowest point in Africa and the saltiest lake in the world" } @@ -197,10 +186,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "78.1% of total population (2020)" + "text": "78.2% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.67% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.56% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -348,6 +337,117 @@ "female": { "text": "7 years (2011)" } + }, + "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { + "total": { + "text": "73%" + }, + "male": { + "text": "72%" + }, + "female": { + "text": "74.6% (2017)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution; limited arable land; deforestation (forests threatened by agriculture and the use of wood for fuel); desertification; endangered species" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "40.38 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.62 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.52 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "16 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "300 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "desert; torrid, dry" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "73.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 0.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 73.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "0.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "26.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.26% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "78.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.56% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "widespread lack of access": { + "text": "due to floods - about 194,000 people were estimated to be severely food insecure in the January‑August 2021 period, mainly due to livelihood losses caused by floods and landslides, and as a result of the socio‑economic impact of the pandemic on the livelihoods of vulnerable households (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "114,997 tons (2002 est.)" + } } }, "Government": { @@ -384,7 +484,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the origin of the name is disputed; multiple descriptions, possibilities, and theories have been proposed" + "note": "etymology: the origin of the name is disputed; multiple descriptions, possibilities, and theories have been proposed" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "6 districts (cercles, singular - cercle); Ali Sabieh, Arta, Dikhil, Djibouti, Obock, Tadjourah" @@ -515,7 +615,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Aden ELMI/Abdi ROBLEH" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1977

" + "note": "note: adopted 1977" } }, "Economy": { @@ -551,7 +651,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$4.612 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$3.323 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -566,7 +666,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$4,885 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -611,8 +711,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "60.5 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "84.3 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "59.4 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "48.4 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -647,8 +756,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "23% (2015 est.)", - "note": "

note: percent of population below $1.25 per day at purchasing power parity

" + "text": "21.1% (2017 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -702,10 +810,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Ethiopia 38.8%, Somalia 17.1%, Qatar 9.1%, Brazil 8.9%, Yemen 4.9%, US 4.6% (2017)" + "text": "Saudi Arabia 42%, India 15%, China 14%, Egypt 5%, South Korea 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "reexports, hides and skins, scrap metal" + "text": "various animals, chlorides, dried legumes, industrial fatty acids/oils, coffee, chickpeas (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -716,10 +824,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "UAE 25%, France 15.2%, Saudi Arabia 11%, China 9.6%, Ethiopia 6.8%, Yemen 4.6% (2017)" + "text": "China 43%, United Arab Emirates 15%, India 7%, Turkey 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "foods, beverages, transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum products, clothing" + "text": "refined petroleum, fertilizers, iron sheeting, cars, palm oil (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -835,9 +943,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "950,200 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -867,7 +972,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 253; landing points for the SEA-ME-WE-3 & 5, EASSy, Aden-Djibouti, Africa-1, DARE-1, EIG, MENA, Bridge International, PEACE Cable, and SEACOM fiber-optic submarine cable systems providing links to Asia, the Middle East, Europe, Southeast Asia, Australia and Africa; satellite earth stations - 2 (1 Intelsat - Indian Ocean and 1 Arabsat) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-owned Radiodiffusion-Television de Djibouti operates the sole terrestrial TV station, as well as the only 2 domestic radio networks; no private TV or radio stations; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available (2019)" @@ -902,7 +1007,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "J2 (2016)" + "text": "J2" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -966,28 +1071,45 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Djibouti Armed Forces (FAD): Djibouti National Army (includes Navy, Djiboutian Air Force, National Gendarmerie); Djibouti Coast Guard (2019)" + "text": "Djibouti Armed Forces (FAD): Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie; Djibouti Coast Guard (2020)" + }, + "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2017": { + "text": "4.9% of GDP (2017 est.)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2016": { + "text": "3.9% of GDP (2016 est.)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2015": { + "text": "3.7% of GDP (2015 est.)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2014": { + "text": "4% of GDP (2014 est.)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2013": { + "text": "4.3% of GDP (2013 est.)" + } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Djibouti Armed Forces (FAD) have approximately 10,500 active troops (8,000 Army; 250 Naval; 250 Air; 2,000 Gendarmerie); 150 Coast Guard (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Djibouti Armed Forces (FAD) have approximately 10,500 active troops (8,000 Army; 250 Naval; 250 Air; 2,000 Gendarmerie); 150 Coast Guard (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the FAD is armed mostly with older French and Soviet-era weapons systems; since 2010, it has received limited amounts of newer equipment with China and the US as the largest suppliers (2019)" + "text": "the FAD is armed largely with older French and Soviet-era weapons systems; since 2010, it has received limited amounts of mostly second-hand equipment from a variety of countries, including Canada, China, France, Italy, Saudi Arabia, and the US (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "960 Somalia (AMISOM) (2020)" + "text": "960 Somalia (AMISOM) (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; 16-25 years of age for voluntary military training; no conscription (2012)" + "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; 16-25 years of age for voluntary military training; no conscription (2020)" }, "Maritime threats": { - "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports offshore waters in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden remain a high risk for piracy; the presence of several naval task forces in the Gulf of Aden and additional anti-piracy measures on the part of ship operators, including the use of on-board armed security teams, contributed to the drop in incidents; there was one incident in the Gulf of Aden and none in the Red Sea in 2018; Operation Ocean Shield, the NATO/EUNAVFOR naval task force established in 2009 to combat Somali piracy, concluded its operations in December 2016 as a result of the drop in reported incidents over the last few years; the EU naval mission, Operation ATALANTA, continues its operations in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean through 2020; naval units from China, India, Japan, Pakistan, South Korea, the United States, and other countries also operate in conjunction with EU forces; China has established a logistical base in Djibouti to support its deployed naval units in the Horn of Africa" + "text": "the International Maritime Bureau’s (IMB) Piracy Reporting Center (PRC) received zero incidents of piracy and armed robbery in 2020 for the Horn of Africa; while there were no recorded incidents, the IMB PRC warns that Somalia pirates continue to possess the capacity to carry out attacks in the Somali basin and wider Indian Ocean; in particular, the report warns that, \"Masters and crew must remain vigilant and cautious when transiting these waters.\"; the presence of several naval task forces in the Gulf of Aden and additional anti-piracy measures on the part of ship operators, including the use of on-board armed security teams, contributed to the drop in incidents; the EU naval mission, Operation ATALANTA, continues its operations in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean through 2022; naval units from China, India, Japan, Pakistan, South Korea, the US, and other countries also operate in conjunction with EU forces; China has established a logistical base in Djibouti to support its deployed naval units in the Horn of Africa" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "al-Shabaab (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "al-Shabaab (2019)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/africa/eg.json b/africa/eg.json index ffe1c791..296988bc 100644 --- a/africa/eg.json +++ b/africa/eg.json @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "321 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mount Catherine 2,629 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Qattara Depression -133 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mount Catherine 2,629 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "321 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,19 +102,8 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "periodic droughts; frequent earthquakes; flash floods; landslides; hot, driving windstorms called khamsin occur in spring; dust storms; sandstorms" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown sands; increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam; desertification; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and marine habitats; other water pollution from agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and industrial effluents; limited natural freshwater resources away from the Nile, which is the only perennial water source; rapid growth in population overstraining the Nile and natural resources" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { - "text": "controls Sinai Peninsula, the only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, a sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea; size, and juxtaposition to Israel, establish its major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics; dependence on upstream neighbors; dominance of Nile basin issues; prone to influxes of refugees from Sudan and the Palestinian territories" + "text": "note 1: controls Sinai Peninsula, the only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, a sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea; size, and juxtaposition to Israel, establish its major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics; dependence on upstream neighbors; dominance of Nile basin issues; prone to influxes of refugees from Sudan and the Palestinian territories

note 2: the earliest evidence for wild sorghum cultivation occurs in southern Egypt and dates to roughly 7500 B.C." } }, "People and Society": { @@ -130,8 +119,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Egyptian 99.7%, other 0.3% (2006 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent respondents by nationality

" + "text": "Egyptian 99.7%, other 0.3% (2006 est.)

note: data represent respondents by nationality", + "note": "note: data represent respondents by nationality" }, "Languages": { "text": "Arabic (official), Arabic, English, and French widely understood by educated classes" @@ -201,10 +190,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "42.8% of total population (2020)" + "text": "42.9% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.86% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.9% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -234,8 +223,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "22.7 years (2014 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "22.7 years (2014 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "37 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -335,8 +324,7 @@ }, "water contact diseases": { "text": "schistosomiasis" - }, - "note": "

note: clusters of cases of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) are occurring throughout Egypt; as of 24 January 2021, Egypt has reported a total of 161,143 cases of COVID-19 or 157.5 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 8.7 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population" + } }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "32% (2016)" @@ -374,13 +362,109 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "29.6%" + "text": "24.7%" }, "male": { - "text": "25.7%" + "text": "17.1%" }, "female": { - "text": "38.3% (2017 est.)" + "text": "51.6% (2018 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown sands; increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam; desertification; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and marine habitats; other water pollution from agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and industrial effluents; limited natural freshwater resources away from the Nile, which is the only perennial water source; rapid growth in population overstraining the Nile and natural resources" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "79.28 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "238.56 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "59.68 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "10.75 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "5.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "61.35 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "57.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "3.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 2.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "0.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "96.3% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.15% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "42.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.9% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "intermediate (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "21 million tons (2012 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "2.625 million tons (2013 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "12.5% (2013 est.)" } } }, @@ -418,7 +502,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: from the Arabic \"al-Qahira,\" meaning \"the victorious\"" + "note": "etymology: from the Arabic \"al-Qahira,\" meaning \"the victorious\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "27 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazat); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar (Red Sea), Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah (Alexandria), Al Isma'iliyah (Ismailia), Al Jizah (Giza), Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah (Cairo), Al Qalyubiyah, Al Uqsur (Luxor), Al Wadi al Jadid (New Valley), As Suways (Suez), Ash Sharqiyah, Aswan, Asyut, Bani Suwayf, Bur Sa'id (Port Said), Dumyat (Damietta), Janub Sina' (South Sinai), Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina' (North Sinai), Suhaj" @@ -434,7 +518,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest approved by a constitutional committee in December 2013, approved by referendum held on 14-15 January 2014, ratified by interim president on 19 January 2014" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by one fifth of the House of Representatives members; a decision to accept the proposal requires majority vote by House members; passage of amendment requires a two-thirds majority vote by House members and passage by majority vote in a referendum; articles of reelection of the president and principles of freedom are not amendable unless the amendment \"brings more guarantees;\" amended 2019" + "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by one fifth of the House of Representatives members; a decision to accept the proposal requires majority vote by House members; passage of amendment requires a two-thirds majority vote by House members and passage by majority vote in a referendum; articles of reelection of the president and principles of freedom are not amendable unless the amendment \"brings more guarantees;\" amended 2019 (2021)" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -540,8 +624,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the national emblem (a gold Eagle of Saladin facing the hoist side with a shield superimposed on its chest above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white)", - "note": "

note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the white band, Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band, and Yemen, which has a plain white band

" + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the national emblem (a gold Eagle of Saladin facing the hoist side with a shield superimposed on its chest above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white)

note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the white band; Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band; and Yemen, which has a plain white band", + "note": "note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the white band; Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band; and Yemen, which has a plain white band" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "golden eagle, white lotus; national colors: red, white, black" @@ -553,7 +637,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Younis-al QADI/Sayed DARWISH" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1979; the current anthem, less militaristic than the previous one, was created after the signing of the 1979 peace treaty with Israel; Sayed DARWISH, commonly considered the father of modern Egyptian music, composed the anthem

" + "note": "note: adopted 1979; the current anthem, less militaristic than the previous one, was created after the signing of the 1979 peace treaty with Israel; Sayed DARWISH, commonly considered the father of modern Egyptian music, composed the anthem" } }, "Economy": { @@ -603,7 +687,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$1,062,265,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$323.763 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -618,7 +702,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$11,014 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -663,8 +747,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "60.1 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "87.8 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "42.2 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "40 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -699,7 +792,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "27.8% (2016 est.)" + "text": "32.5% (2017 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -738,7 +831,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "96.8% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover central government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions

" + "note": "note: data cover central government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "1 July - 30 June" @@ -760,10 +853,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "UAE 10.9%, Italy 10%, US 7.4%, UK 5.7%, Turkey 4.4%, Germany 4.3%, India 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "United States 9%, United Arab Emirates 6%, Italy 6%, Turkey 6%, Saudi Arabia 6%, India 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "crude oil and petroleum products, fruits and vegetables, cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals, processed food" + "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, gold, natural gas, fertilizers (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { @@ -774,10 +867,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 7.9%, UAE 5.2%, Germany 4.8%, Saudi Arabia 4.6%, US 4.4%, Russia 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "China 15%, Russia 7%, United States 6%, Saudi Arabia 6%, Germany 5%, Turkey 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, wood products, fuels" + "text": "refined petroleum, wheat, crude petroleum, cars, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -887,9 +980,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "2.186 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "232.7 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -919,7 +1009,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 20; landing points for Aletar, Africa-1, FEA, Hawk, IMEWE, and the SEA-ME-WE-3 & 4 submarine cable networks linking to Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Australia ; satellite earth stations - 4 (2 Intelsat - Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean, 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat); tropospheric scatter to Sudan; microwave radio relay to Israel; a participant in Medarabtel (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "mix of state-run and private broadcast media; state-run TV operates 2 national and 6 regional terrestrial networks, as well as a few satellite channels; dozens of private satellite channels and a large number of Arabic satellite channels are available for free; some limited satellite services are also available via subscription; state-run radio operates about 30 stations belonging to 8 networks; privately-owned radio includes 8 major stations, 4 of which belong to 1 network (2019)" @@ -963,7 +1053,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "SU (2016)" + "text": "SU" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1053,13 +1143,13 @@ "LNG terminal(s) (export)": { "text": "Damietta, Idku (Abu Qir Bay)" }, - "note": "

Gulf of Suez - Suez" + "note": "Gulf of Suez - Suez" } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Egyptian Armed Forces (EAF): Army (includes surface-to-surface missile forces, special forces, Republican Guard), Navy (includes coastal defense, Coast Guard), Air Force, Air Defense Command; Ministry of Interior: Central Security Forces, National Police (2019)", - "note": "

note: some tribal militias in the Sinai Peninsula cooperate with the Egyptian military against insurgent/terrorist groups such as the Islamic State" + "text": "Egyptian Armed Forces (EAF): Army (includes surface-to-surface missile forces, special forces, Republican Guard), Navy (includes Coast Guard), Air Force, Air Defense Command; Ministry of Interior: Central Security Forces, National Police (2021)

note: some tribal militias in the Sinai Peninsula cooperate with the Egyptian military against insurgent/terrorist groups such as the Islamic State", + "note": "note: some tribal militias in the Sinai Peninsula cooperate with the Egyptian military against insurgent/terrorist groups such as the Islamic State" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1079,16 +1169,16 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "estimates of the size of the Egyptian Armed Forces (EAF) vary; approximately 450,000 total active personnel (325,000 Army; 18,500 Navy; 30,000 Air Force; 75,000 Air Defense Command) (2019)" + "text": "estimates of the size of the Egyptian Armed Forces (EAF) vary; approximately 450,000 total active personnel (325,000 Army; 18,500 Navy; 30,000 Air Force; 75,000 Air Defense Command) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the EAF's inventory is comprised of a mix of domestically produced, Soviet-era, and more modern, particularly Western, weapons systems; in recent years, the EAF has embarked on an extensive equipment modernization program with major purchases from a variety of suppliers; since 2010, the leading suppliers of military hardware to Egypt are France, Germany, Italy, Russia, and the US; Egypt has an established defense industry that produces a range of products from small arms to armored vehicles and naval vessels; it also has licensed and co-production agreements with several countries, including France (naval frigates) and the US (tanks) (2020)" + "text": "the EAF's inventory is comprised of a mix of domestically produced, imported Soviet-era, and more modern, particularly Western, weapons systems; in recent years, the EAF has embarked on an extensive equipment modernization program with major purchases from a variety of suppliers; since 2010, the leading suppliers of military hardware to Egypt are France, Russia, and the US; Egypt has an established defense industry that produces a range of products from small arms to armored vehicles and naval vessels; it also has licensed and co-production agreements with several countries (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "1,000 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,050 Mali (MINUSMA); 150 Sudan (UNAMID) (2020)" + "text": "1,000 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,050 Mali (MINUSMA); 150 Sudan (UNAMID) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-30 years of age for male conscript military service; service obligation - 18-36 months, followed by a 9-year reserve obligation; voluntary enlistment possible from age 15 (2017)" + "text": "18-30 years of age for male conscript military service; service obligation - 18-36 months, followed by a 9-year reserve obligation; voluntary enlistment possible from age 15 (2019)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "

since 2011, the Egyptian Armed Forces, police, and other security forces have been actively engaged in counterinsurgency and counter-terrorism operations in the North Sinai governorate against several militant groups, particularly the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Sinai Province; as of early 2020, Egypt reportedly had over 40,000 troops plus thousands of police and other security personnel deployed to the Sinai for internal security duties

the military has a large stake in the civilian economy, including running banks, businesses, and shipping lines, producing consumer and industrial goods, importing commodities, and building and managing infrastructure projects, such as bridges, roads, hospitals, and housing

the Multinational Force & Observers (MFO) has operated in the Sinai since 1982 as a peacekeeping and monitoring force to supervise the implementation of the security provisions of the 1979 Egyptian-Israeli Treaty of Peace; the MFO is an independent international organization, created by agreement between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the State of Israel; it is composed of about 1,150 troops from 13 countries (2020)" @@ -1096,8 +1186,8 @@ }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Army of Islam; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Sinai Province; Mujahidin Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem; al-Qa’ida (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Army of Islam; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Sinai Province; Mujahidin Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem; al-Qa’ida (2019)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1106,7 +1196,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "70,010 (West Bank and Gaza Strip) (2019); 130,577 (Syria) (refugees and asylum seekers), 49,290 (Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 19,814 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 19,200 (Eritrea) (refugees and asylum seekers), 16,181 (Ethiopia) (refugees and asylum seekers), 9,259 (Yemen) (refugees and asylum seekers), 6,824 (Iraq) (refugees and asylum seekers), 6,755 (Somalia) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2020)" + "text": "70,010 (West Bank and Gaza Strip) (2019); 131,235 (Syria) (refugees and asylum seekers), 49,249 (Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 19,805 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 19,079 (Eritrea) (refugees and asylum seekers), 16,099 (Ethiopia) (refugees and asylum seekers), 9,267 (Yemen) (refugees and asylum seekers), 6,806 (Iraq) (refugees and asylum seekers), 6,730 (Somalia) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "97,000 (2019)" diff --git a/africa/ek.json b/africa/ek.json index 5dd3a216..21a0790c 100644 --- a/africa/ek.json +++ b/africa/ek.json @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ "text": "coastal plains rise to interior hills; islands are volcanic" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "577 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Pico Basile 3,008 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Pico Basile 3,008 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "577 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,17 +96,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

violent windstorms; flash floods

volcanism: Santa Isabel (3,007 m), which last erupted in 1923, is the country's only historically active volcano; Santa Isabel, along with two dormant volcanoes, form Bioko Island in the Gulf of Guinea

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation (forests are threatened by agricultural expansion, fires, and grazing); desertification; water pollution (tap water is non-potable); wildlife preservation" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "insular and continental regions widely separated; despite its name, no part of the Equator passes through Equatorial Guinea; the mainland part of the country is located just north of the Equator" } @@ -127,7 +116,7 @@ "text": "Fang 85.7%, Bubi 6.5%, Mdowe 3.6%, Annobon 1.6%, Bujeba 1.1%, other 1.4% (1994 census)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Spanish (official) 67.6%, other (includes Fang, Bubi, Portuguese (official), French (official)) 32.4% (1994 census)" + "text": "Spanish (official) 67.6%, other (includes Fang, Bubi, Portuguese (official), French (official), Portuguese-based Creoles spoken in Ano Bom) 32.4% (1994 census)" }, "Religions": { "text": "nominally Christian and predominantly Roman Catholic, Muslim, Baha'i, animist, indigenous" @@ -194,10 +183,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "73.1% of total population (2020)" + "text": "73.6% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.28% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "3.62% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -353,6 +342,104 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation (forests are threatened by agricultural expansion, fires, and grazing); desertification; water pollution (tap water is non-potable); wildlife preservation" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "45.9 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "5.65 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "11.21 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "15.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "26 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; always hot, humid" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "10.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 4.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 2.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 3.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "57.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "32.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "1.52% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "73.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.62% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria and dengue fever" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "198,443 tons (2016 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -387,7 +474,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: named after Malabo Lopelo Melaka (1837–1937), the last king of the Bubi, the ethnic group indigenous to the island of Bioko; the name of the new capital, Cuidad de la Paz, translates to \"City of Peace\" in Spanish" + "note": "etymology: named after Malabo Lopelo Melaka (1837–1937), the last king of the Bubi, the ethnic group indigenous to the island of Bioko; the name of the new capital, Cuidad de la Paz, translates to \"City of Peace\" in Spanish" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "8 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Annobon, Bioko Norte, Bioko Sur, Centro Sur, Djibloho, Kie-Ntem, Litoral, Wele-Nzas" @@ -518,7 +605,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Atanasio Ndongo MIYONO/Atanasio Ndongo MIYONO or Ramiro Sanchez LOPEZ (disputed)" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1968

" + "note": "note: adopted 1968" } }, "Economy": { @@ -557,7 +644,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$28.459 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$10.634 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -572,7 +659,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$22,551 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -617,8 +704,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "41.1 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "61 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "32 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "56.2 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -697,10 +793,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 28%, India 11.8%, South Korea 10.3%, Portugal 8.7%, US 6.9%, Spain 4.9% (2017)" + "text": "China 34%, India 19%, Spain 11%, United States 7% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum products, timber" + "text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, industrial alcohols, lumber, veneer sheeting (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -714,10 +810,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Spain 20.5%, China 19.4%, US 13%, Cote dIvoire 6.2%, Netherlands 4.7% (2017)" + "text": "United States 22%, Spain 19%, China 12%, United Kingdom 6%, United Arab Emirates 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum sector equipment, other equipment, construction materials, vehicles" + "text": "gas turbines, beer, ships, industrial machinery, excavation machinery (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -833,9 +929,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "36.81 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "3.062 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -865,7 +958,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 240; landing points for the ACE, Ceiba-1, and Ceiba-2 submarine cables providing communication from Bata and Malabo, Equatorial Guinea to numerous Western African and European countries; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "the state maintains control of broadcast media with domestic broadcast media limited to 1 state-owned TV station, 1 private TV station owned by the president's eldest son (who is the Vice President), 1 state-owned radio station, and 1 private radio station owned by the president's eldest son; satellite TV service is available; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are generally accessible (2019)" @@ -906,7 +999,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "3C (2016)" + "text": "3C" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -965,7 +1058,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Equatorial Guinea Armed Forces (FAGE): Equatorial Guinea National Guard (Guardia Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial, GNGE (Army), Navy, Air Force; Guardia Civil (paramilitary force for internal security) (2019)" + "text": "Equatorial Guinea Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas de Guinea Ecuatorial, FAGE): Equatorial Guinea National Guard (Guardia Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial, GNGE (Army), Navy, Air Force; Guardia Civil (paramilitary force for internal security) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2018": { @@ -982,13 +1075,16 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Equatorial Guinea Armed Forces (FAGE) have approximately 1,400 active duty troops (1,100 Army; 200 Navy; 100 Air Force) (2019)" + "text": "the Equatorial Guinea Armed Forces (FAGE) have approximately 1,400 active duty troops (1,100 Army; 200 Navy; 100 Air Force); approximately 400 Guardia Civil (2021)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the FAGE is armed with mostly second-hand Russian and Soviet-era weapons; Ukraine is the leading provider of equipment since 2010 followed by Israel (2019 est.)" + "text": "the FAGE is armed with mostly older (typically Soviet-era) and second-hand weapons systems; in recent years,it has sought to modernize its naval inventory; Ukraine is the leading provider of equipment since 2010, followed by Israel (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for selective compulsory military service, although conscription is rare in practice; 2-year service obligation; women hold only administrative positions in the Navy (2013)" + "text": "18 years of age for selective compulsory military service, although conscription is rare in practice; 2-year service obligation; women hold only administrative positions in the Navy (2019)" + }, + "Maritime threats": { + "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Niger Delta and Gulf of Guinea remain a very high risk for piracy and armed robbery of ships; in 2020, there were 98 reported incidents of piracy and armed robbery at sea in the Gulf of Guinea region; although a 24% decrease from the total number of incidents in 2019, it included all three hijackings and 9 of 11 ships fired upon worldwide; while boarding and attempted boarding to steal valuables from ships and crews are the most common types of incidents, almost a third of all incidents involve a hijacking and/or kidnapping; in 2020, a record 130 crew members were kidnapped in 22 separate incidents in the Gulf of Guinea, representing 95% of kidnappings worldwide; approximately 51% of all incidents of piracy and armed robbery are taking place off Nigeria, which is a decrease from the 71% in 2019 and an indication pirates are traveling further to target vessels; Nigerian pirates are well armed and very aggressive, operating as far as 200 nm offshore; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2021-002 - Gulf of Guinea-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Kidnapping for Ransom) effective 9 January 2021, which states in part, \"Piracy, armed robbery, and kidnapping for ransom continue to serve as significant threats to US-flagged vessels transiting or operating in the Gulf of Guinea.”" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/africa/er.json b/africa/er.json index d67b8c89..d49fca82 100644 --- a/africa/er.json +++ b/africa/er.json @@ -51,14 +51,14 @@ "text": "dominated by extension of Ethiopian north-south trending highlands, descending on the east to a coastal desert plain, on the northwest to hilly terrain and on the southwest to flat-to-rolling plains" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "853 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Soira 3,018 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "near Kulul within the Danakil Depression -75 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Soira 3,018 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "853 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -93,17 +93,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

frequent droughts, rare earthquakes and volcanoes; locust swarms

volcanism: Dubbi (1,625 m), which last erupted in 1861, was the country's only historically active volcano until Nabro (2,218 m) came to life on 12 June 2011

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; overgrazing" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic geopolitical position along world's busiest shipping lanes; Eritrea retained the entire coastline of Ethiopia along the Red Sea upon de jure independence from Ethiopia on 24 May 1993" } @@ -121,8 +110,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Tigrinya 55%, Tigre 30%, Saho 4%, Kunama 2%, Rashaida 2%, Bilen 2%, other (Afar, Beni Amir, Nera) 5% (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent Eritrea's nine recognized ethnic groups

" + "text": "Tigrinya 55%, Tigre 30%, Saho 4%, Kunama 2%, Rashaida 2%, Bilen 2%, other (Afar, Beni Amir, Nera) 5% (2010 est.)

note: data represent Eritrea's nine recognized ethnic groups", + "note": "note: data represent Eritrea's nine recognized ethnic groups" }, "Languages": { "text": "Tigrinya (official), Arabic (official), English (official), Tigre, Kunama, Afar, other Cushitic languages" @@ -192,10 +181,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "41.3% of total population (2020)" + "text": "42% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.86% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "3.67% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -225,8 +214,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "21.3 years (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "21.3 years (2010 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "480 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -331,9 +320,6 @@ "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "5% (2016)" }, - "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "39.4% (2010)" - }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "NA" }, @@ -363,6 +349,91 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; overgrazing" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Climate Change-Paris Agreement" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "42.4 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.71 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "4.48 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "31 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "550 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "7.315 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest June to September); semiarid in western hills and lowlands" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "75.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 6.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 68.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "15.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "9.8% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "42% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.67% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria and dengue fever" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "726,957 tons (2011 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -389,7 +460,7 @@ }, "Capital": { "name": { - "text": "Asmara (Asmera)" + "text": "Asmara" }, "geographic coordinates": { "text": "15 20 N, 38 56 E" @@ -397,7 +468,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name means \"they [women] made them unite,\" which according to Tigrinya oral tradition refers to the women of the four clans in the Asmara area who persuaded their menfolk to unite and defeat their common enemy; the name has also been translated as \"live in peace\"" + "note": "etymology: the name means \"they [women] made them unite,\" which according to Tigrinya oral tradition refers to the women of the four clans in the Asmara area who persuaded their menfolk to unite and defeat their common enemy; the name has also been translated as \"live in peace\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "6 regions (zobatat, singular - zoba); Anseba, Debub (South), Debubawi K'eyih Bahri (Southern Red Sea), Gash Barka, Ma'akel (Central), Semenawi K'eyih Bahri (Northern Red Sea)" @@ -516,8 +587,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) dividing the flag into two right triangles; the upper triangle is green, the lower one is blue; a gold wreath encircling a gold olive branch is centered on the hoist side of the red triangle; green stands for the country's agriculture economy, red signifies the blood shed in the fight for freedom, and blue symbolizes the bounty of the sea; the wreath-olive branch symbol is similar to that on the first flag of Eritrea from 1952; the shape of the red triangle broadly mimics the shape of the country", - "note": "

note: one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, and Vanuatu

" + "text": "red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) dividing the flag into two right triangles; the upper triangle is green, the lower one is blue; a gold wreath encircling a gold olive branch is centered on the hoist side of the red triangle; green stands for the country's agriculture economy, red signifies the blood shed in the fight for freedom, and blue symbolizes the bounty of the sea; the wreath-olive branch symbol is similar to that on the first flag of Eritrea from 1952; the shape of the red triangle broadly mimics the shape of the country

note: one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, and Vanuatu", + "note": "note: one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, and Vanuatu" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "camel; national colors: green, red, blue" @@ -529,7 +600,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "SOLOMON Tsehaye Beraki/Isaac Abraham MEHAREZGI and ARON Tekle Tesfatsion" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1993; upon independence from Ethiopia

" + "note": "note: adopted 1993; upon independence from Ethiopia" } }, "Economy": { @@ -565,7 +636,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015": { "text": "$8.791 billion (2015 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$5.813 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -580,7 +651,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2015": { "text": "$1,500 (2015 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -625,8 +696,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "21.6 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "52.9 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "0 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "55.9 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -843,9 +923,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "597,100 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -875,7 +952,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 291 (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "government controls broadcast media with private ownership prohibited; 1 state-owned TV station; state-owned radio operates 2 networks; purchases of satellite dishes and subscriptions to international broadcast media are permitted (2019)" @@ -913,7 +990,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "E3 (2016)" + "text": "E3" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -986,16 +1063,33 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Eritrean Defense Forces: Eritrean Ground Forces, Eritrean Navy, Eritrean Air Force (includes Air Defense Force) (2019)" + "text": "Eritrean Defense Forces: Eritrean Ground Forces, Eritrean Navy, Eritrean Air Force (includes Air Defense Force) (2020)" + }, + "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2017": { + "text": "5.1% of GDP (2017 est.)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2016": { + "text": "5.1% of GDP (2016 est.)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2015": { + "text": "5.2% of GDP (2015 est.)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2014": { + "text": "5.1% of GDP (2014 est.)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2013": { + "text": "5% of GDP (2013 est.)" + } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Eritrean Defense Forces are comprised of an estimated 200,000 personnel, including about 2,000 in the naval and air forces; note – includes significant numbers of conscripts; it is unclear how many of the EDF’s 200,000 personnel are on active duty; many conscripts are reportedly not under arms (2019)" + "text": "the Eritrean Defense Forces are comprised of an estimated 200,000 personnel, including about 2,000 in the naval and air forces; note – it is unclear how many of the EDF’s  personnel are on active duty; the force includes significant numbers of conscripts, many of which are reportedly not under arms (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Eritrean Defense Forces inventory is comprised primarily of Soviet-era systems; Eritrea was under a UN arms embargo from 2009 to 2018; prior to 2009, Belarus, Bulgaria, and Russia were the leading arms suppliers (2019)" + "text": "the Eritrean Defense Forces inventory is comprised primarily of older Russian and Soviet-era systems; Eritrea was under a UN arms embargo from 2009 to 2018; from the 1990s to 2008, Russia was the leading supplier of arms to Eritrea, followed by Belarus; in 2019, Eritrea expressed interest in purchasing Russian arms, including missile boats, helicopters, and small arms; in January 2020, Russia announced it would provide two helicopters by the end of the year (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-40 years of age for male and female voluntary and compulsory military service; 18-month conscript service obligation (2019)" + "text": "18-40 years of age for male and female voluntary and compulsory military service (18-27 for female conscription); 18-month conscript service obligation, which includes 6 months of military training and one‐year of military or other national service (military service is most common); note - in practice, military service reportedly is often extended indefinitely (2020)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/africa/et.json b/africa/et.json index ddd158a3..5b3899e8 100644 --- a/africa/et.json +++ b/africa/et.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "7,730 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: area numbers are approximate since a large portion of the Ethiopia-Somalia border is undefined" + "note": "note: area numbers are approximate since a large portion of the Ethiopia-Somalia border is undefined" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly less than twice the size of Texas" @@ -50,14 +50,14 @@ "text": "high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift Valley" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,330 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Ras Dejen 4,550 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Danakil Depression -125 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Ras Dejen 4,550 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,330 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -92,25 +92,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts

volcanism: volcanic activity in the Great Rift Valley; Erta Ale (613 m), which has caused frequent lava flows in recent years, is the country's most active volcano; Dabbahu became active in 2005, forcing evacuations; other historically active volcanoes include Alayta, Dalaffilla, Dallol, Dama Ali, Fentale, Kone, Manda Hararo, and Manda-Inakir

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; loss of biodiversity; water shortages in some areas from water-intensive farming and poor management; industrial pollution and pesticides contribute to air, water, and soil pollution" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "note 1: landlocked - entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with the de jure independence of Eritrea on 24 May 1993; Ethiopia is, therefore, the most populous landlocked country in the world; the Blue Nile, the chief headstream of the Nile by water volume, rises in T'ana Hayk (Lake Tana) in northwest Ethiopia

note 2: three major crops are believed to have originated in Ethiopia: coffee, grain sorghum, and castor bean" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "110,871,031 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "110,871,031 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -191,10 +180,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "21.7% of total population (2020)" + "text": "22.2% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.63% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "4.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -224,8 +213,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "20 years (2016 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "20 years (2016 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "401 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -382,6 +371,115 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; loss of biodiversity; water shortages in some areas from water-intensive farming and poor management; industrial pollution and pesticides contribute to air, water, and soil pollution" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "34.36 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "14.87 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "114.21 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "810 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "51.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "9.687 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "122 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "36.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 15.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 20% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "12.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "51.5% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "5.81% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "22.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria and dengue fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + }, + "respiratory diseases": { + "text": "meningococcal meningitis" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "widespread lack of access": { + "text": "due to high food prices, floods, desert locusts, insecurity, and the impact of previous droughts - about 12.9 million people were estimated to be severely food insecure between January and June 2021; the main causes include localized crop and pasture losses due to locust infestations, high food prices, and the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on incomes and food prices; humanitarian needs have sharply increased in the Tigray Region after conflict erupted in November 2020 (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "6,532,787 tons (2015 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -419,10 +517,10 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name in Amharic means \"new flower\" and was bestowed on the city in 1889, three years after its founding" + "note": "etymology: the name in Amharic means \"new flower\" and was bestowed on the city in 1889, three years after its founding" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "9 ethnically based regional states (kililoch, singular - kilil) and 2 self-governing administrations* (astedaderoch, singular - astedader); Adis Abeba* (Addis Ababa), Afar, Amara (Amhara), Binshangul Gumuz, Dire Dawa*, Gambela Hizboch (Gambela Peoples), Hareri Hizb (Harari People), Oromiya (Oromia), Sumale (Somali), Tigray, Ye Debub Biheroch Bihereseboch na Hizboch (Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples)" + "text": "9 ethnically based regional states (kililoch, singular - kilil) and 2 self-governing administrations* (astedaderoch, singular - astedader); Adis Abeba* (Addis Ababa), Afar, Amara (Amhara), Binshangul Gumuz, Dire Dawa*, Gambela Hizboch (Gambela Peoples), Hareri Hizb (Harari People), Oromiya (Oromia), Sumale (Somali), Tigray, Ye Debub Biheroch Bihereseboch na Hizboch (Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples); note - a new Sidama regional state  has been announced but it is not yet officially recognized by the US Board on Geographic Names" }, "Independence": { "text": "oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at least 2,000 years (may be traced to the Aksumite Kingdom, which coalesced in the first century B.C.)" @@ -466,7 +564,7 @@ "text": "President SAHLE-WORK Zewde (since 25 October 2018)" }, "head of government": { - "text": "Prime Minister ABIY Ahmed (since 2 April 2018); Deputy Prime Minister DEMEKE Mekonnen Hassen (since 29 November 2012); note - Prime Minister HAILEMARIAM Desalegn (since 21 September 2012) resigned on 15 February 2018 and continued as caretaker until the new prime minister was sworn into office on 2 April 2018" + "text": "Prime Minister ABIY Ahmed (since 2 April 2018); Deputy Prime Minister DEMEKE Mekonnen Hassen (since 29 November 2012)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Council of Ministers selected by the prime minister and approved by the House of People's Representatives" @@ -477,7 +575,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "SAHLE-WORK Zewde elected president; Parliament vote - 659 (unanimous)" }, - "note": "

note: SAHLE-WORK Zewde is the first female elected head of state in Ethiopia; she is currently the only female president in Africa. Former President Dr. Mulatu TESHOME resigned on 25 October 2018, one year ahead of finishing his six-year term." + "note": "note: SAHLE-WORK Zewde is the first female elected head of state in Ethiopia; she is currently the only female president in Africa. Former President Dr. Mulatu TESHOME resigned on 25 October 2018, one year ahead of finishing his six-year term." }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { @@ -489,7 +587,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "House of Federation - percent of vote by coalition/party - NA; seats by coalition/party - NA; composition - men 104, women 49, percent of women 32%
House of Representatives - percent of vote by coalition/party - NA; seats by coalition/party - EPRDF 501, SPDP 24, BGPDUP 9, ANDP 8, GPUDM 3, APDO 1, HNL 1; composition - men 335, women 212, percent of women  38.8%; note - total Parliament percent of women 37.3%" }, - "note": "

note: House of Federation is responsible for interpreting the constitution and federal-regional issues and the House of People's Representatives is responsible for passing legislation" + "note": "note: House of Federation is responsible for interpreting the constitution and federal-regional issues and the House of People's Representatives is responsible for passing legislation" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -546,8 +644,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red, with a yellow pentagram and single yellow rays emanating from the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the three bands; green represents hope and the fertility of the land, yellow symbolizes justice and harmony, while red stands for sacrifice and heroism in the defense of the land; the blue of the disk symbolizes peace and the pentagram represents the unity and equality of the nationalities and peoples of Ethiopia", - "note": "

note: Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa, and the three main colors of her flag (adopted ca. 1895) were so often appropriated by other African countries upon independence that they became known as the Pan-African colors; the emblem in the center of the current flag was added in 1996

" + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red, with a yellow pentagram and single yellow rays emanating from the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the three bands; green represents hope and the fertility of the land, yellow symbolizes justice and harmony, while red stands for sacrifice and heroism in the defense of the land; the blue of the disk symbolizes peace and the pentagram represents the unity and equality of the nationalities and peoples of Ethiopia

note: Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa, and the three main colors of her flag (adopted ca. 1895) were so often appropriated by other African countries upon independence that they became known as the Pan-African colors; the emblem in the center of the current flag was added in 1996", + "note": "note: Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa, and the three main colors of her flag (adopted ca. 1895) were so often appropriated by other African countries upon independence that they became known as the Pan-African colors; the emblem in the center of the current flag was added in 1996" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "Abyssinian lion (traditional), yellow pentagram with five rays of light on a blue field (promoted by current government); national colors: green, yellow, red" @@ -559,7 +657,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "DEREJE Melaku Mengesha/SOLOMON Lulu" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1992

" + "note": "note: adopted 1992" } }, "Economy": { @@ -609,7 +707,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$215.094 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$92.154 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -624,7 +722,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$2,022 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -669,8 +767,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "48.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "48 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "71.7 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "56 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "62.8 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -705,7 +812,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "29.6% (2014 est.)" + "text": "23.5% (2015 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015": { @@ -765,10 +872,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Sudan 23.3%, Switzerland 10.2%, China 8.1%, Somalia 6.6%, Netherlands 6.2%, US 4.7%, Germany 4.7%, Saudi Arabia 4.6%, UK 4.6% (2017)" + "text": "China 17%, United States 16%, United Arab Emirates 8%, Saudi Arabia 6%, South Korea 5%, Germany 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "coffee (27%, by value), oilseeds (17%), edible vegetables including khat (17%), gold (13%), flowers (7%), live animals (7%), raw leather products (3%), meat products (3%)" + "text": "coffee, sesame seeds, gold, cut flowers, zinc (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -779,10 +886,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 24.1%, Saudi Arabia 10.1%, India 6.4%, Kuwait 5.3%, France 5.2% (2017)" + "text": "China 27%, India 9%, United Arab Emirates 9%, France 9%, United Kingdom 7% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and aircraft (14%, by value), metal and metal products, (14%), electrical materials, (13%), petroleum products (12%), motor vehicles, (10%), chemicals and fertilizers (4%)" + "text": "aircraft, gas turbines, packaged medicines, electric filament, cars (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -898,9 +1005,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "24.92 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "12.18 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -930,7 +1034,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 251; open-wire to Sudan and Djibouti; microwave radio relay to Kenya and Djibouti; 2 domestic satellites provide the national trunk service; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Pacific Ocean) (2016)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "6 public TV stations broadcasting nationally and 10 public radio broadcasters; 7 private radio stations and 19 community radio stations (2017)" @@ -971,7 +1075,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "ET (2016)" + "text": "ET" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1019,7 +1123,7 @@ "standard gauge": { "text": "659 km 1.435-m gauge (2017)" }, - "note": "

note: electric railway with redundant power supplies; under joint control of Djibouti and Ethiopia and managed by a Chinese contractor

" + "note": "note: electric railway with redundant power supplies; under joint control of Djibouti and Ethiopia and managed by a Chinese contractor" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1040,46 +1144,46 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF): Ground Forces, Ethiopian Air Force (Ye Ityopya Ayer Hayl, ETAF) (2020)", - "note": "

note(s): in January 2020 the Ethiopian Government announced it had re-established a navy, which was disbanded in 1996; in March 2019 Ethiopia signed a defense cooperation agreement with France which stipulated that France would support the establishment of an Ethiopian navy

in 2018, Ethiopia established a Republican Guard for protecting senior officials; the Republican Guard is a military unit accountable to the Prime Minister

" + "text": "Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF): Ground Forces, Ethiopian Air Force (Ye Ityopya Ayer Hayl, ETAF) (2020)

note(s): in January 2020 the Ethiopian Government announced it had re-established a navy, which was disbanded in 1996; in March 2019 Ethiopia signed a defense cooperation agreement with France which stipulated that France would support the establishment of an Ethiopian navy, which will reportedly be based out of Djibouti

in 2018, Ethiopia established a Republican Guard for protecting senior officials; the Republican Guard is a military unit accountable to the Prime Minister

", + "note": "note(s): in January 2020 the Ethiopian Government announced it had re-established a navy, which was disbanded in 1996; in March 2019 Ethiopia signed a defense cooperation agreement with France which stipulated that France would support the establishment of an Ethiopian navy, which will reportedly be based out of Djibouti

in 2018, Ethiopia established a Republican Guard for protecting senior officials; the Republican Guard is a military unit accountable to the Prime Minister

" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "0.7% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "0.7% of GDP (2019 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "0.7% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "0.7% of GDP (2018 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "0.7% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "0.7% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "0.7% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "0.7% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "0.7% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "0.7% of GDP (2015 est.)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "estimates for the size of the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) vary; approximately 150,000 active duty troops, including about 3,000 Air Force personnel (no personnel numbers available for the newly-reestablished Navy) (2020)" + "text": "estimates for the size of the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) vary; approximately 150,000 active duty troops, including about 3,000 Air Force personnel (no personnel numbers available for the newly-established Navy) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the ENDF's inventory is comprised mostly of Soviet-era equipment; since 2010, Russia and Ukraine are the leading suppliers of largely second-hand weapons and equipment to the ENDF, followed by China and Hungary; Ethiopia has a modest industrial defense base centered on small arms and licensed production of light-armored vehicles (2019)" + "text": "the ENDF's inventory is comprised mostly of Soviet-era equipment from the 1970s; since 2010, Russia and Ukraine are the leading suppliers of largely second-hand weapons and equipment to the ENDF, followed by China and Hungary; Ethiopia has a modest industrial defense base centered on small arms and production of armored vehicles (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "10-15,000 Somalia (4,500 for AMISOM); 800 Sudan (UNAMID); 3,600 Sudan (UNISFA); 2,100 South Sudan (UNMISS) (2020)" + "text": "estimated 10,000 Somalia (4,500 for AMISOM); 800 Sudan (UNAMID); 3,200 Sudan (UNISFA); 2,100 South Sudan (UNMISS) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no compulsory military service, but the military can conduct callups when necessary and compliance is compulsory (2013)" + "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no compulsory military service, but the military can conduct callups when necessary and compliance is compulsory (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "each of the nine states has a regional and/or a special (paramilitary) security force that report to regional civilian authorities; local militias operate across the country in loose and varying coordination with these regional security and police forces, the Ethiopian Federal Police (EFP), and the Ethiopian military; the EFP reports to the Ministry of Peace, which was created in October of 2018

Ethiopia faces considerable ethnic violence in some regions, particularly Oromo, where the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) has conducted numerous attacks targeting the Amhara ethnic group; the OLA, assessed to number in the low thousands, broke off from the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF), an opposition party that spent years in exile but was allowed to return to Ethiopia after ABIY took office in 2018

in November 2020, the Ethiopian Government launched military operations against the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) – an ethnically-based political entity that runs the Tigray regional government and has its own paramilitary security forces; the TPLF had increasingly challenged the authority of the Federal Government; the TPLF’s security forces date back to the 1980s when it led the guerrilla movement that brought the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front coalition to power

" + "text": "each of the nine states has a regional and/or a special (paramilitary) security force that report to regional civilian authorities; local militias operate across the country in loose and varying coordination with these regional security and police forces, the Ethiopian Federal Police (EFP), and the Ethiopian military; the EFP reports to the Ministry of Peace, which was created in October of 2018

Ethiopia faces considerable ethnic violence in some regions, including Oromo, where the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) has conducted numerous attacks targeting the Amhara ethnic group; the OLA, assessed to number in the low thousands, broke off from the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF), an opposition party that spent years in exile but was allowed to return to Ethiopia after ABIY took office in 2018

in November 2020, the Ethiopian Government launched military operations against the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) – an ethnically-based political entity that runs the Tigray regional government and had its own paramilitary security forces; the TPLF had increasingly challenged the authority of the Federal Government; the TPLF’s security forces date back to the 1980s when it led the guerrilla movement that brought the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front coalition to power

" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "al-Shabaab (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "al-Shabaab; IRGC/Qods Force (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1088,7 +1192,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "203,805 (Somalia), 178,315 (Eritrea), 43,729 (Sudan) (2020); 365,488 (South Sudan) (2021)" + "text": "368,822 (South Sudan), 208,825 (Somalia), 178,931 (Eritrea), 44,864 (Sudan) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "1,735,481 (includes conflict- and climate-induced IDPs, excluding unverified estimates from the Amhara region; border war with Eritrea from 1998-2000; ethnic clashes; and ongoing fighting between the Ethiopian military and separatist rebel groups in the Somali and Oromia regions; natural disasters; intercommunal violence; most IDPs live in Sumale state) (2019)" diff --git a/africa/ga.json b/africa/ga.json index 981c6400..353b6f93 100644 --- a/africa/ga.json +++ b/africa/ga.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "The Gambia gained its independence from the UK in 1965. Geographically surrounded by Senegal, it formed a short-lived Confederation of Senegambia between 1982 and 1989. In 1991, the two nations signed a friendship and cooperation treaty, although tensions flared up intermittently during the regime of Yahya JAMMEH. JAMMEH led a military coup in 1994 that overthrew the president and banned political activity. A new constitution and presidential election in 1996, followed by parliamentary balloting in 1997, completed a nominal return to civilian rule. JAMMEH was elected president in all subsequent elections including most recently in late 2011. After 22 years of increasingly authoritarian rule, President JAMMEH was defeated in free and fair elections in December 2016. Due to The Gambia’s poor human rights record under JAMMEH, international development partners had distanced themselves, and substantially reduced aid to the country. These channels have now reopened under the administration of President Adama BARROW, who took office in January 2017. The US and The Gambia currently enjoy improved relations. US assistance to the country has supported military education and training programs, as well as various capacity building and democracy strengthening activities.

 

 

" + "text": "

In the 10th century, Muslim merchants established some of The Gambia’s earliest large settlements as trans-Saharan trade hubs. These settlements eventually grew into major export centers sending slaves, gold, and ivory across the Sahara. Between the 16th and 17th centuries, European colonial powers began establishing trade with The Gambia. In 1664, the United Kingdom established a colony in The Gambia focused on exporting enslaved people across the Atlantic. During the roughly 300 years of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, the UK and other European powers may have exported as many as 3 million people from The Gambia.

In 1965, The Gambia gained its independence from the UK. Geographically surrounded by Senegal, it formed the short-lived confederation of Senegambia between 1982 and 1989. In 1994, Yahya JAMMEH led a military coup overthrowing the president and banning political activity. JAMMEH won every presidential election until 2016. In December 2016, after 22 years of authoritarian rule, President JAMMEH lost to Adama BARROW during free and fair elections. Due to The Gambia’s poor human rights record under JAMMEH, international development partners had substantially reduced aid to the country. These channels have now reopened under the administration of President BARROW. Since the 2016 election, The Gambia and the US have enjoyed improved relations. US assistance to the country has supported military education and training programs, capacity building, and democracy-strengthening activities.


 

 

" } }, "Geography": { @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "flood plain of the Gambia River flanked by some low hills" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "34 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "unnamed elevation 53 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "unnamed elevation 53 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "34 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,17 +102,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation due to slash-and-burn agriculture; desertification; water pollution; water-borne diseases" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "almost an enclave of Senegal; smallest country on the African mainland" } @@ -200,15 +189,15 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "62.6% of total population (2020)" + "text": "63.2% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.07% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "3.75% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { - "text": "459,000 BANJUL (capital) (2021)", - "note": "

note: includes the local government areas of Banjul and Kanifing

" + "text": "459,000 BANJUL (capital) (2021)

note: includes the local government areas of Banjul and Kanifing", + "note": "note: includes the local government areas of Banjul and Kanifing" }, "Sex ratio": { "at birth": { @@ -234,8 +223,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "20.9 years (2013 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "20.9 years (2013 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "597 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -266,8 +255,8 @@ "text": "3.13 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { - "text": "16.8% (2018)", - "note": "

note: percent of women aged 15-50" + "text": "16.8% (2018)

note: percent of women aged 15-50", + "note": "note: percent of women aged 15-50" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { @@ -351,7 +340,7 @@ "text": "10.3% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "10.3% (2018)" + "text": "11.6% (2019/20)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "2.4% of GDP (2018)" @@ -383,13 +372,117 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "13.1%" + "text": "25.8%" }, "male": { - "text": "9.1%" + "text": "21%" }, "female": { - "text": "17.2% (2012 est.)" + "text": "32.3% (2018 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation due to slash-and-burn agriculture; desertification; water pollution; water-borne diseases" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "32.2 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.53 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "1.96 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "41.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "21.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "39.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "56.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 41% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 14.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "43.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "2.47% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "63.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.75% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria and dengue fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + }, + "respiratory diseases": { + "text": "meningococcal meningitis" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "193,441 tons (2002 est.)" } } }, @@ -418,7 +511,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: Banjul is located on Saint Mary's Island at the mouth of the Gambia River; the Mandinka used to gather fibrous plants on the island for the manufacture of ropes; \"bang julo\" is Mandinka for \"rope fiber\"; mispronunciation over time caused the term became the word Banjul" + "note": "etymology: Banjul is located on Saint Mary's Island at the mouth of the Gambia River; the Mandinka used to gather fibrous plants on the island for the manufacture of ropes; \"bang julo\" is Mandinka for \"rope fiber\"; mispronunciation over time caused the term became the word Banjul" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "5 regions, 1 city*, and 1 municipality**; Banjul*, Central River, Kanifing**, Lower River, North Bank, Upper River, West Coast" @@ -431,10 +524,10 @@ }, "Constitution": { "history": { - "text": "previous 1965 (Independence Act), 1970; latest adopted 8 April 1996, approved by referendum 8 August 1996, effective 16 January 1997; note - referendum on new constitution planned over the next 2 years" + "text": "previous 1965 (Independence Act), 1970; latest adopted 8 April 1996, approved by referendum 8 August 1996, effective 16 January 1997; note - in early 2018, the \"Constitutional Review Commission,\" was established to draft  and assist in instituting a new constitution; a second draft completed in March 2020 was rejected by the National Assembly in September" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires at least three-fourths majority vote by the Assembly membership in each of several readings and approval by the president of the republic; a referendum is required for amendments affecting national sovereignty, fundamental rights and freedoms, government structures and authorities, taxation, and public funding; passage by referendum requires participation of at least 50% of eligible voters and approval by at least 75% of votes cast; amended 2001, 2004, 2010" + "text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires at least three-fourths majority vote by the Assembly membership in each of several readings and approval by the president of the republic; a referendum is required for amendments affecting national sovereignty, fundamental rights and freedoms, government structures and authorities, taxation, and public funding; passage by referendum requires participation of at least 50% of eligible voters and approval by at least 75% of votes cast; amended 2001, 2004, 2018" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -549,7 +642,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Virginia Julie HOWE/adapted by Jeremy Frederick HOWE" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1965; the music is an adaptation of the traditional Mandinka song \"Foday Kaba Dumbuya\"

" + "note": "note: adopted 1965; the music is an adaptation of the traditional Mandinka song \"Foday Kaba Dumbuya\"" } }, "Economy": { @@ -588,7 +681,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$4.588 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$1.746 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -603,7 +696,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$2,073 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -648,8 +741,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "50.3 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "84.6 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "67.8 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "50.9 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -679,7 +781,7 @@ "text": "

NA

" }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "48.4% (2010 est.)" + "text": "48.6% (2015 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015": { @@ -739,10 +841,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Guinea-Bissau 51.9%, Vietnam 14.6%, Senegal 8.8%, Mali 7.2% (2017)" + "text": "China 38%, India 22%, Mali 7%, Chile 5% (2017)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "peanut products, fish, cotton lint, palm kernels" + "text": "lumber, cashews, refined petroleum, fish oil, ground nut oil (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -756,10 +858,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Cote dIvoire 11.5%, Brazil 10.6%, Spain 10.2%, China 7.8%, Russia 6.4%, Netherlands 5.3%, India 5% (2017)" + "text": "China 33%, India 10%, Senegal 5%, Brazil 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "foodstuffs, manufactures, fuel, machinery and transport equipment" + "text": "clothing and apparel, refined petroleum, rice, raw sugar, palm oil (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -875,9 +977,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "607,300 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -907,7 +1006,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 220; landing point for the ACE submarine cable to West Africa and Europe; microwave radio relay links to Senegal and Guinea-Bissau; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "

1 state-run TV-channel; one privately-owned TV-station; 1 Online TV-station; three state-owned radio station and 31 privately owned radio stations; eight community radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available, some via shortwave radio; cable and satellite TV subscription services are obtainable in some parts of the country 

(2019)" @@ -945,7 +1044,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "C5 (2016)" + "text": "C5" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -990,7 +1089,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Gambia Armed Forces: the Gambian National Army (GNA, includes an air wing); Gambia Navy; Republican National Guard (2020)" + "text": "Gambia Armed Forces: the Gambian National Army (GNA; includes a small air wing), Navy, Republican National Guard (responsible for VIP protection, riot control, and presidential security) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1010,16 +1109,16 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "estimates for the size of the Gambian National Army (GNA) vary; approximately 3,000 active troops (2019 est.)" + "text": "estimates for the size of the Gambian National Army (GNA) vary; approximately 3,000 total active troops (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the GNA has a limited equipment inventory; the only reported weapons deliveries to the GNA since 2000 are second-hand patrol boats from Taiwan (2009) and one aircraft from Georgia (2004) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the GNA has a limited equipment inventory; the only reported weapons deliveries to the GNA since 2000 are second-hand patrol boats from Taiwan (2009) and one aircraft from Georgia (2004) (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "130 Sudan (UNAMID) (2020)" + "text": "130 Sudan (UNAMID) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription; service obligation 6 months (2012)" + "text": "18-25 years of age for male and female voluntary military service (18-22 for officers); no conscription; service obligation 6 months (2020)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/africa/gb.json b/africa/gb.json index 2ad15b10..1bd70304 100644 --- a/africa/gb.json +++ b/africa/gb.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "narrow coastal plain; hilly interior; savanna in east and south" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "377 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mont Iboundji 1,575 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mont Iboundji 1,575 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "377 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,25 +99,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "none" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation (the forests that cover three-quarters of the country are threatened by excessive logging); burgeoning population exacerbating disposal of solid waste; oil industry contributing to water pollution; wildlife poaching" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "a small population and oil and mineral reserves have helped Gabon become one of Africa's wealthier countries; in general, these circumstances have allowed the country to maintain and conserve its pristine rain forest and rich biodiversity" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "2,284,912 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "2,284,912 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -198,10 +187,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "90.1% of total population (2020)" + "text": "90.4% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.61% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -231,8 +220,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "20.3 years (2012 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "20.3 years (2012 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "252 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -362,16 +351,106 @@ "female": { "text": "83.4% (2018)" } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation (the forests that cover three-quarters of the country are threatened by excessive logging); burgeoning population exacerbating disposal of solid waste; oil industry contributing to water pollution; wildlife poaching" }, - "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { - "total": { - "text": "35.7%" + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" }, - "male": { - "text": "30.5%" + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "38.51 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" }, - "female": { - "text": "41.9% (2010 est.)" + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "5.32 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "1.13 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "84.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "14.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "40.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "166 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; always hot, humid" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "19% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 1.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 17.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "81% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "2.6% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "90.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria and dengue fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "238,102 tons (1995 est.)" } } }, @@ -406,7 +485,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: original site settled by freed slaves and the name means \"free town\" in French; named in imitation of Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone" + "note": "etymology: original site settled by freed slaves and the name means \"free town\" in French; named in imitation of Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "9 provinces; Estuaire, Haut-Ogooue, Moyen-Ogooue, Ngounie, Nyanga, Ogooue-Ivindo, Ogooue-Lolo, Ogooue-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem" @@ -422,7 +501,7 @@ "text": "previous 1961; latest drafted May 1990, adopted 15 March 1991, promulgated 26 March 1991" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the president of the republic, by the Council of Ministers, or by one third of either house of Parliament; passage requires Constitutional Court evaluation, at least two-thirds majority vote of two thirds of the Parliament membership convened in joint session, and approval in a referendum; constitutional articles on Gabon’s democratic form of government cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2011" + "text": "proposed by the president of the republic, by the Council of Ministers, or by one third of either house of Parliament; passage requires Constitutional Court evaluation, at least two-thirds majority vote of two thirds of the Parliament membership convened in joint session, and approval in a referendum; constitutional articles on Gabon’s democratic form of government cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -537,7 +616,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Georges Aleka DAMAS" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1960

" + "note": "note: adopted 1960" } }, "Economy": { @@ -587,7 +666,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$30.986 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$16.064 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -602,7 +681,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$15,007 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -647,8 +726,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "45.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "45 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "87 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "43.9 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "32.8 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -683,7 +771,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "34.3% (2015 est.)" + "text": "33.4% (2017 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -743,10 +831,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 36.4%, US 10%, Ireland 8.5%, Netherlands 6.3%, South Korea 5.1%, Australia 5%, Italy 4.6% (2017)" + "text": "China 63%, Singapore 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "crude oil, timber, manganese, uranium" + "text": "crude petroleum, manganese, lumber, veneer sheeting, refined petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -760,10 +848,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "France 23.6%, Belgium 19.6%, China 15.2% (2017)" + "text": "France 22%, China 17%, Belgium 6%, United States 6%, United Arab Emirates 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, construction materials" + "text": "poultry meats, excavation machinery, packaged medicines, cars, rice (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -879,9 +967,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "28.32 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "4.293 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -911,7 +996,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 241; landing points for the SAT-3/WASC, ACE and Libreville-Port Gentil Cable fiber-optic submarine cable that provides connectivity to Europe and West Africa; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state owns and operates 2 TV stations and 2 radio broadcast stations; a few private radio and TV stations; transmissions of at least 2 international broadcasters are accessible; satellite service subscriptions are available" @@ -946,7 +1031,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "TR (2016)" + "text": "TR" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1031,7 +1116,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Gabonese Defense Forces (Forces de Defense Gabonaise): Land Force (Force Terrestre), Gabonese Navy (Marine Gabonaise), Gabonese Air Forces (Forces Aerienne Gabonaises, FAG), Gabonese National Gendarmerie (2019)" + "text": "Gabonese Defense Forces (Forces de Defense Gabonaise): Land Forces (Army), Navy, Air Forces, National Gendarmerie; Republican Guard (land forces under direct presidential control) (2020)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1044,23 +1129,29 @@ "text": "1.8% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "1.4% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "1.5% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "1.2% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "1.3% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Gabonese Defense Forces (FDG) are comprised of approximately 6,500 active duty troops (3,000 Land Forces; 500 Navy; 1,000 Air Force; 2,000 Gendarmerie) (2019)" + "text": "the Gabonese Defense Forces (FDG) are comprised of approximately 6,500 active duty troops (3,000 Land Forces, including the Republican Guard; 500 Navy; 1,000 Air Force; 2,000 Gendarmerie) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the FDG's inventory is comprised mostly of Brazilian, French, and South African equipment; since 2010, the leading suppliers are France and South Africa (2019 est.)" + "text": "the FDG is lightly armed with an inventory comprised mostly of Brazilian, French, and South African equipment; since 2010, it has received limited amounts of equipment with France and South Africa as the leading suppliers (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "450 Central African Republic (MINUSCA) (2020)" + "text": "450 Central African Republic (MINUSCA) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "20 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2013)" + "text": "20 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2021)" + }, + "Maritime threats": { + "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Niger Delta and Gulf of Guinea remain a very high risk for piracy and armed robbery of ships; in 2020, there were 98 reported incidents of piracy and armed robbery at sea in the Gulf of Guinea region; although a 24% decrease from the total number of incidents in 2019, it included all three hijackings and 9 of 11 ships fired upon worldwide; while boarding and attempted boarding to steal valuables from ships and crews are the most common types of incidents, almost a third of all incidents involve a hijacking and/or kidnapping; in 2020, a record 130 crew members were kidnapped in 22 separate incidents in the Gulf of Guinea, representing 95% of kidnappings worldwide; approximately 51% of all incidents of piracy and armed robbery are taking place off Nigeria, which is a decrease from the 71% in 2019 and an indication pirates are traveling further to target vessels; Nigerian pirates are well armed and very aggressive, operating as far as 200 nm offshore; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2021-002 - Gulf of Guinea-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Kidnapping for Ransom) effective 9 January 2021, which states in part, \"Piracy, armed robbery, and kidnapping for ransom continue to serve as significant threats to US-flagged vessels transiting or operating in the Gulf of Guinea.”" + }, + "Military - note": { + "text": "members of the Gabonese Defense Forces attempted a failed coup in January 2019" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/africa/gh.json b/africa/gh.json index fa02ee93..ad57e670 100644 --- a/africa/gh.json +++ b/africa/gh.json @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "190 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mount Afadjato 885 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mount Afadjato 885 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "190 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,25 +102,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "dry, dusty, northeastern harmattan winds from January to March; droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "recurrent drought in north severely affects agricultural activities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; poaching and habitat destruction threaten wildlife populations; water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Marine Life Conservation" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake (manmade reservoir) by surface area (8,482 sq km; 3,275 sq mi); the lake was created following the completion of the Akosombo Dam in 1965, which holds back the White Volta and Black Volta Rivers" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "32,372,889 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "32,372,889 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -134,8 +123,8 @@ "text": "Akan 47.5%, Mole-Dagbon 16.6%, Ewe 13.9%, Ga-Dangme 7.4%, Gurma 5.7%, Guan 3.7%, Grusi 2.5%, Mande 1.1%, other 1.4% (2010 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Asante 16%, Ewe 14%, Fante 11.6%, Boron (Brong) 4.9%, Dagomba 4.4%, Dangme 4.2%, Dagarte (Dagaba) 3.9%, Kokomba 3.5%, Akyem 3.2%, Ga 3.1%, other 31.2% (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: English is the official language

" + "text": "Asante 16%, Ewe 14%, Fante 11.6%, Boron (Brong) 4.9%, Dagomba 4.4%, Dangme 4.2%, Dagarte (Dagaba) 3.9%, Kokomba 3.5%, Akyem 3.2%, Ga 3.1%, other 31.2% (2010 est.)

note: English is the official language", + "note": "note: English is the official language" }, "Religions": { "text": "Christian 71.2% (Pentecostal/Charismatic 28.3%, Protestant 18.4%, Catholic 13.1%, other 11.4%), Muslim 17.6%, traditional 5.2%, other 0.8%, none 5.2% (2010 est.)" @@ -202,10 +191,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "57.3% of total population (2020)" + "text": "58% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.34% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "3.06% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -235,8 +224,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "22.3 years (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "22.3 years (2017 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "308 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -393,6 +382,110 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "recurrent drought in north severely affects agricultural activities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; poaching and habitat destruction threaten wildlife populations; water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Marine Life Conservation" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "31.95 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "16.67 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "22.75 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "299.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "95 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.07 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "56.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "69.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 20.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 11.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 36.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "21.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "9.7% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "3.51% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "58% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.06% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + }, + "respiratory diseases": { + "text": "meningococcal meningitis" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "3,538,275 tons (2005 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -421,7 +514,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name derives from the Akan word \"nkran\" meaning \"ants,\" and refers to the numerous anthills in the area around the capital" + "note": "etymology: the name derives from the Akan word \"nkran\" meaning \"ants,\" and refers to the numerous anthills in the area around the capital" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "16 regions; Ahafo, Ashanti, Bono, Bono East, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, North East, Northern, Oti, Savannah, Upper East, Upper West, Volta, Western, Western North" @@ -503,8 +596,8 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "All Peoples Congress or APC [Hassan AYARIGA]
Convention People's Party or CPP [Edmund N. DELLE]
Ghana Freedom Party or GFP [Akua DONKOR]
Ghana Union Movement or GUM [Christian Kwabena ANDREWS]
Great Consolidated Popular Party or GCPP [Henry Herbert LARTEY]
Liberal Party of Ghana or LPG [Kofi AKPALOO]
National Democratic Congress or NDC [John Dramani MAHAMA]
National Democratic Party or NDP [Nana Konadu Agyeman RAWLINGS]
New Patriotic Party or NPP [Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO]
People's Action Party or PAP [Imoru AYARNA]
People's National Convention or PNC [Edward MAHAMA]
Progressive People's Party or PPP [Paa Kwesi NDUOM]
United Front Party or UFP [Dr. Nana A. BOATENG]
United Progressive Party or UPP [Akwasi Addai ODIKE]", - "note": "

note: Ghana has more than 20 registered parties; included are those which participated in the 2020 general election

" + "text": "All Peoples Congress or APC [Hassan AYARIGA]
Convention People's Party or CPP [Edmund N. DELLE]
Ghana Freedom Party or GFP [Akua DONKOR]
Ghana Union Movement or GUM [Christian Kwabena ANDREWS]
Great Consolidated Popular Party or GCPP [Henry Herbert LARTEY]
Liberal Party of Ghana or LPG [Kofi AKPALOO]
National Democratic Congress or NDC [John Dramani MAHAMA]
National Democratic Party or NDP [Nana Konadu Agyeman RAWLINGS]
New Patriotic Party or NPP [Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO]
People's Action Party or PAP [Imoru AYARNA]
People's National Convention or PNC [Edward MAHAMA]
Progressive People's Party or PPP [Paa Kwesi NDUOM]
United Front Party or UFP [Dr. Nana A. BOATENG]
United Progressive Party or UPP [Akwasi Addai ODIKE]

note: Ghana has more than 20 registered parties; included are those which participated in the 2020 general election", + "note": "note: Ghana has more than 20 registered parties; included are those which participated in the 2020 general election" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, C, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" @@ -544,8 +637,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green, with a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; red symbolizes the blood shed for independence, yellow represents the country's mineral wealth, while green stands for its forests and natural wealth; the black star is said to be the lodestar of African freedom", - "note": "

note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band

" + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green, with a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; red symbolizes the blood shed for independence, yellow represents the country's mineral wealth, while green stands for its forests and natural wealth; the black star is said to be the lodestar of African freedom

note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band", + "note": "note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "black star, golden eagle; national colors: red, yellow, green, black" @@ -557,7 +650,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "unknown/Philip GBEHO" }, - "note": "

note: music adopted 1957, lyrics adopted 1966; the lyrics were changed twice, in 1960 when a republic was declared and after a 1966 coup

" + "note": "note: music adopted 1957, lyrics adopted 1966; the lyrics were changed twice, in 1960 when a republic was declared and after a 1966 coup" } }, "Economy": { @@ -607,7 +700,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$145.509 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$65.363 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -622,7 +715,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$4,997 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -667,8 +760,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "60.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "60 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "85 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "54.8 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "54 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -703,13 +805,13 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "24.2% (2013 est.)" + "text": "23.4% (2016 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": { "text": "43.5 (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

42.3 (2012-13)
41.9 (2005-06)" + "note": "42.3 (2012-13)
41.9 (2005-06)" }, "Household income or consumption by percentage share": { "lowest 10%": { @@ -761,10 +863,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "India 23.8%, UAE 13.4%, China 10.8%, Switzerland 10.1%, Vietnam 5.2%, Burkina Faso 4% (2017)" + "text": "Switzerland 23%, India 17%, China 12%, United Arab Emirates 8%, South Africa 8% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "oil, gold, cocoa, timber, tuna, bauxite, aluminum, manganese ore, diamonds, horticultural products" + "text": "gold, crude petroleum, cocoa products, manganese, cashews (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -775,10 +877,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 16.8%, US 8%, UK 6.2%, Belgium 5.9%, India 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "China 24%, Nigeria 22%, United States 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "capital equipment, refined petroleum, foodstuffs" + "text": "metal tubing, ships, cars, refined petroleum, rice (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -894,9 +996,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "22.65 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "13.67 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -926,7 +1025,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 233; landing points for the SAT-3/WASC, MainOne, ACE, WACS and GLO-1 fiber-optic submarine cables that provide connectivity to South and West Africa, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); microwave radio relay link to Panaftel system connects Ghana to its neighbors; Ghana-1 satellite launched in 2020 (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-owned TV station, 2 state-owned radio networks; several privately owned TV stations and a large number of privately owned radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are accessible; several cable and satellite TV subscription services are obtainable" @@ -964,7 +1063,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "9G (2016)" + "text": "9G" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1037,40 +1136,40 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Ghana Armed Forces: Army, Navy, Air Force (2019)" + "text": "Ghana Armed Forces: Army, Navy, Air Force (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "0.4% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "0.41% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "0.4% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "0.4% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "0.3% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "0.38% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "0.3% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "0.52% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "0.4% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Ghana Armed Forces consists of approximately 14,000 active personnel (10,000 Army; 2,000 Navy; 2,000 Air Force) (2019)" + "text": "the Ghana Armed Forces consists of approximately 14,000 active personnel (10,000 Army; 2,000 Navy; 2,000 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of the Ghana Armed Forces is a mix of Russian, Chinese, and Western equipment; the top suppliers of armaments since 2010 are China, Germany, Spain, and Russia (2019 est.)" + "text": "the inventory of the Ghana Armed Forces is a mix of Russian, Chinese, and Western equipment; since 2010, it has received armaments from a variety of suppliers, led by
China, Germany, Russia, and Spain (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "140 Mali (MINUSMA); 180 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 875 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 850 South Sudan (UNMISS) (2020)", - "note": "

note: Ghana has pledged to maintain about 1,000 military personnel in readiness for UN peacekeeping missions" + "text": "150 Mali (MINUSMA); 875 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 850 South Sudan (UNMISS) (Jan 2021)

note: Ghana has pledged to maintain about 1,000 military personnel in readiness for UN peacekeeping missions", + "note": "note: Ghana has pledged to maintain about 1,000 military personnel in readiness for UN peacekeeping missions" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-26 years of age for voluntary military service, with basic education certificate; no conscription (2019)" }, "Maritime threats": { - "text": "West African piracy more than doubled in 2018 to become the most dangerous area in the World; the waters off of Ghana saw a dramatic increase with 10 attacks reported in 2018 compared with only one in 2017; eight ships were boarded, one hijacked, and 47 crew taken hostage or kidnapped" + "text": "

the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Niger Delta and Gulf of Guinea remain a very high risk for piracy and armed robbery of ships; in 2020, there were 98 reported incidents of piracy and armed robbery at sea in the Gulf of Guinea region; although a 24% decrease from the total number of incidents in 2019, it included all three hijackings and 9 of 11 ships fired upon worldwide; while boarding and attempted boarding to steal valuables from ships and crews are the most common types of incidents, almost a third of all incidents involve a hijacking and/or kidnapping; in 2020, a record 130 crew members were kidnapped in 22 separate incidents in the Gulf of Guinea, representing 95% of kidnappings worldwide; approximately 51% of all incidents of piracy and armed robbery are taking place off Nigeria, which is a decrease from the 71% in 2019 and an indication pirates are traveling further to target vessels; Nigerian pirates are well armed and very aggressive, operating as far as 200 nm offshore; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2021-002 - Gulf of Guinea-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Kidnapping for Ransom) effective 9 January 2021, which states in part, \"Piracy, armed robbery, and kidnapping for ransom continue to serve as significant threats to US-flagged vessels transiting or operating in the Gulf of Guinea.”

" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1079,7 +1178,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "6,417 (Cote d'Ivoire) (flight from 2010 post-election fighting) (2020)" + "text": "6,340 (Cote d'Ivoire) (flight from 2010 post-election fighting) (2021)" } }, "Trafficking in persons": { diff --git a/africa/gv.json b/africa/gv.json index 079f1c10..af1d5259 100644 --- a/africa/gv.json +++ b/africa/gv.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "Guinea is at a turning point after decades of authoritarian rule since gaining its independence from France in 1958. Sekou TOURE ruled the country as president from independence to his death in 1984. Lansana CONTE came to power in 1984 when the military seized the government after TOURE's death. Gen. CONTE organized and won presidential elections in 1993, 1998, and 2003, though results were questionable due to a lack in transparency and neutrality in the electoral process. Upon CONTE's death in December 2008, Capt. Moussa Dadis CAMARA led a military coup, seizing power and suspending the constitution. His unwillingness to yield to domestic and international pressure to step down led to heightened political tensions that peaked in September 2009 when presidential guards opened fire on an opposition rally killing more than 150 people. In early December 2009, CAMARA was wounded in an assassination attempt and exiled to Burkina Faso. A transitional government led by Gen. Sekouba KONATE paved the way for Guinea's transition to a fledgling democracy. The country held its first free and competitive democratic presidential and legislative elections in 2010 and 2013 respectively, and in October 2015 held a second consecutive presidential election. Alpha CONDE was reelected to a second five-year term as president in 2015, and the National Assembly was seated in January 2014. CONDE's first cabinet is the first all-civilian government in Guinea. The country held a successful political dialogue in August and September 2016 that brought together the government and opposition to address long-standing tensions. Local elections were held in February 2018, and disputed results in some of the races resulted in ongoing protests against CONDE's government." + "text": "

Guinea's deep Muslim heritage arrived via the neighboring Almoravid Empire in the 11th century. Following Almoravid decline, Guinea existed on the fringe of several African kingdoms all competing for regional dominance. In the 13th century, the Mali Empire took control of Guinea, encouraging its already growing Muslim faith. After the fall of the West African empires, various smaller kingdoms controlled Guinea. In the 18th century, Fulani Muslims established an Islamic state in central Guinea that represents one of the earliest examples of a written constitution and alternating leadership. While European traders first arrived in the 16th century, it was the French who secured colonial rule in the 19th century.

In 1958, Guinea became independent from France, and Sekou TOURE established an authoritarian regime. TOURE ruled until his death in 1984. After TOURE’s death, General Lansana CONTE staged a coup and seized the government. CONTE organized and won presidential elections in 1993, 1998, and 2003. Upon CONTE's death in December 2008, Captain Moussa Dadis CAMARA led a military coup, seized power, and suspended the constitution. In September 2009, presidential guards opened fire on an opposition rally, killing more than 150 people. In early December 2009, CAMARA was wounded in an assassination attempt and exiled to Burkina Faso. In 2010 and 2013 respectively, the country held its first free and fair presidential and legislative elections. Alpha CONDE won the 2010 and 2015 presidential elections. CONDE's first cabinet was the first all-civilian government in Guinean history. In March 2020, Guinea passed a constitutional referendum that extended presidential terms and reset CONDE’s term count, and later that year, Alpha CONDE won a controversial third presidential term. CONDE’s current term will end in 2026.

" } }, "Geography": { @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ "text": "generally flat coastal plain, hilly to mountainous interior" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "472 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mont Nimba 1,752 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mont Nimba 1,752 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "472 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,17 +96,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation; inadequate potable water; desertification; soil contamination and erosion; overfishing, overpopulation in forest region; poor mining practices lead to environmental damage; water pollution; improper waste disposal" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the Niger and its important tributary the Milo River have their sources in the Guinean highlands" } @@ -127,8 +116,8 @@ "text": "Fulani (Peuhl) 33.4%, Malinke 29.4%, Susu 21.2%, Guerze 7.8%, Kissi 6.2%, Toma 1.6%, other/foreign .4% (2018 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "French (official), Pular, Maninka, Susu, other native languages", - "note": "

note: about 40 languages are spoken; each ethnic group has its own language

" + "text": "French (official), Pular, Maninka, Susu, other native languages

note: about 40 languages are spoken; each ethnic group has its own language", + "note": "note: about 40 languages are spoken; each ethnic group has its own language" }, "Religions": { "text": "Muslim 89.1%, Christian 6.8%, animist 1.6%, other .1%, none 2.4% (2014 est.)" @@ -195,10 +184,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "36.5% of total population (2020)" + "text": "37.3% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.54% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "3.64% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -228,8 +217,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "19.5 years (2018 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "19.5 years (2018 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "576 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -338,7 +327,8 @@ }, "aerosolized dust or soil contact diseases": { "text": "Lassa fever (2016)" - } + }, + "note": "note: on 14 February 2021, the Guinea government declared an outbreak of Ebola in N'Zerekore; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has issued a Travel Advisory recommending travelers avoid non-essential travel to Guinea; travelers to this area could be infected with Ebola if they come into contact with an infected person’s blood or other body fluids; travelers should seek medical care immediately if they develop fever, muscle pain, sore throat, diarrhea, weakness, vomiting, stomach pain, or unexplained bleeding or bruising during or after travel" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "7.7% (2016)" @@ -386,6 +376,122 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation; inadequate potable water; desertification; soil contamination and erosion; overfishing, overpopulation in forest region; poor mining practices lead to environmental damage; water pollution; improper waste disposal" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "22.43 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "3 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "11.13 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "224.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "56.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "292.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "226 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "58.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 11.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 2.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 43.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "26.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "15.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "4.81% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "37.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.64% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + }, + "aerosolized dust or soil contact diseases": { + "text": "Lassa fever (2016)" + }, + "note": "note: on 14 February 2021, the Guinea government declared an outbreak of Ebola in N'Zerekore; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has issued a Travel Advisory recommending travelers avoid non-essential travel to Guinea; travelers to this area could be infected with Ebola if they come into contact with an infected person’s blood or other body fluids; travelers should seek medical care immediately if they develop fever, muscle pain, sore throat, diarrhea, weakness, vomiting, stomach pain, or unexplained bleeding or bruising during or after travel" + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "severe localized food insecurity": { + "text": "due to localized shortfalls of cereal production - despite overall favorable food security conditions, the most vulnerable households still need external food assistance; the aggregate number of severely food insecure people was estimated at 267,000 during the lean season between June and August 2020;  it is very likely that the number of food insecure population increased with the impact of COVID‑19 (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "596,911 tons (1996 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "29,846 tons (2005 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "5% (2005 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -420,7 +526,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: according to tradition, the name derives from the fusion of the name \"Cona,\" a Baga wine and cheese producer who lived on Tombo Island (the original site of the present-day capital), and the word \"nakiri,\" which in Susu means \"the other bank\" or \"the other side\"; supposedly, Baga's palm grove produced the best wine on the island and people traveling to sample his vintage, would say: \"I am going to Cona, on the other bank (Cona-nakiri),\" which over time became Conakry" + "note": "etymology: according to tradition, the name derives from the fusion of the name \"Cona,\" a Baga wine and cheese producer who lived on Tombo Island (the original site of the present-day capital), and the word \"nakiri,\" which in Susu means \"the other bank\" or \"the other side\"; supposedly, Baga's palm grove produced the best wine on the island and people traveling to sample his vintage, would say: \"I am going to Cona, on the other bank (Cona-nakiri),\" which over time became Conakry" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "7 regions administrative and 1 gouvenorat*; Boke, Conakry*, Faranah, Kankan, Kindia, Labe, Mamou, N'Zerekore" @@ -433,10 +539,10 @@ }, "Constitution": { "history": { - "text": "previous 1958, 1990; latest promulgated 19 April 2010, approved 7 May 2010; note - in late December 2019, President CONDE announced a new draft constitution" + "text": "previous 1958, 1990; latest promulgated 19 April 2010, approved 7 May 2010" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the National Assembly or by the president of the republic; consideration of proposals requires approval by simple majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires approval in referendum; the president can opt to submit amendments directly to the Assembly, in which case approval requires at least two-thirds majority vote; amended 2020" + "text": "proposed by the National Assembly or by the president of the republic; consideration of proposals requires approval by simple majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires approval in referendum; the president can opt to submit amendments directly to the Assembly, in which case approval requires at least two-thirds majority vote; revised in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -502,8 +608,8 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Bloc Liberal or BL [Faya MILLIMONO]
National Party for Hope and Development or PEDN [Lansana KOUYATE]
Rally for the Guinean People or RPG [Alpha CONDE]
Union for the Progress of Guinea or UPG
Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea or UFDG [Cellou Dalein DIALLO]
Union of Republican Forces or UFR [Sidya TOURE]", - "note": "

Ruling party

\r\n\r\n

Opposition parties

\r\n" + "text": "Bloc Liberal or BL [Faya MILLIMONO]
National Party for Hope and Development or PEDN [Lansana KOUYATE]
Rally for the Guinean People or RPG [Alpha CONDE]
Union for the Progress of Guinea or UPG
Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea or UFDG [Cellou Dalein DIALLO]
Union of Republican Forces or UFR [Sidya TOURE]

Ruling party

\r\n\r\n

Opposition parties

\r\n", + "note": "

Ruling party

\r\n\r\n

Opposition parties

\r\n" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" @@ -540,8 +646,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green; red represents the people's sacrifice for liberation and work; yellow stands for the sun, for the riches of the earth, and for justice; green symbolizes the country's vegetation and unity", - "note": "

note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the reverse of those on the flags of neighboring Mali and Senegal

" + "text": "three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green; red represents the people's sacrifice for liberation and work; yellow stands for the sun, for the riches of the earth, and for justice; green symbolizes the country's vegetation and unity

note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the reverse of those on the flags of neighboring Mali and Senegal", + "note": "note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the reverse of those on the flags of neighboring Mali and Senegal" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "elephant; national colors: red, yellow, green" @@ -553,7 +659,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "unknown/Fodeba KEITA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1958

" + "note": "note: adopted 1958" } }, "Economy": { @@ -592,7 +698,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$29.176 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$13.55 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -607,7 +713,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$2,418 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -652,8 +758,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "49.4 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "84.5 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "47.8 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "53.9 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -685,7 +800,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "47% (2006 est.)" + "text": "43.7% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2012": { @@ -748,10 +863,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 35.8%, Ghana 20.1%, UAE 11.6%, India 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "United Arab Emirates 39%, China 36%, India 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "bauxite, gold, diamonds, coffee, fish, agricultural products" + "text": "aluminum, gold, bauxite, diamonds, fish, cashews (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -765,10 +880,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Netherlands 17.2%, China 13.2%, India 11.8%, Belgium 10%, France 6.9%, UAE 4.5% (2017)" + "text": "China 39%, India 8%, Netherlands 6%, Belgium 5%, United Arab Emirates 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum products, metals, machinery, transport equipment, textiles, grain and other foodstuffs" + "text": "rice, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, delivery trucks, cars (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -884,9 +999,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "2.794 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -916,7 +1028,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 224; ACE submarine cable connecting Guinea with 20 landing points in Western and South Africa and Europe; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "

government maintains marginal control over broadcast media; single state-run TV station; state-run radio broadcast station also operates several stations in rural areas; a dozen private television stations; a steadily increasing number of privately owned radio stations, nearly all in Conakry, and about a dozen community radio stations; foreign TV programming available via satellite and cable subscription services 

(2019)" @@ -943,7 +1055,7 @@ }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "3X (2016)" + "text": "3X" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1016,7 +1128,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "National Armed Forces: Army, Guinean Navy (Armee de Mer or Marine Guineenne, includes Marines), Guinean Air Force (Force Aerienne de Guinee), Presidential Security Battalion (Battailon Autonome de la Sécurité Presidentielle, BASP), Gendarmerie, People's Militia (Reserves) (2019)" + "text": "National Armed Forces: Army, Guinean Navy (Armee de Mer or Marine Guineenne, includes Marines), Guinean Air Force (Force Aerienne de Guinee), Presidential Security Battalion (Battailon Autonome de la Sécurité Presidentielle, BASP), Gendarmerie (2020)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1036,16 +1148,16 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "Guinean National Armed Forces are comprised of approximately 13,000 active personnel (est. 9,000 Army; 400 Navy; 800 Air Force; 1,400 Gendarmerie; 1,600 Republican Guard) (2019)" + "text": "Guinean National Armed Forces are comprised of approximately 12,000 active personnel
(9,000 Army; 400 Navy; 800 Air Force; 300 BASP; 1,500 Gendarmerie) (2019)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of the Guinean military consists largely of ageing and outdated (mostly Soviet-era) equipment; since 2010, it has received a limited amount of equipment from France, Russia, and South Africa (2019 est.)" + "text": "the inventory of the Guinean military consists largely of ageing and outdated (mostly Soviet-era) equipment; since 2010, it has received small amounts of equipment from France, Russia, and South Africa (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "1,500 Mali (MINUSMA) (2020)" + "text": "660 Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "no compulsory military service (2017)" + "text": "no compulsory military service (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/africa/iv.json b/africa/iv.json index 0308315d..efcef28b 100644 --- a/africa/iv.json +++ b/africa/iv.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "Close ties to France following independence in 1960, the development of cocoa production for export, and foreign investment all made Cote d'Ivoire one of the most prosperous of the West African states but did not protect it from political turmoil. In December 1999, a military coup - the first ever in Cote d'Ivoire's history - overthrew the government. Junta leader Robert GUEI attempted to rig the elections held in late 2000 and declared himself the winner. Popular protest forced him to step aside and an election brought Laurent GBAGBO into power. Ivoirian dissidents and disaffected members of the military launched a failed coup attempt in September 2002 that developed into a rebellion and then a civil war. In 2003, a cease-fire resulted in the country being divided with the rebels holding the north, the government the south, and peacekeeping forces a buffer zone between the two. In March 2007, President GBAGBO and former New Forces rebel leader Guillaume SORO signed an agreement in which SORO joined GBAGBO's government as prime minister and the two agreed to reunite the country by dismantling the buffer zone, integrating rebel forces into the national armed forces, and holding elections. Difficulties in preparing electoral registers delayed balloting until 2010. In November 2010, Alassane Dramane OUATTARA won the presidential election over GBAGBO, but GBAGBO refused to hand over power, resulting in a five-month resumption of violent conflict. In April 2011, after widespread fighting, GBAGBO was formally forced from office by armed OUATTARA supporters with the help of UN and French forces. OUATTARA won a second term in 2015 and is focused on rebuilding the country's economy and infrastructure while reforming the security forces. The UN peacekeeping mission departed in June 2017. GBAGBO was in The Hague on trial for crimes against humanity, but was acquitted in January 2019. Côte d’Ivoire is scheduled to hold presidential elections in November 2020.

 

" + "text": "Various small kingdoms ruled the area of Cote d'Ivoire between the 15th and 19th centuries, when European explorers arrived and then began to expand their presence. In 1844, France established a protectorate. During this period, many of these kingdoms and tribes fought to maintain their cultural identities - some well into the 20th century. For example, the Sanwi kingdom - originally founded in the 17th century - tried to break away from Cote d’Ivoire and establish an independent state in 1969. 

After becoming independent in 1960, Cote d’Ivoire took advantage of close ties with France, cocoa production and export, and foreign investment to become one of the most prosperous states in West Africa. In December 1999, however, a military coup overthrew the government. In late 2000, junta leader Robert GUEI held rigged elections and declared himself the winner. Popular protests forced him to step aside and Laurent GBAGBO was elected. In September 2002, Ivoirian dissidents and members of the military launched a failed coup that developed into a civil war. In 2003, a cease-fire resulted in rebels holding the north, the government holding the south, and peacekeeping forces occupying a buffer zone in the middle. In March 2007, President GBAGBO and former rebel leader Guillaume SORO signed an agreement in which SORO joined GBAGBO's government as prime minister. The two agreed to reunite the country by dismantling the buffer zone, integrating rebel forces into the national armed forces, and holding elections. In November 2010, Alassane Dramane OUATTARA won the presidential election, but GBAGBO refused to hand over power, resulting in five months of violent conflict. In April 2011, after widespread fighting, GBAGBO was formally forced from office by armed OUATTARA supporters and UN and French forces. In 2015, OUATTARA won a second term. In October 2020, OUATTARA won a controversial third presidential term, despite a two-term limit in the Ivoirian constitution. In March 2021, the International Criminal Court in The Hague ruled on a final acquittal for GBAGBO, who was on trial for crimes against humanity.  

 

" } }, "Geography": { @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "mostly flat to undulating plains; mountains in northwest" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "250 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Monts Nimba 1,752 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Gulf of Guinea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Monts Nimba 1,752 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "250 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,25 +99,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors; during the rainy season torrential flooding is possible" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation (most of the country's forests - once the largest in West Africa - have been heavily logged); water pollution from sewage, and from industrial, mining, and agricultural effluents" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "most of the inhabitants live along the sandy coastal region; apart from the capital area, the forested interior is sparsely populated" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "28,088,455 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "28,088,455 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -134,8 +123,8 @@ "text": "French (official), 60 native dialects of which Dioula is the most widely spoken" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Muslim 42.9%, Catholic 17.2%, Evangelical 11.8%, Methodist 1.7%, other Christian 3.2%, animist 3.6%, other religion 0.5%, none 19.1% (2014 est.)", - "note": "

note: the majority of foreign migrant workers are Muslim (72.7%) and Christian (17.7%)

" + "text": "Muslim 42.9%, Catholic 17.2%, Evangelical 11.8%, Methodist 1.7%, other Christian 3.2%, animist 3.6%, other religion 0.5%, none 19.1% (2014 est.)

note: the majority of foreign migrant workers are Muslim (72.7%) and Christian (17.7%)", + "note": "note: the majority of foreign migrant workers are Muslim (72.7%) and Christian (17.7%)" }, "Demographic profile": { "text": "

Cote d’Ivoire’s population is likely to continue growing for the foreseeable future because almost 60% of the populace is younger than 25, the total fertility rate is holding steady at about 3.5 children per woman, and contraceptive use is under 20%. The country will need to improve education, health care, and gender equality in order to turn its large and growing youth cohort into human capital. Even prior to 2010 unrest that shuttered schools for months, access to education was poor, especially for women. As of 2015, only 53% of men and 33% of women were literate. The lack of educational attainment contributes to Cote d’Ivoire’s high rates of unskilled labor, adolescent pregnancy, and HIV/AIDS prevalence.

Following its independence in 1960, Cote d’Ivoire’s stability and the blossoming of its labor-intensive cocoa and coffee industries in the southwest made it an attractive destination for migrants from other parts of the country and its neighbors, particularly Burkina Faso. The HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY administration continued the French colonial policy of encouraging labor immigration by offering liberal land ownership laws. Foreigners from West Africa, Europe (mainly France), and Lebanon composed about 25% of the population by 1998.

Ongoing economic decline since the 1980s and the power struggle after HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY’s death in 1993 ushered in the politics of \"Ivoirite,\" institutionalizing an Ivoirian identity that further marginalized northern Ivoirians and scapegoated immigrants. The hostile Muslim north-Christian south divide snowballed into a 2002 civil war, pushing tens of thousands of foreign migrants, Liberian refugees, and Ivoirians to flee to war-torn Liberia or other regional countries and more than a million people to be internally displaced. Subsequently, violence following the contested 2010 presidential election prompted some 250,000 people to seek refuge in Liberia and other neighboring countries and again internally displaced as many as a million people. By July 2012, the majority had returned home, but ongoing inter-communal tension and armed conflict continue to force people from their homes.

" @@ -199,10 +188,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "51.7% of total population (2020)" + "text": "52.2% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.38% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "3.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -232,8 +221,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "19.8 years (2011/12 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "19.8 years (2011/12 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "617 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -387,6 +376,116 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation (most of the country's forests - once the largest in West Africa - have been heavily logged); water pollution from sewage, and from industrial, mining, and agricultural effluents" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "23.72 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "9.67 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "10.3 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "320 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "242 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "600 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "84.14 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "64.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 9.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 14.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 41.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "32.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "2.5% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "2.04% of GDP (2016 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "52.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + }, + "respiratory diseases": { + "text": "meningococcal meningitis" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "4,440,814 tons (2010 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "133,224 tons (2005 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "3% (2005 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -407,7 +506,7 @@ "etymology": { "text": "name reflects the intense ivory trade that took place in the region from the 15th to 17th centuries" }, - "note": "

note: pronounced coat-div-whar

" + "note": "note: pronounced coat-div-whar" }, "Government type": { "text": "presidential republic" @@ -422,7 +521,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: Yamoussoukro is named after Queen YAMOUSSOU, who ruled in the village of N'Gokro in 1929 at the time of French colonization; the village was renamed Yamoussoukro, the suffix \"-kro\" meaning \"town\" in the native Baoule language; Abidjan's name supposedly comes from a misunderstanding; tradition states that an old man carrying branches met a European explorer who asked for the name of the nearest village; the man, not understanding and terrified by this unexpected encounter, fled shouting \"min-chan m’bidjan,\" which in the Ebrie language means: \"I return from cutting leaves\"; the explorer, thinking that his question had been answered, recorded the name of the locale as Abidjan; a different version has the first colonists asking native women the name of the place and getting a similar response" + "note": "etymology: Yamoussoukro is named after Queen YAMOUSSOU, who ruled in the village of N'Gokro in 1929 at the time of French colonization; the village was renamed Yamoussoukro, the suffix \"-kro\" meaning \"town\" in the native Baoule language; Abidjan's name supposedly comes from a misunderstanding; tradition states that an old man carrying branches met a European explorer who asked for the name of the nearest village; the man, not understanding and terrified by this unexpected encounter, fled shouting \"min-chan m’bidjan,\" which in the Ebrie language means: \"I return from cutting leaves\"; the explorer, thinking that his question had been answered, recorded the name of the locale as Abidjan; a different version has the first colonists asking native women the name of the place and getting a similar response" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "12 districts and 2 autonomous districts*; Abidjan*, Bas-Sassandra, Comoe, Denguele, Goh-Djiboua, Lacs, Lagunes, Montagnes, Sassandra-Marahoue, Savanes, Vallee du Bandama, Woroba, Yamoussoukro*, Zanzan" @@ -438,7 +537,7 @@ "text": "previous 1960, 2000; latest draft completed 24 September 2016, approved by the National Assembly 11 October 2016, approved by referendum 30 October 2016, promulgated 8 November 2016" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by Parliament; consideration of drafts or proposals requires an absolute majority vote by the parliamentary membership; passage of amendments affecting presidential elections, presidential term of office and vacancies, and amendment procedures requires approval by absolute majority in a referendum; passage of other proposals by the president requires at least four-fifths majority vote by Parliament; constitutional articles on the sovereignty of the state and its republican and secular form of government cannot be amended" + "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by Parliament; consideration of drafts or proposals requires an absolute majority vote by the parliamentary membership; passage of amendments affecting presidential elections, presidential term of office and vacancies, and amendment procedures requires approval by absolute majority in a referendum; passage of other proposals by the president requires at least four-fifths majority vote by Parliament; constitutional articles on the sovereignty of the state and its republican and secular form of government cannot be amended; amended 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -469,7 +568,7 @@ "text": "President Alassane Dramane OUATTARA (since 4 December 2010); Vice President (vacant); note - Vice President Daniel Kablan DUNCAN resigned 8 July 2020; note - the 2016 constitution calls for the establishment of the position of vice-president" }, "head of government": { - "text": "Prime Minister Hamed BAKAYOKO (since 30 July2020); note - Prime Minister Amadou Gon COULIBALY died on 8 July 2020 after a Council of Ministers meeting " + "text": "Prime Minister Patrick ACHI (since 10 March 2021); note - ACHI was acting prime minister from 8-10 March 2021 and became prime minister upon former Prime Minister Hamed BAKAYOKO's death on 10 March 2021" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president" @@ -491,7 +590,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "
Senate - percent by party NA; seats by party - RHDP 50, independent 16; composition - men 80, women 19, percent of women 19.2%
National Assembly - percent of vote by party - RHDP 50.3%, FPI 5.8%, UDPCI 1%, other 1.4%, independent 38.5%; seats by party - RHDP, 167, UDPCI 6, FPI 3, UPCI 3, independent 76; composition - men 228, women 27, percent of women 10.6%; note - total Parliament percent of women 13%" }, - "note": "



" + "note": "

" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -542,8 +641,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green; orange symbolizes the land (savannah) of the north and fertility, white stands for peace and unity, green represents the forests of the south and the hope for a bright future", - "note": "

note: similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and has the colors reversed - green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is green (hoist side), white, and red; design was based on the flag of France

" + "text": "three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green; orange symbolizes the land (savannah) of the north and fertility, white stands for peace and unity, green represents the forests of the south and the hope for a bright future

note: similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and has the colors reversed - green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is green (hoist side), white, and red; design was based on the flag of France", + "note": "note: similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and has the colors reversed - green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is green (hoist side), white, and red; design was based on the flag of France" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "elephant; national colors: orange, white, green" @@ -555,7 +654,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Mathieu EKRA, Joachim BONY, and Pierre Marie COTY/Pierre Marie COTY and Pierre Michel PANGO" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1960; although the nation's capital city moved from Abidjan to Yamoussoukro in 1983, the anthem still owes its name to the former capital

" + "note": "note: adopted 1960; although the nation's capital city moved from Abidjan to Yamoussoukro in 1983, the anthem still owes its name to the former capital" } }, "Economy": { @@ -602,7 +701,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$118.051 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$42.498 billion (2018 est.)" @@ -617,7 +716,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$4,831 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -662,8 +761,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "60.7 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "93.7 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "52.4 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "57.6 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -689,7 +797,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "46.3% (2015 est.)" + "text": "39.5% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015": { @@ -749,10 +857,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Netherlands 11.8%, US 7.9%, France 6.4%, Belgium 6.4%, Germany 5.8%, Burkina Faso 4.5%, India 4.4%, Mali 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "Netherlands 10%, United States 6%, France 6%, Spain 5%, Malaysia 5%, Switzerland 5%, Germany 5%, Vietnam 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "cocoa, coffee, timber, petroleum, cotton, bananas, pineapples, palm oil, fish" + "text": "cocoa beans, gold, rubber, refined petroleum, crude petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { @@ -763,10 +871,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Nigeria 15%, France 13.4%, China 11.3%, US 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "China 18%, Nigeria 13%, France 11% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "fuel, capital equipment, foodstuffs" + "text": "crude petroleum, rice, frozen fish, refined petroleum, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -882,9 +990,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "28.32 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "11.54 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -914,7 +1019,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 225; landing point for the SAT-3/WASC, ACE, MainOne, and WACS fiber-optic submarine cable that provides connectivity to Europe and South and West Africa; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-controlled Radiodiffusion Television Ivoirieinne (RTI) is made up of 2 radios stations (Radio Cote d'Ivoire and Frequence2) and 2 television stations (RTI1 and RTI2), with nationwide coverage, broadcasts mainly in French; after 2011 post-electoral crisis, President OUATTARA's administration reopened RTI Bouake', the broadcaster's office in Cote d'Ivoire's 2nd largest city, where facilities were destroyed during the 2002 rebellion; Cote d'Ivoire is also home to 178 proximity radios stations, 16 religious radios stations, 5 commercial radios stations, and 5 international radios stations, according to the Haute Autorite' de la Communication Audiovisuelle (HACA); govt now runs radio UNOCIFM, a radio station previously owned by the UN Operation in Cote d'Ivoire; in Dec 2016, the govt announced 4 companies had been granted licenses to operate -Live TV, Optimum Media Cote d'Ivoire, the Audiovisual Company of Cote d'Ivoire (Sedaci), and Sorano-CI, out of the 4 companies only one has started operating (2019)" @@ -955,7 +1060,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "TU (2016)" + "text": "TU" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1003,7 +1108,7 @@ "narrow gauge": { "text": "660 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)" }, - "note": "

note: an additional 622 km of this railroad extends into Burkina Faso

" + "note": "note: an additional 622 km of this railroad extends into Burkina Faso" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1015,7 +1120,7 @@ "unpaved": { "text": "75,494 km (2007)" }, - "note": "

note: includes intercity and urban roads; another 20,000 km of dirt roads are in poor condition and 150,000 km of dirt roads are impassable

" + "note": "note: includes intercity and urban roads; another 20,000 km of dirt roads are in poor condition and 150,000 km of dirt roads are impassable" }, "Waterways": { "text": "980 km (navigable rivers, canals, and numerous coastal lagoons) (2011)" @@ -1039,11 +1144,11 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Armed Forces of Cote d'Ivoire (Forces Armees de Cote d'Ivoire, FACI; aka Republican Forces of Ivory Coast, FRCI): Army (Armee de Terre), Navy (Marine Nationale), Cote Air Force (Force Aerienne Cote), Special Forces (Forces Speciale)

other security services include the National Gendarmerie (under the Ministry of Defense), the National Police (under the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection), and the Coordination Center for Operational Decisions (a mix of police, gendarmerie, and FACI personnel for assisting police in providing security in some large cities) (2019)" + "text": "Armed Forces of Cote d'Ivoire (Forces Armees de Cote d'Ivoire, FACI; aka Republican Forces of Ivory Coast, FRCI): Army (Armee de Terre), Navy (Marine Nationale), Cote Air Force (Force Aerienne Cote), Special Forces (Forces Speciale); National Gendarmerie (under the Ministry of Defense); National Police (under the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection); Coordination Center for Operational Decisions (a mix of police, gendarmerie, and FACI personnel for assisting police in providing security in some large cities) (2020)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "1.1% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "1.1% of GDP (2019 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "1.4% of GDP (2018)" @@ -1059,25 +1164,28 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Armed Forces of Cote d’Ivoire have approximately 25,000 active troops (23,000 Army; 1,000 Navy; 1,000 Air Force) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Armed Forces of Cote d’Ivoire have approximately 25,000 active troops (23,000 Army, including about 2,000 Special Forces; 1,000 Navy; 1,000 Air Force); est. 5-10,000 Gendarmerie (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the FACI is mostly equipped with second-hand weapons and equipment of Russian origin; the leading suppliers since 2000 are Belarus, Bulgaria, and Romania (2019 est.)" + "text": "the inventory of the FACI consists mostly of older or second-hand equipment, typically of French or Soviet-era origin; Cote d'Ivoire was under a partial UN arms embargo from 2004 to 2016; since 2016, it has received limited amounts of mostly second-hand equipment from a variety of countries, with Bulgaria as the leading supplier (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "800 Mali (MINUSMA) (2020)" + "text": "800 Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-25 years of age for compulsory and voluntary male and female military service; conscription is not enforced; voluntary recruitment of former rebels into the new national army is restricted to ages 22-29 (2012)" + "text": "18-25 years of age for compulsory and voluntary male and female military service; conscription is not enforced; voluntary recruitment of former rebels into the new national army is restricted to ages 22-29 (2019)" + }, + "Maritime threats": { + "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Niger Delta and Gulf of Guinea remain a very high risk for piracy and armed robbery of ships; in 2020, there were 98 reported incidents of piracy and armed robbery at sea in the Gulf of Guinea region; although a 24% decrease from the total number of incidents in 2019, it included all three hijackings and 9 of 11 ships fired upon worldwide; while boarding and attempted boarding to steal valuables from ships and crews are the most common types of incidents, almost a third of all incidents involve a hijacking and/or kidnapping; in 2020, a record 130 crew members were kidnapped in 22 separate incidents in the Gulf of Guinea, representing 95% of kidnappings worldwide; approximately 51% of all incidents of piracy and armed robbery are taking place off Nigeria, which is a decrease from the 71% in 2019 and an indication pirates are traveling further to target vessels; Nigerian pirates are well armed and very aggressive, operating as far as 200 nm offshore; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2021-002 - Gulf of Guinea-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Kidnapping for Ransom) effective 9 January 2021, which states in part, \"Piracy, armed robbery, and kidnapping for ransom continue to serve as significant threats to US-flagged vessels transiting or operating in the Gulf of Guinea.”" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the military has mutinied several times since the late 1990s, most recently in 2017, and has had a large role in the country’s political turmoil; currently, the FACI is focused on internal security and the growing threat posed by Islamic militants associated with the al-Qa’ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) terrorist group operating across the border in southern Burkina Faso; AQIM militants conducted significant attacks in the country in 2016 and 2020; Côte d’Ivoire since 2016 has stepped up border security and built a joint terrorism training center with France near Abidjan in 2018

the UN maintained a 9,000-strong peacekeeping force in Cote d’Ivoire (UNOCI) from 2004 until 2017 (2020)" + "text": "the military has mutinied several times since the late 1990s, most recently in 2017, and has had a large role in the country’s political turmoil; currently, the FACI is focused on internal security and the growing threat posed by Islamic militants associated with the al-Qa’ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) terrorist group operating across the border in Burkina Faso; AQIM militants conducted significant attacks in the country in 2016 and 2020; Côte d’Ivoire since 2016 has stepped up border security and completed building a joint counter-terrorism training center with France near Abidjan in 2020

the UN maintained a 9,000-strong peacekeeping force in Cote d’Ivoire (UNOCI) from 2004 until 2017" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/africa/ke.json b/africa/ke.json index a6f13785..30bff916 100644 --- a/africa/ke.json +++ b/africa/ke.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile plateau in west" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "762 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mount Kenya 5,199 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mount Kenya 5,199 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "762 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,25 +99,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

recurring drought; flooding during rainy seasons

volcanism: limited volcanic activity; the Barrier (1,032 m) last erupted in 1921; South Island is the only other historically active volcano

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water pollution from urban and industrial wastes; water shortage and degraded water quality from increased use of pesticides and fertilizers; flooding; water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; poaching" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa; glaciers are found on Mount Kenya, Africa's second highest peak; unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and economic value; Lake Victoria, the world's largest tropical lake and the second largest fresh water lake, is shared among three countries: Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "54,685,051 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "54,685,051 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -198,10 +187,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "28% of total population (2020)" + "text": "28.5% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.23% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "4.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -231,8 +220,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "20.3 years (2014 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "20.3 years (2014 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "342 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -386,6 +375,118 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water pollution from urban and industrial wastes; water shortage and degraded water quality from increased use of pesticides and fertilizers; flooding; water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; poaching" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "25.85 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "17.91 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "37.65 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "495 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "303 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "3.234 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "30.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "48.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 9.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 37.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "6.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "45.8% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "1.3% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "28.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria, dengue fever, and Rift Valley fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "exceptional shortfall in aggregate food production/supplies": { + "text": "due to floods, desert locusts - about 850,000 people were estimated to be severely food insecure in the October‑December 2020 period, down from 3.1 million people in late 2019 due to consecutive favorable rainy seasons; by contrast, the food security situation deteriorated in urban areas, where about 1 million people were estimated to be food insecure due to the socio-economic impact of the pandemic on the livelihoods of vulnerable households (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "5,595,099 tons (2010 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "447,608 tons (2009 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "8% (2009 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -420,7 +521,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name derives from the Maasai expression meaning \"cool waters\" and refers to a cold water stream that flowed through the area in the late 19th century" + "note": "etymology: the name derives from the Maasai expression meaning \"cool waters\" and refers to a cold water stream that flowed through the area in the late 19th century" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "47 counties; Baringo, Bomet, Bungoma, Busia, Elgeyo/Marakwet, Embu, Garissa, Homa Bay, Isiolo, Kajiado, Kakamega, Kericho, Kiambu, Kilifi, Kirinyaga, Kisii, Kisumu, Kitui, Kwale, Laikipia, Lamu, Machakos, Makueni, Mandera, Marsabit, Meru, Migori, Mombasa, Murang'a, Nairobi City, Nakuru, Nandi, Narok, Nyamira, Nyandarua, Nyeri, Samburu, Siaya, Taita/Taveta, Tana River, Tharaka-Nithi, Trans Nzoia, Turkana, Uasin Gishu, Vihiga, Wajir, West Pokot" @@ -557,7 +658,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Graham HYSLOP, Thomas KALUME, Peter KIBUKOSYA, Washington OMONDI, and George W. SENOGA-ZAKE/traditional, adapted by Graham HYSLOP, Thomas KALUME, Peter KIBUKOSYA, Washington OMONDI, and George W. SENOGA-ZAKE" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1963; based on a traditional Kenyan folk song

" + "note": "note: adopted 1963; based on a traditional Kenyan folk song" } }, "Economy": { @@ -607,7 +708,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$203.206 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$95.52 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -622,7 +723,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$4,046 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -667,8 +768,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "73.2 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "82.7 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "67.4 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "58.3 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -703,7 +813,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "36.1% (2016 est.)" + "text": "36.1% (2015 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015": { @@ -766,10 +876,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Uganda 10.8%, Pakistan 10.6%, US 8.1%, Netherlands 7.3%, UK 6.4%, Tanzania 4.8%, UAE 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "Uganda 10%, United States 9%, Netherlands 8%, Pakistan 7%, United Kingdom 6%, United Arab Emirates 6%, Tanzania 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "tea, horticultural products, coffee, petroleum products, fish, cement, apparel" + "text": "tea, cut flowers, refined petroleum, coffee, titanium (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -783,10 +893,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 22.5%, India 9.9%, UAE 8.7%, Saudi Arabia 5.1%, Japan 4.5% (2017)" + "text": "China 24%, United Arab Emirates 10%, India 10%, Saudi Arabia 7%, Japan 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and transportation equipment, oil, petroleum products, motor vehicles, iron and steel, resins and plastics" + "text": "refined petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, wheat, iron products (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -902,9 +1012,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "17.98 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -934,7 +1041,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 254; landing point for the EASSy, TEAMS, LION2, DARE1, PEACE Cable, and SEACOM fiber-optic submarine cable systems covering East, North and South Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat; launched first micro satellites in 2018 (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "about a half-dozen large-scale privately owned media companies with TV and radio stations, as well as a state-owned TV broadcaster, provide service nationwide; satellite and cable TV subscription services available; state-owned radio broadcaster operates 2 national radio channels and provides regional and local radio services in multiple languages; many private radio stations broadcast on a national level along with over 100 private and non-profit regional stations broadcasting in local languages; TV transmissions of all major international broadcasters available, mostly via paid subscriptions; direct radio frequency modulation transmissions available for several foreign government-owned broadcasters (2019)" @@ -975,7 +1082,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "5Y (2016)" + "text": "5Y" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1063,8 +1170,8 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Kenya Defence Forces: Kenya Army, Kenya Navy, Kenya Air Force (2019)", - "note": "

note: the National Police Service includes a paramilitary General Service Unit" + "text": "Kenya Defence Forces: Kenya Army, Kenya Navy, Kenya Air Force (2021)

note: the National Police Service includes a paramilitary General Service Unit", + "note": "note: the National Police Service includes a paramilitary General Service Unit" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1084,19 +1191,19 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Kenyan Defense Forces (KDF) are comprised of approximately 24,000 personnel (20,000 Army; 1,500 Navy; 2,500 Air Force); 5,000 Police General Services Unit (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Kenyan Defense Forces (KDF) are comprised of approximately 24,000 personnel (20,000 Army; 1,500 Navy; 2,500 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the KDF's inventory traditionally carried mostly older or second-hand Western weapons systems, particularly from France, the UK, and the US; however, since the 2000s it has sought to modernize and diversify its imports; suppliers since 2010 include China, Italy, Jordan, Serbia, South Africa, Spain, Ukraine, and the US (2019)" + "text": "the KDF's inventory traditionally carried mostly older or second-hand Western weapons systems, particularly from France, the UK, and the US; however, since the 2000s it has sought to modernize and diversify its imports; suppliers since 2010 include China, France, Italy, Jordan, Serbia, South Africa, Spain, and the US (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "3,600 Somalia (AMISOM) (2020)" + "text": "3,650 Somalia (AMISOM) (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-26 years of age for male and female voluntary service (under 18 with parental consent), with a 9-year obligation (7 years for Kenyan Navy) and subsequent 3-year reenlistments; applicants must be Kenyan citizens and provide a national identity card (obtained at age 18) and a school-leaving certificate, and undergo a series of mental and physical examinations; women serve under the same terms and conditions as men; mandatory retirement at age 55 but personnel leaving before this age remain in a reserve status until they reach age 55 unless they were removed for disciplinary reasons; there is no active military reserve, although the Ministry of Defence has stated its desire to create one as recently as 2017 (2019)" + "text": "no conscription; 18-26 years of age for male and female voluntary service (under 18 with parental consent; upper limit 30 years of age for specialists, tradesmen, or women with a diploma; 39 years of age for chaplains/imams), with a 9-year obligation (7 years for Kenyan Navy) and subsequent 3-year re-enlistments; applicants must be Kenyan citizens (2020)" }, "Maritime threats": { - "text": "The International Maritime Bureau reports that shipping in territorial and offshore waters in the Indian Ocean remain at risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships, especially as Somali-based pirates extend their activities south; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; crews have been robbed and stores or cargoes stolen." + "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports that shipping in territorial and offshore waters in the Indian Ocean remain at risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships" }, "Military - note": { "text": "the Kenya Coast Guard Service (established 2018) is under the Ministry of Interior, but led by a military officer and comprised of personnel from the military, as well as the National Police Service, intelligence services, and other government agencies (2020)" @@ -1104,8 +1211,8 @@ }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "al-Shabaab; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force (2021)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "al-Shabaab; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force (2021)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1114,7 +1221,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "266,382 (Somalia) (refugees and asylum seekers), 123,921 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 28,836 (Ethiopia) (refugees and asylum seekers), 16,010 (Burundi) (refugees and asylum seekers), 10,007 (Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2020); 45,632 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)" + "text": "267,838 (Somalia) (refugees and asylum seekers), 128,634 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 29,969 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers), 29,778 (Ethiopia) (refugees and asylum seekers), 17,511 (Burundi) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "162,000 (election-related violence, intercommunal violence, resource conflicts, al-Shabaab attacks in 2017 and 2018) (2019)" diff --git a/africa/li.json b/africa/li.json index e2f0851e..2d1721ee 100644 --- a/africa/li.json +++ b/africa/li.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "Settlement of freed slaves from the US in what is today Liberia began in 1822; by 1847, the Americo-Liberians were able to establish a republic. William TUBMAN, president from 1944-71, did much to promote foreign investment and to bridge the economic, social, and political gaps between the descendants of the original settlers and the inhabitants of the interior. In 1980, a military coup led by Samuel DOE ushered in a decade of authoritarian rule. In December 1989, Charles TAYLOR launched a rebellion against DOE's regime that led to a prolonged civil war in which DOE was killed. A period of relative peace in 1997 allowed for an election that brought TAYLOR to power, but major fighting resumed in 2000. An August 2003 peace agreement ended the war and prompted the resignation of former president Charles TAYLOR, who was convicted by the UN-backed Special Court for Sierra Leone in The Hague for his involvement in Sierra Leone's civil war. After two years of rule by a transitional government, democratic elections in late 2005 brought President Ellen JOHNSON SIRLEAF to power. She subsequently won reelection in 2011 but was challenged to rebuild Liberia's economy, particularly following the 2014-15 Ebola epidemic, and to reconcile a nation still recovering from 14 years of fighting. Constitutional term limits barred President JOHNSON SIRLEAF from running for re-election. Legal challenges delayed the 2017 presidential runoff election, which was eventually won by George WEAH. In March 2018, the UN completed its 15-year peacekeeping mission in Liberia." + "text": "

With 28 ethnic groups and languages, Liberia is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the world. For hundreds of years, the Mali and Songhai Empires claimed most of Liberia. Beginning in the 15th century, European traders began establishing outposts along the Liberian coast. Unlike its neighbors, however, Liberia did not fall under European colonial rule. In the early 19th century, the United States began sending freed enslaved people and other people of color to Liberia to establish settlements. In 1847, these settlers declared independence from the United States, writing their own constitution and establishing Africa’s first republic.

Early in Liberia’s history, tensions arose between the Americo-Liberian settlers and the indigenous population. In 1980, Samuel DOE, who was from the indigenous population, led a military coup and ushered in a decade of authoritarian rule. In December 1989, Charles TAYLOR launched a rebellion against DOE's regime that led to a prolonged civil war in which DOE was killed. A period of relative peace in 1997 permitted an election that brought TAYLOR to power. In 2000, fighting resumed. An August 2003 peace agreement ended the war and prompted President TAYLOR’s resignation. TAYLOR was later convicted by the UN-backed Special Court for Sierra Leone in The Hague for his involvement in Sierra Leone's civil war. In late 2005, President Ellen JOHNSON SIRLEAF became president after two years of transitional governments; she was the first female head of state in Africa. In 2011, JOHNSON SIRLEAF won reelection but struggled to rebuild Liberia's economy, particularly following the 2014-15 Ebola epidemic, and to reconcile a nation still recovering from 14 years of fighting. In 2017, former soccer star George WEAH won the presidential runoff election.

 

" } }, "Geography": { @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "mostly flat to rolling coastal plains rising to rolling plateau and low mountains in northeast" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "243 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mount Wuteve 1,447 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mount Wuteve 1,447 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "243 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,17 +102,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "dust-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to March)" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "tropical rain forest deforestation; soil erosion; loss of biodiversity; hunting of endangered species for bushmeat; pollution of coastal waters from oil residue and raw sewage; pollution of rivers from industrial run-off; burning and dumping of household waste" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "facing the Atlantic Ocean, the coastline is characterized by lagoons, mangrove swamps, and river-deposited sandbars; the inland grassy plateau supports limited agriculture" } @@ -200,7 +189,7 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "52.1% of total population (2020)" + "text": "52.6% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "3.41% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" @@ -233,8 +222,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "19.2 years (2013 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "19.2 years (2013 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "661 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -349,7 +338,7 @@ "text": "9.9% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "13.6% (2016)" + "text": "10.9% (2019/20)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "2.6% of GDP (2018)" @@ -380,6 +369,110 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "tropical rain forest deforestation; soil erosion; loss of biodiversity; hunting of endangered species for bushmeat; pollution of coastal waters from oil residue and raw sewage; pollution of rivers from industrial run-off; burning and dumping of household waste" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "17.19 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "1.39 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "6.56 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "80.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "53.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "12.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "232 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "28.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 5.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 2.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 20.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "44.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "27.3% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "13.27% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "52.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.41% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + }, + "aerosolized dust or soil contact diseases": { + "text": "Lassa fever" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "564,467 tons (2007 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -405,7 +498,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: named after James Monroe (1758-1831), the fifth president of the United States and supporter of the colonization of Liberia by freed slaves; one of two national capitals named for a US president, the other is Washington, D.C." + "note": "etymology: named after James Monroe (1758-1831), the fifth president of the United States and supporter of the colonization of Liberia by freed slaves; one of two national capitals named for a US president, the other is Washington, D.C." }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "15 counties; Bomi, Bong, Gbarpolu, Grand Bassa, Grand Cape Mount, Grand Gedeh, Grand Kru, Lofa, Margibi, Maryland, Montserrado, Nimba, River Cess, River Gee, Sinoe" @@ -418,10 +511,10 @@ }, "Constitution": { "history": { - "text": "previous 1847 (at independence); latest drafted 19 October 1983, revised version adopted by referendum 3 July 1984, effective 6 January 1986" + "text": "previous 1847 (at independence); latest drafted 19 October 1983, revision adopted by referendum 3 July 1984, effective 6 January 1986" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by agreement of at least two thirds of both National Assembly houses or by petition of at least 10,000 citizens; passage requires at least two-thirds majority approval of both houses and approval in a referendum by at least two-thirds majority of registered voters; amended 2011" + "text": "proposed by agreement of at least two thirds of both National Assembly houses or by petition of at least 10,000 citizens; passage requires at least two-thirds majority approval of both houses and approval in a referendum by at least two-thirds majority of registered voters; amended 2011, 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -511,7 +604,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Charge d'Affaires Alyson GRUNDER (since 21 March2020)" + "text": "Ambassador Michael A. MCCARTHY (since 22 January 2021)" }, "telephone": { "text": "[231] 77-677-7000" @@ -527,8 +620,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a white five-pointed star appears on a blue square in the upper hoist-side corner; the stripes symbolize the signatories of the Liberian Declaration of Independence; the blue square represents the African mainland, and the star represents the freedom granted to the ex-slaves; according to the constitution, the blue color signifies liberty, justice, and fidelity, the white color purity, cleanliness, and guilelessness, and the red color steadfastness, valor, and fervor", - "note": "

note: the design is based on the US flag

" + "text": "11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a white five-pointed star appears on a blue square in the upper hoist-side corner; the stripes symbolize the signatories of the Liberian Declaration of Independence; the blue square represents the African mainland, and the star represents the freedom granted to the ex-slaves; according to the constitution, the blue color signifies liberty, justice, and fidelity, the white color purity, cleanliness, and guilelessness, and the red color steadfastness, valor, and fervor

note: the design is based on the US flag", + "note": "note: the design is based on the US flag" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "white star; national colors: red, white, blue" @@ -540,7 +633,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Daniel Bashiel WARNER/Olmstead LUCA" }, - "note": "

note: lyrics adopted 1847, music adopted 1860; the anthem's author later became the third president of Liberia

" + "note": "note: lyrics adopted 1847, music adopted 1860; the anthem's author later became the third president of Liberia" } }, "Economy": { @@ -576,7 +669,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$7.126 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$3.071 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -591,7 +684,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$1,516 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -636,8 +729,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "43.2 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "88.9 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "19.2 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "35.2 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -669,7 +771,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "54.1% (2014 est.)" + "text": "50.9% (2016 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": { @@ -732,10 +834,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 36.2%, Switzerland 14.2%, UAE 8.8%, US 6.8%, Indonesia 4.7% (2017)" + "text": "Guyana 32%, Poland 10%, Switzerland 8%, Japan 7%, China 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "rubber, timber, iron, diamonds, cocoa, coffee" + "text": "ships, iron, gold, rubber, crude petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -749,10 +851,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Singapore 29.8%, China 24.4%, South Korea 17.5%, Japan 9.4% (2017)" + "text": "China 41%, Japan 21%, South Korea 18% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "fuels, chemicals, machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods; foodstuffs" + "text": "ships, refined petroleum, iron structures, boat propellers, centrifuges (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -804,8 +906,8 @@ } }, "Electricity - production": { - "text": "300 million kWh (2016 est.)", - "note": "

note: according to a 2014 household survey, only 4.5% of Liberians use Liberia Electricity Corporation (LEC) power, 4.9% use a community generator, 4.4% have their own generator, 3.9% use vehicle batteries, and 0.8% use other sources of electricity, and 81.3% have no access to electricity; LEC accounts for roughly 70 million kWh of ouput.

" + "text": "300 million kWh (2016 est.)

note: according to a 2014 household survey, only 4.5% of Liberians use Liberia Electricity Corporation (LEC) power, 4.9% use a community generator, 4.4% have their own generator, 3.9% use vehicle batteries, and 0.8% use other sources of electricity, and 81.3% have no access to electricity; LEC accounts for roughly 70 million kWh of ouput.", + "note": "note: according to a 2014 household survey, only 4.5% of Liberians use Liberia Electricity Corporation (LEC) power, 4.9% use a community generator, 4.4% have their own generator, 3.9% use vehicle batteries, and 0.8% use other sources of electricity, and 81.3% have no access to electricity; LEC accounts for roughly 70 million kWh of ouput." }, "Electricity - consumption": { "text": "279 million kWh (2016 est.)" @@ -869,9 +971,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "1.163 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -901,7 +1000,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 231; landing point for the ACE submarine cable linking 20 West African countries and Europe; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "8 private and 1 government-owned TV station; satellite TV service available; 1 state-owned radio station; approximately 20 independent radio stations broadcasting in Monrovia, with approximately 80 more local stations operating in other areas; transmissions of 4 international (including the British Broadcasting Corporation and Radio France Internationale) broadcasters are available (2019)" @@ -928,7 +1027,7 @@ }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "A8 (2016)" + "text": "A8" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -973,7 +1072,7 @@ "narrow gauge": { "text": "84 km 1.067-m gauge (2008)" }, - "note": "

note: most sections of the railways inoperable due to damage sustained during the civil wars from 1980 to 2003, but many are being rebuilt

" + "note": "note: most sections of the railways inoperable due to damage sustained during the civil wars from 1980 to 2003, but many are being rebuilt" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1002,7 +1101,8 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL): Army, Liberia Air Wing, Liberian Coast Guard (2019)" + "text": "Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL): Army, Liberian Coast Guard (2020)

note - an AFL Air Wing is under development; it was previously disbanded in 2005, but two Liberian pilots completed training by the Nigerian Air Force in 2018", + "note": "note - an AFL Air Wing is under development; it was previously disbanded in 2005, but two Liberian pilots completed training by the Nigerian Air Force in 2018" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1018,20 +1118,20 @@ "text": "0.4% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "0.5% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "0.4% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL) have approximately 2,000 personnel (2019)" + "text": "the Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL) have approximately 2,000 personnel (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the AFL has almost no significant combat hardware as nearly all aircraft, equipment, materiel, and facilities were damaged or destroyed during the country's civil war; it has received little new equipment outside of ammunition, small arms, and trucks from China in 2008 and boats donated to the Coast Guard by the US in 2011 and 2016 (2019)" + "text": "the AFL has almost no significant combat hardware as nearly all aircraft, equipment, materiel, and facilities were damaged or destroyed during the country's civil war; it has received little new equipment outside of ammunition, small arms, and trucks from China in 2008, and boats and vehicles donated by the US in the 2010s (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "150 Mali (MINUSMA) (2020)" + "text": "150 Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)" + "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/africa/lt.json b/africa/lt.json index afa3fce1..a8d7ba8a 100644 --- a/africa/lt.json +++ b/africa/lt.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "mostly highland with plateaus, hills, and mountains" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "2,161 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Thabana Ntlenyana 3,482 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "junction of the Orange and Makhaleng Rivers 1,400 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Thabana Ntlenyana 3,482 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "2,161 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,25 +91,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "periodic droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "population pressure forcing settlement in marginal areas results in overgrazing, severe soil erosion, and soil exhaustion; desertification; Highlands Water Project controls, stores, and redirects water to South Africa" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked, an enclave of (completely surrounded by) South Africa; mountainous, more than 80% of the country is 1,800 m above sea level" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "2,177,740 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "2,177,740 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -190,10 +179,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "29% of total population (2020)" + "text": "29.5% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.83% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.77% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -223,8 +212,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "21 years (2014 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "21 years (2014 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "544 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -366,6 +355,103 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "population pressure forcing settlement in marginal areas results in overgrazing, severe soil erosion, and soil exhaustion; desertification; Highlands Water Project controls, stores, and redirects water to South Africa" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "27.78 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "2.51 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "2.56 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "20 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "20 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "3.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "3.022 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "76.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 10.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 65.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "1.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "22.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "3.34% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "29.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.77% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "intermediate (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "severe localized food insecurity": { + "text": "

due to localized shortfalls in production and loss of income-generating activities - between October 2020 and March 2021, an estimated 582,000 people were facing acute food insecurity, 10% higher than the corresponding period in 2019/20; the deterioration reflects high food prices and the loss of income‑generating activities due to the economic downturn instigated by the COVID‑19 pandemic

(2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "73,457 tons (2006 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -400,7 +486,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: in the Sesotho language the name means \"[place of] red sandstones\"" + "note": "etymology: in the Sesotho language the name means \"[place of] red sandstones\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "10 districts; Berea, Butha-Buthe, Leribe, Mafeteng, Maseru, Mohale's Hoek, Mokhotlong, Qacha's Nek, Quthing, Thaba-Tseka" @@ -528,7 +614,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Francois COILLARD/Ferdinand-Samuel LAUR" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1967; music derives from an 1823 Swiss songbook

" + "note": "note: adopted 1967; music derives from an 1823 Swiss songbook" } }, "Economy": { @@ -572,7 +658,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$5.82 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$2.462 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -587,7 +673,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$2,783 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -632,8 +718,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "59.4 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "88.2 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "91.9 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "57.2 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -655,7 +750,7 @@ "industry and services": { "text": "14% (2002 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: most of the resident population is engaged in subsistence agriculture; roughly 35% of the active male wage earners work in South Africa

" + "note": "note: most of the resident population is engaged in subsistence agriculture; roughly 35% of the active male wage earners work in South Africa" }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2014": { @@ -666,13 +761,13 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "57% (2016 est.)" + "text": "49.7% (2017 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { "text": "44.9 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

56 (1986-87)

" + "note": "56 (1986-87)" }, "Household income or consumption by percentage share": { "lowest 10%": { @@ -727,10 +822,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "South Africa 57%, US 33.5% (2017)" + "text": "United States 29%, Belgium 26%, South Africa 25%, Switzerland 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "manufactures (clothing, footwear), wool and mohair, food and live animals, electricity, water, diamonds" + "text": "diamonds, clothing and apparel, low-voltage protection equipment, wheat products, footwear (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -744,10 +839,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "South Africa 87.2% (2017)" + "text": "South Africa 85%, China 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "food; building materials, vehicles, machinery, medicines, petroleum products" + "text": "refined petroleum, clothing and apparel, packaged medicines, delivery trucks, poultry meats (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -863,9 +958,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "711,100 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -895,7 +987,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 266; Internet accessibility has improved with several submarine fiber optic cables that land on African east and west coasts, but the country's land locked position makes access prices expensive; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "1 state-owned TV station and 2 state-owned radio stations; government controls most private broadcast media; satellite TV subscription service available; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters obtainable (2019)" @@ -922,7 +1014,7 @@ }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "7P (2016)" + "text": "7P" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -968,7 +1060,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Lesotho Defense Force (LDF): Army (includes Air Wing) (2019)" + "text": "Lesotho Defense Force (LDF): Army (includes Air Wing) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -988,13 +1080,13 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Lesotho Defense Force (LDF) has approximately 2,000 personnel, including 150 for its air wing (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Lesotho Defense Force (LDF) has approximately 2,000 personnel, including about 150 in the air wing (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the LDF's inventory consists of older equipment from a variety of countries; the only reported delivery to the LDF since 2007 was two helicopters from France in 2017 (2019 est.)" + "text": "the LDF has a small inventory of older equipment from a variety of countries; the only reported delivery to the LDF since 2007 was two second-hand helicopters from France in 2017 and 2019 (2019 est.)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-24 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; women serve as commissioned officers (2019)" + "text": "18-24 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; women can serve as commissioned officers (2019)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "Lesotho's declared policy for its military is the maintenance of the country's sovereignty and the preservation of internal security; in practice, external security is guaranteed by South Africa" diff --git a/africa/ly.json b/africa/ly.json index d9bdfcd8..0e35e27b 100644 --- a/africa/ly.json +++ b/africa/ly.json @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ "exclusive fishing zone": { "text": "62 nm" }, - "note": "

note: Gulf of Sidra closing line - 32 degrees, 30 minutes north

" + "note": "note: Gulf of Sidra closing line - 32 degrees, 30 minutes north" }, "Climate": { "text": "Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior" @@ -55,14 +55,14 @@ "text": "mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "423 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Bikku Bitti 2,267 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Sabkhat Ghuzayyil -47 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Bikku Bitti 2,267 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "423 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -97,25 +97,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "desertification; limited natural freshwater resources; the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development scheme in the world, brings water from large aquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities; water pollution is a significant problem; the combined impact of sewage, oil byproducts, and industrial waste threatens Libya's coast and the Mediterranean Sea" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Law of the Sea" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "note 1: more than 90% of the country is desert or semidesert

note 2: the volcano Waw an Namus lies in south central Libya in the middle of the Sahara; the caldera is an oasis - the name means \"oasis of mosquitoes\" - containing several small lakes surrounded by vegetation and hosting various insects and a large diversity of birds" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "7,017,224 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: immigrants make up just over 12% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)

" + "text": "7,017,224 (July 2021 est.)

note: immigrants make up just over 12% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)", + "note": "note: immigrants make up just over 12% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -132,8 +121,8 @@ "text": "Arabic (official), Italian, English (all widely understood in the major cities); Berber (Nafusi, Ghadamis, Suknah, Awjilah, Tamasheq)" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Muslim (official; virtually all Sunni) 96.6%, Christian 2.7%, Buddhist 0.3%, Hindu <0.1, Jewish <0.1, folk religion <0.1, unafilliated 0.2%, other <0.1 (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: non-Sunni Muslims include native Ibadhi Muslims (<1% of the population) and foreign Muslims

" + "text": "Muslim (official; virtually all Sunni) 96.6%, Christian 2.7%, Buddhist 0.3%, Hindu <0.1, Jewish <0.1, folk religion <0.1, unafilliated 0.2%, other <0.1 (2010 est.)

note: non-Sunni Muslims include native Ibadhi Muslims (<1% of the population) and foreign Muslims", + "note": "note: non-Sunni Muslims include native Ibadhi Muslims (<1% of the population) and foreign Muslims" }, "Demographic profile": { "text": "

Despite continuing unrest, Libya remains a destination country for economic migrants. It is also a hub for transit migration to Europe because of its proximity to southern Europe and its lax border controls. Labor migrants have been drawn to Libya since the development of its oil sector in the 1960s. Until the latter part of the 1990s, most migrants to Libya were Arab (primarily Egyptians and Sudanese). However, international isolation stemming from Libya’s involvement in international terrorism and a perceived lack of support from Arab countries led QADHAFI in 1998 to adopt a decade-long pan-African policy that enabled large numbers of Sub-Saharan migrants to enter Libya without visas to work in the construction and agricultural industries. Although Sub-Saharan Africans provided a cheap labor source, they were poorly treated and were subjected to periodic mass expulsions.

By the mid-2000s, domestic animosity toward African migrants and a desire to reintegrate into the international community motivated QADHAFI to impose entry visas on Arab and African immigrants and to agree to joint maritime patrols and migrant repatriations with Italy, the main recipient of illegal migrants departing Libya. As his regime neared collapse in 2011, QADHAFI reversed his policy of cooperating with Italy to curb illegal migration and sent boats loaded with migrants and asylum seekers to strain European resources. Libya’s 2011 revolution decreased immigration drastically and prompted nearly 800,000 migrants to flee to third countries, mainly Tunisia and Egypt, or to their countries of origin. The inflow of migrants declined in 2012 but returned to normal levels by 2013, despite continued hostility toward Sub-Saharan Africans and a less-inviting job market.

While Libya is not an appealing destination for migrants, since 2014, transiting migrants – primarily from East and West Africa – continue to exploit its political instability and weak border controls and use it as a primary departure area to migrate across the central Mediterranean to Europe in growing numbers. In addition, more than 200,000 people were displaced internally as of August 2017 by fighting between armed groups in eastern and western Libya and, to a lesser extent, by inter-tribal clashes in the country’s south.

" @@ -197,10 +186,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "80.7% of total population (2020)" + "text": "81% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.68% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -326,6 +315,95 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "desertification; limited natural freshwater resources; the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development scheme in the world, brings water from large aquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities; water pollution is a significant problem; the combined impact of sewage, oil byproducts, and industrial waste threatens Libya's coast and the Mediterranean Sea" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Law of the Sea" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "44.17 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "50.56 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "45.76 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "700 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "280 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "4.85 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "700 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "8.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 7.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "0.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "91.1% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.06% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "81% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "severe localized food insecurity": { + "text": "due to civil insecurity, economic and political instability, and high food prices - an estimated 1.3 million people (23% of the population) are in need of humanitarian assistance of which 700,000 require food assistance; half of the people in need of humanitarian assistance are internally displaced or migrants that are residing in, or transiting through, the country (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "2,147,596 tons (2011 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -357,7 +435,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: originally founded by the Phoenicians as Oea in the 7th century B.C., the city changed rulers many times over the successive centuries; by the beginning of the 3rd century A.D. the region around the city was referred to as Regio Tripolitana by the Romans, meaning \"region of the three cities\" - namely Oea (i.e., modern Tripoli), Sabratha (to the west), and Leptis Magna (to the east); over time, the shortened name of \"Tripoli\" came to refer to just Oea, which derives from the Greek words \"tria\" and \"polis\" meaning \"three cities\"" + "note": "etymology: originally founded by the Phoenicians as Oea in the 7th century B.C., the city changed rulers many times over the successive centuries; by the beginning of the 3rd century A.D. the region around the city was referred to as Regio Tripolitana by the Romans, meaning \"region of the three cities\" - namely Oea (i.e., modern Tripoli), Sabratha (to the west), and Leptis Magna (to the east); over time, the shortened name of \"Tripoli\" came to refer to just Oea, which derives from the Greek words \"tria\" and \"polis\" meaning \"three cities\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "22 governorates (muhafazah, singular - muhafazat); Al Butnan, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al Jabal al Gharbi, Al Jafarah, Al Jufrah, Al Kufrah, Al Marj, Al Marqab, Al Wahat, An Nuqat al Khams, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi (Benghazi), Darnah, Ghat, Misratah, Murzuq, Nalut, Sabha, Surt, Tarabulus (Tripoli), Wadi al Hayat, Wadi ash Shati" @@ -462,7 +540,7 @@ "mailing address": { "text": "US Embassy, 8850 Tripoli Place, Washington, DC 20521-8850" }, - "note": "

note: the US Embassy in Tripoli closed in July 2014 due to fighting near the embassy related to Libyan civil unrest; embassy staff and operations temporarily first relocated to Valetta, Malta and currently are temporarily relocated to Tunis, Tunisia

" + "note": "note: the US Embassy in Tripoli closed in July 2014 due to fighting near the embassy related to Libyan civil unrest; embassy staff and operations temporarily first relocated to Valetta, Malta and currently are temporarily relocated to Tunis, Tunisia" }, "Flag description": { "text": "three horizontal bands of red (top), black (double width), and green with a white crescent and star centered on the black stripe; the National Transitional Council reintroduced this flag design of the former Kingdom of Libya (1951-1969) on 27 February 2011; it replaced the former all-green banner promulgated by the QADHAFI regime in 1977; the colors represent the three major regions of the country: red stands for Fezzan, black symbolizes Cyrenaica, and green denotes Tripolitania; the crescent and star represent Islam, the main religion of the country" @@ -477,7 +555,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Al Bashir AL AREBI/Mohamad Abdel WAHAB" }, - "note": "

note: also known as \"Ya Beladi\" or \"Oh, My Country!\"; adopted 1951; readopted 2011 with some modification to the lyrics; during the QADHAFI years between 1969 and 2011, the anthem was \"Allahu Akbar,\" (God is Great) a marching song of the Egyptian Army in the 1956 Suez War

" + "note": "note: also known as \"Ya Beladi\" or \"Oh, My Country!\"; adopted 1951; readopted 2011 with some modification to the lyrics; during the QADHAFI years between 1969 and 2011, the anthem was \"Allahu Akbar,\" (God is Great) a marching song of the Egyptian Army in the 1956 Suez War" } }, "Economy": { @@ -513,7 +591,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$87.115 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$52.259 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -528,7 +606,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$13,238 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -573,8 +651,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "32.7 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "73.1 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "64.7 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "48.4 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -658,10 +745,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Italy 19%, Spain 12.5%, France 11%, Egypt 8.6%, Germany 8.6%, China 8.3%, US 4.9%, UK 4.6%, Netherlands 4.5% (2017)" + "text": "Italy 18%, China 16%, Germany 15%, Spain 15%, United Arab Emirates 6%, France 6%, United States 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "crude oil, refined petroleum products, natural gas, chemicals" + "text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, gold, refined petroleum, scrap iron (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -672,10 +759,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 13.5%, Turkey 11.3%, Italy 6.9%, South Korea 5.9%, Spain 4.8% (2017)" + "text": "China 16%, Turkey 14%, Italy 9%, United Arab Emirates 9%, Egypt 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery, semi-finished goods, food, transport equipment, consumer products" + "text": "refined petroleum, cars, broadcasting equipment, cigarettes, jewelry (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -721,8 +808,8 @@ } }, "Electricity - production": { - "text": "34.24 billion kWh (2016 est.)", - "note": "

note: persistent electricity shortages have contributed to the ongoing instability throughout the country

" + "text": "34.24 billion kWh (2016 est.)

note: persistent electricity shortages have contributed to the ongoing instability throughout the country", + "note": "note: persistent electricity shortages have contributed to the ongoing instability throughout the country" }, "Electricity - consumption": { "text": "27.3 billion kWh (2016 est.)" @@ -752,8 +839,8 @@ "text": "1.039 million bbl/day (2018 est.)" }, "Crude oil - exports": { - "text": "337,800 bbl/day (2015 est.)", - "note": "

note: Libyan crude oil export values are highly volatile because of continuing protests and other disruptions across the country

" + "text": "337,800 bbl/day (2015 est.)

note: Libyan crude oil export values are highly volatile because of continuing protests and other disruptions across the country", + "note": "note: Libyan crude oil export values are highly volatile because of continuing protests and other disruptions across the country" }, "Crude oil - imports": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)" @@ -787,9 +874,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "1.505 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "46.48 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -819,7 +903,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 218; landing points for LFON, EIG, Italy-Libya, Silphium and Tobrok-Emasaed submarine cable system connecting Europe, Africa, the Middle East and Asia; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat, Arabsat, and Intersputnik;  microwave radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt; tropospheric scatter to Greece; participant in Medarabtel (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-funded and private TV stations; some provinces operate local TV stations; pan-Arab satellite TV stations are available; state-funded radio (2019)" @@ -857,7 +941,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "5A (2016)" + "text": "5A" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -943,10 +1027,10 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "note - in transition; the Government of National Accord (GNA) has various ground, air, naval, and coast guard forces under its command; the forces are comprised of a mix of semi-regular military units, tribal militias, civilian volunteers, and foreign troops and mercenaries

forces under Khalifa HAFTER, known as the Libyan National Army (LNA), also include various ground, air, and naval units comprised of semi-regular military personnel, tribal militias, and foreign troops and mercenaries (2019)" + "text": "note - in transition; the Government of National Accord (GNA) has various ground, air, and naval/coast guard forces under its command; the forces are comprised of a mix of semi-regular military units, militias, civilian volunteers, and foreign troops and mercenaries

forces under Khalifa HAFTER, known as the Libyan National Army (LNA), also include various ground, air, and naval units comprised of semi-regular military personnel, militias, and foreign troops and mercenaries (2020)" }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the sizes of the forces of both the Government of National Accord and the Libyan National Army are unknown (2020 est.)" + "text": "not available" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "both the forces of the Government of National Accord and the Libyan National Army are largely equipped with weapons of Russian or Soviet origin; as of 2020, Russia, Turkey, and the UAE were reportedly providing weapons and military equipment to the forces in Libya (2020)" @@ -957,8 +1041,8 @@ }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Ansar al-Sharia groups; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Libya; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun); al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Ansar al-Sharia groups; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Libya; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun); al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (2019)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -967,10 +1051,10 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "16,820 (Syria) (refugees and asylum seekers), 12,220 (Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 5,899 (Eritrea) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2019)" + "text": "15,252 (Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 14,695 (Syria) (refugees and asylum seekers), 5,116 (Eritrea) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { - "text": "392,241 (conflict between pro-QADHAFI and anti-QADHAFI forces in 2011; post-QADHAFI tribal clashes 2014) (2020)" + "text": "278,177 (conflict between pro-QADHAFI and anti-QADHAFI forces in 2011; post-QADHAFI tribal clashes 2014) (2020)" } }, "Trafficking in persons": { diff --git a/africa/ma.json b/africa/ma.json index 9d3dad4f..2a9fc46a 100644 --- a/africa/ma.json +++ b/africa/ma.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in center" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "615 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Maromokotro 2,876 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Maromokotro 2,876 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "615 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,17 +99,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

periodic cyclones; drought; and locust infestation

volcanism: Madagascar's volcanoes have not erupted in historical times

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "erosion and soil degredation results from deforestation and overgrazing; desertification; agricultural fires; surface water contaminated with raw sewage and other organic wastes; wildlife preservation (endangered species of flora and fauna unique to the island)" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "world's fourth-largest island; strategic location along Mozambique Channel; despite Madagascar’s close proximity to the African continent, ocean currents isolate the island resulting in high rates of endemic plant and animal species; approximately 90% of the flora and fauna on the island are found nowhere else" } @@ -197,10 +186,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "38.5% of total population (2020)" + "text": "39.2% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.48% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "4.26% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -230,8 +219,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "19.5 years (2008/09 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "19.5 years (2008/09 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "335 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -375,13 +364,119 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "1%" + "text": "3.4%" }, "male": { - "text": "1%" + "text": "3.9%" }, "female": { - "text": "1% (2012 est.)" + "text": "3% (2015 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "erosion and soil degredation results from deforestation and overgrazing; desertification; agricultural fires; surface water contaminated with raw sewage and other organic wastes; wildlife preservation (endangered species of flora and fauna unique to the island)" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "21.44 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "3.91 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "10.14 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "395 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "161.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "13 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "337 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "71.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 64.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "21.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "7.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "4.34% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "39.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.26% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria and dengue fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "severe localized food insecurity": { + "text": "due to drought in southern areas and limited income-earning opportunities - an estimated 1.35 million people are food insecure in southern and southeastern regions and require urgent humanitarian assistance at least up until April 2021; the poor conditions are also reflected in high rates of acute malnutrition among children in these regions; the impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic, particularly the loss of incomes due to the economic slowdown, successive below-average cereal outputs, and the effects of a prevailing drought in 2021 are the key causes of food insecurity (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "3,768,759 tons (2016 est.)" } } }, @@ -419,7 +514,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name, which means \"City of the Thousand,\" was bestowed by 17th century King Adrianjakaking to honor the soldiers assigned to guard the city" + "note": "etymology: the name, which means \"City of the Thousand,\" was bestowed by 17th century King Adrianjakaking to honor the soldiers assigned to guard the city" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "6 provinces (faritany); Antananarivo, Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa, Mahajanga, Toamasina, Toliara" @@ -508,7 +603,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "
Ambassador Eric ANDRIAMIHAJA Robson (since March 2018)
" + "text": "
Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Amielle Pelenne NIRINIAVISOA MARCEDA (since 31 October 2019)
" }, "chancery": { "text": "2374 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008" @@ -553,7 +648,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Pasteur RAHAJASON/Norbert RAHARISOA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1959

" + "note": "note: adopted 1959" } }, "Economy": { @@ -592,7 +687,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$40.514 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$13.964 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -607,7 +702,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$1,584 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -652,8 +747,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "47.7 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "88.5 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "61 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "50 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -740,10 +844,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "France 24.8%, US 16.5%, China 6.7%, Germany 6.5%, Japan 6%, Netherlands 4.7% (2017)" + "text": "United States 19%, France 18%, United Arab Emirates 7%, China 6%, Japan 6%, Germany 5%, India 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "coffee, vanilla, shellfish, sugar, cotton cloth, clothing, chromite, petroleum products, gems, ilmenite, cobalt, nickel" + "text": "vanilla, nickel, gold, clothing and apparel, gemstones (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -757,10 +861,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 18.7%, India 9.3%, France 6.4%, South Africa 5.6%, UAE 5.3% (2017)" + "text": "China 24%, France 11%, United Arab Emirates 9%, India 7%, South Africa 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "capital goods, petroleum, consumer goods, food" + "text": "refined petroleum, rice, cars, packaged medicines, clothing and apparel (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -876,9 +980,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "4.021 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -908,7 +1009,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 261; landing points for the EASSy, METISS, and LION fiber-optic submarine cable systems connecting to numerous Indian Ocean Islands, South Africa, and Eastern African countries; satellite earth stations - 2 (1 Intelsat - Indian Ocean, 1 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocean region) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-owned Radio Nationale Malagasy (RNM) and Television Malagasy (TVM) have an extensive national network reach; privately owned radio and TV broadcasters in cities and major towns; state-run radio dominates in rural areas; relays of 2 international broadcasters are available in Antananarivo (2019)" @@ -949,7 +1050,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "5R (2016)" + "text": "5R" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1022,7 +1123,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "People's Armed Forces: Army, Navy, Air Force; National Gendarmerie (operates under the Ministry of Defense) (2019)" + "text": "People's Armed Forces: Army, Navy, Air Force; National Gendarmerie (operates under the Ministry of Defense); Ministry of Public Security: National Police (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1042,13 +1143,13 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Peoples Armed Forces (PAF) have approximately 21,500 personnel (12,500 Army; 500 Navy; 500 Air Force; 8,000 Gendarmerie) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Peoples Armed Forces (PAF) have approximately 13,000 personnel (12,000 Army; 500 Navy; 500 Air Force) est. 10,000 Gendarmerie (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the PAF's inventory consists mostly of ageing Soviet-era equipment; since 2010, it has received limited amounts of second-hand equipment from France, South Africa, and UAE (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "Madagascar has an all-volunteer military; 18-25 years of age for males; service obligation 18 months; women are permitted to serve in all branches (2018)" + "text": "Madagascar has an all-volunteer military; 18-25 years of age for males; service obligation 18 months; women are permitted to serve in all branches (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/africa/mi.json b/africa/mi.json index 620a6da4..63ce7465 100644 --- a/africa/mi.json +++ b/africa/mi.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "narrow elongated plateau with rolling plains, rounded hills, some mountains" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "779 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Sapitwa (Mount Mlanje) 3,002 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "junction of the Shire River and international boundary with Mozambique 37 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Sapitwa (Mount Mlanje) 3,002 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "779 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,25 +91,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "flooding; droughts; earthquakes" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation; land degradation; water pollution from agricultural runoff, sewage, industrial wastes; siltation of spawning grounds endangers fish populations; negative effects of climate change (extreme high temperatures, changing precipatation pattens)" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Law of the Sea" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; Lake Nyasa, some 580 km long, is the country's most prominent physical feature; it contains more fish species than any other lake on earth" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "20,308,502 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "20,308,502 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -123,8 +112,8 @@ "text": "Chewa 34.3%, Lomwe 18.8%, Yao 13.2%, Ngoni 10.4%, Tumbuka 9.2%, Sena 3.8%, Mang'anja 3.2%, Tonga 1.8%, Nyanja 1.8%, Nkhonde 1%, other 2.2%, foreign .3% (2018 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "English (official), Chewa (common), Lambya, Lomwe, Ngoni, Nkhonde, Nyakyusa, Nyanja, Sena, Tonga, Tumbuka, Yao", - "note": "

note: Chewa and Nyanja are mutually intelligible dialects; Nkhonde and Nyakyusa are mutually intelligible dialects" + "text": "English (official), Chewa (common), Lambya, Lomwe, Ngoni, Nkhonde, Nyakyusa, Nyanja, Sena, Tonga, Tumbuka, Yao

note: Chewa and Nyanja are mutually intelligible dialects; Nkhonde and Nyakyusa are mutually intelligible dialects", + "note": "note: Chewa and Nyanja are mutually intelligible dialects; Nkhonde and Nyakyusa are mutually intelligible dialects" }, "Religions": { "text": "Protestant 33.5% (includes Church of Central Africa Presbyterian 14.2%, Seventh Day Adventist/Baptist 9.4%, Pentecostal 7.6%, Anglican 2.3%), Roman Catholic 17.2%, other Christian 26.6%, Muslim 13.8%, traditionalist 1.1%, other 5.6%, none 2.1% (2018 est.)" @@ -191,10 +180,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "17.4% of total population (2020)" + "text": "17.7% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.19% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "4.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -224,8 +213,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "18.9 years (2015/16 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "18.9 years (2015/16 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "349 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -337,7 +326,7 @@ "text": "5.8% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "11.8% (2018)" + "text": "9% (2019)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "4.7% of GDP (2018)" @@ -379,6 +368,112 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation; land degradation; water pollution from agricultural runoff, sewage, industrial wastes; siltation of spawning grounds endangers fish populations; negative effects of climate change (extreme high temperatures, changing precipatation pattens)" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "22.14 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "1.3 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "11.12 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "143.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "47.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.166 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "17.28 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "59.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 38.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 19.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "34% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "6.8% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "6.19% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "17.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria and dengue fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "severe localized food insecurity": { + "text": "due to localized production shortfalls and economic slowdown - an estimated 2.62 million people were assessed to be food insecure between October 2020 and March 2021, of which 2 million live in rural areas and the remaining 600,000 in urban areas; despite the upturn in cereal production in 2020, the effects of the COVID‑19 pandemic curtailed access to food through income losses, which sustained the high levels of food insecurity (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1,297,844 tons (2013 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -413,7 +508,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: named after the Lilongwe River that flows through the city" + "note": "etymology: named after the Lilongwe River that flows through the city" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "28 districts; Balaka, Blantyre, Chikwawa, Chiradzulu, Chitipa, Dedza, Dowa, Karonga, Kasungu, Likoma, Lilongwe, Machinga, Mangochi, Mchinji, Mulanje, Mwanza, Mzimba, Neno, Ntcheu, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Nsanje, Ntchisi, Phalombe, Rumphi, Salima, Thyolo, Zomba" @@ -426,7 +521,7 @@ }, "Constitution": { "history": { - "text": "previous 1953 (preindependence), 1966; latest drafted January to May 1994, approved 16 May 1994, entered into force 18 May 1995" + "text": "previous 1953 (preindependence), 1964, 1966; latest drafted January to May 1994, approved 16 May 1994, entered into force 18 May 1995" }, "amendments": { "text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage of amendments affecting constitutional articles, including the sovereignty and territory of the state, fundamental constitutional principles, human rights, voting rights, and the judiciary, requires majority approval in a referendum and majority approval by the Assembly; passage of other amendments requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; amended several times, last in 2017" @@ -544,7 +639,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Michael-Fredrick Paul SAUKA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1964

" + "note": "note: adopted 1964" } }, "Economy": { @@ -583,7 +678,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$18.333 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$7.766 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -598,7 +693,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$1,038 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -643,8 +738,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "60.9 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "77.9 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "65.3 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "47.4 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -676,7 +780,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "50.7% (2010 est.)" + "text": "51.5% (2016 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": { @@ -739,10 +843,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Zimbabwe 13.1%, Mozambique 11.8%, Belgium 10.7%, South Africa 6.3%, Netherlands 5%, UK 4.7%, Germany 4.3%, US 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "Belgium 16%, United States 8%, Egypt 7%, South Africa 6%, Germany 6%, Kenya 5%, United Arab Emirates 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "tobacco (55%), dried legumes (8.8%), sugar (6.7%), tea (5.7%), cotton (2%), peanuts, coffee, soy (2015 est.)" + "text": "tobacco, tea, raw sugar, beans, soybean products, clothing and apparel (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -756,10 +860,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "South Africa 20.7%, China 14.2%, India 11.6%, UAE 7%, Netherlands 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "South Africa 17%, China 16%, United Arab Emirates 9%, India 9%, United Kingdom 8% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "food, petroleum products, semi-manufactures, consumer goods, transportation equipment" + "text": "postage stamps, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, fertilizers, office machinery/parts (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -875,9 +979,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "1.082 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -907,7 +1008,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 265; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean, 1 Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "radio is the main broadcast medium; privately owned Zodiak radio has the widest national broadcasting reach, followed by state-run radio; numerous private and community radio stations broadcast in cities and towns around the country; the largest TV network is government-owned, but at least 4 private TV networks broadcast in urban areas; relays of multiple international broadcasters are available (2019)" @@ -948,7 +1049,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "7Q (2016)" + "text": "7Q" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1013,7 +1114,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Malawi Defense Force (MDF): Army (includes Air Wing, Marine Unit); note - a 2017 amendment to Malawi’s Defense Force Act established a separate Army, Air Force, and Maritime Force within the MDF, but these services have yet to develop independent budgets, chains of command, and training institutions (2019)" + "text": "Malawi Defense Force (MDF): Army (includes marine unit), Air Force (established as a separate service August 2019; previously was an air wing under the Army) (2020)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1023,7 +1124,7 @@ "text": "0.9% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "0.8% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "0.7% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "0.6% of GDP (2016)" @@ -1033,16 +1134,16 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "size estimates for the Malawi Defense Force vary; approximately 8,000 personnel (including about 200 in the Air Wing and 200 in the Marine Unit) (2019 est.)" + "text": "size estimates for the Malawi Defense Force vary; approximately 8,000 personnel (including about 200 air and 200 marine forces) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Malawi Defense Force inventory is comprised of mostly obsolescent or second-hand equipment from France, Germany, South Africa, and the UK; since 2010, it has taken deliveries of additional second-hand equipment from South Africa (2012-15) and the UK (2015), as well as new patrol boats from China (2019) and non-lethal equipment donated by the US (2019) (2019)" + "text": "the Malawi Defense Force inventory is comprised of mostly obsolescent or second-hand equipment from Europe and South Africa; since 2010, it has taken deliveries of limited amounts of mostly second-hand equipment from China, South Africa, and the UK, as well as non-lethal equipment donated by the US (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "730 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) (2020)" + "text": "700 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; high school equivalent required for enlisted recruits and college equivalent for officer recruits; initial engagement is 7 years for enlisted personnel and 10 years for officers (2014)" + "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; high school equivalent required for enlisted recruits and college equivalent for officer recruits; initial engagement is 7 years for enlisted personnel and 10 years for officers (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1051,7 +1152,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "10,838 (Burundi) (refugees and asylum seekers), 6,696 (Rwanda) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2020); 29,993 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)" + "text": "30,473 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers), 11,241 (Burundi) (refugees and asylum seekers), 6,939 (Rwanda) (refugees and asylum seekers)(2021)" } } } diff --git a/africa/ml.json b/africa/ml.json index b074ecad..619317e3 100644 --- a/africa/ml.json +++ b/africa/ml.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "

Present-day Mali is named for the Mali Empire that at its peak in the 14th century covered an area about twice the size of modern-day France and stretched to the west coast of Africa. In the late 19th century, France seized control of Mali. The Sudanese Republic and Senegal became independent of France in 1960 as the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a few months, what formerly made up the Sudanese Republic was renamed Mali. Rule by dictatorship was brought to a close in 1991 by a military coup that ushered in a period of democratic rule. President Alpha Oumar KONARE won Mali's first two democratic presidential elections in 1992 and 1997. In keeping with Mali's two-term constitutional limit, he stepped down in 2002 and was succeeded by Amadou Toumani TOURE, who was elected to a second term in a 2007 election that was widely judged to be free and fair. Malian returnees from Libya in 2011 exacerbated tensions in northern Mali, and Tuareg ethnic militias rebelled in January 2012. Low- and mid-level soldiers, frustrated with the poor handling of the rebellion, overthrew TOURE on 22 March. Intensive mediation efforts led by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) returned power to a civilian administration in April with the appointment of Interim President Dioncounda TRAORE.

The post-coup chaos led to rebels expelling the Malian military from the country's three northern regions and allowed Islamic militants to set up strongholds. Hundreds of thousands of northern Malians fled the violence to southern Mali and neighboring countries, exacerbating regional food shortages in host communities. A French-led international military intervention to retake the three northern regions began in January 2013 and within a month, most of the north had been retaken. In a democratic presidential election conducted in July and August of 2013, Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA was elected president. The Malian Government and northern armed groups signed an internationally mediated peace accord in June 2015, however, the parties to the peace accord have made little progress in the accord's implementation, despite a June 2017 target for its completion. Furthermore, extremist groups outside the peace process made steady inroads into rural areas of central Mali following the consolidation of three major terrorist organizations in March 2017. In central and northern Mali, terrorist groups have exploited age-old ethnic rivalries between pastoralists and sedentary communities and inflicted serious losses on the Malian military. Intercommunal violence incidents such as targeted killings occur with increasing regularity. KEITA was reelected president in 2018 in an election that was deemed credible by international observers, despite some security and logistic shortfalls. Security problems continued to plague the country during KEITA's second term, which contributed to growing frustration among the populace and within the government and military.  In August 2020, the military arrested KEITA, his prime minister, and other senior members of the government, and establised a junta, the National Committee for the Salvation of the People (CNSP). In September 2020, a transitional government was established with Bah NDAW, a retired military officer and former defense minister as interim president, and Colonel Assimi GOITA, the army coup leader and chairman of the CNSP as interim vice president.

" + "text": "

Present-day Mali is named after the Mali Empire that ruled the region between the 13th and 16th centuries. At its peak in the 14th century, it was the largest and wealthiest empire in West Africa and controlled an area about twice the size of modern-day France. Primarily a trading empire, Mali derived its wealth from gold and maintained several goldfields and trade routes in the Sahel. The empire also influenced West African culture through the spread of its language, laws, and customs, but by the 16th century it fragmented into mostly small chiefdoms.  The Songhai Empire, previously a Mali dependency centered in Timbuktu, gained prominence in the 15th and 16th centuries. Under Songhai rule, Timbuktu became a large commercial center and well-known for its scholarship and religious teaching. Timbuktu remains a center of culture in West Africa today. In the late 16th century, the Songhai Empire fell to Moroccan invaders and disintegrated into independent sultanates and kingdoms.

France, expanding from Senegal, seized control of the area in the 1890s and incorporated it into French West Africa as French Sudan. In 1960, French Sudan gained independence from France and became the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a few months, the remaining area was renamed the Republic of Mali. Mali saw 31 years of dictatorship until 1991, when a military coup ousted the government, established a new constitution, and instituted a multi-party democracy. President Alpha Oumar KONARE won Mali's first two democratic presidential elections in 1992 and 1997. In keeping with Mali's two-term constitutional limit, he stepped down in 2002 and was succeeded by Amadou Toumani TOURE, who won a second term in 2007.

In 2012, rising ethnic tensions and an influx of fighters - some linked to Al-Qa’ida - from Libya led to a rebellion and military coup. Following the coup, rebels expelled the military from the country’s three northern regions, allowing terrorist organizations to develop strongholds in the area. With French military intervention, the Malian Government managed to retake most of the north. However, the government’s grasp in the region remains weak with local militias, terrorists, and insurgent groups continuously trying to expand control. In 2015, the Malian Government and northern rebels signed an internationally mediated peace accord. Despite a June 2017 target for implementation of the agreement, the signatories have made little progress. Extremist groups were left out of the peace process, and terrorist attacks remain common.  

Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA won the Malian presidential elections in 2013 and 2018. Aside from security and logistic shortfalls, international observers deemed these elections credible. Terrorism, banditry, ethnic-based violence, and extra-judicial military killings plagued the country during KEITA’s second term. In August 2020, the military arrested KEITA, his prime minister, and other senior members of the government and established a military junta called the National Committee for the Salvation of the People (CNSP). In September 2020, the junta established a transition government and appointed Bah N’DAW, a retired army officer and former defense minister, as interim president and Colonel Assimi GOITA, the coup leader and chairman of the CNSP, as interim vice president. The transition government’s charter allows it to rule for up to 18 months before calling a general election.  

" } }, "Geography": { @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, rugged hills in northeast" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "343 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Hombori Tondo 1,155 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Senegal River 23 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Hombori Tondo 1,155 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "343 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,17 +91,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring droughts; occasional Niger River flooding" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; loss of pasture land; inadequate supplies of potable water" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; divided into three natural zones: the southern, cultivated Sudanese; the central, semiarid Sahelian; and the northern, arid Saharan" } @@ -122,8 +111,8 @@ "text": "Bambara 33.3%, Fulani (Peuhl) 13.3%, Sarakole/Soninke/Marka 9.8%, Senufo/Manianka 9.6%, Malinke 8.8%, Dogon 8.7%, Sonrai 5.9%, Bobo 2.1%, Tuareg/Bella 1.7%, other Malian 6%, from members of Economic Community of West Africa .4%, other .3% (2018 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "French (official), Bambara 46.3%, Peuhl/Foulfoulbe 9.4%, Dogon 7.2%, Maraka/Soninke 6.4%, Malinke 5.6%, Sonrhai/Djerma 5.6%, Minianka 4.3%, Tamacheq 3.5%, Senoufo 2.6%, Bobo 2.1%, unspecified 0.7%, other 6.3% (2009 est.)", - "note": "

note: Mali has 13 national languages in addition to its official language

" + "text": "French (official), Bambara 46.3%, Peuhl/Foulfoulbe 9.4%, Dogon 7.2%, Maraka/Soninke 6.4%, Malinke 5.6%, Sonrhai/Djerma 5.6%, Minianka 4.3%, Tamacheq 3.5%, Senoufo 2.6%, Bobo 2.1%, unspecified 0.7%, other 6.3% (2009 est.)

note: Mali has 13 national languages in addition to its official language", + "note": "note: Mali has 13 national languages in addition to its official language" }, "Religions": { "text": "Muslim 93.9%, Christian 2.8%, animist .7%, none 2.5% (2018 est.)" @@ -190,10 +179,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "43.9% of total population (2020)" + "text": "44.7% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.86% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "4.57% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -223,8 +212,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "18.9 years (2018 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "18.9 years (2018 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "562 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -339,7 +328,7 @@ "text": "8.6% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "18.6% (2018)" + "text": "18.1% (2019)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "3.8% of GDP (2017)" @@ -371,13 +360,122 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "16.9%" + "text": "2.4%" }, "male": { - "text": "15.3%" + "text": "2.6%" }, "female": { - "text": "18.8% (2018 est.)" + "text": "2.3% (2018 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; loss of pasture land; inadequate supplies of potable water" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Nuclear Test Ban" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "31.17 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "3.18 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "19.16 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "107 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "5.075 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "120 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "subtropical to arid; hot and dry (February to June); rainy, humid, and mild (June to November); cool and dry (November to February)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "34.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 5.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 28.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "10.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "55.7% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "2.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "44.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.57% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria and dengue fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + }, + "respiratory diseases": { + "text": "meningococcal meningitis" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "severe localized food insecurity": { + "text": "

due to civil insecurity, floods, and pest infestations - about 1.3 million people were estimated to need external food assistance during the June‑August 2020 period, well above the 554,000 food insecure people that were estimated for the same period in 2019; the deterioration of the situation was based on the effects of adverse climate events (late onset of rains, drought, and flooding) in some localized areas and the persistent insecurity in the central and northern parts of the country; the current situation is made worse by the impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic, including the containment measures that adversely affected households’ livelihoods and incomes; periods of heavy rains resulted in localized flooding in August and September 2020 causing human casualties, loss of livelihoods, and damage to crops, livestock and infrastructures; localized outbreaks of Fall Army worms and desert locusts were reported across most areas of the country, while grain‑eating birds affected crops

(2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1,937,354 tons (2012 est.)" } } }, @@ -415,7 +513,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name in the Bambara language can mean either \"crocodile tail\" or \"crocodile river\" and three crocodiles appear on the city seal" + "note": "etymology: the name in the Bambara language can mean either \"crocodile tail\" or \"crocodile river\" and three crocodiles appear on the city seal" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "10 regions (regions, singular - region), 1 district*; District de Bamako*, Gao, Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Menaka, Mopti, Segou, Sikasso, Taoudenni, Tombouctou (Timbuktu); note - Menaka and Taoudenni were legislated in 2016, but implementation has not been confirmed by the US Board on Geographic Names" @@ -431,7 +529,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest drafted August 1991, approved by referendum 12 January 1992, effective 25 February 1992, suspended briefly in 2012" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by members of the National Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly and approval in a referendum; constitutional sections on the integrity of the state, its republican and secular form of government, and its multiparty system cannot be amended; amended 1999" + "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by members of the National Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly and approval in a referendum; constitutional sections on the integrity of the state, its republican and secular form of government, and its multiparty system cannot be amended; note - in early 2021, Prime Minister Moctar OUANE called for adopting a new constitution" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -468,7 +566,7 @@ "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister" }, "elections/appointments": { - "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 29 July 2018 with a runoff on 12 August 2018; prime minister appointed by the president" + "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 29 July 2018 with a runoff on 12 August 2018 (next to be held February 2022); prime minister appointed by the president" }, "election results": { "text": "Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA elected president in second round; percent of vote - Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA (RPM) 77.6%, Soumaila CISSE (URD) 22.4%" @@ -534,8 +632,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red", - "note": "

note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the same as those of neighboring Senegal (which has an additional green central star) and the reverse of those on the flag of neighboring Guinea

" + "text": "three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red

note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the same as those of neighboring Senegal (which has an additional green central star) and the reverse of those on the flag of neighboring Guinea", + "note": "note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the same as those of neighboring Senegal (which has an additional green central star) and the reverse of those on the flag of neighboring Guinea" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "Great Mosque of Djenne; national colors: green, yellow, red" @@ -547,7 +645,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Seydou Badian KOUYATE/Banzoumana SISSOKO" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1962; also known as \"Pour L'Afrique et pour toi, Mali\" (For Africa and for You, Mali) and \"A ton appel Mali\" (At Your Call, Mali)

" + "note": "note: adopted 1962; also known as \"Pour L'Afrique et pour toi, Mali\" (For Africa and for You, Mali) and \"A ton appel Mali\" (At Your Call, Mali)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -588,7 +686,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$41.593 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$17.508 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -603,7 +701,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$2,247 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -648,8 +746,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "52.9 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "84.3 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "73.3 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "42.8 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -681,7 +788,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "36.1% (2005 est.)" + "text": "42.1% (2019 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2001": { @@ -741,10 +848,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Switzerland 31.8%, UAE 15.4%, Burkina Faso 7.8%, Cote d'Ivoire 7.3%, South Africa 5%, Bangladesh 4.6% (2017)" + "text": "United Arab Emirates 66%, Switzerland 26% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "cotton, gold, livestock" + "text": "gold, cotton, sesame seeds, lumber, vegetable oils/residues (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -755,10 +862,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Senegal 24.4%, China 13.2%, Cote d'Ivoire 9%, France 7.3% (2017)" + "text": "Senegal 23%, Cote d'Ivoire 15%, China 11%, France 9% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum, machinery and equipment, construction materials, foodstuffs, textiles" + "text": "refined petroleum, clothing and apparel, packaged medicines, cement, broadcasting equipment (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -874,9 +981,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "3.388 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -906,7 +1010,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 223; satellite communications center and fiber-optic links to neighboring countries; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "national public TV broadcaster; 2 privately owned companies provide subscription services to foreign multi-channel TV packages; national public radio broadcaster supplemented by a large number of privately owned and community broadcast stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2019)" @@ -938,7 +1042,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "TZ, TT (2016)" + "text": "TZ, TT" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1003,8 +1107,8 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Malian Armed Forces (FAMa): Army (Armee de Terre), Republic of Mali Air Force (Force Aerienne de la Republique du Mali, FARM); National Gendarmerie; National Guard (Garde National du Mali) (2019)", - "note": "

note(s): the Gendarmerie and the National Guard are under the authority of the Ministry of Defense and Veterans Affairs (Ministere De La Defense Et Des Anciens Combattants, MDAC), but operational control is shared between the MDAC and the Ministry of Internal Security and Civil Protection

the Gendarmerie's primary mission is internal security and public order; its duties also include territorial defense, humanitarian operations, intelligence gathering, and protecting private property, mainly in rural areas

the National Guard is a military force responsible for providing security to government facilities and institutions, prison service, public order, humanitarian operations, some border security, and intelligence gathering; it has special units on camels (the Camel Corps) for patrolling the deserts and borders of northern Mali" + "text": "Malian Armed Forces (FAMa): Army (Armee de Terre; includes a riverine patrol force), Republic of Mali Air Force (Force Aerienne de la Republique du Mali, FARM); National Gendarmerie; National Guard (Garde National du Mali) (2020)

note(s): the Gendarmerie and the National Guard are under the authority of the Ministry of Defense and Veterans Affairs (Ministere De La Defense Et Des Anciens Combattants, MDAC), but operational control is shared between the MDAC and the Ministry of Internal Security and Civil Protection

the Gendarmerie's primary mission is internal security and public order; its duties also include territorial defense, humanitarian operations, intelligence gathering, and protecting private property, mainly in rural areas

the National Guard is a military force responsible for providing security to government facilities and institutions, prison service, public order, humanitarian operations, some border security, and intelligence gathering; it has special units on camels (the Camel Corps) for patrolling the deserts and borders of northern Mali", + "note": "note(s): the Gendarmerie and the National Guard are under the authority of the Ministry of Defense and Veterans Affairs (Ministere De La Defense Et Des Anciens Combattants, MDAC), but operational control is shared between the MDAC and the Ministry of Internal Security and Civil Protection

the Gendarmerie's primary mission is internal security and public order; its duties also include territorial defense, humanitarian operations, intelligence gathering, and protecting private property, mainly in rural areas

the National Guard is a military force responsible for providing security to government facilities and institutions, prison service, public order, humanitarian operations, some border security, and intelligence gathering; it has special units on camels (the Camel Corps) for patrolling the deserts and borders of northern Mali" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1024,22 +1128,22 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "estimates for the size of the Malian Armed Forces (FAMa) vary; approximately 19,000 total troops (13,000 Army; 800 Air Force; 3,000 Gendarmerie; 2,000 National Guard) (2019 est.)" + "text": "estimates for the size of the Malian Armed Forces (FAMa) vary; approximately 18,000 total troops (13,000 Army; 800 Air Force; 2,000 Gendarmerie; 2,000 National Guard) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the FAMa's inventory consists primarily of Soviet-era equipment, although in recent years it has received limited quantities of mostly second-hand armaments from a variety of countries; since 2010, suppliers have included Brazil, Bulgaria, France, Russia, South Africa, Spain, and the United Arab Emirates (2020)" + "text": "the FAMa's inventory consists primarily of Soviet-era equipment, although in recent years it has received limited quantities of mostly second-hand armaments from more than 15 countries (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary military service (men and women); 2-year conscript service obligation (2014)" + "text": "18 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary military service (men and women); 2-year conscript service obligation (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "prior to the August 2020 coup, the Malian military had intervened in the political arena at least five times since the country gained independence in 1960; two attempts failed (1976 and 1978), while three succeeded (1968, 1991, and 2012); the military collapsed in 2012 during the fighting against Tuareg rebels and Islamic militants

since 2017, the FAMa, along with other government security and paramilitary forces, has conducted multiple major operations against militants in the eastern, central, and northern parts of the country; up to 4,000 troops reportedly have been deployed; the stated objectives for the most recent operation (Operation Maliko in early 2020) was to end terrorist activity and restore government authority in seven of the country’s 10 regions, including Mopti, Ségou, Gao, Kidal, Ménaka, Taoudénit, and Timbuktu

Mali is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Chad, Mauritania, and Niger; it has committed 1,100 troops and 200 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane 

the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) has operated in the country since 2013; the Mission's responsibilities include providing security, rebuilding Malian security forces, supporting national political dialogue, and assisting in the reestablishment of Malian government authority; as of March 2020, MINUSMA had around 15,500 military, police, and civilian personnel deployed

the European Union Training Mission in Mali (EUTM-M) also has operated in the country since 2013; the EUTM-M provides advice and training to the Malian Armed Forces and military assistance to the G5 Sahel Joint Force; as of August 2020, the mission included more than 600 personnel from 28 European countries (2020)" + "text": "prior to the August 2020 coup, the Malian military had intervened in the political arena at least five times since the country gained independence in 1960; two attempts failed (1976 and 1978), while three succeeded in overturning civilian rule (1968, 1991, and 2012); the military collapsed in 2012 during the fighting against Tuareg rebels and Islamic militants; it has been since rebuilt, but continues to have limited capabilities and is heavily reliant on external assistance

since 2017, the FAMa, along with other government security and paramilitary forces, has conducted multiple major operations against militants in the eastern, central, and northern parts of the country; up to 4,000 troops reportedly have been deployed; the stated objectives for the most recent operation (Operation Maliko in early 2020) was to end terrorist activity and restore government authority in seven of the country’s 10 regions, including Mopti, Ségou, Gao, Kidal, Ménaka, Taoudénit, and Timbuktu

Mali is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Chad, Mauritania, and Niger; it has committed 1,100 troops and 200 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane 

the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) has operated in the country since 2013; the Mission's responsibilities include providing security, rebuilding Malian security forces, supporting national political dialogue, and assisting in the reestablishment of Malian government authority; as of January 2021, MINUSMA had around 16,500 military, police, and civilian personnel deployed

the European Union Training Mission in Mali (EUTM-M) also has operated in the country since 2013; the EUTM-M provides advice and training to the Malian Armed Forces and military assistance to the G5 Sahel Joint Force; as of March 2021, the mission included almost 700 personnel from 25 European countries" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Ansar al-Dine; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Greater Sahara; Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun) (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Ansar al-Dine; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Greater Sahara; Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun) (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1048,10 +1152,10 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "16,938 (Niger), 15,316 (Mauritania), 12,890 (Burkina Faso) (2020)" + "text": "16,938 (Niger), 15,896 (Mauritania), 12,890 (Burkina Faso) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { - "text": "287,496 (Tuareg rebellion since 2012) (2020)" + "text": "346,864 (Tuareg rebellion since 2012) (2021)" } }, "Trafficking in persons": { diff --git a/africa/mo.json b/africa/mo.json index aece063a..82b7a6ff 100644 --- a/africa/mo.json +++ b/africa/mo.json @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ "border countries": { "text": "Algeria 1941 km, Mauritania 1564 km, Spain (Ceuta) 8 km and Spain (Melilla) 10.5 km" }, - "note": "

note: an additional 75-meter border segment exists between Morocco and the Spanish exclave of Penon de Velez de la Gomera

" + "note": "note: an additional 75-meter border segment exists between Morocco and the Spanish exclave of Penon de Velez de la Gomera" }, "Coastline": { "text": "2,945 km" @@ -55,20 +55,21 @@ } }, "Climate": { - "text": "Mediterranean in the north, becoming more extreme in the interior; in the south, hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew" + "text": "Mediterranean in the north, becoming more extreme in the interior; in the south, hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew

note:  data does not include former Western Sahara", + "note": "note:  data does not include former Western Sahara" }, "Terrain": { "text": "mountainous northern coast (Rif Mountains) and interior (Atlas Mountains) bordered by large plateaus with intermontane valleys, and fertile coastal plains; the south is mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or sandy surfaces " }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "909 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Jebel Toubkal 4,165 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Sebkha Tah -59 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Jebel Toubkal 4,165 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "909 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -93,7 +94,7 @@ "other": { "text": "21% (2018 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: does not include the area of the former Western Sahara, which is almost exclusively desert" + "note": "note: does not include the area of the former Western Sahara, which is almost exclusively desert" }, "Irrigated land": { "text": "14,850 sq km (2012)" @@ -104,25 +105,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "in the north, the mountains are geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes; periodic droughts; windstorms; flash floods; landslides; in the south, a hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting visibility" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "in the north, land degradation/desertification (soil erosion resulting from farming of marginal areas, overgrazing, destruction of vegetation); water and soil pollution due to dumping of industrial wastes into the ocean and inland water sources, and onto the land; in the south, desertification; overgrazing; sparse water and lack of arable land" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Environmental Modification" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar; the only African nation to have both Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines; the waters off the Atlantic coast are particularly rich fishing areas" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "36,561,813 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: includes Western Sahara" + "text": "36,561,813 (July 2021 est.)

note: includes Western Sahara", + "note": "note: includes Western Sahara" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -133,16 +123,16 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Arab-Berber 99%, other 1%", - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "text": "Arab-Berber 99%, other 1%

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara", + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Arabic (official), Berber languages (Tamazight (official), Tachelhit, Tarifit), French (often the language of business, government, and diplomacy)", - "note": "

note:  the proportion of Berber speakers is disputed; does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "text": "Arabic (official), Berber languages (Tamazight (official), Tachelhit, Tarifit), French (often the language of business, government, and diplomacy)

note:  the proportion of Berber speakers is disputed; does not include data from the former Western Sahara", + "note": "note:  the proportion of Berber speakers is disputed; does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Muslim 99% (official; virtually all Sunni, <0.1% Shia), other 1% (includes Christian, Jewish, and Baha'i); note - Jewish about 6,000 (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "text": "Muslim 99% (official; virtually all Sunni, <0.1% Shia), other 1% (includes Christian, Jewish, and Baha'i); note - Jewish about 6,000 (2010 est.)

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara", + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "Demographic profile": { "text": "

Morocco is undergoing a demographic transition. Its population is growing but at a declining rate, as people live longer and women have fewer children. Infant, child, and maternal mortality rates have been reduced through better health care, nutrition, hygiene, and vaccination coverage, although disparities between urban and rural and rich and poor households persist. Morocco’s shrinking child cohort reflects the decline of its total fertility rate from 5 in mid-1980s to 2.2 in 2010, which is a result of increased female educational attainment, higher contraceptive use, delayed marriage, and the desire for smaller families. Young adults (persons aged 15-29) make up almost 26% of the total population and represent a potential economic asset if they can be gainfully employed. Currently, however, many youths are unemployed because Morocco’s job creation rate has not kept pace with the growth of its working-age population. Most youths who have jobs work in the informal sector with little security or benefits.

During the second half of the 20th century, Morocco became one of the world’s top emigration countries, creating large, widely dispersed migrant communities in Western Europe. The Moroccan Government has encouraged emigration since its independence in 1956, both to secure remittances for funding national development and as an outlet to prevent unrest in rebellious (often Berber) areas. Although Moroccan labor migrants earlier targeted Algeria and France, the flood of Moroccan \"guest workers\" from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s spread widely across northwestern Europe to fill unskilled jobs in the booming manufacturing, mining, construction, and agriculture industries. Host societies and most Moroccan migrants expected this migration to be temporary, but deteriorating economic conditions in Morocco related to the 1973 oil crisis and tighter European immigration policies resulted in these stays becoming permanent.

A wave of family migration followed in the 1970s and 1980s, with a growing number of second generation Moroccans opting to become naturalized citizens of their host countries. Spain and Italy emerged as new destination countries in the mid-1980s, but their introduction of visa restrictions in the early 1990s pushed Moroccans increasingly to migrate either legally by marrying Moroccans already in Europe or illegally to work in the underground economy. Women began to make up a growing share of these labor migrants. At the same time, some higher-skilled Moroccans went to the US and Quebec, Canada.

In the mid-1990s, Morocco developed into a transit country for asylum seekers from Sub-Saharan Africa and illegal labor migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia trying to reach Europe via southern Spain, Spain’s Canary Islands, or Spain’s North African enclaves, Ceuta and Melilla. Forcible expulsions by Moroccan and Spanish security forces have not deterred these illegal migrants or calmed Europe’s security concerns. Rabat remains unlikely to adopt an EU agreement to take back third-country nationals who have entered the EU illegally via Morocco. Thousands of other illegal migrants have chosen to stay in Morocco until they earn enough money for further travel or permanently as a \"second-best\" option. The launching of a regularization program in 2014 legalized the status of some migrants and granted them equal access to education, health care, and work, but xenophobia and racism remain obstacles.

" @@ -163,7 +153,7 @@ "65 years and over": { "text": "7.11% (male 1,225,307/female 1,302,581) (2020 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "Dependency ratios": { "total dependency ratio": { @@ -178,7 +168,7 @@ "potential support ratio": { "text": "8.6 (2020 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "Median age": { "total": { @@ -190,35 +180,35 @@ "female": { "text": "29.6 years (2020 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "Population growth rate": { - "text": "0.92% (2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "text": "0.92% (2021 est.)

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara", + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "Birth rate": { - "text": "17.58 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "text": "17.58 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara", + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "Death rate": { - "text": "6.53 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "text": "6.53 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara", + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "Net migration rate": { - "text": "-1.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "text": "-1.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara", + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the highest population density is found along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts; a number of densely populated agglomerations are found scattered through the Atlas Mountains as shown in this population distribution map" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "63.5% of total population (2020)" + "text": "64.1% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.14% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.88% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "note": "note:  data does not include former Western Sahara" }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "3.794 million Casablanca, 1.907 million RABAT (capital), 1.245 million Fes, 1.238 million Tangier, 1.017 million Marrakech, 942,000 Agadir (2021)" @@ -245,11 +235,11 @@ "total population": { "text": "1 male(s)/female (2020 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { - "text": "70 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "text": "70 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara", + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { @@ -261,7 +251,7 @@ "female": { "text": "16.62 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "Life expectancy at birth": { "total population": { @@ -273,15 +263,15 @@ "female": { "text": "75.34 years (2021 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "Total fertility rate": { - "text": "2.29 children born/woman (2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "text": "2.29 children born/woman (2021 est.)

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara", + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { - "text": "70.8% (2018)", - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "text": "70.8% (2018)

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara", + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { @@ -302,19 +292,19 @@ "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 9% of population (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "Current Health Expenditure": { - "text": "5.3% (2018)", - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "text": "5.3% (2018)

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara", + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "Physicians density": { - "text": "0.73 physicians/1,000 population (2017)", - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "text": "0.73 physicians/1,000 population (2017)

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara", + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "Hospital bed density": { - "text": "1 beds/1,000 population (2017)", - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "text": "1 beds/1,000 population (2017)

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara", + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "Sanitation facility access": { "improved: urban": { @@ -335,34 +325,34 @@ "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 7.3% of population (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": { - "text": "<.1% (2019 est.)", - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "text": "<.1% (2019 est.)

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara", + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": { - "text": "21,000 (2019 est.)", - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "text": "21,000 (2019 est.)

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara", + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "HIV/AIDS - deaths": { - "text": "<500 (2019 est.)", - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "text": "<500 (2019 est.)

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara", + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "Major infectious diseases": { "text": "note: clusters of cases of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) are occurring in Morocco; as of 24 January 2021, Morocco has reported a total of 465,769 cases of COVID-19 or 1,261.9 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 22.0 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { - "text": "26.1% (2016)", - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "text": "26.1% (2016)

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara", + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "2.6% (2017/18)", - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "text": "2.6% (2017/18)

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara", + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "Education expenditures": { - "text": "NA", - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "text": "NA

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara", + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "Literacy": { "definition": { @@ -377,7 +367,7 @@ "female": { "text": "64.6% (2018)" }, - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": { "total": { @@ -389,7 +379,7 @@ "female": { "text": "14 years (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { @@ -401,7 +391,111 @@ "female": { "text": "22.8% (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + "note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara" + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "in the north, land degradation/desertification (soil erosion resulting from farming of marginal areas, overgrazing, destruction of vegetation); water and soil pollution due to dumping of industrial wastes into the ocean and inland water sources, and onto the land; in the south, desertification; overgrazing; sparse water and lack of arable land

note:  data does not include former Western Sahara", + "note": "note:  data does not include former Western Sahara" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Environmental Modification" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "30.99 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "61.28 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "17.16 megatons (2020 est.)" + }, + "note": "note:  data does not include former Western Sahara" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "1.063 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "212 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "9.156 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "note": "note:  data does not include former Western Sahara" + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "29 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

note:  data does not include former Western Sahara", + "note": "note:  data does not include former Western Sahara" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "Mediterranean in the north, becoming more extreme in the interior; in the south, hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew

note:  data does not include former Western Sahara", + "note": "note:  data does not include former Western Sahara" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "67.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 17.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 2.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 47.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "11.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "21% (2018 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: does not include the area of the former Western Sahara, which is almost exclusively desert" + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.13% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "64.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.88% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + }, + "note": "note:  data does not include former Western Sahara" + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "text": "note: clusters of cases of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) are occurring in Morocco; as of 24 January 2021, Morocco has reported a total of 465,769 cases of COVID-19 or 1,261.9 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 22.0 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population" + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "text": "

note:  data does not include former Western Sahara

" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "6.852 million tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "548,160 tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "8% (2014 est.)" + }, + "note": "note:  data does not include former Western Sahara" } }, "Government": { @@ -441,11 +535,11 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: name derives from the Arabic title \"Ribat el-Fath,\" meaning \"stronghold of victory,\" applied to the newly constructed citadel in 1170" + "note": "etymology: name derives from the Arabic title \"Ribat el-Fath,\" meaning \"stronghold of victory,\" applied to the newly constructed citadel in 1170" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "12 regions; Beni Mellal-Khenifra, Casablanca-Settat, Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab, Draa-Tafilalet, Fes-Meknes, Guelmim-Oued Noun, Laayoune-Sakia El Hamra, Marrakech-Safi, Oriental, Rabat-Sale-Kenitra, Souss-Massa, Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima", - "note": "

note: effective 10 December 2020, the US Government recognizes the sovereignty of Morocco over all of the territory of former Western Sahara

" + "text": "12 regions; Beni Mellal-Khenifra, Casablanca-Settat, Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab, Draa-Tafilalet, Fes-Meknes, Guelmim-Oued Noun, Laayoune-Sakia El Hamra, Marrakech-Safi, Oriental, Rabat-Sale-Kenitra, Souss-Massa, Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima

note: effective 10 December 2020, the US Government recognizes the sovereignty of Morocco over all of the territory of former Western Sahara", + "note": "note: effective 10 December 2020, the US Government recognizes the sovereignty of Morocco over all of the territory of former Western Sahara" }, "Independence": { "text": "2 March 1956 (from France)" @@ -576,7 +670,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Ali Squalli HOUSSAINI/Leo MORGAN" }, - "note": "

note: music adopted 1956, lyrics adopted 1970

" + "note": "note: music adopted 1956, lyrics adopted 1970" } }, "Economy": { @@ -626,7 +720,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$264.212 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$118.858 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -641,7 +735,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$7,314 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -686,8 +780,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "93.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "73.4 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "93 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "85.6 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "63.7 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -722,7 +825,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "15% (2007 est.)" + "text": "4.8% (2013 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2013": { @@ -785,10 +888,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Spain 23.2%, France 22.6%, Italy 4.5%, US 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "Spain 23%, France 19% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "clothing and textiles, automobiles, electric components, inorganic chemicals, transistors, crude minerals, fertilizers (including phosphates), petroleum products, citrus fruits, vegetables, fish" + "text": "cars, insulated wiring, fertilizers, phosphoric acid, clothing and apparel (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -802,10 +905,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Spain 16.7%, France 12.2%, China 9.2%, US 6.9%, Germany 6%, Italy 5.9%, Turkey 4.5% (2017)" + "text": "Spain 19%, France 11%, China 9%, United States 7%, Germany 5%, Turkey 5%, Italy 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "crude petroleum, textile fabric, telecommunications equipment, wheat, gas and electricity, transistors, plastics" + "text": "refined petroleum, cars and vehicle parts, natural gas, coal, low-voltage protection equipment (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -915,9 +1018,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "1.444 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "55.4 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -947,7 +1047,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 212; landing point for the Atlas Offshore, Estepona-Tetouan, Canalink and SEA-ME-WE-3 fiber-optic telecommunications undersea cables that provide connectivity to Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Europe and Australia; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; microwave radio relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and Western Sahara (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "2 TV broadcast networks with state-run Radio-Television Marocaine (RTM) operating one network and the state partially owning the other; foreign TV broadcasts are available via satellite dish; 3 radio broadcast networks with RTM operating one; the government-owned network includes 10 regional radio channels in addition to its national service (2019)" @@ -991,7 +1091,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "CN (2016)" + "text": "CN" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1076,7 +1176,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Royal Armed Forces: Royal Moroccan Army, Royal Moroccan Navy (includes Coast Guard, marines), Royal Moroccan Air Force, Royal Morroccan Gendarmerie, Morroccan Royal Guard (provides security for the royal family; officially part of the Royal Army); Force Auxiliaire (a paramilitary force under the Ministry of Interior that supplements the military and the police as needed) (2019)" + "text": "Royal Armed Forces: Royal Moroccan Army, Royal Moroccan Navy (includes Coast Guard, marines), Royal Moroccan Air Force, Morroccan Royal Guard (provides security for the royal family; officially part of the Royal Army); Royal Morroccan Gendarmerie (Ministry of Defense); Mobile Intervention Corps (a motorized paramilitary security force under the Ministry of Interior that supplements the military and the police as needed) (2020)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1096,13 +1196,13 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Royal Armed Forces have approximately 197,000 active personnel (175,000 Army; 9,000 Navy; 13,000 Air Force); est. 25,000 Gendarmerie (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Royal Armed Forces have approximately 197,000 active personnel (175,000 Army; 9,000 Navy; 13,000 Air Force); est. 25,000 Gendarmerie (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Moroccan military's inventory is comprised of mostly older French and US equipment; since 2010, France and the US are the leading suppliers of weapons to Morocco, followed by China and the Netherlands (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Moroccan military's inventory is comprised of mostly older French and US equipment; since 2010, France and the US are the leading suppliers of weapons to Morocco (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "750 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 960 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) (2020)" + "text": "750 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 925 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "19 years of age for compulsory military service (reintroduced in 2019); both sexes are obligated to military service; conscript service obligation - 12 months (2019)" @@ -1110,8 +1210,8 @@ }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) (2021)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) (2021)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/africa/mp.json b/africa/mp.json index 87043fff..d9a237d3 100644 --- a/africa/mp.json +++ b/africa/mp.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "10 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes Agalega Islands, Cargados Carajos Shoals (Saint Brandon), and Rodrigues

" + "note": "note: includes Agalega Islands, Cargados Carajos Shoals (Saint Brandon), and Rodrigues" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "almost 11 times the size of Washington, DC" @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ "continental shelf": { "text": "200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin" }, - "note": "

measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines" + "note": "measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines" }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)" @@ -56,11 +56,11 @@ "text": "small coastal plain rising to discontinuous mountains encircling central plateau" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Mont Piton 828 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -95,17 +95,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded by reefs that may pose maritime hazards" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water pollution, degradation of coral reefs; soil erosion; wildlife preservation; solid waste disposal" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the main island, from which the country derives its name, is of volcanic origin and is almost entirely surrounded by coral reefs; former home of the dodo, a large flightless bird related to pigeons, driven to extinction by the end of the 17th century through a combination of hunting and the introduction of predatory species" } @@ -123,8 +112,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Indo-Mauritian (compose approximately two thirds of the total population), Creole, Sino-Mauritian, Franco-Mauritian", - "note": "

note: Mauritius has not had a question on ethnicity on its national census since 1972

" + "text": "Indo-Mauritian (compose approximately two thirds of the total population), Creole, Sino-Mauritian, Franco-Mauritian

note: Mauritius has not had a question on ethnicity on its national census since 1972", + "note": "note: Mauritius has not had a question on ethnicity on its national census since 1972" }, "Languages": { "text": "Creole 86.5%, Bhojpuri 5.3%, French 4.1%, two languages 1.4%, other 2.6% (includes English, the official language of the National Assembly, which is spoken by less than 1% of the population), unspecified 0.1% (2011 est.)" @@ -194,10 +183,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "40.8% of total population (2020)" + "text": "40.8% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.11% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -348,13 +337,97 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "23.9%" + "text": "21.8%" }, "male": { - "text": "20.6%" + "text": "16.8%" }, "female": { - "text": "28% (2018 est.)" + "text": "28.4% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water pollution, degradation of coral reefs; soil erosion; wildlife preservation; solid waste disposal" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "13.54 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "4.35 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "2.06 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "260 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "12 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "344 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "2.751 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "43.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 38.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 3.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "17.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "38.9% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "40.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "438,000 tons (2016 est.)" } } }, @@ -375,7 +448,7 @@ "etymology": { "text": "island named after Prince Maurice VAN NASSAU, stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, in 1598" }, - "note": "

note: pronounced mah-rish-us

" + "note": "note: pronounced mah-rish-us" }, "Government type": { "text": "parliamentary republic" @@ -390,7 +463,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: named after Louis XV, who was king of France in 1736 when the port became the administrative center of Mauritius and a major reprovisioning stop for French ships traveling between Europe and Asia" + "note": "etymology: named after Louis XV, who was king of France in 1736 when the port became the administrative center of Mauritius and a major reprovisioning stop for French ships traveling between Europe and Asia" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "9 districts and 3 dependencies*; Agalega Islands*, Black River, Cargados Carajos Shoals*, Flacq, Grand Port, Moka, Pamplemousses, Plaines Wilhems, Port Louis, Riviere du Rempart, Rodrigues*, Savanne" @@ -479,7 +552,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Sooroojdev PHOKEER (since 3 August 2015)" + "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Vikash NEETHALIA (since 18 January 2020)" }, "chancery": { "text": "1709 N Street NW, Washington, DC 20036; administrative offices at 3201 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 441, Washington, DC 20036" @@ -509,8 +582,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green; red represents self-determination and independence, blue the Indian Ocean surrounding the island, yellow has been interpreted as the new light of independence, golden sunshine, or the bright future, and green can symbolize either agriculture or the lush vegetation of the island", - "note": "

note: while many national flags consist of three - and in some cases five - horizontal bands of color, the flag of Mauritius is the world's only national flag to consist of four horizontal color bands

" + "text": "four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green; red represents self-determination and independence, blue the Indian Ocean surrounding the island, yellow has been interpreted as the new light of independence, golden sunshine, or the bright future, and green can symbolize either agriculture or the lush vegetation of the island

note: while many national flags consist of three - and in some cases five - horizontal bands of color, the flag of Mauritius is the world's only national flag to consist of four horizontal color bands", + "note": "note: while many national flags consist of three - and in some cases five - horizontal bands of color, the flag of Mauritius is the world's only national flag to consist of four horizontal color bands" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "dodo bird, Trochetia Boutoniana flower; national colors: red, blue, yellow, green" @@ -522,7 +595,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Jean Georges PROSPER/Philippe GENTIL" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1968

" + "note": "note: adopted 1968" } }, "Economy": { @@ -566,7 +639,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$27.081 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$14.004 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -581,7 +654,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$21,415 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -626,8 +699,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "81.5 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "94.5 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "81 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "72.2 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -662,7 +744,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "8% (2006 est.)" + "text": "10.3% (2017 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -722,10 +804,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "France 16.7%, US 12.5%, UK 12%, South Africa 9%, Madagascar 6.7%, Italy 6.6%, Spain 5.2% (2017)" + "text": "France 10%, South Africa 10%, United States 10%, United Kingdom 8%, Zambia 7%, Madagascar 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "clothing and textiles, sugar, cut flowers, molasses, fish, primates (for research)" + "text": "fish products, raw sugar, clothing and apparel, diamonds, refined petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -736,10 +818,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "India 17.9%, China 15.7%, France 11.1%, South Africa 9.7% (2017)" + "text": "China 15%, India 13%, France 10%, South Africa 8%, United Arab Emirates 7% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "manufactured goods, capital equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products, chemicals" + "text": "refined petroleum, cars, fish products, aircraft, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -849,9 +931,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "6.429 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -881,7 +960,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 230; landing points for the SAFE, MARS, IOX Cable System, METISS and LION submarine cable system that provides links to Asia, Africa, Southeast Asia, Indian Ocean Islands of Reunion, Madagascar, and Mauritius; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean); new microwave link to Reunion; HF radiotelephone links to several countries (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "the government maintains control over TV broadcasting through the Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation (MBC), which only operates digital TV stations since June 2015; MBC is a shareholder in a local company that operates 2 pay-TV stations; the state retains the largest radio broadcast network with multiple stations; several private radio broadcasters have entered the market since 2001; transmissions of at least 2 international broadcasters are available (2019)" @@ -922,7 +1001,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "3B (2016)" + "text": "3B" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -978,9 +1057,12 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces; Mauritius Police Force includes a Special Mobile Force (a paramilitary force formed as a mobile infantry battalion) and the National Coast Guard (2019)" + "text": "no regular military forces; the Mauritius Police Force (MPF) includes a paramilitary unit known as the Special Mobile Force, which is formed as a mobile infantry battalion; the PMF also has a Police Helicopter Squadron, a Special Support Unit (riot police), and the National Coast Guard (also includes an air squadron) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2019": { + "text": "0.2% of GDP (2019)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "0.2% of GDP (2018)" }, @@ -992,16 +1074,16 @@ }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { "text": "0.2% of GDP (2015)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2014": { - "text": "0.2% of GDP (2014)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "police paramilitary forces for Mauritius number about 2,500 (est. 1.700 Special Mobile Force; 800 National Coast Guard) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Special Mobile Force has approximately 1,700 personnel; the National Coast Guard has about 800 (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Special Mobile Force's inventory includes mostly second-hand equipment from France and the UK; since 2014, India has provided the majority of the Coast Guard's equipment, including patrol boats and aircraft (2019 est.)" + "text": "the MPF's inventory is comprised of mostly second-hand equipment from France, Germany, India, and the UK (2021)" + }, + "Military service age and obligation": { + "text": "service is voluntary" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/africa/mr.json b/africa/mr.json index 69a8033d..07caf7ee 100644 --- a/africa/mr.json +++ b/africa/mr.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "

Berbers moved south into the area of today's Mauritania beginning in the 3rd century. Beginning in the 8th century, Mauritania experienced a slow but constant infiltration of Arabs and Arab influence from the north, pressing the Berbers, who resisted assimilation, to move farther south. One particular Arab group, the Bani Hassan, continued to migrate southward until, by the end of the 17th century, they dominated the entire country. Having finally been defeated, Berber groups turned to clericalism to regain a degree of ascendancy. At the bottom of the social structure were the slaves, subservient to both the Arabic warriors and Islamic Berber holy men. All of the social rivalries were fully exploited by the French as they colonized Mauritania in the late 19th century.

Mauritania gained independence from France in 1960.  In 1976, it annexed the southern third of the former Spanish Sahara (now Western Sahara), but relinquished it after three years of raids by the Polisario guerrilla front seeking independence for the territory. Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA seized power in a coup in 1984 and ruled Mauritania with a heavy hand for more than two decades. A series of presidential elections that he held were widely seen as flawed. A bloodless coup in August 2005 deposed President TAYA and ushered in a military council that oversaw a transition to democratic rule. Independent candidate Sidi Ould Cheikh ABDALLAHI was inaugurated in April 2007 as Mauritania's first freely and fairly elected president. His term ended prematurely in August 2008 when a military junta led by General Mohamed Ould Abdel AZIZ deposed him and installed a military council government. AZIZ was subsequently elected president in 2009 and reelected in 2014 to a second and final term. He was replaced in 2019 by Mohamed Cheikh El GHAZOUANI in the country's first democratic transfer of power.

The country faces a number of internal security issues, including ethnic tensions among three major groups: Arabic-speaking descendants of slaves (Haratines), Arabic-speaking \"White Moors\" (Beydane), and members of Sub-Saharan ethnic groups mostly originating in the Senegal River valley (Halpulaar, Soninke, and Wolof). Since the 2000s, it also has experienced a significant terrorist threat. Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) launched a series of attacks in Mauritania between 2005 and 2011, murdering American and foreign tourists and aid workers, attacking diplomatic and government facilities, and ambushing Mauritanian soldiers and gendarmes. A successful strategy against terrorism that combines dialogue with the terrorists and military actions has prevented the country from further terrorist attacks since 2011. However, AQIM and similar groups remain active in neighboring Mali and elsewhere in the Sahel region and continue to pose a threat to Mauritanians and foreign visitors.

" + "text": "

The Berber and Bafour people were among the first to settle in what is now Mauritania. Originally a nomadic people, they were among the first in recorded history to convert from a nomadic to agricultural lifestyle. These groups account for roughly one third of Mauritania’s ethnic makeup. The remainder of Mauritania’s ethnic groups derive from former enslaved peoples and sub-Saharan ethnic groups originating mainly from the Senegal River Valley. These three groups constitute a strict caste system with deep ethnic divides that still exists today.

Formerly a French colony, Mauritania became an independent state in 1960. Mauritania initially began as a single-party authoritarian regime and saw 49 years of dictatorships, flawed elections, failed attempts at democracy, and military coups. Following the last coup in 2008, Ould Abdel AZIZ was elected president in 2009 and reelected in 2014. International observers recognized the elections as free and fair. Following his two terms, AZIZ became the first Mauritanian president to step down and observe a democratic transfer of power. This solidified Mauritania’s status as an emerging democracy. After winning 52% of the vote, Mohamed Cheikh El GHAZOUANI was inaugurated in 2019.

The country faces a number of issues, including ethnic tensions and a terrorist threat. Between 2005 and 2011, Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) launched a series of attacks killing American and foreign tourists and aid workers, attacking diplomatic and government facilities, and ambushing Mauritanian soldiers and gendarmes. Although Mauritania has not seen an attack since 2011, AQIM and similar groups remain active in the Sahel region and continue to pose a threat to Mauritanians and foreign visitors.

" } }, "Geography": { @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "mostly barren, flat plains of the Sahara; some central hills" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "276 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Kediet Ijill 915 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Sebkhet Te-n-Dghamcha -5 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Kediet Ijill 915 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "276 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,17 +102,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind primarily in March and April; periodic droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "overgrazing, deforestation, and soil erosion aggravated by drought are contributing to desertification; limited natural freshwater resources away from the Senegal, which is the only perennial river; locust infestation" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "Mauritania is considered both a part of North Africa's Maghreb region and West Africa's Sahel region; most of the population is concentrated in the cities of Nouakchott and Nouadhibou and along the Senegal River in the southern part of the country" } @@ -133,8 +122,8 @@ "text": "Black Moors (Haratines - Arab-speaking slaves, former slaves, and their descendants of African origin, enslaved by white Moors) 40%, White Moors (of Arab-Berber descent, known as Beydane) 30%, Sub-Saharan Mauritanians (non-Arabic speaking, largely resident in or originating from the Senegal River Valley, including Halpulaar, Fulani, Soninke, Wolof, and Bambara ethnic groups) 30%" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Arabic (official and national), Pular, Soninke, Wolof (all national languages), French", - "note": "

note: the spoken Arabic in Mauritania differs considerably from the modern standard Arabic used for official written purposes or in the media; the Mauritanian dialect, which incorporates many Berber words, is referred to as Hassaniya

" + "text": "Arabic (official and national), Pular, Soninke, Wolof (all national languages), French

note: the spoken Arabic in Mauritania differs considerably from the modern standard Arabic used for official written purposes or in the media; the Mauritanian dialect, which incorporates many Berber words, is referred to as Hassaniya", + "note": "note: the spoken Arabic in Mauritania differs considerably from the modern standard Arabic used for official written purposes or in the media; the Mauritanian dialect, which incorporates many Berber words, is referred to as Hassaniya" }, "Religions": { "text": "Muslim (official) 100%" @@ -201,10 +190,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "55.3% of total population (2020)" + "text": "56.1% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.28% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "3.84% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -372,13 +361,125 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "15.2%" + "text": "21.1%" }, "male": { - "text": "14.1%" + "text": "18.8%" }, "female": { - "text": "17% (2012 est.)" + "text": "24.9% (2017 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "overgrazing, deforestation, and soil erosion aggravated by drought are contributing to desertification; limited natural freshwater resources away from the Senegal, which is the only perennial river; locust infestation" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "40.82 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "2.74 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "6.16 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "95.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "31.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.223 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "11.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "38.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 0.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 38.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "0.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "61.3% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "1.3% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "56.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.84% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria and dengue fever" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + }, + "respiratory diseases": { + "text": "meningococcal meningitis" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "severe localized food insecurity": { + "text": "due to poor performance of pastoral cropping season - according to a March 2020 analysis, about 609,000 people were estimated to be in need of food assistance during the lean season between June and August 2020; pastoral households, affected by recurrent shocks during the last years, are facing the highest prevalence of food insecurity (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "454,000 tons (2009 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "36,320 tons (2009 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "8% (2009 est.)" } } }, @@ -413,7 +514,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: may derive from the Berber \"nawakshut\" meaning \"place of the winds\"" + "note": "etymology: may derive from the Berber \"nawakshut\" meaning \"place of the winds\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "15 regions (wilayas, singular - wilaya); Adrar, Assaba, Brakna, Dakhlet Nouadhibou, Gorgol, Guidimaka, Hodh ech Chargui, Hodh El Gharbi, Inchiri, Nouakchott Nord, Nouakchott Ouest, Nouakchott Sud, Tagant, Tiris Zemmour, Trarza" @@ -429,7 +530,7 @@ "text": "previous 1964; latest adopted 12 July 1991" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by Parliament; consideration of amendments by Parliament requires approval of at least one third of the membership; a referendum is held only if the amendment is approved by two-thirds majority vote; passage by referendum requires simple majority vote by eligible voters; passage of amendments proposed by the president can bypass a referendum if approved by at least three-fifths majority vote by Parliament; amended many times, last in 2017 (by referendum)" + "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by Parliament; consideration of amendments by Parliament requires approval of at least one third of the membership; a referendum is held only if the amendment is approved by two-thirds majority vote; passage by referendum requires simple majority vote by eligible voters; passage of amendments proposed by the president can bypass a referendum if approved by at least three-fifths majority vote by Parliament; amended 2006, 2012, 2017" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -482,7 +583,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - NA" }, - "note": "

note: a referendum held in August 2017 approved a constitutional amendment to change the Parliament structure from bicameral to unicameral by abolishing the Senate and creating Regional Councils for local development

" + "note": "note: a referendum held in August 2017 approved a constitutional amendment to change the Parliament structure from bicameral to unicameral by abolishing the Senate and creating Regional Councils for local development" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -545,7 +646,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Baba Ould CHEIKH/traditional, arranged by Tolia NIKIPROWETZKY" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1960; the unique rhythm of the Mauritanian anthem makes it particularly challenging to sing; Mauritania in November 2017 adopted a new national anthem, \"Bilada-l ubati-l hudati-l kiram\" (The Country of Fatherhood is the Honorable Gift) composed by Rageh Daoud (sound file of the new anthem is forthcoming)

" + "note": "note: adopted 1960; the unique rhythm of the Mauritanian anthem makes it particularly challenging to sing; Mauritania in November 2017 adopted a new national anthem, \"Bilada-l ubati-l hudati-l kiram\" (The Country of Fatherhood is the Honorable Gift) composed by Rageh Daoud (sound file of the new anthem is forthcoming)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -584,7 +685,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$21.743 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$706 million (2018 est.)" @@ -599,7 +700,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$5,077 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -644,16 +745,25 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "51.1 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "92.2 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "60.3 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "66 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { "text": "rice, milk, goat milk, sheep milk, sorghum, mutton, beef, camel milk, camel meat, dates" }, "Industries": { - "text": "fish processing, oil production, mining (iron ore, gold, copper)", - "note": "

note: gypsum deposits have never been exploited

" + "text": "fish processing, oil production, mining (iron ore, gold, copper)

note: gypsum deposits have never been exploited", + "note": "note: gypsum deposits have never been exploited" }, "Industrial production growth rate": { "text": "1% (2017 est.)" @@ -744,10 +854,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 31.2%, Switzerland 14.4%, Spain 10.1%, Germany 8.2%, Japan 8.1% (2017)" + "text": "China 32%, Switzerland 13%, Spain 9%, Japan 9%, Italy 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "iron ore, fish and fish products, livestock, gold, copper, crude oil" + "text": "iron ore, fish products, gold, mollusks, processed crustaceans (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -761,10 +871,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Belgium 11.5%, UAE 11.3%, US 9.2%, China 7.5%, France 7.4%, Netherlands 6.1%, Morocco 6%, Slovenia 4.8%, Vanuatu 4.7%, Spain 4.7% (2017)" + "text": "China 26%, France 6%, Spain 6%, Morocco 6%, United Arab Emirates 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, petroleum products, capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods" + "text": "ships, aircraft, wheat, raw sugar, refined petroleum (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -880,9 +990,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "28.32 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "2.615 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -912,7 +1019,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 222; landing point for the ACE submarine cable for connectivity to 19 West African countries and 2 European countries; satellite earth stations - 3 (1 Intelsat - Atlantic Ocean, 2 Arabsat) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "10 TV stations: 5 government-owned and 5 private; in October 2017, the government suspended all private TV stations due to non-payment of broadcasting fees; as of April 2018, only one private TV station was broadcasting, Al Mourabitoune, the official TV of the Mauritanian Islamist party, Tewassoul; the other stations are negotiating payment options with the government and hope to be back on the air soon; 18 radio broadcasters: 15 government-owned, 3 (Radio Nouakchott Libre, Radio Tenwir, Radio Kobeni) private; all 3 private radio stations broadcast from Nouakchott; of the 15 government stations, 3 broadcast from Nouakchott (Radio Mauritanie, Radio Jeunesse, Radio Koran) and the other 12 broadcast from each of the 12 regions outside Nouakchott; Radio Jeunesse and Radio Koran are now also being re-broadcast in the regions (2019)" @@ -950,7 +1057,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "5T (2016)" + "text": "5T" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1023,11 +1130,11 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Mauritanian Armed Forces: Army, Mauritanian Navy (Marine Mauritanienne), Islamic Republic of Mauritania Air Group (Groupement Aerienne Islamique de Mauritanie, GAIM); Ministry of Interior: Gendarmerie, National Guard (2019)" + "text": "Mauritanian Armed Forces: Army, Mauritanian Navy (Marine Mauritanienne), Islamic Republic of Mauritania Air Group (Groupement Aerienne Islamique de Mauritanie, GAIM); Gendarmerie (Ministry of Defense); National Guard (Ministry of Interior) (2020)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "2.8% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "2.8% of GDP (2019 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "3% of GDP (2018)" @@ -1043,16 +1150,16 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Mauritanian Armed Forces have approximately 16,000 active personnel (15,000 Army; 700 Navy; 300 Air Force); est. 3,000 Gendarmerie; est. 2,000 National Guard) (2019)" + "text": "the Mauritanian Armed Forces have approximately 16,000 active personnel (15,000 Army; 700 Navy; 300 Air Force); est. 3,000 Gendarmerie; est. 2,000 National Guard (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Mauritanian Armed Forces' inventory is limited and made up largely of older French and Soviet-era equipment; since 2010, Mauritania has received mostly secondhand military equipment from a variety of suppliers, including Brazil, China, France, and Turkey (2019)" + "text": "the Mauritanian Armed Forces' inventory is limited and made up largely of older French and Soviet-era equipment; since 2010, Mauritania has received a limited amount of mostly secondhand military equipment from a variety of suppliers, including Brazil, China, France, and Turkey (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "450 Central African Republic (MINUSCA) (2020)" + "text": "450 Central African Republic (MINUSCA) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)" + "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2019)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "since a spate of terrorist attacks in the 2000s, including a 2008 attack on a military base in the country’s north that resulted in the deaths of 12 soldiers, the Mauritanian Government has increased the defense budget and military equipment acquisitions, enhanced military training, heightened security cooperation with its neighbors and the international community, and built up the military’s special operations and civil-military affairs forces

Mauritania is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, and Niger; it has committed 550 troops and 100 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane (2020)" @@ -1069,7 +1176,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "26,001 (Western Saharan Sahrawis) (2019); 60,455 (Mali) (2020)" + "text": "26,001 (Western Saharan Sahrawis) (2019); 68,855 (Mali) (2021)" } }, "Trafficking in persons": { diff --git a/africa/mz.json b/africa/mz.json index 48b03cb4..0df151ce 100644 --- a/africa/mz.json +++ b/africa/mz.json @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ "text": "mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in northwest, mountains in west" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "345 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Monte Binga 2,436 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Monte Binga 2,436 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "345 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,25 +96,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "severe droughts; devastating cyclones and floods in central and southern provinces" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "increased migration of the population to urban and coastal areas with adverse environmental consequences; desertification; soil erosion; deforestation; water pollution caused by artisanal mining; pollution of surface and coastal waters; wildlife preservation (elephant poaching for ivory)" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the Zambezi River flows through the north-central and most fertile part of the country" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "30,888,034 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "30,888,034 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -195,10 +184,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "37.1% of total population (2020)" + "text": "37.6% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.35% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "4.24% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -228,8 +217,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "18.9 years (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" + "text": "18.9 years (2011 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "289 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -383,6 +372,118 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "increased migration of the population to urban and coastal areas with adverse environmental consequences; desertification; soil erosion; deforestation; water pollution caused by artisanal mining; pollution of surface and coastal waters; wildlife preservation (elephant poaching for ivory)" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "19.44 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "7.94 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "16.26 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "372 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "25 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.076 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "217.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical to subtropical" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "56.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 6.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 49.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "43.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "6.46% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "4.17% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "37.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.24% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria and dengue fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "severe localized food insecurity": { + "text": "

due to economic downturn, localized shortfalls in staple food production, and insecurity in northern areas - an estimated 2.9 million people require urgent humanitarian assistance, at least up until March 2021, reflecting the adverse impacts of income losses associated with the pandemic-induced economic downturn and shortfalls in staple food production in the southern regions; continued insecurity in the northern areas has also severely aggravated conditions and led to large population displacements

(2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "2.5 million tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "25,000 tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "1% (2014 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -417,7 +518,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: reputedly named after the Maputo River, which drains into Maputo Bay south of the city" + "note": "etymology: reputedly named after the Maputo River, which drains into Maputo Bay south of the city" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "10 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia), 1 city (cidade)*; Cabo Delgado, Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Cidade de Maputo*, Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia" @@ -536,8 +637,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book; green represents the riches of the land, white peace, black the African continent, yellow the country's minerals, and red the struggle for independence; the rifle symbolizes defense and vigilance, the hoe refers to the country's agriculture, the open book stresses the importance of education, and the star represents Marxism and internationalism", - "note": "

note: one of only two national flags featuring a firearm, the other is Guatemala

" + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book; green represents the riches of the land, white peace, black the African continent, yellow the country's minerals, and red the struggle for independence; the rifle symbolizes defense and vigilance, the hoe refers to the country's agriculture, the open book stresses the importance of education, and the star represents Marxism and internationalism

note: one of only two national flags featuring a firearm, the other is Guatemala", + "note": "note: one of only two national flags featuring a firearm, the other is Guatemala" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "national colors: green, black, yellow, white, red" @@ -549,7 +650,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Salomao J. MANHICA/unknown" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 2002

" + "note": "note: adopted 2002" } }, "Economy": { @@ -596,7 +697,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$36.775 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$14.964 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -611,7 +712,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$1,284 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -656,8 +757,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "55 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "69.3 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "73.8 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "39.8 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -692,7 +802,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "46.1% (2015 est.)" + "text": "46.1% (2014 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": { @@ -755,10 +865,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "India 28.1%, Netherlands 24.4%, South Africa 16.7% (2017)" + "text": "South Africa 16%, India 13%, China 12%, Italy 7%, United Arab Emirates 5%, Germany 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "aluminum, prawns, cashews, cotton, sugar, citrus, timber; bulk electricity" + "text": "coal, aluminum, natural gas, tobacco, electricity, gold, lumber (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -772,10 +882,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "South Africa 36.8%, China 7%, UAE 6.8%, India 6.2%, Portugal 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "South Africa 31%, India 18%, China 17% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, vehicles, fuel, chemicals, metal products, foodstuffs, textiles" + "text": "refined petroleum, chromium, iron, bauxite, electricity (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -891,9 +1001,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "2.832 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "11.12 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -923,7 +1030,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 258; landing points for the EASSy and SEACOM/ Tata TGN-Eurasia fiber-optic submarine cable systems linking numerous east African countries, the Middle East and Asia ; satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean); TdM contracts for Itelsat for satellite broadband and bulk haul services (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "1 state-run TV station supplemented by private TV station; Portuguese state TV's African service, RTP Africa, and Brazilian-owned TV Miramar are available; state-run radio provides nearly 100% territorial coverage and broadcasts in multiple languages; a number of privately owned and community-operated stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2019)" @@ -964,7 +1071,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "C9 (2016)" + "text": "C9" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1049,43 +1156,43 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Armed Defense Forces of Mozambique (Forcas Armadas de Defesa de Mocambique, FADM): Mozambique Army, Mozambique Navy (Marinha de Guerra de Mocambique, MGM), Mozambique Air Force (Forca Aerea de Mocambique, FAM)

Ministry of Interior: National Police (PRM), the National Criminal Investigation Service (SERNIC), Rapid Intervention Unit (UIR; police special forces), Border Security Force (2019)", - "note": "

note: the FADM and Ministry of Interior forces are referred to collectively as the Defense and Security Forces (DFS)" + "text": "Armed Defense Forces of Mozambique (Forcas Armadas de Defesa de Mocambique, FADM): Mozambique Army, Mozambique Navy (Marinha de Guerra de Mocambique, MGM), Mozambique Air Force (Forca Aerea de Mocambique, FAM)

Ministry of Interior: National Police (PRM), the National Criminal Investigation Service (SERNIC), Rapid Intervention Unit (UIR; police special forces), Border Security Force (2020)

note: the FADM and Ministry of Interior forces are referred to collectively as the Defense and Security Forces (DFS)", + "note": "note: the FADM and Ministry of Interior forces are referred to collectively as the Defense and Security Forces (DFS)" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2019": { + "text": "0.9% of GDP (2019)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "0.99% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "1% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "1.02% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "1% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "1.03% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "1% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "0.81% of GDP (2015)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2014": { - "text": "1.02% of GDP (2014)" + "text": "0.8% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Armed Defense Forces of Mozambique (FADM) are comprised of approximately 11,000 personnel (10,000 Army; 200 Navy; 1,000 Air Force) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Armed Defense Forces of Mozambique (FADM) are comprised of approximately 11,200 personnel (10,000 Army; 200 Navy; 1,000 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the FADM's inventory consists primarily of Soviet-era equipment, although in recent years it has received limited quantities of newer equipment, particularly aircraft and maritime patrol craft (mostly as aid/donations); India is the leading supplier since 2010 (2019)" + "text": "the FADM's inventory consists primarily of Soviet-era equipment, although since 2010 it has received limited quantities of more modern equipment from a variety of countries, mostly as aid/donations (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "registration for military service is mandatory for all males and females at 18 years of age; 18-35 years of age for selective compulsory military service; 18 years of age for voluntary service; 2-year service obligation; women may serve as officers or enlisted (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the Mozambique Defense and Security Forces are facing a growing insurgency involving terrorist/militant groups with ties to the Islamic State in Central Africa in the northern province of Cabo Delgado, an area known for rich liquid natural gas deposits; insurgent attacks in the province began in 2017 and as of November 2020, the fighting had left an estimated 2,000 dead and 300-500,000 displaced; Mozambique has brought in private military companies to provide assistance to its security forces (2020)" + "text": "the Government of Mozambique is facing a growing insurgency driven by militants with ties to the Islamic State terrorist group (ISIS-Mozambique, which was declared a Foreign Terrorist Organization by the US State Department in March 2021) in the northern province of Cabo Delgado, an area known for rich liquid natural gas deposits; insurgent attacks in the province began in 2017 and as of early 2021, the fighting had left an estimated 2,500 dead and nearly 700,000 displaced; the FADM is widely assessed as lacking the training, equipment, and overall capabilities to address the insurgency (2020)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Central Africa/Mozambique (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Mozambique (ISIS-M) (2021)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1094,10 +1201,10 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "8,658 (Burundi) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2020); 10,071 (Democratic Republic of Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)" + "text": "10,079 (Democratic Republic of Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers), 8,887 (Burundi) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { - "text": "369,220 (violence between the government and an opposition group, violence associated with extremists groups in 2018, political violence 2019) (2020)" + "text": "668,000 (violence between the government and an opposition group, violence associated with extremists groups in 2018, political violence 2019) (2021)" } }, "Illicit drugs": { diff --git a/africa/ng.json b/africa/ng.json index 8cc556a9..056527a6 100644 --- a/africa/ng.json +++ b/africa/ng.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "In the late 19th century, the British and French agreed to partition the middle regions of the Niger River into British Nigeria and French Niger. In subsequent decades French administration spread until in 1922 Niger officially became a colony. Following independence from France in 1960, the country experienced single-party and military rule until 1991, when Gen. Ali SAIBOU was forced by public pressure to allow multiparty elections, which resulted in a democratic government in 1993. Political infighting brought the government to a standstill and in 1996 led to a coup by Col. Ibrahim BARE. In 1999, BARE was killed in a counter coup by military officers who restored democratic rule and held elections that brought Mamadou TANDJA to power in December of that year. TANDJA was reelected in 2004 and in 2009 spearheaded a constitutional amendment allowing him to extend his term as president. In February 2010, military officers led a coup that deposed TANDJA and suspended the constitution. ISSOUFOU Mahamadou was elected in April 2011 following the coup and reelected to a second term in early 2016. Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world with minimal government services and insufficient funds to develop its resource base, and is ranked last in the world on the United Nations Development Programme’s Human Development Index. The largely agrarian and subsistence-based economy is frequently disrupted by extended droughts common to the Sahel region of Africa. The Nigerien Government continues its attempts to diversify the economy through increased oil production and mining projects. A Tuareg rebellion emerged in 2007 and ended in 2009. Niger is facing increased security concerns on its borders from various external threats including insecurity in Libya, spillover from the conflict in Mali, and violent extremism in northeastern Nigeria." + "text": "

Present-day Niger originated from the nomadic peoples of the Saharan north and the agriculturalists of the south. The Taureg kingdom of Takedda was one of the largest kingdoms in the north and played a prominent role in regional trade in the 14th century. In the south, the primary ethnic groups were the Songhai-Zarma in the west, the Hausa in the center, and the Kanuri in the east. When European colonizers arrived in the 19th century, the region was an assemblage of disparate local kingdoms.

In the late 19th century, the British and French agreed to partition the middle regions of the Niger River, and France began its conquest of what would become the colony of Niger.  France experienced determined local resistance - particularly during the Tuareg uprising (1916-1917) - but established a colonial administration in 1922.

Following independence from France in 1960, the country experienced single-party or military rule until 1991 when political pressure forced General Ali SAIBOU to allow multiparty elections. Political infighting and democratic backsliding led to coups in 1996 and 1999. In December of that year, military officers restored democratic rule and held elections that brought Mamadou TANDJA to power. TANDJA was reelected in 2004 and spearheaded a 2009 constitutional amendment allowing him to extend his presidential term. In February 2010, military officers led another coup that deposed TANDJA. ISSOUFOU Mahamadou was elected in April 2011 and reelected in early 2016. In February 2021, BAZOUM Mohammed won the presidential election, marking Niger’s first transition from one democratically elected president to another.

Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world with minimal government services and insufficient funds to develop its resource base. It is ranked last in the world on the UN Development Programme's Human Development Index. The largely agrarian and subsistence-based economy is frequently disrupted by extended droughts common to the Sahel region of Africa. The Nigerien Government continues its attempts to diversify the economy through increased oil production and mining projects. In addition, Niger is facing increased security concerns on its borders from various external threats including insecurity in Libya, spillover from the conflict and terrorism in Mali, and violent extremism in northeastern Nigeria.

" } }, "Geography": { @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "predominately desert plains and sand dunes; flat to rolling plains in south; hills in north" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "474 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Idoukal-n-Taghes 2,022 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Niger River 200 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Idoukal-n-Taghes 2,022 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "474 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,17 +91,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "recurring droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "overgrazing; soil erosion; deforestation; desertification; contaminated water; inadequate potable water; wildlife populations (such as elephant, hippopotamus, giraffe, and lion) threatened because of poaching and habitat destruction" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Law of the Sea" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; one of the hottest countries in the world; northern four-fifths is desert, southern one-fifth is savanna, suitable for livestock and limited agriculture" } @@ -189,10 +178,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "16.6% of total population (2020)" + "text": "16.8% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.27% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "4.72% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -222,8 +211,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "18.1 years (2012 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "18.1 years (2012 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "509 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -338,7 +327,7 @@ "text": "5.5% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "21.8% (2018)" + "text": "31.3% (2019)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "3.5% of GDP (2018)" @@ -370,13 +359,128 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "0.7%" + "text": "16.6%" }, "male": { - "text": "0.9%" + "text": "16.1%" }, "female": { - "text": "0.4% (2014 est.)" + "text": "17.5% (2017 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "overgrazing; soil erosion; deforestation; desertification; contaminated water; inadequate potable water; wildlife populations (such as elephant, hippopotamus, giraffe, and lion) threatened because of poaching and habitat destruction" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "70.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "2.02 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "22.99 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "178.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "36 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.536 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "34.05 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "35.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 12.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 22.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "63.9% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "4.41% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "16.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.72% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria and dengue fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + }, + "respiratory diseases": { + "text": "meningococcal meningitis" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "widespread lack of access": { + "text": "due to civil conflict - according to a November 2020 analysis, the aggregate number of severely food insecure people in “Crisis” was estimated at about 1.2 million people during the October‑December 2020 period, including about 61,000 people in severe food insecurity; in recent months, an increase in security incidents continued to cause large population displacements in Diffa, Tillaberi, and Tahoua regions; the resulting widespread disruption of agricultural and marketing activities, diminished the livelihood opportunities of households and their food security (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1,865,646 tons (1993 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "74,626 tons (2005 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "4% (2005 est.)" } } }, @@ -397,7 +501,7 @@ "etymology": { "text": "named for the Niger River that passes through the southwest of the country; from a native term \"Ni Gir\" meaning \"River Gir\"" }, - "note": "

note: pronounced nee-zher

" + "note": "note: pronounced nee-zher" }, "Government type": { "text": "semi-presidential republic" @@ -412,7 +516,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: according to tradition, the site was originally a fishing village named after a prominent local tree referred to as \"nia niam\"" + "note": "etymology: according to tradition, the site was originally a fishing village named after a prominent local tree referred to as \"nia niam\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "7 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 capital district* (communaute urbaine); Agadez, Diffa, Dosso, Maradi, Niamey*, Tahoua, Tillaberi, Zinder" @@ -428,7 +532,7 @@ "text": "several previous; passed by referendum 31 October 2010, entered into force 25 November 2010" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; consideration of amendments requires at least three-fourths majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires at least four-fifths majority vote; if disapproved, the proposed amendment is dropped or submitted to a referendum; constitutional articles on the form of government, the multiparty system, the separation of state and religion, disqualification of Assembly members, amendment procedures, and amnesty of participants in the 2010 coup cannot be amended; amended 2011" + "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; consideration of amendments requires at least three-fourths majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires at least four-fifths majority vote; if disapproved, the proposed amendment is dropped or submitted to a referendum; constitutional articles on the form of government, the multiparty system, the separation of state and religion, disqualification of Assembly members, amendment procedures, and amnesty of participants in the 2010 coup cannot be amended; amended 2011, 2017" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -456,10 +560,10 @@ }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { - "text": "President ISSOUFOU Mahamadou (since 7 April 2011)" + "text": "President Mohamed BAZOUM (since 2 April 2021)" }, "head of government": { - "text": "Prime Minister Brigi RAFINI (since 7 April 2011)" + "text": "Prime Minister Ouhoumoudou MAHAMADOU (since 3 April 2021)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Cabinet appointed by the president" @@ -494,15 +598,15 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Alliance of Movements for the Emergence of Niger or AMEN AMIN [Omar Hamidou TCHIANA]
Congress for the Republic or CPR-Inganci [Kassoum MOCTAR]
Democratic Alliance for Niger or ADN-Fusaha [Habi Mahamadou SALISSOU]
Democratic and Social Convention-Rahama or CDS-Rahama [Abdou LABO]
National Movement for the Development of Society-Nassara or MNSD-Nassara [Seini OUMAROU]
Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Progress-Zaman Lahiya or ANDP-Zaman Lahiya [Moussa Moumouni DJERMAKOYE]
Nigerien Democratic Movement for an African Federation or MODEN/FA Lumana [Hama AMADOU]
Nigerien Movement for Democratic Renewal or MNRD-Hankuri [Mahamane OUSMANE]
Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism or PNDS-Tarrayya [Mahamadou ISSOUFOU]
Nigerien Patriotic Movement or MPN-Kishin Kassa [Ibrahim YACOUBA]
Party for Socialism and Democracy in Niger or PSDN-Alheri
Patriotic Movement for the Republic or MPR-Jamhuriya [Albade ABOUBA]
Rally for Democracy and Progress-Jama'a or RDP-Jama'a [Hamid ALGABID]
Social and Democratic Rally or RSD-Gaskiyya [Amadou CHEIFFOU]
Social Democratic Party or PSD-Bassira [Mohamed BEN OMAR]
Union for Democracy and the Republic-Tabbat or UDR-Tabbat [Amadou Boubacar CISSE]", - "note": "

note: the SPLM and SPLM-DC are banned political parties

" + "text": "Alliance of Movements for the Emergence of Niger or AMEN AMIN [Omar Hamidou TCHIANA]
Congress for the Republic or CPR-Inganci [Kassoum MOCTAR]
Democratic Alliance for Niger or ADN-Fusaha [Habi Mahamadou SALISSOU]
Democratic and Social Convention-Rahama or CDS-Rahama [Abdou LABO]
National Movement for the Development of Society-Nassara or MNSD-Nassara [Seini OUMAROU]
Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Progress-Zaman Lahiya or ANDP-Zaman Lahiya [Moussa Moumouni DJERMAKOYE]
Nigerien Democratic Movement for an African Federation or MODEN/FA Lumana [Hama AMADOU]
Nigerien Movement for Democratic Renewal or MNRD-Hankuri [Mahamane OUSMANE]
Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism or PNDS-Tarrayya [Mahamadou ISSOUFOU]
Nigerien Patriotic Movement or MPN-Kishin Kassa [Ibrahim YACOUBA]
Party for Socialism and Democracy in Niger or PSDN-Alheri
Patriotic Movement for the Republic or MPR-Jamhuriya [Albade ABOUBA]
Rally for Democracy and Progress-Jama'a or RDP-Jama'a [Hamid ALGABID]
Social and Democratic Rally or RSD-Gaskiyya [Amadou CHEIFFOU]
Social Democratic Party or PSD-Bassira [Mohamed BEN OMAR]
Union for Democracy and the Republic-Tabbat or UDR-Tabbat [Amadou Boubacar CISSE]

note: the SPLM and SPLM-DC are banned political parties", + "note": "note: the SPLM and SPLM-DC are banned political parties" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, CD, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Hassana ALIDOU (since 23 February 2015)" + "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Mahamane Bachir FIFI (since 16 December 2020)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2204 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008" @@ -532,8 +636,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a small orange disk centered in the white band; the orange band denotes the drier northern regions of the Sahara; white stands for purity and innocence; green symbolizes hope and the fertile and productive southern and western areas, as well as the Niger River; the orange disc represents the sun and the sacrifices made by the people", - "note": "

note: similar to the flag of India, which has a blue spoked wheel centered in the white band

" + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a small orange disk centered in the white band; the orange band denotes the drier northern regions of the Sahara; white stands for purity and innocence; green symbolizes hope and the fertile and productive southern and western areas, as well as the Niger River; the orange disc represents the sun and the sacrifices made by the people

note: similar to the flag of India, which has a blue spoked wheel centered in the white band", + "note": "note: similar to the flag of India, which has a blue spoked wheel centered in the white band" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "zebu; national colors: orange, white, green" @@ -545,7 +649,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Maurice Albert THIRIET/Robert JACQUET and Nicolas Abel Francois FRIONNET" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1961

" + "note": "note: adopted 1961" } }, "Economy": { @@ -589,7 +693,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$25.138 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$12.926 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -604,7 +708,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$1,164 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -649,8 +753,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "56.8 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "91.5 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "65.4 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "54.7 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -685,7 +798,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "45.4% (2014 est.)" + "text": "40.8% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": { @@ -745,10 +858,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "France 30.2%, Thailand 18.3%, Malaysia 9.9%, Nigeria 8.3%, Mali 5%, Switzerland 4.9% (2017)" + "text": "United Arab Emirates 54%, China 25%, France 7%, Pakistan 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "uranium ore, livestock, cowpeas, onions" + "text": "gold, sesame seeds, uranium, natural gas, refined petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { @@ -759,10 +872,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "France 28.8%, China 14.4%, Malaysia 5.7%, Nigeria 5.4%, Thailand 5.3%, US 5.1%, India 4.9% (2017)" + "text": "China 19%, France 9%, United Arab Emirates 7%, Cote d'Ivoire 6%, India 6%, Nigeria 5%, Togo 5%, Turkey 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "foodstuffs, machinery, vehicles and parts, petroleum, cereals" + "text": "rice, packaged medicines, palm oil, cars, cement (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -878,9 +991,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2016 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "2.534 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -910,7 +1020,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 227; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-run TV station; 3 private TV stations provide a mix of local and foreign programming; state-run radio has only radio station with national coverage; about 30 private radio stations operate locally; as many as 100 community radio stations broadcast; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available" @@ -945,7 +1055,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "5U (2016)" + "text": "5U" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1011,8 +1121,8 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Nigerien Armed Forces (Forces Armees Nigeriennes, FAN): Army, Nigerien Air Force, Niger Gendarmerie (GN); Ministry of Interior: Niger National Guard (GNN), National Police (includes the Directorate of Territorial Surveillance, which is charged with border management) (2020)", - "note": "

note: the Gendarmerie is subordinate to the Ministry of Defense and has primary responsibility for rural security; the National Guard is responsible for domestic security and the protection of high-level officials and government buildings" + "text": "Nigerien Armed Forces (Forces Armees Nigeriennes, FAN): Army, Nigerien Air Force, Niger Gendarmerie (GN); Ministry of Interior: Niger National Guard (GNN; aka Republican Guard), National Police (includes the Directorate of Territorial Surveillance, which is charged with border management) (2020)

note: the Gendarmerie is subordinate to the Ministry of Defense and has primary responsibility for rural security; the National Guard is responsible for domestic security and the protection of high-level officials and government buildings", + "note": "note: the Gendarmerie is subordinate to the Ministry of Defense and has primary responsibility for rural security; the National Guard is responsible for domestic security and the protection of high-level officials and government buildings" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1026,28 +1136,31 @@ }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "2.2% of GDP (2016)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2015": { + "text": "2.1% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "size estimates for the Nigerien Armed Forces (FAN) vary; approximately 10,000 active troops (est. 6,000 Army; 200 Air Force; 3,500 Gendarmerie); est. 3,000 National Guard (2019)" + "text": "size estimates for the Nigerien Armed Forces (FAN) vary; approximately 10,000 active troops (est. 6,000 Army; 200 Air Force; 3,500 Gendarmerie); est. 3,000 National Guard (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the FAN's inventory consists of a wide variety of foreign-supplied weapons, including Chinese, French, German, Russian, and US; since 2015, the FAN has received limited amounts of equipment from China, France, Russia, Sweden, and the US, some of which were donations (2019 est.)" + "text": "the FAN's inventory consists of a wide variety of older weapons; since 2010, the FAN has received small amounts of mostly second-hand equipment and donations from China, France, South Africa, Sweden, Ukraine, and the US (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "860 Mali (MINUSMA) (2020)" + "text": "870 Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory or voluntary military service; enlistees must be Nigerien citizens and unmarried; 2-year service term; women may serve in health care (2017)" + "text": "has conscription, although it is reportedly not always enforced; 18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory or voluntary military service; enlistees must be Nigerien citizens and unmarried; 2-year service term; women may serve in health care (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "as of September 2020, the FAN was conducting counterinsurgency and counter-terrorism operations against Islamic militants on two fronts; in the Diffa region, the Nigeria-based Boko Haram terrorist group has conducted dozens of attacks on security forces, army bases, and civilians; on Niger’s western border with Mali, the Islamic State-West Africa (ISWA) has conducted numerous attacks on security personnel; a series of ISWA attacks on FAN forces near the Malian border in December of 2019 and January of 2020 resulted in the deaths of more than 170 soldiers; terrorist attacks continued throughout 2020 and into 2021

Niger is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, and Chad; it has committed 1,100 troops and 200 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane

Niger also has about 1,000 troops committed to the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) against Boko Haram; national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own country territories, although cross‐border operations are conducted periodically (2021)" + "text": "as of late 2020, the FAN was conducting counterinsurgency and counter-terrorism operations against Islamic militants on two fronts; in the Diffa region, the Nigeria-based Boko Haram terrorist group has conducted dozens of attacks on security forces, army bases, and civilians; on Niger’s western border with Mali, the Islamic State-West Africa (ISWA) has conducted numerous attacks on security personnel; a series of ISWA attacks on FAN forces near the Malian border in December of 2019 and January of 2020 resulted in the deaths of more than 170 soldiers; terrorist attacks continued throughout 2020 and into 2021

Niger is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, and Chad; it has committed 1,100 troops and 200 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane

Niger also has about 1,000 troops committed to the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) against Boko Haram; national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own country territories, although cross‐border operations are conducted periodically" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Boko Haram; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Greater Sahara; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – West Africa; Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun) (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Boko Haram; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Greater Sahara; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – West Africa; Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun) (2021)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1056,10 +1169,10 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "171,013 (Nigeria), 58,702 (Mali) (2020)" + "text": "171,974 (Nigeria), 60,384 (Mali) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { - "text": "257,095 (includes the regions of Diffa, Tillaberi, and Tahoua; unknown how many of the 11,000 people displaced by clashes between government forces and the Tuareg militant group, Niger Movement for Justice, in 2007 are still displaced; inter-communal violence; Boko Haram attacks in southern Niger, 2015) (2020)" + "text": "300,320 (includes the regions of Diffa, Tillaberi, and Tahoua; unknown how many of the 11,000 people displaced by clashes between government forces and the Tuareg militant group, Niger Movement for Justice, in 2007 are still displaced; inter-communal violence; Boko Haram attacks in southern Niger, 2015) (2021)" } } } diff --git a/africa/ni.json b/africa/ni.json index 5f41be3e..6bb7933e 100644 --- a/africa/ni.json +++ b/africa/ni.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "southern lowlands merge into central hills and plateaus; mountains in southeast, plains in north" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "380 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Chappal Waddi 2,419 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Chappal Waddi 2,419 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "380 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,25 +99,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "periodic droughts; flooding" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "serious overpopulation and rapid urbanization have led to numerous environmental problems; urban air and water pollution; rapid deforestation; soil degradation; loss of arable land; oil pollution - water, air, and soil have suffered serious damage from oil spills" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the Niger River enters the country in the northwest and flows southward through tropical rain forests and swamps to its delta in the Gulf of Guinea" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "219,463,862 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "219,463,862 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -128,8 +117,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Hausa 30%, Yoruba 15.5%, Igbo (Ibo) 15.2%, Fulani 6%, Tiv 2.4%, Kanuri/Beriberi 2.4%, Ibibio 1.8%, Ijaw/Izon 1.8%, other 24.7% (2018 est.)", - "note": "

note: Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, is composed of more than 250 ethnic groups" + "text": "Hausa 30%, Yoruba 15.5%, Igbo (Ibo) 15.2%, Fulani 6%, Tiv 2.4%, Kanuri/Beriberi 2.4%, Ibibio 1.8%, Ijaw/Izon 1.8%, other 24.7% (2018 est.)

note: Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, is composed of more than 250 ethnic groups", + "note": "note: Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, is composed of more than 250 ethnic groups" }, "Languages": { "text": "English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani, over 500 additional indigenous languages" @@ -199,10 +188,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "52% of total population (2020)" + "text": "52.7% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.23% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "3.92% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -232,8 +221,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "20.3 years (2013 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "20.3 years (2013 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "917 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -343,13 +332,13 @@ "aerosolized dust or soil contact diseases": { "text": "Lassa fever" }, - "note": "

note: on 7 October 2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued a Travel Health Notice for a Yellow Fever outbreak in Nigeria; a large, ongoing outbreak of yellow fever in Nigeria began in September 2017; the outbreak is now spread throughout the country with the Nigerian Ministry of Health reporting cases of the disease in all 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory; the CDC recommends travelers going to Nigeria should receive vaccination against yellow fever at least 10 days before travel and should take steps to prevent mosquito bites while there; those never vaccinated against yellow fever should avoid travel to Nigeria during the outbreak
note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Nigeria; as of 24 January 2021, Nigeria has reported a total of 120,602 cases of COVID-19 or 58.5 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 0.7 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 19 March 2020, the Government of Nigeria has restricted entry into Nigeria for travelers from the following high incidence countries: China, Italy, Iran, Norway, South Korea, Spain, Japan, France, Germany, US, UK, Netherlands, and Switzerland" + "note": "note: on 7 October 2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued a Travel Health Notice for a Yellow Fever outbreak in Nigeria; a large, ongoing outbreak of yellow fever in Nigeria began in September 2017; the outbreak is now spread throughout the country with the Nigerian Ministry of Health reporting cases of the disease in all 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory; the CDC recommends travelers going to Nigeria should receive vaccination against yellow fever at least 10 days before travel and should take steps to prevent mosquito bites while there; those never vaccinated against yellow fever should avoid travel to Nigeria during the outbreak
note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Nigeria; as of 25 April 2021, Nigeria has reported a total of 164,684 cases of COVID-19 or 79.9 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 1 cumulative death per 100,000 population; as of 6 April 2021, .5% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "8.9% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "21.8% (2018)" + "text": "18.4% (2019/20)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "NA" @@ -381,13 +370,126 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "13.8%" + "text": "18.3%" }, "male": { - "text": "NA" + "text": "18.4% NA" }, "female": { - "text": "NA (2016 est.)" + "text": "18.2% NA (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "serious overpopulation and rapid urbanization have led to numerous environmental problems; urban air and water pollution; rapid deforestation; soil degradation; loss of arable land; oil pollution - water, air, and soil have suffered serious damage from oil spills" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Tropical Timber 2006" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "48.73 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "120.37 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "143.99 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.965 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "5.51 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "286.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "78% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 37.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 7.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 33.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "9.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "12.5% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "1.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "52.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.92% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "leptospirosis and schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + }, + "respiratory diseases": { + "text": "meningococcal meningitis" + }, + "aerosolized dust or soil contact diseases": { + "text": "Lassa fever" + }, + "note": "note: on 7 October 2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued a Travel Health Notice for a Yellow Fever outbreak in Nigeria; a large, ongoing outbreak of yellow fever in Nigeria began in September 2017; the outbreak is now spread throughout the country with the Nigerian Ministry of Health reporting cases of the disease in all 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory; the CDC recommends travelers going to Nigeria should receive vaccination against yellow fever at least 10 days before travel and should take steps to prevent mosquito bites while there; those never vaccinated against yellow fever should avoid travel to Nigeria during the outbreak
note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Nigeria; as of 25 April 2021, Nigeria has reported a total of 164,684 cases of COVID-19 or 79.9 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 1 cumulative death per 100,000 population; as of 6 April 2021, .5% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "widespread lack of access": { + "text": "due to persistent civil conflict in the northern areas - according to an October 2020 analysis, about 9.8 million people were estimated to be in need of external food assistance from October to December 2020, a significant increase from the estimated 4 million people in same months in 2019; the higher prevalence of food insecurity mainly reflected the adverse effects of measures to contain the COVID‑19 pandemic on the supply chain, the escalation of armed and community conflicts, some localized cereal production shortfalls in 2020, the unfavorable macro‑economic conditions, and high food prices; the areas most affected by food insecurity are Adamawa, Borno, and Yobe states (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "27,614,830 tons (2009 est.)" } } }, @@ -416,7 +518,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: Abuja is a planned capital city, it replaced Lagos in 1991; situated in the center of the country, Abuja takes its name from a nearby town, now renamed Suleja" + "note": "etymology: Abuja is a planned capital city, it replaced Lagos in 1991; situated in the center of the country, Abuja takes its name from a nearby town, now renamed Suleja" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "36 states and 1 territory*; Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Federal Capital Territory*, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, Zamfara" @@ -505,7 +607,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Sylvanus Adiewere NSOFOR (since 29 November 2017)" + "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Jane Bassey ADAMS (since 2 December 2020)" }, "chancery": { "text": "3519 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008" @@ -553,7 +655,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "John A. ILECHUKWU, Eme Etim AKPAN, B.A. OGUNNAIKE, Sotu OMOIGUI and P.O. ADERIBIGBE/Benedict Elide ODIASE" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1978; lyrics are a mixture of the five top entries in a national contest

" + "note": "note: adopted 1978; lyrics are a mixture of the five top entries in a national contest" } }, "Economy": { @@ -603,7 +705,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$990.7 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$475.062 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -618,7 +720,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$5,190 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -663,8 +765,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "56.9 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "86.2 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "29.2 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "61.5 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -699,7 +810,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "70% (2010 est.)" + "text": "40.1% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -759,10 +870,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "India 30.6%, US 12.1%, Spain 6.6%, China 5.6%, France 5.5%, Netherlands 4.4%, Indonesia 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "India 16%, Spain 10%, United States 7%, France 7%, Netherlands 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum and petroleum products 95%, cocoa, rubber (2012 est.)" + "text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, scrap vessels, flexible metal tubing, cocoa beans (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -773,10 +884,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 21.1%, Belgium 8.7%, US 8.4%, South Korea 7.5%, UK 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "China 30%, Netherlands 11%, United States 6%, Belgium 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery, chemicals, transport equipment, manufactured goods, food and live animals" + "text": "refined petroleum, cars, wheat, laboratory glassware, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -892,9 +1003,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "5.475 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "104 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -924,7 +1032,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 234; landing point for the SAT-3/WASC, NCSCS,  MainOne, Glo-1 & 2, ACE, and Equiano fiber-optic submarine cable that provides connectivity to Europe and South and West Africa; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "nearly 70 federal government-controlled national and regional TV stations; all 36 states operate TV stations; several private TV stations operational; cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; network of federal government-controlled national, regional, and state radio stations; roughly 40 state government-owned radio stations typically carry their own programs except for news broadcasts; about 20 private radio stations; transmissions of international broadcasters are available; digital broadcasting migration process completed in three states in 2018 (2019)" @@ -965,7 +1073,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "5N (2016)" + "text": "5N" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1022,7 +1130,7 @@ "narrow gauge": { "text": "3,505 km 1.067-m gauge (2014)" }, - "note": "

note: as of the end of 2018, there were only six operational locomotives in Nigeria primarily used for passenger service; the majority of the rail lines are in a severe state of disrepair and need to be replaced" + "note": "note: as of the end of 2018, there were only six operational locomotives in Nigeria primarily used for passenger service; the majority of the rail lines are in a severe state of disrepair and need to be replaced" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1057,7 +1165,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Nigerian Armed Forces: Army, Navy (includes Coast Guard), Air Force; Ministry of Interior: Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC, a paramilitary agency commissioned to assist the military in the management of threats to internal security, including attacks and natural disasters) (2020)" + "text": "Nigerian Armed Forces: Army, Navy (includes Coast Guard), Air Force; Ministry of Interior: Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC, a paramilitary agency commissioned to assist the military in the management of threats to internal security, including attacks and natural disasters) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1077,28 +1185,28 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "size estimates for the Nigerian Armed Forces vary; approximately 135,000 active personnel (100,000 Army; 20,000 Navy/Coast Guard; 15,000 Air Force); est. 80,000 Security and Civil Defense Corps (2019)" + "text": "size estimates for the Nigerian Armed Forces vary; approximately 135,000 active personnel (100,000 Army; 20,000 Navy/Coast Guard; 15,000 Air Force); est. 80,000 Security and Civil Defense Corps (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Nigerian Armed Forces' inventory consists of a wide variety of imported weapons systems of Chinese, European, Middle Eastern, Russian (including Soviet-era), and US origin; since 2010, the leading suppliers include China, France, Italy, Russia, South Korea, Ukraine, and the US; Nigeria has been the largest arms importer in sub-Saharan Africa since 2014; Nigeria is also developing a defense-industry capacity, including small arms, armored personnel vehicle, and small-scale naval production (2020)" + "text": "the Nigerian Armed Forces' inventory consists of a wide variety of imported weapons systems of Chinese, European, Middle Eastern, Russian (including Soviet-era), and US origin; since 2010, Nigeria has undertaken a considerable military modernization program, and has received equipment from some 20 countries with China, Russia, and the US as the leading suppliers; Nigeria has been the largest arms importer in sub-Saharan Africa since 2014; Nigeria is also developing a defense-industry capacity, including small arms, armored personnel vehicle, and small-scale naval production (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "200 Ghana (ECOMIG); MNJTF (1 brigade or approximately 3,000 troops committed; note - the national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own country territories, although cross‐border operations are conducted periodically) (2020)" + "text": "200 Ghana (ECOMIG); MNJTF (1 brigade or approximately 3,000 troops committed; note - the national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own country territories, although cross‐border operations are conducted periodically) (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)" + "text": "18-26 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2019)" }, "Maritime threats": { - "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Niger Delta and Gulf of Guinea as very high risk for piracy and armed robbery of ships; in 2018, 48 commercial vessels were boarded or attacked compared with 33 attacks in 2017; in 2018, 29 ships were boarded eight of which were underway, 12 were fired upon, and 78 crew members were abducted; Nigerian pirates have extended the range of their attacks to as far away as Cote d'Ivoire and as far as 170 nm offshore; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2019-010-Gulf of Guinea-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Kidnapping for Ransom) effective 19 July 2019, which states in part \"Piracy, armed robbery, and kidnapping for ransom (KFR) continue to serve as significant threats to U.S. flagged vessels transiting or operating in the Gulf of Guinea (GoG). ...According to the Office of Naval Intelligence’s “Weekly Piracy Reports” 72 reported incidents of piracy and armed robbery at sea occurred in the GoG region this year as of July 9, 2019. Attacks, kidnappings for ransom (KFR), and boardings to steal valuables from the ships and crews are the most common types of incidents with approximately 75 percent of all incidents taking place off Nigeria. During the first six months of 2019, there were 15 kidnapping and 3 hijackings in the GoG.\"" + "text": "

the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Niger Delta and Gulf of Guinea remain a very high risk for piracy and armed robbery of ships; in 2020, there were 98 reported incidents of piracy and armed robbery at sea in the Gulf of Guinea region; although a 24% decrease from the total number of incidents in 2019, it included all three hijackings and 9 of 11 ships fired upon worldwide; while boarding and attempted boarding to steal valuables from ships and crews are the most common types of incidents, almost a third of all incidents involve a hijacking and/or kidnapping; in 2020, a record 130 crew members were kidnapped in 22 separate incidents in the Gulf of Guinea, representing 95% of kidnappings worldwide; approximately 51% of all incidents of piracy and armed robbery are taking place off Nigeria, which is a decrease from the 71% in 2019 and an indication pirates are traveling further to target vessels; Nigerian pirates are well armed and very aggressive, operating as far as 200 nm offshore; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2021-002 - Gulf of Guinea-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Kidnapping for Ransom) effective 9 January 2021, which states in part, \"Piracy, armed robbery, and kidnapping for ransom continue to serve as significant threats to US-flagged vessels transiting or operating in the Gulf of Guinea.”

" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the Nigerian Armed Forces are used primarily for internal security operations; in the northeast, the military is conducting counterinsurgency/counter-terrorist operations against the Boko Haram (BH) and Islamic State in West Africa (ISWA) terrorist groups, where it has deployed as many as 70,000 troops at times and jihadist-related violence has killed an estimated 35,000 people, mostly civilians, since 2009 (as of Dec 2020); in the northwest, it faces threats from criminal gangs, bandits, and militants associated with ongoing farmer-herder violence, as well as BH and ISWA terrorists; the military also focuses on the Niger Delta region to protect the oil industry against militants and criminal activity, although the levels of violence there have decreased in recent years (2020)" + "text": "the Nigerian Armed Forces are used primarily for internal security operations; in the northeast, the military is conducting counterinsurgency/counter-terrorist operations against the Boko Haram (BH) and Islamic State in West Africa (ISWA) terrorist groups, where it has deployed as many as 70,000 troops at times and jihadist-related violence has killed an estimated 35,000 people, mostly civilians, since 2009 (as of Dec 2020); in the northwest, it faces threats from criminal gangs, bandits, and militants associated with ongoing farmer-herder violence, as well as BH and ISWA terrorists; the military also focuses on the Niger Delta region to protect the oil industry against militants and criminal activity, although the levels of violence there have decreased in recent years" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Boko Haram; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – West Africa; Jama’atu Ansarul Muslimina Fi Biladis-Sudan (Ansaru) (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Boko Haram; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – West Africa; Jama’atu Ansarul Muslimina Fi Biladis-Sudan (Ansaru) (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1107,10 +1215,10 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "61,774 (Cameroon) (2020)" + "text": "66,038 (Cameroon) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { - "text": "2,896,548 (northeast Nigeria; Boko Haram attacks and counterinsurgency efforts in northern Nigeria; communal violence between Christians and Muslims in the middle belt region, political violence; flooding; forced evictions; cattle rustling; competition for resources) (2020)" + "text": "2,878,931 (northeast Nigeria; Boko Haram attacks and counterinsurgency efforts in northern Nigeria; communal violence between Christians and Muslims in the middle belt region, political violence; flooding; forced evictions; cattle rustling; competition for resources) (2021)" } }, "Illicit drugs": { diff --git a/africa/od.json b/africa/od.json index a1ed2f8c..10dc7248 100644 --- a/africa/od.json +++ b/africa/od.json @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ "border countries": { "text": "Central African Republic 1055 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 714 km, Ethiopia 1299 km, Kenya 317 km, Sudan 2158 km, Uganda 475 km" }, - "note": "

note: South Sudan-Sudan boundary represents 1 January 1956 alignment; final alignment pending negotiations and demarcation; final sovereignty status of Abyei Area pending negotiations between South Sudan and Sudan

" + "note": "note: South Sudan-Sudan boundary represents 1 January 1956 alignment; final alignment pending negotiations and demarcation; final sovereignty status of Abyei Area pending negotiations between South Sudan and Sudan" }, "Coastline": { "text": "0 km (landlocked)" @@ -50,11 +50,11 @@ "text": "plains in the north and center rise to southern highlands along the border with Uganda and Kenya; the White Nile, flowing north out of the uplands of Central Africa, is the major geographic feature of the country; The Sudd (a name derived from floating vegetation that hinders navigation) is a large swampy area of more than 100,000 sq km fed by the waters of the White Nile that dominates the center of the country" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "White Nile 381 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Kinyeti 3,187 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "White Nile 381 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -83,9 +83,6 @@ "Population distribution": { "text": "clusters found in urban areas, particularly in the western interior and around the White Nile as shown in this population distribution map" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water; wildlife conservation and loss of biodiversity; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; periodic drought" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; The Sudd is a vast swamp in the north central region of South Sudan, formed by the White Nile, its size is variable but can reach some 15% of the country's total area during the rainy season; it is one of the world's largest wetlands" } @@ -173,10 +170,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "20.2% of total population (2020)" + "text": "20.5% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.1% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "4.12% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -311,9 +308,6 @@ "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "6.6% (2014)" }, - "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "27.7% (2010)" - }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "1.5% of GDP (2016)" }, @@ -343,6 +337,107 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water; wildlife conservation and loss of biodiversity; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; periodic drought" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "41.12 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "1.73 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "7.61 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "193 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "225 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "240 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "49.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "hot with seasonal rainfall influenced by the annual shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone; rainfall heaviest in upland areas of the south and diminishes to the north" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "45% (2018)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 4.4% (2018)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 40.7% (2018)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "11.3% (2018)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "43.5% (2018)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "2.65% of GDP (2015 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "20.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.12% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria, dengue fever, Trypanosomiasis-Gambiense (African sleeping sickness)" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + }, + "respiratory diseases": { + "text": "meningococcal meningitis" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "widespread lack of access": { + "text": "due to economic downturn, civil insecurity, floods, lingering impact of prolonged conflict - despite sustained humanitarian assistance, food insecurity still affects large segments of the population, driven by insufficient food supplies, an economic downturn, high food prices, widespread floods, and the negative impact of restrictive measures related to the COVID‑19 pandemic; about 5.82 million people (48% of the total population) were estimated to be severely food insecure in the December 2020‑March 2021 period; since early 2021, the seasonal deterioration of the food security situation has been compounded by the severe livelihood losses in the central and eastern areas affected by floods in mid‑ and late- 2020, the lingering impact of the prolonged conflict, the COVID‑19 pandemic, and the ongoing economic crisis; particular concern exists for Jonglei State and the neighboring Pibor Administrative Area, where 78% of the population is estimated to be severely food insecure and 11,000 individuals are facing “Catastrophe” levels, after two consecutive years of widespread flooding resulting in severe livelihood losses (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "2,680,681 tons (2013 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -368,7 +463,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name derives from Djouba, another name for the Bari people of South Sudan" + "note": "etymology: the name derives from Djouba, another name for the Bari people of South Sudan" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "10 states; Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria, Jonglei, Lakes, Northern Bahr el Ghazal, Unity, Upper Nile, Warrap, Western Bahr el Ghazal, Western Equatoria; note - in 2015, the creation of 28 new states was announced and in 2017 four additional; following the February 2020 peace agreement, the country was reportedly again reorganized into the 10 original states, plus 2 administrative areas, Pibor and Ruweng, and 1 special administrative status area, Abyei; this latest administrative revision has not yet been vetted by the US Board on Geographic Names" @@ -384,7 +479,7 @@ "text": "previous 2005 (preindependence); latest signed 7 July 2011, effective 9 July 2011 (Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011)" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the National Legislature or by the president of the republic; passage requires submission of the proposal to the Legislature at least one month prior to consideration, approval by at least two-thirds majority vote in both houses of the Legislature, and assent of the president; amended 2013, 2015, 2018" + "text": "proposed by the National Legislature or by the president of the republic; passage requires submission of the proposal to the Legislature at least one month prior to consideration, approval by at least two-thirds majority vote in both houses of the Legislature, and assent of the president; amended 2013, 2015, 2018 (2021)" } }, "Citizenship": { @@ -475,8 +570,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side contains a gold, five-pointed star; black represents the people of South Sudan, red the blood shed in the struggle for freedom, green the verdant land, and blue the waters of the Nile; the gold star represents the unity of the states making up South Sudan", - "note": "

note: resembles the flag of Kenya; one of only two national flags to display six colors as part of its primary design, the other is South Africa's

" + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side contains a gold, five-pointed star; black represents the people of South Sudan, red the blood shed in the struggle for freedom, green the verdant land, and blue the waters of the Nile; the gold star represents the unity of the states making up South Sudan

note: resembles the flag of Kenya; one of only two national flags to display six colors as part of its primary design, the other is South Africa's", + "note": "note: resembles the flag of Kenya; one of only two national flags to display six colors as part of its primary design, the other is South Africa's" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "African fish eagle; national colors: red, green, blue, yellow, black, white" @@ -488,7 +583,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "collective of 49 poets/Juba University students and teachers" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 2011; anthem selected in a national contest

" + "note": "note: adopted 2011; anthem selected in a national contest" } }, "Economy": { @@ -524,7 +619,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015": { "text": "$24.52 billion (2015 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$3.06 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -539,7 +634,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2015": { "text": "$2,100 (2015 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -570,15 +665,24 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "34.6 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "71 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "26.2 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "59 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { "text": "milk, sorghum, vegetables, cassava, goat milk, fruit, beef, sesame seed, sheep milk, mutton" }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "66% (2015 est.)" + "text": "76.4% (2016 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2010": { @@ -620,11 +724,23 @@ "text": "$1.13 billion (2016 est.)" } }, + "Exports - partners": { + "text": "China 88%, United Arab Emirates 5% (2019)" + }, + "Exports - commodities": { + "text": "crude petroleum, gold, forage crops, lumber, insect resins (2019)" + }, "Imports": { "Imports 2016": { "text": "$3.795 billion (2016 est.)" } }, + "Imports - partners": { + "text": "United Arab Emirates 37%, Kenya 18%, China 18% (2019)" + }, + "Imports - commodities": { + "text": "Cars, delivery trucks, packaged medicines, foodstuffs, clothing and apparel (2019)" + }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": { "text": "$73 million (31 December 2016 est.)" @@ -728,9 +844,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "63.71 billion cu m (1 January 2016 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "1.224 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -760,7 +873,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 211 (2017)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "

a single TV channel and a radio station are controlled by the government; several community and commercial FM stations are operational, mostly sponsored by outside aid donors; some foreign radio broadcasts are available

(2019)" @@ -798,7 +911,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "Z8 (2016)" + "text": "Z8" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -843,7 +956,7 @@ "total": { "text": "248 km (2018)" }, - "note": "

note: a narrow gauge, single-track railroad between Babonosa (Sudan) and Wau, the only existing rail system, was repaired in 2010 with $250 million in UN funds, but is not currently operational

" + "note": "note: a narrow gauge, single-track railroad between Babonosa (Sudan) and Wau, the only existing rail system, was repaired in 2010 with $250 million in UN funds, but is not currently operational" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -855,7 +968,7 @@ "unpaved": { "text": "89,900 km (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: most of the road network is unpaved and much of it is in disrepair

" + "note": "note: most of the road network is unpaved and much of it is in disrepair" }, "Waterways": { "text": "see entry for Sudan" @@ -863,36 +976,36 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "South Sudan People’s Defence Force (SSPDF): Ground Force, Air Force, Air Defense Forces, Presidential Guard (2019)" + "text": "South Sudan People’s Defence Force (SSPDF): Ground Force, Air Force, Air Defense Forces, Presidential Guard (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "3.5% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "3.5% of GDP (2019 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "3.7% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "3.7% of GDP (2018 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "2.4% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "2.8% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "4.6% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "4.6% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "10% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "10.6% of GDP (2015 est.)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the South Sudan People’s Defense Force (SSPDF) has an estimated 190,000 active personnel, including ground, air, and riverine forces (2019)" + "text": "the South Sudan People’s Defense Force (SSPDF) has an estimated 200,000 active personnel, including ground, air, and riverine forces (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the SSPDF inventory is primarily of Soviet origin; from 2010 to 2015, Russia and the United Arab Emirates were the leading suppliers of arms and equipment; South Sudan has been under a UN arms embargo since 2018 (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory and voluntary military service; the Government of South Sudan signed agreements in March 2012 and August 2015 that included the demobilization of all child soldiers within the armed forces and opposition, but the recruitment of child soldiers by the warring parties continues; as of the end of 2018, UNICEF estimated that more than 19,000 child soldiers had been used in the country's civil war since it began in December 2013 (2018)" + "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory and voluntary military service; the Government of South Sudan signed agreements in March 2012 and August 2015 that included the demobilization of all child soldiers within the armed forces and opposition, but the recruitment of child soldiers by the warring parties continues; as of July 2019, UNICEF estimated that more than 19,000 child soldiers had been used in the country's civil war since it began in December 2013 (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the South Sudan People’s Defense Force (SSPDF), formerly the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA), was founded as a guerrilla movement against the Sudanese Government in 1983 and participated in the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983-2005); the Juba Declaration that followed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005 unified the SPLA and the South Sudan Defense Forces (SSDF), the second-largest rebel militia remaining from the civil war, under the SPLA name; in 2017, the SPLA was renamed the South Sudan Defense Forces (SSDF) and in September 2018 was renamed again as the SSPDF

under the September 2018 peace agreement, all armed groups in South Sudan were to assemble at designated sites where fighters could be either disarmed and demobilized, or integrated into unified military and police forces; the unified forces were then to be retrained and deployed prior to the formation of a national unity government; all fighters were ordered to these sites in July 2019; some progress toward merging the various armed forces into a national army has been made; for example, in May 2020, South Sudan announced that it was graduating some unified forces at various training centers across the country, and in June the SSPDF incorporated some senior officers from the main opposition force, the Sudan People's Liberation Movement Army - in Opposition (SPLM/A-IO) into its rank structure; nevertheless, progress has been slow, and as of December 2020 armed clashes continued to occur between government forces and armed militant groups in Eastern Equatorial, Western Equatorial, Central Equatorial, Lakes, Jonglei, and Warrap states

the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) has operated in the country since 2011 with the objectives of consolidating peace and security and helping establish conditions for the successful economic and political development of South Sudan; UNMISS had more than 19,000 personnel, including about 14,200 troops, deployed in the country as of December 2020

United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has operated in the disputed Abyei region along the border between Sudan and South Sudan since 2011; UNISFA's mission includes ensuring security, protecting civilians, strengthening the capacity of the Abyei Police Service, de-mining, monitoring/verifying the redeployment of armed forces from the area, and facilitating the flow of humanitarian aid; UNISFA had about 3,700 military personnel deployed as of December 2020" + "text": "the South Sudan People’s Defense Force (SSPDF), formerly the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA), was founded as a guerrilla movement against the Sudanese Government in 1983 and participated in the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983-2005); the Juba Declaration that followed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005 unified the SPLA and the South Sudan Defense Forces (SSDF), the second-largest rebel militia remaining from the civil war, under the SPLA name; in 2017, the SPLA was renamed the South Sudan Defense Forces (SSDF) and in September 2018 was renamed again as the SSPDF

under the September 2018 peace agreement, all armed groups in South Sudan were to assemble at designated sites where fighters could be either disarmed and demobilized, or integrated into unified military and police forces; the unified forces were then to be retrained and deployed prior to the formation of a national unity government; all fighters were ordered to these sites in July 2019; some progress toward merging the various armed forces into a national army has been made; for example, in May 2020, South Sudan announced that it was graduating some unified forces at various training centers across the country, and in June the SSPDF incorporated some senior officers from the main opposition force, the Sudan People's Liberation Movement Army - in Opposition (SPLM/A-IO) into its rank structure; nevertheless, progress has been slow, and as of December 2020 armed clashes continued to occur between government forces and armed militant groups in Eastern Equatorial, Western Equatorial, Central Equatorial, Lakes, Jonglei, and Warrap states

the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) has operated in the country since 2011 with the objectives of consolidating peace and security and helping establish conditions for the successful economic and political development of South Sudan; UNMISS had more than 19,000 personnel, including about 14,000 troops, deployed in the country as of December 2020

United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has operated in the disputed Abyei region along the border between Sudan and South Sudan since 2011; UNISFA's mission includes ensuring security, protecting civilians, strengthening the capacity of the Abyei Police Service, de-mining, monitoring/verifying the redeployment of armed forces from the area, and facilitating the flow of humanitarian aid; as of January 2021, UNISFA had some 3,700 personnel deployed, including about 3,200 military troops; UNISFA's mandate has been extended to May 2021" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -901,10 +1014,10 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "729,530 (Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2020); 19,556 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)" + "text": "292,780 (Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 16,802 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { - "text": "1.66 million (alleged coup attempt and ethnic conflict beginning in December 2013; information is lacking on those displaced in earlier years by: fighting in Abyei between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) in May 2011; clashes between the SPLA and dissident militia groups in South Sudan; inter-ethnic conflicts over resources and cattle; attacks from the Lord's Resistance Army; floods and drought) (2020)" + "text": "1,615,000 (alleged coup attempt and ethnic conflict beginning in December 2013; information is lacking on those displaced in earlier years by: fighting in Abyei between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) in May 2011; clashes between the SPLA and dissident militia groups in South Sudan; inter-ethnic conflicts over resources and cattle; attacks from the Lord's Resistance Army; floods and drought) (2020)" } }, "Trafficking in persons": { diff --git a/africa/pu.json b/africa/pu.json index 3fbb1893..ff9c7f55 100644 --- a/africa/pu.json +++ b/africa/pu.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "Since independence from Portugal in 1974, Guinea-Bissau has experienced considerable political and military upheaval. In 1980, a military coup established authoritarian General Joao Bernardo 'Nino' VIEIRA as president. Despite eventually setting a path to a market economy and multiparty system, VIEIRA's regime was characterized by the suppression of political opposition and the purging of political rivals. Several coup attempts through the 1980s and early 1990s failed to unseat him. In 1994 VIEIRA was elected president in the country's first free, multiparty election. A military mutiny and resulting civil war in 1998 eventually led to VIEIRA's ouster in May 1999. In February 2000, a transitional government turned over power to opposition leader Kumba YALA after he was elected president in transparent polling. In September 2003, after only three years in office, YALA was overthrown in a bloodless military coup, and businessman Henrique ROSA was sworn in as interim president. In 2005, former President VIEIRA was reelected, pledging to pursue economic development and national reconciliation; he was assassinated in March 2009. Malam Bacai SANHA was elected in an emergency election held in June 2009, but he passed away in January 2012 from a long-term illness. A military coup in April 2012 prevented Guinea-Bissau's second-round presidential election - to determine SANHA's successor - from taking place. Following mediation by the Economic Community of Western African States, a civilian transitional government assumed power in 2012 and remained until Jose Mario VAZ won a free and fair election in 2014. Beginning in 2015, a political dispute between factions in the ruling PAIGC party brought government gridlock. It was not until April 2018 that a consensus prime minister could be appointed, the national legislature reopened (having been closed for two years), and a new government formed under Prime Minister Aristides GOMES. In March 2019, the government held legislative elections, voting in the PAIGC as the ruling party; however, President VAZ continues to perpetuate a political stalemate by refusing to name PAICG President Domingos SIMOES PEREIRA Prime Minister." + "text": "

For much of its history, Guinea-Bissau was under the control of the Mali Empire and the Kaabu kingdom. In the 16th century, Portugal began establishing trading posts along Guinea-Bissau’s shoreline. Initially, the Portuguese were restricted to the coastline and islands. However, the slave and gold trade was lucrative to local African leaders, and the Portuguese were slowly able expand their power and influence inland. Starting in the 18th century, the Mali Empire and Kingdom of Kaabu slowly disintegrated into smaller local entities. By the 19th century, Portugal had fully incorporated Guinea-Bissau into its empire.

Since gaining independence in 1974, Guinea-Bissau has experienced considerable political and military upheaval. In 1980, a military coup established General Joao Bernardo 'Nino' VIEIRA as president. VIEIRA's regime suppressed political opposition and purged political rivals.  Several coup attempts through the 1980s and early 1990s failed to unseat him. In May 1999, a military mutiny and civil war led to VIEIRA's ouster. In February 2000, a transitional government turned over power to opposition leader Kumba YALA. In September 2003, a bloodless military coup overthrew YALA and installed businessman Henrique ROSA as interim president. In 2005, former President VIEIRA was reelected pledging to pursue economic development and national reconciliation; he was assassinated in March 2009. In June 2009, Malam Bacai SANHA was elected, but he passed away in January 2012 from a long-term illness. In April 2012, a military coup prevented the second-round of the presidential election from taking place. Following mediation from the Economic Community of Western African States (ECOWAS), a civilian transitional government assumed power. In 2014, Jose Mario VAZ won a free and fair election. In June 2019, VAZ became the first president in Guinea-Bissau’s history to complete a full presidential term. After winning the 2019 presidential elections, Umaro SISSOCO EMBALO was sworn in as president.

" } }, "Geography": { @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ "text": "mostly low-lying coastal plain with a deeply indented estuarine coastline rising to savanna in east; numerous off-shore islands including the Arquipelago Dos Bijagos consisting of 18 main islands and many small islets" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "70 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "unnamed elevation in the eastern part of the country 300 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "unnamed elevation in the eastern part of the country 300 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "70 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,17 +96,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season; brush fires" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation (rampant felling of trees for timber and agricultural purposes); soil erosion; overgrazing; overfishing" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "this small country is swampy along its western coast and low-lying inland" } @@ -127,7 +116,7 @@ "text": "Fulani 28.5%, Balanta 22.5%, Mandinga 14.7%, Papel 9.1%, Manjaco 8.3%, Beafada 3.5%, Mancanha 3.1%, Bijago 2.1%, Felupe 1.7%, Mansoanca 1.4%, Balanta Mane 1%, other 1.8%, none 2.2% (2008 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Crioulo (lingua franca), Portuguese (official; largely used as a second or third language), Pular (a Fula language), Mandingo" + "text": "Portuguese-based Creole, Portuguese (official; largely used as a second or third language), Pular (a Fula language), Mandingo" }, "Religions": { "text": "Muslim 45.1%, Christian 22.1%, animist 14.9%, none 2%, unspecified 15.9% (2008 est.)" @@ -194,10 +183,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "44.2% of total population (2020)" + "text": "44.6% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.41% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "3.22% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -336,7 +325,7 @@ "text": "9.5% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "17% (2014)" + "text": "18.8% (2019)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "2.1% of GDP (2013)" @@ -356,6 +345,107 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation (rampant felling of trees for timber and agricultural purposes); soil erosion; overgrazing; overfishing" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "27.12 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.29 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "1.46 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "34.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "11.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "144 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "31.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "44.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 8.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 6.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 29.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "55.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "9.24% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "44.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.22% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "289,514 tons (2015 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -390,7 +480,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the meaning of Bissau is uncertain, it might be an alternative name for the Papel people who live in the area of the city of Bissau" + "note": "etymology: the meaning of Bissau is uncertain, it might be an alternative name for the Papel people who live in the area of the city of Bissau" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "9 regions (regioes, singular - regiao); Bafata, Biombo, Bissau, Bolama/Bijagos, Cacheu, Gabu, Oio, Quinara, Tombali" @@ -403,7 +493,7 @@ }, "Constitution": { "history": { - "text": "promulgated 16 May 1984; note - constitution suspended following military coup in April 2012 and restored in 2014" + "text": "promulgated 16 May 1984; note - constitution suspended following military coup April 2012, restored 2014; note - in May 2020, President EMBALO established a commission to draft a revised constitution" }, "amendments": { "text": "proposed by the National People’s Assembly if supported by at least one third of its members, by the Council of State (a presidential consultant body), or by the government; passage requires approval by at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; constitutional articles on the republican and secular form of government and national sovereignty cannot be amended; amended 1991, 1993, 1996" @@ -488,8 +578,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red band on the hoist side; there is a black five-pointed star centered in the red band; yellow symbolizes the sun; green denotes hope; red represents blood shed during the struggle for independence; the black star stands for African unity", - "note": "

note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the flag design was heavily influenced by the Ghanaian flag

" + "text": "two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red band on the hoist side; there is a black five-pointed star centered in the red band; yellow symbolizes the sun; green denotes hope; red represents blood shed during the struggle for independence; the black star stands for African unity

note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the flag design was heavily influenced by the Ghanaian flag", + "note": "note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the flag design was heavily influenced by the Ghanaian flag" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "black star; national colors: red, yellow, green, black" @@ -501,7 +591,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Amilcar Lopes CABRAL/XIAO He" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1974; a delegation from then Portuguese Guinea visited China in 1963 and heard music by XIAO He; Amilcar Lopes CABRAL, the leader of Guinea-Bissau's independence movement, asked the composer to create a piece that would inspire his people to struggle for independence

" + "note": "note: adopted 1974; a delegation from then Portuguese Guinea visited China in 1963 and heard music by XIAO He; Amilcar Lopes CABRAL, the leader of Guinea-Bissau's independence movement, asked the composer to create a piece that would inspire his people to struggle for independence" } }, "Economy": { @@ -540,7 +630,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$3.519 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$1.339 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -555,7 +645,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$1,925 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -600,8 +690,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "43.2 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "75.5 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "59.6 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "38.6 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -685,10 +784,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "India 67.1%, Vietnam 21.1% (2017)" + "text": "India 50%, Belgium 28%, Cote d'Ivoire 8% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "fish, shrimp; cashews, peanuts, palm kernels, raw and sawn lumber" + "text": "cashews, gold, fish, lumber, aluminum ores (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { @@ -699,10 +798,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Portugal 47.8%, Senegal 12.1%, China 10.4%, Netherlands 8.1%, Pakistan 5.4% (2017)" + "text": "Portugal 31%, Senegal 20%, China 10%, Netherlands 7%, Pakistan 7% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, petroleum products" + "text": "refined petroleum, rice, wheat products, soups/broths, malt extract (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -818,9 +917,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "397,900 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -850,7 +946,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 245; ACE submarine cable connecting Guinea-Bissau with 20 landing points in Western and South Africa and Europe (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "1 state-owned TV station, Televisao da Guine-Bissau (TGB) and a second station, Radio e Televisao de Portugal (RTP) Africa, is operated by Portuguese public broadcaster (RTP); 1 state-owned radio station, several private radio stations, and some community radio stations; multiple international broadcasters are available (2019)" @@ -877,7 +973,7 @@ }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "J5 (2016)" + "text": "J5" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -939,7 +1035,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "People's Revolutionary Armed Force (FARP): Army, Navy, National Air Force (Forca Aerea Nacional); Guard Nacional (Ministry of Internal Administration) (2020)" + "text": "People's Revolutionary Armed Force (FARP): Army, Navy, Air Force; Guard Nacional (a gendarmerie force under the Ministry of Internal Administration) (2020)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2017": { @@ -959,13 +1055,13 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the People's Revolutionary Armed Force (FARP) has approximately 4,400 active troops (4,000 Army; 300 Navy; 100 Air Force) (2019)" + "text": "the People's Revolutionary Armed Force (FARP) has approximately 4,500 total active troops, including about 300 Navy and 100 Air Force (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of the FARP consists of Soviet-era equipment; the only reported deliveries of military equipment to Guinea Bissau since 2015 were patrol boats from Spain in 2017 and non-lethal equipment from China in 2015 (2019 est.)" + "text": "the FARP is poorly armed with an inventory consisting of Soviet-era equipment, much of which is reportedly unserviceable; the only reported deliveries of military equipment to  since 2015 were patrol boats from Spain in 2017 and non-lethal equipment from China in 2015; Guinea-Bissau has also discussed acquiring military equipment with Indonesia (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-25 years of age for selective compulsory military service (Air Force service is voluntary); 16 years of age or younger, with parental consent, for voluntary service (2013)" + "text": "18-25 years of age for selective compulsory military service (Air Force service is voluntary); 16 years of age or younger, with parental consent, for voluntary service (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -974,7 +1070,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "7,696 (Senegal) (2020)" + "text": "7,803 (Senegal) (2021)" } }, "Trafficking in persons": { diff --git a/africa/rw.json b/africa/rw.json index 95506c27..e08b66b3 100644 --- a/africa/rw.json +++ b/africa/rw.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "mostly grassy uplands and hills; relief is mountainous with altitude declining from west to east" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,598 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Volcan Karisimbi 4,519 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Rusizi River 950 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Volcan Karisimbi 4,519 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,598 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,25 +91,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga Mountains are in the northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo

volcanism: Visoke (3,711 m), located on the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is the country's only historically active volcano

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel; overgrazing; land degradation; soil erosion; a decline in soil fertility (soil exhaustion); wetland degradation and loss of biodiversity; widespread poaching" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Law of the Sea" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; most of the country is intensively cultivated and rugged with the population predominantly rural" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "12,943,132 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "12,943,132 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -190,10 +179,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "17.4% of total population (2020)" + "text": "17.6% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.86% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "3.07% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -223,8 +212,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "23 years (2014/15 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "23 years (2014/15 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "248 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -330,7 +319,7 @@ "text": "5.8% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "9.6% (2015)" + "text": "7.7% (2019/20)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "3.1% of GDP (2018)" @@ -362,13 +351,111 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "20.6%" + "text": "20.5%" }, "male": { "text": "18.8%" }, "female": { - "text": "22.6% (2018 est.)" + "text": "22.4% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel; overgrazing; land degradation; soil erosion; a decline in soil fertility (soil exhaustion); wetland degradation and loss of biodiversity; widespread poaching" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Law of the Sea" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "40.75 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "1.11 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "2.92 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "61.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "20.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "102 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "13.3 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "74.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 47% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 10.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 17.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "18% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "7.5% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "3.75% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "17.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.07% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria and dengue fever" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "4,384,969 tons (2016 est.)" } } }, @@ -406,7 +493,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the city takes its name from nearby Mount Kigali; the name \"Kigali\" is composed of the Bantu prefix \"ki\" and the Rwandan \"gali\" meaning \"broad\" and likely refers to the broad, sprawling hill that has been dignified with the title of \"mount\"" + "note": "etymology: the city takes its name from nearby Mount Kigali; the name \"Kigali\" is composed of the Bantu prefix \"ki\" and the Rwandan \"gali\" meaning \"broad\" and likely refers to the broad, sprawling hill that has been dignified with the title of \"mount\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "4 provinces (in French - provinces, singular - province; in Kinyarwanda - intara for singular and plural) and 1 city* (in French - ville; in Kinyarwanda - umujyi); Est (Eastern), Kigali*, Nord (Northern), Ouest (Western), Sud (Southern)" @@ -422,7 +509,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest adopted by referendum 26 May 2003, effective 4 June 2003" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the president of the republic (with Council of Ministers approval) or by two-thirds majority vote of both houses of Parliament; passage requires at least three-quarters majority vote in both houses; changes to constitutional articles on national sovereignty, the presidential term, the form and system of government, and political pluralism also require approval in a referendum; amended 2008, 2010, 2015" + "text": "proposed by the president of the republic (with Council of Ministers approval) or by two-thirds majority vote of both houses of Parliament; passage requires at least three-quarters majority vote in both houses; changes to constitutional articles on national sovereignty, the presidential term, the form and system of government, and political pluralism also require approval in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2015" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -486,7 +573,7 @@ "subordinate courts": { "text": "High Court of the Republic; commercial courts including the High Commercial Court; intermediate courts; primary courts; and military specialized courts
" }, - "note": "

 

" + "note": " " }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "Democratic Green Party of Rwanda or DGPR [Frank HABINEZA]
Liberal Party or PL [Donatille MUKABALISA]
Party for Progress and Concord or PPC [Dr. Alivera MUKABARAMBA]
Party Imberakuri or PS-Imberakuri [Christine MUKABUNANI]
Rwandan Patriotic Front or RPF [Paul KAGAME]
Rwandan Patriotic Front Coalition (includes RPF, PPC) [Paul KAGAME]
Social Democratic Party or PSD [Vincent BIRUTA]" @@ -538,7 +625,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Faustin MURIGO/Jean-Bosco HASHAKAIMANA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 2001

" + "note": "note: adopted 2001" } }, "Economy": { @@ -588,7 +675,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$23.665 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$9.136 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -603,7 +690,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$1,975 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -648,8 +735,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "76.5 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "93.2 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "75 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "69.1 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -681,7 +777,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "39.1% (2015 est.)" + "text": "38.2% (2016 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": { @@ -741,10 +837,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "UAE 38.3%, Kenya 15.1%, Switzerland 9.9%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 9.5%, US 4.9%, Singapore 4.5% (2017)" + "text": "United Arab Emirates 35%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 28%, Uganda 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "coffee, tea, hides, tin ore" + "text": "gold, refined petroleum, coffee, tea, tin (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -755,10 +851,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 20.4%, Uganda 11%, India 7.2%, Kenya 7.1%, Tanzania 5.3%, UAE 5.1% (2017)" + "text": "China 17%, Kenya 10%, Tanzania 9%, United Arab Emirates 9%, India 7%, Saudi Arabia 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material" + "text": "refined petroleum, gold, raw sugar, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -874,9 +970,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "56.63 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "985,600 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -906,7 +999,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 250; international connections employ microwave radio relay to neighboring countries and satellite communications to more distant countries; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) in Kigali (includes telex and telefax service); international submarine fiber-optic cables on the African east coast has brought international bandwidth and lessened the dependency on satellites" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "13 TV stations; 35 radio stations registered, including international broadcasters, government owns most popular TV and radio stations; regional satellite-based TV services available" @@ -944,7 +1037,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "9XR (2016)" + "text": "9XR" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -998,7 +1091,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Rwanda Defense Force (RDF): Rwanda Army (Rwanda Land Force), Rwanda Air Force (Force Aerienne Rwandaise, FAR), Rwanda Reserve Force (2020)" + "text": "Rwanda Defense Force (RDF): Rwanda Army (Rwanda Land Force), Rwanda Air Force (Force Aerienne Rwandaise, FAR), Rwanda Reserve Force (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1008,26 +1101,26 @@ "text": "1.2% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "1.3% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "1.2% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "1.3% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "1.2% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "1.3% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "1.2% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Rwanda Defense Force (RDF) has approximately 32,500 active personnel (32,000 Army; 500 Air Force) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Rwanda Defense Force (RDF) has approximately 32,500 active personnel (32,000 Army; 500 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the RDF's inventory includes mostly Soviet-era and older Western - mostly French and South African - equipment; Russia is the largest supplier of equipment to the RDF since 2010 (2019 est.)" + "text": "the RDF's inventory includes mostly Soviet-era and older Western - mostly French and South African - equipment; Rwanda has received a limited supply of imports since 2010 from a variety of countries, including Israel, Russia, and Turkey (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "1,370 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,090 Sudan (UNAMID); 2,750 South Sudan (UNMISS) (2020)" + "text": "1,370 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,125 Sudan (UNAMID); 2,750 South Sudan (UNMISS) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; Rwandan citizenship is required, as is a 9th-grade education for enlisted recruits and an A-level certificate for officer candidates; enlistment is either as contract (5-years, renewable twice) or career; retirement (for officers and senior NCOs) after 20 years of service or at 40-60 years of age (2013)" + "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; Rwandan citizenship is required; enlistment is either as contract (5-years, renewable twice) or career (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1036,7 +1129,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "74,613 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 62,334 (Burundi) (2021)" + "text": "74,751 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 50,602 (Burundi) (2021)" } } } diff --git a/africa/se.json b/africa/se.json index 335ffb96..ba2d21f5 100644 --- a/africa/se.json +++ b/africa/se.json @@ -57,11 +57,11 @@ "text": "Mahe Group is volcanic with a narrow coastal strip and rocky, hilly interior; others are coral, flat, elevated reefs" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Morne Seychellois 905 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,17 +96,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; occasional short droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water supply depends on catchments to collect rainwater; water pollution; biodiversity maintainance" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the smallest African country in terms of both area and population; the constitution of the Republic of Seychelles lists 155 islands: 42 granitic and 113 coralline; by far the largest island is Mahe, which is home to about 90% of the population and the site of the capital city of Victoria" } @@ -194,10 +183,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "57.5% of total population (2020)" + "text": "58% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.26% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -321,13 +310,97 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "11.6%" + "text": "9.7%" }, "male": { - "text": "12.6%" + "text": "10.3%" }, "female": { - "text": "10.4% (2018 est.)" + "text": "9% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water supply depends on catchments to collect rainwater; water pollution; biodiversity maintainance" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "18.72 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.61 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.1 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "3.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "900,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "6.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 2.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 4.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "88.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "5% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.09% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "58% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "48,000 tons (2012 est.)" } } }, @@ -362,7 +435,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: founded as L'etablissement in 1778 by French colonists, the town was renamed in 1841 by the British after Queen Victoria (1819-1901); \"victoria\" is the Latin word for \"victory\"" + "note": "etymology: founded as L'etablissement in 1778 by French colonists, the town was renamed in 1841 by the British after Queen Victoria (1819-1901); \"victoria\" is the Latin word for \"victory\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "27 administrative districts; Anse aux Pins, Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, Anse Royale, Au Cap, Baie Lazare, Baie Sainte Anne, Beau Vallon, Bel Air, Bel Ombre, Cascade, Glacis, Grand Anse Mahe, Grand Anse Praslin, Ile Perseverance I, Ile Perseverance II, La Digue, La Riviere Anglaise, Les Mamelles, Mont Buxton, Mont Fleuri, Plaisance, Pointe Larue, Port Glaud, Roche Caiman, Saint Louis, Takamaka" @@ -378,7 +451,7 @@ "text": "previous 1970, 1979; latest drafted May 1993, approved by referendum 18 June 1993, effective 23 June 1993" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the National Assembly; passage of amendments affecting the country’s sovereignty, symbols and languages, the supremacy of the constitution, fundamental rights and freedoms, amendment procedures, and dissolution of the Assembly also requires approval by at least 60% of voters in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2017" + "text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the National Assembly; passage of amendments affecting the country’s sovereignty, symbols and languages, the supremacy of the constitution, fundamental rights and freedoms, amendment procedures, and dissolution of the Assembly also requires approval by at least 60% of voters in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2018" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -484,7 +557,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "David Francois Marc ANDRE and George Charles Robert PAYET" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1996

" + "note": "note: adopted 1996" } }, "Economy": { @@ -528,7 +601,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$2.611 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$1.748 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -543,7 +616,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$27,243 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -588,8 +661,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "61.7 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "78.8 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "71.8 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "51.2 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -624,7 +706,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "39.3% (2013 est.)" + "text": "25.3% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2013": { @@ -681,10 +763,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "UAE 28.5%, France 24%, UK 13.8%, Italy 8.9%, Germany 4.6% (2017)" + "text": "United Arab Emirates 17%, United Kingdom 13%, France 12%, British Virgin Islands 11%, Zambia 9%, Mauritius 5%, Japan 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "canned tuna, frozen fish, petroleum products (reexports)" + "text": "refined petroleum, fish, recreational boats, cigarettes, animal meal (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -695,10 +777,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "UAE 13.4%, France 9.4%, Spain 5.7%, South Africa 5% (2017)" + "text": "United Arab Emirates 21%, Qatar 13%, British Virgin Islands 7%, Germany 6%, France 6%, China 5%, Spain 5%, South Africa 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products, chemicals, other manufactured goods" + "text": "recreational boats, refined petroleum, fish, aircraft, cars (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -808,9 +890,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "1.15 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -840,7 +919,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 248; landing points for the PEACE and the SEAS submarine cables providing connectivity to Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia; direct radiotelephone communications with adjacent island countries and African coastal countries; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "

the national broadcaster, Seychelles Broadcasting Corporation (SBC), which is funded by taxpayer money, operates the only terrestrial TV station, which provides local programming and airs broadcasts from international services; a privately owned Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) channel also provides local programming multi-channel cable and satellite TV are available through 2 providers; the national broadcaster operates 1 AM and 1 FM radio station; there are 2 privately operated radio stations; transmissions of 2 international broadcasters are accessible in Victoria

(2019)" @@ -881,7 +960,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "S7 (2016)" + "text": "S7" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -943,7 +1022,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Seychelles People’s Defence Forces (SPDF): Army (includes infantry, Special Forces (Tazar), and Presidential Security Unit), Coast Guard, and Air Force (2019)" + "text": "Seychelles People’s Defence Forces (SPDF): Army (includes infantry, special forces, and a presidential security unit), Coast Guard, and Air Force (2020)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -953,23 +1032,23 @@ "text": "1.4% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "1.57% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "1.5% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "1.3% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "1.4% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { "text": "1.2% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Seychelles People’s Defence Forces (SPDF) is comprised of about 500 personnel (200 Land Forces; 200 Coast Guard; 100 Air Force) (2019)" + "text": "the Seychelles People’s Defence Forces (SPDF) have approximately 500 personnel (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the SPDF's inventory primarily consists of Soviet-era equipment delivered in the 1970s and 1980s; since 2010, China and India are the leading suppliers of more modern equipment (mostly donations of patrol boats and aircraft) (2021)" + "text": "the SPDF's inventory primarily consists of Soviet-era equipment delivered in the 1970s and 1980s; since 2010, the SPDF has received limited amounts of more modern equipment (mostly donations of patrol boats and aircraft) from several suppliers led by China and India (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-28 years of age for voluntary military service (18-25 for officers); 6-year initial commitment; no conscription (2019)" + "text": "18-28 years of age for voluntary military service (18-25 for officers); 6-year initial commitment; no conscription (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/africa/sf.json b/africa/sf.json index 4c228aba..02c5291c 100644 --- a/africa/sf.json +++ b/africa/sf.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "4,620 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes Prince Edward Islands (Marion Island and Prince Edward Island)

" + "note": "note: includes Prince Edward Islands (Marion Island and Prince Edward Island)" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly less than twice the size of Texas" @@ -61,14 +61,14 @@ "text": "vast interior plateau rimmed by rugged hills and narrow coastal plain" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,034 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Ntheledi (Mafadi) 3,450 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Ntheledi (Mafadi) 3,450 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,034 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -103,25 +103,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

prolonged droughts

volcanism: the volcano forming Marion Island in the Prince Edward Islands, which last erupted in 2004, is South Africa's only active volcano

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires extensive water conservation and control measures; growth in water usage outpacing supply; pollution of rivers from agricultural runoff and urban discharge; air pollution resulting in acid rain; deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; desertification; solid waste pollution; disruption of fragile ecosystem has resulted in significant floral extinctions" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "South Africa completely surrounds Lesotho and almost completely surrounds Eswatini" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "56,978,635 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "56,978,635 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -132,12 +121,12 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Black African 80.9%, Colored 8.8%, White 7.8%, Indian/Asian 2.5% (2018 est.)", - "note": "

note: colored is a term used in South Africa, including on the national census, for persons of mixed race ancestry who developed a distinct cultural identity over several hundred years

" + "text": "Black African 80.9%, Colored 8.8%, White 7.8%, Indian/Asian 2.5% (2018 est.)

note: colored is a term used in South Africa, including on the national census, for persons of mixed race ancestry who developed a distinct cultural identity over several hundred years", + "note": "note: colored is a term used in South Africa, including on the national census, for persons of mixed race ancestry who developed a distinct cultural identity over several hundred years" }, "Languages": { - "text": "isiZulu (official) 24.7%, isiXhosa (official) 15.6%, Afrikaans (official) 12.1%, Sepedi (official) 9.8%, Setswana (official) 8.9%, English (official) 8.4%, Sesotho (official) 8%, Xitsonga (official) 4%, siSwati (official) 2.6%, Tshivenda (official) 2.5%, isiNdebele (official) 1.6%, other (includes Khoi, Nama, and San languages) 1.9% (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent language spoken most often at home" + "text": "isiZulu (official) 24.7%, isiXhosa (official) 15.6%, Afrikaans (official) 12.1%, Sepedi (official) 9.8%, Setswana (official) 8.9%, English (official) 8.4%, Sesotho (official) 8%, Xitsonga (official) 4%, siSwati (official) 2.6%, Tshivenda (official) 2.5%, isiNdebele (official) 1.6%, other (includes Khoi, Nama, and San languages) 1.9% (2017 est.)

note: data represent language spoken most often at home", + "note": "note: data represent language spoken most often at home" }, "Religions": { "text": "Christian 86%, ancestral, tribal, animist, or other traditional African religions 5.4%, Muslim 1.9%, other 1.5%, nothing in particular 5.2% (2015 est.)" @@ -204,10 +193,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "67.4% of total population (2020)" + "text": "67.8% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.97% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.72% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -335,13 +324,13 @@ "water contact diseases": { "text": "schistosomiasis" }, - "note": "

note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout South Africa; as of 24 January 2021, South Africa has reported a total of 1,404,839 cases of COVID-19 or 2,368.7 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 68.4 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; on 24 May 2020, the Government of South Africa announced the lockdown alert level for South Africa will be lowered to level 3 with effect on 1 June 2020, except for some areas designated as “coronavirus hotspots”; per the lockdown, all airports in South Africa are closed to commercial traffic" + "note": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout South Africa; as of 25 April 2021, South Africa has reported a total of 1,574,370 cases of COVID-19 or 2,654.5 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 91.3 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, .5% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "28.3% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "5.9% (2016)" + "text": "5.5% (2017)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "6.5% of GDP (2019)" @@ -373,13 +362,110 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "53.4%" + "text": "57%" }, "male": { - "text": "49.2%" + "text": "53.2%" }, "female": { - "text": "58.8% (2018 est.)" + "text": "61.7% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires extensive water conservation and control measures; growth in water usage outpacing supply; pollution of rivers from agricultural runoff and urban discharge; air pollution resulting in acid rain; deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; desertification; solid waste pollution; disruption of fragile ecosystem has resulted in significant floral extinctions" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "23.58 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "476.64 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "55.89 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "3.89 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "4.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "11.39 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "51.35 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny days, cool nights" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "79.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 9.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 69.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "7.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "13% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "2.4% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "67.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.72% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "intermediate (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "note": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout South Africa; as of 25 April 2021, South Africa has reported a total of 1,574,370 cases of COVID-19 or 2,654.5 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 91.3 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, .5% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "18,457,232 tons (2011 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "5,168,025 tons (2011 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "28% (2011 est.)" } } }, @@ -414,7 +500,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: Pretoria is named in honor of Andries PRETORIUS, the father of voortrekker (pioneer) leader Marthinus PRETORIUS; Cape Town reflects its location on the Cape of Good Hope; Bloemfontein is a combination of the Dutch words \"bloem\" (flower) and \"fontein\" (fountain) meaning \"fountain of flowers\"" + "note": "etymology: Pretoria is named in honor of Andries PRETORIUS, the father of voortrekker (pioneer) leader Marthinus PRETORIUS; Cape Town reflects its location on the Cape of Good Hope; Bloemfontein is a combination of the Dutch words \"bloem\" (flower) and \"fontein\" (fountain) meaning \"fountain of flowers\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "9 provinces; Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape, North West, Western Cape" @@ -430,7 +516,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest drafted 8 May 1996, approved by the Constitutional Court 4 December 1996, effective 4 February 1997" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the National Assembly of Parliament; passage of amendments affecting constitutional sections on human rights and freedoms, non-racism and non-sexism, supremacy of the constitution, suffrage, the multi-party system of democratic government, and amendment procedures requires at least 75% majority vote of the Assembly, approval by at least six of the nine provinces represented in the National Council of Provinces, and assent of the president of the republic; passage of amendments affecting the Bill of Rights, and those related to provincial boundaries, powers, and authorities requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, approval by at least six of the nine provinces represented in the National Council, and assent of the president; amended many times, last in 2013" + "text": "proposed by the National Assembly of Parliament; passage of amendments affecting constitutional sections on human rights and freedoms, non-racism and non-sexism, supremacy of the constitution, suffrage, the multi-party system of democratic government, and amendment procedures requires at least 75% majority vote of the Assembly, approval by at least six of the nine provinces represented in the National Council of Provinces, and assent of the president of the republic; passage of amendments affecting the Bill of Rights, and those related to provincial boundaries, powers, and authorities requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, approval by at least six of the nine provinces represented in the National Council, and assent of the president; amended many times, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -539,8 +625,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "two equal width horizontal bands of red (top) and blue separated by a central green band that splits into a horizontal Y, the arms of which end at the corners of the hoist side; the Y embraces a black isosceles triangle from which the arms are separated by narrow yellow bands; the red and blue bands are separated from the green band and its arms by narrow white stripes; the flag colors do not have any official symbolism, but the Y stands for the \"convergence of diverse elements within South African society, taking the road ahead in unity\"; black, yellow, and green are found on the flag of the African National Congress, while red, white, and blue are the colors in the flags of the Netherlands and the UK, whose settlers ruled South Africa during the colonial era", - "note": "

note: the South African flag is one of only two national flags to display six colors as part of its primary design, the other is South Sudan's

" + "text": "two equal width horizontal bands of red (top) and blue separated by a central green band that splits into a horizontal Y, the arms of which end at the corners of the hoist side; the Y embraces a black isosceles triangle from which the arms are separated by narrow yellow bands; the red and blue bands are separated from the green band and its arms by narrow white stripes; the flag colors do not have any official symbolism, but the Y stands for the \"convergence of diverse elements within South African society, taking the road ahead in unity\"; black, yellow, and green are found on the flag of the African National Congress, while red, white, and blue are the colors in the flags of the Netherlands and the UK, whose settlers ruled South Africa during the colonial era

note: the South African flag is one of only two national flags to display six colors as part of its primary design, the other is South Sudan's", + "note": "note: the South African flag is one of only two national flags to display six colors as part of its primary design, the other is South Sudan's" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "springbok (antelope), king protea flower; national colors: red, green, blue, yellow, black, white" @@ -552,7 +638,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Enoch SONTONGA and Cornelius Jacob LANGENHOVEN/Enoch SONTONGA and Marthinus LOURENS de Villiers" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1994; a combination of \"N'kosi Sikelel' iAfrica\" (God Bless Africa) and \"Die Stem van Suid Afrika\" (The Call of South Africa), which were respectively the anthems of the non-white and white communities under apartheid; official lyrics contain a mixture of Xhosa, Zulu, Sesotho, Afrikaans, and English (i.e., the five most widely spoken of South Africa's 11 official languages); music incorporates the melody used in the Tanzanian and Zambian anthems

" + "note": "note: adopted 1994; a combination of \"N'kosi Sikelel' iAfrica\" (God Bless Africa) and \"Die Stem van Suid Afrika\" (The Call of South Africa), which were respectively the anthems of the non-white and white communities under apartheid; official lyrics contain a mixture of Xhosa, Zulu, Sesotho, Afrikaans, and English (i.e., the five most widely spoken of South Africa's 11 official languages); music incorporates the melody used in the Tanzanian and Zambian anthems" } }, "Economy": { @@ -602,7 +688,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$724.1 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$350.032 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -617,7 +703,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$12,703 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -662,8 +748,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "67 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "81.2 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "59.6 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "56.9 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -698,7 +793,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "16.6% (2016 est.)" + "text": "55.5% (2014 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": { @@ -761,10 +856,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 9.5%, US 7.7%, Germany 7.1%, Japan 4.7%, India 4.6%, Botswana 4.3%, Namibia 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "China 15%, United Kingdom 8%, Germany 7%, United States 6%, India 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "gold, diamonds, platinum, other metals and minerals, machinery and equipment" + "text": "gold, platinum, cars, iron products, coal, manganese, diamonds  (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -778,10 +873,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 18.3%, Germany 11.9%, US 6.6%, Saudi Arabia 4.7%, India 4.7% (2017)" + "text": "China 18%, Germany 11%, United States 6%, India 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum products, scientific instruments, foodstuffs" + "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, cars and vehicle parts, gold, broadcasting equipment (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -897,9 +992,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "572.3 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -929,7 +1021,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 27; landing points for the WACS, ACE, SAFE, SAT-3, Equiano, SABR, SAEx1, SAEx2, IOX Cable System, METISS, EASSy, and SEACOM/ Tata TGN-Eurasia fiber-optic submarine cable systems connecting South Africa, East Africa, West Africa, Europe, Southeast Asia, Asia, South America, Indian Ocean Islands, and the US; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) operates 4 TV stations, 3 are free-to-air and 1 is pay TV; e.tv, a private station, is accessible to more than half the population; multiple subscription TV services provide a mix of local and international channels; well-developed mix of public and private radio stations at the national, regional, and local levels; the SABC radio network, state-owned and controlled but nominally independent, operates 18 stations, one for each of the 11 official languages, 4 community stations, and 3 commercial stations; more than 100 community-based stations extend coverage to rural areas" @@ -970,7 +1062,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "ZS (2016)" + "text": "ZS" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1064,9 +1156,15 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "South African National Defence Force (SANDF): South African Army (includes Reserve Force), South African Navy (SAN), South African Air Force (SAAF), South African Military Health Services (2019)" + "text": "South African National Defence Force (SANDF): South African Army (includes Reserve Force), South African Navy (SAN), South African Air Force (SAAF), South African Military Health Services (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2021": { + "text": "0.9% of GDP (2021 est.)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2020": { + "text": "1% of GDP (2020 est.)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "1% of GDP (2019)" }, @@ -1075,34 +1173,34 @@ }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "1% of GDP (2017)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "1.1% of GDP (2016)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "1.1% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) is comprised of approximately 75,000 personnel (40,000 Army; 7,000 Navy; 10,000 Air Force; 8,000 Military Health Service; 10,000 other) (2020 est.)" + "text": "the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) is comprised of approximately 75,000 personnel (40,000 Army; 7,000 Navy; 10,000 Air Force; 8,000 Military Health Service; 10,000 other, including administrative, logistics, military police) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the SANDF's inventory consists of a mix of domestically-produced and foreign-supplied equipment; South Africa's domestic defense industry produced most of the Army's major weapons systems (some were jointly-produced with foreign companies), while the Air Force and Navy inventories include a mix of European, Israeli, and US-origin weapons systems; since 2010, Sweden was the largest supplier of weapons to the SANDF (2019 est.)" + "text": "the SANDF's inventory consists of a mix of domestically-produced and foreign-supplied equipment; South Africa's domestic defense industry produced most of the Army's major weapons systems (some were jointly-produced with foreign companies), while the Air Force and Navy inventories include a mix of European, Israeli, and US-origin weapons systems; since 2010, Sweden is the largest supplier of weapons to the SANDF (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "1,050 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) (2020)" + "text": "1,050 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-26 years of age for voluntary military service; women are eligible to serve in noncombat roles; 2-year service obligation (2019)" } }, + "Terrorism": { + "Terrorist group(s)": { + "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) (2021)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + } + }, "Transnational Issues": { "Disputes - international": { "text": "

South Africa has placed military units to assist police operations along the border of Lesotho, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique to control smuggling, poaching, and illegal migration; the governments of South Africa and Namibia have not signed or ratified the text of the 1994 Surveyor's General agreement placing the boundary in the middle of the Orange River

" }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "27,113 (Somalia), 17,726 (Ethiopia), 5,273 (Republic of the Congo) (2019); 59,675 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2020)" + "text": "27,113 (Somalia), 17,726 (Ethiopia), 5,273 (Republic of the Congo) (2019); 59,675 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)" } }, "Illicit drugs": { diff --git a/africa/sg.json b/africa/sg.json index 89186605..78b2259b 100644 --- a/africa/sg.json +++ b/africa/sg.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "A Jolof Empire ruled parts of Senegal from 1350 to 1549. Various European powers, including Portugal, the Netherlands, France, and Great Britain, competed for trade in the area from the 15th century onward. A slave station on the island of Goree, next to modern Dakar, was used as a base to purchase slaves from the warring chiefdoms on the mainland. Having abolished slavery in 1815, the French began to expand onto the Senegalese mainland in the second half of the 19th century and made it a French colony. The French colonies of Senegal and French Sudan were merged in 1959 and granted independence in 1960 as the Mali Federation. The union broke up after only a few months. Senegal joined with The Gambia to form the nominal confederation of Senegambia in 1982. The envisaged integration of the two countries was never implemented, and the union was dissolved in 1989. The Movement of Democratic Forces in the Casamance has led a low-level separatist insurgency in southern Senegal since the 1980s. Several attempts at reaching a comprehensive peace agreement have failed to resolve the conflict but, despite sporadic incidents of violence, an unofficial cease-fire has remained largely in effect since 2012. Senegal remains one of the most stable democracies in Africa and has a long history of participating in international peacekeeping and regional mediation. Senegal was ruled by the Socialist Party of Senegal, first under President Léopold Sédar SENGHOR, and then President Abdou DIOUF, for 40 years until Abdoulaye WADE was elected president in 2000. He was re-elected in 2007 and during his two terms amended Senegal's constitution over a dozen times to increase executive power and weaken the opposition. His decision to run for a third presidential term sparked a large public backlash that led to his defeat in a March 2012 runoff with Macky SALL. A 2016 constitutional referendum reduced the term to five years with a maximum of two consecutive terms for future presidents - the change did not apply to SALL's first term. SALL won his bid for re-election in February 2019; his term will end in 2024. A month after the election, the National Assembly voted to abolish the office of the prime minister. Opposition organizations and civil society have criticized the decision as a further concentration of power in the executive branch at the expense of the legislative and judicial branches." + "text": "Senegal is one of the few countries in the world with evidence of continuous human life from the Paleolithic era to present. Between the 14th and 16th centuries, the Jolof Empire ruled most of Senegal. Starting in the 15th century, Portugal, the Netherlands, France, and Great Britain traded along the Senegalese coast. Senegal’s location on the western tip of Africa made it a favorable base for the European slave trade. European powers used the Senegalese island of Goree as a base to purchase slaves from the warring chiefdoms on the mainland, and at the height of the slave trade in Senegal, over one-third of the Senegalese population was enslaved. In 1815, France abolished slavery and began expanding inland. During the second half of the 19th century, France took possession of Senegal as a French colony. In 1959, the French colonies of Senegal and French Sudan were merged and granted independence in 1960 as the Mali Federation. The union broke up after only a few months. In 1982, Senegal joined with The Gambia to form the nominal confederation of Senegambia. The envisaged integration of the two countries was never implemented, and the union dissolved in 1989.

Since the 1980s, the Movement of Democratic Forces in the Casamance - a separatist movement based in southern Senegal - has led a low-level insurgency. Several attempts at reaching a comprehensive peace agreement have failed. Since 2012, despite sporadic incidents of violence, an unofficial cease-fire has remained largely in effect. Senegal is one of the most stable democracies in Africa and has a long history of participating in international peacekeeping and regional mediation. The Socialist Party of Senegal ruled for 40 years until Abdoulaye WADE was elected president in 2000 and re-elected in 2007. WADE amended Senegal's constitution over a dozen times to increase executive power and weaken the opposition. In 2012, WADE’s decision to run for a third presidential term sparked public backlash that led to his defeat to current President Macky SALL. A 2016 constitutional referendum limited future presidents to two consecutive five-year terms. The change, however, does not apply to SALL's first term. In February 2019, SALL won his bid for re-election; his second term will end in 2024. One month after the 2019 election, the National Assembly voted to abolish the office of the prime minister. Opposition and civil society organizations criticized the decision as a further concentration of power in the executive branch at the expense of the legislative and judicial branches." } }, "Geography": { @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "69 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "unnamed elevation 2.8 km southeast of Nepen Diaka 648 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "unnamed elevation 2.8 km southeast of Nepen Diaka 648 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "69 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,17 +102,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; periodic droughts; seasonal flooding; overfishing; weak environmental protective laws; wildlife populations threatened by poaching" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "westernmost country on the African continent; The Gambia is almost an enclave within Senegal" } @@ -200,10 +189,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "48.1% of total population (2020)" + "text": "48.6% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.73% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "3.59% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -233,8 +222,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "21.9 years (2018 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "21.9 years (2018 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "315 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -349,7 +338,7 @@ "text": "8.8% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "13.3% (2019)" + "text": "14.4% (2019)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "4.8% of GDP (2018)" @@ -381,13 +370,122 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "8.1%" + "text": "4.8%" }, "male": { - "text": "7.4%" + "text": "5%" }, "female": { - "text": "8.9% (2015 est.)" + "text": "4.7% (2017 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; periodic droughts; seasonal flooding; overfishing; weak environmental protective laws; wildlife populations threatened by poaching" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "37.52 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "10.9 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "11.74 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "98 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "58 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "2.065 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "38.97 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "46.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 17.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 29.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "43.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "9.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "1.46% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "48.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.59% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria and dengue fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + }, + "respiratory diseases": { + "text": "meningococcal meningitis" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "severe localized food insecurity": { + "text": "due to localized shortfalls in cereal production - despite the overall satisfactory food security situation, pockets of food insecurity remain and food assistance is needed by the most vulnerable population; prior to the COVID‑19 outbreak, the number of food insecure people was projected to peak at about 766,000 during the lean season between June and August 2020, well above the 341,000 food insecure people that were estimated in the same period of 2019; the situation is worse than previously expected, in part, due to the impact from the COVID‑19 pandemic, including the containment measures that adversely effected households’ livelihood activities and incomes (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "2,454,059 tons (2016 est.)" } } }, @@ -425,7 +523,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the Atlantic coast trading settlement of Ndakaaru came to be called \"Dakar\" by French colonialists" + "note": "etymology: the Atlantic coast trading settlement of Ndakaaru came to be called \"Dakar\" by French colonialists" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "14 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaffrine, Kaolack, Kedougou, Kolda, Louga, Matam, Saint-Louis, Sedhiou, Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor" @@ -547,8 +645,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; green represents Islam, progress, and hope; yellow signifies natural wealth and progress; red symbolizes sacrifice and determination; the star denotes unity and hope", - "note": "

note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the same as those of neighboring Mali and the reverse of those on the flag of neighboring Guinea

" + "text": "three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; green represents Islam, progress, and hope; yellow signifies natural wealth and progress; red symbolizes sacrifice and determination; the star denotes unity and hope

note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the same as those of neighboring Mali and the reverse of those on the flag of neighboring Guinea", + "note": "note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the same as those of neighboring Mali and the reverse of those on the flag of neighboring Guinea" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "lion; national colors: green, yellow, red" @@ -560,7 +658,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Leopold Sedar SENGHOR/Herbert PEPPER" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1960; lyrics written by Leopold Sedar SENGHOR, Senegal's first president; the anthem sometimes played incorporating the Koras (harp-like stringed instruments) and Balafons (types of xylophones) mentioned in the title

" + "note": "note: adopted 1960; lyrics written by Leopold Sedar SENGHOR, Senegal's first president; the anthem sometimes played incorporating the Koras (harp-like stringed instruments) and Balafons (types of xylophones) mentioned in the title" } }, "Economy": { @@ -607,7 +705,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$49.402 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$23.576 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -622,7 +720,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$3,204 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -667,8 +765,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "59.3 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "91.2 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "60.9 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "50.6 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -757,10 +864,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Mali 14.8%, Switzerland 11.4%, India 6%, Cote dIvoire 5.3%, UAE 5.1%, Gambia, The 4.2%, Spain 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "Mali 22%, Switzerland 14%, India 9%, China 7% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "fish, groundnuts (peanuts), petroleum products, phosphates, cotton" + "text": "gold, refined petroleum, phosphoric acid, fish, ground nuts (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -771,10 +878,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "France 16.3%, China 10.4%, Nigeria 8%, India 7.2%, Netherlands 4.8%, Spain 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "China 17%, France 11%, Belgium 7%, Russia 7%, Netherlands 7% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "food and beverages, capital goods, fuels" + "text": "refined petroleum, crude petroleum, rice, cars, malt extract, clothing and apparel (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -890,9 +997,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "8.644 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -922,7 +1026,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 221; landing points for the ACE, Atlantis-2, MainOne and SAT-3/WASC submarine cables providing connectivity from South Africa, numerous western African countries, Europe and South America; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-run Radiodiffusion Television Senegalaise (RTS) broadcasts TV programs from five cities in Senegal; in most regions of the country, viewers can receive TV programming from at least 7 private broadcasters; a wide range of independent TV programming is available via satellite; RTS operates a national radio network and a number of regional FM stations; at least 7 community radio stations and 18 private-broadcast radio stations are available; transmissions of at least 5 international broadcasters are accessible on FM in Dakar (2019)" @@ -963,7 +1067,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "6V (2016)" + "text": "6V" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1039,7 +1143,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Senegalese Armed Forces: Army, Senegalese National Navy (Marine Senegalaise, MNS), Senegalese Air Force (Armee de l'Air du Senegal), National Gendarmerie (includes Territorial and Mobile components) (2020)" + "text": "Senegalese Armed Forces (Forces Armées Sénégalaises, FAS): Army, Senegalese National Navy (Marine Senegalaise, MNS), Senegalese Air Force (Armee de l'Air du Senegal), National Gendarmerie (includes Territorial and Mobile components) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1059,16 +1163,16 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Senegalese Armed Forces (SAF) consist of approximately 19,000 active personnel (12,000 Army; 1,000 Navy/Coast Guard; 800 Air Force; 5,000 National Gendarmerie) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Senegalese Armed Forces consist of approximately 19,000 active personnel (12,000 Army; 1,000 Navy/Coast Guard; 1,000 Air Force; 5,000 National Gendarmerie) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the SAF inventory includes mostly older or second-hand equipment from a variety of countries, including France, South Africa, and Russia/former Soviet Union; in recent years, the SAF has attempted to modernize, particularly its air force; China and France are the leading suppliers of newer military hardware to the SAF since 2010 (2019 est.)" + "text": "the FAS inventory includes mostly older or second-hand equipment from a variety of countries, including France, South Africa, and Russia/former Soviet Union; in recent years, the FAS has been undergoing a significant modernization program; since 2010, it has received newer equipment from nearly 15 countries, led by China, France, and Israel (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "1,000 Mali (MINUSMA) (2020)" + "text": "750 Gambia; 1,000 Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; 20 years of age for selective conscript service; 2-year service obligation; women have been accepted into military service since 2008 (2016)" + "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; 20 years of age for selective conscript service; 2-year service obligation; women have been accepted into military service since 2008 (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1077,7 +1181,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "14,114 (Mauritania) (2020)" + "text": "14,114 (Mauritania) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "8,400 (clashes between government troops and separatists in Casamance region in the 1990s and early 2000s) (2019)" diff --git a/africa/sh.json b/africa/sh.json index dcca5720..44b9818f 100644 --- a/africa/sh.json +++ b/africa/sh.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "0 sq km" }, - "note": "

88 sq km Ascension Island, 184 sq km Tristan da Cunha island group (includes Tristan (98 sq km), Inaccessible, Nightingale, and Gough islands)" + "note": "88 sq km Ascension Island, 184 sq km Tristan da Cunha island group (includes Tristan (98 sq km), Inaccessible, Nightingale, and Gough islands)" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC" @@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ "text": "

the islands of this group are of volcanic origin associated with the Atlantic Mid-Ocean Ridge

Saint Helena: rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains;

Ascension: surface covered by lava flows and cinder cones of 44 dormant volcanoes; terrain rises to the east;

Tristan da Cunha: sheer cliffs line the coastline of the nearly circular island; the flanks of the central volcanic peak are deeply dissected; narrow coastal plain lies between The Peak and the coastal cliffs

" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Queen Mary's Peak on Tristan da Cunha 859 m; Green Mountain on Ascension Island 818 m; Mount Actaeon on Saint Helena Island 2,060 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,17 +91,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

active volcanism on Tristan da Cunha

volcanism: the island volcanoes of Tristan da Cunha (2,060 m) and Nightingale Island (365 m) experience volcanic activity; Tristan da Cunha erupted in 1962 and Nightingale in 2004

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "development threatens unique biota on Saint Helena" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "Saint Helena harbors at least 40 species of plants unknown elsewhere in the world; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns; Queen Mary's Peak on Tristan da Cunha is the highest island mountain in the South Atlantic and a prominent landmark on the sea lanes around southern Africa" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "7,915 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: Saint Helena's Statistical Office estimated the de facto population to be 4,577 in 2019; only Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha islands are inhabited, none of the other nearby islands/islets are

" + "text": "7,915 (July 2021 est.)

note: Saint Helena's Statistical Office estimated the de facto population to be 4,577 in 2019; only Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha islands are inhabited, none of the other nearby islands/islets are", + "note": "note: Saint Helena's Statistical Office estimated the de facto population to be 4,577 in 2019; only Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha islands are inhabited, none of the other nearby islands/islets are" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -110,7 +107,7 @@ "adjective": { "text": "Saint Helenian" }, - "note": "

note: referred to locally as \"Saints\"

" + "note": "note: referred to locally as \"Saints\"" }, "Ethnic groups": { "text": "African descent 50%, White 25%, Chinese 25%" @@ -119,8 +116,8 @@ "text": "English" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Protestant 75.9% (includes Anglican 68.9, Baptist 2.1%, Seventh Day Adventist 1.8%, Salvation Army 1.7%, New Apostolic 1.4%), Jehovah's Witness 4.1%, Roman Catholic 1.2%, other 2.5% (includes Baha'i), unspecified 0.8%, none 6.1%, no response 9.4% (2016 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent Saint Helena only

" + "text": "Protestant 75.9% (includes Anglican 68.9, Baptist 2.1%, Seventh Day Adventist 1.8%, Salvation Army 1.7%, New Apostolic 1.4%), Jehovah's Witness 4.1%, Roman Catholic 1.2%, other 2.5% (includes Baha'i), unspecified 0.8%, none 6.1%, no response 9.4% (2016 est.)

note: data represent Saint Helena only", + "note": "note: data represent Saint Helena only" }, "Demographic profile": { "text": "

The vast majority of the population of Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha live on Saint Helena. Ascension has no indigenous or permanent residents and is inhabited only by persons contracted to work on the island (mainly with the UK and US military or in the space and communications industries) or their dependents, while Tristan da Cunha – the main island in a small archipelago – has fewer than 300 residents. The population of Saint Helena consists of the descendants of 17th century British sailors and settlers from the East India Company, African slaves, and indentured servants and laborers from India, Indonesia, and China. Most of the population of Ascension are Saint Helenians, Britons, and Americans, while that of Tristan da Cunha descends from shipwrecked sailors and Saint Helenians.

Change in Saint Helena’s population size is driven by net outward migration. Since the 1980s, Saint Helena’s population steadily has shrunk and aged as the birth rate has decreased and many working-age residents left for better opportunities elsewhere. The restoration of British citizenship in 2002 accelerated family emigration; from 1998 to 2008 alone, population declined by about 20%.

In the last few years, population has experienced some temporary growth, as foreigners and returning Saint Helenians, have come to build an international airport, but numbers are beginning to fade as the project reaches completion and workers depart. In the long term, once the airport is fully operational, increased access to the remote island has the potential to boost tourism and fishing, provide more jobs for Saint Helenians domestically, and could encourage some ex-patriots to return home. In the meantime, however, Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha have to contend with the needs of an aging population. The elderly population of the islands has risen from an estimated 9.4% in 1998 to 20.4% in 2016.

" @@ -170,10 +167,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "40.1% of total population (2020)" + "text": "40.3% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.73% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.98% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -256,6 +253,42 @@ "text": "NA" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "development threatens unique biota on Saint Helena" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "

Saint Helena: tropical marine; mild, tempered by trade winds;

Ascension Island: tropical marine; mild, semi-arid;

Tristan da Cunha: temperate marine; mild, tempered by trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)

" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "30.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 10.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 20.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "5.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "64.1% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "40.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.98% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -284,7 +317,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: founded in 1659 and named after James, Duke of York, who would become King James II of England (r. 1785-1788)" + "note": "etymology: founded in 1659 and named after James, Duke of York, who would become King James II of England (r. 1785-1788)" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "3 administrative areas; Ascension, Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha" @@ -297,7 +330,7 @@ }, "Constitution": { "history": { - "text": "several previous; latest effective 1 September 2009 (St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order, 2009)" + "text": "several previous; latest effective 1 September 2009 (St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009)" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -322,7 +355,7 @@ "elections/appointments": { "text": "none; the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch" }, - "note": "

note: the constitution order provides for an administrator for Ascension and Tristan da Cunha appointed by the governor

" + "note": "note: the constitution order provides for an administrator for Ascension and Tristan da Cunha appointed by the governor" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { @@ -334,7 +367,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "percent of vote - NA; seats by party - independent 12; composition - men 14, women 3, percent women 17.6%" }, - "note": "

note: the Constitution Order provides for separate Island Councils for both Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

" + "note": "note: the Constitution Order provides for separate Island Councils for both Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -453,7 +486,7 @@ "expenditures": { "text": "20.7 million (FY06/07 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: revenue data reflect only locally raised revenues; the budget deficit is resolved by grant aid from the UK

" + "note": "note: revenue data reflect only locally raised revenues; the budget deficit is resolved by grant aid from the UK" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "1 April - 31 March" @@ -463,16 +496,22 @@ "text": "$19 million (2004 est.)" } }, + "Exports - partners": { + "text": "United States 47%, Japan 12%, South Korea 10%, France 9%, Australia 5% (2019)" + }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "fish (frozen, canned, and salt-dried skipjack, tuna), coffee, handicrafts" + "text": "crustaceans, fish, integrated circuits, air conditioners, clothing and apparel (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2010": { "text": "$20.53 million (2010 est.)" } }, + "Imports - partners": { + "text": "United Kingdom 65%, South Africa 21% (2019)" + }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, building materials, motor vehicles and parts, machinery and parts" + "text": "refined petroleum, cranes, communion wafers, iron sheeting, cars and vehicle parts (2019)" }, "Debt - external": { "text": "

NA

" @@ -564,9 +603,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "10,650 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -596,7 +632,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code (Saint Helena) - 290, (Ascension Island) - 247; landing point for the SaEx1 submarine cable providing connectivity to South Africa, Brazil, Virginia Beach (US) and islands in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan de Cunha; international direct dialing; satellite voice and data communications; satellite earth stations - 5 (Ascension Island - 4, Saint Helena - 1) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "Saint Helena has no local TV station; 2 local radio stations, one of which is relayed to Ascension Island; satellite TV stations rebroadcast terrestrially; Ascension Island has no local TV station but has 1 local radio station and receives relays of broadcasts from 1 radio station on Saint Helena; broadcasts from the British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) are available, as well as TV services for the US military; Tristan da Cunha has 1 local radio station and receives BFBS TV and radio broadcasts" @@ -626,7 +662,7 @@ }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "VQ-H (2016)" + "text": "VQ-H" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -643,7 +679,7 @@ "1,524 to 2,437 m": { "text": "1 Saint Helena (HLE);" }, - "note": "

note - weekly commercial air service to South Africa via Namibia commenced on 14 October 2017" + "note": "note - weekly commercial air service to South Africa via Namibia commenced on 14 October 2017" }, "Roadways": { "total": { diff --git a/africa/sl.json b/africa/sl.json index 5c2aea36..16ca1f0e 100644 --- a/africa/sl.json +++ b/africa/sl.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "The British set up a trading post near present-day Freetown in the 17th century. Originally, the trade involved timber and ivory, but later it expanded to slaves. Following the American Revolution, a colony was established in 1787 and Sierra Leone became a destination for resettling black loyalists who had originally been resettled in Nova Scotia. After the abolition of the slave trade in 1807, British crews delivered thousands of Africans liberated from illegal slave ships to Sierra Leone, particularly Freetown. The colony gradually expanded inland during the course of the 19th century; independence was attained in 1961. Democracy is slowly being reestablished after the civil war (1991-2002) that resulted in tens of thousands of deaths and the displacement of more than 2 million people (about one-third of the population). The military, which took over full responsibility for security following the departure of UN peacekeepers at the end of 2005, has developed as a guarantor of the country's stability; the armed forces remained on the sideline during the 2007, 2012, and 2018 national elections. In March 2014, the closure of the UN Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Sierra Leone marked the end of more than 15 years of peacekeeping and political operations in Sierra Leone. The government's stated priorities include free primary and secondary education, economic growth, accountable governance, health, and infrastructure." + "text": "

Continuously populated for at least 2,500 years, the dense jungle in the area of Sierra Leone allowed the region to remain relatively protected from invaders from empires in West Africa. Traders introduced Sierra Leone to Islam, which occupies a central role in Sierra Leonean culture and history. In the 17th century, the British set up a trading post near present-day Freetown. The trade originally involved timber and ivory, but later expanded to enslaved people. In 1787, following the American Revolution, Sierra Leone became a destination for black British loyalists from the new United States. After the abolition of the slave trade in 1807, British ships delivered thousands of liberated Africans to Sierra Leone. During the 19th century, the colony gradually expanded inland.

In 1961, Sierra Leone became independent of the UK. While Sierra Leone held free and fair elections in 1962 and 1967, Siaka STEVENS - Sierra Leone’s second prime minister - quickly reverted to authoritarian tendencies, outlawing most political parties and ruling from 1967 to 1985. In 1991, Sierra Leonean soldiers launched a civil war against STEVENS’ ruling party. The war caused tens of thousands of deaths and displaced more than 2 million people (about one-third of the population). In 1998, a Nigerian-led West African coalition military force intervened, installing Tejan KABBAH - who was originally elected in 1996 - as prime minister. In 2002, KABBAH officially announced the end of the war. Since 1998, Sierra Leone has conducted uninterrupted democratic elections.

" } }, "Geography": { @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland plateau, mountains in east" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "279 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Loma Mansa (Bintimani) 1,948 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Loma Mansa (Bintimani) 1,948 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "279 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,17 +102,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "dry, sand-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to February); sandstorms, dust storms" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "rapid population growth pressuring the environment; overharvesting of timber, expansion of cattle grazing, and slash-and-burn agriculture have resulted in deforestation, soil exhaustion, and flooding; loss of biodiversity; air pollution; water pollution; overfishing" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Environmental Modification" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "rainfall along the coast can reach 495 cm (195 inches) a year, making it one of the wettest places along coastal, western Africa" } @@ -200,10 +189,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "42.9% of total population (2020)" + "text": "43.4% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.12% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "3.02% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -233,8 +222,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "19.2 years (2013 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "19.2 years (2013 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "1,120 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -346,7 +335,7 @@ "text": "8.7% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "13.6% (2019)" + "text": "13.5% (2019)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "7.7% of GDP (2019)" @@ -377,6 +366,115 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "rapid population growth pressuring the environment; overharvesting of timber, expansion of cattle grazing, and slash-and-burn agriculture have resulted in deforestation, soil exhaustion, and flooding; loss of biodiversity; air pollution; water pollution; overfishing" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Environmental Modification" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "20.63 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "1.09 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "3.16 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "111 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "55.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "45.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "160 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "56.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 23.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 2.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 30.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "37.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "6.3% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "6.92% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "43.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.02% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria and dengue fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + }, + "aerosolized dust or soil contact diseases": { + "text": "Lassa fever" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "severe localized food insecurity": { + "text": "due to high food prices - according to a March 2020 analysis, about 1 million people were estimated to need food assistance from March to May 2020; this number was expected to increase during the lean period from June to August 2020, if no mitigation actions were taken (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "610,222 tons (2004 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -408,7 +506,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: name derived from the fact that the original settlement served as a haven for free-born and freed African Americans, as well as for liberated Africans rescued from slave ships" + "note": "etymology: name derived from the fact that the original settlement served as a haven for free-born and freed African Americans, as well as for liberated Africans rescued from slave ships" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "4 provinces and 1 area*; Eastern, Northern, North Western, Southern, Western*" @@ -424,7 +522,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest effective 1 October 1991" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by Parliament; passage of amendments requires at least two-thirds majority vote of Parliament in two successive readings and assent of the president of the republic; passage of amendments affecting fundamental rights and freedoms and many other constitutional sections also requires approval in a referendum with participation of at least one half of qualified voters and at least two thirds of votes cast; amended several times, last in 2013" + "text": "proposed by Parliament; passage of amendments requires at least two-thirds majority vote of Parliament in two successive readings and assent of the president of the republic; passage of amendments affecting fundamental rights and freedoms and many other constitutional sections also requires approval in a referendum with participation of at least one half of qualified voters and at least two thirds of votes cast; amended several times, last in 2016" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -539,7 +637,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Clifford Nelson FYLE/John Joseph AKA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1961

" + "note": "note: adopted 1961" } }, "Economy": { @@ -578,7 +676,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$12.3 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$4.132 billion (2020 est.)" @@ -593,7 +691,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$1,643 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -638,8 +736,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "47.5 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "91.3 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "51.9 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "55.9 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -674,7 +781,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "70.2% (2004 est.)" + "text": "56.8% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -734,10 +841,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Cote dIvoire 37.7%, Belgium 20.5%, US 15.7%, China 10.2%, Netherlands 6.1% (2017)" + "text": "Belgium 26%, China 25%, Romania 9%, United Arab Emirates 6%, Germany 5%, Netherlands 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "iron ore, diamonds, rutile, cocoa, coffee, fish" + "text": "titanium, lumber, diamonds, aluminum, cocoa beans (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2020": { @@ -751,10 +858,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 11.5%, US 9.2%, Belgium 8.8%, UAE 7.7%, India 7.4%, Turkey 5.2%, Senegal 5.1%, Netherlands 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "China 27%, India 11%, United States 6%, Ghana 5%, Turkey 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fuels and lubricants, chemicals" + "text": "rice, plastics, packaged medicines, sauces/seasonings, cars (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -870,9 +977,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "984,800 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -902,7 +1006,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 232; landing point for the ACE submarine cable linking to South Africa, over 20 western African countries and Europe; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "

1 government-owned TV station; 3 private TV stations; a pay-TV service began operations in late 2007; 1 government-owned national radio station; about two-dozen private radio stations primarily clustered in major cities; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available 

(2019)" @@ -929,7 +1033,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "9L (2016)" + "text": "9L" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -991,30 +1095,30 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF): Army (includes Maritime Wing and Air Wing) (2019)" + "text": "Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF): combined ground, air, and maritime forces (2020)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "0.7% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "0.8% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "0.7% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "1.1% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "0.4% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "1.1% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "0.3% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "0.9% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "0.3% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF) is comprised of about 8,500 personnel, including an estimated 300 in the air and maritime wings (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF) have approximately 8,500 personnel, mostly ground forces (2019 est.)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the RSLAF's small inventory includes a mix of Soviet-origin and other older foreign-supplied equipment; since 2010, it has received limited quantities of material from China and South Africa (2019 est.)" + "text": "the RSLAF's small inventory includes a mix of Soviet-origin and other older foreign-supplied equipment; since 2010, it has received limited quantities of material (mostly donations of second-hand equipment) from China and South Africa (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-29 for voluntary military service; women are eligible to serve; no conscription (2019)" diff --git a/africa/so.json b/africa/so.json index fa0f9338..4c34a7c7 100644 --- a/africa/so.json +++ b/africa/so.json @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ "text": "mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in north" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "410 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mount Shimbiris 2,460 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mount Shimbiris 2,460 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "410 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,25 +96,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer; floods during rainy season" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water scarcity; contaminated water contributes to human health problems; improper waste disposal; deforestation; land degradation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location on Horn of Africa along southern approaches to Bab el Mandeb and route through Red Sea and Suez Canal" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "12,094,640 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: this estimate was derived from an official census taken in 1975 by the Somali Government; population counting in Somalia is complicated by the large number of nomads and by refugee movements in response to famine and clan warfare

" + "text": "12,094,640 (July 2021 est.)

note: this estimate was derived from an official census taken in 1975 by the Somali Government; population counting in Somalia is complicated by the large number of nomads and by refugee movements in response to famine and clan warfare", + "note": "note: this estimate was derived from an official census taken in 1975 by the Somali Government; population counting in Somalia is complicated by the large number of nomads and by refugee movements in response to famine and clan warfare" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -195,10 +184,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "46.1% of total population (2020)" + "text": "46.7% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.23% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "4.2% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -337,6 +326,102 @@ "text": "NA" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water scarcity; contaminated water contributes to human health problems; improper waste disposal; deforestation; land degradation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Nuclear Test Ban" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "29.51 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.65 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "20.13 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "15 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "3.281 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "14.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "principally desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), moderate temperatures in north and hot in south; southwest monsoon (May to October), torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "70.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 1.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 68.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "10.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "19.1% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "46.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.2% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever, malaria, and Rift Valley fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "exceptional shortfall in aggregate food production/supplies": { + "text": "due to floods, civil insecurity, desert locusts - about 1.6 million people were estimated to be in need of emergency assistance in the January‑March 2021 period; since late 2019, the food security situation has been affected by several negative factors, including the desert locust outbreak, widespread floods, and the COVID‑19 pandemic; the negative impact of these shocks has been amplified by reduced household resilience due to insecurity and the lingering impact of previous droughts and floods; in particular, the COVID‑19 pandemic is affecting the food security situation mainly through: movement restrictions within the country resulting in reduced market availability; increasing prices of food and reduced labor opportunities, especially in urban areas; reduced economic activity and containment measures in countries with large Somali diaspora populations causing a sharp decline in remittances; reduced exports of livestock to Saudi Arabia caused by the suspension of the Hajj pilgrimage (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "2,326,099 tons (2016 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -371,7 +456,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: several theories attempt to explain the city's name; one of the more plausible is that it derives from \"maq'ad-i-shah\" meaning \"the seat of the shah,\" reflecting the city's links with Persia" + "note": "etymology: several theories attempt to explain the city's name; one of the more plausible is that it derives from \"maq'ad-i-shah\" meaning \"the seat of the shah,\" reflecting the city's links with Persia" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "18 regions (plural - NA, singular - gobolka); Awdal, Bakool, Banaadir, Bari, Bay, Galguduud, Gedo, Hiiraan, Jubbada Dhexe (Middle Jubba), Jubbada Hoose (Lower Jubba), Mudug, Nugaal, Sanaag, Shabeellaha Dhexe (Middle Shabeelle), Shabeellaha Hoose (Lower Shabeelle), Sool, Togdheer, Woqooyi Galbeed" @@ -384,10 +469,10 @@ }, "Constitution": { "history": { - "text": "previous 1961, 1979; latest drafted 12 June 2012, approved 1 August 2012 (provisional)" + "text": "previous 1961, 1979; latest drafted 12 June 2012, adopted 1 August 2012 (provisional)" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the federal government, by members of the state governments, the Federal Parliament, or by public petition; proposals require review by a joint committee of Parliament with inclusion of public comments and state legislatures’ comments; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote in both houses of Parliament and approval by a majority of votes cast in a referendum; constitutional clauses on Islamic principles, the federal system, human rights and freedoms, powers and authorities of the government branches, and inclusion of women in national institutions cannot be amended" + "text": "proposed by the federal government, by members of the state governments, the Federal Parliament, or by public petition; proposals require review by a joint committee of Parliament with inclusion of public comments and state legislatures’ comments; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote in both houses of Parliament and approval by a majority of votes cast in a referendum; constitutional clauses on Islamic principles, the federal system, human rights and freedoms, powers and authorities of the government branches, and inclusion of women in national institutions cannot be amended; note - in late December 2020, the president signed a decree blocking the approval of amendments (2021)" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -424,7 +509,7 @@ "text": "Cabinet appointed by the prime minister, approved by the House of the People" }, "elections/appointments": { - "text": "president indirectly elected by the Federal Parliament by two-thirds majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single 4-year term; election last held on 8 February 2017 (next election scheduled for 8 February 2021); prime minister appointed by the president, approved by the House of the People" + "text": "president indirectly elected by the Federal Parliament by two-thirds majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single 4-year term; election last held on 8 February 2017 (next election was scheduled for 8 February 2021, but has been delayed); prime minister appointed by the president, approved by the House of the People" }, "election results": { "text": "Mohamed ABDULLAHI Mohamed \"Farmaajo\" elected president in second round; Federal Parliament second round vote - Mohamed ABDULLAHI Mohamed \"Farmaajo\" (TPP) 184, HASSAN SHEIKH Mohamud (PDP) 97, Sheikh SHARIF Sheikh Ahmed (ARS) 46" @@ -440,7 +525,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "
Upper House - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 41, women 13, percent of women 24.1%
House of the People - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 208, women 67, percent of women 24.4%; note - total Parliament percent of women 24.3%" }, - "note": "

note: the inaugural House of the People was appointed in September 2012 by clan elders; in 2016 and 2017, the Federal Parliament became bicameral with elections scheduled for 10 October 2016 for the Upper House and 23 October to 10 November 2016 for the House of the People; while the elections were delayed, they were eventually held in most regions despite voting irregularities; on 27 December 2016, 41 Upper House senators and 242 House of the People members were sworn in

" + "note": "note: the inaugural House of the People was appointed in September 2012 by clan elders; in 2016 and 2017, the Federal Parliament became bicameral with elections scheduled for 10 October 2016 for the Upper House and 23 October to 10 November 2016 for the House of the People; while the elections were delayed, they were eventually held in most regions despite voting irregularities; on 27 December 2016, 41 Upper House senators and 242 House of the People members were sworn in" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -500,7 +585,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "lyrics/music: Abdullahi QARSHE" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 2012; written in 1959

" + "note": "note: adopted 2012; written in 1959" }, "Government - note": { "text": "regional and local governing bodies continue to exist and control various areas of the country, including the self-declared Republic of Somaliland in northwestern Somalia" @@ -539,7 +624,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015": { "text": "$19.14 billion (2015 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2016 US dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2016 US dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$7.052 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -576,8 +661,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "20 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "46 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "51.6 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "54.6 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -659,10 +753,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Oman 31.7%, Saudi Arabia 18.7%, UAE 16.3%, Nigeria 5.1%, Yemen 4.8%, Pakistan 4% (2017)" + "text": "United Arab Emirates 47%, Saudi Arabia 19%, India 5%, Japan 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "livestock, bananas, hides, fish, charcoal, scrap metal" + "text": "gold, sheep, goats, sesame seeds, insect resins, cattle (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { @@ -673,10 +767,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 17.6%, India 17.2%, Ethiopia 10.5%, Oman 10.3%, Kenya 6.9%, Turkey 5.3%, Malaysia 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "United Arab Emirates 32%, China 20%, India 17%, Turkey 7% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "manufactures, petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials, qat" + "text": "cigarettes, raw sugar, rice, broadcasting equipment, textiles (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2014": { @@ -774,9 +868,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "5.663 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "852,500 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -806,7 +897,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 252; landing points for the G2A, DARE1, PEACE, and EASSy fiber-optic submarine cable system linking East Africa, Indian Ocean Islands, the Middle East, North Africa and Europe (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "2 private TV stations rebroadcast Al-Jazeera and CNN; Somaliland has 1 government-operated TV station and Puntland has 1 private TV station; the transitional government operates Radio Mogadishu; 1 SW and roughly 10 private FM radio stations broadcast in Mogadishu; several radio stations operate in central and southern regions; Somaliland has 1 government-operated radio station; Puntland has roughly a half-dozen private radio stations; transmissions of at least 2 international broadcasters are available (2019)" @@ -844,7 +935,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "6O (2016)" + "text": "6O" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -903,29 +994,47 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Somali National Security Forces: Somali National Army (SNA), Somali National Police (SNP, includes a maritime unit), National Intelligence and Security Agency (NISA) (2019)" + "text": "Somali National Security Forces: Somali National Army (SNA), Somali National Police (SNP, includes a maritime unit), National Intelligence and Security Agency (NISA) (2021)

note: Somalia has numerous militia formations operating throughout the country; these formations include ones that are clan- and warlord-based, semi-official paramilitary and special police forces (aka darwish), and externally-sponsored militias; estimates for the numbers of militia members run as high as 50,000; the SNA is attempting to incorporate some of these militia forces", + "note": "note: Somalia has numerous militia formations operating throughout the country; these formations include ones that are clan- and warlord-based, semi-official paramilitary and special police forces (aka darwish), and externally-sponsored militias; estimates for the numbers of militia members run as high as 50,000; the SNA is attempting to incorporate some of these militia forces" + }, + "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2017": { + "text": "1.3% of GDP (2017 est.)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2016": { + "text": "1.3% of GDP (2016 est.)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2015": { + "text": "1.3% of GDP (2015 est.)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2014": { + "text": "1.2% of GDP (2014 est.)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2013": { + "text": "1.1% of GDP (2013 est.)" + } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "estimates of the size of Somali National Army (SNA) vary widely because of inconsistent and unreliable data, as well as the ongoing integration of various militias; as of January 2020, estimates ranged from approximately 10,500-20,000; note - in 2017, the Somali Government announced a plan for the SNA to eventually number 18,000 troops; the same plan called for 32,000 federal and regional police (2019 est.)", - "note": "

note: the US-trained Danab (\"Lightning\") Brigade numbers about 1150 personnel as of Dec 2020; the unit intends to eventually have as many as 3,000 soldiers

" + "text": "estimates for the size of the Somali National Army (SNA) vary widely, from a low of about 10,000 to a high of some 25,000 due to inconsistent internal reporting and the ongoing attempts to integrate various militias (2020)

note(s): a significant portion of the SNA is comprised of local militia forces that lack the discipline, structure, weapons, and overall capabilities for effective military operations; two effective SNA units are the US-trained Danab (\"Lightning\") Brigade and the Turkish-trained Gorgor \"Eagle\" Special Division; in December of 2020, the Danab Brigade numbered about 1,150 personnel with plans for it to eventually have as many as 3,000 troops; the Gorgor Division was estimated to have 4,500-5,000 trained troops in early 2021

--in 2017, the Somali Government announced a plan for the SNA to eventually number about 18,000 troops; the same plan called for 32,000 federal and regional police", + "note": "note(s): a significant portion of the SNA is comprised of local militia forces that lack the discipline, structure, weapons, and overall capabilities for effective military operations; two effective SNA units are the US-trained Danab (\"Lightning\") Brigade and the Turkish-trained Gorgor \"Eagle\" Special Division; in December of 2020, the Danab Brigade numbered about 1,150 personnel with plans for it to eventually have as many as 3,000 troops; the Gorgor Division was estimated to have 4,500-5,000 trained troops in early 2021

--in 2017, the Somali Government announced a plan for the SNA to eventually number about 18,000 troops; the same plan called for 32,000 federal and regional police" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the SNA inventory includes a variety of older, second-hand equipment largely from Italy, Russia, South Africa, and the UK; since 2015, it has received limited quantities of second-hand equipment from China, France, Italy, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates, usually as aid/donations (2020)" + "text": "the SNA is lightly armed with an inventory that includes a variety of older, second-hand equipment largely from Italy, Russia, South Africa, and the UK; since 2015, it has received small quantities of second-hand equipment from up to 10 different countries, usually as aid/donations (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory and voluntary military service (2012)" + "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory and voluntary military service (2019)" }, "Maritime threats": { - "text": "the International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial and offshore waters in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean as a region of significant risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; during 2018, two vessels were attacked compared with five in 2017; Operation Ocean Shield, the NATO naval task force established in 2009 to combat Somali piracy, concluded its operations in December 2016 as a result of the drop in reported incidents over the last few years; additional anti-piracy measures on the part of ship operators, including the use of on-board armed security teams, have reduced piracy incidents in that body of water; Somali pirates tend to be heavily armed with automatic weapons and rocket propelled grenades; the use of \"mother ships\" from which skiffs can be launched to attack vessels allows these pirates to extend the range of their operations hundreds of nautical miles offshore" + "text": "

the International Maritime Bureau’s (IMB) Piracy Reporting Center (PRC) received zero incidents of piracy and armed robbery in 2020 for the Horn of Africa; while there were no recorded incidents, the IMB PRC warns that Somalia pirates continue to possess the capacity to carry out attacks in the Somali basin and wider Indian Ocean; in particular, the report warns that, \"Masters and crew must remain vigilant and cautious when transiting these waters.\"; the presence of several naval task forces in the Gulf of Aden and additional anti-piracy measures on the part of ship operators, including the use of on-board armed security teams, contributed to the drop in incidents; the EU naval mission, Operation ATALANTA, continues its operations in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean through 2022; naval units from China, India, Japan, Pakistan, South Korea, the US, and other countries also operate in conjunction with EU forces; China has established a logistical base in Djibouti to support its deployed naval units in the Horn of Africa

" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "Somali military forces are heavily engaged in operations against the al-Shabaab terrorist organization, including joint operations with the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM); AMISOM has operated in the country with the approval of the United Nations (UN) since 2007; AMISOM's peacekeeping mission includes assisting Somali forces in providing security for a stable political process, enabling the gradual handing over of security responsibilities from AMISOM to the Somali security forces, and reducing the threat posed by Al-Shabaab and other armed opposition groups; as of early 2020, AMISOM had about 19,000 military troops and 1,000 police personnel from six African countries deployed in Somalia; the next UN Security Council AMISOM mandate renewal debate is schedule for February 2021 (in 2017, the Somali Government drafted a Somalia Transition Plan that called for the gradual transfer of security responsibilities from AMISOM to the Somali security forces by 2021)

UN Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) is mandated by the Security Council to work with the Federal Government of Somalia to support national reconciliation, provide advice on peace-building and state-building, monitor the human rights situation, and help coordinate the efforts of the international community

the UN Support Office in Somalia (UNSOS) is responsible for providing logistical field support to AMISOM, UNSOM, the Somali National Army, and the Somali Police Force on joint operations with AMISOM

the European Union Training Mission in Somalia (EUTM-S) has operated in the country since 2010; the EUTM provides advice and training to the Somali military; the US and Turkey maintain separate unilateral military training missions in Somalia (2020)" + "text": "the SNA is heavily engaged in operations against the al-Shabaab terrorist organization, including joint operations with the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM); the majority of SNA's offensive/counter-terrorism operations against al-Shabaab are reportedly conducted by the US-trained Danab Brigade

AMISOM has operated in the country with the approval of the United Nations (UN) since 2007; AMISOM's peacekeeping mission includes assisting Somali forces in providing security for a stable political process, enabling the gradual handing over of security responsibilities from AMISOM to the Somali security forces, and reducing the threat posed by Al-Shabaab and other armed opposition groups; as of late 2020, AMISOM had about 20,000 military troops from six African countries deployed in Somalia; in February 2021, the UN Security Council AMISOM renewed AMISOM's mandate until December 2021 (note - in 2017, the Somali Government drafted a Somalia Transition Plan that called for the gradual transfer of security responsibilities from AMISOM to the Somali security forces by 2021)

UN Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) is mandated by the Security Council to work with the Federal Government of Somalia to support national reconciliation, provide advice on peace-building and state-building, monitor the human rights situation, and help coordinate the efforts of the international community

the UN Support Office in Somalia (UNSOS) is responsible for providing logistical field support to AMISOM, UNSOM, the Somali National Army, and the Somali Police Force on joint operations with AMISOM

the European Union Training Mission in Somalia (EUTM-S) has operated in the country since 2010; the EUTM provides advice and training to the Somali military; the US and Turkey maintain separate unilateral military training missions in Somalia" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "al-Shabaab; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Somalia (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "al-Shabaab; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Somalia (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/africa/su.json b/africa/su.json index 5f1cd6bf..5d1df3b5 100644 --- a/africa/su.json +++ b/africa/su.json @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ "border countries": { "text": "Central African Republic 174 km, Chad 1403 km, Egypt 1276 km, Eritrea 682 km, Ethiopia 744 km, Libya 382 km, South Sudan 2158 km" }, - "note": "

note: Sudan-South Sudan boundary represents 1 January 1956 alignment; final alignment pending negotiations and demarcation; final sovereignty status of Abyei region pending negotiations between Sudan and South Sudan

" + "note": "note: Sudan-South Sudan boundary represents 1 January 1956 alignment; final alignment pending negotiations and demarcation; final sovereignty status of Abyei region pending negotiations between Sudan and South Sudan" }, "Coastline": { "text": "853 km" @@ -58,14 +58,14 @@ "text": "generally flat, featureless plain; desert dominates the north" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "568 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Jabal Marrah 3,042 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Red Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Jabal Marrah 3,042 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "568 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -100,17 +100,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "dust storms and periodic persistent droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "

water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water; water scarcity and periodic drought; wildlife populations threatened by excessive hunting; soil erosion; desertification; deforestation; loss of biodiversity

 

" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the Nile is Sudan's primary water source; its major tributaries, the White Nile and the Blue Nile, meet at Khartoum to form the River Nile which flows northward through Egypt to the Mediterranean Sea" } @@ -195,10 +184,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "35.3% of total population (2020)" + "text": "35.6% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.17% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "3.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -340,7 +329,7 @@ "text": "6.6% (2014)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "33.1% (2014)" + "text": "33% (2014)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "NA" @@ -369,6 +358,126 @@ "female": { "text": "7 years (2015)" } + }, + "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { + "total": { + "text": "32.6%" + }, + "male": { + "text": "27.4%" + }, + "female": { + "text": "43.5% (2011 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "

water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water; water scarcity and periodic drought; wildlife populations threatened by excessive hunting; soil erosion; desertification; deforestation; loss of biodiversity

 

" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "47.92 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "20 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "75.1 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "950 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "75 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "25.91 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "37.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "hot and dry; arid desert; rainy season varies by region (April to November)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "100% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 15.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 84.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "3.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "35.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria, dengue fever, and Rift Valley fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + }, + "respiratory diseases": { + "text": "meningococcal meningitis" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "severe localized food insecurity": { + "text": "due to conflict, civil insecurity, floods, and soaring food prices - the number of severely food insecure people was estimated at 7.1 million in the October-December 2020 period; late‑season rains in August and September 2020 triggered widespread floods that resulted in losses of standing crops; the late‑season heavy rains favored the spread of diseases, weeds, and pests, which further constrained crop yields; in March 2020, prices of sorghum, millet, and wheat grain were at record levels and between two to three times above the already high levels a year earlier, mainly due to a weak local currency and tight supplies, coupled with fuel shortages and high prices of agricultural inputs that increased production and transportation costs (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "2,831,291 tons (2015 est.)" + } } }, "Government": { @@ -405,11 +514,11 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: several explanations of the name exist; two of the more plausible are that it is derived from Arabic \"al-jartum\" meaning \"elephant's trunk\" or \"hose,\" and likely referring to the narrow strip of land extending between the Blue and White Niles; alternatively, the name could derive from the Dinka words \"khar-tuom,\" indicating a \"place where rivers meet\"" + "note": "etymology: several explanations of the name exist; two of the more plausible are that it is derived from Arabic \"al-jartum\" meaning \"elephant's trunk\" or \"hose,\" and likely referring to the narrow strip of land extending between the Blue and White Niles; alternatively, the name could derive from the Dinka words \"khar-tuom,\" indicating a \"place where rivers meet\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "18 states (wilayat, singular - wilayah); Blue Nile, Central Darfur, East Darfur, Gedaref, Gezira, Kassala, Khartoum, North Darfur, North Kordofan, Northern, Red Sea, River Nile, Sennar, South Darfur, South Kordofan, West Darfur, West Kordofan, White Nile", - "note": "

note: the peace accord signed in October 2020 included a protocol to restructure the country's current 18 provinces/states into eight regions" + "text": "18 states (wilayat, singular - wilayah); Blue Nile, Central Darfur, East Darfur, Gedaref, Gezira, Kassala, Khartoum, North Darfur, North Kordofan, Northern, Red Sea, River Nile, Sennar, South Darfur, South Kordofan, West Darfur, West Kordofan, White Nile

note: the peace accord signed in October 2020 included a protocol to restructure the country's current 18 provinces/states into eight regions", + "note": "note: the peace accord signed in October 2020 included a protocol to restructure the country's current 18 provinces/states into eight regions" }, "Independence": { "text": "1 January 1956 (from Egypt and the UK)" @@ -422,7 +531,7 @@ "text": "previous 1973, 1998; 2005 (interim constitution, which was suspended in April 2019); latest initial draft completed by Transitional Military Council in May 2019; revised draft known as the \"Draft Constitutional Charter for the 2019 Transitional Period,\" was signed by the Council and opposition coalition on 4 August 2019" }, "amendments": { - "text": "NA" + "text": "amended 2020 to incorporate the Juba Agreement for Peace in Sudan" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -537,7 +646,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Sayed Ahmad Muhammad SALIH/Ahmad MURJAN" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1956; originally served as the anthem of the Sudanese military

" + "note": "note: adopted 1956; originally served as the anthem of the Sudanese military" } }, "Economy": { @@ -576,7 +685,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$176.646 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$24.918 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -591,7 +700,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$4,363 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -636,8 +745,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "19.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "44.8 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "76.7 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "19 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "47.8 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -729,10 +847,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "UAE 55.5%, Egypt 14.7%, Saudi Arabia 8.8% (2017)" + "text": "United Arab Emirates 31%, China 19%, Saudi Arabia 14%, India 12%, Egypt 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "gold; oil and petroleum products; cotton, sesame, livestock, peanuts, gum Arabic, sugar" + "text": "gold, crude petroleum, sesame seeds, sheep, goats, cotton, ground nuts (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -743,10 +861,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "UAE 12.7%, Egypt 10.6%, India 10.5%, Turkey 10.2%, Japan 7.6%, Saudi Arabia 6%, Germany 4.6% (2017)" + "text": "China 31%, India 14%, United Arab Emirates 11%, Egypt 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "foodstuffs, manufactured goods, refinery and transport equipment, medicines, chemicals, textiles, wheat" + "text": "raw sugar, wheat, packaged medicines, jewelry, tires, cars and vehicle parts (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -862,9 +980,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "84.95 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "16.03 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -894,7 +1009,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 249; landing points for the EASSy, FALCON and SAS-1,-2, fiber-optic submarine cable systems linking Africa, the Middle East, Indian Ocean Islands and Asia; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "the Sudanese Government directly controls TV and radio, requiring that both media reflect government policies; TV has a permanent military censor; a private radio station is in operation (2019)" @@ -932,7 +1047,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "ST (2016)" + "text": "ST" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -986,7 +1101,7 @@ "narrow gauge": { "text": "5,851 km 1.067-m gauge (2014)" }, - "note": "

1,400 km 0.600-m gauge for cotton plantations" + "note": "1,400 km 0.600-m gauge for cotton plantations" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1021,8 +1136,8 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF): Ground Force, Navy, Sudanese Air Force; Rapid Support Forces (RSF, paramilitary); Reserve Department (formerly the paramilitary Popular Defense Forces) (2020)", - "note": "

the RSF is an autonomous paramilitary force formed in 2013 to fight armed rebel groups in Sudan, with Mohammed Hamdan DAGALLO (aka Hemeti) as its commander (he is also Deputy Chairman of the Sovereignty Council), from the remnants of the Janjaweed militia that participated in suppressing the Darfur rebellion; it was initially commanded by the National Intelligence and Security Service, then came under the direct command of former president Omar al-BASHIR, who boosted the RSF as his own personal security force; the RSF has been accused of committing rights abuses against civilians; it is also reportedly involved in business enterprises, such as gold mining; in late 2019, Sovereignty Council Chairman and SAF Commander-in-Chief General Abd-al-Fatah al-BURHAN said the RSF would be fully integrated into the SAF, but did not give a timeline" + "text": "Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF): Ground Force, Navy, Sudanese Air Force; Rapid Support Forces (RSF, paramilitary); Reserve Department (formerly the paramilitary Popular Defense Forces) (2020)

the RSF is an autonomous paramilitary force formed in 2013 to fight armed rebel groups in Sudan, with Mohammed Hamdan DAGALLO (aka Hemeti) as its commander (he is also Deputy Chairman of the Sovereignty Council), from the remnants of the Janjaweed militia that participated in suppressing the Darfur rebellion; it was initially placed under the National Intelligence and Security Service, then came under the direct command of former president Omar al-BASHIR, who boosted the RSF as his own personal security force; the RSF has been accused of committing rights abuses against civilians; it is also reportedly involved in business enterprises, such as gold mining; in late 2019, Sovereignty Council Chairman and SAF Commander-in-Chief General Abd-al-Fatah al-BURHAN said the RSF would be fully integrated into the SAF, but did not give a timeline", + "note": "the RSF is an autonomous paramilitary force formed in 2013 to fight armed rebel groups in Sudan, with Mohammed Hamdan DAGALLO (aka Hemeti) as its commander (he is also Deputy Chairman of the Sovereignty Council), from the remnants of the Janjaweed militia that participated in suppressing the Darfur rebellion; it was initially placed under the National Intelligence and Security Service, then came under the direct command of former president Omar al-BASHIR, who boosted the RSF as his own personal security force; the RSF has been accused of committing rights abuses against civilians; it is also reportedly involved in business enterprises, such as gold mining; in late 2019, Sovereignty Council Chairman and SAF Commander-in-Chief General Abd-al-Fatah al-BURHAN said the RSF would be fully integrated into the SAF, but did not give a timeline" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1032,30 +1147,30 @@ "text": "2.3% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "3.9% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "3.5% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "3% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "2.9% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "3% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "2.4% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "size assessments for the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) vary widely, ranging from about 100,000 to more than 200,000 active personnel, including approximately 1,500 Navy and 3,000 Air Force; est. 30-40,000 paramilitary Rapid Support Forces; est. 20,000 Reserve Department (formerly the paramilitary Popular Defense Forces) (2019)", - "note": "

note: in August 2020, Sudan and the major rebel group Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N) signed an agreement to integrate the group's fighters into the Sudanese Army by the end of 2023" + "text": "size assessments for the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) vary widely, ranging from about 100,000 to more than 200,000 active personnel, including approximately 1,500 Navy and 3,000 Air Force; est. 30-40,000 paramilitary Rapid Support Forces; est. 20,000 Reserve Department (formerly the paramilitary Popular Defense Forces) (2020)

note: in August 2020, Sudan and the major rebel group Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N) signed an agreement to integrate the group's fighters into the Sudanese Army by the end of 2023", + "note": "note: in August 2020, Sudan and the major rebel group Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N) signed an agreement to integrate the group's fighters into the Sudanese Army by the end of 2023" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the SAF's inventory includes a mix of Chinese, Russian, Soviet, Ukrainian, and domestically-produced weapons systems; since 2010, the leading arms providers to the SAF are Belarus, China, Russia, and Ukraine; Sudan has a domestic arms industry that manufactures ammunition, small arms, and armored vehicles, largely based on older Chinese and Russian systems (2019 est.)" + "text": "the SAF's inventory includes a mix of Chinese, Russian, Soviet-era, Ukrainian, and domestically-produced weapons systems; since 2010, the leading arms providers to the SAF are Belarus, China, Russia, and Ukraine; Sudan has a domestic arms industry that manufactures ammunition, small arms, and armored vehicles, largely based on older Chinese and Russian systems (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "estimates vary; approximately 1,000-3,000 Libya; approximately 1,000-2,000 Yemen (2020)" + "text": "est. 1,000-3,000 Libya; est. 1,000-2,000 Yemen (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-33 years of age for male and female compulsory or voluntary military service; 1-2 year service obligation (2013)" + "text": "18-33 years of age for male and female compulsory or voluntary military service; 1-2 year service obligation (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "

in October 2020, after almost a year of negotiations, Sudan’s transitional government and a broad alliance of armed rebel groups known as the Sudanese Revolutionary Front (SRF) signed a peace agreement; the SRF rebels had operated in Darfur, South Kordofan, and the Blue Nile provinces; under the agreement, SRF fighters are to be slowly incorporated into joint units with government security forces over a period of 39 months; however, two rebel groups – the Darfur-based Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army-North (SPLM/A-N), which controls territory in the South Kordofan and Blue Nile provinces, are not part of the agreement; the Sudanese Government says it will continue to negotiate with these groups

the Sudanese military and security forces reportedly control over 200 commercial companies, including businesses involved in gold mining, rubber production, agriculture, and meat exports

United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has operated in the disputed Abyei region along the border between Sudan and South Sudan since 2011; UNISFA's mission includes ensuring security, protecting civilians, strengthening the capacity of the Abyei Police Service, de-mining, monitoring/verifying the redeployment of armed forces from the area, and facilitating the flow of humanitarian aid; UNISFA had about 4,000 personnel deployed as of January 2020

in addition, the United Nations African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) has operated in the war-torn Darfur region since 2007; UNAMID is a joint African Union-UN peacekeeping force with the mission of bringing stability to Darfur, including protecting civilians, facilitating humanitarian assistance, and promoting mediation efforts, while peace talks on a final settlement continue; in 2020, UNAMID had about 8,000 total personnel (civilians, military, and police) deployed, down from an earlier peak of 16,000; UNAMID ended its mandate on 31 Dec 2020; all UNAMID personnel are scheduled to be withdrawn by June 2021; note: in October 2020, Sudan’s transitional government signed a peace agreement with several armed groups in Darfur; the agreement provided for the establishment of a joint security force comprised of 12,000 members tasked with securing the region of Darfur in place of UNAMID (2021)" + "text": "

in October 2020, after almost a year of negotiations, Sudan’s transitional government and a broad alliance of armed rebel groups known as the Sudanese Revolutionary Front (SRF) signed a peace agreement; the SRF rebels had operated in Darfur, South Kordofan, and the Blue Nile provinces; under the agreement, SRF fighters are to be slowly incorporated into joint units with government security forces over a period of 39 months; however, two rebel groups – the Darfur-based Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N), which controls territory in the South Kordofan and Blue Nile provinces, are not part of the agreement; in March 2021, the Sudanese Government and the SPLM-N agreed to re-start peace talks

the Sudanese military and security forces reportedly control over 200 commercial companies, including businesses involved in gold mining, rubber production, agriculture, and meat exports

United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has operated in the disputed Abyei region along the border between Sudan and South Sudan since 2011; UNISFA's mission includes ensuring security, protecting civilians, strengthening the capacity of the Abyei Police Service, de-mining, monitoring/verifying the redeployment of armed forces from the area, and facilitating the flow of humanitarian aid; UNISFA had about 3,700 personnel, including some 3,200 troops, deployed as of January 2021; UNISFA's mandate has been extended to May 2021

in addition, the United Nations African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) has operated in the war-torn Darfur region since 2007; UNAMID is a joint African Union-UN peacekeeping force with the mission of bringing stability to Darfur, including protecting civilians, facilitating humanitarian assistance, and promoting mediation efforts, while peace talks on a final settlement continue; in 2020, UNAMID had about 8,000 total personnel (civilians, military, and police) deployed, down from an earlier peak of 16,000; UNAMID ended its mandate on 31 Dec 2020; all UNAMID personnel are scheduled to be withdrawn by June 2021; note: in October 2020, Sudan’s transitional government signed a peace agreement with several armed groups in Darfur; the agreement provided for the establishment of a joint security force comprised of 12,000 members tasked with securing the region of Darfur in place of UNAMID" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1064,10 +1179,10 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "122,227 (Eritrea) (refugees and asylum seekers), 93,498 (Syria) (refugees and asylum seekers), 13,130 (Ethiopia) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2020); 747,885 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 27,013 (Central African Republic) (2021)" + "text": "772,918 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 123,807 (Eritrea) (refugees and asylum seekers), 93,494 (Syria) (refugees and asylum seekers), 82,292 (Ethiopia) (refugees and asylum seekers), 27,042 (Central African Republic) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { - "text": "2.134 million (civil war 1983-2005; ongoing conflict in Darfur region; government and rebel fighting along South Sudan border; inter-tribal clashes) (2019)" + "text": "2,552,174 (civil war 1983-2005; ongoing conflict in Darfur region; government and rebel fighting along South Sudan border; inter-tribal clashes) (2020)" } }, "Trafficking in persons": { diff --git a/africa/to.json b/africa/to.json index c688511b..e5da34eb 100644 --- a/africa/to.json +++ b/africa/to.json @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ "text": "gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "236 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mont Agou 986 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mont Agou 986 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "236 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,25 +96,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; periodic droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and the use of wood for fuel; very little rain forest still present and what remains is highly degraded; desertification; water pollution presents health hazards and hinders the fishing industry; air pollution increasing in urban areas" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the country's length allows it to stretch through six distinct geographic regions; climate varies from tropical to savanna" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "8,283,189 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "8,283,189 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -125,8 +114,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Adja-Ewe/Mina 42.4%, Kabye/Tem 25.9%, Para-Gourma/Akan 17.1%, Akposso/Akebu 4.1%, Ana-Ife 3.2%, other Togolese 1.7%, foreigners 5.2%, no response .4% (2013-14 est.)", - "note": "

note: Togo has an estimated 37 ethnic groups" + "text": "Adja-Ewe/Mina 42.4%, Kabye/Tem 25.9%, Para-Gourma/Akan 17.1%, Akposso/Akebu 4.1%, Ana-Ife 3.2%, other Togolese 1.7%, foreigners 5.2%, no response .4% (2013-14 est.)

note: Togo has an estimated 37 ethnic groups", + "note": "note: Togo has an estimated 37 ethnic groups" }, "Languages": { "text": "French (official, the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north)" @@ -199,7 +188,7 @@ "text": "42.8% of total population (2020)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.76% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "3.6% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -229,8 +218,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "21 years (2013/14 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "21 years (2013/14 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "396 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -377,13 +366,123 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "3.9%" + "text": "9.5%" }, "male": { - "text": "3.7%" + "text": "12.3%" }, "female": { - "text": "4.1% (2015 est.)" + "text": "7.4% (2017 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and the use of wood for fuel; very little rain forest still present and what remains is highly degraded; desertification; water pollution presents health hazards and hinders the fishing industry; air pollution increasing in urban areas" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "32.71 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "3 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "3.06 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "140.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "6.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "76 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "14.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "67.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 45.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 3.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 18.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "4.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "27.7% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "3.96% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "42.8% of total population (2020)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.6% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + }, + "respiratory diseases": { + "text": "meningococcal meningitis" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1,109,030 tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "22,181 tons (2012 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "2% (2012 est.)" } } }, @@ -421,7 +520,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: Lome comes from \"alotime\" which in the native Ewe language means \"among the alo plants\"; alo trees dominated the city's original founding site" + "note": "etymology: Lome comes from \"alotime\" which in the native Ewe language means \"among the alo plants\"; alo trees dominated the city's original founding site" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "5 regions (regions, singular - region); Centrale, Kara, Maritime, Plateaux, Savanes" @@ -437,7 +536,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest adopted 27 September 1992, effective 14 October 1992" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or supported by at least one fifth of the National Assembly membership; passage requires four-fifths majority vote by the Assembly; a referendum is required if approved by only two-thirds majority of the Assembly or if requested by the president; constitutional articles on the republican and secular form of government cannot be amended; amended 2002, 2007, 2019 when the National Assembly unanimously approved a package of amendments, including setting presidential term limits of two 5-year mandates" + "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or supported by at least one fifth of the National Assembly membership; passage requires four-fifths majority vote by the Assembly; a referendum is required if approved by only two-thirds majority of the Assembly or if requested by the president; constitutional articles on the republican and secular form of government cannot be amended; amended 2002, 2007, last in 2019 when the National Assembly unanimously approved a package of amendments, including setting presidential term limits of two 5-year mandates" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -540,8 +639,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; a white five-pointed star on a red square is in the upper hoist-side corner; the five horizontal stripes stand for the five different regions of the country; the red square is meant to express the loyalty and patriotism of the people, green symbolizes hope, fertility, and agriculture, while yellow represents mineral wealth and faith that hard work and strength will bring prosperity; the star symbolizes life, purity, peace, dignity, and Togo's independence", - "note": "

note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia

" + "text": "five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; a white five-pointed star on a red square is in the upper hoist-side corner; the five horizontal stripes stand for the five different regions of the country; the red square is meant to express the loyalty and patriotism of the people, green symbolizes hope, fertility, and agriculture, while yellow represents mineral wealth and faith that hard work and strength will bring prosperity; the star symbolizes life, purity, peace, dignity, and Togo's independence

note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia", + "note": "note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "lion; national colors: green, yellow, red, white" @@ -553,7 +652,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Alex CASIMIR-DOSSEH" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1960, restored 1992; this anthem was replaced by another during one-party rule between 1979 and 1992

" + "note": "note: adopted 1960, restored 1992; this anthem was replaced by another during one-party rule between 1979 and 1992" } }, "Economy": { @@ -600,7 +699,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$11.674 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$5.232 billion (2018 est.)" @@ -615,7 +714,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$1,517 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -660,8 +759,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "62.3 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "95.1 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "63.7 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "49 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -750,10 +858,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Benin 16.7%, Burkina Faso 15.2%, Niger 8.9%, India 7.3%, Mali 6.7%, Ghana 5.5%, Cote dIvoire 5.4%, Nigeria 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "India 16%, Benin 15%, Burkina Faso 6%, France 6%, Morocco 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "reexports, cotton, phosphates, coffee, cocoa" + "text": "refined petroleum, crude petroleum, electricity, calcium phosphates, cotton (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { @@ -764,10 +872,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 27.5%, France 9.1%, Netherlands 4.4%, Japan 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "China 18%, South Korea 13%, India 11%, Belgium 10%, Netherlands 8%, United States 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products" + "text": "refined petroleum, motorcycles, crude petroleum, rice, broadcasting equipment (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -883,9 +991,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "2.651 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -915,7 +1020,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 228; landing point for the WACS submarine cable, linking countries along the west coast of Africa with each other and with Portugal; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Symphonie (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "1 state-owned TV station with multiple transmission sites; five private TV stations broadcast locally; cable TV service is available; state-owned radio network with two stations (in Lome and Kara); several dozen private radio stations and a few community radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters available (2019)" @@ -956,7 +1061,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "5V (2016)" + "text": "5V" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1026,9 +1131,12 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Togolese Armed Forces (Forces Armees Togolaise, FAT): Togolese Army (l'Armee de Terre), Togolese Navy (Forces Naval Togolaises), Togolese Air Force (Armee de l’Air), National Gendarmerie (2020)" + "text": "Togolese Armed Forces (Forces Armees Togolaise, FAT): Togolese Army (l'Armee de Terre), Togolese Navy (Forces Naval Togolaises), Togolese Air Force (Armee de l’Air), National Gendarmerie (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2020": { + "text": "2% of GDP (2020 est.)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "3.1% of GDP (2019)" }, @@ -1039,23 +1147,23 @@ "text": "1.9% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "1.9% of GDP (2016)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "1.7% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "1.8% of GDP (2016)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Togolese Armed Forces (FAT) are comprised of approximately 9,100 personnel (8,000 Army; 200 Navy; 200 Navy; 750 Gendarmerie) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Togolese Armed Forces (FAT) are comprised of approximately 9,000 personnel (8,000 Army; 200 Navy; 200 Air Force; 600 Gendarmerie) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the FAT's small inventory is a mix of older Brazilian, British, French, German, Russian/Soviet, and US equipment; since 2010, France is the leading supplier of military hardware to Togo (2020)" + "text": "the FAT's small inventory is a mix of older equipment from a variety of countries, including Brazil, France, Germany, Russia/former Soviet Union, the UK, and the US; since 2010, France is the leading supplier of military hardware to Togo (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "920 Mali (MINUSMA) (2020)" + "text": "925 Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for military service; 2-year service obligation; currently the military is only an all-volunteer force (2017)" + "text": "18 years of age for military service; 2-year service obligation; the military is an all-volunteer force (2021)" + }, + "Maritime threats": { + "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Niger Delta and Gulf of Guinea remain a very high risk for piracy and armed robbery of ships; in 2020, there were 98 reported incidents of piracy and armed robbery at sea in the Gulf of Guinea region; although a 24% decrease from the total number of incidents in 2019, it included all three hijackings and 9 of 11 ships fired upon worldwide; while boarding and attempted boarding to steal valuables from ships and crews are the most common types of incidents, almost a third of all incidents involve a hijacking and/or kidnapping; in 2020, a record 130 crew members were kidnapped in 22 separate incidents in the Gulf of Guinea, representing 95% of kidnappings worldwide; approximately 51% of all incidents of piracy and armed robbery are taking place off Nigeria, which is a decrease from the 71% in 2019 and an indication pirates are traveling further to target vessels; Nigerian pirates are well armed and very aggressive, operating as far as 200 nm offshore; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2021-002 - Gulf of Guinea-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Kidnapping for Ransom) effective 9 January 2021, which states in part, \"Piracy, armed robbery, and kidnapping for ransom continue to serve as significant threats to US-flagged vessels transiting or operating in the Gulf of Guinea.”" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1064,7 +1172,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "9,556 (Ghana) (2020)" + "text": "8,391 (Ghana) (2021)" } }, "Illicit drugs": { diff --git a/africa/tp.json b/africa/tp.json index 8ecb28f7..5a88468e 100644 --- a/africa/tp.json +++ b/africa/tp.json @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ "exclusive economic zone": { "text": "200 nm" }, - "note": "

measured from claimed archipelagic baselines" + "note": "measured from claimed archipelagic baselines" }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)" @@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ "text": "volcanic, mountainous" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Pico de Sao Tome 2,024 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,17 +91,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "flooding" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation and illegal logging; soil erosion and exhaustion; inadequate sewage treatment in cities; biodiversity preservation" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the second-smallest African country (after the Seychelles); the two main islands form part of a chain of extinct volcanoes and both are mountainous" } @@ -122,8 +111,8 @@ "text": "Mestico, Angolares (descendants of Angolan slaves), Forros (descendants of freed slaves), Servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cabo Verde), Tongas (children of servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese), Asians (mostly Chinese)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Portuguese 98.4% (official), Forro 36.2%, Cabo Verdian 8.5%, French 6.8%, Angolar 6.6%, English 4.9%, Lunguie 1%, other (including sign language) 2.4% (2012 est.)", - "note": "

note: shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census

" + "text": "Portuguese 98.4% (official), Forro 36.2%, Cabo Verdian 8.5%, French 6.8%, Angolar 6.6%, English 4.9%, Lunguie 1%, other (including sign language) 2.4% (2012 est.)

note: shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; other Portuguese-based Creoles are also spoken", + "note": "note: shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; other Portuguese-based Creoles are also spoken" }, "Religions": { "text": "Catholic 55.7%, Adventist 4.1%, Assembly of God 3.4%, New Apostolic 2.9%, Mana 2.3%, Universal Kingdom of God 2%, Jehovah's Witness 1.2%, other 6.2%, none 21.2%, unspecified 1% (2012 est.)" @@ -190,10 +179,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "74.4% of total population (2020)" + "text": "75.1% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.33% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.96% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -223,8 +212,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "19.4 years (2008/09 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "19.4 years (2008/09 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "130 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -333,7 +322,7 @@ "text": "12.4% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "8.8% (2014)" + "text": "5.4% (2019)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "5.1% of GDP (2018)" @@ -375,6 +364,104 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation and illegal logging; soil erosion and exhaustion; inadequate sewage treatment in cities; biodiversity preservation" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "25.66 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.12 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.04 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "14.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "600,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "25.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "2.18 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "50.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 9.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 40.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "28.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "21.2% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "1.9% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "75.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.96% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria and dengue fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "25,587 tons (2014 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -406,7 +493,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: named after Saint Thomas the Apostle" + "note": "etymology: named after Saint Thomas the Apostle" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "6 districts (distritos, singular - distrito), 1 autonomous region* (regiao autonoma); Agua Grande, Cantagalo, Caue, Lemba, Lobata, Me-Zochi, Principe*" @@ -513,8 +600,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; green stands for the country's rich vegetation, red recalls the struggle for independence, and yellow represents cocoa, one of the country's main agricultural products; the two stars symbolize the two main islands", - "note": "

note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia

" + "text": "three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; green stands for the country's rich vegetation, red recalls the struggle for independence, and yellow represents cocoa, one of the country's main agricultural products; the two stars symbolize the two main islands

note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia", + "note": "note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "palm tree; national colors: green, yellow, red, black" @@ -526,7 +613,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Alda Neves DA GRACA do Espirito Santo/Manuel dos Santos Barreto de Sousa e ALMEIDA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1975

" + "note": "note: adopted 1975" } }, "Economy": { @@ -562,7 +649,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$818 million (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$0 (2018 est.)" @@ -577,7 +664,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$3,953 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -622,8 +709,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "66.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "45 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "78.2 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "66 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "28.8 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -658,7 +754,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "66.2% (2009 est.)" + "text": "66.7% (2017 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -718,10 +814,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Guyana 43.7%, Germany 23.6%, Portugal 6%, Netherlands 5.5%, Poland 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "Singapore 30%, Switzerland 24%, France 11%, Poland 7%, Belgium 7%, United States 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "cocoa 68%, copra, coffee, palm oil (2010 est.)" + "text": "gas turbines, cocoa beans, aircraft parts, iron products, chocolate (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -732,10 +828,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Portugal 54.7%, Angola 16.5%, China 5.6% (2017)" + "text": "Portugal 41%, Angola 17%, China 8% (2019 )" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and electrical equipment, food products, petroleum products" + "text": "refined petroleum, cars, rice, flavored water, postage stamps (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -851,9 +947,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "148,100 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -883,7 +976,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 239; landing points for the Ultramar GE and ACE submarine cables from South Africa to over 20 West African countries and Europe; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "1 government-owned TV station; 1 government-owned radio station; 3 independent local radio stations authorized in 2005 with 2 operating at the end of 2006; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available" @@ -918,7 +1011,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "S9 (2016)" + "text": "S9" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -963,10 +1056,19 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Armed Forces of Sao Tome and Principe (Forcas Armadas de Sao Tome e Principe, FASTP): Army, Coast Guard of Sao Tome e Principe (Guarda Costeira de Sao Tome e Principe, GCSTP; also called \"Navy\"), Presidential Guard, National Guard (2019)" + "text": "Armed Forces of Sao Tome and Principe (Forcas Armadas de Sao Tome e Principe, FASTP): Army, Coast Guard of Sao Tome e Principe (Guarda Costeira de Sao Tome e Principe, GCSTP; also called \"Navy\"), Presidential Guard, National Guard (2021)" + }, + "Military and security service personnel strengths": { + "text": "the FASTP has approximately 4-500 personnel (2020)" + }, + "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { + "text": "the FASTP is lightly and poorly armed (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service; 17 is the legal minimum age for voluntary service (2012)" + "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service; 17 is the legal minimum age for voluntary service (2019)" + }, + "Maritime threats": { + "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Niger Delta and Gulf of Guinea remain a very high risk for piracy and armed robbery of ships; in 2020, there were 98 reported incidents of piracy and armed robbery at sea in the Gulf of Guinea region; although a 24% decrease from the total number of incidents in 2019, it included all three hijackings and 9 of 11 ships fired upon worldwide; while boarding and attempted boarding to steal valuables from ships and crews are the most common types of incidents, almost a third of all incidents involve a hijacking and/or kidnapping; in 2020, a record 130 crew members were kidnapped in 22 separate incidents in the Gulf of Guinea, representing 95% of kidnappings worldwide; approximately 51% of all incidents of piracy and armed robbery are taking place off Nigeria, which is a decrease from the 71% in 2019 and an indication pirates are traveling further to target vessels; Nigerian pirates are well armed and very aggressive, operating as far as 200 nm offshore; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2021-002 - Gulf of Guinea-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Kidnapping for Ransom) effective 9 January 2021, which states in part, \"Piracy, armed robbery, and kidnapping for ransom continue to serve as significant threats to US-flagged vessels transiting or operating in the Gulf of Guinea.”" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/africa/ts.json b/africa/ts.json index 06bc2757..cf40f87c 100644 --- a/africa/ts.json +++ b/africa/ts.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into the Sahara" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "246 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Jebel ech Chambi 1,544 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Shatt al Gharsah -17 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Jebel ech Chambi 1,544 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "246 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,17 +99,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "flooding; earthquakes; droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective and poses health risks; water pollution from raw sewage; limited natural freshwater resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Marine Life Conservation" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location in central Mediterranean; Malta and Tunisia are discussing the commercial exploitation of the continental shelf between their countries, particularly for oil exploration" } @@ -130,8 +119,8 @@ "text": "Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Arabic (official, one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce), Berber (Tamazight)", - "note": "

note: despite having no official status, French plays a major role in the country and is spoken by about two thirds of the population

" + "text": "Arabic (official, one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce), Berber (Tamazight)

note: despite having no official status, French plays a major role in the country and is spoken by about two thirds of the population", + "note": "note: despite having no official status, French plays a major role in the country and is spoken by about two thirds of the population" }, "Religions": { "text": "Muslim (official; Sunni) 99.1%, other (includes Christian, Jewish, Shia Muslim, and Baha'i) 1%" @@ -198,10 +187,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "69.6% of total population (2020)" + "text": "69.9% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.53% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.34% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -355,13 +344,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "35%" + "text": "34.9%" }, "male": { - "text": "34%" + "text": "33.8%" }, "female": { - "text": "37.4% (2015 est.)" + "text": "37.2% (2017 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective and poses health risks; water pollution from raw sewage; limited natural freshwater resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Marine Life Conservation" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "35.66 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "29.94 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "7.89 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "137 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "965 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "3.773 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "4.615 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "64.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 18.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 15.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 31.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "6.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "28.6% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.21% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "69.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.34% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "2.7 million tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "108,000 tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "4% (2014 est.)" } } }, @@ -396,7 +475,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: three possibilities exist for the derivation of the name; originally a Berber settlement (earliest reference 4th century B.C.), the strategic site fell to the Carthaginians (Phoenicians) and the city could be named after the Punic goddess Tanit, since many ancient cities were named after patron deities; alternatively, the Berber root word \"ens,\" which means \"to lie down\" or \"to pass the night,\" may indicate that the site was originally a camp or rest stop; finally, the name may be the same as the city of Tynes, mentioned in the writings of some ancient authors" + "note": "etymology: three possibilities exist for the derivation of the name; originally a Berber settlement (earliest reference 4th century B.C.), the strategic site fell to the Carthaginians (Phoenicians) and the city could be named after the Punic goddess Tanit, since many ancient cities were named after patron deities; alternatively, the Berber root word \"ens,\" which means \"to lie down\" or \"to pass the night,\" may indicate that the site was originally a camp or rest stop; finally, the name may be the same as the city of Tynes, mentioned in the writings of some ancient authors" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "24 governorates (wilayat, singular - wilayah); Beja (Bajah), Ben Arous (Bin 'Arus), Bizerte (Banzart), Gabes (Qabis), Gafsa (Qafsah), Jendouba (Jundubah), Kairouan (Al Qayrawan), Kasserine (Al Qasrayn), Kebili (Qibili), Kef (Al Kaf), L'Ariana (Aryanah), Mahdia (Al Mahdiyah), Manouba (Manubah), Medenine (Madanin), Monastir (Al Munastir), Nabeul (Nabul), Sfax (Safaqis), Sidi Bouzid (Sidi Bu Zayd), Siliana (Silyanah), Sousse (Susah), Tataouine (Tatawin), Tozeur (Tawzar), Tunis, Zaghouan (Zaghwan)" @@ -471,12 +550,12 @@ "text": "Court of Cassation (consists of the first president, chamber presidents, and magistrates and organized into 27 civil and 11 criminal chambers)" }, "judge selection and term of office": { - "text": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the Supreme Judicial Council, an independent 4-part body consisting mainly of elected judges and the remainder legal specialists; judge tenure based on terms of appointment; Constitutional Court NA" + "text": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the Supreme Judicial Council, an independent 4-part body consisting mainly of elected judges and the remainder legal specialists; judge tenure based on terms of appointment; Constitutional Court; note -court was established in the constitution but establishment has been delayed" }, "subordinate courts": { "text": "Courts of Appeal; administrative courts; Court of Audit; Housing Court; courts of first instance; lower district courts; military courts" }, - "note": "

note: the new Tunisian constitution of January 2014 called for the creation of a constitutional court by the end of 2015, but as of November 2018, the court had not been appointed; the court to consist of 12 members - 4 each to be appointed by the president, the Supreme Judicial Council (an independent 4-part body consisting mainly of elected judges and the remainder are legal specialists), and the Chamber of the People's Deputies (parliament); members are to serve 9-year terms with one-third of the membership renewed every 3 years

" + "note": "note: the new Tunisian constitution of January 2014 called for the creation of a constitutional court by the end of 2015, but as of November 2018, the court had not been appointed; the court to consist of 12 members - 4 each to be appointed by the president, the Supreme Judicial Council (an independent 4-part body consisting mainly of elected judges and the remainder are legal specialists), and the Chamber of the People's Deputies (parliament); members are to serve 9-year terms with one-third of the membership renewed every 3 years" }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "Afek Tounes [Yassine BRAHIM]Al Badil Al-Tounisi (The Tunisian Alternative) [Mehdi JOMAA]
Call for Tunisia Party (Nidaa Tounes) [Hafedh CAID ESSEBSI]
Congress for the Republic Party or CPR [Imed DAIMI]
Current of Love [Hachemi HAMDI] (formerly the Popular Petition party)
Democratic Alliance Party [Mohamed HAMDI]
Democratic Current [Mohamed ABBOU]
Democratic Patriots' Unified Party [Zied LAKHDHAR]
Dignity Coalition [Seifeddine MAKHIOUF]
Free Destourian Party [Abir MOUSSI]
Free Patriotic Union (Union patriotique libre) or UPL  [Slim RIAHI]
Green Tunisia Party [Abdelkader ZITOUNI]
Heart of Tunisia (Qalb Tounes)
Irada Movement
Long Live Tunisia (Tahya Tounes) [Youssef CHAHED]
Machrou Tounes (Tunisia Project) [Mohsen MARZOUK]
Movement of Socialist Democrats or MDS [Ahmed KHASKHOUSSI]
Ennahda Movement (The Renaissance) [Rachid GHANNOUCHI]
National Destourian Initiative or El Moubadra [Kamel MORJANE]
Party of the Democratic Arab Vanguard [Ahmed JEDDICK, Kheireddine SOUABNI]
People's Movement [Zouheir MAGHZAOUI]
Popular Front (coalition includes Democratic Patriots' Unified Party, Workers' Party, Green Tunisia, Tunisian Ba'ath Movement, Party of the Democratic Arab Vanguard)
Republican Party [Maya JRIBI]
Tunisian Ba'ath Movement [OMAR Othman BELHADJ]
Tunisia First (Tunis Awlan) [Ridha BELHAJ]
Workers' Party [Hamma HAMMAMI]" @@ -486,7 +565,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Charge d'Affaires Abdeljelil Ben RABEH (since 24 August 2020)" + "text": "Ambassador Nejmeddin LAKHAL (since 18 January 2021)" }, "chancery": { "text": "1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005" @@ -516,8 +595,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; resembles the Ottoman flag (red banner with white crescent and star) and recalls Tunisia's history as part of the Ottoman Empire; red represents the blood shed by martyrs in the struggle against oppression, white stands for peace; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of Islam", - "note": "

note: the flag is based on that of Turkey, itself a successor state to the Ottoman Empire

" + "text": "red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; resembles the Ottoman flag (red banner with white crescent and star) and recalls Tunisia's history as part of the Ottoman Empire; red represents the blood shed by martyrs in the struggle against oppression, white stands for peace; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of Islam

note: the flag is based on that of Turkey, itself a successor state to the Ottoman Empire", + "note": "note: the flag is based on that of Turkey, itself a successor state to the Ottoman Empire" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "encircled red crescent moon and five-pointed star; national colors: red, white" @@ -529,7 +608,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Mustafa Sadik AL-RAFII and Aboul-Qacem ECHEBBI/Mohamad Abdel WAHAB" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1957, replaced 1958, restored 1987; Mohamad Abdel WAHAB also composed the music for the anthem of the United Arab Emirates

" + "note": "note: adopted 1957, replaced 1958, restored 1987; Mohamad Abdel WAHAB also composed the music for the anthem of the United Arab Emirates" } }, "Economy": { @@ -579,7 +658,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$121.254 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$38.884 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -594,7 +673,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$10,605 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -639,8 +718,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "68.7 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "94.6 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "74.6 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "58.4 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -675,7 +763,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "15.5% (2010 est.)" + "text": "15.2% (2015 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015": { @@ -735,10 +823,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "France 32.1%, Italy 17.3%, Germany 12.4% (2017)" + "text": "France 29%, Italy 17%, Germany 13% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "clothing, semi-finished goods and textiles, agricultural products, mechanical goods, phosphates and chemicals, hydrocarbons, electrical equipment" + "text": "insulated wiring, clothing and apparel, crude petroleum, olive oil, vehicle parts (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -749,10 +837,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Italy 15.8%, France 15.1%, China 9.2%, Germany 8.1%, Turkey 4.8%, Algeria 4.7%, Spain 4.5% (2017)" + "text": "France 17%, Italy 16%, Germany 8%, China 8%, Algeria 7% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "textiles, machinery and equipment, hydrocarbons, chemicals, foodstuffs" + "text": "refined petroleum, natural gas, low-voltage protection equipment, cars, insulated wiring (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -862,9 +950,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "65.13 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "23.42 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -894,7 +979,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 216; landing points for the SEA-ME-WE-4, Didon, HANNIBAL System and Trapani-Kelibia submarine cable systems that provides links to Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia and Southeast Asia; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria and Libya; participant in Medarabtel; 2 international gateway digital switches (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "1 state-owned TV station with multiple transmission sites; 5 private TV stations broadcast locally; cable TV service is available; state-owned radio network with 2 stations; several dozen private radio stations and a few community radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters available (2019)" @@ -935,7 +1020,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "TS (2016)" + "text": "TS" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1011,11 +1096,11 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Tunisian Armed Forces (Forces Armees Tunisiens, FAT): Tunisian Army (includes Tunisian Air Defense Force), Tunisian Navy, Republic of Tunisia Air Force; Ministry of Interior: Tunisian National Guard (2020)" + "text": "Tunisian Armed Forces (Forces Armees Tunisiens, FAT): Tunisian Army (includes Tunisian Air Defense Force), Tunisian Navy, Republic of Tunisia Air Force; Ministry of Interior: Tunisian National Guard (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "2.6% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "2.5% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "2.1% of GDP (2018)" @@ -1031,10 +1116,10 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Tunisian Armed Forces (FAT) have approximately 36,000 active personnel (27,000 Army; 5,000 Navy; 4,000 Air Force); est. 12,000 National Guard (2019)" + "text": "the Tunisian Armed Forces (FAT) have approximately 36,000 active personnel (27,000 Army; 5,000 Navy; 4,000 Air Force); est. 10-12,000 National Guard (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Tunisian military's inventory includes mostly older or secondhand US and European equipment; since 2010, the Netherlands and US are the leading suppliers of arms to Tunisia (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Tunisian military's inventory includes mostly older or secondhand US and European equipment; since 2010, the Netherlands and US are the leading suppliers of arms to Tunisia (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "20-23 years of age for compulsory service, 1-year service obligation; 18-23 years of age for voluntary service (2019)" @@ -1042,8 +1127,8 @@ }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Ansar al-Sharia in Tunisia; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) network in Tunisia; al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (2021)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Ansar al-Sharia in Tunisia; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) network in Tunisia; al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (2021)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/africa/tz.json b/africa/tz.json index dd431f27..8832ed59 100644 --- a/africa/tz.json +++ b/africa/tz.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "61,500 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar

" + "note": "note: includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "more than six times the size of Georgia; slightly larger than twice the size of California" @@ -55,14 +55,14 @@ "text": "plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,018 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Kilimanjaro (highest point in Africa) 5,895 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Kilimanjaro (highest point in Africa) 5,895 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,018 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -97,25 +97,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season; drought

volcanism: limited volcanic activity; Ol Doinyo Lengai (2,962 m) has emitted lava in recent years; other historically active volcanoes include Kieyo and Meru

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water polution; improper management of liquid waste; indoor air pollution caused by the burning of fuel wood or charcoal for cooking and heating is a large environmental health issue; soil degradation; deforestation; desertification; destruction of coral reefs threatens marine habitats; wildlife threatened by illegal hunting and trade, especially for ivory; loss of biodiversity; solid waste disposal" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "Kilimanjaro is the highest point in Africa and one of only three mountain ranges on the continent that has glaciers (the others are Mount Kenya [in Kenya] and the Ruwenzori Mountains [on the Uganda-Democratic Republic of the Congo border]); Tanzania is bordered by three of the largest lakes on the continent: Lake Victoria (the world's second-largest freshwater lake) in the north, Lake Tanganyika (the world's second deepest) in the west, and Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) in the southwest" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "62,092,761 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "62,092,761 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -129,12 +118,12 @@ "text": "mainland - African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu consisting of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian, European, and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, African, mixed Arab and African" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguja (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages", - "note": "

note: Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety of sources including Arabic and English; it has become the lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of most people is one of the local languages

" + "text": "Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguja (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages

note: Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety of sources including Arabic and English; it has become the lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of most people is one of the local languages", + "note": "note: Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety of sources including Arabic and English; it has become the lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of most people is one of the local languages" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Christian 61.4%, Muslim 35.2%, folk religion 1.8%, other 0.2%, unaffiliated 1.4% (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: Zanzibar is almost entirely Muslim

" + "text": "Christian 61.4%, Muslim 35.2%, folk religion 1.8%, other 0.2%, unaffiliated 1.4% (2010 est.)

note: Zanzibar is almost entirely Muslim", + "note": "note: Zanzibar is almost entirely Muslim" }, "Demographic profile": { "text": "

Tanzania has the largest population in East Africa and the lowest population density; almost a third of the population is urban. Tanzania’s youthful population – about two-thirds of the population is under 25 – is growing rapidly because of the high total fertility rate of 4.8 children per woman. Progress in reducing the birth rate has stalled, sustaining the country’s nearly 3% annual growth. The maternal mortality rate has improved since 2000, yet it remains very high because of early and frequent pregnancies, inadequate maternal health services, and a lack of skilled birth attendants – problems that are worse among poor and rural women. Tanzania has made strides in reducing under-5 and infant mortality rates, but a recent drop in immunization threatens to undermine gains in child health. Malaria is a leading killer of children under 5, while HIV is the main source of adult mortality

For Tanzania, most migration is internal, rural to urban movement, while some temporary labor migration from towns to plantations takes place seasonally for harvests. Tanzania was Africa’s largest refugee-hosting country for decades, hosting hundreds of thousands of refugees from the Great Lakes region, primarily Burundi, over the last fifty years. However, the assisted repatriation and naturalization of tens of thousands of Burundian refugees between 2002 and 2014 dramatically reduced the refugee population. Tanzania is increasingly a transit country for illegal migrants from the Horn of Africa and the Great Lakes region who are heading to southern Africa for security reasons and/or economic opportunities. Some of these migrants choose to settle in Tanzania.

" @@ -198,10 +187,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "35.2% of total population (2020)" + "text": "36% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "5.22% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "4.89% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -231,8 +220,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "19.8 years (2015/16 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "19.8 years (2015/16 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "524 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -386,6 +375,112 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water polution; improper management of liquid waste; indoor air pollution caused by the burning of fuel wood or charcoal for cooking and heating is a large environmental health issue; soil degradation; deforestation; desertification; destruction of coral reefs threatens marine habitats; wildlife threatened by illegal hunting and trade, especially for ivory; loss of biodiversity; solid waste disposal" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "25.59 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "11.97 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "59.08 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "527 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "25 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "4.632 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "96.27 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "43.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 14.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 2.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 27.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "37.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "19% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "2.19% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "36% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.89% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria, dengue fever, and Rift Valley fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "severe localized food insecurity": { + "text": "due to floods and refugee influx - about 499,000 people were estimated to be in need of emergency assistance in the May-September 2020 period, mainly in northeastern Manyara and Kilimanjaro regions and in central Dodoma and Singida regions, where 2019 harvests were affected by prolonged dry spells that resulted in significant cereal production losses; heavy rains triggered floods in March and April 2020 in northern Mwanza, Simiyu, Mara, and Kagera regions, in western Rukwa, Katavi, and Kigoma regions, in eastern Manyara Province, and in southern Morogoro Region, which resulted in population displacements and localized damage to crops (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "9,276,995 tons (2012 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -420,7 +515,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: Dar es Salaam was the name given by Majid bin Said, the first sultan of Zanzibar, to the new city he founded on the Indian Ocean coast; the Arabic name is commonly translated as \"abode/home of peace\"; Dodoma, in the native Gogo language, means \"it has sunk\"; supposedly, one day during the rainy season, an elephant drowned in the area; the villagers in that place were so struck by what had occurred, that ever since the locale has been referred to as the place where \"it (the elephant) sunk\"" + "note": "etymology: Dar es Salaam was the name given by Majid bin Said, the first sultan of Zanzibar, to the new city he founded on the Indian Ocean coast; the Arabic name is commonly translated as \"abode/home of peace\"; Dodoma, in the native Gogo language, means \"it has sunk\"; supposedly, one day during the rainy season, an elephant drowned in the area; the villagers in that place were so struck by what had occurred, that ever since the locale has been referred to as the place where \"it (the elephant) sunk\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "31 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Geita, Iringa, Kagera, Kaskazini Pemba (Pemba North), Kaskazini Unguja (Zanzibar North), Katavi, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Kusini Pemba (Pemba South), Kusini Unguja (Zanzibar Central/South), Lindi, Manyara, Mara, Mbeya, Mjini Magharibi (Zanzibar Urban/West), Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Njombe, Pwani (Coast), Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Simiyu, Singida, Songwe, Tabora, Tanga" @@ -433,10 +528,10 @@ }, "Constitution": { "history": { - "text": "several previous; latest adopted 25 April 1977; note - progress enacting a new constitution drafted in 2014 by the Constituent Assembly stalled" + "text": "several previous; latest adopted 25 April 1977; note - progress enacting a new constitution drafted in 2014 by the Constituent Assembly has stalled" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage of amendments to constitutional articles including those on sovereignty of the United Republic, the authorities and powers of the government, the president, the Assembly, and the High Court requires two-thirds majority vote of the mainland Assembly membership and of the Zanzibar House of Representatives membership; House of Representatives approval of other amendments is not required; amended several times, last in 2017" + "text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage of amendments to constitutional articles including those on sovereignty of the United Republic, the authorities and powers of the government, the president, the Assembly, and the High Court requires two-thirds majority vote of the mainland Assembly membership and of the Zanzibar House of Representatives membership; House of Representatives approval of other amendments is not required; amended several times, last in 2017 (2021)" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -464,10 +559,10 @@ }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { - "text": "President John MAGUFULI, Dr. (since 5 November 2015; sworn in for second 5-year term on 5 November 2020); Vice President Samia Suluhu HASSAN (since 5 November 2015); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government " + "text": "President Samia Suluhu HASSAN (since 19 March 2021); note - President John MAGUFULI died on 17 March 2021; vice president (vacant); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government" }, "head of government": { - "text": "President John MAGUFULI, Dr. (since 5 November 2015; sworn in for second 5-year term on 5 November 2020); Vice President Samia Suluhu HASSAN (since 5 November 2015); note - Prime Minister Kassim Majaliwa MAJALIWA (since 20 November 2015; reappointed 13 November 2020) has authority over the day-to-day functions of the government, is the leader of government business in the National Assembly, and is head of the Cabinet" + "text": "President Samia Suluhu HASSAN (since 19 March 2021); note - President John MAGUFULI died on 17 March 2021; vice president (vacant); Prime Minister Kassim Majaliwa MAJALIWA (since 20 November 2015) has authority over the day-to-day functions of the government, is the leader of government business in the National Assembly, and is head of the Cabinet" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Cabinet appointed by the president from among members of the National Assembly" @@ -478,7 +573,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "John MAGUFULI elected president; percent of vote - John MAGUFULI (CCM) 58.5%, Edward LOWASSA (CHADEMA) 40%, other 1.5%" }, - "note": "

note: Zanzibar elects a president as head of government for internal matters; election held on 25 October 2015 was annulled by the Zanzibar Electoral Commission and rerun on 20 March 2016; President Ali Mohamed SHEIN reelected; percent of vote - Ali Mohamed SHEIN (CCM) 91.4%, Hamad Rashid MOHAMED (ADC) 3%, other 5.6%; the main opposition party in Zanzibar CUF boycotted the 20 March 2016 election rerun

" + "note": "note: Zanzibar elects a president as head of government for internal matters; election held on 25 October 2015 was annulled by the Zanzibar Electoral Commission and rerun on 20 March 2016; President Ali Mohamed SHEIN reelected; percent of vote - Ali Mohamed SHEIN (CCM) 91.4%, Hamad Rashid MOHAMED (ADC) 3%, other 5.6%; the main opposition party in Zanzibar CUF boycotted the 20 March 2016 election rerun" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { @@ -503,8 +598,8 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "

Alliance for Change and Transparency (Wazalendo) or ACT [Zitto KABWE]
Alliance for Democratic Change or ADC [Miraji ABDALLAH]
Civic United Front (Chama Cha Wananchi) or CUF [Ibrahim LIPUMBA]
National Convention for Construction and Reform-Mageuzi or NCCR-M [James Francis MBATIA]
National League for Democracy
Party of Democracy and Development (Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo) or Chadema [Freeman MBOWE]
Revolutionary Party (Chama Cha Mapinduzi) or CCM [John MAGUFULI]
Tanzania Labor Party or TLP [Augustine MREMA]
United Democratic Party or UDP [John Momose CHEYO]

", - "note": "

note: in March 2014, four opposition parties (CUF, CHADEMA, NCCR-Mageuzi, and NLD) united to form Coalition for the People's Constitution (Umoja wa Katiba ya Wananchi) or UKAWA; during local elections held in October, 2014, UKAWA entered one candidate representing the three parties united in the coalition

" + "text": "

Alliance for Change and Transparency (Wazalendo) or ACT [Zitto KABWE]
Alliance for Democratic Change or ADC [Miraji ABDALLAH]
Civic United Front (Chama Cha Wananchi) or CUF [Ibrahim LIPUMBA]
National Convention for Construction and Reform-Mageuzi or NCCR-M [James Francis MBATIA]
National League for Democracy
Party of Democracy and Development (Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo) or Chadema [Freeman MBOWE]
Revolutionary Party (Chama Cha Mapinduzi) or CCM [John MAGUFULI]
Tanzania Labor Party or TLP [Augustine MREMA]
United Democratic Party or UDP [John Momose CHEYO]



note: in March 2014, four opposition parties (CUF, CHADEMA, NCCR-Mageuzi, and NLD) united to form Coalition for the People's Constitution (Umoja wa Katiba ya Wananchi) or UKAWA; during local elections held in October, 2014, UKAWA entered one candidate representing the three parties united in the coalition", + "note": "note: in March 2014, four opposition parties (CUF, CHADEMA, NCCR-Mageuzi, and NLD) united to form Coalition for the People's Constitution (Umoja wa Katiba ya Wananchi) or UKAWA; during local elections held in October, 2014, UKAWA entered one candidate representing the three parties united in the coalition" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CD, EAC, EADB, EITI, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" @@ -553,7 +648,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "collective/Enoch Mankayi SONTONGA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1961; the anthem, which is also a popular song in Africa, shares the same melody with that of Zambia but has different lyrics; the melody is also incorporated into South Africa's anthem

" + "note": "note: adopted 1961; the anthem, which is also a popular song in Africa, shares the same melody with that of Zambia but has different lyrics; the melody is also incorporated into South Africa's anthem" } }, "Economy": { @@ -597,7 +692,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$134.274 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$60.633 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -612,7 +707,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$2,530 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -657,8 +752,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "54.5 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "74.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "20.2 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "61.7 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -690,7 +794,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "22.8% (2015 est.)" + "text": "26.4% (2017 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -750,10 +854,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "India 21.8%, South Africa 17.9%, Kenya 8.8%, Switzerland 6.7%, Belgium 5.9%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 5.8%, China 4.8% (2017)" + "text": "India 20%, United Arab Emirates 13%, China 8%, Switzerland 7%, Rwanda 6%, Kenya 5%, Vietnam 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "gold, coffee, cashew nuts, manufactures, cotton" + "text": "gold, tobacco, cashews, sesame seeds, refined petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -764,10 +868,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "India 16.5%, China 15.8%, UAE 9.2%, Saudi Arabia 7.9%, South Africa 5.1%, Japan 4.9%, Switzerland 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "China 34%, India 15%, United Arab Emirates 12% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "consumer goods, machinery and transportation equipment, industrial raw materials, crude oil" + "text": "refined petroleum, palm oil, packaged medicines, cars, wheat (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -776,7 +880,7 @@ "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": { "text": "$4.067 billion (31 December 2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: excludes gold

" + "note": "note: excludes gold" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 2019": { @@ -884,9 +988,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "6.513 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "14.57 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -916,7 +1017,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 255; landing points for the EASSy, SEACOM/Tata TGN-Eurasia, and SEAS fiber-optic submarine cable system linking East Africa with the Middle East; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean, 1 Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "a state-owned TV station and multiple privately owned TV stations; state-owned national radio station supplemented by more than 40 privately owned radio stations; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available (2019)" @@ -957,7 +1058,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "5H (2016)" + "text": "5H" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1008,7 +1109,7 @@ "narrow gauge": { "text": "1,860 km 1.067-m gauge (2014)" }, - "note": "

2707 km 1.000-m gauge" + "note": "2707 km 1.000-m gauge" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1040,8 +1141,8 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Tanzania People's Defense Forces (TPDF or Jeshi la Wananchi la Tanzania, JWTZ): Land Forces Command, Naval Forces Command, Air Force Command, National Building Army (Jeshi la Kujenga Taifa, JKT), People's Militia (Reserves) (2019)", - "note": "

note: the National Building Army is a paramilitary organization under the Defense Forces that provides six months of military and vocational training to individuals as part of their two years of public service; after completion of training, some graduates join the regular Defense Forces while the remainder become part of the People's Militia" + "text": "Tanzania People's Defense Forces (TPDF or Jeshi la Wananchi la Tanzania, JWTZ): Land Forces, Naval Forces, Air Force, National Building Army (Jeshi la Kujenga Taifa, JKT), People's Militia (Reserves); Ministry of Home Affairs paramilitary forces: Police Field Force (2021)

note: the National Building Army is a paramilitary organization under the Defense Forces that provides six months of military and vocational training to individuals as part of their two years of public service; after completion of training, some graduates join the regular Defense Forces while the remainder become part of the People's (or Citizen's) Militia", + "note": "note: the National Building Army is a paramilitary organization under the Defense Forces that provides six months of military and vocational training to individuals as part of their two years of public service; after completion of training, some graduates join the regular Defense Forces while the remainder become part of the People's (or Citizen's) Militia" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1051,7 +1152,7 @@ "text": "1.3% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "1.2% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "1.1% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "1.1% of GDP (2016)" @@ -1061,28 +1162,28 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Tanzania People's Defense Forces (TPDF) have an estimated 26,000 active personnel (22,000 Land Forces; 1,000 Naval Forces; 3,000 Air Force) (2019 )" + "text": "the Tanzania People's Defense Forces (TPDF) have an estimated 26,000 active personnel (22,000 Land Forces; 1,000 Naval Forces; 3,000 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the TPDF inventory includes mostly Soviet-era and older Chinese equipment; since 2010, China is the leading supplier of arms to the TPDF (2019)" + "text": "the TPDF inventory includes mostly Soviet-era and Chinese equipment; since 2010, China is the leading supplier of arms to the TPDF (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "450 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 750 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 120 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 330 Sudan (UNAMID) (2020)" + "text": "450 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 775 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 120 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 330 Sudan (UNAMID) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; 6-year commitment (2019)" + "text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; 6-year commitment (2-year contracts afterwards); selective conscription for 2 years of public service (2021)" }, "Maritime threats": { - "text": "The International Maritime Bureau reports that shipping in territorial and offshore waters in the Indian Ocean remain at risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships, especially as Somali-based pirates extend their activities south; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; crews have been robbed and stores or cargoes stolen." + "text": "

the International Maritime Bureau reports that shipping in territorial and offshore waters in the Indian Ocean remain at risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships

" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the TPDF has deployed additional troops to its border with Mozambique to prevent a spillover of the growing violence in the northern Mozambican province of Cabo Delgado (2020)" + "text": "as of late 2020, the TPDF had deployed additional troops to its border with Mozambique to prevent a spillover of the growing violence in the northern Mozambican province of Cabo Delgado" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Central Africa (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Mozambique (2021)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1091,7 +1192,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "147,990 (Burundi), 78,408 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (2021)" + "text": "146,322 (Burundi), 78,789 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (2021)" } }, "Trafficking in persons": { diff --git a/africa/ug.json b/africa/ug.json index 2b7c0b9a..eaf85d95 100644 --- a/africa/ug.json +++ b/africa/ug.json @@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ "text": "mostly plateau with rim of mountains" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Albert Nile 614 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Margherita Peak on Mount Stanley 5,110 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Albert Nile 614 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -88,25 +88,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "droughts; floods; earthquakes; landslides; hailstorms" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "draining of wetlands for agricultural use; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; water pollution from industrial discharge and water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; widespread poaching" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Environmental Modification" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; fertile, well-watered country with many lakes and rivers; Lake Victoria, the world's largest tropical lake and the second largest fresh water lake, is shared among three countries: Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "44,712,143 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "44,712,143 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -187,10 +176,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "25% of total population (2020)" + "text": "25.6% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "5.7% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "5.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -220,8 +209,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "18.9 years (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "18.9 years (2011 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "375 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -375,6 +364,118 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "draining of wetlands for agricultural use; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; water pollution from industrial discharge and water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; widespread poaching" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Environmental Modification" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "48.41 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "5.68 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "30.24 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "328 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "50 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "259 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "60.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "71.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 34.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 11.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 25.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "14.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "14.3% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "7.32% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "25.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "5.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria, dengue fever, and Trypanosomiasis-Gambiense (African sleeping sickness)" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "widespread lack of access": { + "text": "due to floods and refugee influx - the number of severely food insecure people was estimated at 2 million in the September 2020-January 2021 period in Karamoja Region, urban areas, refugee settlements, and host communities; in traditionally food secure urban areas, including the capital, Kampala, more than 600,000 people are food insecure due to the restrictive measures introduced to curb the spread of the COVID‑19 virus; torrential rains triggered flooding in September and October near Lake Albert and Lake Kyoga; in addition, landslides occurred in mountain areas of eastern Mbale, southern Kisoro, and western Bunyangabo districts; floods and landslides affected about 16,500 people and caused losses of lives, damage to infrastructure, and localized crop losses (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "7,045,050 tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "422,703 tons (2017 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "6% (2017 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -400,7 +501,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the site of the original British settlement was referred to by its native name as Akasozi ke'Empala (\"hill of the impala\" [plural]); over time this designation was shortened to K'empala and finally Kampala" + "note": "etymology: the site of the original British settlement was referred to by its native name as Akasozi ke'Empala (\"hill of the impala\" [plural]); over time this designation was shortened to K'empala and finally Kampala" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "134 districts and 1 capital city*; Abim, Adjumani, Agago, Alebtong, Amolatar, Amudat, Amuria, Amuru, Apac, Arua, Budaka, Bududa, Bugiri, Bugweri, Buhweju, Buikwe, Bukedea, Bukomansimbi, Bukwo, Bulambuli, Buliisa, Bundibugyo, Bunyangabu, Bushenyi, Busia, Butaleja, Butambala, Butebo, Buvuma, Buyende, Dokolo, Gomba, Gulu, Hoima, Ibanda, Iganga, Isingiro, Jinja, Kaabong, Kabale, Kabarole, Kaberamaido, Kagadi, Kakumiro, Kalaki, Kalangala, Kaliro, Kalungu, Kampala*, Kamuli, Kamwenge, Kanungu, Kapchorwa, Kapelebyong, Karenga, Kasese, Kasanda, Katakwi, Kayunga, Kazo, Kibaale, Kiboga, Kibuku, Kikuube, Kiruhura, Kiryandongo, Kisoro, Kitagwenda, Kitgum, Koboko, Kole, Kotido, Kumi, Kwania, Kween, Kyankwanzi, Kyegegwa, Kyenjojo, Kyotera, Lamwo, Lira, Luuka, Luwero, Lwengo, Lyantonde, Madi-Okollo, Manafwa, Maracha, Masaka, Masindi, Mayuge, Mbale, Mbarara, Mitooma, Mityana, Moroto, Moyo, Mpigi, Mubende, Mukono, Nabilatuk, Nakapiripirit, Nakaseke, Nakasongola, Namayingo, Namisindwa, Namutumba, Napak, Nebbi, Ngora, Ntoroko, Ntungamo, Nwoya, Obongi, Omoro, Otuke, Oyam, Pader, Pakwach, Pallisa, Rakai, Rubanda, Rubirizi, Rukiga, Rukungiri, Rwampara, Sembabule, Serere, Sheema, Sironko, Soroti, Tororo, Wakiso, Yumbe, Zombo" @@ -416,7 +517,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest adopted 27 September 1995, promulgated 8 October 1995" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly membership in the second and third readings; proposals affecting \"entrenched clauses,\" including the sovereignty of the people, supremacy of the constitution, human rights and freedoms, the democratic and multiparty form of government, presidential term of office, independence of the judiciary, and the institutions of traditional or cultural leaders, also requires passage by referendum, ratification by at least two-thirds majority vote of district council members in at least two thirds of Uganda's districts, and assent ofthe president of the republic; amended several times, last in 2017" + "text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly membership in the second and third readings; proposals affecting \"entrenched clauses,\" including the sovereignty of the people, supremacy of the constitution, human rights and freedoms, the democratic and multiparty form of government, presidential term of office, independence of the judiciary, and the institutions of traditional or cultural leaders, also requires passage by referendum, ratification by at least two-thirds majority vote of district council members in at least two thirds of Uganda's districts, and assent ofthe president of the republic; amended several times, last in 2017 (2021)" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -443,6 +544,9 @@ "text": "18 years of age; universal" }, "Executive branch": { + "chief of state": { + "text": "President Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since seizing power on 26 January 1986; re-elected for sixth term on 14 January 2021); Vice President Edward SSEKANDI (since 24 May 2011); Prime Minister Ruhakana RUGUNDA (since 19 September 2014); First Deputy Prime Minister Moses ALI (since 6 June 2016); Second Deputy Prime Minister Kirunda KIVEJINJA (since 6 June 2016); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government" + }, "head of government": { "text": "President Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since seizing power on 26 January 1986; re-elected for sixth term on 14 January 2021); Vice President Edward SSEKANDI (since 24 May 2011); Prime Minister Ruhakana RUGUNDA (since 19 September 2014); First Deputy Prime Minister Moses ALI (since 6 June 2016); Second Deputy Prime Minister Kirunda KIVEJINJA (since 6 June 2016)" }, @@ -531,7 +635,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "George Wilberforce KAKOMOA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1962

" + "note": "note: adopted 1962" } }, "Economy": { @@ -581,7 +685,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$85.406 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$34.683 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -596,7 +700,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$2,075 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -641,8 +745,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "60 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "71.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "66.7 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "60.6 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -674,7 +787,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "21.4% (2017 est.)" + "text": "21.4% (2016 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": { @@ -737,10 +850,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Kenya 17.7%, UAE 16.7%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 6.6%, Rwanda 6.1%, Italy 4.8% (2017)" + "text": "United Arab Emirates 58%, Kenya 9% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "coffee, fish and fish products, tea, cotton, flowers, horticultural products; gold" + "text": "gold, coffee, milk, fish and fish products, tobacco (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -754,10 +867,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 17.4%, India 13.4%, UAE 12.2%, Kenya 7.9%, Japan 6.4%, Saudi Arabia 6.3%, Indonesia 4.4%, South Africa 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "China 19%, India 17%, Kenya 16%, United Arab Emirates 7%, Japan 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "capital equipment, vehicles, petroleum, medical supplies; cereals" + "text": "packaged medicines, aircraft, delivery trucks, cars, wheat (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -766,7 +879,7 @@ "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": { "text": "$3.034 billion (31 December 2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: excludes gold

" + "note": "note: excludes gold" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 2019": { @@ -877,9 +990,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "14.16 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "4.703 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -909,7 +1019,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 256; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat; analog and digital links to Kenya and Tanzania" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "public broadcaster, Uganda Broadcasting Corporation (UBC), operates radio and TV networks; 31 Free-To-Air (FTA) TV stations, 2 digital terrestrial TV stations, 3 cable TV stations, and 5 digital satellite TV stations; 258 operational FM stations" @@ -947,7 +1057,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "5X (2016)" + "text": "5X" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1023,7 +1133,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Uganda People's Defense Force (UPDF): Land Forces, Air Forces, Marine Forces, Special Operations Command, Reserve Force (2019)" + "text": "Uganda People's Defense Force (UPDF): Land Forces, Air Forces, Marine Forces, Special Forces Command, Reserve Force (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1033,35 +1143,35 @@ "text": "1.4% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "1.3% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "1.5% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "1.3% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "1.6% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "1.2% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "1.4% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "size estimates for the Uganda People's Defense Force (UPDF) vary; approximately 50,000 troops, including about 1,000 air and marine personnel (2019 est.)" + "text": "size estimates for the Uganda People's Defense Force (UPDF) vary; approximately 50,000 troops, including about 1,000 Air Force and Marine personnel (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the UPDF's inventory is mostly older Russian/Soviet-era equipment with a limited mix of more modern Russian- and Western-origin arms; since 2010, the leading suppliers of arms to the UPDF are Russia and Ukraine (2019)" + "text": "the UPDF's inventory is mostly older Russian/Soviet-era equipment with a limited mix of more modern Russian- and Western-origin arms; since 2010, the leading suppliers of arms to the UPDF are Russia and Ukraine (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "6,200 Somalia (AMISOM); 620 Somalia (UNSOM); 250 Equatorial Guinea (2020)" + "text": "6,200 Somalia (AMISOM); 620 Somalia (UNSOM); 250 Equatorial Guinea (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military duty (must be single, no children); 9-year service obligation (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "

the UPDF, which is constitutionally granted seats in parliament, is widely viewed as a key constituency for MUSEVENI; it has been used by MUSEVENI and the NRM to break up rallies, raid opposition offices, and surveil rival candidates; during the 2020 election cycle, senior UPDF officer said that the military would not obey a non-NRM political leader

the UPDF has conducted operations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo against a Congo-based Ugandan rebel group, the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), which the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in Central Africa (see the Terrorist Group Appendix) has publicly claimed as an affiliate; beginning in 2012, the UPDF also led regional efforts to pursue the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), a small, violent group of Ugandan origin that conducted widespread attacks against civilians in much of Central Africa; the UPDF withdrew from the mission in 2017 after declaring that the LRA no longer posed a security threat

Uganda intervened in the South Sudan civil war in 2013-2016 and UPDF forces have clashed with South Sudanese forces along the border as recently as 2020

" + "text": "

the UPDF, which is constitutionally granted seats in parliament, is widely viewed as a key constituency for MUSEVENI; it has been used by MUSEVENI and the NRM to break up rallies, raid opposition offices, and surveil rival candidates; during the 2020 election cycle, senior UPDF officer said that the military would not obey a non-NRM political leader

the UPDF has conducted operations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo against a Congo-based Ugandan rebel group, the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), which was designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization by the US State Department in March 2021 as the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (ISIS-DRC; see the Terrorist Group Appendix); beginning in 2012, the UPDF also led regional efforts to pursue the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), a small, violent group of Ugandan origin that conducted widespread attacks against civilians in much of Central Africa; the UPDF withdrew from the mission in 2017 after declaring that the LRA no longer posed a security threat

Uganda intervened in the South Sudan civil war in 2013-2016 and UPDF forces have clashed with South Sudanese forces along the border as recently as 2020

" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "al-Shabaab; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Central Africa (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "al-Shabaab; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Democratic Republic of Congo (ISIS-DRC) (2021)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1070,7 +1180,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "44,479 (Somalia) (refugees and asylum seekers), 17,239 (Rwanda) (refugees and asylum seekers), 14,865 (Eritrea) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2020); 890,854 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 422,989 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers), 49,688 (Burundi) (2021)" + "text": "911,646 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 428,892 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers), 50,741 (Burundi), 46,372 (Somalia) (refugees and asylum seekers), 17,607 (Rwanda) (refugees and asylum seekers), 17,111 (Eritrea) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "32,000 (displaced in northern Uganda because of fighting between government forces and the Lord's Resistance Army; as of 2011, most of the 1.8 million people displaced to IDP camps at the height of the conflict had returned home or resettled, but many had not found durable solutions; intercommunal violence, land disputes, and cattle raids) (2019)" diff --git a/africa/uv.json b/africa/uv.json index 2c8874eb..d8cf8beb 100644 --- a/africa/uv.json +++ b/africa/uv.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "Various ethnic groups settled and established kingdoms in the area of today's Burkina Faso from medieval times onward. In the late 19th century, several European states attempted to move into the region, but it was the French who established a protectorate of Upper Volta in 1896. Independent from France in 1960, the country changed its name to Burkina Faso in 1984. Repeated military coups during the 1970s and 1980s were followed by multiparty elections in the early 1990s. Former President Blaise COMPAORE (1987-2014) resigned in late October 2014 following popular protests against his efforts to amend the constitution's two-term presidential limit. An interim administration organized presidential and legislative elections - held in November 2015 - where Roch Marc Christian KABORE was elected president. The country experienced terrorist attacks in its capital in 2016, 2017, and 2018, while additional attacks in the country's northern and eastern regions resulted in approximately 4,000 deaths and over 900,000 internally displaced persons in 2019-2020. The Government of Burkina Faso has made numerous arrests of terrorist suspects, augmented the size of its special terrorism detachment Groupement des Forces Anti-Terroristes (GFAT) in the country’s north, and joined the newly-created G5 Sahel Joint Force to fight terrorism and criminal trafficking groups with regional neighbors Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger. Burkina Faso's high population growth, recurring drought, pervasive and perennial food insecurity, and limited natural resources result in poor economic prospects for the majority of its citizens." + "text": "Many of Burkina Faso’s ethnic groups arrived in the region between the 12th and 15th centuries. The Gurma and Mossi peoples established several of the largest kingdoms in the area and used horse-mounted warriors in military campaigns. Of the various Mossi kingdoms, the most powerful were Ouagadougou and Yatenga. In the late 19th century, European states competed for control of the region. France eventually conquered the area and established it as a French protectorate.

The area achieved independence from France in 1960 and changed its name to Burkina Faso in 1984. Repeated military coups were common in the country’s first few decades. The last successful coup occurred in 1987 when Blaise COMPAORE deposed the former president, established a government, and ruled for 27 years. In October 2014, COMPAORE resigned following protests against his repeated efforts to amend the constitution's two-term presidential limit. An interim administration led a year-long transition period organizing presidential and legislative elections. In November 2015, Roch Marc Christian KABORE was elected president; he was reelected in November 2020.

Terrorist groups - including groups affiliated with Al-Qa’ida and the Islamic State - began attacks in the country in 2016 and conducted attacks in the capital in 2016, 2017, and 2018. By late 2020, terrorist attacks had resulted in approximately 4,000 deaths and over 1 million internally displaced persons. In addition to terrorism, the country faces a myriad of problems including high population growth, recurring drought, pervasive and perennial food insecurity, and limited natural resources. It is one of the world’s poorest countries.

 

" } }, "Geography": { @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "Mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in the west and southeast.  Occupies an extensive plateau with savanna that is grassy in the north and gradually gives way to sparse forests in the south. (2019)" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "297 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Tena Kourou 749 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Mouhoun (Black Volta) River 200 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Tena Kourou 749 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "297 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,25 +91,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "recurring droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "recent droughts and desertification severely affecting agricultural activities, population distribution, and the economy; overgrazing; soil degradation; deforestation (2019)" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands (2019)" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked savanna cut by the three principal rivers of the Black, Red, and White Voltas" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "21,382,659 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "21,382,659 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -190,10 +179,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "30.6% of total population (2020)" + "text": "31.2% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.99% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "4.75% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -223,8 +212,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "19.4 years (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "19.4 years (2010 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "320 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -339,7 +328,7 @@ "text": "5.6% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "17.7% (2018)" + "text": "16.4% (2019)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "5.4% of GDP (2018)" @@ -371,13 +360,128 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "8.7%" + "text": "8.6%" }, "male": { - "text": "5.3%" + "text": "8.9%" }, "female": { - "text": "12.5% (2014)" + "text": "8.4% (2019)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "recent droughts and desertification severely affecting agricultural activities, population distribution, and the economy; overgrazing; soil degradation; deforestation (2019)" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Nuclear Test Ban" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "36.78 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "3.42 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "12.85 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "375.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "21.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "420.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "13.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "

three climate zones including a hot tropical savanna with a short rainy season in the southern half, a tropical hot semi-arid steppe climate typical of the Sahel region in the northern half, and small area of hot desert in the very north of the country bordering the Sahara Desert

" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "44.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 22% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 37% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 21.93% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "19.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "36.5% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "4.54% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "31.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.75% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever and malaria" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + }, + "respiratory diseases": { + "text": "meningococcal meningitis" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "severe localized food insecurity": { + "text": "due to civil insecurity in the north - about 2.7 million people were estimated to need humanitarian assistance between June and August 2021; in the Centre-Nord and Sahel regions, insecurity continues to cause population displacements, further deteriorating the food security situation; due to the conflict, about 1.07 million people have been displaced, of which 50% live in the Centre-Nord Region (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "2,575,251 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "309,030 tons (2005 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "12% (2005 est.)" } } }, @@ -415,7 +519,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: Ouagadougou is a Francophone spelling of the native name \"Wogodogo,\" meaning \"where people get honor and respect\"" + "note": "etymology: Ouagadougou is a Francophone spelling of the native name \"Wogodogo,\" meaning \"where people get honor and respect\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "13 regions; Boucle du Mouhoun, Cascades, Centre, Centre-Est, Centre-Nord, Centre-Ouest, Centre-Sud, Est, Hauts-Bassins, Nord, Plateau-Central, Sahel, Sud-Ouest" @@ -428,7 +532,7 @@ }, "Constitution": { "history": { - "text": "several previous; latest approved by referendum 2 June 1991, adopted 11 June 1991, temporarily suspended late October to mid-November 2014; initial draft of a new constitution to usher in the new republic was completed in January 2017 and a final draft was submitted to the government in December 2017; a constitutional referendum originally scheduled for adoption in March 2019 was postponed until 2020" + "text": "several previous; latest approved by referendum 2 June 1991, adopted 11 June 1991, temporarily suspended late October to mid-November 2014; initial draft of a new constitution to usher in the new republic was completed in January 2017 and a final draft was submitted to the government in December 2017; a constitutional referendum originally scheduled for adoption in March 2019 has been postponed" }, "amendments": { "text": "proposed by the president, by a majority of National Assembly membership, or by petition of at least 30,000 eligible voters submitted to the Assembly; passage requires at least three-fourths majority vote in the Assembly; failure to meet that threshold requires majority voter approval in a referendum; constitutional provisions on the form of government, the multiparty system, and national sovereignty cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2012" @@ -534,8 +638,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow five-pointed star in the center; red recalls the country's struggle for independence, green is for hope and abundance, and yellow represents the country's mineral wealth", - "note": "

note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia

" + "text": "two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow five-pointed star in the center; red recalls the country's struggle for independence, green is for hope and abundance, and yellow represents the country's mineral wealth

note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia", + "note": "note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "white stallion; national colors: red, yellow, green" @@ -547,7 +651,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Thomas SANKARA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1974; also known as \"Une Seule Nuit\" (One Single Night); written by the country's former president, an avid guitar player

" + "note": "note: adopted 1974; also known as \"Une Seule Nuit\" (One Single Night); written by the country's former president, an avid guitar player" } }, "Economy": { @@ -591,7 +695,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$39.238 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$14.271 billion (2018 est.)" @@ -606,7 +710,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$2,044 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -651,8 +755,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "51.4 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "88.2 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "66.6 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "41.1 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -665,8 +778,8 @@ "text": "10.4% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "8.501 million (2016 est.)", - "note": "

note: a large part of the male labor force migrates annually to neighboring countries for seasonal employment

" + "text": "8.501 million (2016 est.)

note: a large part of the male labor force migrates annually to neighboring countries for seasonal employment", + "note": "note: a large part of the male labor force migrates annually to neighboring countries for seasonal employment" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -682,7 +795,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "40.1% (2009 est.)" + "text": "41.4% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": { @@ -742,10 +855,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Switzerland 44.9%, India 15.6%, South Africa 11.3%, Cote d'Ivoire 4.9% (2017)" + "text": "Switzerland 59%, India 21% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "gold, cotton, livestock" + "text": "gold, cotton, zinc, cashews, sesame seeds, (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -759,10 +872,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 13.2%, Cote d'Ivoire 9.5%, US 8.2%, Thailand 8.1%, France 6.5%, Ghana 4.4%, Togo 4.4%, India 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "Cote d'Ivoire 15%, China 9%, Ghana 8%, France 8%, India 6%, United States 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "capital goods, foodstuffs, petroleum" + "text": "refined petroleum, delivery trucks, packaged medicines, electricity, aircraft (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -878,9 +991,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "3.421 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -910,7 +1020,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 226; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "since the official inauguration of Terrestrial Digital Television (TNT) in December 2017, Burkina Faso now has 14 digital TV channels among which 2 are state-owned; there are more than 140 radio stations (commercial, religious, community) available throughout the country including a national and regional state-owned network; the state-owned Radio Burkina and the private Radio Omega are among the most widespread stations and both include broadcasts in French and local languages (2019)" @@ -951,7 +1061,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "XT (2016)" + "text": "XT" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -990,7 +1100,7 @@ "narrow gauge": { "text": "622 km 1.000-m gauge (2014)" }, - "note": "

note: another 660 km of this railway extends into Cote d'Ivoire

" + "note": "note: another 660 km of this railway extends into Cote d'Ivoire" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1006,8 +1116,8 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Armed Forces of Burkina Faso (FABF): Army of Burkina Faso (L’Armee de Terre, LAT), Air Force of Burkina Faso (Force Aerienne de Burkina Faso, FABF), National Gendarmerie, National Fire Brigade (Brigade Nationale des Sapeurs-Pompiers, BNSP) (2019)", - "note": "

note: the National Gendarmerie officially reports to the Ministry of Defense, but usually operates in support of the Ministry of Security and the Ministry of Justice; Gendarmerie troops are typically integrated with Army forces in anti-terrorism operations; for example, Gendarmerie, Army, and police forces were combined to form a task force known as the Groupement des Forces Anti-Terroristes (GFAT) to address terrorist activities along the country's northern border in 2013" + "text": "Armed Forces of Burkina Faso (FABF): Army of Burkina Faso (L’Armee de Terre, LAT), Air Force of Burkina Faso (Force Aerienne de Burkina Faso, FABF), National Gendarmerie (2021)

note: the National Gendarmerie officially reports to the Ministry of Defense, but usually operates in support of the Ministry of Security and the Ministry of Justice; Gendarmerie troops are typically integrated with Army forces in anti-terrorism operations; for example, Gendarmerie, Army, and police forces were combined to form a task force known as the Groupement des Forces Anti-Terroristes (GFAT) to address terrorist activities along the country's northern border in 2013", + "note": "note: the National Gendarmerie officially reports to the Ministry of Defense, but usually operates in support of the Ministry of Security and the Ministry of Justice; Gendarmerie troops are typically integrated with Army forces in anti-terrorism operations; for example, Gendarmerie, Army, and police forces were combined to form a task force known as the Groupement des Forces Anti-Terroristes (GFAT) to address terrorist activities along the country's northern border in 2013" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1027,25 +1137,26 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Armed Forces of Burkina Faso (FABF) have approximately 12,000 personnel (7,000 Army; 500 Air Force; 4,500 National Gendarmerie) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Armed Forces of Burkina Faso (FABF) have approximately 12,000 personnel (7,000 Army; 500 Air Force; 4,500 National Gendarmerie) (2020)

note - in 2018, the Groupement des Forces Anti-Terroristes (GFAT) numbered about 1,500 personnel", + "note": "note - in 2018, the Groupement des Forces Anti-Terroristes (GFAT) numbered about 1,500 personnel" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the FABF has a mix of foreign-supplied weapons; since 2010, it has received limited amounts of equipment from several countries, including donated second hand armaments, including Brazil, Russia, and Turkey (2020)" + "text": "the FABF has a mix of foreign-supplied weapons; since 2010, it has received limited amounts of mostly donated second-hand equipment from more than 10 countries (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "1,100 Mali (MINUSMA) (2020)" + "text": "1,075 Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; women may serve in supporting roles (2013)" + "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; women may serve in supporting roles (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "since at least 2016, the Armed Forces of Burkina Faso have been actively engaged in combat operations with terrorist groups linked to al-Qa'ida and ISIS; military operations have occurred in the Centre‐Est, Centre‐Nord, Est, Nord, and Sahel administrative regions

Burkina Faso is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger; it has committed 550 troops and 100 gendarmes to the force; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries (2020)" + "text": "since at least 2016, the Armed Forces of Burkina Faso have been actively engaged in combat operations with terrorist groups linked to al-Qa'ida and ISIS; military operations have occurred in the Centre‐Est, Centre‐Nord, Est, Nord, and Sahel administrative regions

Burkina Faso is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger; it has committed 550 troops and 100 gendarmes to the force; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries (2021)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Ansarul Islam; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Greater Sahara; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun); Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Ansarul Islam; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Greater Sahara; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun); Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1057,7 +1168,7 @@ "text": "20,951 (Mali) (2020)" }, "IDPs": { - "text": "

921,471 (2020)

" + "text": "

1,147,699 (2021)

" } }, "Trafficking in persons": { diff --git a/africa/wa.json b/africa/wa.json index a0a432c4..56cdf273 100644 --- a/africa/wa.json +++ b/africa/wa.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert in east" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,141 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Konigstein on Brandberg 2,573 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Konigstein on Brandberg 2,573 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,141 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,25 +99,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "prolonged periods of drought" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "depletion and degradation of water and aquatic resources; desertification; land degradation; loss of biodiversity and biotic resources; wildlife poaching" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the Namib Desert, after which the country is named, is considered to be the oldest desert in the world; Namibia is the first country in the world to incorporate the protection of the environment into its constitution; some 14% of the land is protected, including virtually the entire Namib Desert coastal strip; Namib-Naukluft National Park (49,768 sq km), is the largest game park in Africa and one of the largest in the world" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "2,678,191 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "2,678,191 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -131,8 +120,8 @@ "text": "Ovambo 50%, Kavangos 9%, Herero 7%, Damara 7%, mixed European and African ancestry 6.5%, European 6%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, San 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana .5%" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Oshiwambo languages 49.7%, Nama/Damara 11%, Kavango languages 10.4%, Afrikaans 9.4% (also a common language), Herero languages 9.2%, Zambezi languages 4.9%, English (official) 2.3%, other African languages 1.5%, other European languages .7%, other 1% (2016 est.)", - "note": "

note: Namibia has 13 recognized national languages, including 10 indigenous African languages and 3 European languages

" + "text": "Oshiwambo languages 49.7%, Nama/Damara 11%, Kavango languages 10.4%, Afrikaans 9.4% (also a common language), Herero languages 9.2%, Zambezi languages 4.9%, English (official) 2.3%, other African languages 1.5%, other European languages .7%, other 1% (2016 est.)

note: Namibia has 13 recognized national languages, including 10 indigenous African languages and 3 European languages", + "note": "note: Namibia has 13 recognized national languages, including 10 indigenous African languages and 3 European languages" }, "Religions": { "text": "Christian 80% to 90% (at least 50% Lutheran), indigenous beliefs 10% to 20%" @@ -199,10 +188,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "52% of total population (2020)" + "text": "53% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.2% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "3.64% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -232,8 +221,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "21.5 years (2013 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "21.5 years (2013 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "195 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -369,7 +358,116 @@ "text": "37.5%" }, "female": { - "text": "38.5% (2016 est.)" + "text": "38.5% (2018 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "depletion and degradation of water and aquatic resources; desertification; land degradation; loss of biodiversity and biotic resources; wildlife poaching" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "22.59 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "4.23 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "10.4 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "73 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "14 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "201 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "39.91 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "47.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 46.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "8.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "44% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.47% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "53% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.64% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "severe localized food insecurity": { + "text": "due to localized shortfalls in staple food production and economic slowdown - about 441,000 people were estimated to be food insecure and in need of humanitarian assistance between October 2020 and March 2021; although the availability of food is adequate and stable, the negative effects of the COVID‑19 pandemic, primarily income and job losses, have constrained households’ access to food (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "256,729 tons (1993 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "11,553 tons (2005 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "4.5% (2005 est.)" } } }, @@ -410,7 +508,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins first Sunday in September; ends first Sunday in April" }, - "note": "

etymology: may derive from the Afrikaans word \"wind-hoek\" meaning \"windy corner\"" + "note": "etymology: may derive from the Afrikaans word \"wind-hoek\" meaning \"windy corner\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "14 regions; Erongo, Hardap, //Karas, Kavango East, Kavango West, Khomas, Kunene, Ohangwena, Omaheke, Omusati, Oshana, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa, Zambezi; note - the Karas Region was renamed //Karas in September 2013 to include the alveolar lateral click of the Khoekhoegowab language" @@ -499,7 +597,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Charge d'Affaires Jerome Mutamba MUTAMBA (since 3 August 2020)" + "text": "Ambassador Margaret Natalie MENSAH-WILLIAMS (since 18 January 2021)" }, "chancery": { "text": "1605 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009" @@ -541,7 +639,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Axali DOESEB" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1991

" + "note": "note: adopted 1991" } }, "Economy": { @@ -588,7 +686,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$24.147 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$12.372 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -603,7 +701,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$10,051 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -648,8 +746,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "61.4 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "72.2 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "61.5 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "63.4 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -674,7 +781,7 @@ "services": { "text": "54% (2013 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: about half of Namibia's people are unemployed while about two-thirds live in rural areas; roughly two-thirds of rural dwellers rely on subsistence agriculture

" + "note": "note: about half of Namibia's people are unemployed while about two-thirds live in rural areas; roughly two-thirds of rural dwellers rely on subsistence agriculture" }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2016": { @@ -685,7 +792,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "28.7% (2010 est.)" + "text": "17.4% (2015 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015": { @@ -748,10 +855,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "South Africa 27.1%, Botswana 14.9%, Switzerland 12%, Zambia 5.7%, China 4.6%, Italy 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "China 27%, South Africa 18%, Botswana 8%, Belgium 7% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "diamonds, copper, gold, zinc, lead, uranium; cattle, white fish and mollusks" + "text": "copper, diamonds, uranium, thorium, gold, radioactive chemicals, fish (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -765,10 +872,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "South Africa 61.4% (2017)" + "text": "South Africa 47%, Zambia 16% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "foodstuffs; petroleum products and fuel, machinery and equipment, chemicals" + "text": "copper, refined petroleum, delivery trucks, diamonds, cars (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -884,9 +991,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "62.29 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "3.958 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -916,7 +1020,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 264; landing points for the ACE and WACS fiber-optic submarine cable linking southern and western African countries to Europe; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "1 private and 1 state-run TV station; satellite and cable TV service available; state-run radio service broadcasts in multiple languages; about a dozen private radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters available" @@ -957,7 +1061,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "V5 (2016)" + "text": "V5" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1030,17 +1134,17 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Namibian Defense Force (NDF): Army, Navy, Air Force; Namibian Police Force: Special Field Force (paramilitary unit responsible for protecting borders and government installations) (2019)" + "text": "Namibian Defense Force (NDF): Army, Navy, Air Force; Namibian Police Force: Special Field Force (paramilitary unit responsible for protecting borders and government installations) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "3% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "3.4% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "3.2% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "3.6% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "3.4% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "3.9% of GDP (2016)" @@ -1050,13 +1154,13 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "size assessments for the Namibian Defense Force (NDF) vary; approximately 13,000 personnel (11,000 Army; 1,000 Navy; 700 Air Force) (2019 est.)" + "text": "size assessments for the Namibian Defense Force (NDF) vary; approximately 13,000 personnel (11,000 Army; 1,000 Navy; 700 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of the Namibian Defense Force consists mostly of Soviet-era equipment; China is the leading supplier of weapons to Namibia since 2010 (2019 est.)" + "text": "the inventory of the Namibian Defense Force consists mostly of Soviet-era equipment; China is the leading supplier of weapons to Namibia since 2010 (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2019)" + "text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1065,7 +1169,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "6,595 (Democratic Republic of Congo) (2020)" + "text": "5,078 (Democratic Republic of the Cong) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)" } }, "Trafficking in persons": { diff --git a/africa/wz.json b/africa/wz.json index 93526fef..4c4b9b0e 100644 --- a/africa/wz.json +++ b/africa/wz.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "mostly mountains and hills; some moderately sloping plains" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "305 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Emlembe 1,862 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Great Usutu River 21 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Emlembe 1,862 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "305 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,25 +91,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "drought" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "limited supplies of potable water; wildlife populations being depleted because of excessive hunting; population growth, deforestation, and overgrazing lead to soil erosion and soil degradation" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Law of the Sea" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; almost completely surrounded by South Africa" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "1,113,276 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "1,113,276 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -190,10 +179,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "24.2% of total population (2020)" + "text": "24.4% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.46% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.42% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -367,7 +356,110 @@ "text": "44.2%" }, "female": { - "text": "50.1% (2016)" + "text": "50% (2016)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "limited supplies of potable water; wildlife populations being depleted because of excessive hunting; population growth, deforestation, and overgrazing lead to soil erosion and soil degradation" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "16.26 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "1.16 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "1.9 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "41.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "20.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.006 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "4.51 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "varies from tropical to near temperate" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "68.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 9.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 57.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "31.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "2.25% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.1% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "24.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.42% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "intermediate (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "severe localized food insecurity": { + "text": "due to localized shortfalls in production and reduction in income-generating activities - between October 2020 and March 2021, an estimated 366,000 people were food insecure and in need of humanitarian assistance, above the estimate for the same period in 2019/20; the deterioration reflects localized shortfalls in cereal production, high food prices, and the loss of income-generating activities due to the COVID‑19-induced economic downturn (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "218,199 tons (2016 est.)" } } }, @@ -391,7 +483,7 @@ "etymology": { "text": "the country name derives from 19th century King MSWATI II, under whose rule Swati territory was expanded and unified" }, - "note": "

note: pronounced ay-swatini or eh-swatini

" + "note": "note: pronounced ay-swatini or eh-swatini" }, "Government type": { "text": "absolute monarchy" @@ -406,7 +498,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: named after a Swati chief, Mbabane Kunene, who lived in the area at the onset of British settlement" + "note": "etymology: named after a Swati chief, Mbabane Kunene, who lived in the area at the onset of British settlement" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "4 regions; Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini, Shiselweni" @@ -534,7 +626,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Andrease Enoke Fanyana SIMELANE/David Kenneth RYCROFT" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1968; uses elements of both ethnic Swazi and Western music styles

" + "note": "note: adopted 1968; uses elements of both ethnic Swazi and Western music styles" } }, "Economy": { @@ -575,7 +667,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$9.457 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$4.484 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -590,7 +682,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$8,408 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -635,8 +727,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "59.5 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "77.2 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "92.9 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "36.7 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -671,7 +772,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "63% (2010 est.)" + "text": "58.9% (2016 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": { @@ -861,9 +962,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "1.14 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -893,7 +991,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 268; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "1 state-owned TV station; satellite dishes are able to access South African providers; state-owned radio network with 3 channels; 1 private radio station (2019)" @@ -920,7 +1018,7 @@ }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "3 (2016)" + "text": "3DC" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -965,33 +1063,33 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Umbutfo Eswatini Defense Force (UEDF): Ground Force (includes Air Wing (no operational aircraft)) (2019)" + "text": "Umbutfo Eswatini Defense Force (UEDF): Army (includes a small air wing) (2020)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "1.8% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "1.8% of GDP (2019 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "1.9% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "1.9% of GDP (2018 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "1.9% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "1.9% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "2% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "2% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "1.8% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "1.8% of GDP (2015 est.)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Umbutfo Eswatini Defense Force has approximately 3,100 active personnel (3,000 Army; 100 Air Force) (2020 est.)" + "text": "the Umbutfo Eswatini Defense Force has approximately 3,000 active personnel (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of the UEDF consists mostly of equipment from South Africa; the only publicly recorded military acquisitions since 2010 were two secondhand helicopters from Taiwan in 2019 (2020)" + "text": "the UEDF is lightly armed with mostly South African weapons and equipment; the only publicly recorded military acquisitions since 2010 were two secondhand utility helicopters from Taiwan that were delivered in 2020 (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-30 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription; compulsory HIV testing required, only HIV-negative applicants accepted (2013)" + "text": "18-30 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription; compulsory HIV testing required, only HIV-negative applicants accepted (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/africa/za.json b/africa/za.json index 215b5a6d..b7e8e3b3 100644 --- a/africa/za.json +++ b/africa/za.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,138 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mafinga Central 2,330 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Zambezi river 329 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mafinga Central 2,330 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,138 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,25 +91,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "periodic drought; tropical storms (November to April)" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution and resulting acid rain in the mineral extraction and refining region; chemical runoff into watersheds; loss of biodiversity; poaching seriously threatens rhinoceros, elephant, antelope, and large cat populations; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; lack of adequate water treatment presents human health risks" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; the Zambezi forms a natural riverine boundary with Zimbabwe; Lake Kariba on the Zambia-Zimbabwe border forms the world's largest reservoir by volume (180 cu km; 43 cu mi)" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "19,077,816 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "19,077,816 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -123,8 +112,8 @@ "text": "Bemba 21%, Tonga 13.6%, Chewa 7.4%, Lozi 5.7%, Nsenga 5.3%, Tumbuka 4.4%, Ngoni 4%, Lala 3.1%, Kaonde 2.9%, Namwanga 2.8%, Lunda (north Western) 2.6%, Mambwe 2.5%, Luvale 2.2%, Lamba 2.1%, Ushi 1.9%, Lenje 1.6%, Bisa 1.6%, Mbunda 1.2%, other 13.8%, unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Bemba 33.4%, Nyanja 14.7%, Tonga 11.4%, Lozi 5.5%, Chewa 4.5%, Nsenga 2.9%, Tumbuka 2.5%, Lunda (North Western) 1.9%, Kaonde 1.8%, Lala 1.8%, Lamba 1.8%, English (official) 1.7%, Luvale 1.5%, Mambwe 1.3%, Namwanga 1.2%, Lenje 1.1%, Bisa 1%, other 9.7%, unspecified 0.2% (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: Zambia is said to have over 70 languages, although many of these may be considered dialects; all of Zambia's major languages are members of the Bantu family; Chewa and Nyanja are mutually intelligible dialects

" + "text": "Bemba 33.4%, Nyanja 14.7%, Tonga 11.4%, Lozi 5.5%, Chewa 4.5%, Nsenga 2.9%, Tumbuka 2.5%, Lunda (North Western) 1.9%, Kaonde 1.8%, Lala 1.8%, Lamba 1.8%, English (official) 1.7%, Luvale 1.5%, Mambwe 1.3%, Namwanga 1.2%, Lenje 1.1%, Bisa 1%, other 9.7%, unspecified 0.2% (2010 est.)

note: Zambia is said to have over 70 languages, although many of these may be considered dialects; all of Zambia's major languages are members of the Bantu family; Chewa and Nyanja are mutually intelligible dialects", + "note": "note: Zambia is said to have over 70 languages, although many of these may be considered dialects; all of Zambia's major languages are members of the Bantu family; Chewa and Nyanja are mutually intelligible dialects" }, "Religions": { "text": "Protestant 75.3%, Roman Catholic 20.2%, other 2.7% (includes Muslim Buddhist, Hindu, and Baha'i), none 1.8% (2010 est.)" @@ -191,10 +180,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "44.6% of total population (2020)" + "text": "45.2% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.23% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "4.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -224,8 +213,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "19.2 years (2013/14 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "19.2 years (2013/14 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "213 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -358,13 +347,119 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "24%" + "text": "26%" }, "male": { - "text": "23.6%" + "text": "24.7%" }, "female": { - "text": "24.4% (2017 est.)" + "text": "27.6% (2018 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution and resulting acid rain in the mineral extraction and refining region; chemical runoff into watersheds; loss of biodiversity; poaching seriously threatens rhinoceros, elephant, antelope, and large cat populations; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; lack of adequate water treatment presents human health risks" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "24.7 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "5.14 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "14.1 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "290 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "130 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.152 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "104.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "31.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 4.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 26.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "66.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "2% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "4.45% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.04% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "45.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria and dengue fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "severe localized food insecurity": { + "text": "due to localized shortfalls in cereal production - the effects of the COVID‑19 pandemic aggravated food insecurity across the country and its impacts have kept the number of people in need of assistance at similar levels to 2019/20, despite the larger cereal output in 2020 and lower prices; an estimated 2 million people were in need of assistance between October 2020 and March 2021 (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "2,608,268 tons (2002 est.)" } } }, @@ -396,7 +491,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: named after a village called Lusaka, located at Manda Hill, near where Zambia's National Assembly building currently stands; the village was named after a headman (chief) Lusakasa" + "note": "etymology: named after a village called Lusaka, located at Manda Hill, near where Zambia's National Assembly building currently stands; the village was named after a headman (chief) Lusakasa" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "10 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Muchinga, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western" @@ -412,7 +507,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest adopted 24 August 1991, promulgated 30 August 1991" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly in two separate readings at least 30 days apart; passage of amendments affecting fundamental rights and freedoms requires approval by at least one half of votes cast in a referendum prior to consideration and voting by the Assembly; amended 1996, 2015, 2016" + "text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly in two separate readings at least 30 days apart; passage of amendments affecting fundamental rights and freedoms requires approval by at least one half of votes cast in a referendum prior to consideration and voting by the Assembly; amended 1996, 2015, 2016; note - in late 2020, an amendment which would have altered the structure of the constitution was defeated in the National Assembly" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -527,7 +622,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "multiple/Enoch Mankayi SONTONGA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1964; the melody, from the popular song \"God Bless Africa,\" is the same as that of Tanzania but with different lyrics; the melody is also incorporated into South Africa's anthem

" + "note": "note: adopted 1964; the melody, from the popular song \"God Bless Africa,\" is the same as that of Tanzania but with different lyrics; the melody is also incorporated into South Africa's anthem" } }, "Economy": { @@ -577,7 +672,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$58.735 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$25.71 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -592,7 +687,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$3,485 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -637,8 +732,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "66.9 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "84.9 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "56.9 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "50.8 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -733,10 +837,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Switzerland 44.8%, China 16.1%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 6.2%, Singapore 6%, South Africa 5.9% (2017)" + "text": "Switzerland 29%, China 16%, Namibia 12%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 9%, Singapore 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "copper/cobalt, cobalt, electricity; tobacco, flowers, cotton" + "text": "copper, gold, gemstones, sulfuric acid, raw sugar, tobacco (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -747,10 +851,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "South Africa 28.2%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 20.8%, China 12.9%, Kuwait 5.4%, UAE 4.6% (2017)" + "text": "South Africa 29%, China 14%, United Arab Emirates 12%, India 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products, electricity, fertilizer, foodstuffs, clothing" + "text": "refined petroleum, crude petroleum, delivery trucks, gold, fertilizers (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -866,9 +970,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "3.777 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -898,7 +999,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 260; multiple providers operate overland fiber optic routes via Zimbabwe/South Africa, Botswana/Namibia and Tanzania provide access to the major undersea cables" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "

according to the Independent Broadcast Authority, there are 137 radio stations and 47 television stations in Zambia; out of the 137 radio stations, 133 are private (categorized as either commercial or community radio stations), while 4 are public-owned; state-owned Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) operates 2 television channels and 3 radio stations; ZNBC owns 75% shares in GoTV, 40% in MultiChoice, and 40% in TopStar Communications Company, all of which operate in-country

(2019)" @@ -939,7 +1040,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "9J (2016)" + "text": "9J" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -990,7 +1091,7 @@ "narrow gauge": { "text": "3,126 km 1.067-m gauge (2014)" }, - "note": "

note: includes 1,860 km of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA)

" + "note": "note: includes 1,860 km of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA)" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1022,7 +1123,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Zambia Defense Force (ZDF): Zambia Army, Zambia Air Force, Zambia National Service (support organization); the Zambia Police includes a paramilitary battalion (2019)" + "text": "Zambia Defense Force (ZDF): Zambia Army, Zambia Air Force, Zambia National Service (support organization that also does public work projects); Defense Force Medical Service; the Zambia Police includes a paramilitary battalion (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1035,23 +1136,23 @@ "text": "1.3% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "1.4% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "1.5% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "1.8% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "1.7% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Zambia Defense Force (ZDF) has an estimated 17,000 active troops (15,500 Army; 1,500 Air); 1,400 paramilitary Police (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Zambia Defense Force (ZDF) has approximately 16,500 active troops (15,000 Army; 1,500 Air) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the ZDF's inventory is largely comprised of Soviet-era and older Chinese- and Russian-origin equipment; since 2010, China is the leading supplier of arms to Zambia (2019 est.)" + "text": "the ZDF's inventory is largely comprised of Chinese, Russian, and Soviet-era armaments, with a small mix of Israeli, South African, and US equipment; since 2010, China is the leading supplier of arms to Zambia (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "920 Central African Republic (MINUSCA) (2020)" + "text": "920 Central African Republic (MINUSCA) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-25 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription; 12-year enlistment period (7 years active, 5 in the Reserves) (2019)" + "text": "18-25 years of age for male and female voluntary military service (16 with parental consent); no conscription; 12-year enlistment period (7 years active, 5 in the Reserves) (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1060,7 +1161,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "18,815 (Angola), 7,997 (Burundi), 5,982 (Rwanda) (2020); 58,274 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)" + "text": "59,469 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers), 7,964 (Burundi) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)" } }, "Illicit drugs": { diff --git a/africa/zi.json b/africa/zi.json index 911024e7..47dafb31 100644 --- a/africa/zi.json +++ b/africa/zi.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld); mountains in east" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "961 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Inyangani 2,592 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "junction of the Runde and Save Rivers 162 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Inyangani 2,592 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "961 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,25 +91,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd - once the largest concentration of the species in the world - has been significantly reduced by poaching; poor mining practices have led to toxic waste and heavy metal pollution" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; the Zambezi forms a natural riverine boundary with Zambia; in full flood (February-April) the massive Victoria Falls on the river forms the world's largest curtain of falling water; Lake Kariba on the Zambia-Zimbabwe border forms the world's largest reservoir by volume (180 cu km; 43 cu mi)" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "14,829,988 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "14,829,988 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -190,10 +179,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "32.2% of total population (2020)" + "text": "32.3% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.19% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -223,8 +212,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "20 years (2015 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "20 years (2015 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "458 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -368,13 +357,125 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "16.5%" + "text": "27.5%" }, "male": { - "text": "11.6%" + "text": "25%" }, "female": { - "text": "21.2% (2014 est.)" + "text": "31.4% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd - once the largest concentration of the species in the world - has been significantly reduced by poaching; poor mining practices have led to toxic waste and heavy metal pollution" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "19.35 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "10.98 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "12.1 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "487.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "81.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "2.77 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "20 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "42.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 10.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 31.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "39.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "18% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "1.61% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.4% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "32.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria and dengue fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "exceptional shortfall in aggregate food production/supplies": { + "text": "due to a below-average cereal harvest, high food prices, and an economic downturn - an estimated 3.38 million people were in need of urgent humanitarian assistance until the end of March 2021, primarily due to reduced agricultural output in 2020, significantly higher food prices, and income losses due to the effects of the economic downturn (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1,449,752 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "231,960 tons (2005 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "16% (2005 est.)" } } }, @@ -406,7 +507,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: named after a village of Harare at the site of the present capital; the village name derived from a Shona chieftain, Ne-harawa, whose name meant \"he who does not sleep\"" + "note": "etymology: named after a village of Harare at the site of the present capital; the village name derived from a Shona chieftain, Ne-harawa, whose name meant \"he who does not sleep\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "8 provinces and 2 cities* with provincial status; Bulawayo*, Harare*, Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands" @@ -450,10 +551,10 @@ }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { - "text": "President Emmerson Dambudzo MNANGAGWA (since 24 November 2017); First Vice President Constantino CHIWENGA (since 28 December 2017); note - Robert Gabriel MUGABE resigned on 21 November 2017, after ruling for 37 years " + "text": "President Emmerson Dambudzo MNANGAGWA (since 24 November 2017); First Vice President Constantino CHIWENGA (since 28 December 2017); note - Robert Gabriel MUGABE resigned on 21 November 2017, after ruling for 37 years" }, "head of government": { - "text": "President Emmerson Dambudzo MNANGAGWA (since 24 November 2017); Vice President Constantino CHIWENGA (since 28 December 2017); Vice President Kembo MOHADI (since 28 December 2017) " + "text": "President Emmerson Dambudzo MNANGAGWA (since 24 November 2017); Vice President Constantino CHIWENGA (since 28 December 2017); Vice President (vacant)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Cabinet appointed by president, responsible to National Assembly" @@ -495,7 +596,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Ammon MUTEMBWA (since 18 November 2014)" + "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Sarah BHOROMA (since 11 November 2020)" }, "chancery": { "text": "1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009" @@ -537,7 +638,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Solomon MUTSWAIRO/Fred Lecture CHANGUNDEGA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1994

" + "note": "note: adopted 1994" } }, "Economy": { @@ -576,7 +677,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$43.112 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$21.441 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -591,7 +692,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$3,028 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -636,8 +737,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "54.5 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "72 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "54.3 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "39.7 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -670,10 +780,10 @@ "Unemployment rate 2005": { "text": "80% (2005 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data include both unemployment and underemployment; true unemployment is unknown and, under current economic conditions, unknowable

" + "note": "note: data include both unemployment and underemployment; true unemployment is unknown and, under current economic conditions, unknowable" }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "72.3% (2012 est.)" + "text": "38.3% (2019 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -733,10 +843,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "South Africa 50.3%, Mozambique 22.5%, UAE 9.8%, Zambia 4.9% (2017)" + "text": "United Arab Emirates 40%, South Africa 23%, Mozambique 9% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "platinum, cotton, tobacco, gold, ferroalloys, textiles/clothing" + "text": "gold, tobacco, iron alloys, nickel, diamonds, jewelry (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { @@ -747,10 +857,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "South Africa 47.8%, Zambia 20.5% (2017)" + "text": "South Africa 41%, Singapore 23%, China 8% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and transport equipment, other manufactures, chemicals, fuels, food products" + "text": "refined petroleum, delivery trucks, packaged medicines, fertilizers, tractors (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -784,7 +894,7 @@ "Exchange rates 2010": { "text": "234.25 (2010)" }, - "note": "

note: the dollar was adopted as a legal currency in 2009; since then the Zimbabwean dollar has experienced hyperinflation and is essentially worthless" + "note": "note: the dollar was adopted as a legal currency in 2009; since then the Zimbabwean dollar has experienced hyperinflation and is essentially worthless" } }, "Energy": { @@ -864,9 +974,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "12.06 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -896,7 +1003,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 263; fiber-optic connections to neighboring states provide access to international networks via undersea cable; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat; 5 international digital gateway exchanges" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "government owns all local radio and TV stations; foreign shortwave broadcasts and satellite TV are available to those who can afford antennas and receivers; in rural areas, access to TV broadcasts is extremely limited; analog TV only, no digital service (2017)" @@ -937,7 +1044,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "Z (2016)" + "text": "Z" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1008,11 +1115,11 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Zimbabwe Defense Forces (ZDF): Zimbabwe National Army (ZNA), Air Force of Zimbabwe (AFZ) (2020)" + "text": "Zimbabwe Defense Forces (ZDF): Zimbabwe National Army (ZNA), Air Force of Zimbabwe (AFZ) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "1% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "0.7% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "1.2% of GDP (2018)" @@ -1021,23 +1128,23 @@ "text": "1.5% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "1.7% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "1.8% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { "text": "1.9% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "size estimates for the Zimbabwe Defense Forces (ZDF) vary; approximately 30,000 active duty troops, including about 4,000 serving in the Air Force (2019 est.)" + "text": "size estimates for the Zimbabwe Defense Forces (ZDF) vary; approximately 30,000 active duty troops, including about 4,000 serving in the Air Force (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the ZDF inventory is comprised mostly of older Chinese- and Russian-origin equipment; since 2000, China is the leading arms supplier to the ZDF, although there are no recorded deliveries of weapons since 2006 (2019 est.)" + "text": "the ZDF inventory is comprised mostly of older Chinese- and Russian-origin equipment; since 2000, China is the leading arms supplier to the ZDF, although there are no recorded deliveries of weapons since 2006; since the early 2000s, Zimbabwe has been under an arms embargo from the European Union, as well as targeted sanctions from Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the US (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-22 years of age for voluntary military service (18-24 for officer cadets; 18-30 for technical/specialist personnel); no conscription; women are eligible to serve (2019)" + "text": "18-22 years of age for voluntary military service (18-24 for officer cadets; 18-30 for technical/specialist personnel); no conscription; women are eligible to serve (2021)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the ZDF was formed after independence from the former Rhodesian Army and the two guerrilla forces that opposed it during the Rhodesian Civil War (aka \"Bush War\") of the 1970s, the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) and the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA); internal security is a key current responsibility, and the military continues to play an active role in the country’s politics since the coup of 2017 (2020)" + "text": "the ZDF was formed after independence from the former Rhodesian Army and the two guerrilla forces that opposed it during the Rhodesian Civil War (aka \"Bush War\") of the 1970s, the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) and the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA); internal security is a key current responsibility, and the military continues to play an active role in the country’s politics since the coup of 2017" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1046,7 +1153,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "116,237 (Nigeria), 8,133 (Mozambique) (2020); 10,908 (Democratic Republic of Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)" + "text": "11,147 (Democratic Republic of Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "25,517 (tropical cyclone, 2019) (2020)" diff --git a/antarctica/ay.json b/antarctica/ay.json index 90479089..b172e4d2 100644 --- a/antarctica/ay.json +++ b/antarctica/ay.json @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ "land": { "text": "14.2 million sq km (285,000 sq km ice-free, 13.915 million sq km ice-covered) (est.)" }, - "note": "

note: fifth-largest continent, following Asia, Africa, North America, and South America, but larger than Australia and the subcontinent of Europe

" + "note": "note: fifth-largest continent, following Asia, Africa, North America, and South America, but larger than Australia and the subcontinent of Europe" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US" @@ -42,16 +42,16 @@ "text": "about 98% thick continental ice sheet and 2% barren rock, with average elevations between 2,000 and 4,000 m; mountain ranges up to nearly 5,000 m; ice-free coastal areas include parts of southern Victoria Land, Wilkes Land, the Antarctic Peninsula area, and parts of Ross Island on McMurdo Sound; glaciers form ice shelves along about half of the coastline, and floating ice shelves constitute 11% of the area of the continent" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "2,300 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Vinson Massif 4,892 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Denman Glacier more than -3,500 m (-11,500 ft) below sea level" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Vinson Massif 4,892 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "2,300 m" }, - "note": "

note: the lowest known land point in Antarctica is hidden in the Denman Galcier; at its surface is the deepest ice yet discovered and the world's lowest elevation not under seawater" + "note": "note: the lowest known land point in Antarctica is hidden in the Denman Galcier; at its surface is the deepest ice yet discovered and the world's lowest elevation not under seawater" }, "Natural resources": { "text": "iron ore, chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum and other minerals, and coal and hydrocarbons have been found in small noncommercial quantities; mineral exploitation except for scientific research is banned by the Environmental Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty; krill, icefish, toothfish, and crab have been taken by commercial fisheries, which are managed through the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Living Marine Resources (CCAMLR)" @@ -64,9 +64,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise along the coast; volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica; other seismic activity rare and weak; large icebergs may calve from ice shelf" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "the discovery of a large Antarctic ozone hole in the earth's stratosphere (the ozone layer) - first announced in 1985 - spurred the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987, an international agreement phasing out the use of ozone-depleting chemicals; the ozone layer prevents most harmful wavelengths of ultra-violet (UV) light from passing through the earth's atmosphere; ozone depletion has been shown to harm a variety of Antarctic marine plants and animals (plankton); in 2016, a gradual trend toward \"healing\" of the ozone hole was reported; since the 1990s, satellites have shown accelerating ice loss driven by ocean change; although considerable uncertainty remains, scientists are increasing our understanding and ability to model potential impacts of ice loss" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the coldest, windiest, highest (on average), and driest continent; during summer, more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent period

mostly uninhabitable, 98% of the land area is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, the largest single mass of ice on earth covering an area of 14 million sq km (5.4 million sq mi) and containing 26.5 million cu km (6.4 million cu mi) of ice (this is almost 62% of all of the world's fresh water); if all this ice were converted to liquid water, one estimate is that it would be sufficient to raise the height of the world's oceans by 58 m (190 ft)" } @@ -76,6 +73,19 @@ "text": "no indigenous inhabitants, but there are both permanent and summer-only staffed research stations

note: 53 countries have signed the 1959 Antarctic Treaty; 30 of those operate through their National Antarctic Program a number of seasonal-only (summer) and year-round research stations on the continent and its nearby islands south of 60 degrees south latitude (the region covered by the Antarctic Treaty); the population engaging in and supporting science or managing and protecting the Antarctic region varies from approximately 4,400 in summer to 1,100 in winter; in addition, approximately 1,000 personnel, including ship's crew and scientists doing onboard research, are present in the waters of the treaty region

as of 2017, peak summer (December-February) maximum capacity in scientific stations - 4,877 total; Argentina 601, Australia 243, Belarus 12, Belgium 40, Brazil 66, Bulgaria 22, Chile 433, China 166, Czechia 20, Ecuador 34, Finland 17, France 90, France and Italy jointly 80, Germany 104, India 113, Italy 120, Japan 130, South Korea 130, Netherlands 10, NZ 86, Norway 70, Peru 30, Poland 40, Russia 335, South Africa 80, Spain 98, Sweden 20, Ukraine 24, UK 196, US 1,399, Uruguay 68 (2017)

winter (June-August) maximum capacity in scientific station - 1,036 total; Argentina 221, Australia 52, Brazil 15, Chile 114, China 32, France 24, France and Italy jointly 13, Germany 9, India 48, Japan 40, Netherlands 10, South Korea 25, NZ 11, Norway 7, Poland 16, Russia 125, South Africa 15, Ukraine 12, UK 44, US 215, Uruguay 8 (2017)

research stations operated within the Antarctic Treaty area (south of 60 degrees south latitude) by National Antarctic Programs year-round stations - approximately 40 total; Argentina 6, Australia 3, Brazil 1, Chile 6, China 2, France 1, France and Italy jointly 1, Germany 1, India 2, Japan 1, Netherlands 1, South Korea 2, NZ 1, Norway 1, Poland 1, Russia 5, South Africa 1, Ukraine 1, UK 2, US 3, Uruguay 2 (2017)

a range of seasonal-only (summer) stations, camps, and refuges - Argentina, Australia, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Brazil, Chile, China, Czechia, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, South Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, UK, US, and Uruguay (2017)

in addition, during the austral summer some nations have numerous occupied locations such as tent camps, summer-long temporary facilities, and mobile traverses in support of research" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "the discovery of a large Antarctic ozone hole in the earth's stratosphere (the ozone layer) - first announced in 1985 - spurred the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987, an international agreement phasing out the use of ozone-depleting chemicals; the ozone layer prevents most harmful wavelengths of ultra-violet (UV) light from passing through the earth's atmosphere; ozone depletion has been shown to harm a variety of Antarctic marine plants and animals (plankton); in 2016, a gradual trend toward \"healing\" of the ozone hole was reported; since the 1990s, satellites have shown accelerating ice loss driven by ocean change; although considerable uncertainty remains, scientists are increasing our understanding and ability to model potential impacts of ice loss" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "the coldest, windiest, and driest continent on Earth; severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing; summers characterized by continuous daylight, while winters bring continous darkness; persistent high pressure over the interior brings dry, subsiding air that results in very little cloud cover" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -156,8 +166,8 @@ } }, "Heliports": { - "text": "53 (2012)", - "note": "

note: all year-round and seasonal stations operated by National Antarctic Programs stations have some kind of helicopter landing facilities, prepared (helipads) or unprepared

" + "text": "53 (2012)

note: all year-round and seasonal stations operated by National Antarctic Programs stations have some kind of helicopter landing facilities, prepared (helipads) or unprepared", + "note": "note: all year-round and seasonal stations operated by National Antarctic Programs stations have some kind of helicopter landing facilities, prepared (helipads) or unprepared" }, "Ports and terminals": { "text": "most coastal stations have sparse and intermittent offshore anchorages; a few stations have basic wharf facilities" diff --git a/antarctica/bv.json b/antarctica/bv.json index 5a4ecfe2..ebf58dae 100644 --- a/antarctica/bv.json +++ b/antarctica/bv.json @@ -48,11 +48,11 @@ "text": "volcanic; coast is mostly inaccessible" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "South Atlantic Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Olavtoppen (Olav Peak) 780 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "South Atlantic Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -81,9 +81,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "occasional volcanism, rock slides; harsh climate, surrounded by pack ice in winter" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "none; almost entirely ice covered" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "almost entirely covered by glacial ice (93%); declared a nature reserve by Norway; the distance from Bouvet Island to Norway is 12,776 km, which is almost one-third the circumference of the earth" } @@ -93,6 +90,34 @@ "text": "uninhabited" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "none; almost entirely ice covered" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "antarctic" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "100% (2018 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -104,7 +129,7 @@ "etymology": { "text": "named after the French naval officer Jean-Baptiste Charles BOUVET who discovered the island in 1739" }, - "note": "

note: pronounced boo-vay i-land

" + "note": "note: pronounced boo-vay i-land" }, "Dependency status": { "text": "territory of Norway; administered by the Polar Department of the Ministry of Justice and Oslo Police" diff --git a/antarctica/fs.json b/antarctica/fs.json index c69a6f82..6b03337e 100644 --- a/antarctica/fs.json +++ b/antarctica/fs.json @@ -43,32 +43,37 @@ "text": "

Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): a volcanic island with steep coastal cliffs; the center floor of the volcano is a large plateau;

Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): triangular in shape, the island is the top of a volcano, rocky with steep cliffs on the eastern side; has active thermal springs;

Iles Crozet: a large archipelago formed from the Crozet Plateau is divided into two groups of islands;

Iles Kerguelen: the interior of the large island of Ile Kerguelen is composed of high mountains, hills, valleys, and plains with peninsulas stretching off its coasts;

Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): atoll, awash at high tide; shallow (15 m) lagoon;

Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island: low, flat, and sandy;

Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): low, flat, sandy; likely volcanic seamount

" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Mont de la Dives on Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul) 867 m" }, - "note": "

highest points throughout the French Southern and Antarctic Lands: unnamed location on Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul) 272 m; Pic Marion-Dufresne in Iles Crozet 1090 m; Mont Ross in Iles Kerguelen 1850 m; unnamed location on Bassas de India (Iles Eparses) 2.4 m;24 unnamed location on Europa Island (Iles Eparses) 24 m; unnamed location on Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses) 12 m; unnamed location on Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses) 10 m; unnamed location on Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses) 7 m" + "lowest point": { + "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" + }, + "note": "highest points throughout the French Southern and Antarctic Lands: unnamed location on Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul) 272 m; Pic Marion-Dufresne in Iles Crozet 1090 m; Mont Ross in Iles Kerguelen 1850 m; unnamed location on Bassas de India (Iles Eparses) 2.4 m;24 unnamed location on Europa Island (Iles Eparses) 24 m; unnamed location on Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses) 12 m; unnamed location on Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses) 10 m; unnamed location on Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses) 7 m" }, "Natural resources": { - "text": "fish, crayfish, note, Glorioso Islands and Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses) have guano, phosphates, and coconuts", - "note": "

note - in the 1950's and 1960's, several species of trout were introduced to Iles Kerguelen of which two, Brown trout and Brook trout, survived to establish wild populations; reindeer were also introduced to Iles Kerguelen in 1956 as a source of fresh meat for whaling crews, the herd today, one of two in the Southern Hemisphere, is estimated to number around 4,000" + "text": "fish, crayfish, note, Glorioso Islands and Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses) have guano, phosphates, and coconuts

note - in the 1950's and 1960's, several species of trout were introduced to Iles Kerguelen of which two, Brown trout and Brook trout, survived to establish wild populations; reindeer were also introduced to Iles Kerguelen in 1956 as a source of fresh meat for whaling crews, the herd today, one of two in the Southern Hemisphere, is estimated to number around 4,000", + "note": "note - in the 1950's and 1960's, several species of trout were introduced to Iles Kerguelen of which two, Brown trout and Brook trout, survived to establish wild populations; reindeer were also introduced to Iles Kerguelen in 1956 as a source of fresh meat for whaling crews, the herd today, one of two in the Southern Hemisphere, is estimated to number around 4,000" }, "Natural hazards": { "text": "

Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul are inactive volcanoes; Iles Eparses subject to periodic cyclones; Bassas da India is a maritime hazard since it is under water for a period of three hours prior to and following the high tide and surrounded by reefs

volcanism: Reunion Island - Piton de la Fournaise (2,632 m), which has erupted many times in recent years including 2010, 2015, and 2017, is one of the world's most active volcanoes; although rare, eruptions outside the volcano's caldera could threaten nearby cities

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "introduction of foreign species on Iles Crozet has caused severe damage to the original ecosystem; overfishing of Patagonian toothfish around Iles Crozet and Iles Kerguelen" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

islands' component is widely scattered across remote locations in the southern Indian Ocean

Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): atoll is a circular reef atop a long-extinct, submerged volcano;

Europa Island and Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): wildlife sanctuary for seabirds and sea turtles;

Glorioso Island (Iles Eparses): islands and rocks are surrounded by an extensive reef system;

Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones in the western Indian Ocean; wildlife sanctuary (seabirds, tortoises)

" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "no indigenous inhabitants", - "note": "

Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): uninhabited but has a meteorological station
Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): uninhabited but is frequently visited by fishermen and has a scientific research cabin for short stays
Iles Crozet: uninhabited except for 18 to 30 people staffing the Alfred Faure research station on Ile del la Possession
Iles Kerguelen: 50 to 100 scientists are located at the main base at Port-aux-Francais on Ile Kerguelen
Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): uninhabitable
Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): a small French military garrison and a few meteorologists on each possession; visited by scientists
Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): uninhabited, except for visits by scientists" + "text": "no indigenous inhabitants

Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): uninhabited but has a meteorological station
Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): uninhabited but is frequently visited by fishermen and has a scientific research cabin for short stays
Iles Crozet: uninhabited except for 18 to 30 people staffing the Alfred Faure research station on Ile del la Possession
Iles Kerguelen: 50 to 100 scientists are located at the main base at Port-aux-Francais on Ile Kerguelen
Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): uninhabitable
Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): a small French military garrison and a few meteorologists on each possession; visited by scientists
Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): uninhabited, except for visits by scientists", + "note": "Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): uninhabited but has a meteorological station
Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): uninhabited but is frequently visited by fishermen and has a scientific research cabin for short stays
Iles Crozet: uninhabited except for 18 to 30 people staffing the Alfred Faure research station on Ile del la Possession
Iles Kerguelen: 50 to 100 scientists are located at the main base at Port-aux-Francais on Ile Kerguelen
Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): uninhabitable
Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): a small French military garrison and a few meteorologists on each possession; visited by scientists
Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): uninhabited, except for visits by scientists" + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "introduction of foreign species on Iles Crozet has caused severe damage to the original ecosystem; overfishing of Patagonian toothfish around Iles Crozet and Iles Kerguelen" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "

Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul: oceanic with persistent westerly winds and high humidity;

Iles Crozet: windy, cold, wet, and cloudy;

Iles Kerguelen: oceanic, cold, overcast, windy;

Iles Eparses: tropical

" } }, "Government": { @@ -106,7 +111,7 @@ }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { - "text": "President Emmanuel MACRON (since 14 May 2017), represented by Prefect Cecile POZZO DI BORGO (since 13 October 2014)" + "text": "President Emmanuel MACRON (since 14 May 2017), represented by Prefect Charles GIUSTI (since 12 October 2020)" } }, "International organization participation": { diff --git a/antarctica/hm.json b/antarctica/hm.json index 0e2ae832..6a3f0ec2 100644 --- a/antarctica/hm.json +++ b/antarctica/hm.json @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ "text": "Heard Island - 80% ice-covered, bleak and mountainous, dominated by a large massif (Big Ben) and an active volcano (Mawson Peak); McDonald Islands - small and rocky" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Mawson Peak on Big Ben volcano 2,745 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -72,9 +72,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "Mawson Peak, an active volcano, is on Heard Island" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "none; uninhabited and mostly ice covered" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "Mawson Peak on Heard Island is the highest Australian mountain (at 2,745 meters, it is taller than Mt. Kosciuszko in Australia proper), and one of only two active volcanoes located in Australian territory, the other being McDonald Island; in 1992, McDonald Island broke its dormancy and began erupting; it has erupted several times since, most recently in 2005" } @@ -84,6 +81,22 @@ "text": "uninhabited" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "none; uninhabited and mostly ice covered" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "antarctic" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "0% (2011 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "100% (2018 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/aq.json b/australia-oceania/aq.json index 4e6cb4fc..a542c52a 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/aq.json +++ b/australia-oceania/aq.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "0 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes Rose Island and Swains Island

" + "note": "note: includes Rose Island and Swains Island" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly larger than Washington, DC" @@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ "text": "five volcanic islands with rugged peaks and limited coastal plains, two coral atolls (Rose Island, Swains Island)" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Lata Mountain 964 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -88,9 +88,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

cyclones common from December to March

volcanism: limited volcanic activity on the Ofu and Olosega Islands; neither has erupted since the 19th century

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "limited supply of drinking water; pollution; waste disposal; coastal and stream alteration; soil erosion" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "Pago Pago has one of the best natural deepwater harbors in the South Pacific Ocean, sheltered by shape from rough seas and protected by peripheral mountains from high winds; strategic location in the South Pacific Ocean" } @@ -108,12 +105,12 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Pacific Islander 92.6% (includes Samoan 88.9%, Tongan 2.9%, other .8%), Asian 3.6% (includes Filipino 2.2%, other 1.4%), mixed 2.7%, other 1.2% (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent population by ethnic origin or race" + "text": "Pacific Islander 92.6% (includes Samoan 88.9%, Tongan 2.9%, other .8%), Asian 3.6% (includes Filipino 2.2%, other 1.4%), mixed 2.7%, other 1.2% (2010 est.)

note: data represent population by ethnic origin or race", + "note": "note: data represent population by ethnic origin or race" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Samoan 88.6% (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages), English 3.9%, Tongan 2.7%, other Pacific islander 3%, other 1.8% (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: most people are bilingual

" + "text": "Samoan 88.6% (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages), English 3.9%, Tongan 2.7%, other Pacific islander 3%, other 1.8% (2010 est.)

note: most people are bilingual", + "note": "note: most people are bilingual" }, "Religions": { "text": "Christian 98.3%, other 1%, unaffiliated 0.7% (2010 est.)" @@ -160,10 +157,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "87.2% of total population (2020)" + "text": "87.2% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.07% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.26% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -246,6 +243,57 @@ "text": "NA" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "limited supply of drinking water; pollution; waste disposal; coastal and stream alteration; soil erosion" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall averages about 3 m; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October); little seasonal temperature variation" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "24.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 15% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 9.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "75.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "87.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.26% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "18,989 tons (2016 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -277,7 +325,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-11 (6 hours behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

note: pronounced pahn-go pahn-go" + "note": "note: pronounced pahn-go pahn-go" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "none (territory of the US); there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 3 districts and 2 islands* at the second order; Eastern, Manu'a, Rose Island*, Swains Island*, Western" @@ -293,7 +341,7 @@ "text": "adopted 17 October 1960; revised 1 July 1967" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by either house of the Legislative Assembly; passage requires three-fifths majority vote by the membership of each house, approval in a referendum, and approval by the US Secretary of the Interior; amended 1971, 1977, 1979" + "text": "proposed by either house of the Legislative Assembly; passage requires three-fifths majority vote by the membership of each house, approval in a referendum, approval by the US Secretary of the Interior, and only by an act of  the US Congress; amended 1971, 1977, 1978" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -327,12 +375,12 @@ "text": "bicameral Legislature or Fono consists of:
Senate (18 seats; members indirectly selected by regional governing councils to serve 4-year terms)
House of Representatives (21 seats; 20 members directly elected by simple majority vote and 1 decided by public meeting on Swains Island; members serve 2-year terms)" }, "elections": { - "text": "
Senate - last held on 8 November 2016 (next to be held in November 2020)
House of Representatives - last held on 6 November 2018 (next to be held in November 2020)" + "text": "
Senate - last held on 3 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2024)
House of Representatives - last held on 3 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2024)" }, "election results": { - "text": "
Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - independent 18; composition - men 17, women 1, percent of women 9.5%
House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 14, women 7, percent of women 33.3%; note - total percent of women in Legislature 20.5%" + "text": "
Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - independent 18; composition - men 17, women 1; percent of women 5.6%
House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - NA" }, - "note": "

note: American Samoa elects 1 member by simple majority vote to serve a 2-year term as a delegate to the US House of Representatives; the delegate can vote when serving on a committee and when the House meets as the Committee of the Whole House, but not when legislation is submitted for a “full floor” House vote; election of delegate last held on 6 November 2018 (next to be held in November 2020)" + "note": "note: American Samoa elects 1 member by simple majority vote to serve a 2-year term as a delegate to the US House of Representatives; the delegate can vote when serving on a committee and when the House meets as the Committee of the Whole House, but not when legislation is submitted for a “full floor” House vote; election of delegate last held on 3 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2022); Amata Coleman RADEWAGEN elected delegate; Amata Coleman RADEWAGEN (Republican Party) 83.5%, Oreta CHRICHTON (Democratic Party) 14.4%, Meleagi SUITONU-CHAPMAN (Democratic Party) 2.1%" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -372,7 +420,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Mariota Tiumalu TUIASOSOPO/Napoleon Andrew TUITELELEAPAGA" }, - "note": "

note: local anthem adopted 1950; as a territory of the United States, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is official (see United States)

" + "note": "note: local anthem adopted 1950; as a territory of the United States, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is official (see United States)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -408,7 +456,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2014": { "text": "$666.9 billion (2014 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2016 US dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2016 US dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$658 million (2016 est.)" @@ -528,7 +576,7 @@ "text": "Australia 25%, Ghana 19%, Indonesia 15.6%, Burma 10.4%, Portugal 5.1% (2017)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "canned tuna 93%" + "text": "canned tuna" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2016": { @@ -617,9 +665,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "361,100 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -641,7 +686,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 1-684; landing points for the ASH, Southern Cross NEXT and Hawaiki  providing connectivity to New Zealand, Australia, American Samoa, Hawaii, California, and SAS connecting American Samoa with Samoa; satellite earth station - 1 (Intelsat-Pacific Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "3 TV stations; multi-channel pay TV services are available; about a dozen radio stations, some of which are repeater stations" diff --git a/australia-oceania/as.json b/australia-oceania/as.json index 04b53a81..b12a594a 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/as.json +++ b/australia-oceania/as.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "58,920 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island

" + "note": "note: includes Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly smaller than the US contiguous 48 states" @@ -58,14 +58,14 @@ "text": "mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "330 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mount Kosciuszko 2,228 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Lake Eyre -15 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mount Kosciuszko 2,228 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "330 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -100,17 +100,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

cyclones along the coast; severe droughts; forest fires

volcanism: volcanic activity on Heard and McDonald Islands

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "soil erosion from overgrazing, deforestation, industrial development, urbanization, and poor farming practices; limited natural freshwater resources; soil salinity rising due to the use of poor quality water; drought, desertification; clearing for agricultural purposes threatens the natural habitat of many unique animal and plant species; disruption of the fragile ecosystem has resulted in significant floral extinctions; the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast coast, the largest coral reef in the world, is threatened by increased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site; overfishing, pollution, and invasive species are also problems" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "note 1: world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country; the largest country in Oceania, the largest country entirely in the Southern Hemisphere, and the largest country without land borders; the only continent without glaciers; the invigorating sea breeze known as the \"Fremantle Doctor\" affects the city of Perth on the west coast and is one of the most consistent winds in the world

note 2: the Great Dividing Range that runs along eastern Australia is that continent’s longest mountain range and the third-longest land-based range in the world; the term \"Great Dividing Range\" refers to the fact that the mountains form a watershed crest from which all of the rivers of eastern Australia flow – east, west, north, and south" } @@ -128,12 +117,12 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "English 25.9%, Australian 25.4%, Irish 7.5%, Scottish 6.4%, Italian 3.3%, German 3.2%, Chinese 3.1%, Indian 1.4%, Greek 1.4%, Dutch 1.2%, other 15.8% (includes Australian Aboriginal .5%), unspecified 5.4% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent self-identified ancestry, over a third of respondents reported two ancestries

" + "text": "English 25.9%, Australian 25.4%, Irish 7.5%, Scottish 6.4%, Italian 3.3%, German 3.2%, Chinese 3.1%, Indian 1.4%, Greek 1.4%, Dutch 1.2%, other 15.8% (includes Australian Aboriginal .5%), unspecified 5.4% (2011 est.)

note: data represent self-identified ancestry, over a third of respondents reported two ancestries", + "note": "note: data represent self-identified ancestry, over a third of respondents reported two ancestries" }, "Languages": { - "text": "English 72.7%, Mandarin 2.5%, Arabic 1.4%, Cantonese 1.2%, Vietnamese 1.2%, Italian 1.2%, Greek 1%, other 14.8%, unspecified 6.5% (2016 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent language spoken at home

" + "text": "English 72.7%, Mandarin 2.5%, Arabic 1.4%, Cantonese 1.2%, Vietnamese 1.2%, Italian 1.2%, Greek 1%, other 14.8%, unspecified 6.5% (2016 est.)

note: data represent language spoken at home", + "note": "note: data represent language spoken at home" }, "Religions": { "text": "Protestant 23.1% (Anglican 13.3%, Uniting Church 3.7%, Presbyterian and Reformed 2.3%, Baptist 1.5%, Pentecostal 1.1%, Lutheran .7%, other Protestant .5%), Roman Catholic 22.6%, other Christian 4.2%, Muslim 2.6%, Buddhist 2.4%, Orthodox 2.3% (Eastern Orthodox 2.1%, Oriental Orthodox .2%), Hindu 1.9%, other 1.3%, none 30.1%, unspecified 9.6% (2016 est.)" @@ -197,12 +186,12 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "86.2% of total population (2020)" + "text": "86.4% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.43% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data include Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, and Norfolk Island

" + "note": "note: data include Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, and Norfolk Island" }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "5,061 million Melbourne, 4.992 million Sydney, 2.439 million Brisbane, 2.067 million Perth, 1.345 million Adelaide, 462,000 CANBERRA (capital) (2021)" @@ -262,8 +251,8 @@ "text": "1.74 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { - "text": "66.9% (2015/16)", - "note": "

note: percent of women aged 18-45

" + "text": "66.9% (2015/16)

note: percent of women aged 18-45", + "note": "note: percent of women aged 18-45" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { @@ -330,13 +319,104 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "11.8%" + "text": "14.3%" }, "male": { - "text": "112.8%" + "text": "15.3%" }, "female": { - "text": "10.7% (2018 est.)" + "text": "13.2% (2020 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "soil erosion from overgrazing, deforestation, industrial development, urbanization, and poor farming practices; limited natural freshwater resources; soil salinity rising due to the use of poor quality water; drought, desertification; clearing for agricultural purposes threatens the natural habitat of many unique animal and plant species; disruption of the fragile ecosystem has resulted in significant floral extinctions; the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast coast, the largest coral reef in the world, is threatened by increased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site; overfishing, pollution, and invasive species are also problems" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "7.19 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "375.91 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "105.01 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "3.392 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "2.662 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "10.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "492 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "52.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 11.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.09% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 88.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "16.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "30.9% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.13% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.78% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "86.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data include Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, and Norfolk Island" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "13.345 million tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "5,618,245 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "42.1% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -368,7 +448,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins first Sunday in October; ends first Sunday in April" }, - "note": "

note: Australia has four time zones, including Lord Howe Island (UTC+10:30)

etymolgy: the name is claimed to derive from either Kambera or Camberry, which are names corrupted from the original native designation for the area \"Nganbra\" or \"Nganbira\"


" + "note": "note: Australia has four time zones, including Lord Howe Island (UTC+10:30)

etymolgy: the name is claimed to derive from either Kambera or Camberry, which are names corrupted from the original native designation for the area \"Nganbra\" or \"Nganbira\"


" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "6 states and 2 territories*; Australian Capital Territory*, New South Wales, Northern Territory*, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia" @@ -505,7 +585,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Peter Dodds McCORMICK" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1984; although originally written in the late 19th century, the anthem was not used for all official occasions until 1984; as a Commonwealth country, in addition to the national anthem, \"God Save the Queen\" serves as the royal anthem (see United Kingdom)

" + "note": "note: adopted 1984; although originally written in the late 19th century, the anthem was not used for all official occasions until 1984; as a Commonwealth country, in addition to the national anthem, \"God Save the Queen\" serves as the royal anthem (see United Kingdom)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -555,7 +635,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$1,202,307,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$1,390,790,000,000 (2019 est.)" @@ -570,7 +650,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$48,871 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -615,8 +695,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "79.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "81.2 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "96.6 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "70.3 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "79 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -650,9 +739,6 @@ "text": "5.29% (2018 est.)" } }, - "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "NA" - }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": { "text": "34.4 (2014 est.)" @@ -714,10 +800,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 33.5%, Japan 14.6%, South Korea 6.6%, India 5%, Hong Kong 4% (2017)" + "text": "China 39%, Japan 15%, South Korea 7%, India 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "iron ore, coal, gold, natural gas, beef, aluminum ores and conc, wheat, meat (excluding beef), wool, alumina, alcohol" + "text": "iron ore, coal, natural gas, gold, aluminum oxide (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -731,10 +817,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 22.9%, US 10.8%, Japan 7.5%, Thailand 5.1%, Germany 4.9%, South Korea 4.5% (2017)" + "text": "China 25%, United States 12%, Japan 7%, Germany 5%, Thailand 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "motor vehicles, refined petroleum, telecommunication equipment and parts; crude petroleum, medicaments, goods vehicles, gold, computers" + "text": "refined petroleum, cars, crude petroleum, broadcasting equipment, delivery trucks (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -844,9 +930,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "1.989 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "439.1 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -876,7 +959,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 61; landing points for more than 20 submarine cables including: the SeaMeWe-3 optical telecommunications submarine cable with links to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; the INDIGO-Central, INDIGO West and ASC, North West Cable System, Australia-Papua New Guinea cable, CSCS, PPC-1, Gondwana-1, SCCN, Hawaiki, TGA, Basslink, Bass Strait-1, Bass Strait-2, JGA-S, with links to other Australian cities, New Zealand and many countries in southeast Asia, US and Europe; the H2 Cable, AJC, Telstra Endeavor, Southern Cross NEXT with links to Japan, Hong Kong, and other Pacific Ocean countries as well as the US; satellite earth stations - 10 Intelsat (4 Indian Ocean and 6 Pacific Ocean), 2 Inmarsat, 2 Globalstar, 5 other (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) runs multiple national and local radio networks and TV stations, as well as Australia Network, a TV service that broadcasts throughout the Asia-Pacific region and is the main public broadcaster; Special Broadcasting Service (SBS), a second large public broadcaster, operates radio and TV networks broadcasting in multiple languages; several large national commercial TV networks, a large number of local commercial TV stations, and hundreds of commercial radio stations are accessible; cable and satellite systems are available" @@ -917,7 +1000,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "VH (2016)" + "text": "VH" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1017,9 +1100,15 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Australian Defense Force (ADF): Australian Army (includes Special Operations Command), Royal Australian Navy (includes Naval Aviation Force), Royal Australian Air Force, Joint Operations Command (JOC) (2019)" + "text": "Australian Defense Force (ADF): Australian Army (includes Special Operations Command), Royal Australian Navy (includes Naval Aviation Force), Royal Australian Air Force (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2021": { + "text": "2.1% of GDP (2021 est.)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2020": { + "text": "2.2% of GDP (2020 est.)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "1.9% of GDP (2019)" }, @@ -1028,31 +1117,25 @@ }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "2% of GDP (2017)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "2.1% of GDP (2016)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "2% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Australian Defense Force has approximately 60,000 total active troops (30,800 Army; 14,700 Navy; 14,300 Air Force) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Australian Defense Force has approximately 59,000 total active troops (29,600 Army; 15,000 Navy; 14,400 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the Australian military's inventory includes a mix of domestically-produced and imported Western (mostly US-origin, particularly aircraft) weapons systems; since 2015, the US is the largest supplier of arms; the Australian defense industry produces a variety of land and sea weapons platforms; the defense industry also participates in joint development and production ventures with other Western countries, including the US and Canada (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "200 Afghanistan (NATO); 750 Middle East (June 2020)" + "text": "approximately 700 Middle East (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "17 years of age for voluntary military service (with parental consent); no conscription; women allowed to serve in most combat roles (2018)" + "text": "17 years of age for voluntary military service (with parental consent); no conscription (abolished 1973); women allowed to serve in all roles (2021)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T

" + "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/at.json b/australia-oceania/at.json index c4178721..a67350d8 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/at.json +++ b/australia-oceania/at.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "0 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and East Islets) and Cartier Island

" + "note": "note: includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and East Islets) and Cartier Island" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "about eight times the size of the National Mall in Washington, DC" @@ -58,11 +58,11 @@ "text": "low with sand and coral" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Cartier Island 5 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -76,22 +76,32 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "surrounded by shoals and reefs that can pose maritime hazards" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "illegal killing of protected wildlife by traditional Indonesian fisherman, as well as fishing by non-traditional Indonesian vessels, are ongoing problems; sea level rise, changes in sea temperature, and ocean acidification are concerns; marine debris" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve established in August 1983; Cartier Island Marine Reserve established in 2000" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "no indigenous inhabitants (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: Indonesian fishermen are allowed access to the lagoon and fresh water at Ashmore Reef's West Island; access to East and Middle Islands is by permit only

" + "text": "no indigenous inhabitants (July 2021 est.)

note: Indonesian fishermen are allowed access to the lagoon and fresh water at Ashmore Reef's West Island; access to East and Middle Islands is by permit only", + "note": "note: Indonesian fishermen are allowed access to the lagoon and fresh water at Ashmore Reef's West Island; access to East and Middle Islands is by permit only" }, "Population growth rate": { "text": "0.32% (2021 est.)" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "illegal killing of protected wildlife by traditional Indonesian fisherman, as well as fishing by non-traditional Indonesian vessels, are ongoing problems; sea level rise, changes in sea temperature, and ocean acidification are concerns; marine debris" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/bp.json b/australia-oceania/bp.json index 5ecba601..1a83802f 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/bp.json +++ b/australia-oceania/bp.json @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ "continental shelf": { "text": "200 nm" }, - "note": "

measured from claimed archipelagic baselines" + "note": "measured from claimed archipelagic baselines" }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical monsoon; few temperature and weather extremes" @@ -55,11 +55,11 @@ "text": "mostly rugged mountains with some low coral atolls" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Mount Popomanaseu 2,335 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -94,17 +94,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

tropical cyclones, but rarely destructive; geologically active region with frequent earthquakes, tremors, and volcanic activity; tsunamis

volcanism: Tinakula (851 m) has frequent eruption activity, while an eruption of Savo (485 m) could affect the capital Honiara on nearby Guadalcanal

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation; soil erosion; many of the surrounding coral reefs are dead or dying; effects of climate change and rising sea levels" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location on sea routes between the South Pacific Ocean, the Solomon Sea, and the Coral Sea" } @@ -189,10 +178,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "24.7% of total population (2020)" + "text": "25.1% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.91% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "3.57% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -222,8 +211,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "22.6 years (2015 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "22.6 years (2015 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "104 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -346,6 +335,90 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation; soil erosion; many of the surrounding coral reefs are dead or dying; effects of climate change and rising sea levels" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "10.67 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.17 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.43 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "44.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical monsoon; few temperature and weather extremes" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "3.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 0.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 2.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "78.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "17.2% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "20.27% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "25.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.57% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "179,972 tons (2013 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -380,7 +453,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+11 (16 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name derives from \"nagho ni ara,\" which in one of the Guadalcanal languages roughly translates as \"facing the eastern wind\"" + "note": "etymology: the name derives from \"nagho ni ara,\" which in one of the Guadalcanal languages roughly translates as \"facing the eastern wind\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "9 provinces and 1 city*; Central, Choiseul, Guadalcanal, Honiara*, Isabel, Makira and Ulawa, Malaita, Rennell and Bellona, Temotu, Western" @@ -396,7 +469,7 @@ "text": "adopted 31 May 1978, effective 7 July 1978; note - in late 2017, provincial leaders agreed to adopt a new federal constitution, with passage expected in 2018, but it has been postponed indefinitely" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the National Parliament; passage of constitutional sections, including those on fundamental rights and freedoms, the legal system, Parliament, alteration of the constitution and the ombudsman, requires three-fourths majority vote by Parliament and assent of the governor general; passage of other amendments requires two-thirds majority vote and assent of the governor general; amended several times, last in 2014" + "text": "proposed by the National Parliament; passage of constitutional sections, including those on fundamental rights and freedoms, the legal system, Parliament, alteration of the constitution and the ombudsman, requires three-fourths majority vote by Parliament and assent of the governor general; passage of other amendments requires two-thirds majority vote and assent of the governor general; amended several times, last in 2018; note - a new constitution was drafted in mid-2009 and the latest version drafted in 2013" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -462,8 +535,8 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Democratic Alliance Party or DAP [Steve ABANA]
Kadere Party of Solomon Islands or KPSI [Peter BOYERS]
People's Alliance Party or PAP [Nathaniel WAENA]
Solomon Islands People First Party or SIPFP [Dr. Jimmie RODGERS]
Solomon Islands Party for Rural Advancement or SIPRA [Manasseh MAELANGA]
United Democratic Party or UDP [Sir Thomas Ko CHAN]", - "note": "

note: in general, Solomon Islands politics is characterized by fluid coalitions

" + "text": "Democratic Alliance Party or DAP [Steve ABANA]
Kadere Party of Solomon Islands or KPSI [Peter BOYERS]
People's Alliance Party or PAP [Nathaniel WAENA]
Solomon Islands People First Party or SIPFP [Dr. Jimmie RODGERS]
Solomon Islands Party for Rural Advancement or SIPRA [Manasseh MAELANGA]
United Democratic Party or UDP [Sir Thomas Ko CHAN]

note: in general, Solomon Islands politics is characterized by fluid coalitions", + "note": "note: in general, Solomon Islands politics is characterized by fluid coalitions" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ACP, ADB, AOSIS, C, EITI (candidate country), ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOC, ITU, MIGA, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO" @@ -500,7 +573,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Panapasa BALEKANA and Matila BALEKANA/Panapasa BALEKANA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1978

" + "note": "note: adopted 1978" } }, "Economy": { @@ -541,7 +614,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$1.695 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$1.298 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -556,7 +629,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$2,666 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -601,8 +674,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "55.3 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "85.6 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "53.4 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "43.5 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -632,7 +714,7 @@ "text": "

NA

" }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "NA" + "text": "12.7% (2012 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2013": { @@ -689,10 +771,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 64.5%, Italy 6.2%, Switzerland 4.6%, Philippines 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "China 65%, Italy 9%, India 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "timber, fish, copra, palm oil, cocoa, coconut oil" + "text": "lumber, fish, aluminum, palm oil, cocoa beans (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -703,10 +785,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 21.9%, Australia 19.6%, Singapore 10.7%, Vietnam 7.5%, NZ 6.2%, Papua New Guinea 5%, South Korea 4.7% (2017)" + "text": "China 24%, Australia 13%, South Korea 12%, Singapore 12%, Malaysia 10% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "food, plant and equipment, manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals" + "text": "refined petroleum, fish, insulated wiring, broadcasting equipment, excavation machinery (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -822,9 +904,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "233,500 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -854,7 +933,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 677; landing points for the CSCS and ICNS2 submarine cables providing connectivity from Solomon Islands, to PNG, Vanuatu and Australia; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "Solomon Islands Broadcasting Corporation (SIBC) does not broadcast television; multi-channel pay-TV is available; SIBC operates 2 national radio stations and 2 provincial stations; there are 2 local commercial radio stations; Radio Australia is available via satellite feed (since 2009) (2019)" @@ -895,7 +974,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "H4 (2016)" + "text": "H4" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -937,7 +1016,7 @@ "unpaved": { "text": "1,356 km (2011)" }, - "note": "

note: includes 920 km of private plantation roads

" + "note": "note: includes 920 km of private plantation roads" }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { @@ -949,13 +1028,16 @@ }, "Ports and terminals": { "major seaport(s)": { - "text": "Honiara, Malloco Bay, Viru Harbor, Tulaghi" + "text": "Honiara, Malloco Bay, Viru Harbor, Tulagi" } } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces; Royal Solomon Islands Police Force (2019)" + "text": "no regular military forces; Royal Solomon Islands Police Force" + }, + "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { + "text": "the maritime branch of the Royal Solomon Islands Police Force operates patrol boats provided by Australia" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/ck.json b/australia-oceania/ck.json index 86d6aaee..e2a5bfc5 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/ck.json +++ b/australia-oceania/ck.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "0 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes the two main islands of West Island and Home Island

" + "note": "note: includes the two main islands of West Island and Home Island" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "about 24 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC" @@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ "text": "flat, low-lying coral atolls" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "South Point on South Island 9 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -82,9 +82,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "cyclone season is October to April" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "freshwater resources are limited to rainwater accumulations in natural underground reservoirs; illegal fishing a concern" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "islands are thickly covered with coconut palms and other vegetation; site of a World War I naval battle in November 1914 between the Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney and the German raider SMS Emden; after being heavily damaged in the engagement, the Emden was beached by her captain on North Keeling Island" } @@ -105,8 +102,8 @@ "text": "Europeans, Cocos Malays" }, "Languages": { - "text": "English 22.3%, Malay (Cocos dialect) 68.8%, unspecified 8.9% (2016 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent language spoken at home

" + "text": "English 22.3%, Malay (Cocos dialect) 68.8%, unspecified 8.9% (2016 est.)

note: data represent language spoken at home", + "note": "note: data represent language spoken at home" }, "Religions": { "text": "Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 75%, Anglican 3.5%, Roman Catholic 2.2%, none 12.9%, unspecified 6.3% (2016 est.)" @@ -161,6 +158,25 @@ "text": "NA" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "freshwater resources are limited to rainwater accumulations in natural underground reservoirs; illegal fishing a concern" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical with high humidity, moderated by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "100% (2018 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -204,7 +220,7 @@ "text": "23 November 1955 (Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955)" }, "amendments": { - "text": "amended many times, last in 2016" + "text": "amended many times, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -313,14 +329,20 @@ "Exports": { "text": "

NA

" }, + "Exports - partners": { + "text": "United States 57%, Ireland 15% (2019)" + }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "copra" + "text": "computers, packaged medicines, precious metal watches, office machinery/parts, chemical analysis instruments (2019)" }, "Imports": { "text": "

NA

" }, + "Imports - partners": { + "text": "Australia 73%, United Arab Emirates 15%, Netherlands 5% (2019)" + }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "foodstuffs" + "text": "gold, x-ray equipment, cars, prefabricated buildings, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Exchange rates": { "currency": { @@ -395,7 +417,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military - note": { - "text": "defense is the responsibility of Australia; the territory has a five-person police force" + "text": "defense is the responsibility of Australia" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/cq.json b/australia-oceania/cq.json index 82b46148..01e4beac 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/cq.json +++ b/australia-oceania/cq.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "0 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: consists of 14 islands including Saipan, Rota, and Tinian

" + "note": "note: consists of 14 islands including Saipan, Rota, and Tinian" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "2.5 times the size of Washington, DC" @@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ "text": "the southern islands in this north-south trending archipelago are limestone, with fringing coral reefs; the northern islands are volcanic, with active volcanoes on several islands" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "unnamed elevation on Agrihan 965 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,9 +91,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "active volcanoes on Pagan and Agrihan; typhoons (especially August to November)" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "contamination of groundwater on Saipan may contribute to disease; clean-up of landfill; protection of endangered species conflicts with development" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean" } @@ -164,10 +161,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "91.8% of total population (2020)" + "text": "91.9% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.29% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.36% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -250,6 +247,58 @@ "text": "NA" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "contamination of groundwater on Saipan may contribute to disease; clean-up of landfill; protection of endangered species conflicts with development" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to June, rainy season July to October" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "6.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 2.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 2.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 2.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "65.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "27.9% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "91.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.36% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "32,761 tons (2013 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "11,794 tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "36% (2016 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -284,7 +333,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+10 (15 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the entire island of Saipan is organized as a single municipality and serves as the capital; according to legend, when the first native voyagers arrived in their outrigger canoes they found an uninhabited island; to them it was like an empty voyage, so they named the island \"saay\" meaning \"a voyage,\" and \"peel\" meaning \"empty\"; over time Saaypeel - \"island of the empty voyage\" - became Saipan" + "note": "etymology: the entire island of Saipan is organized as a single municipality and serves as the capital; according to legend, when the first native voyagers arrived in their outrigger canoes they found an uninhabited island; to them it was like an empty voyage, so they named the island \"saay\" meaning \"a voyage,\" and \"peel\" meaning \"empty\"; over time Saaypeel - \"island of the empty voyage\" - became Saipan" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "none (commonwealth in political union with the US); there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 4 municipalities at the second order: Northern Islands, Rota, Saipan, Tinian" @@ -339,7 +388,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "
CNMI Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Republican Party 6, independent 3; composition - men 8, women 1, percent of women 11.1%
CNMI House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Republican Party 9, Democrat Party 8, independent 3

delegate to US House of Representatives - seat won by independent; composition - 1 man" }, - "note": "

note: the Northern Mariana Islands delegate to the US House of Representatives can vote when serving on a committee and when the House meets as the \"Committee of the Whole House\" but not when legislation is submitted for a “full floor” House vote" + "note": "note: the Northern Mariana Islands delegate to the US House of Representatives can vote when serving on a committee and when the House meets as the \"Committee of the Whole House\" but not when legislation is submitted for a “full floor” House vote" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -376,7 +425,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Jose S. PANGELINAN [Chamoru], David PETER [Carolinian]/Wilhelm GANZHORN" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1996; the Carolinian version of the song is known as \"Satil Matawal Pacifico;\" as a commonwealth of the US, in addition to the local anthem, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is official (see United States)

" + "note": "note: adopted 1996; the Carolinian version of the song is known as \"Satil Matawal Pacifico;\" as a commonwealth of the US, in addition to the local anthem, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is official (see United States)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -412,7 +461,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2014": { "text": "$845 million (2014 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: GDP estimate includes US subsidy; data are in 2013 dollars

" + "note": "note: GDP estimate includes US subsidy; data are in 2013 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$1.242 billion (2016 est.)" @@ -469,8 +518,8 @@ "text": "NA" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "27,970 (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: includes foreign workers

" + "text": "27,970 (2010 est.)

note: includes foreign workers", + "note": "note: includes foreign workers" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -532,8 +581,11 @@ "text": "$520 million (2015 est.)" } }, + "Exports - partners": { + "text": "South Korea 73%, Peru 5% (2019)" + }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "garments" + "text": "scrap iron, scrap copper, scrap aluminum, computers, laboratory diagnostic equipment (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2016": { @@ -543,8 +595,11 @@ "text": "$638 million (2015 est.)" } }, + "Imports - partners": { + "text": "Hong Kong 29%, Japan 29%, Singapore 16%, South Korea 9% (2019)" + }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "food, construction equipment and materials, petroleum products" + "text": "refined petroleum, trunks/cases, cars, watches, jewelry (2019)" }, "Debt - external": { "text": "

NA

" @@ -591,7 +646,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 1-670; landing points for the Atisa and Mariana-Guam submarine cables linking Mariana islands to Guam; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "1 TV broadcast station on Saipan; multi-channel cable TV services are available on Saipan; 9 licensed radio broadcast stations (2009)" diff --git a/australia-oceania/cr.json b/australia-oceania/cr.json index d95bf062..4f253a54 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/cr.json +++ b/australia-oceania/cr.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "0 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes numerous small islands and reefs scattered over a sea area of about 780,000 sq km (300,000 sq mi) with the Willis Islets the most important

" + "note": "note: includes numerous small islands and reefs scattered over a sea area of about 780,000 sq km (300,000 sq mi) with the Willis Islets the most important" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "about four times the size of the National Mall in Washington, DC" @@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ "text": "sand and coral reefs and islands (cays)" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "unnamed location on Cato Island 9 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -73,17 +73,30 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "occasional tropical cyclones" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "no permanent freshwater resources; damaging activities include coral mining, destructive fishing practices (overfishing, blast fishing)" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "important nesting area for birds and turtles" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "no indigenous inhabitants (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: there is a staff of four at the meteorological station on Willis Island

" + "text": "no indigenous inhabitants (July 2021 est.)

note: there is a staff of four at the meteorological station on Willis Island", + "note": "note: there is a staff of four at the meteorological station on Willis Island" + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "no permanent freshwater resources; damaging activities include coral mining, destructive fishing practices (overfishing, blast fishing)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "100% (2018 est.)" + } } }, "Government": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/cw.json b/australia-oceania/cw.json index f9b870a3..c3fe30c9 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/cw.json +++ b/australia-oceania/cw.json @@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ "text": "low coral atolls in north; volcanic, hilly islands in south" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Te Manga 652 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -93,22 +93,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "tropical cyclones (November to March)" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "limited land presents solid and liquid waste disposal problems; soil destruction and deforestation; environmental degradation due to indiscriminant use of pesticides; improper disposal of pollutants; overfishing and destructive fishing practices; over dredging of lagoons and coral rubble beds; unregulated building" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the northern Cook Islands are seven low-lying, sparsely populated, coral atolls; the southern Cook Islands, where most of the population lives, consist of eight elevated, fertile, volcanic isles, including the largest, Rarotonga, at 67 sq km" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "8,327 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: the Cook Islands' Ministry of Finance & Economic Management estimated the resident population to have been 11,700 in September 2016

" + "text": "8,327 (July 2021 est.)

note: the Cook Islands' Ministry of Finance & Economic Management estimated the resident population to have been 11,700 in September 2016", + "note": "note: the Cook Islands' Ministry of Finance & Economic Management estimated the resident population to have been 11,700 in September 2016" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -122,8 +114,8 @@ "text": "Cook Island Maori (Polynesian) 81.3%, part Cook Island Maori 6.7%, other 11.9% (2011 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "English (official) 86.4%, Cook Islands Maori (Rarotongan) (official) 76.2%, other 8.3% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census

" + "text": "English (official) 86.4%, Cook Islands Maori (Rarotongan) (official) 76.2%, other 8.3% (2011 est.)

note: shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census", + "note": "note: shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census" }, "Religions": { "text": "Protestant 62.8% (Cook Islands Christian Church 49.1%, Seventh Day Adventist 7.9%, Assemblies of God 3.7%, Apostolic Church 2.1%), Roman Catholic 17%, Mormon 4.4%, other 8%, none 5.6%, no response 2.2% (2011 est.)" @@ -173,10 +165,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "75.5% of total population (2020)" + "text": "75.7% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.37% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.52% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Sex ratio": { @@ -287,6 +279,69 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "limited land presents solid and liquid waste disposal problems; soil destruction and deforestation; environmental degradation due to indiscriminant use of pesticides; improper disposal of pollutants; overfishing and destructive fishing practices; over dredging of lagoons and coral rubble beds; unregulated building" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "12.03 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical oceanic; moderated by trade winds; a dry season from April to November and a more humid season from December to March" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "8.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 4.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 4.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "64.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "27% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "75.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.52% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -318,7 +373,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-10 (5 hours behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: translates as \"two harbors\" in Maori" + "note": "etymology: translates as \"two harbors\" in Maori" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "none" @@ -409,7 +464,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Tepaeru Te RITO/Thomas DAVIS" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1982; as prime minister, Sir Thomas DAVIS composed the anthem; his wife, a tribal chief, wrote the lyrics

" + "note": "note: adopted 1982; as prime minister, Sir Thomas DAVIS composed the anthem; his wife, a tribal chief, wrote the lyrics" } }, "Economy": { @@ -525,8 +580,11 @@ "text": "$5.163 million (2010 est.)" } }, + "Exports - partners": { + "text": "Japan 37%, Thailand 21%, France 17% (2019)" + }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "fish; copra, papayas, fresh and canned citrus fruit, coffee; pearls and pearl shells; clothing" + "text": "fish products, recreational boats, precious metal scraps, fruit juice, chemical analysis instruments (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2011": { @@ -536,8 +594,11 @@ "text": "$90.62 million (2010 est.)" } }, + "Imports - partners": { + "text": "New Zealand 41%, China 21%, Italy 12%, Fiji 10% (2019)" + }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "foodstuffs, textiles, fuels, timber, capital goods" + "text": "ships, refined petroleum, recreational boats, cars, flavored water (2019)" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 1996": { @@ -631,9 +692,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "88,810 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -663,7 +721,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 682; the Manatua submarine cable to surrounding islands of Niue, Samoa, French Polynesia and other Cook Islands, the topography of the South Pacific region has made Internet connectivity a serious issue for many of the remote islands; submarine fiber-optic networks are expensive to build and maintain; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "1 privately owned TV station broadcasts from Rarotonga providing a mix of local news and overseas-sourced programs (2019)" @@ -690,7 +748,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "E5 (2016)" + "text": "E5" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -746,7 +804,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces; Cook Islands Police Service. (2018)" + "text": "no regular military forces; Cook Islands Police Service" }, "Military - note": { "text": "defense is the responsibility of New Zealand in consultation with the Cook Islands and at its request" diff --git a/australia-oceania/fj.json b/australia-oceania/fj.json index 992976f7..3d98bed1 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/fj.json +++ b/australia-oceania/fj.json @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ "continental shelf": { "text": "200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation" }, - "note": "

measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines" + "note": "measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines" }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation" @@ -58,11 +58,11 @@ "text": "mostly mountains of volcanic origin" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Tomanivi 1,324 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -97,17 +97,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "cyclonic storms can occur from November to January" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "the widespread practice of waste incineration is a major contributor to air pollution in the country, as are vehicle emissions in urban areas; deforestation and soil erosion are significant problems; a contributory factor to erosion is clearing of land by bush burning, a widespread practie that threatens biodiversity" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "includes 332 islands; approximately 110 are inhabited" } @@ -125,8 +114,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "iTaukei 56.8% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesian admixture), Indo-Fijian 37.5%, Rotuman 1.2%, other 4.5% (European, part European, other Pacific Islanders, Chinese) (2007 est.)", - "note": "

note: a 2010 law replaces 'Fijian' with 'iTaukei' when referring to the original and native settlers of Fiji

" + "text": "iTaukei 56.8% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesian admixture), Indo-Fijian 37.5%, Rotuman 1.2%, other 4.5% (European, part European, other Pacific Islanders, Chinese) (2007 est.)

note: a 2010 law replaces 'Fijian' with 'iTaukei' when referring to the original and native settlers of Fiji", + "note": "note: a 2010 law replaces 'Fijian' with 'iTaukei' when referring to the original and native settlers of Fiji" }, "Languages": { "text": "English (official), Fijian (official), Hindustani" @@ -193,10 +182,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "57.2% of total population (2020)" + "text": "57.7% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.62% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.37% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -351,6 +340,107 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "the widespread practice of waste incineration is a major contributor to air pollution in the country, as are vehicle emissions in urban areas; deforestation and soil erosion are significant problems; a contributory factor to erosion is clearing of land by bush burning, a widespread practie that threatens biodiversity" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "10.19 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "2.05 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.95 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "25.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "9.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "50 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "28.55 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "23.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 4.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 9.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "55.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "21% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.59% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "57.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.37% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "189,390 tons (2011 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "10,322 tons (2013 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "5.5% (2013 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -398,6 +488,9 @@ "Constitution": { "history": { "text": "several previous; latest signed into law 6 September 2013" + }, + "amendments": { + "text": "proposed as a bill by Parliament and supported by at least three quarters of its members, followed by referral to the president and then to the Electoral Commission, which conducts a referendum; passage requires approval by at least three-quarters of registered voters and assent by the president" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -512,7 +605,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Michael Francis Alexander PRESCOTT/C. Austin MILES (adapted by Michael Francis Alexander PRESCOTT)" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1970; known in Fijian as \"Meda Dau Doka\" (Let Us Show Pride); adapted from the hymn, \"Dwelling in Beulah Land,\" the anthem's English lyrics are generally sung, although they differ in meaning from the official Fijian lyrics

" + "note": "note: adopted 1970; known in Fijian as \"Meda Dau Doka\" (Let Us Show Pride); adapted from the hymn, \"Dwelling in Beulah Land,\" the anthem's English lyrics are generally sung, although they differ in meaning from the official Fijian lyrics" } }, "Economy": { @@ -556,7 +649,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$11.783 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$4.891 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -571,7 +664,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$13,429 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -616,8 +709,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "61.5 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "73.6 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "77.9 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "57.1 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -652,7 +754,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "31% (2009 est.)" + "text": "29.9% (2019 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2013": { @@ -709,10 +811,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 20.8%, Australia 14.9%, NZ 7.7%, Tonga 5%, Vanuatu 4.6%, China 4.5%, Spain 4.3%, UK 4.3%, Kiribati 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "United States 29%, Australia 14%, New Zealand 7%, Japan 6%, Tonga 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "fuel, including oil, fish, beverages, gems, sugar, garments, gold, timber, fish, molasses, coconut oil, mineral water" + "text": "water, refined petroleum, fish, raw sugar, gold (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -723,10 +825,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Australia 19.2%, NZ 17.2%, Singapore 17%, China 13.8% (2017)" + "text": "Singapore 18%, Australia 13%, China 13.8%, New Zealand 11%, France 11%, South Korea 8% (2017)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, petroleum products, food and beverages, chemicals, tobacco" + "text": "refined petroleum, aircraft, cars, wheat, broadcasting equipment (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -842,9 +944,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "2.369 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -874,7 +973,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 679; landing points for the ICN1, SCCN, Southern Cross NEXT, Tonga Cable and Tui-Samoa submarine cable links to US, NZ, Australia and Pacific islands of Fiji, Vanuatu, Kiribati, Samoa, Tokelau, Tonga, Fallis & Futuna, and American Samoa; satellite earth stations - 2 Inmarsat (Pacific Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "Fiji TV, a publicly traded company, operates a free-to-air channel; Digicel Fiji operates the Sky Fiji and Sky Pacific multi-channel pay-TV services; state-owned commercial company, Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Ltd, operates 6 radio stations - 2 public broadcasters and 4 commercial broadcasters with multiple repeaters; 5 radio stations with repeaters operated by Communications Fiji, Ltd; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available" @@ -915,7 +1014,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "DQ (2016)" + "text": "DQ" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -954,7 +1053,7 @@ "narrow gauge": { "text": "597 km 0.600-m gauge (2008)" }, - "note": "

note: belongs to the government-owned Fiji Sugar Corporation; used to haul sugarcane during the harvest season, which runs from May to December

" + "note": "note: belongs to the government-owned Fiji Sugar Corporation; used to haul sugarcane during the harvest season, which runs from May to December" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -986,7 +1085,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF): Land Force Command, Maritime Command (2019)" + "text": "Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF): Land Force Command, Maritime Command (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1006,13 +1105,13 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF) have about 3,500 personnel (3,200 Land Force; 300 Maritime Command) (2019)" + "text": "the Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF) have about 3,500 personnel (3,200 Land Force; 300 Maritime Command) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the RFMF's small inventory is a mix of equipment from Australia, New Zealand, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, the UK, and the US; since 2010, the only recorded arms deliveries were from Australia; China has donated some non-lethal material since 2018 (2019 est.)" + "text": "the RFMF is lightly armed and equipped; Australia has provided patrol boats and a few armored personnel carriers; it also provides logistical support for RFMF regional or UN operations; in recent years, China has provided construction equipment and military vehicles (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "170 Egypt (MFO); 170 Iraq (UNAMI); 130 Golan Heights (UNDOF) (2020)" + "text": "170 Egypt (MFO); 160 Iraq (UNAMI); 130 Golan Heights (UNDOF) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; mandatory retirement at age 55 (2013)" diff --git a/australia-oceania/fm.json b/australia-oceania/fm.json index 08ff082e..fecc82a4 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/fm.json +++ b/australia-oceania/fm.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "0 sq km (fresh water only)" }, - "note": "

note: includes Pohnpei (Ponape), Chuuk (Truk) Islands, Yap Islands, and Kosrae (Kosaie)

" + "note": "note: includes Pohnpei (Ponape), Chuuk (Truk) Islands, Yap Islands, and Kosrae (Kosaie)" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "four times the size of Washington, DC (land area only)" @@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ "text": "islands vary geologically from high mountainous islands to low, coral atolls; volcanic outcroppings on Pohnpei, Kosrae, and Chuuk" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Nanlaud on Pohnpei 782 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,17 +91,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "typhoons (June to December)" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "overfishing; climate change; water pollution, toxic pollution from mining; solid waste disposal" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "composed of four major island groups totaling 607 islands" } @@ -186,10 +175,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "22.9% of total population (2020)" + "text": "23.1% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.05% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.52% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -306,6 +295,85 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "overfishing; climate change; water pollution, toxic pollution from mining; solid waste disposal" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "10.23 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.14 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.02 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "25.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 2.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 19.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 3.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "74.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "23.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.52% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "26,040 tons (2016 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -343,7 +411,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+11 (16 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

note 1: Micronesia has two time zones

note 2: Palikir became the new capital of the country in 1989, three years after independence; Kolonia, the former capital, remains the site for many foreign embassies; it also serves as the Pohnpei state capital

" + "note": "note 1: Micronesia has two time zones

note 2: Palikir became the new capital of the country in 1989, three years after independence; Kolonia, the former capital, remains the site for many foreign embassies; it also serves as the Pohnpei state capital " }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "4 states; Chuuk (Truk), Kosrae (Kosaie), Pohnpei (Ponape), Yap" @@ -359,7 +427,7 @@ "text": "drafted June 1975, ratified 1 October 1978, entered into force 10 May 1979" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by Congress, by a constitutional convention, or by public petition; passage requires approval by at least three-fourths majority vote in at least three fourths of the states; amended 1990; note – at least every 10 years as part of a general or special election, voters are asked whether to hold a constitution convention; a majority of affirmative votes is required to proceed" + "text": "proposed by Congress, by a constitutional convention, or by public petition; passage requires approval by at least three-fourths majority vote in at least three fourths of the states; amended 1990; note – at least every 10 years as part of a general or special election, voters are asked whether to hold a constitution convention; a majority of affirmative votes is required to proceed; amended many times, last in 2019 (approval by referendum to hold a constitutional convention)" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -407,7 +475,7 @@ "text": "unicameral Congress (14 seats; 10 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 2-year terms and 4 at- large members directly elected from each of the 4 states by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)" }, "elections": { - "text": "last held on 5 March 2019 (next to be held on 2 March 2021)" + "text": "last held on 2 March 2021 (next to be held on March 2023)" }, "election results": { "text": "percent of vote - NA; seats - independent 14; composition - men 14, women 0" @@ -477,7 +545,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "unknown" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1991; also known as \"Across All Micronesia\"; the music is based on the 1820 German patriotic song \"Ich hab mich ergeben\", which was the West German national anthem from 1949-1950; variants of this tune are used in Johannes Brahms' \"Festival Overture\" and Gustav Mahler's \"Third Symphony\"

" + "note": "note: adopted 1991; also known as \"Across All Micronesia\"; the music is based on the 1820 German patriotic song \"Ich hab mich ergeben\", which was the West German national anthem from 1949-1950; variants of this tune are used in Johannes Brahms' \"Festival Overture\" and Gustav Mahler's \"Third Symphony\"" } }, "Economy": { @@ -510,7 +578,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$389 million (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$328 million (2017 est.)" @@ -525,7 +593,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2015": { "text": "$3,200 (2015 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { @@ -559,8 +627,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "48.1 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "69.6 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "84 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "29.4 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -585,7 +662,7 @@ "services": { "text": "93.9% (2013 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: two-thirds of the labor force are government employees

" + "note": "note: two-thirds of the labor force are government employees" }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2010": { @@ -593,7 +670,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "26.7% (2000 est.)" + "text": "41.2% (2013 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2013": { @@ -646,8 +723,11 @@ "text": "$88.3 million (2013 est.)" } }, + "Exports - partners": { + "text": "Thailand 73%, Japan 10%, China 9% (2019)" + }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "fish, sakau (kava), betel nuts, black pepper" + "text": "fish and fish products, coral/shells, scrap metals, mollusks, office machinery/parts (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2015": { @@ -657,8 +737,11 @@ "text": "$258.5 million (2013 est.)" } }, + "Imports - partners": { + "text": "United States 32%, China 16%, Japan 14%, Taiwan 9%, Philippines 6%, South Korea 6% (2019)" + }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "food, beverages, clothing, computers, household electronics, appliances, manufactured goods, automobiles, machinery and equipment, furniture, tools" + "text": "poultry meats, netting, broadcasting equipment, various meats, fish products (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -742,9 +825,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "105 Mt (2010 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -774,7 +854,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 691; landing points for the Chuukk-Pohnpei Cable and HANTRU-1 submarine cable system linking the Federated States of Micronesia and the US; satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "no TV broadcast stations; each state has a multi-channel cable service with TV transmissions carrying roughly 95% imported programming and 5% local programming; about a half-dozen radio stations (2009)" @@ -801,7 +881,7 @@ }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "V6 (2016)" + "text": "V6" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -838,7 +918,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no military forces; Federated States of Micronesia National Police (2019)" + "text": "no military forces; Federated States of Micronesia National Police (includes a maritime wing) (2021)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "defense is the responsibility of the US" diff --git a/australia-oceania/fp.json b/australia-oceania/fp.json index d86e104a..a9479131 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/fp.json +++ b/australia-oceania/fp.json @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ "text": "mixture of rugged high islands and low islands with reefs" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Mont Orohena 2,241 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -90,9 +90,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "occasional cyclonic storms in January" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "sea level rise; extreme weather events (cyclones, storms, and tsunamis producing floods, landslides, erosion, and reef damage); droughts; fresh water scarcity" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "includes five archipelagoes: four volcanic (Iles Gambier, Iles Marquises, Iles Tubuai, Society Islands) and one coral (Archipel des Tuamotu); the Tuamotu Archipelago forms the largest group of atolls in the world - 78 in total, 48 inhabited; Makatea in the Tuamotu Archipelago is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and Nauru" } @@ -177,10 +174,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "62% of total population (2020)" + "text": "62.1% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.01% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.65% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -285,6 +282,69 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "sea level rise; extreme weather events (cyclones, storms, and tsunamis producing floods, landslides, erosion, and reef damage); droughts; fresh water scarcity" + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.77 megatons (2016 est.)" + } + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical, but moderate" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "12.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 0.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 6.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 5.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "43.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "43.8% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "62.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.65% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "147,000 tons (2013 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "57,330 tons (2013 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "39% (2013 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -322,7 +382,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-10 (5 hours behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name means \"water basket\" and refers to the fact that the islanders originally used calabashes enclosed in baskets to fetch water at a spring in the area" + "note": "etymology: the name means \"water basket\" and refers to the fact that the islanders originally used calabashes enclosed in baskets to fetch water at a spring in the area" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "5 administrative subdivisions (subdivisions administratives, singular - subdivision administrative): Iles Australes (Austral Islands), Iles du Vent (Windward Islands), Iles Marquises (Marquesas Islands), Iles Sous-le-Vent (Leeward Islands), Iles Tuamotu-Gambier; note - the Leeward Islands and the Windward Islands together make up the Society Islands (Iles de la Societe)" @@ -401,8 +461,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "two red horizontal bands encase a wide white band in a 1:2:1 ratio; centered on the white band is a disk with a blue and white wave pattern depicting the sea on the lower half and a gold and white ray pattern depicting the sun on the upper half; a Polynesian canoe rides on the wave pattern; the canoe has a crew of five represented by five stars that symbolize the five island groups; red and white are traditional Polynesian colors", - "note": "

note: identical to the red-white-red flag of Tahiti, the largest and most populous of the islands in French Polynesia, but which has no emblem in the white band; the flag of France is used for official occasions

" + "text": "two red horizontal bands encase a wide white band in a 1:2:1 ratio; centered on the white band is a disk with a blue and white wave pattern depicting the sea on the lower half and a gold and white ray pattern depicting the sun on the upper half; a Polynesian canoe rides on the wave pattern; the canoe has a crew of five represented by five stars that symbolize the five island groups; red and white are traditional Polynesian colors

note: identical to the red-white-red flag of Tahiti, the largest and most populous of the islands in French Polynesia, but which has no emblem in the white band; the flag of France is used for official occasions", + "note": "note: identical to the red-white-red flag of Tahiti, the largest and most populous of the islands in French Polynesia, but which has no emblem in the white band; the flag of France is used for official occasions" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "outrigger canoe, Tahitian gardenia (Gardenia taitensis) flower; national colors: red, white" @@ -414,7 +474,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Maeva BOUGES, Irmine TEHEI, Angele TEROROTUA, Johanna NOUVEAU, Patrick AMARU, Louis MAMATUI, and Jean-Pierre CELESTIN (the compositional group created both the lyrics and music)" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1993; serves as a local anthem; as a territory of France, \"La Marseillaise\" is official (see France)

" + "note": "note: adopted 1993; serves as a local anthem; as a territory of France, \"La Marseillaise\" is official (see France)" }, "Government - note": { "text": "under certain acts of France, French Polynesia has acquired autonomy in all areas except those relating to police, monetary policy, tertiary education, immigration, and defense and foreign affairs; the duties of its president are fashioned after those of the French prime minister" @@ -689,9 +749,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "1.03 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -721,7 +778,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 689; landing points for the NATITUA, Manatua, and Honotua submarine cables to other French Polynesian Islands, Cook Islands, Niue, Samoa and US; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "French public overseas broadcaster Reseau Outre-Mer provides 2 TV channels and 1 radio station; 1 government-owned TV station; a small number of privately owned radio stations (2019)" @@ -756,7 +813,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "F-OH (2016)" + "text": "F-OH" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -821,10 +878,10 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces (2019)" + "text": "no regular military forces" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "defense is the responsibility of France and France maintains forces in French Polynesia (2019)" + "text": "defense is the responsibility of France; France maintains forces in French Polynesia" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/gq.json b/australia-oceania/gq.json index 722110c4..0dcb62dc 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/gq.json +++ b/australia-oceania/gq.json @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ "text": "volcanic origin, surrounded by coral reefs; relatively flat coralline limestone plateau (source of most fresh water), with steep coastal cliffs and narrow coastal plains in north, low hills in center, mountains in south" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Mount Lamlam 406 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -90,9 +90,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "frequent squalls during rainy season; relatively rare but potentially destructive typhoons (June to December)" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "fresh water scarcity; reef damage; inadequate sewage treatment; extermination of native bird populations by the rapid proliferation of the brown tree snake, an exotic, invasive species" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "largest and southernmost island in the Mariana Islands archipelago and the largest island in Micronesia; strategic location in western North Pacific Ocean" } @@ -177,10 +174,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "94.9% of total population (2020)" + "text": "95% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.92% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.84% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -286,6 +283,63 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "fresh water scarcity; reef damage; inadequate sewage treatment; extermination of native bird populations by the rapid proliferation of the brown tree snake, an exotic, invasive species" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season (January to June), rainy season (July to December); little seasonal temperature variation" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "33.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 1.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 16.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 14.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "47.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "18.7% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "95% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.84% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "141,500 tons (2012 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "25,258 tons (2011 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "17.9% (2011 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -323,7 +377,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+10 (15 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name is derived from the Chamoru word \"haga,\" meaning \"blood\", and may refer to the bloodlines of the various families that established the original settlement" + "note": "etymology: the name is derived from the Chamoru word \"haga,\" meaning \"blood\", and may refer to the bloodlines of the various families that established the original settlement" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "none (territory of the US)" @@ -378,7 +432,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Democratic Party 10, Republican Party 5; composition - men 5, women 10, percent of women 66.7%" }, - "note": "

note: Guam directly elects 1 member by simple majority vote to serve a 2-year term as a delegate to the US House of Representatives; the delegate can vote when serving on a committee and when the House meets as the Committee of the Whole House, but not when legislation is submitted for a “full floor” House vote; election of delegate last held on 6 November 2018 (next to be held on 3 November 2020); election results - seat by party - Democratic Party 1; composition 1 man

" + "note": "note: Guam directly elects 1 member by simple majority vote to serve a 2-year term as a delegate to the US House of Representatives; the delegate can vote when serving on a committee and when the House meets as the Committee of the Whole House, but not when legislation is submitted for a “full floor” House vote; election of delegate last held on 6 November 2018 (next to be held on 3 November 2020); election results - seat by party - Democratic Party 1; composition 1 man" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -406,8 +460,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "territorial flag is dark blue with a narrow red border on all four sides; centered is a red-bordered, pointed, vertical ellipse containing a beach scene, a proa or outrigger canoe with sail, and a palm tree with the word GUAM superimposed in bold red letters; the proa is sailing in Agana Bay with the promontory of Punta Dos Amantes, near the capital, in the background; the shape of the central emblem is that of a Chamorro sling stone, used as a weapon for defense or hunting; blue represents the sea and red the blood shed in the struggle against oppression", - "note": "

note: the US flag is the national flag

" + "text": "territorial flag is dark blue with a narrow red border on all four sides; centered is a red-bordered, pointed, vertical ellipse containing a beach scene, a proa or outrigger canoe with sail, and a palm tree with the word GUAM superimposed in bold red letters; the proa is sailing in Agana Bay with the promontory of Punta Dos Amantes, near the capital, in the background; the shape of the central emblem is that of a Chamorro sling stone, used as a weapon for defense or hunting; blue represents the sea and red the blood shed in the struggle against oppression

note: the US flag is the national flag", + "note": "note: the US flag is the national flag" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "coconut tree; national colors: deep blue, red" @@ -419,7 +473,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Ramon Manalisay SABLAN [English], Lagrimas UNTALAN [Chamoru]/Ramon Manalisay SABLAN" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1919; the local anthem is also known as \"Guam Hymn\"; as a territory of the United States, \"The Star-Spangled Banner,\" which generally follows the playing of \"Stand Ye Guamanians,\" is official (see United States)

" + "note": "note: adopted 1919; the local anthem is also known as \"Guam Hymn\"; as a territory of the United States, \"The Star-Spangled Banner,\" which generally follows the playing of \"Stand Ye Guamanians,\" is official (see United States)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -511,8 +565,8 @@ "text": "NA" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "73,210 (2016 est.)", - "note": "

note: includes only the civilian labor force

" + "text": "73,210 (2016 est.)

note: includes only the civilian labor force", + "note": "note: includes only the civilian labor force" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -578,10 +632,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Palau 13.6% (2017)" + "text": "South Korea 31%, Hong Kong 27%, Taiwan 18%, Philippines 7% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "transshipments of refined petroleum products, construction materials, fish, foodstuffs and beverages" + "text": "scrap iron, electric batteries, gas turbines, scrap copper, beauty products (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2016": { @@ -592,10 +646,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Singapore 41.7%, Japan 30.6%, Hong Kong 10.6% (2017)" + "text": "Singapore 33%, Japan 21%, South Korea 18%, Hong Kong 9%, Malaysia 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum and petroleum products, food, manufactured goods" + "text": "refined petroleum, trunks/cases, cars, insulated wire, broadcasting equipment (2019)" }, "Debt - external": { "text": "

NA

" @@ -675,9 +729,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "2.214 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -707,7 +758,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 1-671; major landing points for Atisa, HANTRU1, HK-G, JGA-N, JGA-S, PIPE-1, SEA-US, SxS, Tata TGN-Pacific, AJC, GOKI, AAG, AJC and Mariana-Guam Cable submarine cables between Asia, Australia, and the US (Guam is a transpacific communications hub for major carriers linking the US and Asia); satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "about a dozen TV channels, including digital channels; multi-channel cable TV services are available; roughly 20 radio stations" @@ -725,6 +776,9 @@ } }, "Transportation": { + "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { + "text": "N" + }, "Airports": { "total": { "text": "5 (2013)" diff --git a/australia-oceania/kr.json b/australia-oceania/kr.json index 6f0a2de7..7a008ef4 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/kr.json +++ b/australia-oceania/kr.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "0 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes three island groups - Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, and Phoenix Islands - dispersed over about 3.5 million sq km (1.35 million sq mi)

" + "note": "note: includes three island groups - Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, and Phoenix Islands - dispersed over about 3.5 million sq km (1.35 million sq mi)" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "four times the size of Washington, DC" @@ -52,14 +52,14 @@ "text": "mostly low-lying coral atolls surrounded by extensive reefs" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "2 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "unnamed elevation on Banaba 81 m m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "unnamed elevation on Banaba 81 m m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "2 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -94,17 +94,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "typhoons can occur any time, but usually November to March; occasional tornadoes; low level of some of the islands make them sensitive to changes in sea level" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "heavy pollution in lagoon of south Tarawa atoll due to overcrowding mixed with traditional practices such as lagoon latrines and open-pit dumping; ground water at risk; potential for water shortages, disease; coastal erosion" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "21 of the 33 islands are inhabited; Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Makatea in French Polynesia, and Nauru; Kiribati is the only country in the world to fall into all four hemispheres (northern, southern, eastern, and western)" } @@ -189,10 +178,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "55.6% of total population (2020)" + "text": "56.3% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.19% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.77% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -222,8 +211,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "23.1 years (2009 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "23.1 years (2009 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "92 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -302,7 +291,7 @@ "text": "46% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "14.9% (2009)" + "text": "6.9% (2018/19)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "NA" @@ -330,6 +319,90 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "heavy pollution in lagoon of south Tarawa atoll due to overcrowding mixed with traditional practices such as lagoon latrines and open-pit dumping; ground water at risk; potential for water shortages, disease; coastal erosion" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "10.45 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.07 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.02 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "42% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 2.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 39.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "15% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "43% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.04% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "56.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.77% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "35,724 tons (2016 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -350,7 +423,7 @@ "etymology": { "text": "the name is the local pronunciation of \"Gilberts,\" the former designation of the islands; originally named after explorer Thomas GILBERT, who mapped many of the islands in 1788" }, - "note": "

note: pronounced keer-ree-bahss

" + "note": "note: pronounced keer-ree-bahss" }, "Government type": { "text": "presidential republic" @@ -365,7 +438,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

note: Kiribati has three time zones: the Gilbert Islands group at UTC+12, the Phoenix Islands at UTC+13, and the Line Islands at UTC+14

etymology: in Kiribati creation mythology, \"tarawa\" was what the spider Nareau named the land to distinguish it from \"karawa\" (the sky) and \"marawa\" (the ocean)

" + "note": "note: Kiribati has three time zones: the Gilbert Islands group at UTC+12, the Phoenix Islands at UTC+13, and the Line Islands at UTC+14

etymology: in Kiribati creation mythology, \"tarawa\" was what the spider Nareau named the land to distinguish it from \"karawa\" (the sky) and \"marawa\" (the ocean)" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "3 geographical units: Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix Islands; note - there are no first-order administrative divisions, but there are 6 districts (Banaba, Central Gilberts, Line Islands, Northern Gilberts, Southern Gilberts, Tarawa) and 21 island councils - one for each of the inhabited islands (Abaiang, Abemama, Aranuka, Arorae, Banaba, Beru, Butaritari, Kanton, Kiritimati, Kuria, Maiana, Makin, Marakei, Nikunau, Nonouti, Onotoa, Tabiteuea, Tabuaeran, Tamana, Tarawa, Teraina)" @@ -381,7 +454,7 @@ "text": "The Gilbert and Ellice Islands Order in Council 1915, The Gilbert Islands Order in Council 1975 (preindependence); latest promulgated 12 July 1979 (at independence)" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the House of Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly membership; passage of amendments affecting the constitutional section on amendment procedures and parts of the constitutional chapter on citizenship requires deferral of the proposal to the next Assembly meeting where approval is required by at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly membership and support of the nominated or elected Banaban member of the Assembly; amendments affecting the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms also requires approval by at least two-thirds majority in a referendum; amended 1995, 2013" + "text": "proposed by the House of Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly membership; passage of amendments affecting the constitutional section on amendment procedures and parts of the constitutional chapter on citizenship requires deferral of the proposal to the next Assembly meeting where approval is required by at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly membership and support of the nominated or elected Banaban member of the Assembly; amendments affecting the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms also requires approval by at least two-thirds majority in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2018" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -447,8 +520,8 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Boutokaan Kiribati Moa Party (BKM) [Tessie LAMBOURNE]
Boutokaan Te Koaua Party or BTK or Pillars of Truth [Anote TONG]
Kamaeuraoan Te I-Kiribati Party or KTK [Tetaua TAITAI]
Maurin Kiribati Pati or MKP [Rimeta BENIAMINA]
Tobwaan Kiribati Party or TKP [Taneti MAAMAU]", - "note": "

note: there is no tradition of formally organized political parties in Kiribati; they more closely resemble factions or interest groups because they have no party headquarters, formal platforms, or party structures

" + "text": "Boutokaan Kiribati Moa Party (BKM) [Tessie LAMBOURNE]
Boutokaan Te Koaua Party or BTK or Pillars of Truth [Anote TONG]
Kamaeuraoan Te I-Kiribati Party or KTK [Tetaua TAITAI]
Maurin Kiribati Pati or MKP [Rimeta BENIAMINA]
Tobwaan Kiribati Party or TKP [Taneti MAAMAU]

note: there is no tradition of formally organized political parties in Kiribati; they more closely resemble factions or interest groups because they have no party headquarters, formal platforms, or party structures", + "note": "note: there is no tradition of formally organized political parties in Kiribati; they more closely resemble factions or interest groups because they have no party headquarters, formal platforms, or party structures" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ABEDA, ACP, ADB, AOSIS, C, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOC, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO" @@ -466,7 +539,7 @@ "FAX": { "text": "[1](212)867-3320" }, - "note": "

note - the Kiribati Permanent Mission to the UN serves as the embassy" + "note": "note - the Kiribati Permanent Mission to the UN serves as the embassy" }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "embassy": { @@ -486,7 +559,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Urium Tamuera IOTEBA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1979

" + "note": "note: adopted 1979" } }, "Economy": { @@ -522,7 +595,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$255 million (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$197 million (2017 est.)" @@ -537,7 +610,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$2,237 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -559,8 +632,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "46.9 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "78.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "62.1 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "53.4 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -573,8 +655,8 @@ "text": "1.1% (2012 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "39,000 (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: economically active, not including subsistence farmers

" + "text": "39,000 (2010 est.)

note: economically active, not including subsistence farmers", + "note": "note: economically active, not including subsistence farmers" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -648,10 +730,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Philippines 50.8%, Malaysia 17.2%, US 11.4%, Bangladesh 5.8%, Fiji 5.4% (2017)" + "text": "Thailand 53%, Philippines 17%, South Korea 10%, Japan 9% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "fish, coconut products" + "text": "fish and fish produces, ships, coconut oil, copra (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2016": { @@ -662,10 +744,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Australia 29.3%, Fiji 17.3%, NZ 10.7%, China 5.8%, US 5.8%, Singapore 5.1%, Japan 4.6%, Thailand 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "China 20%, Fiji 19%, Australia 12%, Taiwan 11%, South Korea 11%, New Zealand 7%, Japan 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "food, machinery and equipment, miscellaneous manufactured goods, fuel" + "text": "refined petroleum, netting, raw sugar, rice, poultry meats (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -702,7 +784,7 @@ "Exchange rates 2013": { "text": "1.11 (2013 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: the Australian dollar circulates as legal tender" + "note": "note: the Australian dollar circulates as legal tender" } }, "Energy": { @@ -776,9 +858,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "58,850 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -808,7 +887,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 686; landing point for the Southern Cross NEXT submarine cable system from Australia, 7 Pacific Ocean island countries to the US; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "multi-channel TV packages provide access to Australian and US stations; 1 government-operated radio station broadcasts on AM, FM, and shortwave (2017)" @@ -846,7 +925,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "T3 (2016)" + "text": "T3" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -896,10 +975,10 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces (establishment prevented by the constitution); Police Force (2011)" + "text": "no regular military forces; Kiribati Police Service (2021)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "Kiribati does not have military forces; defense assistance is provided by Australia and NZ" + "text": "defense assistance is provided by Australia and NZ" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/kt.json b/australia-oceania/kt.json index a1e95909..c89eb4ce 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/kt.json +++ b/australia-oceania/kt.json @@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ "text": "steep cliffs along coast rise abruptly to central plateau" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Murray Hill 361 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -81,9 +81,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "loss of rainforest; impact of phosphate mining" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "located along major sea lanes of the Indian Ocean" } @@ -101,12 +98,12 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Chinese 70%, European 20%, Malay 10% (2001)", - "note": "

note: no indigenous population

" + "text": "Chinese 70%, European 20%, Malay 10% (2001)

note: no indigenous population", + "note": "note: no indigenous population" }, "Languages": { - "text": "English (official) 27.6%, Mandarin 17.2%, Malay 17.1%, Cantonese 3.9%, Min Nan 1.6%, Tagalog 1%, other 4.5%, unspecified 27.1% (2016 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent language spoken at home

" + "text": "English (official) 27.6%, Mandarin 17.2%, Malay 17.1%, Cantonese 3.9%, Min Nan 1.6%, Tagalog 1%, other 4.5%, unspecified 27.1% (2016 est.)

note: data represent language spoken at home", + "note": "note: data represent language spoken at home" }, "Religions": { "text": "Muslim 19.4%, Buddhist 18.3%, Roman Catholic 8.8%, Protestant 6.5% (includes Anglican 3.6%, Uniting Church 1.2%, other 1.7%), other Christian 3.3%, other 0.6%, none 15.3%, unspecified 27.7% (2016 est.)" @@ -172,6 +169,22 @@ "text": "NA" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "loss of rainforest; impact of phosphate mining" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical with a wet season (December to April) and dry season; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "100% (2018 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -200,7 +213,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: self-descriptive name for the main locus of population" + "note": "etymology: self-descriptive name for the main locus of population" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "none (territory of Australia)" @@ -216,7 +229,7 @@ "text": "1 October 1958 (Christmas Island Act 1958)" }, "amendments": { - "text": "amended many times, last in 2016" + "text": "amended many times, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -270,8 +283,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "territorial flag; divided diagonally from upper hoist to lower fly; the upper triangle is green with a yellow image of the Golden Bosun Bird superimposed; the lower triangle is blue with the Southern Cross constellation, representing Australia, superimposed; a centered yellow disk displays a green map of the island", - "note": "

note: the flag of Australia is used for official purposes

" + "text": "territorial flag; divided diagonally from upper hoist to lower fly; the upper triangle is green with a yellow image of the Golden Bosun Bird superimposed; the lower triangle is blue with the Southern Cross constellation, representing Australia, superimposed; a centered yellow disk displays a green map of the island

note: the flag of Australia is used for official purposes", + "note": "note: the flag of Australia is used for official purposes" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "golden bosun bird" @@ -310,14 +323,20 @@ "Exports": { "text": "

NA

" }, + "Exports - partners": { + "text": "Malaysia 36%, New Zealand 21%, Indonesia 20%, Australia 10% (2019)" + }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "phosphate" + "text": "calcium phosphates, fertilizers, valves, air pumps, industrial printers (2019)" }, "Imports": { "text": "

NA

" }, + "Imports - partners": { + "text": "Australia 80%, United States 7%, Canada 5% (2019)" + }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "consumer goods" + "text": "refined petroleum, cars, iron structures, aircraft, crustaceans (2019)" }, "Exchange rates": { "currency": { @@ -388,7 +407,7 @@ "standard gauge": { "text": "18 km 1.435-m (not in operation) (2017)" }, - "note": "

note: the 18-km Christmas Island Phosphate Company Railway between Flying Fish Cove and South Point was decommissioned in 1987; some tracks and scrap remain in place

" + "note": "note: the 18-km Christmas Island Phosphate Company Railway between Flying Fish Cove and South Point was decommissioned in 1987; some tracks and scrap remain in place" }, "Roadways": { "total": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/nc.json b/australia-oceania/nc.json index b69d5b3e..1b57a658 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/nc.json +++ b/australia-oceania/nc.json @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ "text": "coastal plains with interior mountains" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Mont Panie 1,628 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -90,9 +90,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

cyclones, most frequent from November to March

volcanism: Matthew and Hunter Islands are historically active

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "preservation of coral reefs; prevention of invasive species; limiting erosion caused by nickel mining and forest fires" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "consists of the main island of New Caledonia (one of the largest in the Pacific Ocean), the archipelago of Iles Loyaute, and numerous small, sparsely populated islands and atolls" } @@ -170,18 +167,18 @@ "text": "5.84 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Net migration rate": { - "text": "3.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: there has been steady emigration from Wallis and Futuna to New Caledonia

" + "text": "3.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)

note: there has been steady emigration from Wallis and Futuna to New Caledonia", + "note": "note: there has been steady emigration from Wallis and Futuna to New Caledonia" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "most of the populace lives in the southern part of the main island, in and around the capital of Noumea" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "71.5% of total population (2020)" + "text": "71.9% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.89% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.72% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -303,6 +300,63 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "preservation of coral reefs; prevention of invasive species; limiting erosion caused by nickel mining and forest fires" + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "5.33 megatons (2016 est.)" + } + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "10.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 0.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 9.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "45.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "43.7% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "71.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.72% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "108,157 tons (2016 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -337,7 +391,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+11 (16 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: established in 1854 as Port-de-France, the settlement was renamed Noumea in 1866, in order to avoid any confusion with Fort-de-France in Martinique; the New Caledonian language of Ndrumbea (also spelled Ndumbea, Dubea, and Drubea) spoken in the area gave its name to the capital city, Noumea, as well as to the neighboring town (suburb) of Dumbea" + "note": "etymology: established in 1854 as Port-de-France, the settlement was renamed Noumea in 1866, in order to avoid any confusion with Fort-de-France in Martinique; the New Caledonian language of Ndrumbea (also spelled Ndumbea, Dubea, and Drubea) spoken in the area gave its name to the capital city, Noumea, as well as to the neighboring town (suburb) of Dumbea" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "3 provinces; Province Iles (Islands Province), Province Nord (North Province), and Province Sud (South Province)" @@ -431,7 +485,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Chorale Melodia (a local choir)" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 2008; contains a mixture of lyrics in both French and Nengone (an indigenous language); as a self-governing territory of France, in addition to the local anthem, \"La Marseillaise\" is official (see France)

" + "note": "note: adopted 2008; contains a mixture of lyrics in both French and Nengone (an indigenous language); as a self-governing territory of France, in addition to the local anthem, \"La Marseillaise\" is official (see France)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -467,7 +521,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015": { "text": "$10.77 billion (2015 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2015 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2015 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$9.77 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -595,10 +649,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 25.4%, Japan 16.6%, South Korea 14.8%, France 8.2%, Belgium 5%, US 4.6% (2017)" + "text": "China 59%, South Korea 14%, Japan 11% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "ferronickels, nickel ore, fish" + "text": "iron alloys, nickel, cobalt, carbonates, essential oils (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2015": { @@ -609,16 +663,16 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "France 24.2%, Singapore 13.1%, China 9.2%, Australia 7.1%, South Korea 5.2%, Malaysia 4.7%, NZ 4.4%, US 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "France 43%, Australia 12%, Singapore 12%, China 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, foodstuffs" + "text": "refined petroleum, aircraft, coal, cars, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 31 December 2013": { "text": "$112 million (31 December 2013 est.)" }, - "note": "

$79 million (31 December 1998 est.)" + "note": "$79 million (31 December 1998 est.)" }, "Exchange rates": { "currency": { @@ -712,9 +766,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "6.165 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -744,7 +795,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 687; landing points for the Gondwana-1 and Picot-1 providing connectivity via submarine cables around New Caledonia and to Australia; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "the publicly owned French Overseas Network (RFO), which operates in France's overseas departments and territories, broadcasts over the RFO Nouvelle-Calédonie TV and radio stations; a small number of privately owned radio stations also broadcast" @@ -824,7 +875,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces; France bases land, air, and naval forces on New Caledonia (Forces Armées de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, FANC) (2019)" + "text": "no regular military forces; France bases land, air, and naval forces on New Caledonia (Forces Armées de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, FANC)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "defense is the responsibility of France" diff --git a/australia-oceania/ne.json b/australia-oceania/ne.json index 3b6e121c..995b3e67 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/ne.json +++ b/australia-oceania/ne.json @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ "text": "steep limestone cliffs along coast, central plateau" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "unnamed elevation 1.4 km east of Hikutavake 80 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -90,22 +90,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "tropical cyclones" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "increasing attention to conservationist practices to counter loss of soil fertility from traditional slash and burn agriculture" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "one of world's largest coral islands; the only major break in the surrounding coral reef occurs in the central western part of the coast" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "2,000 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: because of the island's limited economic and educational opportunities, Niueans have emigrated for decades - primarily to New Zealand, but also to Australia and other Pacific island states; Niue's population peaked in 1966 at 5,194, but by 2005 had fallen to 1,508; since then it has rebounded slightly; as of 2013, 23,883 people of Niuean ancestry lived in New Zealand - with more than 20% Niue-born; this means that there are about 15 times as many persons of Niuean ancestry living in New Zealand as in Niue, possibly the most eccentric population distribution in the world

" + "text": "2,000 (July 2021 est.)

note: because of the island's limited economic and educational opportunities, Niueans have emigrated for decades - primarily to New Zealand, but also to Australia and other Pacific island states; Niue's population peaked in 1966 at 5,194, but by 2005 had fallen to 1,508; since then it has rebounded slightly; as of 2013, 23,883 people of Niuean ancestry lived in New Zealand - with more than 20% Niue-born; this means that there are about 15 times as many persons of Niuean ancestry living in New Zealand as in Niue, possibly the most eccentric population distribution in the world", + "note": "note: because of the island's limited economic and educational opportunities, Niueans have emigrated for decades - primarily to New Zealand, but also to Australia and other Pacific island states; Niue's population peaked in 1966 at 5,194, but by 2005 had fallen to 1,508; since then it has rebounded slightly; as of 2013, 23,883 people of Niuean ancestry lived in New Zealand - with more than 20% Niue-born; this means that there are about 15 times as many persons of Niuean ancestry living in New Zealand as in Niue, possibly the most eccentric population distribution in the world" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -132,10 +124,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "46.2% of total population (2020)" + "text": "46.9% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.69% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -215,6 +207,69 @@ "text": "NA" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "increasing attention to conservationist practices to counter loss of soil fertility from traditional slash and burn agriculture" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "11.47 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; modified by southeast trade winds" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "19.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 3.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 11.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 3.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "71.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "9.7% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "46.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -229,7 +284,7 @@ "etymology": { "text": "the origin of the name is obscure; in Niuean, the word supposedly translates as \"behold the coconut\"" }, - "note": "

note: pronunciation falls between nyu-way and new-way, but not like new-wee

" + "note": "note: pronunciation falls between nyu-way and new-way, but not like new-wee" }, "Dependency status": { "text": "self-governing in free association with New Zealand since 1974; Niue is fully responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand retains responsibility for external affairs and defense; however, these responsibilities confer no rights of control and are only exercised at the request of the Government of Niue" @@ -262,7 +317,7 @@ "text": "several previous (New Zealand colonial statutes); latest 19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act 1974)" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly membership in each of three readings and approval by the majority of votes in a referendum; passage of amendments to a number of sections, including Niue’s self-governing status, British nationality and New Zealand citizenship, external affairs and defense, economic and administrative assistance by New Zealand, and amendment procedures, requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly and at least two thirds of votes in a referendum; amended 1992, 2007" + "text": "proposed by the Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly membership in each of three readings and approval by at least two-thirds majority votes in a referendum; passage of amendments to a number of sections, including Niue’s self-governing status, British nationality and New Zealand citizenship, external affairs and defense, economic and administrative assistance by New Zealand, and amendment procedures, requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly and at least two thirds of votes in a referendum; amended 1992, 2007; note - in early 2021, the constitution review committee of the Assembly requested suggestions from the public about changes to the constitution" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -309,7 +364,7 @@ "subordinate courts": { "text": "High Court" }, - "note": "

note: Niue is a participant in the Pacific Judicial Development Program, which is designed to build governance and the rule of law in 15 Pacific island countries

" + "note": "note: Niue is a participant in the Pacific Judicial Development Program, which is designed to build governance and the rule of law in 15 Pacific island countries" }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "Alliance of Independents or AI
Niue People's Action Party or NPP [Young VIVIAN]" @@ -338,7 +393,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "unknown/unknown, prepared by Sioeli FUSIKATA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1974

" + "note": "note: adopted 1974" } }, "Economy": { @@ -429,16 +484,22 @@ "text": "$201,400 (2004 est.)" } }, + "Exports - partners": { + "text": "Indonesia 92%, South Korea 5% (2019)" + }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "canned coconut cream, copra, honey, vanilla, passion fruit products, pawpaws, root crops, limes, footballs, stamps, handicrafts" + "text": "tanker ships, fruit juice, thermostats, textiles, measurement devices/appliances (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2004": { "text": "$9.038 million (2004 est.)" } }, + "Imports - partners": { + "text": "New Zealand 43%, United Kingdom 30%, Japan 22% (2019)" + }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "food, live animals, manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, lubricants, chemicals, drugs" + "text": "hydraulic engines, ships, refined petroleum, cars, plastics (2019)" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 2002": { @@ -532,9 +593,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "7,252 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -548,7 +606,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 683; landing point for the Manatua submarine cable linking Niue to several South Pacific Ocean Islands; expansion of satellite services (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "1 government-owned TV station with many of the programs supplied by Television New Zealand; 1 government-owned radio station broadcasting in AM and FM (2019)" @@ -606,7 +664,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular indigenous military forces; Police Force (2019)" + "text": "no regular indigenous military forces; Police Force" }, "Military - note": { "text": "defense is the responsibility of New Zealand" diff --git a/australia-oceania/nf.json b/australia-oceania/nf.json index 99f706a0..e55f06da 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/nf.json +++ b/australia-oceania/nf.json @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ "text": "volcanic island with mostly rolling plains" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Mount Bates 319 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -90,9 +90,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "tropical cyclones (especially May to July)" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "inadequate solid waste management; most freshwater obtained through rainwater catchment; preservation of unique ecosystem" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "most of the 32 km coastline consists of almost inaccessible cliffs, but the land slopes down to the sea in one small southern area on Sydney Bay, where the capital of Kingston is situated" } @@ -110,12 +107,12 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "

Australian 22.8%, English 22.4%, Pitcairn Islander 20%, Scottish 6%, Irish 5.2%

(2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: respondents were able to identify up to two ancestries; percentages represent a proportion of all responses from people in Norfolk Island, including those who did not identify an ancestry; only top responses are shown" + "text": "

Australian 22.8%, English 22.4%, Pitcairn Islander 20%, Scottish 6%, Irish 5.2%

(2011 est.)

note: respondents were able to identify up to two ancestries; percentages represent a proportion of all responses from people in Norfolk Island, including those who did not identify an ancestry; only top responses are shown", + "note": "note: respondents were able to identify up to two ancestries; percentages represent a proportion of all responses from people in Norfolk Island, including those who did not identify an ancestry; only top responses are shown" }, "Languages": { - "text": "English (official) 44.9%, Norfolk (also known as Norfuk or Norf'k, which is a mixture of 18th century English and ancient Tahitian) 40.3%, Fijian 1.8%, other 6.8%, unspecified 6.2% (2016 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent language spoken at home

" + "text": "English (official) 44.9%, Norfolk (also known as Norfuk or Norf'k, which is a mixture of 18th century English and ancient Tahitian) 40.3%, Fijian 1.8%, other 6.8%, unspecified 6.2% (2016 est.)

note: data represent language spoken at home", + "note": "note: data represent language spoken at home" }, "Religions": { "text": "Protestant 46.8% (Anglican 29.2%, Uniting Church in Australia 9.8%, Presbyterian 2.9%, Seventh Day Adventist 2.7%, other 2.2%), Roman Catholic 12.6%, other Christian 2.9%, other 1.4%, none 26.7%, unspecified 9.5% (2016 est.)" @@ -167,6 +164,34 @@ "text": "NA" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "inadequate solid waste management; most freshwater obtained through rainwater catchment; preservation of unique ecosystem" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "subtropical; mild, little seasonal temperature variation" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "25% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 25% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "11.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "63.5% (2018 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -195,7 +220,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+11 (16 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name is a blending of the words \"king's\" and \"town\"; the British king at the time of the town's settlement in the late 18th century was George III" + "note": "etymology: the name is a blending of the words \"king's\" and \"town\"; the British king at the time of the town's settlement in the late 18th century was George III" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "none (territory of Australia)" @@ -211,7 +236,7 @@ "text": "previous 1913, 1957; latest effective 7 August 1979" }, "amendments": { - "text": "amended many times, last in 2015" + "text": "amended many times, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -247,7 +272,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "seats by party - independent 5; composition - men 4, women 1, percent of women 20%" }, - "note": "

note: following an administrative restructuring of local government, the Legislative Assembly was dissolved on 18 June 2015 and replaced by an interim Norfolk Island Advisory Council effective 1 July 2015; the Advisory Council consisted of 5 members appointed by the Norfolk Island administrator based on nominations from the community; following elections on 28 May 2016, the new Norfolk Island Regional Council commenced operations on 1 July 2016

" + "note": "note: following an administrative restructuring of local government, the Legislative Assembly was dissolved on 18 June 2015 and replaced by an interim Norfolk Island Advisory Council effective 1 July 2015; the Advisory Council consisted of 5 members appointed by the Norfolk Island administrator based on nominations from the community; following elections on 28 May 2016, the new Norfolk Island Regional Council commenced operations on 1 July 2016" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -275,8 +300,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green with a large green Norfolk Island pine tree centered in the slightly wider white band; green stands for the rich vegetation on the island, and the pine tree - endemic to the island - is a symbol of Norfolk Island", - "note": "

note: somewhat reminiscent of the flag of Canada with its use of only two colors and depiction of a prominent local floral symbol in the central white band; also resembles the green and white triband of Nigeria

" + "text": "three vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green with a large green Norfolk Island pine tree centered in the slightly wider white band; green stands for the rich vegetation on the island, and the pine tree - endemic to the island - is a symbol of Norfolk Island

note: somewhat reminiscent of the flag of Canada with its use of only two colors and depiction of a prominent local floral symbol in the central white band; also resembles the green and white triband of Nigeria", + "note": "note: somewhat reminiscent of the flag of Canada with its use of only two colors and depiction of a prominent local floral symbol in the central white band; also resembles the green and white triband of Nigeria" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "Norfolk Island pine" @@ -288,7 +313,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "New Testament/John Prindle SCOTT" }, - "note": "

note: the local anthem, whose lyrics consist of the words from Matthew 25:34-36, 40, is also known as \"The Pitcairn Anthem;\" the island does not recognize \"Advance Australia Fair\" (which other Australian territories use); instead \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)

" + "note": "note: the local anthem, whose lyrics consist of the words from Matthew 25:34-36, 40, is also known as \"The Pitcairn Anthem;\" the island does not recognize \"Advance Australia Fair\" (which other Australian territories use); instead \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -332,14 +357,20 @@ "Exports": { "text": "

NA

" }, + "Exports - partners": { + "text": "Philippines 29%, Singapore 21%, India 14%, Belgium 7%, Australia 5%, Canada 5% (2019)" + }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "postage stamps, seeds of the Norfolk Island pine and Kentia palm, small quantities of avocados" + "text": "soybean meal, Norfolk Island pine seeds, Kentia palm seeds, activated carbon, centrifuges, pesticides, postage stamps (2019)" }, "Imports": { "text": "

$NA

" }, + "Imports - partners": { + "text": "New Zealand 23%, Australia 19%, Philippines 19%, Singapore 14%, Fiji 11% (2019)" + }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "NA" + "text": "clothing and apparel, chemical analysis instruments, refined petroleum, cars, kitchen machinery (2019)" }, "Debt - external": { "text": "

NA

" @@ -376,7 +407,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 672; submarine cable links with Australia and New Zealand; satellite earth station - 1" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "1 local radio station; broadcasts of several Australian radio and TV stations available via satellite (2009)" diff --git a/australia-oceania/nh.json b/australia-oceania/nh.json index 7640354c..a27fa4ec 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/nh.json +++ b/australia-oceania/nh.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "0 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes more than 80 islands, about 65 of which are inhabited

" + "note": "note: includes more than 80 islands, about 65 of which are inhabited" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly larger than Connecticut" @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ "continental shelf": { "text": "200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin" }, - "note": "

measured from claimed archipelagic baselines" + "note": "measured from claimed archipelagic baselines" }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds from May to October; moderate rainfall from November to April; may be affected by cyclones from December to April" @@ -59,11 +59,11 @@ "text": "mostly mountainous islands of volcanic origin; narrow coastal plains" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Tabwemasana 1,877 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -98,17 +98,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

tropical cyclones (January to April); volcanic eruption on Aoba (Ambae) island began on 27 November 2005, volcanism also causes minor earthquakes; tsunamis

volcanism: significant volcanic activity with multiple eruptions in recent years; Yasur (361 m), one of the world's most active volcanoes, has experienced continuous activity in recent centuries; other historically active volcanoes include Aoba, Ambrym, Epi, Gaua, Kuwae, Lopevi, Suretamatai, and Traitor's Head

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "population growth; water pollution, most of the population does not have access to a reliable supply of potable water; inadequate sanitation; deforestation" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "a Y-shaped chain of four main islands and 80 smaller islands; several of the islands have active volcanoes and there are several underwater volcanoes as well" } @@ -193,10 +182,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "25.5% of total population (2020)" + "text": "25.7% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.55% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.55% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -346,6 +335,96 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "population growth; water pollution, most of the population does not have access to a reliable supply of potable water; inadequate sanitation; deforestation" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "10.31 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.15 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.5 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "10 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds from May to October; moderate rainfall from November to April; may be affected by cyclones from December to April" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "15.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 1.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 10.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 3.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "36.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "48.6% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.54% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "25.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.55% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "70,225 tons (2012 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "25,983 tons (2013 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "37% (2013 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -380,7 +459,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+11 (16 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: there are two possibilities for the origin of the name: early European settlers were Portuguese and \"vila\" means \"village or town\" in Portuguese, hence \"Port-Vila\" would mean \"Port Town\"; alternatively, the site of the capital is referred to as \"Efil\" or \"Ifira\" in native languages, \"Vila\" is a likely corruption of these names" + "note": "etymology: there are two possibilities for the origin of the name: early European settlers were Portuguese and \"vila\" means \"village or town\" in Portuguese, hence \"Port-Vila\" would mean \"Port Town\"; alternatively, the site of the capital is referred to as \"Efil\" or \"Ifira\" in native languages, \"Vila\" is a likely corruption of these names" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "6 provinces; Malampa, Penama, Sanma, Shefa, Tafea, Torba" @@ -449,7 +528,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - GJP 9, RMC 7, VP 7, LPV 5, UMP 5, NUP 4, other 15; composition - men 52, women 0; percent of women 0%; note - political party associations are fluid" }, - "note": "

note: the National Council of Chiefs advises on matters of culture and language

" + "note": "note: the National Council of Chiefs advises on matters of culture and language" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -479,8 +558,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two points of the Y face the hoist side and enclose the triangle); centered in the triangle is a boar's tusk encircling two crossed namele fern fronds, all in yellow; red represents the blood of boars and men, as well as unity, green the richness of the islands, and black the ni-Vanuatu people; the yellow Y-shape - which reflects the pattern of the islands in the Pacific Ocean - symbolizes the light of the Gospel spreading through the islands; the boar's tusk is a symbol of prosperity frequently worn as a pendant on the islands; the fern fronds represent peace", - "note": "

note: one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, and Eritrea

" + "text": "two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two points of the Y face the hoist side and enclose the triangle); centered in the triangle is a boar's tusk encircling two crossed namele fern fronds, all in yellow; red represents the blood of boars and men, as well as unity, green the richness of the islands, and black the ni-Vanuatu people; the yellow Y-shape - which reflects the pattern of the islands in the Pacific Ocean - symbolizes the light of the Gospel spreading through the islands; the boar's tusk is a symbol of prosperity frequently worn as a pendant on the islands; the fern fronds represent peace

note: one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, and Eritrea", + "note": "note: one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, and Eritrea" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "boar's tusk with crossed fern fronds; national colors: red, black, green, yellow" @@ -492,7 +571,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Francois Vincent AYSSAV" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1980; the anthem is written in Bislama, a Creole language that mixes Pidgin English and French

" + "note": "note: adopted 1980; the anthem is written in Bislama, a Creole language that mixes Pidgin English and French" } }, "Economy": { @@ -528,7 +607,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$889 million (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$870 million (2017 est.)" @@ -543,7 +622,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$3,117 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { @@ -577,8 +656,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "61.1 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "81.5 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "59.1 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "49.3 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -667,10 +755,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Philippines 23.9%, Australia 16.5%, US 10.4%, Japan 8.8%, Venezuela 8%, France 4.8%, Fiji 4.5%, Hong Kong 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "Japan 33%, Thailand 13%, Mauritania 13%, South Korea 11%, China 9%, Fiji 7% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "copra, beef (veal), cocoa, timber, kava, coffee, coconut oil, shell, cowhides, coconut meal, fish" + "text": "fish and fish products, tug boats, perfume plants, mollusks, cocoa beans (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -681,10 +769,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Russia 35.2%, Australia 19.8%, NZ 9.8%, China 6.3%, Fiji 5.5% (2017)" + "text": "China 29%, Australia 18%, New Zealand 11%, Fiji 11%, Taiwan 5%, Thailand 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, fuels" + "text": "refined petroleum, fishing ships, delivery trucks, poultry meats, broadcasting equipment (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -800,9 +888,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "164,800 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -832,7 +917,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 678; landing points for the ICN1 & ICN2 submarine cables providing connectivity to the Solomon Islands and Fiji; cables helped end-users with Internet bandwidth; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "1 state-owned TV station; multi-channel pay TV is available; state-owned Radio Vanuatu operates 2 radio stations; 2 privately owned radio broadcasters; programming from multiple international broadcasters is available" @@ -873,7 +958,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "YJ (2016)" + "text": "YJ" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -932,7 +1017,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces; Vanuatu Police Force (VPF; includes Vanuatu Mobile Force (VMF) and Police Maritime Wing (VPMW)) (2019)" + "text": "no regular military forces; Vanuatu Police Force (VPF; includes Vanuatu Mobile Force (VMF) and Police Maritime Wing (VPMW)) (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/nr.json b/australia-oceania/nr.json index 54a6f785..1cf795b7 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/nr.json +++ b/australia-oceania/nr.json @@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ "text": "sandy beach rises to fertile ring around raised coral reefs with phosphate plateau in center" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Command Ridge 70 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -93,17 +93,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "periodic droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "limited natural freshwater resources, roof storage tanks that collect rainwater and desalination plants provide water; a century of intensive phosphate mining beginning in 1906 left the central 90% of Nauru a wasteland; cadmium residue, phosphate dust, and other contaminants have caused air and water pollution with negative impacts on health; climate change has brought on rising sea levels and inland water shortages" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "Nauru is the third-smallest country in the world behind the Holy See (Vatican City) and Monaco; it is the smallest country in the Pacific Ocean, the smallest country outside Europe, the world's smallest island country, and the the world's smallest independent republic; situated just 53 km south of the Equator, Nauru is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and Makatea in French Polynesia" } @@ -124,8 +113,8 @@ "text": "Nauruan 88.9%, part Nauruan 6.6%, I-Kiribati 2%, other 2.5% (2007 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Nauruan 93% (official, a distinct Pacific Island language), English 2% (widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes), other 5% (includes I-Kiribati 2% and Chinese 2%) (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent main language spoken at home; Nauruan is spoken by 95% of the population, English by 66%, and other languages by 12%

" + "text": "Nauruan 93% (official, a distinct Pacific Island language), English 2% (widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes), other 5% (includes I-Kiribati 2% and Chinese 2%) (2011 est.)

note: data represent main language spoken at home; Nauruan is spoken by 95% of the population, English by 66%, and other languages by 12%", + "note": "note: data represent main language spoken at home; Nauruan is spoken by 95% of the population, English by 66%, and other languages by 12%" }, "Religions": { "text": "Protestant 60.4% (includes Nauru Congregational 35.7%, Assembly of God 13%, Nauru Independent Church 9.5%, Baptist 1.5%, and Seventh Day Adventist 0.7%), Roman Catholic 33%, other 3.7%, none 1.8%, unspecified 1.1% (2011 est.)" @@ -175,10 +164,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "100% of total population (2020)" + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-0.06% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.18% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Sex ratio": { @@ -315,6 +304,85 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "limited natural freshwater resources, roof storage tanks that collect rainwater and desalination plants provide water; a century of intensive phosphate mining beginning in 1906 left the central 90% of Nauru a wasteland; cadmium residue, phosphate dust, and other contaminants have caused air and water pollution with negative impacts on health; climate change has brought on rising sea levels and inland water shortages" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "12.53 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.05 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.01 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "10 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical with a monsoonal pattern; rainy season (November to February)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "20% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 20% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "80% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.18% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "6,192 tons (2016 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -361,7 +429,7 @@ "text": "effective 29 January 1968" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by Parliament; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament; amendments to constitutional articles, such as the republican form of government, protection of fundamental rights and freedoms, the structure and authorities of the executive and legislative branches, also requires two-thirds majority of votes in a referendum; amended 1968, 2009, 2014" + "text": "proposed by Parliament; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament; amendments to constitutional articles, such as the republican form of government, protection of fundamental rights and freedoms, the structure and authorities of the executive and legislative branches, also requires two-thirds majority of votes in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2018" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -413,8 +481,8 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Democratic Party [Kennan ADEANG]
Nauru First (Naoero Amo) Party
Nauru Party (informal)", - "note": "

note: loose multiparty system

" + "text": "Democratic Party [Kennan ADEANG]
Nauru First (Naoero Amo) Party
Nauru Party (informal)

note: loose multiparty system", + "note": "note: loose multiparty system" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ACP, ADB, AOSIS, C, FAO, G-77, ICAO, ICCt, IFAD, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO" @@ -451,7 +519,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Margaret HENDRIE/Laurence Henry HICKS" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1968

" + "note": "note: adopted 1968" } }, "Economy": { @@ -487,7 +555,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$137 million (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2015 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2015 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$114 million (2017 est.)" @@ -502,7 +570,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$10,667 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2015 US dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2015 US dollars" }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { @@ -608,10 +676,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Nigeria 38.6%, Japan 16.6%, Australia 15.9%, South Korea 13.7%, NZ 5.7% (2017)" + "text": "Thailand 34%, Australia 16%, United States 13%, South Korea 10%, Philippines 9%, Japan 7%, France 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "phosphates" + "text": "fish, calcium phosphates, low-voltage protection equipment, air conditioners, leather apparel (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2016": { @@ -622,10 +690,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Australia 67.5%, Fiji 9.2%, India 8.1%, Singapore 5.4% (2017)" + "text": "Taiwan 52%, Australia 28% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "food, fuel, manufactures, building materials, machinery" + "text": "refined petroleum, construction vehicles, tug boats, poultry meats, cars (2019)" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 2004": { @@ -730,9 +798,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "76,540 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -762,7 +827,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 674; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "1 government-owned TV station broadcasting programs from New Zealand sent via satellite or on videotape; 1 government-owned radio station, broadcasting on AM and FM, utilizes Australian and British programs (2019)" @@ -795,7 +860,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "C2 (2016)" + "text": "C2" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -837,7 +902,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces (2019)" + "text": "no regular military forces" }, "Military - note": { "text": "Nauru maintains no defense forces; under an informal agreement, defense is the responsibility of Australia" diff --git a/australia-oceania/nz.json b/australia-oceania/nz.json index 0b6270eb..3e1d0f75 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/nz.json +++ b/australia-oceania/nz.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "4,301 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands, Campbell Island, Chatham Islands, and Kermadec Islands

" + "note": "note: includes Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands, Campbell Island, Chatham Islands, and Kermadec Islands" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "almost twice the size of North Carolina; about the size of Colorado" @@ -58,14 +58,14 @@ "text": "predominately mountainous with large coastal plains" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "388 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Aoraki/Mount Cook 3,724 m; note - the mountain's height was 3,764 m until 14 December 1991 when it lost about 10 m in an avalanche of rock and ice; erosion of the ice cap since then has brought the height down another 30 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Aoraki/Mount Cook 3,724 m; note - the mountain's height was 3,764 m until 14 December 1991 when it lost about 10 m in an avalanche of rock and ice; erosion of the ice cap since then has brought the height down another 30 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "388 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -100,17 +100,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

earthquakes are common, though usually not severe; volcanic activity

volcanism: significant volcanism on North Island; Ruapehu (2,797 m), which last erupted in 2007, has a history of large eruptions in the past century; Taranaki has the potential to produce dangerous avalanches and lahars; other historically active volcanoes include Okataina, Raoul Island, Tongariro, and White Island; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\"

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water quality and availability; rapid urbanisation; deforestation; soil erosion and degradation; native flora and fauna hard-hit by invasive species; negative effects of climate change" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Antarctic Seals, Marine Life Conservation" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: consists of two main islands and a number of smaller islands; South Island, the larger main island, is the 12th largest island in the world and is divided along its length by the Southern Alps; North Island is the 14th largest island in the world and is not as mountainous, but it is marked by volcanism

note 2: New Zealand lies along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire

note 3: almost 90% of the population lives in cities and over three-quarters on North Island; Wellington is the southernmost national capital in the world

" } @@ -128,16 +117,16 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "European 64.1%, Maori 16.5%, Chinese 4.9%, Indian 4.7%, Samoan 3.9%, Tongan 1.8%, Cook Islands Maori 1.7%, English 1.5%, Filipino 1.5%, New Zealander 1%, other 13.7% (2018 est.)", - "note": "

note: based on the 2018 census of the usually resident population; percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic group

" + "text": "European 64.1%, Maori 16.5%, Chinese 4.9%, Indian 4.7%, Samoan 3.9%, Tongan 1.8%, Cook Islands Maori 1.7%, English 1.5%, Filipino 1.5%, New Zealander 1%, other 13.7% (2018 est.)

note: based on the 2018 census of the usually resident population; percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic group", + "note": "note: based on the 2018 census of the usually resident population; percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic group" }, "Languages": { - "text": "English (de facto official) 95.4%, Maori (de jure official) 4%, Samoan 2.2%, Northern Chinese 2%, Hindi 1.5%, French 1.2%, Yue 1.1%, New Zealand Sign Language (de jure official) .5%, other or not stated 17.2% (2018 est.)", - "note": "

note: shares sum to 124.1% due to multiple responses on the 2018 census

" + "text": "English (de facto official) 95.4%, Maori (de jure official) 4%, Samoan 2.2%, Northern Chinese 2%, Hindi 1.5%, French 1.2%, Yue 1.1%, New Zealand Sign Language (de jure official) .5%, other or not stated 17.2% (2018 est.)

note: shares sum to 124.1% due to multiple responses on the 2018 census", + "note": "note: shares sum to 124.1% due to multiple responses on the 2018 census" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Christian 37.3% (Catholic 10.1%, Anglican 6.8%, Presbyterian and Congregational 5.2%, Pentecostal 1.8%, Methodist 1.6%, Mormon 1.2%, other 10.7%), Hindu 2.7%, Maori 1.3%, Muslim, 1.3%, Buddhist 1.1%, other religion 1.6% (includes Judaism, Spiritualism and New Age religions, Baha'i, Asian religions other than Buddhism), no religion 48.6%, objected to answering 6.7% (2018 est.)", - "note": "

note: based on the 2018 census of the usually resident population; percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one religion

" + "text": "Christian 37.3% (Catholic 10.1%, Anglican 6.8%, Presbyterian and Congregational 5.2%, Pentecostal 1.8%, Methodist 1.6%, Mormon 1.2%, other 10.7%), Hindu 2.7%, Maori 1.3%, Muslim, 1.3%, Buddhist 1.1%, other religion 1.6% (includes Judaism, Spiritualism and New Age religions, Baha'i, Asian religions other than Buddhism), no religion 48.6%, objected to answering 6.7% (2018 est.)

note: based on the 2018 census of the usually resident population; percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one religion", + "note": "note: based on the 2018 census of the usually resident population; percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one religion" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -198,10 +187,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "86.7% of total population (2020)" + "text": "86.8% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.01% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.92% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -231,8 +220,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "27.8 years (2009 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth

" + "text": "27.8 years (2009 est.)

note: median age at first birth", + "note": "note: median age at first birth" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "9 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -263,8 +252,8 @@ "text": "1.87 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { - "text": "79.9% (2014/15)", - "note": "

note: percent of women aged 18-45" + "text": "79.9% (2014/15)

note: percent of women aged 18-45", + "note": "note: percent of women aged 18-45" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { @@ -343,13 +332,97 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "11.5%" + "text": "11.3%" }, "male": { - "text": "12.3%" + "text": "11.1%" }, "female": { - "text": "10.7% (2018 est.)" + "text": "11.5% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water quality and availability; rapid urbanisation; deforestation; soil erosion and degradation; native flora and fauna hard-hit by invasive species; negative effects of climate change" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Antarctic Seals, Marine Life Conservation" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "5.73 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "34.38 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "34.3 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "810 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.184 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "3.207 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "327 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate with sharp regional contrasts" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "43.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 1.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 41.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "31.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "25.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.5% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "86.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.92% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "3.405 million tons (2016 est.)" } } }, @@ -384,7 +457,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in September; ends first Sunday in April" }, - "note": "

note: New Zealand has two time zones: New Zealand standard time (UTC+12) and Chatham Islands time (45 minutes in advance of New Zealand standard time; UTC+12:45)

etymology: named in 1840 after Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victorious general at the Battle of Waterloo

" + "note": "note: New Zealand has two time zones: New Zealand standard time (UTC+12) and Chatham Islands time (45 minutes in advance of New Zealand standard time; UTC+12:45)

etymology: named in 1840 after Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victorious general at the Battle of Waterloo" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "16 regions and 1 territory*; Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Canterbury, Chatham Islands*, Gisborne, Hawke's Bay, Manawatu-Wanganui, Marlborough, Nelson, Northland, Otago, Southland, Taranaki, Tasman, Waikato, Wellington, West Coast" @@ -403,7 +476,7 @@ "text": "New Zealand has no single constitution document; the Constitution Act 1986, effective 1 January 1987, includes only part of the uncodified constitution; others include a collection of statutes or \"acts of Parliament,\" the Treaty of Waitangi, Orders in Council, letters patent, court decisions, and unwritten conventions" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed as bill by Parliament or by referendum called either by the government or by citizens; passage of a bill as an act normally requires two separate readings with committee reviews in between to make changes and corrections, a third reading approved by the House of Representatives membership or by the majority of votes in a referendum, and assent of the governor-general; passage of amendments to reserved constitutional provisions affecting the term of Parliament, electoral districts, and voting restrictions requires approval by 75% of the House membership or the majority of votes in a referendum; amended many times, last in 2014" + "text": "proposed as bill by Parliament or by referendum called either by the government or by citizens; passage of a bill as an act normally requires two separate readings with committee reviews in between to make changes and corrections, a third reading approved by the House of Representatives membership or by the majority of votes in a referendum, and assent of the governor-general; passage of amendments to reserved constitutional provisions affecting the term of Parliament, electoral districts, and voting restrictions requires approval by 75% of the House membership or the majority of votes in a referendum; amended many times, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -521,7 +594,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Thomas BRACKEN [English], Thomas Henry SMITH [Maori]/John Joseph WOODS" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1940 as national song, adopted 1977 as co-national anthem; New Zealand has two national anthems with equal status; as a commonwealth realm, in addition to \"God Defend New Zealand,\" \"God Save the Queen\" serves as a national anthem (see United Kingdom); \"God Save the Queen\" normally played only when a member of the royal family or the governor-general is present; in all other cases, \"God Defend New Zealand\" is played

" + "note": "note: adopted 1940 as national song, adopted 1977 as co-national anthem; New Zealand has two national anthems with equal status; as a commonwealth realm, in addition to \"God Defend New Zealand,\" \"God Save the Queen\" serves as a national anthem (see United Kingdom); \"God Save the Queen\" normally played only when a member of the royal family or the governor-general is present; in all other cases, \"God Defend New Zealand\" is played" } }, "Economy": { @@ -571,7 +644,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$198.913 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$205.202 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -586,7 +659,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$41,493 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -631,8 +704,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "100.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "86.8 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "100 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "84.6 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "71.5 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -705,8 +787,8 @@ } }, "Fiscal year": { - "text": "1 April - 31 March", - "note": "

note: this is the fiscal year for tax purposes

" + "text": "1 April - 31 March

note: this is the fiscal year for tax purposes", + "note": "note: this is the fiscal year for tax purposes" }, "Current account balance": { "Current account balance 2019": { @@ -728,10 +810,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 22.4%, Australia 16.4%, US 9.9%, Japan 6.1% (2017)" + "text": "China 28%, Australia 14%, United States 9%, Japan 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "dairy products, meat and edible offal, logs and wood articles, fruit, crude oil, wine" + "text": "dairy products, sheep/goat meats, lumber, beef products, fresh fruits (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -745,10 +827,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 19%, Australia 12.1%, US 10.5%, Japan 7.3%, Germany 5.3%, Thailand 4.6% (2017)" + "text": "China 18%, Australia 15%, United States 9%, Japan 6%, Germany 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum and products, mechanical machinery, vehicles and parts, electrical machinery, textiles" + "text": "cars, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, delivery trucks, gas turbines (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -858,9 +940,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "33.7 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "37.75 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -890,7 +969,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 64; landing points for the Southern Cross NEXT, Aqualink, Nelson-Levin, SCCN and Hawaiki submarine cable system providing links to Australia, Fiji, American Samoa, Kiribati, Samo, Tokelau, US and around New Zealand; satellite earth stations - 8 (1 Inmarsat - Pacific Ocean, 7 other) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-owned Television New Zealand operates multiple TV networks and state-owned Radio New Zealand operates 3 radio networks and an external shortwave radio service to the South Pacific region; a small number of national commercial TV and radio stations and many regional commercial television and radio stations are available; cable and satellite TV systems are available, as are a range of streaming services (2019)" @@ -931,7 +1010,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "ZK (2016)" + "text": "ZK" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1010,7 +1089,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF): New Zealand Army, Royal New Zealand Navy, Royal New Zealand Air Force (2020)" + "text": "New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF): New Zealand Army, Royal New Zealand Navy, Royal New Zealand Air Force (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1030,16 +1109,16 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the New Zealand Defense Force (NZDF) has about 9,600 active duty troops (4,700 Army; 2,300 Navy; 2,600 Air Force) (2020)" + "text": "the New Zealand Defense Force (NZDF) has about 9,600 active duty troops (4,700 Army; 2,300 Navy; 2,600 Air Force) (2021)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "NZDF is equipped mostly with imported weapons and equipment from Western suppliers; Australia, France, and the US are the leading suppliers since 2010 (2019 est.)" + "text": "NZDF is equipped mostly with imported weapons and equipment from Western suppliers; Australia, France, and the US are the leading suppliers since 2010 (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "up to 220 Antarctica (summer season only) (2020)" + "text": "up to 220 Antarctica (summer season only) (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "17 years of age for voluntary military service; soldiers cannot be deployed until the age of 18; no conscription (2019)" + "text": "17 years of age for voluntary military service; soldiers cannot be deployed until the age of 18; no conscription (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/pc.json b/australia-oceania/pc.json index 33667538..0a90d49a 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/pc.json +++ b/australia-oceania/pc.json @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ "text": "rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Palwala Valley Point on Big Ridge 347 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -81,9 +81,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "occasional tropical cyclones (especially November to March), but generally only heavy tropical storms; landslides" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation (only a small portion of the original forest remains because of burning and clearing for settlement)" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "Britain's most isolated dependency; only the larger island of Pitcairn is inhabited but it has no port or natural harbor; supplies must be transported by rowed longboat from larger ships stationed offshore" } @@ -172,6 +169,44 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation (only a small portion of the original forest remains because of burning and clearing for settlement)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; hot and humid; modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "0% (2011 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "74.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "25.5% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "0% of total population (2012)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "NA" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -200,7 +235,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-9 (4 hours behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: named after John Adams (1767–1829), the last survivor of the Bounty mutineers who settled on Pitcairn Island in January 1790" + "note": "etymology: named after John Adams (1767–1829), the last survivor of the Bounty mutineers who settled on Pitcairn Island in January 1790" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "none (overseas territory of the UK)" @@ -288,7 +323,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "unknown/Frederick M. LEHMAN" }, - "note": "

note: serves as a local anthem; as a territory of the UK, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)

" + "note": "note: serves as a local anthem; as a territory of the UK, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -324,14 +359,20 @@ "Exports": { "text": "

NA

" }, + "Exports - partners": { + "text": "South Africa 24%, Canada 20%, Germany 13%, Czechia 8%, El Salvador 5%, Spain 5% (2019)" + }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "honey, fruits, vegetables, curios, postage stamps" + "text": "leather footwear, gas turbine parts, precious metal ores, clothing and apparel, beef (2019)" }, "Imports": { "text": "

NA

" }, + "Imports - partners": { + "text": "Ecuador 43%, New Zealand 29% (2019)" + }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "fuel oil, machinery, building materials, flour, sugar, other foodstuffs" + "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, food preparation products, plastics, iron fasteners (2019)" }, "Exchange rates": { "currency": { @@ -365,7 +406,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 872; satellite earth station - 1 Inmarsat" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "satellite TV from Fiji-based Sky Pacific offering a wide range of international channels" diff --git a/australia-oceania/ps.json b/australia-oceania/ps.json index fea53aae..3ae1a8a0 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/ps.json +++ b/australia-oceania/ps.json @@ -57,11 +57,11 @@ "text": "varying topography from the high, mountainous main island of Babelthuap to low, coral islands usually fringed by large barrier reefs" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Mount Ngerchelchuus 242 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,17 +96,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "typhoons (June to December)" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "inadequate facilities for disposal of solid waste; threats to the marine ecosystem from sand and coral dredging, illegal and destructive fishing practices, and overfishing; climate change contributes to rising sea level and coral bleaching; drought" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "westernmost archipelago in the Caroline chain, consists of six island groups totaling more than 300 islands; includes World War II battleground of Beliliou (Peleliu) and world-famous Rock Islands" } @@ -127,8 +116,8 @@ "text": "Palauan (Micronesian with Malayan and Melanesian admixtures) 73%, Carolinian 2%, Asian 21.7%, caucasian 1.2%, other 2.1% (2015 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Palauan (official on most islands) 65.2%, other Micronesian 1.9%, English (official) 19.1%, Filipino 9.9%, Chinese 1.2%, other 2.8% (2015 est.)", - "note": "

note: Sonsoralese is official in Sonsoral; Tobian is official in Tobi; Angaur and Japanese are official in Angaur

" + "text": "Palauan (official on most islands) 65.2%, other Micronesian 1.9%, English (official) 19.1%, Filipino 9.9%, Chinese 1.2%, other 2.8% (2015 est.)

note: Sonsoralese is official in Sonsoral; Tobian is official in Tobi; Angaur and Japanese are official in Angaur", + "note": "note: Sonsoralese is official in Sonsoral; Tobian is official in Tobi; Angaur and Japanese are official in Angaur" }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 45.3%, Protestant 34.9% (includes Evangelical 26.4%, Seventh Day Adventist 6.9%, Assembly of God .9%, Baptist .7%), Modekngei 5.7% (indigenous to Palau), Muslim 3%, Mormon 1.5%, other 9.7% (2015 est.)" @@ -178,10 +167,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "81% of total population (2020)" + "text": "81.5% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.77% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.59% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -341,6 +330,85 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "inadequate facilities for disposal of solid waste; threats to the marine ecosystem from sand and coral dredging, illegal and destructive fishing practices, and overfishing; climate change contributes to rising sea level and coral bleaching; drought" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "12.18 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.22 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.06 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "10.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 2.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 4.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 4.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "87.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "1.6% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "81.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.59% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "9,427 tons (2016 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -375,7 +443,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the Palauan meaning is \"place of fermented 'mud'\" ('mud' being the native name for the keyhole angelfish); the site of the new capitol (established in 2006) had been a large hill overlooking the ocean, Ngerulmud, on which women would communally gather to offer fermented angelfish to the gods

note: Ngerulmud, on Babeldaob Island, is the smallest national capital on earth by population, with only a few hundred people; the name is pronounced en-jer-al-mud; Koror, on Koror Island, with over 11,000 residents is by far the largest settlement in Palau; it served as the country's capital from independence in 1994 to 2006" + "note": "etymology: the Palauan meaning is \"place of fermented 'mud'\" ('mud' being the native name for the keyhole angelfish); the site of the new capitol (established in 2006) had been a large hill overlooking the ocean, Ngerulmud, on which women would communally gather to offer fermented angelfish to the gods

note: Ngerulmud, on Babeldaob Island, is the smallest national capital on earth by population, with only a few hundred people; the name is pronounced en-jer-al-mud; Koror, on Koror Island, with over 11,000 residents is by far the largest settlement in Palau; it served as the country's capital from independence in 1994 to 2006" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "16 states; Aimeliik, Airai, Angaur, Hatohobei, Kayangel, Koror, Melekeok, Ngaraard, Ngarchelong, Ngardmau, Ngatpang, Ngchesar, Ngeremlengui, Ngiwal, Peleliu, Sonsorol" @@ -391,7 +459,7 @@ "text": "ratified 9 July 1980, effective 1 January 1981" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by a constitutional convention (held at least once every 15 years with voter approval), by public petition of at least 25% of eligible voters, or by a resolution adopted by at least three fourths of National Congress members; passage requires approval by a majority of votes in at least three fourths of the states in the next regular general election; amended 1992, 2004, 2008" + "text": "proposed by a constitutional convention (held at least once every 15 years with voter approval), by public petition of at least 25% of eligible voters, or by a resolution adopted by at least three fourths of National Congress members; passage requires approval by a majority of votes in at least three fourths of the states in the next regular general election; amended several times, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -509,7 +577,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "multiple/Ymesei O. EZEKIEL" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1980

" + "note": "note: adopted 1980" } }, "Economy": { @@ -545,7 +613,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$317 million (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$292 million (2017 est.)" @@ -560,7 +628,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$17,841 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -602,8 +670,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "53.7 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "82.1 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "61 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "52.2 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -690,10 +767,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Japan 51.3%, US 15.8%, India 13.8%, Guam 8% (2017)" + "text": "Japan 70%, South Korea 15%, United States 7% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "shellfish, tuna, other fish (many species)" + "text": "fish, computers, broadcasting equipment, office machinery/parts, scrap vessels (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { @@ -704,10 +781,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 33.4%, Guam 15.8%, Japan 15.7%, China 13.5%, South Korea 5.3% (2017)" + "text": "South Korea 19%, China 18%, Taiwan 17%, United States 17%, Japan 16% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, fuels, metals; foodstuffs" + "text": "refined petroleum, fish, cars, broadcasting equipment, modeling instruments (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -763,7 +840,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 680; landing point for the SEA-US submarine cable linking Palau, Philippines, Micronesia, Indonesia, Hawaii (US), Guam (US) and California (US); satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "no broadcast TV stations; a cable TV network covers the major islands and provides access to 4 local cable stations, rebroadcasts (on a delayed basis) of a number of US stations, as well as access to a number of real-time satellite TV channels; about a half dozen radio stations (1 government-owned) (2019)" @@ -789,6 +866,9 @@ "text": "1" } }, + "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { + "text": "T8" + }, "Airports": { "total": { "text": "3 (2013)" @@ -837,13 +917,13 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces; the Ministry of Justice includes divisions/bureaus for public security, police functions, and maritime law enforcement. (2019)" + "text": "no regular military forces; the Ministry of Justice includes divisions/bureaus for public security, police functions, and maritime law enforcement" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "since 2018, Australia and Japan have provided patrol boats to the Palau's Division of Marine Law Enforcement (2020)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "Under a 1994 Compact of Free Association between Palau and the US, the US until 2044 is responsible for the defense of Palaus and the US military is granted access to the islands, but it has not stationed any military forces there. (2020)" + "text": "under a 1994 Compact of Free Association between Palau and the US, the US until 2044 is responsible for the defense of Palaus and the US military is granted access to the islands, but it has not stationed any military forces there" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/rm.json b/australia-oceania/rm.json index a26e77d5..54b17390 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/rm.json +++ b/australia-oceania/rm.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "0 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: the archipelago includes 11,673 sq km of lagoon waters and encompasses the atolls of Bikini, Enewetak, Kwajalein, Majuro, Rongelap, and Utirik

" + "note": "note: the archipelago includes 11,673 sq km of lagoon waters and encompasses the atolls of Bikini, Enewetak, Kwajalein, Majuro, Rongelap, and Utirik" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "about the size of Washington, DC" @@ -55,14 +55,14 @@ "text": "low coral limestone and sand islands" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "2 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "East-central Airik Island, Maloelap Atoll 14 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "East-central Airik Island, Maloelap Atoll 14 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "2 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -97,17 +97,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "infrequent typhoons" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "inadequate supplies of potable water; pollution of Majuro lagoon from household waste and discharges from fishing vessels; sea level rise" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the islands of Bikini and Enewetak are former US nuclear test sites; Kwajalein atoll, famous as a World War II battleground, surrounds the world's largest lagoon and is used as a US missile test range; the island city of Ebeye is the second largest settlement in the Marshall Islands, after the capital of Majuro, and one of the most densely populated locations in the Pacific" } @@ -128,8 +117,8 @@ "text": "Marshallese 92.1%, mixed Marshallese 5.9%, other 2% (2006 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Marshallese (official) 98.2%, other languages 1.8% (1999 census)", - "note": "

note: English (official), widely spoken as a second language

" + "text": "Marshallese (official) 98.2%, other languages 1.8% (1999 census)

note: English (official), widely spoken as a second language", + "note": "note: English (official), widely spoken as a second language" }, "Religions": { "text": "Protestant 80.5% (United Church of Christ 47%, Assembly of God 16.2%, Bukot Nan Jesus 5.4%, Full Gospel 3.3%, Reformed Congressional Church 3%, Salvation Army 1.9%, Seventh Day Adventist 1.4%, Meram in Jesus 1.2%, other Protestant 1.1%), Roman Catholic 8.5%, Mormon 7%, Jehovah's Witness 1.7%,  other 1.2%, none 1.1% (2011 est.)" @@ -179,10 +168,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "77.8% of total population (2020)" + "text": "78.2% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.61% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -340,14 +329,96 @@ } }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { - "total": { - "text": "11%" - }, "male": { "text": "12.2%" }, "female": { - "text": "8.7% (2010 est.)" + "text": "8.7%" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "inadequate supplies of potable water; pollution of Majuro lagoon from household waste and discharges from fishing vessels; sea level rise" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "9.43 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.14 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.03 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November; islands border typhoon belt" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "50.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 7.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 31.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 11.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "49.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "78.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "8,614 tons (2013 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "2,653 tons (2007 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "30.8% (2007 est.)" } } }, @@ -388,7 +459,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: Majuro means \"two openings\" or \"two eyes\" and refers to the two major northern passages through the atoll into the Majuro lagoon" + "note": "etymology: Majuro means \"two openings\" or \"two eyes\" and refers to the two major northern passages through the atoll into the Majuro lagoon" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "24 municipalities; Ailinglaplap, Ailuk, Arno, Aur, Bikini & Kili, Ebon, Enewetak & Ujelang, Jabat, Jaluit, Kwajalein, Lae, Lib, Likiep, Majuro, Maloelap, Mejit, Mili, Namorik, Namu, Rongelap, Ujae, Utrik, Wotho, Wotje" @@ -404,7 +475,7 @@ "text": "effective 1 May 1979" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the National Parliament or by a constitutional convention; passage by Parliament requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the total membership in each of two readings and approval by a majority of votes in a referendum; amendments submitted by a constitutional convention require approval of at least two thirds of votes in a referendum; amended several times, last in 1995" + "text": "proposed by the National Parliament or by a constitutional convention; passage by Parliament requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the total membership in each of two readings and approval by a majority of votes in a referendum; amendments submitted by a constitutional convention require approval of at least two thirds of votes in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2018" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -525,7 +596,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Amata KABUA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1981

" + "note": "note: adopted 1981" } }, "Economy": { @@ -558,7 +629,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$219 million (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$222 million (2017 est.)" @@ -570,7 +641,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$3,776 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -609,8 +680,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "50.9 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "88.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "78.9 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "55.9 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -693,8 +773,11 @@ "text": "$0 (2013 est.)" } }, + "Exports - partners": { + "text": "Poland 28%, Denmark 19%, South Korea 13%, Indonesia 10%, Cyprus 6% (2019)" + }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "copra cake, coconut oil, handicrafts, fish" + "text": "ships, fish, recreational boats, broadcasting equipment, coal tar oil (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2016": { @@ -704,8 +787,11 @@ "text": "$133.7 million (2013 est.)" } }, + "Imports - partners": { + "text": "South Korea 39%, China 27%, Japan 15% (2019)" + }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fuels, beverages, tobacco" + "text": "ships, refined petroleum, centrifuges, recreational boats, boat propellers (2019)" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 2013": { @@ -793,9 +879,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - imports": { "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "293,700 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -825,7 +908,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 692; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean); US Government satellite communications system on Kwajalein" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "no TV broadcast station; a cable network is available on Majuro with programming via videotape replay and satellite relays; 4 radio broadcast stations; American Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS) provides satellite radio and television service to Kwajalein Atoll (2019)" @@ -869,7 +952,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "V7 (2016)" + "text": "V7" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -925,7 +1008,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces; Marshall Islands Police Department (2019)" + "text": "no regular military forces; Marshall Islands Police Department (MIPD) (2021)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "defense is the responsibility of the US" diff --git a/australia-oceania/tl.json b/australia-oceania/tl.json index 4cdc53a3..df55dd8c 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/tl.json +++ b/australia-oceania/tl.json @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ "text": "low-lying coral atolls enclosing large lagoons" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "unnamed location 5 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -90,9 +90,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "lies in Pacific cyclone belt" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "overexploitation of certain fish and other marine species, coastal sand, and forest resources; pollution of freshwater lenses and coastal waters from improper disposal of chemicals" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "consists of three atolls (Atafu, Fakaofo, Nukunonu), each with a lagoon surrounded by a number of reef-bound islets of varying length and rising to over 3 m above sea level" } @@ -113,8 +110,8 @@ "text": "Tokelauan 64.5%, part Tokelauan/Samoan 9.7%, part Tokelauan/Tuvaluan 2.8%, Tuvaluan 7.5%, Samoan 5.8%, other Pacific Islander 3.4%, other 5.6%, unspecified 0.8% (2016 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Tokelauan 88.1% (a Polynesian language), English 48.6%, Samoan 26.7%, Tuvaluan 11.2%, Kiribati 1.5%, other 2.8%, none 2.8%, unspecified 0.8% (2016 ests.)", - "note": "

note: shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census

" + "text": "Tokelauan 88.1% (a Polynesian language), English 48.6%, Samoan 26.7%, Tuvaluan 11.2%, Kiribati 1.5%, other 2.8%, none 2.8%, unspecified 0.8% (2016 ests.)

note: shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census", + "note": "note: shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census" }, "Religions": { "text": "Congregational Christian Church 50.4%, Roman Catholic 38.7%, Presbyterian 5.9%, other Christian 4.2%, unspecified 0.8% (2016 est.)" @@ -130,10 +127,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "0% of total population (2020)" + "text": "0% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Sex ratio": { @@ -219,6 +216,56 @@ "text": "NA" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "overexploitation of certain fish and other marine species, coastal sand, and forest resources; pollution of freshwater lenses and coastal waters from improper disposal of chemicals" + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "60% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 60% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "40% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "0% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -244,7 +291,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+13 (18 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

note: there is no designated, official capital for Tokelau; the location of the capital rotates among the three atolls along with the head of government or Ulu o Tokelau" + "note": "note: there is no designated, official capital for Tokelau; the location of the capital rotates among the three atolls along with the head of government or Ulu o Tokelau" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "none (territory of New Zealand)" @@ -260,7 +307,7 @@ "text": "many previous; latest effective 1 January 1949 (Tokelau Islands Act 1948)" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed as a resolution by the General Fono; passage requires support by each village and approval by the General Fono; amended many times, last in 2007" + "text": "proposed as a resolution by the General Fono; passage requires support by each village and approval by the General Fono; amended several times, last in 2007" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -285,7 +332,7 @@ "elections/appointments": { "text": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; administrator appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade in New Zealand; head of government chosen from the Council of Faipule to serve a 1-year term" }, - "note": "

note: the meeting place of the Tokelau Council rotates annually among the three atolls; this tradition has given rise to the somewhat misleading description that the capital rotates yearly between the three atolls; in actuality, it is the seat of the government councilors that rotates since Tokelau has no capital

" + "note": "note: the meeting place of the Tokelau Council rotates annually among the three atolls; this tradition has given rise to the somewhat misleading description that the capital rotates yearly between the three atolls; in actuality, it is the seat of the government councilors that rotates since Tokelau has no capital" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { @@ -334,7 +381,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "unknown/Falani KALOLO" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 2008; in preparation for eventual self governance, Tokelau held a national contest to choose an anthem; as a territory of New Zealand, \"God Defend New Zealand\" and \"God Save the Queen\" are official (see New Zealand)

" + "note": "note: adopted 2008; in preparation for eventual self governance, Tokelau held a national contest to choose an anthem; as a territory of New Zealand, \"God Defend New Zealand\" and \"God Save the Queen\" are official (see New Zealand)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -354,17 +401,17 @@ "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": { "text": "11% (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: Tokelau notes that its wide inflation swings are due almost entirely due to cigarette prices, a chief import.

" + "note": "note: Tokelau notes that its wide inflation swings are due almost entirely due to cigarette prices, a chief import." }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$7,711,583 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars." + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars." }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { - "text": "$12.658 million (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: data uses New Zealand Dollar (NZD) as the currency of exchange." + "text": "$12.658 million (2017 est.)

note: data uses New Zealand Dollar (NZD) as the currency of exchange.", + "note": "note: data uses New Zealand Dollar (NZD) as the currency of exchange." }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2017": { @@ -376,7 +423,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2015": { "text": "$4,292 (2015 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars." + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars." }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { @@ -402,7 +449,7 @@ "Unemployment rate 2015": { "text": "2% (2015 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: Underemployment may be as high as 6.6%" + "note": "note: Underemployment may be as high as 6.6%" }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "NA" @@ -427,10 +474,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Samoa, Cook Islands, New Zealand (2020)" + "text": "Singapore 25%, France 19%, South Africa 7%, New Zealand 5%, United States 5%, Ireland 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "fishery supplies, handicrafts, recyclables, stamps" + "text": "oscilloscopes, house linens, fruits, nuts, recreational boats, iron products (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2015": { @@ -438,10 +485,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Samoa, New Zealand, Cook Islands (2020)" + "text": "Samoa 35%, Ireland 17%, Philippines 14%, Malaysia 13%, South Africa 9% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "alcohol, automobiles, building materials, foodstuffs, fuel, tobacco" + "text": "oscilloscopes, integrated circuits, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, orthopedic appliances (2019)" }, "Exchange rates": { "currency": { @@ -476,7 +523,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 690; landing point for the Southern Cross NEXT submarine cable linking Australia, Tokelau, Samoa, Kiribati, Fiji, New Zealand and Los Angeles, CA (USA); radiotelephone service to Samoa; government-regulated telephone service (TeleTok); satellite earth stations - 3 (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "Sky TV access for around 30% of the population; each atoll operates a radio service that provides shipping news and weather reports (2019)" diff --git a/australia-oceania/tn.json b/australia-oceania/tn.json index 438089ed..54fb9b3a 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/tn.json +++ b/australia-oceania/tn.json @@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ "text": "mostly flat islands with limestone bedrock formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic rock" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Kao Volcano on Kao Island 1,046 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -93,17 +93,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou

volcanism: moderate volcanic activity; Fonualei (180 m) has shown frequent activity in recent years, while Niuafo'ou (260 m), which last erupted in 1985, has forced evacuations; other historically active volcanoes include Late and Tofua

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation from land being cleared for agriculture and settlement; soil exhaustion; water pollution due to salinization, sewage, and toxic chemicals from farming activities; coral reefs and marine populations threatened" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the western islands (making up the Tongan Volcanic Arch) are all of volcanic origin; the eastern islands are nonvolcanic and are composed of coral limestone and sand" } @@ -124,8 +113,8 @@ "text": "Tongan 97%, part-Tongan 0.8%, other 2.2%, unspecified <.1% (2016 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Tongan and English 76.8%, Tongan, English, and other language 10.6%, Tongan only (official) 8.7%, English only (official) 0.7%, other 1.7%, none 2.2% (2016 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent persons aged 5 and older who can read and write a simple sentence in Tongan, English, or another language

" + "text": "Tongan and English 76.8%, Tongan, English, and other language 10.6%, Tongan only (official) 8.7%, English only (official) 0.7%, other 1.7%, none 2.2% (2016 est.)

note: data represent persons aged 5 and older who can read and write a simple sentence in Tongan, English, or another language", + "note": "note: data represent persons aged 5 and older who can read and write a simple sentence in Tongan, English, or another language" }, "Religions": { "text": "Protestant 64.1% (includes Free Wesleyan Church 35%, Free Church of Tonga 11.9%, Church of Tonga 6.8%, Assembly of God 2.3%, Seventh Day Adventist 2.2%, Tokaikolo Christian Church 1.6%, other 4.3%), Mormon 18.6%, Roman Catholic 14.2%, other 2.4%, none 0.5%, unspecified 0.1% (2016 est.)" @@ -189,10 +178,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "23.1% of total population (2020)" + "text": "23.1% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.71% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -222,8 +211,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "24.9 years (2012 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-49

" + "text": "24.9 years (2012 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-49", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-49" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "52 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -329,7 +318,7 @@ "text": "48.2% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "1.9% (2012)" + "text": "0.8% (2019)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "NA" @@ -347,6 +336,101 @@ "female": { "text": "99.5% (2015)" } + }, + "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { + "total": { + "text": "8.9%" + }, + "male": { + "text": "5.7%" + }, + "female": { + "text": "13.1% (2018)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation from land being cleared for agriculture and settlement; soil exhaustion; water pollution due to salinization, sewage, and toxic chemicals from farming activities; coral reefs and marine populations threatened" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "10.08 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.13 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.12 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "43.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 22.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 15.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 5.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "12.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "44.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "23.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "17,238 tons (2012 est.)" + } } }, "Government": { @@ -386,7 +470,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins first Sunday in November; ends second Sunday in January" }, - "note": "

etymology: composed of the words \"nuku,\" meaning \"residence or abode,\" and \"alofa,\" meaning \"love,\" to signify \"abode of love\"" + "note": "etymology: composed of the words \"nuku,\" meaning \"residence or abode,\" and \"alofa,\" meaning \"love,\" to signify \"abode of love\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "5 island divisions; 'Eua, Ha'apai, Ongo Niua, Tongatapu, Vava'u" @@ -444,7 +528,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "Pohiva TU'I'ONETOA (Peoples Party) elected prime minister by parliament receiving 15of 23 votes cast" }, - "note": "

note: a Privy Council advises the monarch

" + "note": "note: a Privy Council advises the monarch" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { @@ -509,7 +593,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Uelingatoni Ngu TUPOUMALOHI/Karl Gustavus SCHMITT" }, - "note": "

note: in use since 1875; more commonly known as \"Fasi Fakafonua\" (National Song)

" + "note": "note: in use since 1875; more commonly known as \"Fasi Fakafonua\" (National Song)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -545,7 +629,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$660 million (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$455 million (2017 est.)" @@ -560,7 +644,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$6,472 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { @@ -594,8 +678,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "61.4 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "90.9 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "72.6 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "57.3 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -687,10 +780,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Hong Kong 25.1%, NZ 22.6%, US 14.3%, Japan 12.8%, Australia 10.5% (2017)" + "text": "United States 38%, South Korea 18%, Australia 14%, New Zealand 14%, Japan 6%,  (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "squash, fish, vanilla beans, root crops, kava" + "text": "squash, fish, various fruits and nuts, antiques, coral and shells (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -701,10 +794,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "NZ 33.3%, Fiji 11.7%, US 9.8%, Singapore 9%, Australia 8.9%, China 7.9%, Japan 5.9% (2017)" + "text": "Fiji 29%, New Zealand 23%, China 14%, United States 8%, Australia 6%, Japan 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals" + "text": "refined petroleum, poultry meats, audio equipment, mutton, goat meat, broadcasting equipment (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -820,9 +913,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "139,700 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -852,7 +942,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 676; landing point for the Tonga Cable and the TDCE connecting to Fiji and 3 separate Tonga islands; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "1 state-owned TV station and 3 privately owned TV stations; satellite and cable TV services are available; 1 state-owned and 5 privately owned radio stations; Radio Australia broadcasts available via satellite (2019)" @@ -887,7 +977,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "A3 (2016)" + "text": "A3" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -949,10 +1039,10 @@ "text": "the Tonga Defense Services have approximately 500 personnel (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Tonga military's inventory includes mostly light weapons and equipment from European (primarily the UK) countries and the US, as well as naval patrol vessels from Australia; Australia is the only supplier of military systems since 2010 (2019)" + "text": "the Tonga military's inventory includes mostly light weapons and equipment from European (primarily the UK) countries and the US, as well as naval patrol vessels from Australia; Australia is the only supplier of military systems since 2010 (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "Volunteers, 18-25; no conscription (2014)" + "text": "Volunteers, 18-25; no conscription (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/tv.json b/australia-oceania/tv.json index 32a12672..93064f7c 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/tv.json +++ b/australia-oceania/tv.json @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ "text": "low-lying and narrow coral atolls" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "2 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "unnamed location 5 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "unnamed location 5 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "2 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,17 +96,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "severe tropical storms are usually rare, but in 1997 there were three cyclones; low levels of islands make them sensitive to changes in sea level" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water needs met by catchment systems; the use of sand as a building material has led to beachhead erosion; deforestation; damage to coral reefs from increasing ocean temperatures and acidification; rising sea levels threaten water table; in 2000, the government appealed to Australia and New Zealand to take in Tuvaluans if rising sea levels should make evacuation necessary" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "one of the smallest and most remote countries on Earth; six of the nine coral atolls - Nanumea, Nui, Vaitupu, Nukufetau, Funafuti, and Nukulaelae - have lagoons open to the ocean; Nanumaya and Niutao have landlocked lagoons; Niulakita does not have a lagoon" } @@ -177,10 +166,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "64% of total population (2020)" + "text": "64.8% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.27% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.08% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -303,7 +292,81 @@ "text": "9.8%" }, "female": { - "text": "45.9% (2016)" + "text": "45.8% (2016)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water needs met by catchment systems; the use of sand as a building material has led to beachhead erosion; deforestation; damage to coral reefs from increasing ocean temperatures and acidification; rising sea levels threaten water table; in 2000, the government appealed to Australia and New Zealand to take in Tuvaluans if rising sea levels should make evacuation necessary" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "11.42 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.01 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.01 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "60% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 60% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "33.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "6.7% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "64.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.08% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "3,989 tons (2011 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "598 tons (2013 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "15% (2013 est.)" } } }, @@ -341,7 +404,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the atoll is named after a founding ancestor chief, Funa, from the island of Samoa" + "note": "etymology: the atoll is named after a founding ancestor chief, Funa, from the island of Samoa" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "7 island councils and 1 town council*; Funafuti*, Nanumaga, Nanumea, Niutao, Nui, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae, Vaitupu" @@ -357,7 +420,7 @@ "text": "previous 1978 (at independence); latest effective 1 October 1986" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the House of Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly membership in the final reading; amended 2007, 2010, 2013" + "text": "proposed by the House of Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly membership in the final reading; amended 2007, 2010, 2013; note - in 2016, the United Nations Development Program and the Tuvaluan Government initiated a review of the country's constitution, which was ongoing as of early 2021" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -451,7 +514,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Afaese MANOA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1978; the anthem's name is also the nation's motto

" + "note": "note: adopted 1978; the anthem's name is also the nation's motto" } }, "Economy": { @@ -487,7 +550,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$44 million (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$40 million (2017 est.)" @@ -502,7 +565,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$3,898 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { @@ -570,11 +633,11 @@ "expenditures": { "text": "32.46 million (2012 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: revenue data include Official Development Assistance from Australia

" + "note": "note: revenue data include Official Development Assistance from Australia" }, "Taxes and other revenues": { - "text": "106.7% (of GDP) (2013 est.)", - "note": "

note: revenue data include Official Development Assistance from Australia

" + "text": "106.7% (of GDP) (2013 est.)

note: revenue data include Official Development Assistance from Australia", + "note": "note: revenue data include Official Development Assistance from Australia" }, "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": { "text": "25.6% (of GDP) (2013 est.)" @@ -607,10 +670,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 18.2%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 17%, Fiji 14.8%, Nigeria 14.2%, Germany 8.2%, South Africa 5.9%, Colombia 5.1% (2017)" + "text": "Thailand 50%, Indonesia 40% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "copra, fish" + "text": "fish, ships, coins, metal-clad products, electrical power accessories (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { @@ -621,10 +684,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Singapore 33.4%, South Korea 11.5%, Australia 10.8%, NZ 8%, Fiji 7.5%, Chile 6.1%, South Africa 5%, Japan 5% (2017)" + "text": "China 32%, Japan 29%, Fiji 23%, New Zealand 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods" + "text": "refined petroleum, fishing ships, tug boats, other ships, iron structures (2019)" }, "Debt - external": { "text": "

NA

" @@ -726,7 +789,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 688; international calls can be made by satellite" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "no TV stations; many households use satellite dishes to watch foreign TV stations; 1 government-owned radio station, Radio Tuvalu, includes relays of programming from international broadcasters (2019)" @@ -753,7 +816,7 @@ }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "T2 (2016)" + "text": "T2" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -792,7 +855,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces; Tuvalu Police Force (2012)" + "text": "no regular military forces; Tuvalu Police Force (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/um.json b/australia-oceania/um.json index 04c74b15..2bed8569 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/um.json +++ b/australia-oceania/um.json @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ "land": { "text": "6,959.41 sq km (emergent land - 22.41 sq km; submerged - 6,937 sq km)" }, - "note": "

Baker Island: total - 129.1 sq km; emergent land - 2.1 sq km; submerged - 127 sq km
Howland Island: total - 138.6 sq km; emergent land - 2.6 sq km; submerged - 136 sq km
Jarvis Island: total - 152 sq km; emergent land - 5 sq km; submerged - 147 sq km
Johnston Atoll: total - 276.6 sq km; emergent land - 2.6 sq km; submerged - 274 sq km
Kingman Reef: total - 1,958.01 sq km; emergent land - 0.01 sq km; submerged - 1,958 sq km
Midway Islands: total - 2,355.2 sq km; emergent land - 6.2 sq km; submerged - 2,349 sq km
Palmyra Atoll: total - 1,949.9 sq km; emergent land - 3.9 sq km; submerged - 1,946 sq km" + "note": "Baker Island: total - 129.1 sq km; emergent land - 2.1 sq km; submerged - 127 sq km
Howland Island: total - 138.6 sq km; emergent land - 2.6 sq km; submerged - 136 sq km
Jarvis Island: total - 152 sq km; emergent land - 5 sq km; submerged - 147 sq km
Johnston Atoll: total - 276.6 sq km; emergent land - 2.6 sq km; submerged - 274 sq km
Kingman Reef: total - 1,958.01 sq km; emergent land - 0.01 sq km; submerged - 1,958 sq km
Midway Islands: total - 2,355.2 sq km; emergent land - 6.2 sq km; submerged - 2,349 sq km
Palmyra Atoll: total - 1,949.9 sq km; emergent land - 3.9 sq km; submerged - 1,946 sq km" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "

Baker Island: about 2.5 times the size of the National Mall in Washington, DC;

Howland Island: about three times the size of the National Mall in Washington, DC;

Jarvis Island: about eight times the size of the National Mall in Washington, DC;

Johnston Atoll: about 4.5 times the size of the National Mall in Washington, DC;

Kingman Reef: a little more than 1.5 times the size of the National Mall in Washington, DC;

Midway Islands: about nine times the size of the National Mall in Washington, DC;

Palmyra Atoll: about 20 times the size of the National Mall in Washington, DC

" @@ -46,11 +46,11 @@ "text": "low and nearly flat sandy coral islands with narrow fringing reefs that have developed at the top of submerged volcanic mountains, which in most cases rise steeply from the ocean floor" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Baker Island, unnamed location 8 m; Howland Island, unnamed location 3 m; Jarvis Island, unnamed location 7 m; Johnston Atoll, Sand Island 10 m; Kingman Reef, unnamed location 2 m; Midway Islands, unnamed location less than 13 m; Palmyra Atoll, unnamed location 3 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -64,17 +64,27 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands: the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island poses a maritime hazard;

Kingman Reef: wet or awash most of the time, maximum elevation of less than 2 m makes Kingman Reef a maritime hazard;

Midway Islands, Johnston, and Palmyra Atolls: NA

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "

Baker Island: no natural freshwater resources; feral cats, introduced in 1937 during a short-lived colonization effort, ravaged the avian population and were eradicated in 1965

Howland Island: no natural freshwater resources; the island habitat has suffered from invasive exotic species; black rats, introduced in 1854, were eradicated by feral cats within a year of their introduction in 1937; the cats preyed on the bird population and were eliminated by 1985

Jarvis Island: no natural freshwater resources; feral cats, introduced in the 1930s during a short-lived colonization venture, were not completely removed until 1990

Johnston Atoll: no natural freshwater resources; the seven decades under US military administration (1934-2004) left the atoll environmentally degraded and required large-scale remediation efforts; a swarm of Anoplolepis (crazy) ants invaded the island in 2010 damaging native wildlife; eradication has been largely, but not completely, successful

Midway Islands:  many exotic species introduced, 75% of the roughly 200 plant species on the island are non-native; plastic pollution harms wildlife, via entanglement, ingestion, and toxic contamination

Kingman Reef: none

Palmyra Atoll: black rats, believed to have been introduced to the atoll during the US military occupation of the 1940s, severely degraded the ecosystem outcompeting native species (seabirds, crabs); following a successful rat removal project in 2011, native flora and fauna have begun to recover

" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands: scattered vegetation consisting of grasses, prostrate vines, and low growing shrubs; primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine wildlife; closed to the public;

Johnston Atoll: Johnston Island and Sand Island are natural islands, which have been expanded by coral dredging; North Island (Akau) and East Island (Hikina) are manmade islands formed from coral dredging; the egg-shaped reef is 34 km in circumference; closed to the public;

Kingman Reef: barren coral atoll with deep interior lagoon; closed to the public;

Midway Islands: a coral atoll managed as a National Wildlife Refuge and open to the public for wildlife-related recreation in the form of wildlife observation and photography;

Palmyra Atoll: the high rainfall and resulting lush vegetation make the environment of this atoll unique among the US Pacific Island territories; supports a large undisturbed stand of Pisonia beach forest

" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "no indigenous inhabitants", - "note": "

note: public entry is only by special-use permit from US Fish and Wildlife Service and generally restricted to scientists and educators; visited annually by US Fish and Wildlife Service

\r\n

Jarvis Island: Millersville settlement on western side of island occasionally used as a weather station from 1935 until World War II, when it was abandoned; reoccupied in 1957 during the International Geophysical Year by scientists who left in 1958; currently unoccupied

\r\n

Johnston Atoll: in previous years, an average of 1,100 US military and civilian contractor personnel were present; as of May 2005, all US Government personnel had left the island

\r\n

Midway Islands: approximately 40 people make up the staff of US Fish and Wildlife Service and their services contractor living at the atoll

\r\n

Palmyra Atoll: four to 20 Nature Conservancy, US Fish and Wildlife staff, and researchers

" + "text": "no indigenous inhabitants

note: public entry is only by special-use permit from US Fish and Wildlife Service and generally restricted to scientists and educators; visited annually by US Fish and Wildlife Service\r\n

Jarvis Island: Millersville settlement on western side of island occasionally used as a weather station from 1935 until World War II, when it was abandoned; reoccupied in 1957 during the International Geophysical Year by scientists who left in 1958; currently unoccupied\r\n

Johnston Atoll: in previous years, an average of 1,100 US military and civilian contractor personnel were present; as of May 2005, all US Government personnel had left the island\r\n

Midway Islands: approximately 40 people make up the staff of US Fish and Wildlife Service and their services contractor living at the atoll\r\n

Palmyra Atoll: four to 20 Nature Conservancy, US Fish and Wildlife staff, and researchers", + "note": "note: public entry is only by special-use permit from US Fish and Wildlife Service and generally restricted to scientists and educators; visited annually by US Fish and Wildlife Service\r\n

Jarvis Island: Millersville settlement on western side of island occasionally used as a weather station from 1935 until World War II, when it was abandoned; reoccupied in 1957 during the International Geophysical Year by scientists who left in 1958; currently unoccupied\r\n

Johnston Atoll: in previous years, an average of 1,100 US military and civilian contractor personnel were present; as of May 2005, all US Government personnel had left the island\r\n

Midway Islands: approximately 40 people make up the staff of US Fish and Wildlife Service and their services contractor living at the atoll\r\n

Palmyra Atoll: four to 20 Nature Conservancy, US Fish and Wildlife staff, and researchers" + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "

Baker Island: no natural freshwater resources; feral cats, introduced in 1937 during a short-lived colonization effort, ravaged the avian population and were eradicated in 1965

Howland Island: no natural freshwater resources; the island habitat has suffered from invasive exotic species; black rats, introduced in 1854, were eradicated by feral cats within a year of their introduction in 1937; the cats preyed on the bird population and were eliminated by 1985

Jarvis Island: no natural freshwater resources; feral cats, introduced in the 1930s during a short-lived colonization venture, were not completely removed until 1990

Johnston Atoll: no natural freshwater resources; the seven decades under US military administration (1934-2004) left the atoll environmentally degraded and required large-scale remediation efforts; a swarm of Anoplolepis (crazy) ants invaded the island in 2010 damaging native wildlife; eradication has been largely, but not completely, successful

Midway Islands:  many exotic species introduced, 75% of the roughly 200 plant species on the island are non-native; plastic pollution harms wildlife, via entanglement, ingestion, and toxic contamination

Kingman Reef: none

Palmyra Atoll: black rats, believed to have been introduced to the atoll during the US military occupation of the 1940s, severely degraded the ecosystem outcompeting native species (seabirds, crabs); following a successful rat removal project in 2011, native flora and fauna have begun to recover

" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "

Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun;

Johnston Atoll and Kingman Reef: tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation;

Midway Islands: subtropical with cool, moist winters (December to February) and warm, dry summers (May to October); moderated by prevailing easterly winds; most of the 107 cm of annual rainfall occurs during the winter;

Palmyra Atoll: equatorial, hot; located within the low pressure area of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) where the northeast and southeast trade winds meet, it is extremely wet with between 400-500 cm of rainfall each year

" + }, + "Land use": { + "other": { + "text": "100% (2018 est.)" + } } }, "Government": { @@ -90,8 +100,8 @@ } }, "Dependency status": { - "text": "with the exception of Palmyra Atoll, the constituent islands are unincorporated, unorganized territories of the US; administered from Washington, DC, by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System", - "note": "

note: Palmyra Atoll is partly privately owned and partly federally owned; the federally owned portion is administered from Washington, DC, by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as an incorporated, unorganized territory of the US; the Office of Insular Affairs of the US Department of the Interior continues to administer nine excluded areas comprising certain tidal and submerged lands within the 12 nm territorial sea or within the lagoon

" + "text": "with the exception of Palmyra Atoll, the constituent islands are unincorporated, unorganized territories of the US; administered from Washington, DC, by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System

note: Palmyra Atoll is partly privately owned and partly federally owned; the federally owned portion is administered from Washington, DC, by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as an incorporated, unorganized territory of the US; the Office of Insular Affairs of the US Department of the Interior continues to administer nine excluded areas comprising certain tidal and submerged lands within the 12 nm territorial sea or within the lagoon", + "note": "note: Palmyra Atoll is partly privately owned and partly federally owned; the federally owned portion is administered from Washington, DC, by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as an incorporated, unorganized territory of the US; the Office of Insular Affairs of the US Department of the Interior continues to administer nine excluded areas comprising certain tidal and submerged lands within the 12 nm territorial sea or within the lagoon" }, "Legal system": { "text": "the laws of the US apply where applicable" @@ -138,7 +148,7 @@ "2,438 to 3,047 m": { "text": "1 - Johnston Atoll; (2016)" }, - "note": "

note - abandoned but usable" + "note": "note - abandoned but usable" }, "Airports - with unpaved runways": { "1,524 to 2,437 m": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/wf.json b/australia-oceania/wf.json index 40e58582..f18caa52 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/wf.json +++ b/australia-oceania/wf.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "0 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes Ile Uvea (Wallis Island), Ile Futuna (Futuna Island), Ile Alofi, and 20 islets

" + "note": "note: includes Ile Uvea (Wallis Island), Ile Futuna (Futuna Island), Ile Alofi, and 20 islets" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "1.5 times the size of Washington, DC" @@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ "text": "volcanic origin; low hills" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Mont Singavi (on Futuna) 522 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -88,9 +88,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "cyclones; tsunamis" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation (only small portions of the original forests remain) largely as a result of the continued use of wood as the main fuel source; as a consequence of cutting down the forests, the mountainous terrain of Futuna is particularly prone to erosion; there are no permanent settlements on Alofi because of the lack of natural freshwater resources; lack of soil fertility on the islands of Uvea and Futuna negatively impacts agricultural producitivity" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "both island groups have fringing reefs; Wallis contains several prominent crater lakes" } @@ -154,15 +151,15 @@ "text": "5.74 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Net migration rate": { - "text": "-4.16 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: there has been steady emigration from Wallis and Futuna to New Caledonia

" + "text": "-4.16 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)

note: there has been steady emigration from Wallis and Futuna to New Caledonia", + "note": "note: there has been steady emigration from Wallis and Futuna to New Caledonia" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "0% of total population (2020)" + "text": "0% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -268,6 +265,53 @@ "text": "NA" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation (only small portions of the original forests remain) largely as a result of the continued use of wood as the main fuel source; as a consequence of cutting down the forests, the mountainous terrain of Futuna is particularly prone to erosion; there are no permanent settlements on Alofi because of the lack of natural freshwater resources; lack of soil fertility on the islands of Uvea and Futuna negatively impacts agricultural productivity" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to October); rains 250-300 cm per year (80% humidity); average temperature 26.6 degrees Celsius" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "42.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 7.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 35.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "41.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "15.3% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "0% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -345,7 +389,7 @@ "elections/appointments": { "text": "French president elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); administrator superior appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of the Interior; the presidents of the Territorial Government and the Territorial Assembly elected by assembly members" }, - "note": "

note: there are 3 traditional kings with limited powers

" + "note": "note: there are 3 traditional kings with limited powers" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { @@ -357,7 +401,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "Territorial Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - 2 members are elected from the list Fia gaue fakatahi kihe kaha'u e lelei and 1 each from 18 other lists; composition - men 14, women 6, percent of women 30%
French Senate - LR 1
French National Assembly - independent 1" }, - "note": "

 " + "note": " " }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -383,8 +427,8 @@ "text": "none (overseas collectivity of France)" }, "Flag description": { - "text": "unofficial, local flag has a red field with four white isosceles triangles in the middle, representing the three native kings of the islands and the French administrator; the apexes of the triangles are oriented inward and at right angles to each other; the flag of France, outlined in white on two sides, is in the upper hoist quadrant", - "note": "

note: the design is derived from an original red banner with a white cross pattee that was introduced in the 19th century by French missionaries; the flag of France is used for official occasions

" + "text": "unofficial, local flag has a red field with four white isosceles triangles in the middle, representing the three native kings of the islands and the French administrator; the apexes of the triangles are oriented inward and at right angles to each other; the flag of France, outlined in white on two sides, is in the upper hoist quadrant

note: the design is derived from an original red banner with a white cross pattee that was introduced in the 19th century by French missionaries; the flag of France is used for official occasions", + "note": "note: the design is derived from an original red banner with a white cross pattee that was introduced in the 19th century by French missionaries; the flag of France is used for official occasions" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "red saltire (Saint Andrew's Cross) on a white square on a red field; national colors: red, white" @@ -500,7 +544,7 @@ "Public debt 2004": { "text": "5.6% of GDP (2004 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: offical data; data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

" + "note": "note: offical data; data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -510,16 +554,22 @@ "text": "$47,450 (2004 est.)" } }, + "Exports - partners": { + "text": "Singapore 47%, France 32%, Belgium 9% (2019)" + }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "copra, chemicals, construction materials" + "text": "integrated circuits, jewelry, cars, aircraft parts, polyacetals (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2004": { "text": "$61.17 million (2004 est.)" } }, + "Imports - partners": { + "text": "France 43%, Fiji 24%, New Zealand 11%, Australia 6% (2019)" + }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "chemicals, machinery, consumer goods" + "text": "refined petroleum, beef products, poultry meats, engine parts, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 2004": { @@ -563,7 +613,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 681; landing point for the Tui-Samoa submarine cable network connecting Wallis & Futuna, Samoa and Fiji (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "the publicly owned French Overseas Network (RFO), which broadcasts to France's overseas departments, collectivities, and territories, is carried on the RFO Wallis and Fortuna TV and radio stations (2019)" diff --git a/australia-oceania/wq.json b/australia-oceania/wq.json index ecbaebb9..d3d2361b 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/wq.json +++ b/australia-oceania/wq.json @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ "text": "atoll of three low coral islands, Peale, Wake, and Wilkes, built up on an underwater volcano; central lagoon is former crater, islands are part of the rim" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "unnamed location 8 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -75,17 +75,30 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "subject to occasional typhoons" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "potable water obtained through a catchment rainwater system and a desalinization plant for brackish ground water; hazardous wastes moved to an accumulation site for storage and eventual transport off site via barge" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean; emergency landing location for transpacific flights" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "no indigenous inhabitants (2018 est.)", - "note": "

note: approximately 100 military personnel and civilian contractors maintain and operate the airfield and communications facilities

" + "text": "no indigenous inhabitants (2018 est.)

note: approximately 100 military personnel and civilian contractors maintain and operate the airfield and communications facilities", + "note": "note: approximately 100 military personnel and civilian contractors maintain and operate the airfield and communications facilities" + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "potable water obtained through a catchment rainwater system and a desalinization plant for brackish ground water; hazardous wastes moved to an accumulation site for storage and eventual transport off site via barge" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "100% (2018 est.)" + } } }, "Government": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/ws.json b/australia-oceania/ws.json index 0edc67d0..ff08d08f 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/ws.json +++ b/australia-oceania/ws.json @@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ "text": "two main islands (Savaii, Upolu) and several smaller islands and uninhabited islets; narrow coastal plain with volcanic, rugged mountains in interior" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Mount Silisili 1,857 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -93,17 +93,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

occasional cyclones; active volcanism

volcanism: Savai'I Island (1,858 m), which last erupted in 1911, is historically active

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "soil erosion, deforestation, invasive species, overfishing" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "occupies an almost central position within Polynesia" } @@ -121,8 +110,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Samoan 96%, Samoan/New Zealander 2%, other 1.9% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent the population by country of citizenship

" + "text": "Samoan 96%, Samoan/New Zealander 2%, other 1.9% (2011 est.)

note: data represent the population by country of citizenship", + "note": "note: data represent the population by country of citizenship" }, "Languages": { "text": "Samoan (Polynesian) (official) 91.1%, Somoan/English 6.7%, English (official) 0.5%, other 0.2%, unspecified 1.6% (2006 est.)" @@ -189,10 +178,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "17.9% of total population (2020)" + "text": "17.7% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-0.47% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "-0.03% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -222,8 +211,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "23.6 years (2009 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "23.6 years (2009 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "43 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -326,7 +315,7 @@ "text": "47.3% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "3.2% (2014)" + "text": "3.4% (2019/20)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "4.2% of GDP (2016)" @@ -357,6 +346,96 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "soil erosion, deforestation, invasive species, overfishing" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "10.56 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.25 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.27 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "12.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 2.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 7.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 1.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "60.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "27.2% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.27% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "17.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "-0.03% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "27,399 tons (2011 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "9,864 tons (2013 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "36% (2013 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -394,7 +473,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in September; ends first Sunday in April" }, - "note": "

etymology: name derives from the native village around which the capital was constructed in the 1850s; the village still exists within the larger modern capital" + "note": "etymology: name derives from the native village around which the capital was constructed in the 1850s; the village still exists within the larger modern capital" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "11 districts; A'ana, Aiga-i-le-Tai, Atua, Fa'asaleleaga, Gaga'emauga, Gagaifomauga, Palauli, Satupa'itea, Tuamasaga, Va'a-o-Fonoti, Vaisigano" @@ -458,10 +537,10 @@ "text": "unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fono (50 seats for 2016-2021 term); members from 49 single-seat constituencies directly elected by simple majority vote and 1 seat for a woman, added for the 2016 election to meet the mandated 10% representation of women in the Assembly; members serve 5-year terms)" }, "elections": { - "text": "election last held on 4 March 2016 (next election to be held on 9 April 2021)" + "text": "election last held on 9 April 2021 (next election to be held on 2026)
note - head of state TUIMALEALI'IFANO Va’aletoa Sualauvi II declared 9 April 2021 election void on 4 May 2021, new elections set for 21 May 2021; on 17 May 2021, the Supreme Court invalidated the head of state's order allowing the 9 April 2021 election results to stand" }, "election results": { - "text": "percent of vote by party - HRPP 89.8%, Tautua Samoa 4.1%, independent 6.1%; seats by party – initial election results - HRPP 44, Tautua Samoa 2, independents 3; post-election party affiliation – HRPP 47, (informal) opposition 3; composition - men 45, women 5, percent of women 10%" + "text": "percent of vote by party - FAST 49%, HRPP 47%, TSP 2%, independents 2%; seats by party – initial election results - FAST 25, HRPP 25, independents 1; composition - men 46, women 5, percent of women 10%" } }, "Judicial branch": { @@ -476,7 +555,7 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Human Rights Protection Party or HRPP [TUILA'EPA Sailele Malielegaoi]" + "text": "Human Rights Protection Party or HRPP [TUILA'EPA Sailele Malielegaoi]
Fa'atuatua i le Atua Samoa ua Tasi or FAST [FIAME Naomi Mata'afa]
Tautua Samoa Party or TSP [Afualo Wood Uti SALELE]" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ACP, ADB, AOSIS, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" @@ -516,8 +595,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing five white, five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross constellation; red stands for courage, blue represents freedom, and white signifies purity", - "note": "

note: similar to the flag of Taiwan

" + "text": "red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing five white, five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross constellation; red stands for courage, blue represents freedom, and white signifies purity

note: similar to the flag of Taiwan", + "note": "note: similar to the flag of Taiwan" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "Southern Cross constellation (five, five-pointed stars); national colors: red, white, blue" @@ -529,7 +608,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Sauni Liga KURESA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1962; also known as \"Samoa Tula'i\" (Samoa Arise)

" + "note": "note: adopted 1962; also known as \"Samoa Tula'i\" (Samoa Arise)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -565,7 +644,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$1.267 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$841 million (2017 est.)" @@ -580,7 +659,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$6,486 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { @@ -614,8 +693,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "62.1 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "92.6 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "57.8 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "58.6 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -648,10 +736,10 @@ "Unemployment rate 2016": { "text": "5.5% (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

NA

" + "note": "NA" }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "NA" + "text": "20.3% (2013 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2013": { @@ -705,10 +793,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Australia 22.9%, NZ 22.8%, American Samoa 22.1%, Afghanistan 14.9%, US 5.9% (2017)" + "text": "American Samoa 21%, United States 13%, New Zealand 12%, Australia 10%, Tokelau 6%, Taiwan 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "fish, coconut oil and cream, nonu, copra, taro, automotive parts, garments, beer" + "text": "refined petroleum, fish, fruit juice, coconut oil, beer (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { @@ -719,10 +807,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "NZ 22%, Singapore 20.7%, US 12.5%, China 10.1%, Australia 8.6%, Fiji 5.2% (2017)" + "text": "New Zealand 22%, China 16%, Singapore 13%, United States 10%, Australia 9%, South Korea 8%, Fiji 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, industrial supplies, foodstuffs" + "text": "refined petroleum, iron products, poultry meats, cars, insulated wiring (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -829,9 +917,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "341,100 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -861,7 +946,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 685; landing points for the Tui-Samo, Manatua, SAS, and Southern Cross NEXT submarine cables providing connectivity to Samoa, Fiji, Wallis & Futuna, Cook Islands, Niue, French Polynesia, American Samoa, Australia, New Zealand, Kiribati, Los Angeles (US), and Tokelau; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-owned TV station privatized in 2008; 4 privately owned television broadcast stations; about a half-dozen privately owned radio stations and one state-owned radio station; TV and radio broadcasts of several stations from American Samoa are available (2019)" @@ -899,7 +984,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "5W (2016)" + "text": "5W" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -943,7 +1028,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces; Samoa Police Force (2019)" + "text": "no regular military forces; Samoa Police Force" }, "Military - note": { "text": "Samoa has no formal defense structure or regular armed forces; informal defense ties exist with NZ, which is required to consider any Samoan request for assistance under the 1962 Treaty of Friendship" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/aa.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/aa.json index 43fe1363..2fdc4eb5 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/aa.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/aa.json @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ "text": "flat with a few hills; scant vegetation" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Ceru Jamanota 188 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -90,9 +90,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "hurricanes; lies outside the Caribbean hurricane belt and is rarely threatened" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "difficulty in properly disposing of waste produced by large numbers of tourists; waste burning that occurs in the landfill causes air pollution and poses an environmental and health risk; ocean environmental damage due to plastic pollution" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "a flat, riverless island renowned for its white sand beaches; its tropical climate is moderated by constant trade winds from the Atlantic Ocean; the temperature is almost constant at about 27 degrees Celsius (81 degrees Fahrenheit)" } @@ -110,8 +107,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Aruban 66%, Colombian 9.1%, Dutch 4.3%, Dominican 4.1%, Venezuelan 3.2%, Curacaoan 2.2%, Haitian 1.5%, Surinamese 1.2%, Peruvian 1.1%, Chinese 1.1%, other 6.2% (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent population by country of birth" + "text": "Aruban 66%, Colombian 9.1%, Dutch 4.3%, Dominican 4.1%, Venezuelan 3.2%, Curacaoan 2.2%, Haitian 1.5%, Surinamese 1.2%, Peruvian 1.1%, Chinese 1.1%, other 6.2% (2010 est.)

note: data represent population by country of birth", + "note": "note: data represent population by country of birth" }, "Languages": { "text": "Papiamento (official) (a creole language that is a mixture of Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, English, and, to a lesser extent, French, as well as elements of African languages and the language of the Arawak) 69.4%, Spanish 13.7%, English (widely spoken) 7.1%, Dutch (official) 6.1%, Chinese 1.5%, other 1.7%, unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.)" @@ -178,10 +175,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "43.7% of total population (2020)" + "text": "43.9% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.67% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.77% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -313,6 +310,63 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "difficulty in properly disposing of waste produced by large numbers of tourists; waste burning that occurs in the landfill causes air pollution and poses an environmental and health risk; ocean environmental damage due to plastic pollution" + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.88 megatons (2016 est.)" + } + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "11.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 11.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "2.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "86.6% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "43.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.77% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "88,132 tons (2013 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "9,695 tons (2013 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "11% (2013 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -347,11 +401,11 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: translates as \"orange town\" in Dutch; the city is named after William I (1533-1584), Prince of Orange, the first ruler of the Netherlands" + "note": "etymology: translates as \"orange town\" in Dutch; the city is named after William I (1533-1584), Prince of Orange, the first ruler of the Netherlands" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)", - "note": "

note: Aruba is one of four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; the other three are the Netherlands, Curacao, and Sint Maarten

" + "text": "none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)

note: Aruba is one of four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; the other three are the Netherlands, Curacao, and Sint Maarten", + "note": "note: Aruba is one of four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; the other three are the Netherlands, Curacao, and Sint Maarten" }, "Independence": { "text": "none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)" @@ -384,7 +438,7 @@ "text": "Council of Ministers elected by the Legislature (Staten)" }, "elections/appointments": { - "text": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch for a 6-year term; prime minister and deputy prime minister indirectly elected by the Staten for 4-year term; election last held on 27 September 2013 (next to be held by September 2017)" + "text": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch for a 6-year term; prime minister and deputy prime minister indirectly elected by the Staten for 4-year term; election last held on 22 September 2017 (next to be held by September 2021)
note: on 30 March 2021, Evelyn WEVER-CROES resigned as prime minister and dissolved parliament, an announcement for new elections is expected soon" }, "election results": { "text": "Evelyn WEVER-CROES (MEP) elected prime minister; percent of legislative vote - NA" @@ -395,7 +449,7 @@ "text": "unicameral Legislature or Staten (21 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)" }, "elections": { - "text": "last held on 22 September 2017 (next to be held in September 2021)" + "text": "last held on 22 September 2017 (next to be held in 25 June 2021)" }, "election results": { "text": "percent of vote by party AVP 39.8%, MEP 37.6%, POR 9.4%, RED 7.1%, other 6.1%; seats by party - AVP 9, MEP 9, POR 2, RED 1; composition as of October 2018 - men 14, women 7, percent of women 33.3%" @@ -422,7 +476,7 @@ "chief of mission": { "text": "none (represented by the Kingdom of the Netherlands); note - Guillfred BESARIL (since 20 November 2017) is Minister Plenipotentiary of Aruba, seated with his cabinet in the Aruba House (Arubahuis) in The Hague" }, - "note": "

none (represented by the Kingdom of the Netherlands) note - there is a Minister Plenipotentiary for Aruba, Rendolf \"Andy\" LEE,  at the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands" + "note": "none (represented by the Kingdom of the Netherlands) note - there is a Minister Plenipotentiary for Aruba, Rendolf \"Andy\" LEE,  at the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands" }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "embassy": { @@ -442,7 +496,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Juan Chabaya 'Padu' LAMPE/Rufo Inocencio WEVER" }, - "note": "

note: local anthem adopted 1986; as part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, \"Het Wilhelmus\" is official (see Netherlands)

" + "note": "note: local anthem adopted 1986; as part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, \"Het Wilhelmus\" is official (see Netherlands)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -547,8 +601,8 @@ "text": "NA" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "51,610 (2007 est.)", - "note": "

note: of the 51,610 workers aged 15 and over in the labor force, 32,252 were born in Aruba and 19,353 came from abroad; foreign workers are 38% of the employed population

" + "text": "51,610 (2007 est.)

note: of the 51,610 workers aged 15 and over in the labor force, 32,252 were born in Aruba and 19,353 came from abroad; foreign workers are 38% of the employed population", + "note": "note: of the 51,610 workers aged 15 and over in the labor force, 32,252 were born in Aruba and 19,353 came from abroad; foreign workers are 38% of the employed population" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -560,7 +614,7 @@ "services": { "text": "NA" }, - "note": "

note: most employment is in wholesale and retail trade, followed by hotels and restaurants

" + "note": "note: most employment is in wholesale and retail trade, followed by hotels and restaurants" }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2016": { @@ -620,10 +674,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 20.2%, Colombia 17.6%, Venezuela 13%, Netherlands 9.1%, Thailand 8.4%, Panama 4.8% (2017)" + "text": "Malaysia 57%, United States 11%, Netherlands 6%, Jordan 6%, Venezuela 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "live animals and animal products, art and collectibles, machinery and electrical equipment, transport equipment" + "text": "refined petroleum, liquors, scrap iron, soap, tobacco (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -634,10 +688,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 53.7%, Netherlands 13.1% (2017)" + "text": "United States 48%, Netherlands 16% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and electrical equipment, refined oil for bunkering and reexport, chemicals; foodstuffs" + "text": "refined petroleum, jewelry, cars, vehicle parts, tobacco products (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -747,9 +801,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "1.266 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -779,7 +830,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 297; landing points for the PAN-AM, PCCS, Deep Blue Cable, and Alonso de Ojeda submarine telecommunications cable system that extends from Trinidad and Tobago, Florida, Puerto Ricco, Jamaica, Guyana, Sint Eustatius & Saba, Suriname, Dominican Republic, BVI, USVI, Haiti, Cayman Islands, the Netherlands Antilles,  through Aruba to Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Chile; extensive interisland microwave radio relay links (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "2 commercial TV stations; cable TV subscription service provides access to foreign channels; about 19 commercial radio stations broadcast (2017)" @@ -809,7 +860,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "P4 (2016)" + "text": "P4" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -843,10 +894,10 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces (2011)" + "text": "no regular military forces; Aruban Militia (ARUMIL) (2021)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "defense is the responsibility of the Netherlands; the Aruba security services focus on organized crime and terrorism" + "text": "defense is the responsibility of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; the Aruba security services focus on organized crime and terrorism; the Dutch Government controls foreign and defense policy; the Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard (DCCG) provides maritime security" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/ac.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/ac.json index 6448329d..61df860c 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/ac.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/ac.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "0 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes Redonda, 1.6 sq km

" + "note": "note: includes Redonda, 1.6 sq km" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "2.5 times the size of Washington, DC" @@ -58,11 +58,11 @@ "text": "mostly low-lying limestone and coral islands, with some higher volcanic areas" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Mount Obama 402 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -97,17 +97,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October); periodic droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water management - a major concern because of limited natural freshwater resources - is further hampered by the clearing of trees to increase crop production, causing rainfall to run off quickly" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "Antigua has a deeply indented shoreline with many natural harbors and beaches; Barbuda has a large western harbor" } @@ -125,8 +114,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "African descent 87.3%, mixed 4.7%, Hispanic 2.7%, White 1.6%, other 2.7%, unspecified 0.9% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent population by ethnic group" + "text": "African descent 87.3%, mixed 4.7%, Hispanic 2.7%, White 1.6%, other 2.7%, unspecified 0.9% (2011 est.)

note: data represent population by ethnic group", + "note": "note: data represent population by ethnic group" }, "Languages": { "text": "English (official), Antiguan creole" @@ -193,10 +182,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "24.4% of total population (2020)" + "text": "24.4% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.55% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.87% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -316,6 +305,90 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water management - a major concern because of limited natural freshwater resources - is further hampered by the clearing of trees to increase crop production, causing rainfall to run off quickly" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "17.92 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.56 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.22 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "7.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "2.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "52 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "20.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 2.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "18.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "60.8% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "24.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.87% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "30,585 tons (2012 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -341,7 +414,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: named after Saint John the Apostle" + "note": "etymology: named after Saint John the Apostle" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "6 parishes and 2 dependencies*; Barbuda*, Redonda*, Saint George, Saint John, Saint Mary, Saint Paul, Saint Peter, Saint Philip" @@ -357,7 +430,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest presented 31 July 1981, effective 31 October 1981 (The Antigua and Barbuda Constitution Order 1981)" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by either house of Parliament; passage of amendments to constitutional sections such as citizenship, fundamental rights and freedoms, the establishment, power, and authority of the executive and legislative branches, the Supreme Court Order, and the procedure for amending the constitution requires approval by at least two-thirds majority vote of the membership of both houses, approval by at least two-thirds majority in a referendum, and assent to by the governor general; passage of other amendments requires only two-thirds majority vote by both houses; amended 2009, 2011" + "text": "proposed by either house of Parliament; passage of amendments to constitutional sections such as citizenship, fundamental rights and freedoms, the establishment, power, and authority of the executive and legislative branches, the Supreme Court Order, and the procedure for amending the constitution requires approval by at least two-thirds majority vote of the membership of both houses, approval by at least two-thirds majority in a referendum, and assent to by the governor general; passage of other amendments requires only two-thirds majority vote by both houses; amended 2009, 2011, 2018" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -460,7 +533,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Novelle Hamilton RICHARDS/Walter Garnet Picart CHAMBERS" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1967; as a Commonwealth country, in addition to the national anthem, \"God Save the Queen\" serves as the royal anthem (see United Kingdom)

" + "note": "note: adopted 1967; as a Commonwealth country, in addition to the national anthem, \"God Save the Queen\" serves as the royal anthem (see United Kingdom)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -496,7 +569,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$1.893 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$1.524 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -511,7 +584,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$19,840 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -556,7 +629,16 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "60.3 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "82.6 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "68.7 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { "text": "68.1 (2020)" } }, @@ -641,10 +723,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Poland 62.2%, Cameroon 9.5%, US 5.1%, UK 4.5% (2017)" + "text": "Poland 37%, Suriname 33%, United Arab Emirates 8% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum products, bedding, handicrafts, electronic components, transport equipment, food and live animals" + "text": "ships, refined petroleum, precious/semi-precious metal scraps, rice, corn (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -655,10 +737,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 48%, Spain 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "United States 39%, Poland 16%, China 7% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "food and live animals, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, chemicals, oil" + "text": "refined petroleum, ships, cars, precious/semi-precious metals, recreational boats (2019)" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 31 December 2012": { @@ -760,9 +842,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "740,300 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -792,7 +871,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 1-268; landing points for the ECFS and Southern Caribbean Fiber submarine cable systems with links to other islands in the eastern Caribbean; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-controlled Antigua and Barbuda Broadcasting Service (ABS) operates 1 TV station; multi-channel cable TV subscription services are available; ABS operates 1 radio station; roughly 15 radio stations, some broadcasting on multiple frequencies" @@ -833,7 +912,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "V2 (2016)" + "text": "V2" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -886,16 +965,19 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Antigua and Barbuda Defense Force (ABDF): Coast Guard and the Antigua and Barbuda Regiment (2020)" + "text": "Antigua and Barbuda Defense Force (ABDF): Coast Guard and the Antigua and Barbuda Regiment (2021)" }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Antigua and Barbuda Defense Force (ABDF) has approximately 200 active personnel (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Antigua and Barbuda Defense Force (ABDF) has approximately 200 active personnel (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the ABDF's equipment inventory is limited to small arms, light weapons, and soft-skin vehicles; the Coast Guard maintains ex-US patrol vessels and some smaller boats (2019 est.)" + "text": "the ABDF's equipment inventory is limited to small arms, light weapons, and soft-skin vehicles; the Coast Guard maintains ex-US patrol vessels and some smaller boats (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; Governor-General has powers to call up men for national service and set the age at which they could be called up (2012)" + "text": "18-23 years of age for voluntary military service for both males and females; no conscription (2021)" + }, + "Military - note": { + "text": "member of the Regional Security System (RSS), an international agreement for the defense and security of the eastern Caribbean region" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/av.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/av.json index 00af6464..938666f7 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/av.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/av.json @@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ "text": "flat and low-lying island of coral and limestone" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Crocus Hill 73 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -93,9 +93,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "frequent hurricanes and other tropical storms (July to October)" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "supplies of potable water sometimes cannot meet increasing demand largely because of poor distribution system" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles" } @@ -113,8 +110,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "African/Black 85.3%, Hispanic 4.9%, mixed 3.8%, White 3.2%, East Indian/Indian 1%, other 1.6%, unspecified 0.3% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent population by ethnic origin" + "text": "African/Black 85.3%, Hispanic 4.9%, mixed 3.8%, White 3.2%, East Indian/Indian 1%, other 1.6%, unspecified 0.3% (2011 est.)

note: data represent population by ethnic origin", + "note": "note: data represent population by ethnic origin" }, "Languages": { "text": "English (official)" @@ -167,10 +164,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "100% of total population (2020)" + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.9% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.47% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -265,6 +262,42 @@ "text": "NA" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "supplies of potable water sometimes cannot meet increasing demand largely because of poor distribution system" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "61.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "38.9% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.47% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -293,7 +326,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: name derives from the capital's location between several hills" + "note": "etymology: name derives from the capital's location between several hills" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "none (overseas territory of the UK)" @@ -309,7 +342,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest 1 April 1982" }, "amendments": { - "text": "amended 1990" + "text": "amended 1990, 2012, 2017" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -387,7 +420,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Alex RICHARDSON" }, - "note": "

note: local anthem adopted 1981; as a territory of the United Kingdom, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)

" + "note": "note: local anthem adopted 1981; as a territory of the United Kingdom, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -630,7 +663,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 1-264; landing points for the SSCS, ECFS, GCN and Southern Caribbean Fiber with submarine cable links to Caribbean islands and to the US; microwave radio relay to island of Saint Martin/Sint Maarten (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "1 private TV station; multi-channel cable TV subscription services are available; about 10 radio stations, one of which is government-owned" @@ -657,7 +690,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "VP-A (2016)" + "text": "VP-A" }, "Airports": { "total": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/bb.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/bb.json index c4b4e5ab..76a27e00 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/bb.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/bb.json @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ "text": "relatively flat; rises gently to central highland region" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Mount Hillaby 336 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -90,17 +90,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "infrequent hurricanes; periodic landslides" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "pollution of coastal waters from waste disposal by ships; soil erosion; illegal solid waste disposal threatens contamination of aquifers" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "easternmost Caribbean island" } @@ -185,10 +174,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "31.2% of total population (2020)" + "text": "31.2% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.2% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.46% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -318,13 +307,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "29.6%" + "text": "26%" }, "male": { - "text": "27.9%" + "text": "30.3%" }, "female": { - "text": "31.5% (2016 est.)" + "text": "21.2% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "pollution of coastal waters from waste disposal by ships; soil erosion; illegal solid waste disposal threatens contamination of aquifers" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "22.24 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "1.28 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "2.35 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "20 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "6.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "54.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "80 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; rainy season (June to October)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "32.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 25.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 2.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 4.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "19.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "48% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "31.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.46% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "174,815 tons (2011 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "15,733 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "9% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -353,7 +432,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: named after a bridge constructed over the swampy area (known as the Careenage) around the Constitution River that flows through the center of Bridgetown" + "note": "etymology: named after a bridge constructed over the swampy area (known as the Careenage) around the Constitution River that flows through the center of Bridgetown" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "11 parishes and 1 city*; Bridgetown*, Christ Church, Saint Andrew, Saint George, Saint James, Saint John, Saint Joseph, Saint Lucy, Saint Michael, Saint Peter, Saint Philip, Saint Thomas" @@ -369,7 +448,7 @@ "text": "adopted 22 November 1966, effective 30 November 1966" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by Parliament; passage of amendments to constitutional sections such as citizenship, fundamental rights and freedoms, and the organization and authorities of the branches of government requires two-thirds majority vote by the membership of both houses of Parliament; passage of other amendments only requires a majority vote of both houses; amended several times, last in 2010" + "text": "proposed by Parliament; passage of amendments to constitutional sections such as citizenship, fundamental rights and freedoms, and the organization and authorities of the branches of government requires two-thirds majority vote by the membership of both houses of Parliament; passage of other amendments only requires a majority vote of both houses; amended several times, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -419,7 +498,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "
Senate - appointed; composition - men 16, women 5, percent of women 23.8%
House of Assembly - percent of vote by party - BLP 74.6%, DLP 22.6%, other 2.8%; seats by party - BLP 30; composition - men 24, women 6, percent of women 20%; note - total Parliament percent of women 21.6%" }, - "note": "

note: tradition dictates that the election is held within 5 years of the last election, but constitutionally it is 5 years from the first seating of Parliament plus a 90-day grace period" + "note": "note: tradition dictates that the election is held within 5 years of the last election, but constitutionally it is 5 years from the first seating of Parliament plus a 90-day grace period" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -485,7 +564,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Irving BURGIE/C. Van Roland EDWARDS" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1966; the anthem is also known as \"In Plenty and In Time of Need\"

" + "note": "note: adopted 1966; the anthem is also known as \"In Plenty and In Time of Need\"" } }, "Economy": { @@ -529,7 +608,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$4.519 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$4.99 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -544,7 +623,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$15,789 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -589,8 +668,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "57.9 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "86.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "62.8 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "38.9 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -677,10 +765,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 38%, Trinidad and Tobago 10.2%, Guyana 5.5%, Jamaica 5%, China 4.8%, St. Lucia 4.6% (2017)" + "text": "US 21%, Poland 14%, Jamaica 8%, Guyana 6%,Trinidad and Tobago 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "manufactures, sugar, molasses, rum, other foodstuffs and beverages, chemicals, electrical components" + "text": "rums and other hard liquor, ships, orthopedic appliances, cement, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -691,10 +779,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 38.5%, Trinidad and Tobago 14.6%, China 7.1%, UK 4.7% (2017)" + "text": "United States 35%, Trinidad and Tobago 14%, China 9%, Netherlands 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "consumer goods, machinery, foodstuffs, construction materials, chemicals, fuel, electrical components" + "text": "refined petroleum, ships, cars, shipping containers, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -731,7 +819,7 @@ "Exchange rates 2013": { "text": "2 (2013 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: the Barbadian dollar is pegged to the US dollar" + "note": "note: the Barbadian dollar is pegged to the US dollar" } }, "Energy": { @@ -805,9 +893,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "141.6 million cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "1.76 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -837,7 +922,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 1-246; landing points for the ECFS and Southern Caribbean Fiber submarine cable with links to 15 other islands in the eastern Caribbean extending from the British Virgin Islands to Trinidad and Puerto Ricco; satellite earth stations - 1 (Intelsat - Atlantic Ocean); tropospheric scatter to Trinidad and Saint Lucia (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "government-owned Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) operates the lone terrestrial TV station; CBC also operates a multi-channel cable TV subscription service; roughly a dozen radio stations, consisting of a CBC-operated network operating alongside privately owned radio stations" @@ -864,7 +949,7 @@ }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "8P (2016)" + "text": "8P" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -906,16 +991,33 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Royal Barbados Defense Force: The Barbados Regiment, The Barbados Coast Guard (2020)" + "text": "Royal Barbados Defense Force: The Barbados Regiment, The Barbados Coast Guard (2021)" + }, + "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2017": { + "text": "0.9% of GDP (2017)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2016": { + "text": "0.9% of GDP (2016)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2015": { + "text": "0.7% of GDP (2015)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2014": { + "text": "0.7% of GDP (2014)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2013": { + "text": "0.7% of GDP (2013)" + } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Royal Barbados Defense Force (RBDF) has approximately 550 active personnel (450 Barbados Regiment; 100 Coast Guard) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Royal Barbados Defense Force (RBDF) has approximately 600 active personnel (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the RBDF's major equipment inventory - maritime patrol boats - is supplied by the Netherlands (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service, or earlier with parental consent; no conscription (2013)" + "text": "voluntary service only; 17 years, 9 months to 17 years, 11 months with a letter of consent from a parent or guardian, or be in the age range of 18-25 years at the start of recruit training; citizen of Barbados by descent or naturalization (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/bf.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/bf.json index 2364df12..e4095c87 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/bf.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/bf.json @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ "text": "long, flat coral formations with some low rounded hills" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "1.3 km NE of Old Bight on Cat Island 64 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -90,25 +90,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "hurricanes and other tropical storms cause extensive flood and wind damage" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "coral reef decay; solid waste disposal" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location adjacent to US and Cuba; extensive island chain of which 30 are inhabited" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "352,655 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "352,655 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -119,8 +108,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Black 90.6%, White 4.7%, mixed 2.1%, other 1.9%, unspecified 0.7% (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent population by racial group" + "text": "Black 90.6%, White 4.7%, mixed 2.1%, other 1.9%, unspecified 0.7% (2010 est.)

note: data represent population by racial group", + "note": "note: data represent population by racial group" }, "Languages": { "text": "English (official), Creole (among Haitian immigrants)" @@ -187,10 +176,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "83.2% of total population (2020)" + "text": "83.4% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.13% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.02% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -299,6 +288,84 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "coral reef decay; solid waste disposal" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "17.56 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "1.79 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.23 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "31 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "700 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "1.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 0.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "51.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "47.2% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "83.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.02% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "264,000 tons (2015 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -327,7 +394,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November" }, - "note": "

etymology: named after William III (1650-1702), king of England, Scotland, and Ireland, who was a member of the House of Nassau" + "note": "etymology: named after William III (1650-1702), king of England, Scotland, and Ireland, who was a member of the House of Nassau" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "31 districts; Acklins Islands, Berry Islands, Bimini, Black Point, Cat Island, Central Abaco, Central Andros, Central Eleuthera, City of Freeport, Crooked Island and Long Cay, East Grand Bahama, Exuma, Grand Cay, Harbour Island, Hope Town, Inagua, Long Island, Mangrove Cay, Mayaguana, Moore's Island, North Abaco, North Andros, North Eleuthera, Ragged Island, Rum Cay, San Salvador, South Abaco, South Andros, South Eleuthera, Spanish Wells, West Grand Bahama" @@ -382,7 +449,7 @@ "elections/appointments": { "text": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; the prime minister recommends the deputy prime minister" }, - "note": "

note: Prime Minister Hubert MINNIS is only the fourth prime minister in Bahamian history following its independence from the UK; he is also the first prime minister in 25 years besides Perry CHRISTIE and Hubert INGRAHAM, who repeatedly traded the premiership from 1992 to 2017

" + "note": "note: Prime Minister Hubert MINNIS is only the fourth prime minister in Bahamian history following its independence from the UK; he is also the first prime minister in 25 years besides Perry CHRISTIE and Hubert INGRAHAM, who repeatedly traded the premiership from 1992 to 2017" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { @@ -394,7 +461,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "
Senate - appointed; composition - men 9, women 7, percent of women 43.8%
House of Assembly - percent of vote by party - FNM 57%, PLP 36.9%, other 6.1%; seats by party - FNM 35, PLP 4; composition - men 34, women 5, percent of women 12.8%; note - total Parliament percent of women 21.8%" }, - "note": "

note: the government may dissolve the parliament and call elections at any time" + "note": "note: the government may dissolve the parliament and call elections at any time" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -406,7 +473,7 @@ "subordinate courts": { "text": "Industrial Tribunal; Stipendiary and Magistrates' Courts; Family Island Administrators" }, - "note": "

note: the Bahamas is a member of the 15-member Caribbean Community but is not party to the agreement establishing the Caribbean Court of Justice as its highest appellate court;  the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) serves as the final court of appeal for The Bahamas

" + "note": "note: the Bahamas is a member of the 15-member Caribbean Community but is not party to the agreement establishing the Caribbean Court of Justice as its highest appellate court;  the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) serves as the final court of appeal for The Bahamas" }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "Democratic National Alliance or DNA [Christopher MORTIMER, interim leader]
Free National Movement or FNM [Hubert MINNIS]
Progressive Liberal Party or PLP [Philip \"Brave\" DAVIS]" @@ -464,7 +531,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Timothy GIBSON" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1973; as a Commonwealth country, in addition to the national anthem, \"God Save the Queen\" serves as the royal anthem (see United Kingdom)

" + "note": "note: adopted 1973; as a Commonwealth country, in addition to the national anthem, \"God Save the Queen\" serves as the royal anthem (see United Kingdom)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -508,7 +575,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$13.856 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$12.16 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -523,7 +590,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$36,297 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -568,7 +635,16 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "59.9 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "87 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "53.1 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { "text": "59.1 (2020)" } }, @@ -659,10 +735,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 63.9%, Namibia 19.3% (2017)" + "text": "Poland 32%, United States 17%, Ecuador 9%, China 6%, Japan 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "Rock lobster, aragonite, crude salt, polystyrene products" + "text": "ships, refined petroleum, nitrogen compounds, crustaceans, styrene polymers (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -673,10 +749,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 83.2% (2017)" + "text": "United States 31%, South Korea 29%, Japan 14% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, chemicals, mineral fuels; food and live animals" + "text": "ships, refined petroleum, crude petroleum, recreational boats, cars (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -786,9 +862,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2009 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "3.089 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -818,7 +891,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 1-242; landing points for the ARCOS-1, BICS, Bahamas 2-US, and BDSN fiber-optic submarine cables that provide links to South and Central America, parts of the Caribbean, and the US; satellite earth stations - 2; the Bahamas Domestic Submarine Network links all of the major islands; (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "The Bahamas has 4 major TV providers that provide service to all major islands in the archipelago; 1 TV station is operated by government-owned, commercially run Broadcasting Corporation of the Bahamas (BCB) and competes freely with 4 privately owned TV stations; multi-channel cable TV subscription service is widely available; there are 32 licensed broadcast (radio) service providers, 31 are privately owned FM radio stations operating on New Providence, Grand Bahama Island, Abaco Island, and on smaller islands in the country; the BCB operates a multi-channel radio broadcasting network that has national coverage; the sector is regulated by the Utilities Regulation and Competition Authority (2019)" @@ -859,7 +932,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "C6 (2016)" + "text": "C6" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -933,10 +1006,10 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Royal Bahamas Defense Force: Patrol Squadron, Commando Squadron, and Air Wing (2020)" + "text": "Royal Bahamas Defense Force: includes land, air, maritime elements (2021)" }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Royal Bahamas Defense Force (RBDF) has approximately 1,300 total personnel (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Royal Bahamas Defense Force (RBDF) has approximately 1,500 total personnel (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "most of the RBDF's major equipment inventory is supplied by the Netherlands (2020)" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/bh.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/bh.json index e5218588..233bff1b 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/bh.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/bh.json @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ "text": "flat, swampy coastal plain; low mountains in south" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "173 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Doyle's Delight 1,124 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Doyle's Delight 1,124 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "173 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,17 +96,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "frequent, devastating hurricanes (June to November) and coastal flooding (especially in south)" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation; water pollution, including pollution of Belize's Barrier Reef System, from sewage, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff; inability to properly dispose of solid waste" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "only country in Central America without a coastline on the North Pacific Ocean" } @@ -124,12 +113,12 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Mestizo 52.9%, Creole 25.9%, Maya 11.3%, Garifuna 6.1%, East Indian 3.9%, Mennonite 3.6%, White 1.2%, Asian 1%, other 1.2%, unknown 0.3% (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic origin

" + "text": "Mestizo 52.9%, Creole 25.9%, Maya 11.3%, Garifuna 6.1%, East Indian 3.9%, Mennonite 3.6%, White 1.2%, Asian 1%, other 1.2%, unknown 0.3% (2010 est.)

note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic origin", + "note": "note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic origin" }, "Languages": { - "text": "English 62.9% (official), Spanish 56.6%, Creole 44.6%, Maya 10.5%, German 3.2%, Garifuna 2.9%, other 1.8%, unknown 0.3%, none 0.2% (cannot speak) (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census

" + "text": "English 62.9% (official), Spanish 56.6%, Creole 44.6%, Maya 10.5%, German 3.2%, Garifuna 2.9%, other 1.8%, unknown 0.3%, none 0.2% (cannot speak) (2010 est.)

note: shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census", + "note": "note: shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census" }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 40.1%, Protestant 31.5% (includes Pentecostal 8.4%, Seventh Day Adventist 5.4%, Anglican 4.7%, Mennonite 3.7%, Baptist 3.6%, Methodist 2.9%, Nazarene 2.8%), Jehovah's Witness 1.7%, other 10.5% (includes Baha'i, Buddhist, Hindu, Mormon, Muslim, Rastafarian, Salvation Army), unspecified 0.6%, none 15.5% (2010 est.)" @@ -196,10 +185,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "46% of total population (2020)" + "text": "46.2% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.32% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.3% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -321,7 +310,7 @@ "text": "24.1% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "4.6% (2015)" + "text": "4.6% (2015/16)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "7.6% of GDP (2018)" @@ -349,6 +338,90 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation; water pollution, including pollution of Belize's Barrier Reef System, from sewage, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff; inability to properly dispose of solid waste" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "21.23 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.57 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.55 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "11.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "21.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "68.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "21.734 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November); dry season (February to May)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "6.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 3.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 2.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "60.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "32.5% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.31% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "46.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.3% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "101,379 tons (2015 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -377,7 +450,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the decision to move the capital of the country inland to higher and more stable land was made in the 1960s; the name chosen for the new city was formed from the union of two words: \"Belize,\" the name of the longest river in the country, and \"Mopan,\" one of the rivers in the area of the new capital that empties into the Belize River" + "note": "etymology: the decision to move the capital of the country inland to higher and more stable land was made in the 1960s; the name chosen for the new city was formed from the union of two words: \"Belize,\" the name of the longest river in the country, and \"Mopan,\" one of the rivers in the area of the new capital that empties into the Belize River" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "6 districts; Belize, Cayo, Corozal, Orange Walk, Stann Creek, Toledo" @@ -393,7 +466,7 @@ "text": "previous 1954, 1963 (preindependence); latest signed and entered into force 21 September 1981" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed and adopted by two-thirds majority vote of the National Assembly House of Representatives except for amendments relating to rights and freedoms, changes to the Assembly, and to elections and judiciary matters, which require at least three-quarters majority vote of the House; both types of amendments require assent of the governor general; amended several times, last in 2018" + "text": "proposed and adopted by two-thirds majority vote of the National Assembly House of Representatives except for amendments relating to rights and freedoms, changes to the Assembly, and to elections and judiciary matters, which require at least three-quarters majority vote of the House; both types of amendments require assent of the governor general; amended several times, last in 2017" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -421,7 +494,7 @@ }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { - "text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Sir Colville Norbert YOUNG, Sr. (since 17 November 1993)" + "text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by acting Governor Stuart LESLIE (since 30 April 2021)" }, "head of government": { "text": "Prime Minister Juan Antonio BRICENO (since 12 November 2020); Deputy Prime Minister Cordel HYDE (since 16 November 2020)" @@ -443,7 +516,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "
House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PUP 59.6%, UDP 38.8%, other 1.6%; seats by party - PUP 26, UDP 5" }, - "note": "

 " + "note": " " }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -464,7 +537,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Francisco Daniel GUTIEREZ (since 21 July 2017)" + "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Laura Andrea FRAMPTON (since 13 November 2020)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2535 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008" @@ -500,8 +573,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "royal blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom edges; centered is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms; the coat of arms features a shield flanked by two workers in front of a mahogany tree with the related motto SUB UMBRA FLOREO (I Flourish in the Shade) on a scroll at the bottom, all encircled by a green garland of 50 mahogany leaves; the colors are those of the two main political parties: blue for the PUP and red for the UDP; various elements of the coat of arms - the figures, the tools, the mahogany tree, and the garland of leaves - recall the logging industry that led to British settlement of Belize", - "note": "

note: Belize's flag is the only national flag that depicts human beings; two British overseas territories, Montserrat and the British Virgin Islands, also depict humans

" + "text": "royal blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom edges; centered is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms; the coat of arms features a shield flanked by two workers in front of a mahogany tree with the related motto SUB UMBRA FLOREO (I Flourish in the Shade) on a scroll at the bottom, all encircled by a green garland of 50 mahogany leaves; the colors are those of the two main political parties: blue for the PUP and red for the UDP; various elements of the coat of arms - the figures, the tools, the mahogany tree, and the garland of leaves - recall the logging industry that led to British settlement of Belize

note: Belize's flag is the only national flag that depicts human beings; two British overseas territories, Montserrat and the British Virgin Islands, also depict humans", + "note": "note: Belize's flag is the only national flag that depicts human beings; two British overseas territories, Montserrat and the British Virgin Islands, also depict humans" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "Baird's tapir (a large, browsing, forest-dwelling mammal), keel-billed toucan, Black Orchid; national colors: red, blue" @@ -513,7 +586,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Samuel Alfred HAYNES/Selwyn Walford YOUNG" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1981; as a Commonwealth country, in addition to the national anthem, \"God Save the Queen\" serves as the royal anthem (see United Kingdom)

" + "note": "note: adopted 1981; as a Commonwealth country, in addition to the national anthem, \"God Save the Queen\" serves as the royal anthem (see United Kingdom)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -557,7 +630,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$2.671 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$1.854 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -572,7 +645,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$7,109 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -617,8 +690,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "55.5 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "72 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "68.2 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "50.1 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -631,8 +713,8 @@ "text": "-0.6% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "120,500 (2008 est.)", - "note": "

note: shortage of skilled labor and all types of technical personnel

" + "text": "120,500 (2008 est.)

note: shortage of skilled labor and all types of technical personnel", + "note": "note: shortage of skilled labor and all types of technical personnel" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -706,10 +788,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "UK 33.9%, US 22%, Jamaica 6.7%, Italy 6.4%, Barbados 5.9%, Ireland 5.5%, Netherlands 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "United Kingdom 27%, United States 24%, Spain 6%, Jamaica 5%, Ireland 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "sugar, bananas, citrus, clothing, fish products, molasses, wood, crude oil" + "text": "raw sugar, bananas, fruit juice, fish products, crude petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -720,10 +802,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 35.6%, China 11.2%, Mexico 11.2%, Guatemala 6.9% (2017)" + "text": "United States 36%, China 13%, Mexico 12%, Guatemala 10% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods; fuels, chemicals, pharmaceuticals; food, beverages, tobacco" + "text": "refined petroleum, cigarettes, recreational boats, natural gas, cars (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -839,9 +921,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "556,700 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -871,7 +950,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 501; landing points for the ARCOS and SEUL fiber-optic telecommunications submarine cable that provides links to South and Central America, parts of the Caribbean, and the US; satellite earth station - 8 (Intelsat - 2, unknown - 6) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "8 privately owned TV stations; multi-channel cable TV provides access to foreign stations; about 25 radio stations broadcasting on roughly 50 different frequencies; state-run radio was privatized in 1998 (2019)" @@ -912,7 +991,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "V3 (2016)" + "text": "V3" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -977,27 +1056,27 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Belize Defense Force (BDF): Army, Air Wing; Belize Coast Guard (2019)" + "text": "Belize Defense Force (BDF): Army, Air Wing; Belize Coast Guard (independent from the BDF, but under the Ministry of Defense) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "1.2% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "1.3% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "1.2% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "1.6% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "1.3% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "1.2% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "1.3% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "1.1% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "1.2% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Belize Defense Force (BDF) has approximately 1,300 active Army personnel; 150 Belize Coast Guard (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Belize Defense Force (BDF) has approximately 1,300 active personnel; 200 Belize Coast Guard (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the BDF's inventory is limited and consists mostly of UK- and US-origin equipment (2020)" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/bq.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/bq.json index 91175f4c..83b853b3 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/bq.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/bq.json @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ "text": "raised flat to undulating coral and limestone plateau; ringed by vertical white cliffs (9 to 15 m high)" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "200 m NNW of lighthouse 85 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -69,9 +69,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "hurricanes" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "some coral bleaching" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location 160 km south of the US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba; mostly exposed rock with numerous solution holes (limestone sinkholes) but with enough grassland to support goat herds; dense stands of fig trees, scattered cactus" } @@ -84,6 +81,19 @@ "text": "NA" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "some coral bleaching" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "marine, tropical" + }, + "Land use": { + "other": { + "text": "100% (2018 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/cj.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/cj.json index bf2808cc..43ec6ac9 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/cj.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/cj.json @@ -40,6 +40,9 @@ "territorial sea": { "text": "12 nm" }, + "exclusive economic zone": { + "text": "200 nm" + }, "exclusive fishing zone": { "text": "200 nm" } @@ -51,11 +54,11 @@ "text": "low-lying limestone base surrounded by coral reefs" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "1 km SW of The Bluff on Cayman Brac 50 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -90,17 +93,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "hurricanes (July to November)" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "no natural freshwater resources; drinking water supplies are met by reverse osmosis desalination plants and rainwater catchment; trash washing up on the beaches or being deposited there by residents; no recycling or waste treatment facilities; deforestation (trees being cut down to create space for commercial use)" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "important location between Cuba and Central America" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "63,131 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: most of the population lives on Grand Cayman

" + "text": "63,131 (July 2021 est.)

note: most of the population lives on Grand Cayman", + "note": "note: most of the population lives on Grand Cayman" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -157,18 +157,18 @@ "text": "5.89 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)" }, "Net migration rate": { - "text": "12.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: major destination for Cubans trying to migrate to the US

" + "text": "12.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)

note: major destination for Cubans trying to migrate to the US", + "note": "note: major destination for Cubans trying to migrate to the US" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "majority of the population resides on Grand Cayman" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "100% of total population (2020)" + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.27% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.13% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -288,6 +288,68 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "no natural freshwater resources; drinking water supplies are met by reverse osmosis desalination plants and rainwater catchment; trash washing up on the beaches or being deposited there by residents; no recycling or waste treatment facilities; deforestation (trees being cut down to create space for commercial use)" + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.55 megatons (2016 est.)" + } + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "11.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 0.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 2.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 8.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "52.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "35.9% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.13% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "60,000 tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "12,600 tons (2013 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "21% (2013 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -316,7 +378,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: named after English King George III (1738-1820)" + "note": "etymology: named after English King George III (1738-1820)" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "6 districts; Bodden Town, Cayman Brac and Little Cayman, East End, George Town, North Side, West Bay" @@ -332,7 +394,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest approved 10 June 2009, entered into force 6 November 2009 (The Cayman Islands Constitution Order 2009)" }, "amendments": { - "text": "amended several times, last in 2016" + "text": "amended 2016, 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -349,10 +411,10 @@ "text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Martyn ROPER (since 29 October 2018)" }, "head of government": { - "text": "Premier Alden MCLAUGHLIN (since 29 May 2013)" + "text": "Premier Wayne PANTON (since 21 April 2021)" }, "cabinet": { - "text": "Cabinet selected from the Legislative Assembly and appointed by the governor on the advice of the premier" + "text": "Cabinet selected from the Parliament and appointed by the governor on the advice of the premier" }, "elections/appointments": { "text": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition appointed premier by the governor" @@ -360,13 +422,13 @@ }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { - "text": "unicameral Legislative Assembly (21 seats; 19 members directly elected by majority vote and 2 ex officio members - the deputy governor and attorney general - appointed by the governor; members serve 4-year terms)" + "text": "unicameral Parliament (21 seats; 19 members directly elected by majority vote and 2 ex officio members - the deputy governor and attorney general - appointed by the governor; members serve 4-year terms)" }, "elections": { - "text": "last held on 24 May 2017 (next to be held on 26 May 2021)" + "text": "last held on 14 April 2021 (next to be held on 2025)" }, "election results": { - "text": "percent of vote by party - independent 44.7%, PPM 31.2%, CDP 24.1%; seats by party - independent 9, PPM 7, CDP 3; composition - men 18, women 3, percent of women 14.3%" + "text": "percent of vote by party - independent 79.1%, PPM 19.6%; seats by party - independent 12, PPM 7" } }, "Judicial branch": { @@ -407,7 +469,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Leila E. ROSS" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1993; served as an unofficial anthem since 1930; as a territory of the United Kingdom, in addition to the local anthem, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)

" + "note": "note: adopted 1993; served as an unofficial anthem since 1930; as a territory of the United Kingdom, in addition to the local anthem, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -504,8 +566,8 @@ "text": "2.2% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "39,000 (2007 est.)", - "note": "

note: nearly 55% are non-nationals

" + "text": "39,000 (2007 est.)

note: nearly 55% are non-nationals", + "note": "note: nearly 55% are non-nationals" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -570,8 +632,11 @@ "text": "$47.6 million (2016 est.)" } }, + "Exports - partners": { + "text": "Netherlands 82%, Spain 11% (2019)" + }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "turtle products, manufactured consumer goods" + "text": "recreational boats, gold, broadcasting equipment, sulfates, collector's items (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -581,8 +646,11 @@ "text": "$810.1 million (2016 est.)" } }, + "Imports - partners": { + "text": "Netherlands 56%, United States 18%, Italy 8%, Switzerland 5% (2019)" + }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "foodstuffs, manufactured goods, fuels" + "text": "recreational boats, ships, gold, refined petroleum, cars (2019)" }, "Exchange rates": { "currency": { @@ -676,9 +744,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "643,800 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -708,7 +773,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 1-345; landing points for the Maya-1, Deep Blue Cable, and the Cayman-Jamaica Fiber System submarine cables that provide links to the US and parts of Central and South America; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "4 TV stations; cable and satellite subscription services offer a variety of international programming; government-owned Radio Cayman operates 2 networks broadcasting on 5 stations; 10 privately owned radio stations operate alongside Radio Cayman" @@ -743,7 +808,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "VP-C (2016)" + "text": "VP-C" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -793,7 +858,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces; Royal Cayman Islands Police Service (2019)" + "text": "no regular military forces; Royal Cayman Islands Police Service" }, "Military - note": { "text": "defense is the responsibility of the UK" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/cs.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/cs.json index 56feb513..e702b90d 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/cs.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/cs.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "40 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes Isla del Coco

" + "note": "note: includes Isla del Coco" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly smaller than West Virginia" @@ -58,14 +58,14 @@ "text": "coastal plains separated by rugged mountains including over 100 volcanic cones, of which several are major active volcanoes" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "746 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Cerro Chirripo 3,819 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Cerro Chirripo 3,819 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "746 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -100,17 +100,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast; frequent flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season and landslides; active volcanoes

volcanism: Arenal (1,670 m), which erupted in 2010, is the most active volcano in Costa Rica; a 1968 eruption destroyed the town of Tabacon; Irazu (3,432 m), situated just east of San Jose, has the potential to spew ash over the capital city as it did between 1963 and 1965; other historically active volcanoes include Miravalles, Poas, Rincon de la Vieja, and Turrialba

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation and land use change, largely a result of the clearing of land for cattle ranching and agriculture; soil erosion; coastal marine pollution; fisheries protection; solid waste management; air pollution" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Marine Life Conservation" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "four volcanoes, two of them active, rise near the capital of San Jose in the center of the country; one of the volcanoes, Irazu, erupted destructively in 1963-65" } @@ -198,10 +187,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "80.8% of total population (2020)" + "text": "81.4% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.5% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.5% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -333,6 +322,9 @@ "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "25.7% (2016)" }, + "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { + "text": "2.9% (2018)" + }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "7% of GDP (2019)" }, @@ -363,13 +355,114 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "20.6%" + "text": "31.5%" }, "male": { - "text": "17.6%" + "text": "28%" }, "female": { - "text": "25.9% (2017 est.)" + "text": "37.1% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation and land use change, largely a result of the clearing of land for cattle ranching and agriculture; soil erosion; coastal marine pollution; fisheries protection; solid waste management; air pollution" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Marine Life Conservation" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "15.85 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "8.02 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "5.61 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "652 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "240 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "2.302 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "113 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "37.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 4.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 6.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 25.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "51.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "11.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.82% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "81.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.5% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "intermediate (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1.46 million tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "18,396 tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "1.3% (2014 est.)" } } }, @@ -404,7 +497,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: named in honor of Saint Joseph" + "note": "etymology: named in honor of Saint Joseph" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limon, Puntarenas, San Jose" @@ -420,7 +513,7 @@ "text": "many previous; latest effective 8 November 1949" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposals require the signatures of at least 10 Legislative Assembly members or petition of at least 5% of qualified voters; consideration of proposals requires two-thirds majority approval in each of three readings by the Assembly, followed by preparation of the proposal as a legislative bill and its approval by simple majority of the Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly membership; a referendum is required only if approved by at least two thirds of the Assembly; amended many times, last in 2015" + "text": "proposals require the signatures of at least 10 Legislative Assembly members or petition of at least 5% of qualified voters; consideration of proposals requires two-thirds majority approval in each of three readings by the Assembly, followed by preparation of the proposal as a legislative bill and its approval by simple majority of the Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly membership; a referendum is required only if approved by at least two thirds of the Assembly; amended many times, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -529,8 +622,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and blue, with the coat of arms in a white elliptical disk placed toward the hoist side of the red band; Costa Rica retained the earlier blue-white-blue flag of Central America until 1848 when, in response to revolutionary activity in Europe, it was decided to incorporate the French colors into the national flag and a central red stripe was added; today the blue color is said to stand for the sky, opportunity, and perseverance, white denotes peace, happiness, and wisdom, while red represents the blood shed for freedom, as well as the generosity and vibrancy of the people", - "note": "

note: somewhat resembles the flag of North Korea; similar to the flag of Thailand but with the blue and red colors reversed

" + "text": "five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and blue, with the coat of arms in a white elliptical disk placed toward the hoist side of the red band; Costa Rica retained the earlier blue-white-blue flag of Central America until 1848 when, in response to revolutionary activity in Europe, it was decided to incorporate the French colors into the national flag and a central red stripe was added; today the blue color is said to stand for the sky, opportunity, and perseverance, white denotes peace, happiness, and wisdom, while red represents the blood shed for freedom, as well as the generosity and vibrancy of the people

note: somewhat resembles the flag of North Korea; similar to the flag of Thailand but with the blue and red colors reversed", + "note": "note: somewhat resembles the flag of North Korea; similar to the flag of Thailand but with the blue and red colors reversed" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "yiguirro (clay-colored robin); national colors: blue, white, red" @@ -542,7 +635,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Jose Maria ZELEDON Brenes/Manuel Maria GUTIERREZ" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1949; the anthem's music was originally written for an 1853 welcome ceremony for diplomatic missions from the US and UK; the lyrics were added in 1903

" + "note": "note: adopted 1949; the anthem's music was originally written for an 1853 welcome ceremony for diplomatic missions from the US and UK; the lyrics were added in 1903" } }, "Economy": { @@ -592,7 +685,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$94.605 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$61.855 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -607,7 +700,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$19,112 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -652,8 +745,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "69.2 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "79.9 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "77.6 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "55.2 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -666,8 +768,8 @@ "text": "1.3% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "1.843 million (2020 est.)", - "note": "

note: official estimate; excludes Nicaraguans living in Costa Rica

" + "text": "1.843 million (2020 est.)

note: official estimate; excludes Nicaraguans living in Costa Rica", + "note": "note: official estimate; excludes Nicaraguans living in Costa Rica" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -689,7 +791,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "21.7% (2014 est.)" + "text": "21% (2019 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -749,10 +851,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 40.9%, Belgium 6.3%, Panama 5.6%, Netherlands 5.6%, Nicaragua 5.1%, Guatemala 5% (2017)" + "text": "United States 38%, Netherlands 6%, Belgium 5%, Guatemala 5%, Panama 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "bananas, pineapples, coffee, melons, ornamental plants, sugar; beef; seafood; electronic components, medical equipment" + "text": "medical instruments, bananas, tropical fruits, orthopedic appliances, food preparations (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -763,10 +865,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 38.1%, China 13.1%, Mexico 7.3% (2017)" + "text": "United States 41%, China 13%, Mexico 7% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "raw materials, consumer goods, capital equipment, petroleum, construction materials" + "text": "refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, cars, medical instruments, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -876,9 +978,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "7.653 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -908,7 +1007,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 506; landing points for the ARCOS-1, MAYA-1, and the PAC submarine cables that provide links to South and Central America, parts of the Caribbean, and the US; connected to Central American Microwave System; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "multiple privately owned TV stations and 1 publicly owned TV station; cable network services are widely available; more than 100 privately owned radio stations and a public radio network (2017)" @@ -949,7 +1048,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "TI (2016)" + "text": "TI" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -994,7 +1093,7 @@ "narrow gauge": { "text": "278 km 1.067-m gauge (2014)" }, - "note": "

note: the entire rail network fell into disrepair and out of use at the end of the 20th century; since 2005, certain sections of rail have been rehabilitated

" + "note": "note: the entire rail network fell into disrepair and out of use at the end of the 20th century; since 2005, certain sections of rail have been rehabilitated" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1016,19 +1115,36 @@ "major seaport(s)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean (Caribbean) - Puerto Limon" }, - "note": "

Pacific Ocean - Caldera" + "note": "Pacific Ocean - Caldera" } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces; Ministry of Public Security commands the Public Forces of Costa Rica, which includes the Public Force (National Police), Anti-Drug Police, and National Coast Guard Service (2020)", - "note": "

note: Costa Rica's armed forces were constitutionally abolished in 1949" + "text": "no regular military forces; Ministry of Public Security: the Public Force (Fuerza Pública (National Police)), Air Surveillance Service (Servicio de Vigilancia Aérea), and National Coast Guard Service (Servicio Nacional de Guardacostas) (2021)

note: Costa Rica's armed forces were constitutionally abolished in 1949", + "note": "note: Costa Rica's armed forces were constitutionally abolished in 1949" + }, + "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2017": { + "text": "0.7% of GDP (2017)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2016": { + "text": "0.7% of GDP (2016)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2015": { + "text": "0.7% of GDP (2015)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2014": { + "text": "0.8% of GDP (2014)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2013": { + "text": "0.8% of GDP (2013)" + } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Public Forces of Costa Rica have approximately 12,000 personnel (2019 est.)" + "text": "12,500 Public Force personnel; approximately 400-500 air and 400-500 coast guard personnel (2021)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Public Forces' inventory includes mostly second-hand US equipment; since 2000, the only reported major equipment deliveries were from the US (light helicopters in 2012 and 2014 and second-hand coast guard cutters in 2018) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Public Force is lightly armed with an inventory that includes mostly second-hand US equipment; since 2000, the only reported major equipment deliveries were from the US (light helicopters in 2012 and 2014 and second-hand coast guard cutters in 2018) (2020)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1037,7 +1153,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "9,008 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or received alternative legal stay) (2020)" + "text": "13,199 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or received alternative legal stay) (2021)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "231 (2019)" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/cu.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/cu.json index e44b5492..a4d4d7d7 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/cu.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/cu.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "

The native Amerindian population of Cuba began to decline after the European discovery of the island by Christopher COLUMBUS in 1492 and following its development as a Spanish colony during the next several centuries. Large numbers of African slaves were imported to work the coffee and sugar plantations, and Havana became the launching point for the annual treasure fleets bound for Spain from Mexico and Peru. Spanish rule eventually provoked an independence movement and occasional rebellions were harshly suppressed. US intervention during the Spanish-American War in 1898 assisted the Cubans in overthrowing Spanish rule. The Treaty of Paris established Cuban independence from Spain in 1898 and, following three-and-a-half years of subsequent US military rule, Cuba became an independent republic in 1902 after which the island experienced a string of governments mostly dominated by the military and corrupt politicians. Fidel CASTRO led a rebel army to victory in 1959; his authoritarian rule held the subsequent regime together for nearly five decades. He stepped down as president in February 2008 in favor of his younger brother Raul CASTRO. Cuba's communist revolution, with Soviet support, was exported throughout Latin America and Africa during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez, hand-picked by Raul CASTRO to succeed him, was approved as president by the National Assembly and took office on 19 April 2018.

The country faced a severe economic downturn in 1990 following the withdrawal of former Soviet subsidies worth $4-6 billion annually. Cuba traditionally and consistently portrays the US embargo, in place since 1961, as the source of its difficulties. As a result of efforts begun in December 2014 to re-establish diplomatic relations with the Cuban Government, which were severed in January 1961, the US and Cuba reopened embassies in their respective countries in July 2015. The embargo remains in place, and the relationship between the US and Cuba remains tense. 

Illicit migration of Cuban nationals to the US via maritime and overland routes has been a longstanding challenge. On 12 January 2017, the US and Cuba signed a Joint Statement ending the so-called \"wet-foot, dry-foot\" policy – by which Cuban nationals who reached US soil were permitted to stay. Illicit Cuban migration by sea has since dropped significantly, but land border crossings continue. In FY 2018, the US Coast Guard interdicted 312 Cuban nationals at sea. Also in FY 2018, 7,249 Cuban migrants presented themselves at various land border ports of entry throughout the US.

" + "text": "

The native Amerindian population of Cuba began to decline after the European discovery of the island by Christopher COLUMBUS in 1492 and following its development as a Spanish colony during the next several centuries. Large numbers of African slaves were imported to work the coffee and sugar plantations, and Havana became the launching point for the annual treasure fleets bound for Spain from Mexico and Peru. Spanish rule eventually provoked an independence movement and occasional rebellions were harshly suppressed. US intervention during the Spanish-American War in 1898 assisted the Cubans in overthrowing Spanish rule. The Treaty of Paris established Cuban independence from Spain in 1898 and, following three-and-a-half years of subsequent US military rule, Cuba became an independent republic in 1902 after which the island experienced a string of governments mostly dominated by the military and corrupt politicians. Fidel CASTRO led a rebel army to victory in 1959; his authoritarian rule held the subsequent regime together for nearly five decades. He stepped down as president in February 2008 in favor of his younger brother Raul CASTRO. Cuba's communist revolution, with Soviet support, was exported throughout Latin America and Africa during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez, hand-picked by Raul CASTRO to succeed him, was approved as president by the National Assembly and took office on 19 April 2018. DIAZ-CANEL was appointed First Secretary of the Communist Party on 19 April 2021 following the resignation of Raul CASTRO.

The country faced a severe economic downturn in 1990 following the withdrawal of former Soviet subsidies worth $4-6 billion annually. Cuba traditionally and consistently portrays the US embargo, in place since 1961, as the source of its difficulties. As a result of efforts begun in December 2014 to re-establish diplomatic relations with the Cuban Government, which were severed in January 1961, the US and Cuba reopened embassies in their respective countries in July 2015. The embargo remains in place, and the relationship between the US and Cuba remains tense. 

Illicit migration of Cuban nationals to the US via maritime and overland routes has been a longstanding challenge. On 12 January 2017, the US and Cuba signed a Joint Statement ending the so-called \"wet-foot, dry-foot\" policy – by which Cuban nationals who reached US soil were permitted to stay. Illicit Cuban migration by sea has since dropped significantly, but land border crossings continue. In FY 2018, the US Coast Guard interdicted 312 Cuban nationals at sea. Also in FY 2018, 7,249 Cuban migrants presented themselves at various land border ports of entry throughout the US.

" } }, "Geography": { @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ "border countries": { "text": "US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay 28.5 km" }, - "note": "

note: Guantanamo Naval Base is leased by the US and remains part of Cuba

" + "note": "note: Guantanamo Naval Base is leased by the US and remains part of Cuba" }, "Coastline": { "text": "3,735 km" @@ -58,14 +58,14 @@ "text": "mostly flat to rolling plains, with rugged hills and mountains in the southeast" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "108 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Pico Turquino 1,974 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Pico Turquino 1,974 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "108 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -100,17 +100,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "the east coast is subject to hurricanes from August to November (in general, the country averages about one hurricane every other year); droughts are common" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "soil degradation and desertification (brought on by poor farming techniques and natural disasters) are the main environmental problems; biodiversity loss; deforestation; air and water pollution" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Marine Life Conservation" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "largest country in Caribbean and westernmost island of the Greater Antilles" } @@ -128,15 +117,15 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "White 64.1%, Mulatto or mixed 26.6%, Black 9.3% (2012 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent racial self-identification from Cuba's 2012 national census

" + "text": "White 64.1%, Mulatto or mixed 26.6%, Black 9.3% (2012 est.)

note: data represent racial self-identification from Cuba's 2012 national census", + "note": "note: data represent racial self-identification from Cuba's 2012 national census" }, "Languages": { "text": "Spanish (official)" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Christian 59.2%, folk 17.4%, other .4%, none 23% (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: folk religions include religions of African origin, spiritualism, and others intermingled with Catholicism or Protestantism; data is estimative because no authoritative source on religious affiliation exists in Cuba

" + "text": "Christian 59.2%, folk 17.4%, other .4%, none 23% (2010 est.)

note: folk religions include religions of African origin, spiritualism, and others intermingled with Catholicism or Protestantism; data is estimative because no authoritative source on religious affiliation exists in Cuba", + "note": "note: folk religions include religions of African origin, spiritualism, and others intermingled with Catholicism or Protestantism; data is estimative because no authoritative source on religious affiliation exists in Cuba" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -197,10 +186,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "77.2% of total population (2020)" + "text": "77.3% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.14% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -332,6 +321,9 @@ "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "24.6% (2016)" }, + "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { + "text": "2.4% (2019)" + }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "12.8% of GDP (2010)" }, @@ -360,21 +352,111 @@ "text": "15 years (2018)" } }, - "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { - "total": { - "text": "6.1%" - }, - "male": { - "text": "6.4%" - }, - "female": { - "text": "5.6% (2010 est.)" - } - }, "People - note": { "text": "illicit emigration is a continuing problem; Cubans attempt to depart the island and enter the US using homemade rafts, alien smugglers, direct flights, or falsified visas; Cubans also use non-maritime routes to enter the US including direct flights to Miami and overland via the southwest border; the number of Cubans migrating to the US surged after the announcement of normalization of US-Cuban relations in late December 2014 but has decreased since the end of the so-called \"wet-foot, dry-foot\" policy on 12 January 2017" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "soil degradation and desertification (brought on by poor farming techniques and natural disasters) are the main environmental problems; biodiversity loss; deforestation; air and water pollution" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Marine Life Conservation" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "18.37 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "28.28 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "9.3 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "1.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "740 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "4.519 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "38.12 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "60.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 33.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 3.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 22.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "27.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "12.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.06% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "77.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "intermediate (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "2,692,692 tons (2007 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "255,536 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "9.5% (2015 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -409,7 +491,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November; note - Cuba has been known to alter the schedule of DST on short notice in an attempt to conserve electricity for lighting" }, - "note": "

etymology: the sites of Spanish colonial cities often retained their original Taino names; Habana, the Spanish name for the city, may be based on the name of a local Taino chief, HABAGUANEX" + "note": "etymology: the sites of Spanish colonial cities often retained their original Taino names; Habana, the Spanish name for the city, may be based on the name of a local Taino chief, HABAGUANEX" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "15 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 special municipality* (municipio especial); Artemisa, Camaguey, Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla de la Juventud*, La Habana, Las Tunas, Matanzas, Mayabeque, Pinar del Rio, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa Clara" @@ -467,7 +549,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (PCC) elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 98.8%; Salvador Antonio VALDES Mesa (PCC) elected vice president; percent of National Assembly vote - 98.1%" }, - "note": "

note - on 19 April 2018, DIAZ-CANEL succeeded Raul CASTRO as president of the Council of State; on 10 October 2019 he was elected to the newly created position of President of the Republic, which replaced the position of President of the Council of State" + "note": "note - on 19 April 2018, DIAZ-CANEL succeeded Raul CASTRO as president of the Council of State; on 10 October 2019 he was elected to the newly created position of President of the Republic, which replaced the position of President of the Council of State" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { @@ -499,7 +581,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Jose Ramon CABANAS Rodriguez (since 17 September 2015)" + "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Lianys TORRES RIVERA (since 14 January 2021)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2630 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009" @@ -526,8 +608,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "five equal horizontal bands of blue (top, center, and bottom) alternating with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white, five-pointed star in the center; the blue bands refer to the three old divisions of the island: central, occidental, and oriental; the white bands describe the purity of the independence ideal; the triangle symbolizes liberty, equality, and fraternity, while the red color stands for the blood shed in the independence struggle; the white star, called La Estrella Solitaria (the Lone Star) lights the way to freedom and was taken from the flag of Texas", - "note": "

note: design similar to the Puerto Rican flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed

" + "text": "five equal horizontal bands of blue (top, center, and bottom) alternating with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white, five-pointed star in the center; the blue bands refer to the three old divisions of the island: central, occidental, and oriental; the white bands describe the purity of the independence ideal; the triangle symbolizes liberty, equality, and fraternity, while the red color stands for the blood shed in the independence struggle; the white star, called La Estrella Solitaria (the Lone Star) lights the way to freedom and was taken from the flag of Texas

note: design similar to the Puerto Rican flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed", + "note": "note: design similar to the Puerto Rican flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "royal palm; national colors: red, white, blue" @@ -539,7 +621,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Pedro FIGUEREDO" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1940; Pedro FIGUEREDO first performed \"La Bayamesa\" in 1868 during the Ten Years War against the Spanish; a leading figure in the uprising, FIGUEREDO was captured in 1870 and executed by a firing squad; just prior to the fusillade he is reputed to have shouted, \"Morir por la Patria es vivir\" (To die for the country is to live), a line from the anthem

" + "note": "note: adopted 1940; Pedro FIGUEREDO first performed \"La Bayamesa\" in 1868 during the Ten Years War against the Spanish; a leading figure in the uprising, FIGUEREDO was captured in 1870 and executed by a firing squad; just prior to the fusillade he is reputed to have shouted, \"Morir por la Patria es vivir\" (To die for the country is to live), a line from the anthem" } }, "Economy": { @@ -580,11 +662,11 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015": { "text": "$134.2 billion (2015 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2016 US dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2016 US dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { - "text": "$93.79 billion (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: data are in Cuban Pesos at 1 CUP = 1 US$; official exchange rate

" + "text": "$93.79 billion (2017 est.)

note: data are in Cuban Pesos at 1 CUP = 1 US$; official exchange rate", + "note": "note: data are in Cuban Pesos at 1 CUP = 1 US$; official exchange rate" }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2016": { @@ -596,7 +678,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2014": { "text": "$12,100 (2014 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2016 US dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2016 US dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -650,8 +732,8 @@ "text": "-1.2% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "4.691 million (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: state sector 72.3%, non-state sector 27.7%

" + "text": "4.691 million (2017 est.)

note: state sector 72.3%, non-state sector 27.7%", + "note": "note: state sector 72.3%, non-state sector 27.7%" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -671,7 +753,7 @@ "Unemployment rate 2016": { "text": "2.4% (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are official rates; unofficial estimates are about double

" + "note": "note: data are official rates; unofficial estimates are about double" }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "NA" @@ -726,10 +808,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Venezuela 17.8%, Spain 12.2%, Russia 7.9%, Lebanon 6.1%, Indonesia 4.5%, Germany 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "China 38%, Spain 11%, Netherlands 5%, Germany 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum, nickel, medical products, sugar, tobacco, fish, citrus, coffee" + "text": "cigars, raw sugar, nickel products, rum, zinc (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -740,10 +822,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 22%, Spain 14%, Russia 5%, Brazil 5%, Mexico 4.9%, Italy 4.8%, US 4.5% (2017)" + "text": "Spain 19%, China 15%, Italy 6%, Canada 5%, Russia 5%, United States 5%, Brazil 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum, food, machinery and equipment, chemicals" + "text": "poultry meat, wheat, soybean products, corn, concentrated milk (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -853,9 +935,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "70.79 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "26.94 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -885,7 +964,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 53; the ALBA-1, GTMO-1, and GTMO-PR fiber-optic submarine cables link Cuba, Jamaica, and Venezuela; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "

Government owns and controls all broadcast media: five national TV channels (Cubavision, Tele Rebelde, Multivision, Educational Channel 1 and 2,) 2 international channels (Cubavision Internacional and Caribe,) 16 regional TV stations, 6 national radio networks and multiple regional stations; the Cuban government beams over the Radio-TV Marti signal; although private ownership of electronic media is prohibited, several online independent news sites exist; those that are not openly critical of the government are often tolerated; the others are blocked by the government; there are no independent TV channels, but several outlets have created strong audiovisual content (El Toque, for example); a community of young Youtubers is also growing, mostly with channels about sports, technology and fashion; Christian denominations are creating original video content to distribute via social media

(2019)" @@ -900,7 +979,7 @@ "percent of population": { "text": "57.15% (July 2018 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: private citizens are prohibited from buying computers or accessing the Internet without special authorization; foreigners may access the Internet in large hotels but are subject to firewalls; some Cubans buy illegal passwords on the black market or take advantage of public outlets to access limited email and the government-controlled \"intranet\"

" + "note": "note: private citizens are prohibited from buying computers or accessing the Internet without special authorization; foreigners may access the Internet in large hotels but are subject to firewalls; some Cubans buy illegal passwords on the black market or take advantage of public outlets to access limited email and the government-controlled \"intranet\"" }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { "total": { @@ -927,7 +1006,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "CU (2016)" + "text": "CU" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -978,7 +1057,7 @@ "narrow gauge": { "text": "172 km 1.000-m gauge (2017)" }, - "note": "

note: 82 km of standard gauge track is not for public use

" + "note": "note: 82 km of standard gauge track is not for public use" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1033,13 +1112,13 @@ "text": "the Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR) of Cuba have approximately 50,000 active personnel (39,000 Army; 3,000 Navy; 8,000 Air Force) (2019 est.)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Cuban military inventory is comprised of Russian and Soviet-era equipment; the last recorded arms delivery to Cuba was by Russia in 2004 (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Cuban military inventory is comprised of ageing Russian and Soviet-era equipment; the last recorded arms delivery to Cuba was by Russia in 2004 (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "17-28 years of age for compulsory military service; 2-year service obligation for males, optional for females (2017)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the FAR remains well trained and professional in nature, but the collapse of the Soviet Union deprived the Cuban military of its major economic and logistic support and had a significant impact on the state of equipment; the lack of replacement parts for its existing equipment has increasingly affected operational capabilities (2019)" + "text": "the FAR has a large role in the Cuban economy through several military owned and operated conglomerates, including such sectors as banking, hotels, industry, retail, and tourism" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/do.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/do.json index 8e29ddd5..73fad423 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/do.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/do.json @@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ "text": "rugged mountains of volcanic origin" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Morne Diablotins 1,447 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -93,17 +93,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

flash floods are a constant threat; destructive hurricanes can be expected during the late summer months

volcanism: Dominica was the last island to be formed in the Caribbean some 26 million years ago, it lies in the middle of the volcanic island arc of the Lesser Antilles that extends from the island of Saba in the north to Grenada in the south; of the 16 volcanoes that make up this arc, five are located on Dominica, more than any other island in the Caribbean: Morne aux Diables (861 m), Morne Diablotins (1,430 m), Morne Trois Pitons (1,387 m), Watt Mountain (1,224 m), which last erupted in 1997, and Morne Plat Pays (940 m); the two best known volcanic features on Dominica, the Valley of Desolation and the Boiling Lake thermal areas, lie on the flanks of Watt Mountain and both are popular tourist destinations

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water shortages a continuing concern; pollution from agrochemicals and from untreated sewage; forests endangered by the expansion of farming; soil erosion; pollution of the coastal zone by agricultural and industrial chemicals, and untreated sewage" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "known as \"The Nature Island of the Caribbean\" due to its spectacular, lush, and varied flora and fauna, which are protected by an extensive natural park system; the most mountainous of the Lesser Antilles, its volcanic peaks are cones of lava craters and include Boiling Lake, the second-largest, thermally active lake in the world" } @@ -174,10 +163,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "71.1% of total population (2020)" + "text": "71.4% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.94% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.84% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -267,6 +256,90 @@ "text": "3,000-3,500 Kalinago (Carib) still living on Dominica are the only pre-Columbian population remaining in the Caribbean; only 70-100 may be \"pure\" Kalinago because of years of integration into the broader population" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water shortages a continuing concern; pollution from agrochemicals and from untreated sewage; forests endangered by the expansion of farming; soil erosion; pollution of the coastal zone by agricultural and industrial chemicals, and untreated sewage" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "18.17 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.18 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.04 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "19 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "200 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "34.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 24% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 2.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "59.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "6.1% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "71.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.84% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "13,176 tons (2013 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -292,7 +365,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name is French for \"reed\"; the first settlement was named after the river reeds that grew in the area" + "note": "etymology: the name is French for \"reed\"; the first settlement was named after the river reeds that grew in the area" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "10 parishes; Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, Saint Joseph, Saint Luke, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick, Saint Paul, Saint Peter" @@ -414,7 +487,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Wilfred Oscar Morgan POND/Lemuel McPherson CHRISTIAN" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1967

" + "note": "note: adopted 1967" } }, "Economy": { @@ -450,7 +523,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$807 million (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$557 million (2017 est.)" @@ -465,7 +538,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$11,304 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -510,13 +583,22 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "60.5 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "89.3 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "74.3 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "57.5 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { - "text": "bananas, yams, grapefruit, taro, milk, coconuts, oranges, yautia, plantains, sugar cane", - "note": "

note: forest and fishery potential not exploited

" + "text": "bananas, yams, grapefruit, taro, milk, coconuts, oranges, yautia, plantains, sugar cane

note: forest and fishery potential not exploited", + "note": "note: forest and fishery potential not exploited" }, "Industries": { "text": "soap, coconut oil, tourism, copra, furniture, cement blocks, shoes" @@ -596,10 +678,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Saudi Arabia 42.6%, Trinidad and Tobago 9.3%, Jamaica 8.1%, St. Kitts and Nevis 7.1%, Guyana 6.7% (2017)" + "text": "Saudi Arabia 47%, Qatar 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "bananas, soap, bay oil, vegetables, grapefruit, oranges" + "text": "medical instruments, pharmaceuticals, low-voltage protection equipment, tropical fruits, bandages (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -610,10 +692,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 61.3%, Trinidad and Tobago 9.8% (2017)" + "text": "United States 57%, Nigeria 11%, China 6%, Italy 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, food, chemicals" + "text": "refined petroleum, natural gas, crude petroleum, recreational boats, cars (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -723,9 +805,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "199,600 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -755,7 +834,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 1-767; landing points for the ECFS and the Southern Caribbean Fiber submarine cables providing connectivity to other islands in the eastern Caribbean extending from the British Virgin Islands to Trinidad and to the US; microwave radio relay and SHF radiotelephone links to Martinique and Guadeloupe; VHF and UHF radiotelephone links to Saint Lucia (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "no terrestrial TV service available; subscription cable TV provider offers some locally produced programming plus channels from the US, Latin America, and the Caribbean; state-operated radio broadcasts on 6 stations; privately owned radio broadcasts on about 15 stations (2019)" @@ -782,7 +861,7 @@ }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "J7 (2016)" + "text": "J7" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -830,7 +909,7 @@ "text": "no regular military forces; Commonwealth of Dominica Police Force (includes Coast Guard) (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "Dominica participates in the Regional Security System (RSS) an international agreement for the defense and security of the eastern Caribbean region (2019)" + "text": "Dominica participates in the Regional Security System (RSS) an international agreement for the defense and security of the eastern Caribbean region" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/dr.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/dr.json index e467844a..9855f234 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/dr.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/dr.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "The Taino - indigenous inhabitants of Hispaniola prior to the arrival of the Europeans - divided the island into five chiefdoms and territories. Christopher COLUMBUS explored and claimed the island on his first voyage in 1492; it became a springboard for Spanish conquest of the Caribbean and the American mainland. In 1697, Spain recognized French dominion over the western third of the island, which in 1804 became Haiti. The remainder of the island, by then known as Santo Domingo, sought to gain its own independence in 1821 but was conquered and ruled by the Haitians for 22 years; it finally attained independence as the Dominican Republic in 1844. In 1861, the Dominicans voluntarily returned to the Spanish Empire, but two years later they launched a war that restored independence in 1865. A legacy of unsettled, mostly non-representative rule followed, capped by the dictatorship of Rafael Leonidas TRUJILLO from 1930 to 1961. Juan BOSCH was elected president in 1962 but was deposed in a military coup in 1963. In 1965, the US led an intervention in the midst of a civil war sparked by an uprising to restore BOSCH. In 1966, Joaquin BALAGUER defeated BOSCH in the presidential election. BALAGUER maintained a tight grip on power for most of the next 30 years when international reaction to flawed elections forced him to curtail his term in 1996. Since then, regular competitive elections have been held in which opposition candidates have won the presidency. Former President Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna (first term 1996-2000) won election to a new term in 2004 following a constitutional amendment allowing presidents to serve more than one term, and was later reelected to a second consecutive term. In 2012, Danilo MEDINA Sanchez became president; he was reelected in 2016." + "text": "The Taino - indigenous inhabitants of Hispaniola prior to the arrival of the Europeans - divided the island into five chiefdoms and territories. Christopher COLUMBUS explored and claimed the island on his first voyage in 1492; it became a springboard for Spanish conquest of the Caribbean and the American mainland. In 1697, Spain recognized French dominion over the western third of the island, which in 1804 became Haiti. The remainder of the island, by then known as Santo Domingo, sought to gain its own independence in 1821 but was conquered and ruled by the Haitians for 22 years; it finally attained independence as the Dominican Republic in 1844. In 1861, the Dominicans voluntarily returned to the Spanish Empire, but two years later they launched a war that restored independence in 1865. A legacy of unsettled, mostly non-representative rule followed, capped by the dictatorship of Rafael Leonidas TRUJILLO from 1930 to 1961. Juan BOSCH was elected president in 1962 but was deposed in a military coup in 1963. In 1965, the US led an intervention in the midst of a civil war sparked by an uprising to restore BOSCH. In 1966, Joaquin BALAGUER defeated BOSCH in the presidential election. BALAGUER maintained a tight grip on power for most of the next 30 years when international reaction to flawed elections forced him to curtail his term in 1996. Since then, regular competitive elections have been held in which opposition candidates have won the presidency. Former President Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna (first term 1996-2000) won election to a new term in 2004 following a constitutional amendment allowing presidents to serve more than one term, and was later reelected to a second consecutive term. Following the two-term presidency of Danilo MEDINA Sanchez (2012-2020), Luis Rodolfo ABINADER Corona was elected president in July 2020." } }, "Geography": { @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ "continental shelf": { "text": "200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin" }, - "note": "

measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines" + "note": "measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines" }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall" @@ -61,14 +61,14 @@ "text": "rugged highlands and mountains interspersed with fertile valleys" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "424 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Pico Duarte 3,098 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Lago Enriquillo -46 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Pico Duarte 3,098 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "424 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -103,17 +103,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding; periodic droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water shortages; soil eroding into the sea damages coral reefs; deforestation" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Law of the Sea" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "shares island of Hispaniola with Haiti (eastern two-thirds makes up the Dominican Republic, western one-third is Haiti); the second largest country in the Antilles (after Cuba); geographically diverse with the Caribbean's tallest mountain, Pico Duarte, and lowest elevation and largest lake, Lago Enriquillo" } @@ -131,8 +120,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "mixed 70.4% (Mestizo/Indio 58%, Mulatto 12.4%), Black 15.8%, White 13.5%, other 0.3% (2014 est.)", - "note": "

note: respondents self-identified their race; the term \"indio\" in the Dominican Republic is not associated with people of indigenous ancestry but people of mixed ancestry or skin color between light and dark

" + "text": "mixed 70.4% (Mestizo/Indio 58%, Mulatto 12.4%), Black 15.8%, White 13.5%, other 0.3% (2014 est.)

note: respondents self-identified their race; the term \"indio\" in the Dominican Republic is not associated with people of indigenous ancestry but people of mixed ancestry or skin color between light and dark", + "note": "note: respondents self-identified their race; the term \"indio\" in the Dominican Republic is not associated with people of indigenous ancestry but people of mixed ancestry or skin color between light and dark" }, "Languages": { "text": "Spanish (official)" @@ -199,10 +188,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "82.5% of total population (2020)" + "text": "83.2% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.06% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.64% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -232,8 +221,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "21.3 years (2013 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "21.3 years (2013 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "95 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -371,13 +360,114 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "13.5%" + "text": "16%" }, "male": { - "text": "9.9%" + "text": "11.8%" }, "female": { - "text": "19.7% (2017 est.)" + "text": "22.8% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water shortages; soil eroding into the sea damages coral reefs; deforestation" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "12.95 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "25.26 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "8.1 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "855 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "659.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "7.563 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "23.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "51.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 16.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 10.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 24.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "40.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "7.7% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "83.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.64% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "4,063,910 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "333,241 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "8.2% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -412,7 +502,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: named after Saint Dominic de Guzman (1170-1221), founder of the Dominican Order" + "note": "etymology: named after Saint Dominic de Guzman (1170-1221), founder of the Dominican Order" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "10 regions (regiones, singular - region); Cibao Nordeste, Cibao Noroeste, Cibao Norte, Cibao Sur, El Valle, Enriquillo, Higuamo, Ozama, Valdesia, Yuma" @@ -428,7 +518,7 @@ "text": "many previous (38 total); latest proclaimed 13 June 2015" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by a special session of the National Congress called the National Revisory Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority approval by at least one half of those present in both houses of the Assembly; passage of amendments to constitutional articles, such as fundamental rights and guarantees, territorial composition, nationality, or the procedures for constitutional reform, also requires approval in a referendum; amended many times, last in 2017" + "text": "proposed by a special session of the National Congress called the National Revisory Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority approval by at least one half of those present in both houses of the Assembly; passage of amendments to constitutional articles, such as fundamental rights and guarantees, territorial composition, nationality, or the procedures for constitutional reform, also requires approval in a referendum" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -456,30 +546,30 @@ }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { - "text": "President Danilo MEDINA Sanchez (since 16 August 2012); Vice President Margarita CEDENO DE FERNANDEZ (since 16 August 2012); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government" + "text": "President Luis Rodolfo ABINADER Corona (since 16 August 2020); Vice President Raquel PENA de Antuna (since 16 August 2020); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government" }, "head of government": { - "text": "President Danilo MEDINA Sanchez (since 16 August 2012); Vice President Margarita CEDENO DE FERNANDEZ (since 16 August 2012)" + "text": "President Luis Rodolfo ABINADER Corona (since 16 August 2020); Vice President Raquel PENA de Antuna (since 16 August 2020); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Cabinet nominated by the president" }, "elections/appointments": { - "text": "president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a maximum of two consecutive terms); election last held on 15 May 2016 (rescheduled from 17 May to 5 July 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic)" + "text": "president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a maximum of two consecutive terms); election last held on 5 July 2020 (next to be held in 2024); note - the 2020 election was rescheduled from 17 May to 5 July 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic" }, "election results": { - "text": "Danilo MEDINA Sanchez reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Danilo MEDINA Sanchez (PLD) 61.7%, Luis Rodolfo ABINADER Corona (PRM) 35%, other 3.3%; Margarita CEDENO DE FERNANDEZ (PLD) reelected vice president" + "text": "Luis Rodolfo ABINADER Corona elected president in first round; percent of vote - Luis Rodolfo ABINADER Corona (PRM) 52.5%, Gonzalo CASTILLO Terrero (PLD) 37.5%, Leonel Antonio FERNANDEZ Reyna (FP) 8.9% other 1.1%" } }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { - "text": "bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of:
Senate or Senado (32 seats; note - electoral system changes by the Central Election Commission are being challenged by the ruling party and opposition)
House of Representatives or Camara de Diputados (190 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)" + "text": "bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of:
Senate or Senado (32 seats; note - electoral system changes by the Central Election Commission are being challenged by the ruling party and opposition)
House of Representatives or Camara de Diputados (190 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)" }, "elections": { - "text": "
Senate - last held on 15 May 2016 (rescheduled from 17 May to 5 July 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic)
House of Representatives - last held on 15 May 2016 (rescheduled from 17 May to 5 July 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic)" + "text": "
Senate - last held on 5 July 2020 (next to be held 2024)
House of Representatives - last held on 5 July 2020 (next to be held in 2024); note - the 2020 election was rescheduled from 17 May to 5 July 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic" }, "election results": { - "text": "
Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PLD 26, PRM 2, BIS 1, PLRD 1, PRD 1, PRSC 1; composition as of 2018 - men 29, women 3, percent of women 9.4%
House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PLD 106, PRM 42, PRSC 18, PRD 16, PLRD 3, other 5; composition as of 2018 - men 139, women 51, percent of women 26.8%; note - total National Congress percent of women 24.3%" + "text": "
Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PRM 17, PLD 6, PRSC 6, BIS 1, DXC 1, FP 1
House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PRM 86, PLD 75,  PRSC 6, PRD 4, Broad Front 3, FP 3, AP 2, APD 2, BIS 2, DXC 2, other 5" } }, "Judicial branch": { @@ -494,14 +584,14 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Dominican Liberation Party or PLD [Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna]
Dominican Revolutionary Party or PRD [Miguel VARGAS Maldonado]
Institutional Social Democratic Bloc or BIS
Liberal Reformist Party or PRL (formerly the Liberal Party of the Dominican Republic or PLRD)
Modern Revolutionary Party or PRM [Jose Ignacio PALIZA]
National Progressive Front or FNP [Vinicio CASTILLO, Pelegrin CASTILLO]
Social Christian Reformist Party or PRSC [Federico ANTUN]" + "text": "Alliance for Democracy or APD
Broad Front (Frente Amplio) [Fidel SANTANA]
Country Alliance or AP [Guillermo Antonio MORENO Garcia]
Dominican Liberation Party or PLD [Danilo MEDINA Sánchez]
Dominican Revolutionary Party or PRD [Miguel VARGAS Maldonado]
Dominicans For Change or DXC [Manuel OVIEDO Estrada]
Institutional Social Democratic Bloc or BIS
Liberal Reformist Party or PRL (formerly the Liberal Party of the Dominican Republic or PLRD)
Modern Revolutionary Party or PRM [Jose Ignacio PALIZA]
National Progressive Front or FNP [Vinicio CASTILLO, Pelegrin CASTILLO]
People's Force or FP [Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna]
Social Christian Reformist Party or PRSC [Federico ANTUN]" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ACP, AOSIS, BCIE, Caricom (observer), CD, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, MIGA, MINUSMA, NAM, OAS, OIF (observer), OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, Petrocaribe, SICA (associated member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Jose Tomas PEREZ Vazquez (since 23 February 2015)" + "text": "Ambassador Sonia GUZMAN (since 18 January 2021)" }, "chancery": { "text": "1715 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008" @@ -549,7 +639,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Emilio PRUD'HOMME/Jose REYES" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1934; also known as \"Quisqueyanos valientes\" (Valient Sons of Quisqueye); the anthem never refers to the people as Dominican but rather calls them \"Quisqueyanos,\" a reference to the indigenous name of the island

" + "note": "note: adopted 1934; also known as \"Quisqueyanos valientes\" (Valient Sons of Quisqueye); the anthem never refers to the people as Dominican but rather calls them \"Quisqueyanos,\" a reference to the indigenous name of the island" } }, "Economy": { @@ -599,7 +689,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$175.94 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$88.956 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -614,7 +704,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$16,735 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -659,8 +749,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "60.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "60 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "85.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "83.5 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "50.6 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -695,7 +794,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "30.5% (2016 est.)" + "text": "21% (2019 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -755,10 +854,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 50.3%, Haiti 9.1%, Canada 8.2%, India 5.6% (2017)" + "text": "United States 54%, Switzerland 8%, Canada 5%, India 5%, China 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "gold, silver, cocoa, sugar, coffee, tobacco, meats, consumer goods" + "text": "gold, medical instruments, cigars, low-voltage protection equipment, bananas (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -769,10 +868,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 41.4%, China 13.9%, Mexico 4.5%, Brazil 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "United States 50%, China 13% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton and fabrics, chemicals and pharmaceuticals" + "text": "refined petroleum, cars, jewelry, natural gas, broadcasting equipment (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -882,9 +981,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "23.79 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -914,7 +1010,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 1-809; 1-829; 1-849; landing point for the ARCOS-1, Antillas 1, AMX-1, SAm-1, East-West, Deep Blue Cable and the Fibralink submarine cables that provide links to South and Central America, parts of the Caribbean, and US; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "combination of state-owned and privately owned broadcast media; 1 state-owned TV network and a number of private TV networks; networks operate repeaters to extend signals throughout country; combination of state-owned and privately owned radio stations with more than 300 radio stations operating (2019)" @@ -949,7 +1045,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "HI (2016)" + "text": "HI" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1040,8 +1136,8 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Armed Forces of the Dominican Republic: Army (Ejercito Nacional, EN), Navy (Marina de Guerra, MdG, includes naval infantry), Dominican Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Dominicana, FAD) (2020)", - "note": "

note: in addition to the military, the Ministry of Armed Forces directs the Airport Security Authority and Civil Aviation, Port Security Authority, and Border Security Corps" + "text": "Armed Forces of the Dominican Republic: Army (Ejercito Nacional, EN), Navy (Marina de Guerra, MdG, includes naval infantry), Dominican Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Dominicana, FAD); National Police (Policia Nacional) (2021)

note: in addition to the military, the Ministry of Armed Forces directs the Airport Security Authority and Civil Aviation, Port Security Authority, and Border Security Corps", + "note": "note: in addition to the military, the Ministry of Armed Forces directs the Airport Security Authority and Civil Aviation, Port Security Authority, and Border Security Corps" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1061,13 +1157,16 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Armed Forces of the Dominican Republic have approximately 62,000 active personnel (33,000 Army; 12,000 Navy; 17,000 Air Force) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Armed Forces of the Dominican Republic have approximately 60,000 active personnel (30,000 Army; 13,000 Navy; 17,000 Air Force); approximately 30,000 National Police (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the military's inventory consists mostly of older US equipment with limited quantities of Brazilian, European, and Israeli material; since 2010, Brazil and Israel are the leading suppliers of armaments to the Dominican Republic (2019 est.)" + "text": "the military is lightly armed with an inventory consisting mostly of older US equipment with limited quantities of material from other countries; since 2010, Brazil and Israel are the leading suppliers of armaments to the Dominican Republic (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "17-21 years of age for voluntary military service; recruits must have completed primary school and be Dominican Republic citizens; women may volunteer (2012)" + "text": "17-21 years of age for voluntary military service; recruits must have completed primary school and be Dominican Republic citizens; women may volunteer (2019)" + }, + "Military - note": { + "text": "the military's primary focuses are countering illegal immigration and refugees along its 350km-long border with Haiti and interdicting air and maritime narcotics trafficking" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1076,12 +1175,12 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "8,119 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum or have received alternative legal stay) (2019)" + "text": "8,192 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum or have received alternative legal stay) (2019)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "133,770 (2016); note - a September 2013 Constitutional Court ruling revoked the citizenship of those born after 1929 to immigrants without proper documentation, even though the constitution at the time automatically granted citizenship to children born in the Dominican Republic and the 2010 constitution provides that constitutional provisions cannot be applied retroactively; the decision overwhelmingly affected people of Haitian descent whose relatives had come to the Dominican Republic since the 1890s as a cheap source of labor for sugar plantations; a May 2014 law passed by the Dominican Congress regularizes the status of those with birth certificates but will require those without them to prove they were born in the Dominican Republic and to apply for naturalization; the government has issued documents to thousands of individuals who may claim citizenship under this law, but no official estimate has been released" }, - "note": "

note: revised estimate includes only individuals born to parents who were both born abroad; it does not include individuals born in the country to one Dominican-born and one foreign-born parent or subsequent generations of individuals of foreign descent; the estimate, as such, does not include all stateless persons (2015)

" + "note": "note: revised estimate includes only individuals born to parents who were both born abroad; it does not include individuals born in the country to one Dominican-born and one foreign-born parent or subsequent generations of individuals of foreign descent; the estimate, as such, does not include all stateless persons (2015)" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US and Europe; has become a transshipment point for ecstasy from the Netherlands and Belgium destined for US and Canada; substantial money laundering activity in particular by Colombian narcotics traffickers; significant amphetamine consumption" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/es.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/es.json index 8f64d548..b28e171a 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/es.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/es.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "mostly mountains with narrow coastal belt and central plateau" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "442 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Cerro El Pital 2,730 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Cerro El Pital 2,730 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "442 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,17 +99,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

known as the Land of Volcanoes; frequent and sometimes destructive earthquakes and volcanic activity; extremely susceptible to hurricanes

volcanism: significant volcanic activity; San Salvador (1,893 m), which last erupted in 1917, has the potential to cause major harm to the country's capital, which lies just below the volcano's slopes; San Miguel (2,130 m), which last erupted in 2002, is one of the most active volcanoes in the country; other historically active volcanoes include Conchaguita, Ilopango, Izalco, and Santa Ana

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution; contamination of soils from disposal of toxic wastes" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Law of the Sea" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "smallest Central American country and only one without a coastline on the Caribbean Sea" } @@ -197,10 +186,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "73.4% of total population (2020)" + "text": "74.1% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.57% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -230,8 +219,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "20.8 years (2008 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "20.8 years (2008 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "46 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -369,13 +358,108 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "9.6%" + "text": "9.9%" }, "male": { - "text": "8.4%" + "text": "8.3%" }, "female": { - "text": "11.7% (2018)" + "text": "12.8% (2019)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution; contamination of soils from disposal of toxic wastes" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Law of the Sea" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "23.42 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "7.17 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "4.71 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "474 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "213 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.431 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "26.27 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "74.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 33.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 10.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 30.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "13.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "11.7% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.6% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "74.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1,648,996 tons (2010 est.)" } } }, @@ -410,7 +494,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: Spanish for \"Holy Savior\" (referring to Jesus Christ)" + "note": "etymology: Spanish for \"Holy Savior\" (referring to Jesus Christ)" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "14 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Ahuachapan, Cabanas, Chalatenango, Cuscatlan, La Libertad, La Paz, La Union, Morazan, San Miguel, San Salvador, San Vicente, Santa Ana, Sonsonate, Usulutan" @@ -426,7 +510,7 @@ "text": "many previous; latest drafted 16 December 1983, enacted 23 December 1983" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposals require agreement by absolute majority of the Legislative Assembly membership; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; constitutional articles on basic principles, and citizen rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended many times, last in 2018" + "text": "proposals require agreement by absolute majority of the Legislative Assembly membership; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; constitutional articles on basic principles, and citizen rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended 2003, 2009, 2014" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -474,10 +558,10 @@ "text": "unicameral Legislative Assembly or Asamblea Legislativa (84 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies and a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote to serve 3-year terms)" }, "elections": { - "text": "last held on 4 March 2018 (next to be held on 28 February 2021)" + "text": "last held on 28 February 2021 (next to be held in 2024)" }, "election results": { - "text": "percent of vote by party - ARENA 42.3%, FMLN 24.4%, GANA 11.5%, PCN 10.8%, PDC 3.2%, CD 0.9%, Independent 0.7%, other 6.2%; seats by party - ARENA 37, FMLN 23, GANA 11, PCN 8, PDC 3, CD 1, independent 1; composition -men 58, women 26, percent of women 31%" + "text": "percent of vote by party - NI 66.46%, ARENA 12.18%, FMLN 6.91%, GANA 5.29%, PCN 4.08%, NT 1.7%, PDC 1.7%, V 1.01%; seats by party - NI 56, ARENA 14, GANA 5, FMLN 4, PCN 2, PDC 1, NT 1, V 1" } }, "Judicial branch": { @@ -492,14 +576,14 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Rodolfo Antonio PARKER Soto]
Democratic Change (Cambio Democratico) or CD [Douglas AVILES] (formerly United Democratic Center or CDU)
Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front or FMLN [Medardo GONZALEZ]
Great Alliance for National Unity or GANA [Jose Andres ROVIRA Caneles]
National Coalition Party or PCN [Manuel RODRIGUEZ]
Nationalist Republican Alliance or ARENA [Mauricio INTERIANO]
Nuevas Ideas [Federico Gerardo ANLIKER]" + "text": "Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Rodolfo Antonio PARKER Soto]
Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front or FMLN [Oscar ORTIZ]
Great Alliance for National Unity or GANA [Nelson GUARDADO]
National Coalition Party or PCN [Manuel RODRIGUEZ]
Nationalist Republican Alliance or ARENA [Erick SALGUERO]
New Ideas (Nuevas Ideas) or NI [Xavier Zablah BUKELE]
Our Time (Nuestro Tiempo) or NT [Juan VALIENTE]
Vamos or V [Josue ALVARADO Flores]" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "BCIE, CACM, CD, CELAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, Petrocaribe, SICA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Werner Matias ROMERO Guerra (since 9 June 2019)" + "text": "Ambassador Carmen Milena MAYORGA VALERA (since 23 December 2020)" }, "chancery": { "text": "1400 16th Street NW, Suite 100, Washington, DC 20036" @@ -519,7 +603,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Ronald D. JOHNSON (since 6 September 2019)" + "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Brendan O'BRIEN (since 20 January 2021)" }, "telephone": { "text": "[503] 2501-2999" @@ -535,8 +619,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal horizontal bands of cobalt blue (top), white, and cobalt blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL; the banner is based on the former blue-white-blue flag of the Federal Republic of Central America; the blue bands symbolize the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, while the white band represents the land between the two bodies of water, as well as peace and prosperity", - "note": "

note: similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which has a different coat of arms centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band

" + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of cobalt blue (top), white, and cobalt blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL; the banner is based on the former blue-white-blue flag of the Federal Republic of Central America; the blue bands symbolize the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, while the white band represents the land between the two bodies of water, as well as peace and prosperity

note: similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which has a different coat of arms centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band", + "note": "note: similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which has a different coat of arms centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "turquoise-browed motmot (bird); national colors: blue, white" @@ -548,7 +632,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Juan Jose CANAS/Juan ABERLE" }, - "note": "

note: officially adopted 1953, in use since 1879; at 4:20 minutes, the anthem of El Salvador is one of the world's longest

" + "note": "note: officially adopted 1953, in use since 1879; at 4:20 minutes, the anthem of El Salvador is one of the world's longest" } }, "Economy": { @@ -598,7 +682,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$54.005 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$27.023 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -613,7 +697,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$8,454 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -658,8 +742,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "65.3 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "78.6 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "89.8 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "51.9 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -692,10 +785,10 @@ "Unemployment rate 2016": { "text": "6.9% (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are official rates; but underemployment is high

" + "note": "note: data are official rates; but underemployment is high" }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "32.7% (2016 est.)" + "text": "22.8% (2019 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -734,7 +827,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "66.4% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: El Salvador's total public debt includes non-financial public sector debt, financial public sector debt, and central bank debt

" + "note": "note: El Salvador's total public debt includes non-financial public sector debt, financial public sector debt, and central bank debt" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -756,10 +849,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 45.7%, Honduras 13.9%, Guatemala 13.5%, Nicaragua 6.7%, Costa Rica 4.6% (2017)" + "text": "United States 40%, Guatemala 15%, Honduras 15%, Nicaragua 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "offshore assembly exports, coffee, sugar, textiles and apparel, ethanol, chemicals, electricity, iron and steel manufactures" + "text": "textiles and apparel, electrical capacitors, plastic lids, raw sugar, toilet paper (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -770,10 +863,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 36.7%, Guatemala 10.5%, China 8.7%, Mexico 7.4%, Honduras 6.7% (2017)" + "text": "United States 30%, China 14%, Guatemala 13%, Mexico 8%, Honduras 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "raw materials, consumer goods, capital goods, fuels, foodstuffs, petroleum, electricity" + "text": "refined petroleum, packaged medicines, clothing, broadcasting equipment, natural gas (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -877,9 +970,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2017 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "7.331 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -909,7 +999,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 503; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to Central American Microwave System (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "multiple privately owned national terrestrial TV networks, supplemented by cable TV networks that carry international channels; hundreds of commercial radio broadcast stations and 1 government-owned radio broadcast station; transition to digital transmission to begin in 2018 along with adaptation of the Japanese-Brazilian Digital Standard (ISDB-T)" @@ -950,7 +1040,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "YS (2016)" + "text": "YS" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1032,37 +1122,40 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Armed Force of El Salvador (Fuerza Armada de El Salvador, FAES): Army of El Salvador (Ejercito de El Salvador, ES), Navy of El Salvador (Fuerza Naval de El Salvador, FNES), Salvadoran Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Salvadorena, FAS) (2020)", - "note": "

note: supporting the National Police (Ministry of Interior) in countering gang violence and drug trafficking is a primary mission for the FAES" + "text": "the Armed Force of El Salvador (La Fuerza Armada de El Salvador, FAES): Army of El Salvador (Ejercito de El Salvador, ES), Navy of El Salvador (Fuerza Naval de El Salvador, FNES), Salvadoran Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Salvadorena, FAS); Ministry of Justice and Public Security: National Civil Police (Policia Nacional Civil, PNC) (2021)

note: supporting the National Police (Ministry of Interior) in countering gang violence and drug trafficking is a primary mission for the FAES", + "note": "note: supporting the National Police (Ministry of Interior) in countering gang violence and drug trafficking is a primary mission for the FAES" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "1.2% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "1% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "1.1% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "0.9% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "1% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "0.9% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "1% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "0.95% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "1% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Armed Force of El Salvador (FAES) has approximately 22,000 active troops (18,000 Army; 2,000 Navy; 2,000 Air Force) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Armed Force of El Salvador (FAES) has approximately 22,000 active troops (17,500 Army; 1,500 Navy; 2,000 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the FAES is dependent on a mix of imported Cold War-era platforms, largely from the US; since 2000, the FAES has received limited amounts of equipment from Chile, Israel, and the US (2019 est.)" + "text": "the FAES is dependent on a mix of mostly older imported platforms, largely from the US; since 2010, the FAES has received small amounts of equipment from Chile, Israel, Spain, and the US (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "200 Mali (MINUSMA) (2020)" + "text": "170 Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18 years of age for selective compulsory military service; 16-22 years of age for voluntary male or female service; service obligation is 12 months, with 11 months for officers and NCOs (2012)" + }, + "Military - note": { + "text": "in recent years, about half of the Army was reportedly deployed on internal security duties in support of the National Civil Police to combat gang violence, organized crime, and narcotics trafficking, as well as assisting with border security (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/gj.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/gj.json index c49ac713..74a81c6c 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/gj.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/gj.json @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ "text": "volcanic in origin with central mountains" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Mount Saint Catherine 840 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -90,17 +90,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

lies on edge of hurricane belt; hurricane season lasts from June to November

volcanism: Mount Saint Catherine (840 m) lies on the island of Grenada; Kick 'em Jenny, an active submarine volcano (seamount) on the Caribbean Sea floor, lies about 8 km north of the island of Grenada; these two volcanoes are at the southern end of the volcanic island arc of the Lesser Antilles that extends up to the Netherlands dependency of Saba in the north

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation causing habitat destruction and species loss; coastal erosion and contamination; pollution and sedimentation; inadequate solid waste management" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the administration of the islands of the Grenadines group is divided between Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Grenada" } @@ -185,10 +174,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "36.5% of total population (2020)" + "text": "36.7% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.76% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.86% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -311,6 +300,90 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation causing habitat destruction and species loss; coastal erosion and contamination; pollution and sedimentation; inadequate solid waste management" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "21.56 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.27 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "2.04 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "12 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "2.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "200 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "32.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 8.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 20.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 2.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "50% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "17.7% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "36.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.86% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "29,536 tons (2012 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -336,7 +409,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the 1763 Treaty of Paris transferred possession of Grenada from France to Great Britain; the new administration renamed Ville de Fort Royal (Fort Royal Town) to Saint George's Town, after the patron saint of England; eventually the name became simply Saint George's" + "note": "etymology: the 1763 Treaty of Paris transferred possession of Grenada from France to Great Britain; the new administration renamed Ville de Fort Royal (Fort Royal Town) to Saint George's Town, after the patron saint of England; eventually the name became simply Saint George's" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "6 parishes and 1 dependency*; Carriacou and Petite Martinique*, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick" @@ -467,7 +540,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Irva Merle BAPTISTE/Louis Arnold MASANTO" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1974

" + "note": "note: adopted 1974" } }, "Economy": { @@ -508,7 +581,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$1.798 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$1.119 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -523,7 +596,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$16,218 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -568,8 +641,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "53.4 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "88 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "61.5 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "59.3 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -656,10 +738,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 25.3%, Japan 10.1%, Guyana 8.7%, Dominica 6.6%, St. Lucia 6.4%, Netherlands 4.7%, Barbados 4.1%, St. Kitts and Nevis 4% (2017)" + "text": "United States 40%, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7%, Saint Lucia 7%, France 6%, Netherlands 5%, Germany 5%, Ireland 5%, Antigua and Barbuda 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "nutmeg, bananas, cocoa, fruit and vegetables, clothing, mace, chocolate, fish" + "text": "fish, nutmeg, cocoa beans, fruits, wheat, toilet paper (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -670,10 +752,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 31.7%, Trinidad and Tobago 24.9%, China 6.7% (2017)" + "text": "United States 35%, Canada 24%, China 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "food, manufactured goods, machinery, chemicals, fuel" + "text": "aircraft, poultry meat, cars, refined petroleum, food preparation materials (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -783,9 +865,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "283,600 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -815,7 +894,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 1-473; landing points for the ECFS, Southern Caribbean Fiber and CARCIP submarine cables with links to 13 Caribbean islands extending from the British Virgin Islands to Trinidad & Tobago including Puerto Rico and Barbados; SHF radiotelephone links to Trinidad and Tobago and Saint Vincent; VHF and UHF radio links to Trinidad (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "multiple publicly and privately owned television and radio stations; Grenada Information Service (GIS) is government-owned and provides television and radio services; the Grenada Broadcasting Network, jointly owned by the government and the Caribbean Communications Network of Trinidad and Tobago, operates a TV station and 2 radio stations; Meaningful Television (MTV) broadcasts island-wide and is part of a locally-owned media house, Moving Target Company, that also includes an FM radio station and a weekly newspaper; multi-channel cable TV subscription service is provided by Columbus Communications Grenada (FLOW GRENADA) and is available island wide; approximately 25 private radio stations also broadcast throughout the country (2019)" @@ -842,7 +921,7 @@ }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "J3 (2016)" + "text": "J3" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -890,7 +969,10 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces; Royal Grenada Police Force (includes Coast Guard) (2019)" + "text": "no regular military forces; the Royal Grenada Police Force includes a Coast Guard and a paramilitary Special Services Unit (2021)" + }, + "Military - note": { + "text": "Grenada is a member of the Regional Security System (RSS), an international agreement for the defense and security of the eastern Caribbean region" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/gt.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/gt.json index 1f201f04..0278f092 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/gt.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/gt.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "two east-west trending mountain chains divide the country into three regions: the mountainous highlands, the Pacific coast south of mountains, and the vast northern Peten lowlands" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "759 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Volcan Tajumulco (highest point in Central America) 4,220 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Volcan Tajumulco (highest point in Central America) 4,220 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "759 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,17 +99,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

numerous volcanoes in mountains, with occasional violent earthquakes; Caribbean coast extremely susceptible to hurricanes and other tropical storms

volcanism: significant volcanic activity in the Sierra Madre range; Santa Maria (3,772 m) has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Pacaya (2,552 m), which erupted in May 2010 causing an ashfall on Guatemala City and prompting evacuations, is one of the country's most active volcanoes with frequent eruptions since 1965; other historically active volcanoes include Acatenango, Almolonga, Atitlan, Fuego, and Tacana; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\"

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation in the Peten rainforest; soil erosion; water pollution" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: despite having both eastern and western coastlines (Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean respectively), there are no natural harbors on the west coast

note 2: Guatemala is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire

" } @@ -130,8 +119,8 @@ "text": "Mestizo (mixed Amerindian-Spanish - in local Spanish called Ladino) 56%, Maya 41.7%, Xinca (Indigenous, non-Maya) 1.8%, African descent .2%, Garifuna (mixed West and Central African, Island Carib, and Arawak) .1%, foreign .2% (2018 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Spanish (official) 69.9%, Maya languages 29.7% (Q'eqchi' 8.3%, K'iche 7.8%, Mam 4.4%, Kaqchikel 3%, Q'anjob'al 1.2%, Poqomchi' 1%, other 4%), other 0.4% (includes Xinca and Garifuna) (2018 est.)", - "note": "

note: the 2003 Law of National Languages officially recognized 23 indigenous languages, including 21 Maya languages, Xinca, and Garifuna

" + "text": "Spanish (official) 69.9%, Maya languages 29.7% (Q'eqchi' 8.3%, K'iche 7.8%, Mam 4.4%, Kaqchikel 3%, Q'anjob'al 1.2%, Poqomchi' 1%, other 4%), other 0.4% (includes Xinca and Garifuna) (2018 est.)

note: the 2003 Law of National Languages officially recognized 23 indigenous languages, including 21 Maya languages, Xinca, and Garifuna", + "note": "note: the 2003 Law of National Languages officially recognized 23 indigenous languages, including 21 Maya languages, Xinca, and Garifuna" }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic, Protestant, indigenous Maya" @@ -198,10 +187,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "51.8% of total population (2020)" + "text": "52.2% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.68% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.59% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -231,8 +220,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "21.2 years (2014/15 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "21.2 years (2014/15 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "95 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -338,7 +327,7 @@ "text": "21.2% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "12.4% (2015)" + "text": "12.4% (2014/15)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "3.2% of GDP (2019)" @@ -376,7 +365,102 @@ "text": "3.7%" }, "female": { - "text": "8% (2017 est.)" + "text": "8.1% (2017 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation in the Peten rainforest; soil erosion; water pollution" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "23.59 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "16.78 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "10.7 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "835 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "603.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.886 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "127.91 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "41.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 14.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 8.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 18.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "33.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "25.2% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.78% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "52.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.59% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever and malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "2,756,741 tons (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -411,7 +495,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the Spanish conquistadors used many native Americans as allies in their conquest of Guatemala; the site of their first capital (established in 1524), a former Maya settlement, was called \"Quauhtemallan\" by their Nahuatl-speaking Mexican allies, a name that means \"land of trees\" or \"forested land\", but which the Spanish pronounced \"Guatemala\"; the Spanish applied that name to a re founded capital city three years later and eventually it became the name of the country" + "note": "etymology: the Spanish conquistadors used many native Americans as allies in their conquest of Guatemala; the site of their first capital (established in 1524), a former Maya settlement, was called \"Quauhtemallan\" by their Nahuatl-speaking Mexican allies, a name that means \"land of trees\" or \"forested land\", but which the Spanish pronounced \"Guatemala\"; the Spanish applied that name to a re founded capital city three years later and eventually it became the name of the country" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "22 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Alta Verapaz, Baja Verapaz, Chimaltenango, Chiquimula, El Progreso, Escuintla, Guatemala, Huehuetenango, Izabal, Jalapa, Jutiapa, Peten, Quetzaltenango, Quiche, Retalhuleu, Sacatepequez, San Marcos, Santa Rosa, Solola, Suchitepequez, Totonicapan, Zacapa" @@ -427,7 +511,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest adopted 31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986; suspended and reinstated in 1994" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the president of the republic, by agreement of 10 or more deputies of Congress, by the Constitutional Court, or by public petition of at least 5,000 citizens; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Congress membership and approval by public referendum, referred to as \"popular consultation\"; constitutional articles such as national sovereignty, the republican form of government, limitations on those seeking the presidency, or presidential tenure cannot be amended; amended 1994" + "text": "proposed by the president of the republic, by agreement of 10 or more deputies of Congress, by the Constitutional Court, or by public petition of at least 5,000 citizens; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Congress membership and approval by public referendum, referred to as \"popular consultation\"; constitutional articles such as national sovereignty, the republican form of government, limitations on those seeking the presidency, or presidential tenure cannot be amended; amended 1993" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -480,7 +564,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - UNE 53, VAMOS 16, UCN 12, VALOR 9, BIEN 8, FCN-NACION 8, SEMILLA 7, TODOS 7, VIVA 7, CREO 6, PHG 6, VICTORIA 4, Winaq 4, PC 3, PU 3, URNG 3, PAN 2, MLP 1, PODEMOS 1" }, - "note": "

note: current seats by party as of 1 June 2019 - FCN 37, UNE 32, MR 20, TODOS 17, AC 12, EG 7, UCN 6, CREO 5, LIDER 5, VIVA 4, Convergence 3, PAN 3, PP 2, FUERZA 1, PU 1, URNG 1, Winaq 1, independent 1; composition - men 136, women 22, percent of women 13.9%" + "note": "note: current seats by party as of 1 June 2019 - FCN 37, UNE 32, MR 20, TODOS 17, AC 12, EG 7, UCN 6, CREO 5, LIDER 5, VIVA 4, Convergence 3, PAN 3, PP 2, FUERZA 1, PU 1, URNG 1, Winaq 1, independent 1; composition - men 136, women 22, percent of women 13.9%" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -494,8 +578,8 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Bienestar Nacional or BIEN [Alfonso PORTILLO and Evelyn MORATAYA]
Citizen Alliance or AC
Citizen Prosperity or PC [Dami Anita Elizabeth KRISTENSON Sales]
Commitment, Renewal, and Order or CREO [Roberto GONZALEZ Diaz-Duran]
Convergence [Sandra MORAN]
Encounter for Guatemala or EG [Nineth MONTENEGRO Cottom]
Everyone Together for Guatemala or TODOS [Felipe ALEJOS]
Force or FUERZA [Mauricio RADFORD]
Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity or URNG-MAIZ or URNG [Gregorio CHAY Laynez]
Humanist Party of Guatemala or PHG [Edmond MULET]
Movement for the Liberation of Peoples or MLP [Thelma CABRERA]
Movimiento Semilla or SEMILLA [Thelma ALDANA]
National Advancement Party or PAN [Harald JOHANNESSEN]
National Convergence Front or FCN-NACION or FCN [Jimmy MORALES]
National Unity for Hope or UNE [Sandra TORRES]
Nationalist Change Union or UCN [Mario ESTRADA]
Patriotic Party or PP
PODEMOS [Jose Raul VIRGIL Arias]
Political Movement Winaq or Winaq [Sonia GUTIERREZ Raguay]
Reform Movement or MR
Renewed Democratic Liberty or LIDER (dissolved mid-February 2016)
TODOS [Felipe ALEJOS]
Unionista Party or PU [Alvaro ARZU Escobar]
Value or VALOR [Zury RIOS]
Vamos por una Guatemala Diferente or VAMOS [Alejandro GIAMMATTEI]
Victory or VICTORIA [Amilcar RIVERA]
Vision with Values or VIVA [Armando Damian CASTILLO Alvarado]", - "note": "

note: parties represented in the last election, but have since dissolved - FCN (2017), LIDER (2016), and PP (2017)" + "text": "Bienestar Nacional or BIEN [Alfonso PORTILLO and Evelyn MORATAYA]
Citizen Alliance or AC
Citizen Prosperity or PC [Dami Anita Elizabeth KRISTENSON Sales]
Commitment, Renewal, and Order or CREO [Roberto GONZALEZ Diaz-Duran]
Convergence [Sandra MORAN]
Encounter for Guatemala or EG [Nineth MONTENEGRO Cottom]
Everyone Together for Guatemala or TODOS [Felipe ALEJOS]
Force or FUERZA [Mauricio RADFORD]
Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity or URNG-MAIZ or URNG [Gregorio CHAY Laynez]
Humanist Party of Guatemala or PHG [Edmond MULET]
Movement for the Liberation of Peoples or MLP [Thelma CABRERA]
Movimiento Semilla or SEMILLA [Thelma ALDANA]
National Advancement Party or PAN [Harald JOHANNESSEN]
National Convergence Front or FCN-NACION or FCN [Jimmy MORALES]
National Unity for Hope or UNE [Sandra TORRES]
Nationalist Change Union or UCN [Mario ESTRADA]
Patriotic Party or PP
PODEMOS [Jose Raul VIRGIL Arias]
Political Movement Winaq or Winaq [Sonia GUTIERREZ Raguay]
Reform Movement or MR
Renewed Democratic Liberty or LIDER (dissolved mid-February 2016)
TODOS [Felipe ALEJOS]
Unionista Party or PU [Alvaro ARZU Escobar]
Value or VALOR [Zury RIOS]
Vamos por una Guatemala Diferente or VAMOS [Alejandro GIAMMATTEI]
Victory or VICTORIA [Amilcar RIVERA]
Vision with Values or VIVA [Armando Damian CASTILLO Alvarado]

note: parties represented in the last election, but have since dissolved - FCN (2017), LIDER (2016), and PP (2017)", + "note": "note: parties represented in the last election, but have since dissolved - FCN (2017), LIDER (2016), and PP (2017)" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "BCIE, CACM, CD, CELAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, Petrocaribe, SICA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNITAR, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" @@ -522,7 +606,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Luis E. ARREAGA (since 4 October 2017)" + "text": "Ambassador William W. POPP (since 13 August 2020)" }, "telephone": { "text": "[502] 2326-4000" @@ -538,8 +622,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side), white, and light blue, with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms includes a green and red quetzal (the national bird) representing liberty and a scroll bearing the inscription LIBERTAD 15 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 1821 (the original date of independence from Spain) all superimposed on a pair of crossed rifles signifying Guatemala's willingness to defend itself and a pair of crossed swords representing honor and framed by a laurel wreath symbolizing victory; the blue bands represent the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea; the white band denotes peace and purity", - "note": "

note: one of only two national flags featuring a firearm, the other is Mozambique

" + "text": "three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side), white, and light blue, with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms includes a green and red quetzal (the national bird) representing liberty and a scroll bearing the inscription LIBERTAD 15 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 1821 (the original date of independence from Spain) all superimposed on a pair of crossed rifles signifying Guatemala's willingness to defend itself and a pair of crossed swords representing honor and framed by a laurel wreath symbolizing victory; the blue bands represent the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea; the white band denotes peace and purity

note: one of only two national flags featuring a firearm, the other is Mozambique", + "note": "note: one of only two national flags featuring a firearm, the other is Mozambique" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "quetzal (bird); national colors: blue, white" @@ -551,7 +635,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Jose Joaquin PALMA/Rafael Alvarez OVALLE" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1897, modified lyrics adopted 1934; Cuban poet Jose Joaquin PALMA anonymously submitted lyrics to a public contest calling for a national anthem; his authorship was not discovered until 1911

" + "note": "note: adopted 1897, modified lyrics adopted 1934; Cuban poet Jose Joaquin PALMA anonymously submitted lyrics to a public contest calling for a national anthem; his authorship was not discovered until 1911" } }, "Economy": { @@ -601,7 +685,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$133.804 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$76.678 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -616,7 +700,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$8,317 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -661,8 +745,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "62.6 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "86.8 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "77.2 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "34.5 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -757,10 +850,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 33.8%, El Salvador 11.1%, Honduras 8.8%, Nicaragua 5.1%, Mexico 4.7% (2017)" + "text": "United States 33%, El Salvador 12%, Honduras 8%, Mexico 5%, Nicaragua 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "sugar, coffee, petroleum, apparel, bananas, fruits and vegetables, cardamom, manufacturing products, precious stones and metals, electricity" + "text": "bananas, raw sugar, coffee, cardamom, palm oil (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -771,10 +864,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 39.8%, China 10.7%, Mexico 10.7%, El Salvador 5.3% (2017)" + "text": "United States 36%, China 12%, Mexico 11%, El Salvador 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "fuels, machinery and transport equipment, construction materials, grain, fertilizers, electricity, mineral products, chemical products, plastic materials and products" + "text": "refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, packaged medicines, cars, delivery trucks (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -890,9 +983,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "2.96 billion cu m (1 January 2006 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "17.15 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -922,7 +1012,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 502; landing points for the ARCOS, AMX-1, American Movil-Texius West Coast Cable and the SAm-1 fiber-optic submarine cable system that, together, provide connectivity to South and Central America, parts of the Caribbean, and the US; connected to Central American Microwave System; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "4 privately owned national terrestrial TV channels dominate TV broadcasting; multi-channel satellite and cable services are available; 1 government-owned radio station and hundreds of privately owned radio stations (2019)" @@ -963,7 +1053,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "TG (2016)" + "text": "TG" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1017,7 +1107,7 @@ "narrow gauge": { "text": "800 km 0.914-m gauge (2018)" }, - "note": "

note: despite the existence of a railway network, all rail service was suspended in 2007 and no passenger or freight train currently runs in the country (2018)" + "note": "note: despite the existence of a railway network, all rail service was suspended in 2007 and no passenger or freight train currently runs in the country (2018)" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1049,7 +1139,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Army of Guatemala (Ejercito de Guatemala): Land Forces (Fuerzas de Tierra), Naval Forces (Fuerza de Mar), and Air Force (Fuerza de Aire); Ministry of Interior: National Civil Police (Policia Nacional Civil; includes paramilitary units) (2020)" + "text": "Army of Guatemala (Ejercito de Guatemala): Land Forces (Fuerzas de Tierra), Naval Forces (Fuerza de Mar), and Air Force (Fuerza de Aire); Ministry of Interior: National Civil Police (Policia Nacional Civil; includes paramilitary units) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1069,16 +1159,16 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "assessments of the size of the Army of Guatemala vary; approximately 21,500 active personnel (19,000 Land Forces; 1,500 Naval Forces; 1,000 Air Forces); approximately 30,000 National Civil Police (2019 est.)" + "text": "assessments of the size of the Army of Guatemala vary; approximately 21,500 active personnel (19,000 Land Forces; 1,500 Naval Forces; 1,000 Air Forces); approximately 30,000 National Civil Police (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Guatemalan military inventory is small and mostly comprised of older US equipment; since 2010, Guatemala has received limited amounts of equipment from Canada, Colombia, Spain, Taiwan, and the US (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Guatemalan military inventory is small and mostly comprised of older US equipment; since 2010, Guatemala has received small amounts of equipment from Canada, Colombia, Spain, Taiwan, and the US (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "150 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) (2020)" + "text": "150 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "all male citizens between the ages of 18 and 50 are eligible for military service; in practice, most of the force is volunteer, however, a selective draft system is employed, resulting in a small portion of 17-21 year-olds conscripted; conscript service obligation varies from 1 to 2 years; women can serve as officers (2013)" + "text": "all male citizens between the ages of 18 and 50 are eligible for military service; in practice, most of the force is volunteer, however, a selective draft system is employed, resulting in a small portion of 17-21 year-olds conscripted; conscript service obligation varies from 1 to 2 years; women can serve as officers (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/ha.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/ha.json index dfe851f7..10088eb1 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/ha.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/ha.json @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "mostly rough and mountainous" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "470 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Pic la Selle 2,674 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Pic la Selle 2,674 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "470 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,25 +102,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding and earthquakes; periodic droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "extensive deforestation (much of the remaining forested land is being cleared for agriculture and used as fuel); soil erosion; overpopulation leads to inadequate supplies of potable water and and a lack of sanitation; natural disasters" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Hazardous Wastes" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "shares island of Hispaniola with Dominican Republic (western one-third is Haiti, eastern two-thirds is the Dominican Republic); it is the most mountainous nation in the Caribbean" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "11,198,240 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "11,198,240 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -137,8 +126,8 @@ "text": "French (official), Creole (official)" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Roman Catholic 54.7%, Protestant 28.5% (Baptist 15.4%, Pentecostal 7.9%, Adventist 3%, Methodist 1.5%, other 0.7%), Vodou 2.1%, other 4.6%, none 10.2% (2003 est.)", - "note": "

note: many Haitians practice elements of Vodou in addition to another religion, most often Roman Catholicism; Vodou was recognized as an official religion in 2003

" + "text": "Roman Catholic 54.7%, Protestant 28.5% (Baptist 15.4%, Pentecostal 7.9%, Adventist 3%, Methodist 1.5%, other 0.7%), Vodou 2.1%, other 4.6%, none 10.2% (2003 est.)

note: many Haitians practice elements of Vodou in addition to another religion, most often Roman Catholicism; Vodou was recognized as an official religion in 2003", + "note": "note: many Haitians practice elements of Vodou in addition to another religion, most often Roman Catholicism; Vodou was recognized as an official religion in 2003" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -199,10 +188,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "57.1% of total population (2020)" + "text": "58% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.9% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.47% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -232,8 +221,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "22.8 years (2016/7 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "22.8 years (2016/7 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "480 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -339,7 +328,7 @@ "text": "22.7% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "9.5% (2017)" + "text": "9.5% (2016/17)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "2.8% of GDP (2018)" @@ -359,6 +348,106 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "extensive deforestation (much of the remaining forested land is being cleared for agriculture and used as fuel); soil erosion; overpopulation leads to inadequate supplies of potable water and and a lack of sanitation; natural disasters" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Nuclear Test Ban" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "14.63 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "2.98 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "6.12 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "190 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "51 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.209 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "14.022 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "66.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 38.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 10.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 17.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "3.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "30% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.68% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "58% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.47% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever and malaria" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "severe localized food insecurity": { + "text": "due to reduced agricultural production and socio political turmoil - about 4.4 million people are forecast to be facing severe acute food insecurity or to be in need of urgent food assistance in the March-June 2021 time period; the high levels of food insecurity are the result of reduced 2020 cereal output and high food prices; reduced remittances and income losses amid the COVID‑19 pandemic and socio‑political turmoil are likely to exacerbate the already poor food security situation (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "2,309,852 tons (2015 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -393,7 +482,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November" }, - "note": "

etymology: according to tradition, in 1706, a Captain de Saint-Andre named the bay and its surrounding area after his ship Le Prince; the name of the town that grew there means, \"the Port of The Prince\"" + "note": "etymology: according to tradition, in 1706, a Captain de Saint-Andre named the bay and its surrounding area after his ship Le Prince; the name of the town that grew there means, \"the Port of The Prince\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "10 departments (departements, singular - departement); Artibonite, Centre, Grand'Anse, Nippes, Nord, Nord-Est, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Est" @@ -409,7 +498,7 @@ "text": "many previous; latest adopted 10 March 1987" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the executive branch or by either the Senate or the Chamber of Deputies; consideration of proposed amendments requires support by at least two-thirds majority of both houses; passage requires at least two-thirds majority of the membership present and at least two-thirds majority of the votes cast; approved amendments enter into force after installation of the next president of the republic; constitutional articles on the democratic and republican form of government cannot be amended; amended 2011, 2012" + "text": "proposed by the executive branch or by either the Senate or the Chamber of Deputies; consideration of proposed amendments requires support by at least two-thirds majority of both houses; passage requires at least two-thirds majority of the membership present and at least two-thirds majority of the votes cast; approved amendments enter into force after installation of the next president of the republic; constitutional articles on the democratic and republican form of government cannot be amended; amended many times, last in 2012" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -440,7 +529,7 @@ "text": "President Jovenel MOISE (since 7 February 2017)" }, "head of government": { - "text": "Prime Minister Joseph JOUTHE (since since 4 March 2020)" + "text": "Acting Prime Minister Claude JOSEPH (since 14 April 2021)
note - Joseph JOUTHE resigned as prime minister on 13 April 2021" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Cabinet chosen by the prime minister in consultation with the president; parliament must ratify the Cabinet and Prime Minister's governing policy" @@ -473,7 +562,7 @@ "subordinate courts": { "text": "Courts of Appeal; Courts of First Instance; magistrate's courts;  land, labor, and children's courts" }, - "note": "

note: the Superior Council of the Judiciary or Conseil Superieur du Pouvoir Judiciaire is a 9-member body charged with the administration and oversight of the judicial branch of government" + "note": "note: the Superior Council of the Judiciary or Conseil Superieur du Pouvoir Judiciaire is a 9-member body charged with the administration and oversight of the judicial branch of government" }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "Alternative League for Haitian Progress and Empowerment or LAPEH [Jude CELESTIN]
Christian Movement for a New Haiti or MCNH [Luc MESADIEU]
Christian National Movement for the Reconstruction of Haiti or UNCRH [Chavannes JEUNE]
Convention for Democratic Unity or KID [Evans PAUL]
Cooperative Action to Rebuild Haiti or KONBA [Jean William JEANTY]
December 16 Platform or Platfom 16 Desanm [Dr. Gerard BLOT]
Democratic Alliance Party or ALYANS [Evans PAUL] (coalition includes KID and PPRH)
Democratic Centers' National Council or CONACED [Osner FEVRY]
Dessalinian Patriotic and Popular Movement or MOPOD [Jean Andre VICTOR]
Effort and Solidarity to Create an Alternative for the People or ESKAMP [Joseph JASME]
Fanmi Lavalas or FL [Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE]
For Us All or PONT [Jean-Marie CHERESTAL]
Fusion of Haitian Social Democrats or FHSD [Edmonde Supplice BEAUZILE]
Grouping of Citizens for Hope or RESPE [Charles-Henri BAKER]
Haitians for Haiti [Yvon NEPTUNE]
Haitian Tet Kale Party or PHTK [Ann Valerie Timothee MILFORT]
Haiti in Action or AAA [Youri LATORTUE]
Independent Movement for National Reconstruction or MIRN [Luc FLEURINORD]
Konbit Pou refe Ayiti or KONBIT
Lavni Organization or LAVNI [Yves CRISTALIN]
Liberal Party of Haiti or PLH [Jean Andre VICTOR]
Love Haiti or Renmen Ayiti [Jean-Henry CEANT, Camille LEBLANC]
Mobilization for National Development or MDN [Hubert de RONCERAY]
New Christian Movement for a New Haiti or MOCHRENA [Luc MESADIEU]
Organization for the Advancement of Haiti and Haitians or OLAHH
Party for the Integral Advancement of the Haitian People or PAIPH
Patriotic Unity or IP [Marie Denise CLAUDE]
Peasant's Response or Repons Peyizan [Michel MARTELLY]
Platform Alternative for Progress and Democracy or ALTENATIV [Victor BENOIT and Evans PAUL]
Platform of Haitian Patriots or PLAPH [Dejean BELISAIRE, Himmler REBU]
Platform Pitit Desaline or PPD [Jean-Charles MOISE]
Pont
Popular Party for the Renewal of Haiti or PPRH [Claude ROMAIN]
PPG18
Rally of Progressive National Democrats or RDNP [Mirlande MANIGAT]
Renmen Ayiti or RA [Jean-Henry CEANT]
Reseau National Bouclier or Bouclier
Respect or RESPE
Strength in Unity or Ansanm Nou Fo [Leslie VOLTAIRE]
Struggling People's Organization or OPL [Jacques-Edouard ALEXIS]
Truth (Verite)
Union [Chavannes JEUNE]
Unity or Inite [Levaillant LOUIS-JEUNE]
Vigilance or Veye Yo [Lavarice GAUDIN]" @@ -483,7 +572,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Charge d'Affaires Herve DENIS (since 7 March 2019)" + "text": "Ambassador Bocchit EDMOND (since 23 December 2020)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2311 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008" @@ -528,7 +617,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Justin LHERISSON/Nicolas GEFFRARD" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1904; named for Jean-Jacques DESSALINES, a leader in the Haitian Revolution and first ruler of an independent Haiti

" + "note": "note: adopted 1904; named for Jean-Jacques DESSALINES, a leader in the Haitian Revolution and first ruler of an independent Haiti" } }, "Economy": { @@ -564,7 +653,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$32.738 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$8.608 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -579,7 +668,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$2,981 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -622,11 +711,20 @@ "imports of goods and services": { "text": "-60.3% (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: figure for household consumption also includes government consumption

" + "note": "note: figure for household consumption also includes government consumption" }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "40.7 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "36.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "76.9 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "51.6 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -639,8 +737,8 @@ "text": "0.9% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "4.594 million (2014 est.)", - "note": "

note: shortage of skilled labor; unskilled labor abundant

" + "text": "4.594 million (2014 est.)

note: shortage of skilled labor; unskilled labor abundant", + "note": "note: shortage of skilled labor; unskilled labor abundant" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -657,7 +755,7 @@ "Unemployment rate 2010": { "text": "40.6% (2010 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: widespread unemployment and underemployment; more than two-thirds of the labor force do not have formal jobs

" + "note": "note: widespread unemployment and underemployment; more than two-thirds of the labor force do not have formal jobs" }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "58.5% (2012 est.)" @@ -720,10 +818,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 80.6%, Dominican Republic 4.9% (2017)" + "text": "United States 81%, Canada 7% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "apparel, manufactures, oils, cocoa, mangoes, coffee" + "text": "clothing and apparel, eels, essential oils, perfumes, mangoes, cocoa beans (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -734,10 +832,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 20.7%, China 18.8%, Netherlands Antilles 15.7%, Indonesia 8.5% (2017)" + "text": "United States 39%, China 22%, Turkey 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "food, manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, raw materials" + "text": "refined petroleum, rice, clothing and apparel, palm oil, poultry meats (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -853,9 +951,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "3.595 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -885,7 +980,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 509; landing points for the BDSNi and Fibralink submarine cables to 14 points in the Bahamas and Dominican Republic; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "

98 television stations throughout the country, including 1 government-owned; cable TV subscription service available; 850 radio stations (of them, only 346 are licensed), including 1 government-owned; more than 100 community radio stations; over 64 FM stations in Port-au-Prince alone; VOA Creole Service broadcasts daily on 30 affiliate stations

(2016)" @@ -920,7 +1015,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "HH (2016)" + "text": "HH" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -979,10 +1074,10 @@ "text": "the Haitian Armed Forces (FAdH), disbanded in 1995, began to be reconstituted in 2017 to assist with natural disaster relief, border security, and combating transnational crime; it established an Army command in 2018; the small Coast Guard is not part of the military, but rather the Haitian National Police (2020)" }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the country's army is planned to eventually number around 5,000 personnel (2019 est.)" + "text": "the FAdH has approximately 500 troops (the force is planned to eventually have around 5,000 personnel, possibly by the end of 2021); approximately 16,000 National Police (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "N/A" + "text": "not available" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/ho.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/ho.json index a148de43..501327e6 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/ho.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/ho.json @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "mostly mountains in interior, narrow coastal plains" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "684 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Cerro Las Minas 2,870 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Cerro Las Minas 2,870 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "684 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,25 +102,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "frequent, but generally mild, earthquakes; extremely susceptible to damaging hurricanes and floods along the Caribbean coast" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "urban population expanding; deforestation results from logging and the clearing of land for agricultural purposes; further land degradation and soil erosion hastened by uncontrolled development and improper land use practices such as farming of marginal lands; mining activities polluting Lago de Yojoa (the country's largest source of fresh water), as well as several rivers and streams, with heavy metals" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "has only a short Pacific coast but a long Caribbean shoreline, including the virtually uninhabited eastern Mosquito Coast" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "9,346,277 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "9,346,277 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -140,7 +129,7 @@ "text": "Roman Catholic 46%, Protestant 41%, atheist 1%, other 2%, none 9% (2014 est.)" }, "Demographic profile": { - "text": "

Honduras is one of the poorest countries in Latin America and has one of the world's highest murder rates. More than half of the population lives in poverty and per capita income is one of the lowest in the region. Poverty rates are higher among rural and indigenous people and in the south, west, and along the eastern border than in the north and central areas where most of Honduras' industries and infrastructure are concentrated. The increased productivity needed to break Honduras' persistent high poverty rate depends, in part, on further improvements in educational attainment. Although primary-school enrollment is near 100%, educational quality is poor, the drop-out rate and grade repetition remain high, and teacher and school accountability is low.

Honduras' population growth rate has slowed since the 1990s, but it remains high at nearly 2% annually because the birth rate averages approximately three children per woman and more among rural, indigenous, and poor women. Consequently, Honduras' young adult population - ages 15 to 29 - is projected to continue growing rapidly for the next three decades and then stabilize or slowly shrink. Population growth and limited job prospects outside of agriculture will continue to drive emigration. Remittances represent about a fifth of GDP.

" + "text": "

Honduras is one of the poorest countries in Latin America and has one of the world's highest murder rates. More than half of the population lives in poverty and per capita income is one of the lowest in the region. Poverty rates are higher among rural and indigenous people and in the south, west, and along the eastern border than in the north and central areas where most of Honduras' industries and infrastructure are concentrated. The increased productivity needed to break Honduras' persistent high poverty rate depends, in part, on further improvements in educational attainment. Although primary-school enrollment is near 100%, educational quality is poor, the drop-out rate and grade repetition remain high, and teacher and school accountability is low.

Honduras' population growth rate has slowed since the 1990s and is now 1.2% annually with a birth rate that averages 2.1 children per woman and more among rural, indigenous, and poor women. Honduras' young adult population - ages 15 to 29 - is projected to continue growing rapidly for the next three decades and then stabilize or slowly shrink. Population growth and limited job prospects outside of agriculture will continue to drive emigration. Remittances represent about a fifth of GDP.

" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -201,10 +190,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "58.4% of total population (2020)" + "text": "59% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.75% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.48% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -234,8 +223,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "20.4 years (2011/12 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age a first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "20.4 years (2011/12 est.)

note: median age a first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age a first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "65 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -341,7 +330,7 @@ "text": "21.4% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "7.1% (2012)" + "text": "7.1% (2011/12)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "6.1% of GDP (2018)" @@ -373,13 +362,108 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "10.7%" + "text": "10.9%" }, "male": { - "text": "7.7%" + "text": "7.6%" }, "female": { - "text": "16.3% (2018 est.)" + "text": "17.6% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "urban population expanding; deforestation results from logging and the clearing of land for agricultural purposes; further land degradation and soil erosion hastened by uncontrolled development and improper land use practices such as farming of marginal lands; mining activities polluting Lago de Yojoa (the country's largest source of fresh water), as well as several rivers and streams, with heavy metals" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "20.12 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "9.81 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "7.72 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "315 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "114 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.178 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "92.164 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "28.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 9.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 15.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "45.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "25.9% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.91% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "59% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.48% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever and malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "2,162,028 tons (2016 est.)" } } }, @@ -414,7 +498,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: while most sources agree that Tegucigalpa is of Nahuatl derivation, there is no consensus on its original meaning" + "note": "etymology: while most sources agree that Tegucigalpa is of Nahuatl derivation, there is no consensus on its original meaning" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "18 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Atlantida, Choluteca, Colon, Comayagua, Copan, Cortes, El Paraiso, Francisco Morazan, Gracias a Dios, Intibuca, Islas de la Bahia, La Paz, Lempira, Ocotepeque, Olancho, Santa Barbara, Valle, Yoro" @@ -430,7 +514,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest approved 11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the National Congress with at least two-thirds majority vote of the membership; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of Congress in its next annual session; constitutional articles, such as the form of government, national sovereignty, the presidential term, and the procedure for amending the constitution, cannot be amended; amended many times, last in 2015; note - the 2015 amendment struck down several constitutional articles on presidential term limits" + "text": "proposed by the National Congress with at least two-thirds majority vote of the membership; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of Congress in its next annual session; constitutional articles, such as the form of government, national sovereignty, the presidential term, and the procedure for amending the constitution, cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2021" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -539,8 +623,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal horizontal bands of cerulean blue (top), white, and cerulean blue, with five cerulean, five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band; the stars represent the members of the former Federal Republic of Central America: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua; the blue bands symbolize the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea; the white band represents the land between the two bodies of water and the peace and prosperity of its people", - "note": "

note: similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom, centered in the white band

" + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of cerulean blue (top), white, and cerulean blue, with five cerulean, five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band; the stars represent the members of the former Federal Republic of Central America: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua; the blue bands symbolize the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea; the white band represents the land between the two bodies of water and the peace and prosperity of its people

note: similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom, centered in the white band", + "note": "note: similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom, centered in the white band" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "scarlet macaw, white-tailed deer; national colors: blue, white" @@ -552,7 +636,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Augusto Constancio COELLO/Carlos HARTLING" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1915; the anthem's seven verses chronicle Honduran history; on official occasions, only the chorus and last verse are sung

" + "note": "note: adopted 1915; the anthem's seven verses chronicle Honduran history; on official occasions, only the chorus and last verse are sung" } }, "Economy": { @@ -599,7 +683,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$52.444 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$25.145 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -614,7 +698,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$5,562 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -659,8 +743,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "56.3 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "71.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "64.3 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "44.2 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -693,10 +786,10 @@ "Unemployment rate 2016": { "text": "6.3% (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: about one-third of the people are underemployed

" + "note": "note: about one-third of the people are underemployed" }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "29.6% (2014)" + "text": "48.3% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -756,10 +849,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 34.5%, Germany 8.9%, Belgium 7.7%, El Salvador 7.3%, Netherlands 7.2%, Guatemala 5.2%, Nicaragua 4.8% (2017)" + "text": "United States 53%, El Salvador 8%, Guatemala 5%, Nicaragua 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "coffee, apparel, coffee, shrimp, automobile wire harnesses, cigars, bananas, gold, palm oil, fruit, lobster, lumber" + "text": "clothing and apparel, coffee, insulated wiring, bananas, palm oil (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -770,10 +863,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 40.3%, Guatemala 10.5%, China 8.5%, Mexico 6.2%, El Salvador 5.7%, Panama 4.4%, Costa Rica 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "United States 42%, China 10%, Guatemala 8%, El Salvador 8%, Mexico 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "communications equipment, machinery and transport, industrial raw materials, chemical products, fuels, foodstuffs" + "text": "refined petroleum, clothing and apparel, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, insulated wiring (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -889,9 +982,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "9.436 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -921,7 +1011,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 504; landing points for both the ARCOS and the MAYA-1 fiber-optic submarine cable systems that together provide connectivity to South and Central America, parts of the Caribbean, and the US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to Central American Microwave System (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "multiple privately owned terrestrial TV networks, supplemented by multiple cable TV networks; Radio Honduras is the lone government-owned radio network; roughly 300 privately owned radio stations" @@ -962,7 +1052,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "HR (2016)" + "text": "HR" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1007,7 +1097,7 @@ "narrow gauge": { "text": "164 km 1.067-m gauge (2014)" }, - "note": "

115 km 1.057-m gauge
420 km 0.914-m gauge" + "note": "115 km 1.057-m gauge
420 km 0.914-m gauge" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1019,7 +1109,7 @@ "unpaved": { "text": "11,375 km (1,543 km summer only) (2012)" }, - "note": "

note: an additional 8,951 km of non-official roads used by the coffee industry

" + "note": "note: an additional 8,951 km of non-official roads used by the coffee industry" }, "Waterways": { "text": "465 km (most navigable only by small craft) (2012)" @@ -1040,7 +1130,8 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Honduran Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas de Honduras, FFAA): Army, Honduran Naval Force (FNH; includes marines), Honduran Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Hondurena, FAH), Honduran Public Order Military Police (PMOP); Ministry of Public Security and Defense: Public Security Forces (includes paramilitary units) (2020)" + "text": "Honduran Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas de Honduras, FFAA): Army (Ejercito), Honduran Naval Force (FNH; includes marines), Honduran Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Hondurena, FAH), Honduran Public Order Military Police (PMOP); Security Secretariat: Public Security Forces (includes Honduran National Police paramilitary units) (2021)

note - the PMOP reports to military authorities, but conducts operations sanction by civilian security officials as well as by military leaders ", + "note": "note - the PMOP reports to military authorities, but conducts operations sanction by civilian security officials as well as by military leaders " }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1060,13 +1151,13 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Honduran Armed Forces (FFAA) have approximately 15,500 active personnel (7,500 Army; 1,500 Navy; 2,500 Air Force; 4,000 Public Order Military Police) (2019 )" + "text": "the Honduran Armed Forces (FFAA) have approximately 16,000 active personnel (7,500 Army; 1,500 Navy, including about 1,000 marines; 2,000 Air Force; 5,000 Public Order Military Police); approximately 18,000 National Police (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the FFAA's inventory is comprised of mostly older imported equipment from Israel, the UK, and the US; since 2010, Honduras has received limited amounts of military equipment from Colombia, Israel, Netherlands, Taiwan, and the US (2019 est.)" + "text": "the FFAA's inventory is comprised of mostly older imported equipment from Israel, the UK, and the US; since 2010, Honduras has received limited amounts of military equipment from Colombia, Israel, Netherlands, Taiwan, and the US (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for voluntary 2- to 3-year military service; no conscription (2012)" + "text": "18 years of age for voluntary 2- to 3-year military service; no conscription (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/jm.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/jm.json index 64fff614..73f71b27 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/jm.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/jm.json @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ "continental shelf": { "text": "200 nm or to edge of the continental margin" }, - "note": "

measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines" + "note": "measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines" }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior" @@ -58,14 +58,14 @@ "text": "mostly mountains, with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "18 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Blue Mountain Peak 2,256 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Blue Mountain Peak 2,256 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "18 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -100,17 +100,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "hurricanes (especially July to November)" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "heavy rates of deforestation; coastal waters polluted by industrial waste, sewage, and oil spills; damage to coral reefs; air pollution in Kingston from vehicle emissions; land erosion" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "third largest island in the Caribbean (after Cuba and Hispaniola); strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the main sea lanes for the Panama Canal" } @@ -195,10 +184,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "56.3% of total population (2020)" + "text": "56.7% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.82% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.79% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -228,8 +217,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "21.2 years (2008 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "21.2 years (2008 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "80 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -321,7 +310,7 @@ "text": "24.7% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "2.2% (2014)" + "text": "4.4% (2016)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "5.2% of GDP (2019)" @@ -353,13 +342,97 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "24.2%" + "text": "20.6%" }, "male": { - "text": "20%" + "text": "16.8%" }, "female": { - "text": "29.3% (2018 est.)" + "text": "25.4% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "heavy rates of deforestation; coastal waters polluted by industrial waste, sewage, and oil spills; damage to coral reefs; air pollution in Kingston from vehicle emissions; land erosion" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "13.25 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "8.23 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "1.08 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "140 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "114 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "10.823 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "41.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 11.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 9.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 21.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "31.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "27.5% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.15% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "56.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.79% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1,051,695 tons (2016 est.)" } } }, @@ -388,11 +461,11 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name is a blending of the words \"king's\" and \"town\"; the English king at the time of the city's founding in 1692 was William III (r. 1689-1702)" + "note": "etymology: the name is a blending of the words \"king's\" and \"town\"; the English king at the time of the city's founding in 1692 was William III (r. 1689-1702)" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, Saint Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland", - "note": "

note: for local government purposes, Kingston and Saint Andrew were amalgamated in 1923 into the present single corporate body known as the Kingston and Saint Andrew Corporation

" + "text": "14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, Saint Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland

note: for local government purposes, Kingston and Saint Andrew were amalgamated in 1923 into the present single corporate body known as the Kingston and Saint Andrew Corporation", + "note": "note: for local government purposes, Kingston and Saint Andrew were amalgamated in 1923 into the present single corporate body known as the Kingston and Saint Andrew Corporation" }, "Independence": { "text": "6 August 1962 (from the UK)" @@ -523,7 +596,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Hugh Braham SHERLOCK/Robert Charles LIGHTBOURNE" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1962

" + "note": "note: adopted 1962" } }, "Economy": { @@ -573,7 +646,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$28.035 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$15.847 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -588,7 +661,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$9,598 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -633,8 +706,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "69.7 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "97.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "61.5 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "53.7 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -729,10 +811,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 39.1%, Netherlands 12.3%, Canada 8.4% (2017)" + "text": "United States 32%, Netherlands 11%, Germany 9%, Canada 7%, Iceland 7% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "alumina, bauxite, chemicals, coffee, mineral fuels, waste and scrap metals, sugar, yams" + "text": "bauxite, refined petroleum, aluminum, rum, fruits, nuts (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { @@ -743,10 +825,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 40.6%, Colombia 6.8%, Japan 5.8%, China 5.8%, Trinidad and Tobago 4.7% (2017)" + "text": "United States 43%, China 11% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "food and other consumer goods, industrial supplies, fuel, parts and accessories of capital goods, machinery and transport equipment, construction materials" + "text": "refined petroleum, cars, crude petroleum, natural gas, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -862,9 +944,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "8.9 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -894,7 +973,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 1-876 and 1-658; landing points for the ALBA-1, CFX-1, Fibralink, East-West, and Cayman-Jamaican Fiber System submarine cables providing connections to South America, parts of the Caribbean, Central America and the US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "3 free-to-air TV stations, subscription cable services, and roughly 30 radio stations (2019)" @@ -926,7 +1005,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "6Y (2016)" + "text": "6Y" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -988,7 +1067,8 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Jamaica Defense Force (JDF): Jamaica Regiment (Ground Forces), Maritime-Air-Cyber Command (2020)" + "text": "Jamaica Defense Force (JDF): Jamaica Regiment (Ground Forces), Maritime-Air-Cyber Command (includes Coast Guard, Air Wing, Military Intelligence Unit, Special Activities Regiment, and Military Cyber Corps), Support Brigade (logistics, engineers, health service, and military police); Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF) (2021)

note - both the JDF and JCF are under the Ministry of National Security", + "note": "note - both the JDF and JCF are under the Ministry of National Security" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1001,20 +1081,20 @@ "text": "1% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "1% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "0.9% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "1% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "0.9% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "assessments of the size of the the Jamaica Defense Forces vary; approximately 3,500 active personnel (3,000 Ground Forces; 300 Coast Guard; 200 Air Wing) (2019)" + "text": "the JDF has approximately 4,000 total active personnel (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Jamaica Defense Force's inventory is limited and features mostly older equipment imported from a variety of foreign suppliers, including the UK and US; since 2010, Jamaica has received limited quantities of military equipment from Australia, Austria, the Netherlands, and the US (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Jamaica Defense Force is lightly armed with a limited inventory featuring mostly older equipment imported from a variety of foreign suppliers, including the UK and US; since 2010, Jamaica has received limited quantities of military equipment from Australia, Austria, the Netherlands, and the US (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "17 1/2 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)" + "text": "no conscription; 18-23 for voluntary military service (17 with parental consent; 18-28 for the reserves); since 2017, the JDF's standard mode of recruitment is to enroll recruits ages 18-23 through the Jamaica National Service Corps (JNSC); in the JNSC, soldiers receive basic military, vocational, and life skills training; upon completion of 1-year of service, soldiers can continue on with JDF or seek other opportunities with law enforcement (2020)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/mh.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/mh.json index f0b5015d..6a074252 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/mh.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/mh.json @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ "text": "volcanic island, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowland" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Soufriere Hills volcano pre-eruption height was 915 m; current lava dome is subject to periodic build up and collapse; estimated dome height was 1,050 m in 2015" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -90,17 +90,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

volcanic eruptions; severe hurricanes (June to November)

volcanism: Soufriere Hills volcano (915 m), has erupted continuously since 1995; a massive eruption in 1997 destroyed most of the capital, Plymouth, and resulted in approximately half of the island becoming uninhabitable; the island of Montserrat is part of the volcanic island arc of the Lesser Antilles that extends from Saba in the north to Grenada in the south

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "land erosion occurs on slopes that have been cleared for cultivation" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the island is entirely volcanic in origin and comprised of three major volcanic centers of differing ages" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "5,387 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: an estimated 8,000 refugees left the island following the resumption of volcanic activity in July 1995; some have returned

" + "text": "5,387 (July 2021 est.)

note: an estimated 8,000 refugees left the island following the resumption of volcanic activity in July 1995; some have returned", + "note": "note: an estimated 8,000 refugees left the island following the resumption of volcanic activity in July 1995; some have returned" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -164,10 +161,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "9.1% of total population (2020)" + "text": "9.2% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.64% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.94% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Sex ratio": { @@ -262,6 +259,42 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "land erosion occurs on slopes that have been cleared for cultivation" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "30% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 20% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 10% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "25% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "45% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "9.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.94% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -290,7 +323,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology and note: now entirely deserted because of volcanic activity, the city was originally named after Plymouth, England; de jure, Plymouth remains the capital city of Montserrat; it is therefore the only ghost town that serves as the capital of a political entity" + "note": "etymology and note: now entirely deserted because of volcanic activity, the city was originally named after Plymouth, England; de jure, Plymouth remains the capital city of Montserrat; it is therefore the only ghost town that serves as the capital of a political entity" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges, Saint Peter" @@ -303,10 +336,10 @@ }, "Constitution": { "history": { - "text": "previous 1960; latest effective 1 September 2010 (The Montserrat Constitution Order 2010)" + "text": "previous 1960; latest put into force 20 October 2010 (The Montserrat Constitution Order 2010)" }, "amendments": { - "text": "amended 2011" + "text": "amended 2011, 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -526,10 +559,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 29%, France 23%, Saint Kitts and Nevis 22.2% (2017)" + "text": "Antigua and Barbuda 19%, United States 18%, France 17%, Singapore 14%, Belgium 9%, Netherlands 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "electronic components, plastic bags, apparel; hot peppers, limes, live plants; cattle" + "text": "sand, iron products, seats, medical instruments, fish (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -540,10 +573,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 72.8%, Trinidad and Tobago 6%, UK 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "United States 70%, United Kingdom 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured goods, fuels, lubricants" + "text": "refined petroleum, cars, oranges, electric motors, broadcasting equipment (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -645,9 +678,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "57,180 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -677,7 +707,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 1-664; landing point for the ECFS optic submarine cable with links to 14 other islands in the eastern Caribbean extending from the British Virgin Islands to Trinidad (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "Radio Montserrat, a public radio broadcaster, transmits on 1 station and has a repeater transmission to a second station; repeater transmissions from the GEM Radio Network of Trinidad and Tobago provide another 2 radio stations; cable and satellite TV available (2007)" @@ -704,7 +734,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "VP-M (2016)" + "text": "VP-M" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -730,7 +760,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces; Royal Montserrat Defence Force (ceremonial, civil defense duties),  Montserrat Police Force (2019)" + "text": "no regular military forces; Royal Montserrat Defence Force (ceremonial, civil defense duties), Montserrat Police Force (2021)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "defense is the responsibility of the UK" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/nn.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/nn.json index b5dfba69..17b874e6 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/nn.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/nn.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "0 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: Dutch part of the island of Saint Martin

" + "note": "note: Dutch part of the island of Saint Martin" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "

one-fifth the size of Washington, DC

" @@ -55,11 +55,11 @@ "text": "

low, hilly terrain, volcanic origin

" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Mount Flagstaff 383 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -71,9 +71,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

subject to hurricanes from July to November

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "

scarcity of potable water (increasing percentage provided by desalination); inadequate solid waste management; pollution from construction, chemical runoff, and sewage harms reefs

" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

the northern border is shared with the French overseas collectivity of Saint Martin; together, these two entities make up the smallest landmass in the world shared by two self-governing states

" } @@ -83,8 +80,8 @@ "text": "44,564 (July 2021 est.)" }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Saint Maarten 29.9%, Dominican Republic 10.2%, Haiti 7.8%, Jamaica 6.6%, Saint Martin 5.9%, Guyana 5%, Dominica 4.4%, Curacao 4.1%, Aruba 3.4%, Saint Kitts and Nevis 2.8%, India 2.6%, Netherlands 2.2%, US 1.6%, Suriname 1.4%, Saint Lucia 1.3%, Anguilla 1.1%, other 8%, unspecified 1.7% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note:  data represent population by country of birth" + "text": "Saint Maarten 29.9%, Dominican Republic 10.2%, Haiti 7.8%, Jamaica 6.6%, Saint Martin 5.9%, Guyana 5%, Dominica 4.4%, Curacao 4.1%, Aruba 3.4%, Saint Kitts and Nevis 2.8%, India 2.6%, Netherlands 2.2%, US 1.6%, Suriname 1.4%, Saint Lucia 1.3%, Anguilla 1.1%, other 8%, unspecified 1.7% (2011 est.)

note:  data represent population by country of birth", + "note": "note:  data represent population by country of birth" }, "Languages": { "text": "English (official) 67.5%, Spanish 12.9%, Creole 8.2%, Dutch (official) 4.2%, Papiamento (a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect) 2.2%, French 1.5%, other 3.5% (2001 est.)" @@ -137,10 +134,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "100% of total population (2020)" + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.56% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.16% annual rate of change (2020-25 est. est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -234,6 +231,22 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "

scarcity of potable water (increasing percentage provided by desalination); inadequate solid waste management; pollution from construction, chemical runoff, and sewage harms reefs

" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "

tropical marine climate, ameliorated by northeast trade winds, results in moderate temperatures; average rainfall of 150 cm/year; hurricane season stretches from July to November

" + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.16% annual rate of change (2020-25 est. est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -271,11 +284,11 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: founded and named in 1763 by John PHILIPS, a Scottish captain in the Dutch navy" + "note": "etymology: founded and named in 1763 by John PHILIPS, a Scottish captain in the Dutch navy" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "

none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)

", - "note": "

note: Sint Maarten is one of four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; the other three are the Netherlands, Aruba, and Curacao

" + "text": "

none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)



note: Sint Maarten is one of four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; the other three are the Netherlands, Aruba, and Curacao", + "note": "note: Sint Maarten is one of four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; the other three are the Netherlands, Aruba, and Curacao" }, "Independence": { "text": "

none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)

" @@ -286,6 +299,9 @@ "Constitution": { "history": { "text": "previous 1947, 1955; latest adopted 21 July 2010, entered into force 10 October 2010 (regulates governance of Sint Maarten but is subordinate to the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands)" + }, + "amendments": { + "text": "proposals initiated by the Government or by Parliament; passage requires at least a two-thirds majority of the Parliament membership; passage of amendments relating to fundamental rights, authorities of the governor and of Parliament must include the \"views\" of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Government prior to ratification by Parliament" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -310,7 +326,7 @@ "elections/appointments": { "text": "the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch for a 6-year term; following parliamentary elections, the leader of the majority party usually elected prime minister by Parliament" }, - "note": "

note - on 16 January 2020, Governor Eugene HOLIDAY appoints Silveria JACOBS as formateur of a new government" + "note": "note - on 16 January 2020, Governor Eugene HOLIDAY appoints Silveria JACOBS as formateur of a new government" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { @@ -349,8 +365,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and blue with a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the center of the triangle displays the Sint Maarten coat of arms; the arms consist of an orange-bordered  blue shield prominently displaying the white court house in Philipsburg, as well as a bouquet of yellow sage (the national flower) in the upper left,  and the silhouette of a Dutch-French friendship monument in the upper right; the shield is surmounted by a yellow rising sun in front of which is a brown pelican in flight; a yellow scroll below the shield bears the motto: SEMPER PROGREDIENS (Always Progressing); the three main colors are identical to those on the Dutch flag", - "note": "

note: the flag somewhat resembles that of the Philippines but with the main red and blue bands reversed; the banner more closely evokes the wartime Philippine flag" + "text": "two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and blue with a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the center of the triangle displays the Sint Maarten coat of arms; the arms consist of an orange-bordered  blue shield prominently displaying the white court house in Philipsburg, as well as a bouquet of yellow sage (the national flower) in the upper left,  and the silhouette of a Dutch-French friendship monument in the upper right; the shield is surmounted by a yellow rising sun in front of which is a brown pelican in flight; a yellow scroll below the shield bears the motto: SEMPER PROGREDIENS (Always Progressing); the three main colors are identical to those on the Dutch flag

note: the flag somewhat resembles that of the Philippines but with the main red and blue bands reversed; the banner more closely evokes the wartime Philippine flag", + "note": "note: the flag somewhat resembles that of the Philippines but with the main red and blue bands reversed; the banner more closely evokes the wartime Philippine flag" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "

brown pelican, yellow sage (flower); national colors: red, white, blue

" @@ -362,7 +378,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Gerard KEMPS" }, - "note": "

note: the song, written in 1958, is used as an unofficial anthem for the entire island (both French and Dutch sides); as a collectivity of France, in addition to the local anthem, \"La Marseillaise\" is official on the French side (see France); as a constituent part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, in addition to the local anthem, \"Het Wilhelmus\" is official on the Dutch side (see Netherlands)

" + "note": "note: the song, written in 1958, is used as an unofficial anthem for the entire island (both French and Dutch sides); as a collectivity of France, in addition to the local anthem, \"La Marseillaise\" is official on the French side (see France); as a constituent part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, in addition to the local anthem, \"Het Wilhelmus\" is official on the Dutch side (see Netherlands)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -398,7 +414,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2014": { "text": "$365.8 million (2014 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2014 US dollars
" + "note": "
note: data are in 2014 US dollars
" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$304.1 million (2014 est.)" @@ -413,7 +429,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2014": { "text": "$66,800 (2014 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2015 US dollars" + "note": "note: data are in 2015 US dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -533,7 +549,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 1-721; landing points for SMPR-1 and the ECFS submarine cables providing connectivity to the Caribbean; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Internet country code": { "text": "

.sx; note - IANA has designated .sx for Sint Maarten, but has not yet assigned it to a sponsoring organization

" @@ -552,7 +568,7 @@ "1,524 to 2,437 m": { "text": "1" }, - "note": "

note: Princess Juliana International Airport (SXM) was severely damaged on 6 September 2017 by hurricane Irma, but resumed commercial operations on 10 October 2017

" + "note": "note: Princess Juliana International Airport (SXM) was severely damaged on 6 September 2017 by hurricane Irma, but resumed commercial operations on 10 October 2017" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -570,10 +586,10 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces; Police Department for local law enforcement, supported by the Royal Netherlands Marechaussee (Gendarmerie), the Dutch Caribbean Police Force (Korps Politie Caribisch Nederland or KPCN), and the Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard (Kustwacht Caribisch Gebied or KWCARIB0)) (2019)" + "text": "no regular military forces; Police Department for local law enforcement, supported by the Royal Netherlands Marechaussee (Gendarmerie), the Dutch Caribbean Police Force (Korps Politie Caribisch Nederland, KPCN), and the Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard (DCCG or Kustwacht Caribisch Gebied (KWCARIB)) (2021)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "

defense is the responsibility of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

" + "text": "defense is the responsibility of the Kingdom of the Netherlands" } } } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/nu.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/nu.json index cd6dff20..a7fa1eca 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/nu.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/nu.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "extensive Atlantic coastal plains rising to central interior mountains; narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by volcanoes" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "298 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mogoton 2,085 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mogoton 2,085 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "298 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,17 +99,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

destructive earthquakes; volcanoes; landslides; extremely susceptible to hurricanes

volcanism: significant volcanic activity; Cerro Negro (728 m), which last erupted in 1999, is one of Nicaragua's most active volcanoes; its lava flows and ash have been known to cause significant damage to farmland and buildings; other historically active volcanoes include Concepcion, Cosiguina, Las Pilas, Masaya, Momotombo, San Cristobal, and Telica

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution; drought" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "largest country in Central America; contains the largest freshwater body in Central America, Lago de Nicaragua" } @@ -130,8 +119,8 @@ "text": "Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and White) 69%, White 17%, Black 9%, Amerindian 5%" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Spanish (official) 95.3%, Miskito 2.2%, Mestizo of the Caribbean coast 2%, other 0.5% (2005 est.)", - "note": "

note: English and indigenous languages found on the Caribbean coast

" + "text": "Spanish (official) 95.3%, Miskito 2.2%, Mestizo of the Caribbean coast 2%, other 0.5% (2005 est.)

note: English and indigenous languages found on the Caribbean coast", + "note": "note: English and indigenous languages found on the Caribbean coast" }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 50%, Evangelical 33.2%, other 2.9%, unspecified 13.2%, none 0.7% (2017 est.)" @@ -198,10 +187,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "59% of total population (2020)" + "text": "59.3% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.45% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -231,8 +220,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "19.2 years (2011/12 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "19.2 years (2011/12 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "198 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -338,7 +327,7 @@ "text": "23.7% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "4.6% (2012)" + "text": "4.6% (2011/12)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "4.4% of GDP (2017)" @@ -369,6 +358,101 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution; drought" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "16.87 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "5.59 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "6.46 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "286 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "73.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.185 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "164.52 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "42.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 12.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 2.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 27.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "25.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "32.5% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "1.26% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "59.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever and malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1,528,816 tons (2010 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -400,7 +484,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: may derive from the indigenous Nahuatl term \"mana-ahuac,\" which translates as \"adjacent to the water\" or a site \"surrounded by water\"; the city is situated on the southwestern shore of Lake Managua" + "note": "etymology: may derive from the indigenous Nahuatl term \"mana-ahuac,\" which translates as \"adjacent to the water\" or a site \"surrounded by water\"; the city is situated on the southwestern shore of Lake Managua" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "15 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 2 autonomous regions* (regiones autonomistas, singular - region autonoma); Boaco, Carazo, Chinandega, Chontales, Costa Caribe Norte*, Costa Caribe Sur*, Esteli, Granada, Jinotega, Leon, Madriz, Managua, Masaya, Matagalpa, Nueva Segovia, Rio San Juan, Rivas" @@ -416,7 +500,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest adopted 19 November 1986, effective 9 January 1987" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or assent of at least half of the National Assembly membership; passage requires approval by 60% of the membership of the next elected Assembly and promulgation by the president of the republic; amended several times, last in 2014" + "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or assent of at least half of the National Assembly membership; passage requires approval by 60% of the membership of the next elected Assembly and promulgation by the president of the republic; amended several times, last in 2021" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -522,8 +606,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on the top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; the banner is based on the former blue-white-blue flag of the Federal Republic of Central America; the blue bands symbolize the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, while the white band represents the land between the two bodies of water", - "note": "

note: similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band

" + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on the top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; the banner is based on the former blue-white-blue flag of the Federal Republic of Central America; the blue bands symbolize the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, while the white band represents the land between the two bodies of water

note: similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band", + "note": "note: similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "turquoise-browed motmot (bird); national colors: blue, white" @@ -535,7 +619,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Salomon Ibarra MAYORGA/traditional, arranged by Luis Abraham DELGADILLO" }, - "note": "

note: although only officially adopted in 1971, the music was approved in 1918 and the lyrics in 1939; the tune, originally from Spain, was used as an anthem for Nicaragua from the 1830s until 1876

" + "note": "note: although only officially adopted in 1971, the music was approved in 1918 and the lyrics in 1939; the tune, originally from Spain, was used as an anthem for Nicaragua from the 1830s until 1876" } }, "Economy": { @@ -585,7 +669,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$38.334 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$12.57 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -600,7 +684,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$6,004 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -645,8 +729,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "54.4 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "79.6 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "77 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "58.6 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -679,10 +772,10 @@ "Unemployment rate 2016": { "text": "6.2% (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: underemployment was 46.5% in 2008

" + "note": "note: underemployment was 46.5% in 2008" }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "29.6% (2015 est.)" + "text": "24.9% (2016 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": { @@ -721,7 +814,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "31.2% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: official data; data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by Government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions; Nicaragua rebased its GDP figures in 2012, which reduced the figures for debt as a percentage of GDP

" + "note": "note: official data; data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by Government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions; Nicaragua rebased its GDP figures in 2012, which reduced the figures for debt as a percentage of GDP" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -743,10 +836,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 44.2%, El Salvador 6.4%, Venezuela 5.5%, Costa Rica 5.5% (2017)" + "text": "United States 60%, El Salvador 5%, Mexico 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "coffee, beef, gold, sugar, peanuts, shrimp and lobster, tobacco, cigars, automobile wiring harnesses, textiles, apparel" + "text": "clothing and apparel, gold, insulated wiring, coffee, beef (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -757,10 +850,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 20.8%, China 14.3%, Mexico 11.1%, Costa Rica 7.9%, Guatemala 7%, El Salvador 5.6% (2017)" + "text": "United States 27%, Mexico 12%, China 11%, Guatemala 9%, Costa Rica 7%, El Salvador 6%, Honduras 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "consumer goods, machinery and equipment, raw materials, petroleum products" + "text": "refined petroleum, clothing and apparel, crude petroleum, packaged medicines, insulated wiring (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -876,9 +969,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2015 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "5.405 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -908,7 +998,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 505; landing point for the ARCOS fiber-optic submarine cable which provides connectivity to South and Central America, parts of the Caribbean, and the US; satellite earth stations - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region) and 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "multiple terrestrial TV stations, supplemented by cable TV in most urban areas; nearly all are government-owned or affiliated; more than 300 radio stations, both government-affiliated and privately owned (2019)" @@ -943,7 +1033,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "YN (2016)" + "text": "YN" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1014,7 +1104,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Army of Nicaragua (Ejercito de Nicaragua, EN; includes Navy, Air Force) (2020)" + "text": "Army of Nicaragua (Ejercito de Nicaragua, EN): Land Forces (Fuerza Terrestre); Naval Forces (Fuerza Naval); Air Forces (Fuerza Aérea); Special Operations Command (Comando de Operaciones Especiales) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1027,20 +1117,20 @@ "text": "0.6% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "0.6% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "0.5% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { "text": "0.8% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Army of Nicaragua has approximately 12,000 active personnel (10,000 Army; 800 Navy; 1,200 Air Force) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Army of Nicaragua has approximately 12,000 active personnel (10,000 Army; 800 Navy; 1,200 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Nicaraguan military's inventory includes mostly Russian/Soviet-era equipment; since 2010, Russia is the leading arms supplier to Nicaragua (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Nicaraguan military's inventory includes mostly Russian/Soviet-era equipment; since 2010, Russia is the leading arms supplier to Nicaragua (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-30 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; tour of duty 18-36 months; requires Nicaraguan nationality and 6th-grade education (2017)" + "text": "18-30 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; tour of duty 18-36 months; requires Nicaraguan nationality and 6th-grade education (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/pm.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/pm.json index 554db646..30a09e18 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/pm.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/pm.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "interior mostly steep, rugged mountains with dissected, upland plains; coastal plains with rolling hills" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "360 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Volcan Baru 3,475 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Volcan Baru 3,475 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "360 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,17 +99,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "occasional severe storms and forest fires in the Darien area" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water pollution from agricultural runoff threatens fishery resources; deforestation of tropical rain forest; land degradation and soil erosion threatens siltation of Panama Canal; air pollution in urban areas; mining threatens natural resources" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Marine Life Conservation" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location on eastern end of isthmus forming land bridge connecting North and South America; controls Panama Canal that links North Atlantic Ocean via Caribbean Sea with North Pacific Ocean" } @@ -130,8 +119,8 @@ "text": "Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and White) 65%, Native American 12.3% (Ngabe 7.6%, Kuna 2.4%, Embera 0.9%, Bugle 0.8%, other 0.4%, unspecified 0.2%), Black or African descent 9.2%, Mulatto 6.8%, White 6.7% (2010 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Spanish (official), indigenous languages (including Ngabere (or Guaymi), Buglere, Kuna, Embera, Wounaan, Naso (or Teribe), and Bri Bri), Panamanian English Creole (similar to Jamaican English Creole; a mixture of English and Spanish with elements of Ngabere; also known as Guari Guari and Colon Creole), English, Chinese (Yue and Hakka), Arabic, French Creole, other (Yiddish, Hebrew, Korean, Japanese)", - "note": "

note: many Panamanians are bilingual

" + "text": "Spanish (official), indigenous languages (including Ngabere (or Guaymi), Buglere, Kuna, Embera, Wounaan, Naso (or Teribe), and Bri Bri), Panamanian English Creole (similar to Jamaican English Creole; a mixture of English and Spanish with elements of Ngabere; also known as Guari Guari and Colon Creole), English, Chinese (Yue and Hakka), Arabic, French Creole, other (Yiddish, Hebrew, Korean, Japanese)

note: many Panamanians are bilingual", + "note": "note: many Panamanians are bilingual" }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant 15%" @@ -198,10 +187,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "68.4% of total population (2020)" + "text": "68.8% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.06% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.92% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -333,6 +322,9 @@ "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "22.7% (2016)" }, + "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { + "text": "3% (2019)" + }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "3.2% of GDP (2011)" }, @@ -363,13 +355,108 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "10.2%" + "text": "12.8%" }, "male": { - "text": "7.4%" + "text": "10.2%" }, "female": { - "text": "15.3% (2018 est.)" + "text": "17.5% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water pollution from agricultural runoff threatens fishery resources; deforestation of tropical rain forest; land degradation and soil erosion threatens siltation of Panama Canal; air pollution in urban areas; mining threatens natural resources" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Marine Life Conservation" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "11.18 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "10.71 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "5.97 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "759.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "6.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "446.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "139.304 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "30.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 7.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 2.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 20.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "43.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "25.9% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.08% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "68.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.92% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "intermediate (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1,472,262 tons (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -404,7 +491,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: according to tradition, the name derives from a former fishing area near the present capital - an indigenous village and its adjacent beach - that were called \"Panama\" meaning \"an abundance of fish\"" + "note": "etymology: according to tradition, the name derives from a former fishing area near the present capital - an indigenous village and its adjacent beach - that were called \"Panama\" meaning \"an abundance of fish\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "10 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 3 indigenous regions* (comarcas); Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Cocle, Colon, Darien, Embera-Wounaan*, Herrera, Guna Yala*, Los Santos, Ngobe-Bugle*, Panama, Panama Oeste, Veraguas" @@ -538,7 +625,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Jeronimo DE LA OSSA/Santos A. JORGE" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1925

" + "note": "note: adopted 1925" } }, "Economy": { @@ -585,7 +672,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$125.07 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$66.801 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -600,7 +687,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$30,455 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -645,8 +732,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "92.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "66.6 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "92 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "85.5 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "49 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -659,8 +755,8 @@ "text": "6.3% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "1.633 million (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor

" + "text": "1.633 million (2017 est.)

note: shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor", + "note": "note: shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -682,7 +778,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "23% (2015 est.)" + "text": "22.1% (2016 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -740,13 +836,13 @@ "Exports 2017": { "text": "$24.7 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: includes the Colon Free Zone

" + "note": "note: includes the Colon Free Zone" }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 18.9%, Netherlands 16.6%, China 6.5%, Costa Rica 5.4%, India 5.1%, Vietnam 5% (2017)" + "text": "Ecuador 20%, Guatemala 14%, China 8%, United States 6%, Netherlands 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "fruit and nuts, fish, iron and steel waste, wood" + "text": "refined petroleum, copper, bananas, ships, coal tar oil, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { @@ -755,13 +851,13 @@ "Imports 2017": { "text": "$28.175 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: includes the Colon Free Zone

" + "note": "note: includes the Colon Free Zone" }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 24.4%, China 9.8%, Mexico 4.9% (2017)" + "text": "China 21%, United States 19%, Japan 16%, Colombia 6%, Ecuador 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "fuels, machinery, vehicles, iron and steel rods, pharmaceuticals" + "text": "ships, refined petroleum, crude petroleum, tanker ships, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -877,9 +973,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "26.08 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -909,7 +1002,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 507; landing points for the PAN-AM, ARCOS, SAC, AURORA, PCCS, PAC, and the MAYA-1 submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to the Central American Microwave System (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "multiple privately owned TV networks and a government-owned educational TV station; multi-channel cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; more than 100 commercial radio stations (2019)" @@ -950,7 +1043,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "HP (2016)" + "text": "HP" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1027,14 +1120,31 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces; Panamanian Public Security Forces (subordinate to the Ministry of Public Security), comprising the National Police (PNP), National Air-Naval Service (SENAN), National Border Service (SENAFRONT) (2020)", - "note": "

note: on 10 February 1990, the government of then President Guillermo ENDARA abolished Panama's military and reformed the security apparatus by creating the Panamanian Public Forces; in October 1994, Panama's National Assembly approved a constitutional amendment prohibiting the creation of a standing military force but allowing the temporary establishment of special police units to counter acts of \"external aggression\"" + "text": "no regular military forces; Ministry of Public Security: the Panama National Police (La Policía Nacional de Panamá, PNP), National Air-Naval Service (Servicio Nacional Aeronaval, SENAN), National Border Service (Servicio Nacional de Fronteras, SENAFRONT) (2021)

note: on 10 February 1990, the government of then President Guillermo ENDARA abolished Panama's military and reformed the security apparatus by creating the Panamanian Public Forces; in October 1994, Panama's National Assembly approved a constitutional amendment prohibiting the creation of a standing military force but allowing the temporary establishment of special police units to counter acts of \"external aggression\"", + "note": "note: on 10 February 1990, the government of then President Guillermo ENDARA abolished Panama's military and reformed the security apparatus by creating the Panamanian Public Forces; in October 1994, Panama's National Assembly approved a constitutional amendment prohibiting the creation of a standing military force but allowing the temporary establishment of special police units to counter acts of \"external aggression\"" + }, + "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2017": { + "text": "1.2% of GDP (2017)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2016": { + "text": "1.3% of GDP (2016)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2015": { + "text": "1.2% of GDP (2015)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2014": { + "text": "1.3% of GDP (2014)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2013": { + "text": "1.4% of GDP (2013)" + } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Panamanian Public Security Forces are comprised of approximately 26,000 personnel (20,000 National Police Force; 4,000 National Border Service; 2,000 National Air-Naval Service) (2019 est.)" + "text": "approximately 20,000 National Police; 4,000 National Border Service; 3,000 National Air-Naval Service (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "Panama's security forces do not maintain heavy military equipment, instead focusing on light air transport, patrol, and surveillance capabilities; since 2010, Italy and the US have been the leading suppliers to the security forces (2019 est.)" + "text": "Panama's security forces are lightly armed; Canada, Italy and the US have provided equipment to the security forces since 2010 (2020)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1043,7 +1153,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "79,155 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum or have received alternative legal stay) (2020)" + "text": "80,024 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum or have received alternative legal stay) (2021)" } }, "Illicit drugs": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/rn.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/rn.json index e9a9a05c..9b0061e3 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/rn.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/rn.json @@ -43,11 +43,11 @@ "text": "temperature averages 27-29 degrees Celsius all year long; low humidity, gentle trade winds, brief, intense rain showers; hurricane season stretches from July to November" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Caribbean Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Pic du Paradis 424 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Caribbean Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -59,9 +59,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "subject to hurricanes from July to November" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "excessive population pressure (increasing settlement); waste management; salinity intrusions into the main land of the island; fresh water supply is dependent on desalination of sea water; over exploitation of marine resources (reef fisheries, coral and shell); indiscriminate anchoring of boats damages coral reefs,causing underwater pollution and changes the sediment dynamics of Saint Martin's Island" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the southern border is shared with Sint Maarten, a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands; together, these two entities make up the smallest landmass in the world shared by two self-governing states" } @@ -180,6 +177,19 @@ "text": "NA" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "excessive population pressure (increasing settlement); waste management; salinity intrusions into the main land of the island; fresh water supply is dependent on desalination of sea water; over exploitation of marine resources (reef fisheries, coral and shell); indiscriminate anchoring of boats damages coral reefs,causing underwater pollution and changes the sediment dynamics of Saint Martin's Island" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperature averages 27-29 degrees Celsius all year long; low humidity, gentle trade winds, brief, intense rain showers; hurricane season stretches from July to November" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "15,480 tons (2012 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -199,8 +209,8 @@ } }, "Dependency status": { - "text": "overseas collectivity of France", - "note": "

note: the only French overseas collectivity that is part of the EU

" + "text": "overseas collectivity of France

note: the only French overseas collectivity that is part of the EU", + "note": "note: the only French overseas collectivity that is part of the EU" }, "Government type": { "text": "parliamentary democracy (Territorial Council); overseas collectivity of France" @@ -215,7 +225,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: marigot is a French term referring to a body of water, a watercourse, a side-stream, or a tributary rivulet; the name likely refers to a stream at the site of the city's original founding" + "note": "etymology: marigot is a French term referring to a body of water, a watercourse, a side-stream, or a tributary rivulet; the name likely refers to a stream at the site of the city's original founding" }, "Independence": { "text": "none (overseas collectivity of France)" @@ -267,7 +277,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "Territorial Council - percent of vote by party (first round) - TDG 49.1%, MJP 13.7%, MVP 12.3%, HOPE 8.7%, Continuons pour Saint-Martin 6.5%, other 9.7%; seats by party - NA; percent of vote by party (second round) - TDG 64.3%, MJP 24.2%, MVP 11.5.5%; seats by party - TDG 18, MJP 4, MVP 1; composition - men 13, women 10, percent of women 43.5%" }, - "note": "

French Senate - held on 28 September 2014 (next to be held not later than September 2020) French National Assembly - last held on 11 and 18 June 2017 (next to be held by June 2022) French Senate - 1 seat: UMP 1 French National Assembly - 1 seat: UMP 1" + "note": "French Senate - held on 28 September 2014 (next to be held not later than September 2020) French National Assembly - last held on 11 and 18 June 2017 (next to be held by June 2022) French Senate - 1 seat: UMP 1 French National Assembly - 1 seat: UMP 1" }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "Continuons pour St. Martin [Aline HANSON]
En marche vers le progres or MVP [Alain RICHARDSON]
Gereration Hope or HOPE [Jules CHARVILLE]
Movement for Justice and Prosperity or MJP [Louis MUSSINGTON]
New Direction [Jeanne VANTERPOOL]
Rally Responsibility Success (Rassemblement Responsabilite Reussite or RRR [Alain RICHARDSON]
Team Daniel Gibbs 2017 or TDG [Daniel GIBBS]
Union for Progress (Union Pour le Progres or UPP) [Louis-Constant FLEMING]; affiliated with UMP" @@ -296,7 +306,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Gerard KEMPS" }, - "note": "

note: the song, written in 1958, is used as an unofficial anthem for the entire island (both French and Dutch sides); as a collectivity of France, in addition to the local anthem, \"La Marseillaise\" remains official on the French side (see France); as a constituent part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, in addition to the local anthem, \"Het Wilhelmus\" remains official on the Dutch side (see Netherlands)

" + "note": "note: the song, written in 1958, is used as an unofficial anthem for the entire island (both French and Dutch sides); as a collectivity of France, in addition to the local anthem, \"La Marseillaise\" remains official on the French side (see France); as a constituent part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, in addition to the local anthem, \"Het Wilhelmus\" remains official on the Dutch side (see Netherlands)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -336,8 +346,17 @@ "Labor force - by occupation": { "text": "85 directly or indirectly employed in tourist industry" }, + "Exports - partners": { + "text": "United States 35%, Netherlands 26%, Antigua and Barbuda 21%, France 10% (2019)" + }, + "Exports - commodities": { + "text": "gold, special use vessels, furniture, scrap aluminum, rum (2019)" + }, + "Imports - partners": { + "text": "United States 76%, Netherlands 7%, France 7% (2019)" + }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "crude petroleum, food, manufactured items" + "text": "jewelry, diamonds, pearls, recreational boats, cars (2019)" }, "Exchange rates": { "currency": { @@ -378,7 +397,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 590; landing points for the SMPR-1, Southern Caribbean Fiber and the SSCS submarine cables providing connectivity to numerous Caribbean islands (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "1 local TV station; access to about 20 radio stations, including RFO Guadeloupe radio broadcasts via repeater" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/rq.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/rq.json index e47d613e..c284bf7d 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/rq.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/rq.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "Populated for centuries by aboriginal peoples, the island was claimed by the Spanish Crown in 1493 following Christopher COLUMBUS' second voyage to the Americas. In 1898, after 400 years of colonial rule that saw the indigenous population nearly exterminated and African slave labor introduced, Puerto Rico was ceded to the US as a result of the Spanish-American War. Puerto Ricans were granted US citizenship in 1917. Popularly elected governors have served since 1948. In 1952, a constitution was enacted providing for internal self-government. In plebiscites held in 1967, 1993, and 1998, voters chose not to alter the existing political status with the US, but the results of a 2012 vote left open the possibility of American statehood. Economic recession on the island has led to a net population loss since about 2005, as large numbers of residents moved to the US mainland. The trend has accelerated since 2010; in 2014, Puerto Rico experienced a net population loss to the mainland of 64,000, more than double the net loss of 26,000 in 2010. Hurricane Maria struck the island on 20 September 2017 causing catastrophic damage, including destruction of the electrical grid that had been cripled by Hurricane Irma just two weeks before. It was the worst storm to hit the island in eight decades, and damage is estimated in the tens of billions of dollars." + "text": "Populated for centuries by aboriginal peoples, the island was claimed by the Spanish Crown in 1493 following Christopher COLUMBUS' second voyage to the Americas. In 1898, after 400 years of colonial rule that saw the indigenous population nearly exterminated and African slave labor introduced, Puerto Rico was ceded to the US as a result of the Spanish-American War. Puerto Ricans were granted US citizenship in 1917. Popularly elected governors have served since 1948. In 1952, a constitution was enacted providing for internal self-government. In plebiscites held in 1967, 1993, and 1998, voters chose not to alter the existing political status with the US, but the results of a 2012 vote left open the possibility of American statehood. Economic recession on the island has led to a net population loss since about 2005, as large numbers of residents moved to the US mainland. The trend has accelerated since 2010; in 2014, Puerto Rico experienced a net population loss to the mainland of 64,000, more than double the net loss of 26,000 in 2010. Hurricane Maria struck the island on 20 September 2017 causing catastrophic damage, including destruction of the electrical grid that had been cripled by Hurricane Irma just two weeks before. It was the worst storm to hit the island in eight decades, and damage is estimated in the tens of billions of dollars. A referendum held in late 2020 showed a narrow preference for American statehood." } }, "Geography": { @@ -51,14 +51,14 @@ "text": "mostly mountains with coastal plain in north; precipitous mountains to the sea on west coast; sandy beaches along most coastal areas" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "261 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Cerro de Punta 1,338 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Cerro de Punta 1,338 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "261 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -93,9 +93,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "periodic droughts; hurricanes" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "soil erosion; occasional droughts cause water shortages; industrial pollution" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "important location along the Mona Passage - a key shipping lane to the Panama Canal; San Juan is one of the biggest and best natural harbors in the Caribbean; many small rivers and high central mountains ensure land is well watered; south coast relatively dry; fertile coastal plain belt in north" } @@ -113,8 +110,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "White 75.8%, Black/African American 12.4%, other 8.5% (includes American Indian, Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian, other Pacific Islander, and others), mixed 3.3% (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: 99% of the population is Latino

" + "text": "White 75.8%, Black/African American 12.4%, other 8.5% (includes American Indian, Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian, other Pacific Islander, and others), mixed 3.3% (2010 est.)

note: 99% of the population is Latino", + "note": "note: 99% of the population is Latino" }, "Languages": { "text": "Spanish, English" @@ -181,10 +178,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "93.6% of total population (2020)" + "text": "93.6% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-0.14% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "-0.12% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -309,6 +306,77 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "soil erosion; occasional droughts cause water shortages; industrial pollution" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "796 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "2.365 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "113.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "7.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "22% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 6.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 5.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 9.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "63.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "14.8% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "93.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "-0.12% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "4,170,953 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "583,933 tons (2013 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "14% (2013 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -328,8 +396,8 @@ "text": "unincorporated organized territory of the US; policy relations between Puerto Rico and the US conducted under the jurisdiction of the Office of the President" }, "Government type": { - "text": "republican form of government with separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches; unincorporated organized territory of the US with local self-government", - "note": "

Note: reference Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act, 2 March 1917, as amended by Public Law 600, 3 July 1950" + "text": "republican form of government with separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches; unincorporated organized territory of the US with local self-government

Note: reference Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act, 2 March 1917, as amended by Public Law 600, 3 July 1950", + "note": "Note: reference Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act, 2 March 1917, as amended by Public Law 600, 3 July 1950" }, "Capital": { "name": { @@ -341,7 +409,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name dates to 1521 and the founding of the city under the name \"Ciudad de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico\" (City of Saint John the Baptist of Puerto Rico)" + "note": "etymology: the name dates to 1521 and the founding of the city under the name \"Ciudad de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico\" (City of Saint John the Baptist of Puerto Rico)" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "none (territory of the US); there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 78 municipalities (municipios, singular - municipio) at the second order; Adjuntas, Aguada, Aguadilla, Aguas Buenas, Aibonito, Anasco, Arecibo, Arroyo, Barceloneta, Barranquitas, Bayamon, Cabo Rojo, Caguas, Camuy, Canovanas, Carolina, Catano, Cayey, Ceiba, Ciales, Cidra, Coamo, Comerio, Corozal, Culebra, Dorado, Fajardo, Florida, Guanica, Guayama, Guayanilla, Guaynabo, Gurabo, Hatillo, Hormigueros, Humacao, Isabela, Jayuya, Juana Diaz, Juncos, Lajas, Lares, Las Marias, Las Piedras, Loiza, Luquillo, Manati, Maricao, Maunabo, Mayaguez, Moca, Morovis, Naguabo, Naranjito, Orocovis, Patillas, Penuelas, Ponce, Quebradillas, Rincon, Rio Grande, Sabana Grande, Salinas, San German, San Juan, San Lorenzo, San Sebastian, Santa Isabel, Toa Alta, Toa Baja, Trujillo Alto, Utuado, Vega Alta, Vega Baja, Vieques, Villalba, Yabucoa, Yauco" @@ -385,7 +453,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "Pedro PIERLUISI elected governor; percent of vote - Pedro PIERLUISI (PNP) 32.9%, Carlos DELGADO (PPD) 31.6%, Alexandra LUGARO (independent) 14.2%, Juan DALMAU (PIP) 13.7%" }, - "note": "

note: on 24 July 2019, Governor Ricardo ROSSELLO announced his resignation effective 2 August 2019; as Secretary of State, Pedro PIERLUISI succeeded Governor Ricardo ROSSELLO; on 7 August 2019 the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico ruled Pedro PIERLUISI accession was unconstitutional and Wanda VAZQUEZ is sworn in as governor" + "note": "note: on 24 July 2019, Governor Ricardo ROSSELLO announced his resignation effective 2 August 2019; as Secretary of State, Pedro PIERLUISI succeeded Governor Ricardo ROSSELLO; on 7 August 2019 the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico ruled Pedro PIERLUISI accession was unconstitutional and Wanda VAZQUEZ is sworn in as governor" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { @@ -424,8 +492,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "five equal horizontal bands of red (top, center, and bottom) alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large, white, five-pointed star in the center; the white star symbolizes Puerto Rico; the three sides of the triangle signify the executive, legislative and judicial parts of the government; blue stands for the sky and the coastal waters; red symbolizes the blood shed by warriors, while white represents liberty, victory, and peace", - "note": "

note: design initially influenced by the US flag, but similar to the Cuban flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed

" + "text": "five equal horizontal bands of red (top, center, and bottom) alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large, white, five-pointed star in the center; the white star symbolizes Puerto Rico; the three sides of the triangle signify the executive, legislative and judicial parts of the government; blue stands for the sky and the coastal waters; red symbolizes the blood shed by warriors, while white represents liberty, victory, and peace

note: design initially influenced by the US flag, but similar to the Cuban flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed", + "note": "note: design initially influenced by the US flag, but similar to the Cuban flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "Puerto Rican spindalis (bird), coqui (frog); national colors: red, white, blue" @@ -437,7 +505,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Manuel Fernandez JUNCOS/Felix Astol ARTES" }, - "note": "

note: music adopted 1952, lyrics adopted 1977; the local anthem's name is a reference to the indigenous name of the island, Borinquen; the music was originally composed as a dance in 1867 and gained popularity in the early 20th century; there is some evidence that the music was written by Francisco RAMIREZ; as a commonwealth of the US, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is official (see United States)

" + "note": "note: music adopted 1952, lyrics adopted 1977; the local anthem's name is a reference to the indigenous name of the island, Borinquen; the music was originally composed as a dance in 1867 and gained popularity in the early 20th century; there is some evidence that the music was written by Francisco RAMIREZ; as a commonwealth of the US, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is official (see United States)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -478,7 +546,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$114.269 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$104.2 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -493,7 +561,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$34,364 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { @@ -527,8 +595,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "70.1 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "91.2 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "81.9 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "61.8 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -614,8 +691,11 @@ "text": "$73.2 billion (2016 est.)" } }, + "Exports - partners": { + "text": "Italy 15%, Netherlands 15%, Belgium 9%, Japan 8%, Germany 8%, Austria 8%, Spain 7%, China 5% (2019)" + }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "chemicals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum, beverage concentrates, medical equipment" + "text": "packaged medicines, medical cultures/vaccines, hormones, orthopedic and medical appliances, sulfur compounds (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -625,8 +705,11 @@ "text": "$48.86 billion (2016 est.)" } }, + "Imports - partners": { + "text": "Ireland 38%, Singapore 9%, Switzerland 8%, South Korea 5% (2019)" + }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "chemicals, machinery and equipment, clothing, food, fish, petroleum products" + "text": "nitrogen compounds, sulfur compounds, refined petroleum, medical cultures/vaccines, cars (2019)" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 31 December 2010": { @@ -711,9 +794,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "19.85 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -743,7 +823,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 1-787, 939; landing points for the GTMO-PR, AMX-1, BRUSA, GCN, PCCS, SAm-1, Southern Caribbean Fiber, Americas-II, Antillas, ARCOS, SMPR-1, and Taino-Carib submarine cables providing connectivity to the mainland US, Caribbean, Central and South America; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "more than 30 TV stations operating; cable TV subscription services are available; roughly 125 radio stations" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/sc.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/sc.json index 30b8557a..df8ea811 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/sc.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/sc.json @@ -57,11 +57,11 @@ "text": "volcanic with mountainous interiors" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Mount Liamuiga 1,156 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,17 +96,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

hurricanes (July to October)

volcanism: Mount Liamuiga (1,156 m) on Saint Kitts, and Nevis Peak (985 m) on Nevis, are both volcanoes that are part of the volcanic island arc of the Lesser Antilles, which extends from Saba in the north to Grenada in the south

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation; soil erosion and silting affects marine life on coral reefs; water pollution from uncontrolled dumping of sewage" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "smallest country in the Western Hemisphere both in terms of area and population; with coastlines in the shape of a baseball bat and ball, the two volcanic islands are separated by a 3-km-wide channel called The Narrows; on the southern tip of long, baseball bat-shaped Saint Kitts lies the Great Salt Pond; Nevis Peak sits in the center of its almost circular namesake island and its ball shape complements that of its sister island" } @@ -177,10 +166,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "30.8% of total population (2020)" + "text": "30.9% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.92% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.06% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -310,6 +299,90 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation; soil erosion and silting affects marine life on coral reefs; water pollution from uncontrolled dumping of sewage" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "12.31 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.24 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.1 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "15.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "200,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "24 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical, tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "23.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 19.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 3.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "42.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "34.6% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "30.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.06% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "32,892 tons (2015 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -324,7 +397,7 @@ "etymology": { "text": "Saint Kitts was, and still is, referred to as Saint Christopher and this name was well established by the 17th century (although who first applied the name is unclear); in the 17th century a common nickname for Christopher was Kit or Kitt, so the island began to be referred to as \"Saint Kitt's Island\" or just \"Saint Kitts\"; Nevis is derived from the original Spanish name \"Nuestra Senora de las Nieves\" (Our Lady of the Snows) and refers to the white halo of clouds that generally wreathes Nevis Peak" }, - "note": "

note: Nevis is pronounced neevis

" + "note": "note: Nevis is pronounced neevis" }, "Government type": { "text": "federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm" @@ -339,7 +412,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the French name translates as \"low land\" in English; the reference is to the city's low-lying location within a valley, as well as to the fact that the city is on the leeward (downwind) part of the island, and is thus a safe anchorage" + "note": "etymology: the French name translates as \"low land\" in English; the reference is to the city's low-lying location within a valley, as well as to the fact that the city is on the leeward (downwind) part of the island, and is thus a safe anchorage" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "14 parishes; Christ Church Nichola Town, Saint Anne Sandy Point, Saint George Basseterre, Saint George Gingerland, Saint James Windward, Saint John Capesterre, Saint John Figtree, Saint Mary Cayon, Saint Paul Capesterre, Saint Paul Charlestown, Saint Peter Basseterre, Saint Thomas Lowland, Saint Thomas Middle Island, Trinity Palmetto Point" @@ -458,7 +531,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Kenrick Anderson GEORGES" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1983

" + "note": "note: adopted 1983" } }, "Economy": { @@ -494,7 +567,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$1.319 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$964 million (2017 est.)" @@ -509,7 +582,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$25,360 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -554,8 +627,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "81.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "54.6 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "85.9 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "81 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "65.5 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -628,10 +710,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 49.6%, Poland 15.2%, Turkey 11.6% (2016)" + "text": "United States 69%, Germany 8%, Italy 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery, food, electronics, beverages, tobacco" + "text": "low-voltage protection equipment, broadcasting equipment, measuring instruments, electric motor parts, electrical transformers (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -642,10 +724,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 56.8%, Trinidad and Tobago 6.8%, Cyprus 6.2%, Japan 4% (2016)" + "text": "United States 59%, Peru 6%, Germany 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery, manufactures, food, fuels" + "text": "refined petroleum, jewelry, ships, cars, poultry meats, cement (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -755,9 +837,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "248,100 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -787,7 +866,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 1-869; landing points for the ECFS, Southern Caribbean Fiber and the SSCS submarine cables providing connectivity for numerous Caribbean Islands (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "the government operates a national TV network that broadcasts on 2 channels; cable subscription services provide access to local and international channels; the government operates a national radio network; a mix of government-owned and privately owned broadcasters operate roughly 15 radio stations" @@ -814,7 +893,7 @@ }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "V4 (2016)" + "text": "V4" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -867,10 +946,16 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, National Security, Labour, Immigration, and Social Security: Royal Saint Kitts and Nevis Defense Force (includes Coast Guard), Royal Saint Kitts and Nevis Police Force (2013)" + "text": "Ministry of National Security: St. Kitts and Nevis Defense Force (SKNDF), St. Kitts and Nevis Coast Guard, the Royal St. Christopher and Nevis Police Force (2021)" + }, + "Military and security service personnel strengths": { + "text": "the SKNDF has approximately 300 personnel (2019)" + }, + "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { + "text": "the SKNDF is lightly armed with equipment from Belgium, the UK, and the US (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)" + "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service (under 18 with written parental permission); no conscription (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/st.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/st.json index b128c3ba..0afcb6c9 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/st.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/st.json @@ -57,11 +57,11 @@ "text": "volcanic and mountainous with broad, fertile valleys" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Mount Gimie 948 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,17 +96,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

hurricanes

volcanism: Mount Gimie (948 m), also known as Qualibou, is a caldera on the west of the island; the iconic twin pyramidal peaks of Gros Piton (771 m) and Petit Piton (743 m) are lava dome remnants associated with the Soufriere volcano; there have been no historical magmatic eruptions, but a minor steam eruption in 1766 spread a thin layer of ash over a wide area; Saint Lucia is part of the volcanic island arc of the Lesser Antilles that extends from Saba in the north to Grenada in the south

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation; soil erosion, particularly in the northern region" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the twin Pitons (Gros Piton and Petit Piton), striking cone-shaped peaks south of Soufriere, are one of the scenic natural highlights of the Caribbean" } @@ -191,10 +180,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "18.8% of total population (2020)" + "text": "18.9% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.8% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.98% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -334,13 +323,97 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "46.2%" + "text": "37.2%" }, "male": { - "text": "42.6%" + "text": "39.6%" }, "female": { - "text": "51% (2016 est.)" + "text": "34.3% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation; soil erosion, particularly in the northern region" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "21.22 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.41 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.27 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "12.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "30.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "300 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season January to April, rainy season May to August" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "17.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 4.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 11.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "77% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "5.6% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "18.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.98% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "77,616 tons (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -355,7 +428,7 @@ "etymology": { "text": "named after Saint LUCY of Syracuse by French sailors who were shipwrecked on the island on 13 December 1502, the saint's feast day; Saint Lucia is the only country named specifically after a woman" }, - "note": "

note: pronounced saynt-looshya

" + "note": "note: pronounced saynt-looshya" }, "Government type": { "text": "parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm" @@ -370,7 +443,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: in 1785, the village of Carenage was renamed Castries, after Charles Eugene Gabriel de La Croix de Castries (1727-1801), who was then the French Minister of the Navy and Colonies" + "note": "etymology: in 1785, the village of Carenage was renamed Castries, after Charles Eugene Gabriel de La Croix de Castries (1727-1801), who was then the French Minister of the Navy and Colonies" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "10 districts; Anse-la-Raye, Canaries, Castries, Choiseul, Dennery, Gros-Islet, Laborie, Micoud, Soufriere, Vieux-Fort" @@ -386,7 +459,7 @@ "text": "previous 1958, 1960 (preindependence); latest presented 20 December 1978, effective 22 February 1979" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by Parliament; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the House of Assembly membership in the final reading and assent of the governor general; passage of amendments to various constitutional sections, such as those on fundamental rights and freedoms, government finances, the judiciary, and procedures for amending the constitution, require at least three-quarters majority vote by the House and assent of the governor general; passage of amendments approved by the House but rejected by the Senate require a majority of votes cast in a referendum" + "text": "proposed by Parliament; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the House of Assembly membership in the final reading and assent of the governor general; passage of amendments to various constitutional sections, such as those on fundamental rights and freedoms, government finances, the judiciary, and procedures for amending the constitution, require at least three-quarters majority vote by the House and assent of the governor general; passage of amendments approved by the House but rejected by the Senate require a majority of votes cast in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2008" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -489,7 +562,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Charles JESSE/Leton Felix THOMAS" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1967

" + "note": "note: adopted 1967" } }, "Economy": { @@ -525,7 +598,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$2.704 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$1.686 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -540,7 +613,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$14,946 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -585,8 +658,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "63.7 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "89.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "73.9 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "59.7 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -618,7 +700,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "NA" + "text": "25% (2016 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": { @@ -675,10 +757,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 67.6%, UK 5.9%, Trinidad and Tobago 5.5% (2017)" + "text": "United States 29%, Uruguay 16%, Barbados 8%, Trinidad and Tobago 5.5%, United Kingdom 6%, Dominica 6%, Guyana 5%, France 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "bananas 41%, clothing, cocoa, avocados, mangoes, coconut oil (2010 est.)" + "text": "crude petroleum, beer, jewelry, bananas, refined petroleum, rum (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -689,10 +771,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 53.3%, Trinidad and Tobago 10.8% (2017)" + "text": "Colombia 46%, United States 30%, Trinidad and Tobago 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "food, manufactured goods, machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals, fuels" + "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, cars, poultry meats, natural gas (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -808,9 +890,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "437,900 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -840,7 +919,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 1-758; landing points for the ECFS and Southern Caribbean Fiber submarine cables providing connectivity to numerous Caribbean islands; direct microwave radio relay link with Martinique and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; tropospheric scatter to Barbados (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "3 privately owned TV stations; 1 public TV station operating on a cable network; multi-channel cable TV service available; a mix of state-owned and privately owned broadcasters operate nearly 25 radio stations including repeater transmission stations" @@ -867,7 +946,7 @@ }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "J6 (2016)" + "text": "J6" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -904,10 +983,10 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces; Royal Saint Lucia Police Force (includes Special Service Unit, Marine Unit) (2018)" + "text": "no regular military forces; Royal Saint Lucia Police Force (includes Special Service Unit, Marine Unit) (2021)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "St. Lucia is a member of the Regional Security System (RSS), an international agreement for the defense and security of the eastern Caribbean region." + "text": "St. Lucia is a member of the Regional Security System (RSS), an international agreement for the defense and security of the eastern Caribbean region" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/tb.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/tb.json index 4af1c61a..b3b1f0e7 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/tb.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/tb.json @@ -40,11 +40,11 @@ "text": "hilly, almost completely surrounded by shallow-water reefs, with plentiful beaches" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Caribbean Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Morne du Vitet 286 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Caribbean Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -53,9 +53,6 @@ "Population distribution": { "text": "most of the populace concentrated in and around the capital of Gustavia, but scattered settlements exist around the island periphery" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "land-based pollution; urbanization; with no natural rivers or streams, fresh water is in short supply, especially in summer, and is provided by the desalination of sea water, the collection of rain water, or imported via water tanker; overfishing" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "a 1,200-hectare marine nature reserve, the Reserve Naturelle, is made up of five zones around the island that form a network to protect the island's coral reefs, seagrass, and endangered marine species" } @@ -171,6 +168,14 @@ "text": "NA" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "land-based pollution; urbanization; with no natural rivers or streams, fresh water is in short supply, especially in summer, and is provided by the desalination of sea water, the collection of rain water, or imported via water tanker; overfishing" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical, with practically no variation in temperature; has two seasons (dry and humid)" + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -208,7 +213,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: named in honor of King Gustav III (1746-1792) of Sweden during whose reign the island was obtained from France in 1784; the name was retained when in 1878 the island was sold back to France" + "note": "etymology: named in honor of King Gustav III (1746-1792) of Sweden during whose reign the island was obtained from France in 1784; the name was retained when in 1878 the island was sold back to France" }, "Independence": { "text": "none (overseas collectivity of France)" @@ -288,13 +293,25 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Isabelle Massart DERAVIN/Michael VALENTI" }, - "note": "

note: local anthem in use since 1999; as a collectivity of France, \"La Marseillaise\" is official (see France)

" + "note": "note: local anthem in use since 1999; as a collectivity of France, \"La Marseillaise\" is official (see France)" } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "The economy of Saint Barthelemy is based upon high-end tourism and duty-free luxury commerce, serving visitors primarily from North America. The luxury hotels and villas host 70,000 visitors each year with another 130,000 arriving by boat. The relative isolation and high cost of living inhibits mass tourism. The construction and public sectors also enjoy significant investment in support of tourism. With limited fresh water resources, all food must be imported, as must all energy resources and most manufactured goods. The tourism sector creates a strong employment demand and attracts labor from Brazil and Portugal. The country’s currency is the euro." }, + "Exports - partners": { + "text": "France 60%, Germany 27% (2019)" + }, + "Exports - commodities": { + "text": "beauty products, broadcasting equipment, sunflower seed oil, plastics, cars (2019)" + }, + "Imports - partners": { + "text": "France 78%, Switzerland 7%, Italy 7% (2019)" + }, + "Imports - commodities": { + "text": "furniture, wine, refined petroleum, jewelry, food preparation materials (2019)" + }, "Exchange rates": { "currency": { "text": "2013 est.)" @@ -331,7 +348,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 590; landing points for the SSCS and the Southern Caribbean Fiber submarine cables providing voice and data connectivity to numerous Caribbean Islands (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "no local TV broadcasters; 3 FM radio channels (2019)" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/td.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/td.json index 0eef3b05..973ac928 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/td.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/td.json @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ "continental shelf": { "text": "200 nm or to the outer edge of the continental margin" }, - "note": "

measured from claimed archipelagic baselines" + "note": "measured from claimed archipelagic baselines" }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; rainy season (June to December)" @@ -58,14 +58,14 @@ "text": "mostly plains with some hills and low mountains" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "83 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "El Cerro del Aripo 940 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "El Cerro del Aripo 940 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "83 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -100,17 +100,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water pollution from agricultural chemicals, industrial wastes, and raw sewage; widespread pollution of waterways and coastal areas; illegal dumping; deforestation; soil erosion; fisheries and wildlife depletion" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "Pitch Lake, on Trinidad's southwestern coast, is the world's largest natural reservoir of asphalt" } @@ -126,7 +115,7 @@ "adjective": { "text": "Trinidadian, Tobagonian" }, - "note": "

note: Trinbagonian is used on occasion to describe a citizen of the country without specifying the island of origin

" + "note": "note: Trinbagonian is used on occasion to describe a citizen of the country without specifying the island of origin" }, "Ethnic groups": { "text": "East Indian 35.4%, African descent 34.2%, mixed - other 15.3%, mixed - African/East Indian 7.7%, other 1.3%, unspecified 6.2% (2011 est.)" @@ -196,10 +185,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "53.2% of total population (2020)" + "text": "53.3% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.22% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -328,6 +317,90 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water pollution from agricultural chemicals, industrial wastes, and raw sewage; widespread pollution of waterways and coastal areas; illegal dumping; deforestation; soil erosion; fisheries and wildlife depletion" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "22.04 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "43.87 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "1.35 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "237.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "128.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "16.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "3.84 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; rainy season (June to December)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "10.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 4.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 4.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 1.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "44% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "45.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.05% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "53.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "727,874 tons (2010 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -353,7 +426,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name dates to the period of Spanish colonial rule (16th to late 18th centuries) when the city was referred to as \"Puerto de Espana\"; the name was anglicized following the British capture of Trinidad in 1797" + "note": "etymology: the name dates to the period of Spanish colonial rule (16th to late 18th centuries) when the city was referred to as \"Puerto de Espana\"; the name was anglicized following the British capture of Trinidad in 1797" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "

9 regions, 3 boroughs, 2 cities, 1 ward

regions: Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo, Diego Martin, Mayaro/Rio Claro, Penal/Debe, Princes Town, Sangre Grande, San Juan/Laventille, Siparia, Tunapuna/Piarco

borough: Arima, Chaguanas, Point Fortin

cities: Port of Spain, San Fernando

ward: Tobago

" @@ -422,7 +495,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "Senate - percent by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 21, women 10, percent of women 32.3%
House of Representatives - percent by party - NA; seats by party - PNM 22, UNC 19; composition - NA" }, - "note": "

note: Tobago has a unicameral House of Assembly (16 seats; 12 assemblymen directly elected by simple majority vote and 4 appointed councillors - 3 on the advice of the chief secretary and 1 on the advice of the minority leader; members serve 4-year terms)" + "note": "note: Tobago has a unicameral House of Assembly (19 seats; 15 assemblymen directly elected by simple majority vote and 4 appointed councillors - 3 on the advice of the chief secretary and 1 on the advice of the minority leader; members serve 4-year terms)" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -488,7 +561,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Patrick Stanislaus CASTAGNE" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1962; song originally created to serve as an anthem for the West Indies Federation; adopted by Trinidad and Tobago following the Federation's dissolution in 1962

" + "note": "note: adopted 1962; song originally created to serve as an anthem for the West Indies Federation; adopted by Trinidad and Tobago following the Federation's dissolution in 1962" } }, "Economy": { @@ -532,7 +605,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$36.605 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$24.031 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -547,7 +620,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$26,448 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -592,8 +665,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "61.3 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "88.6 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "62.6 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "35.6 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -680,10 +762,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 34.8%, Argentina 9% (2017)" + "text": "United States 33%, Guyana 9%, Spain 6%, China 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum and petroleum products, liquefied natural gas, methanol, ammonia, urea, steel products, beverages, cereal and cereal products, cocoa, fish, preserved fruits, cosmetics, household cleaners, plastic packaging" + "text": "natural gas, industrial alcohols, crude petroleum, ammonia, iron products, refined petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -694,10 +776,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 23.8%, Russia 15.3%, Colombia 11.1%, Gabon 10.5%, China 7.3% (2017)" + "text": "United States 40%, Guyana 19%, China 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "mineral fuels, lubricants, machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, chemicals, live animals" + "text": "refined petroleum, excavation machinery, shipping containers, iron, cars (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -807,9 +889,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "447.4 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "48.92 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -839,7 +918,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 1-868; landing points for the EC Link, ECFS, Southern Caribbean Fiber, SG-SCS and Americas II submarine cable systems provide connectivity to US, parts of the Caribbean and South America; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); tropospheric scatter to Barbados and Guyana (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "6 free-to-air TV networks, 2 of which are state-owned; 24 subscription providers (cable and satellite); over 36 radio frequencies (2019)" @@ -880,7 +959,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "9Y (2016)" + "text": "9Y" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -934,7 +1013,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (TTDF): Trinidad and Tobago Regiment (Land Forces), Coast Guard, Air Guard, Defense Force Reserves (2019)" + "text": "Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (TTDF): Army/Land Forces (Trinidad and Tobago Regiment), Coast Guard, Air Guard, Defense Force Reserves (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -944,23 +1023,23 @@ "text": "0.8% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "1% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "1.3% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "1% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "1.4% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "0.9% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "1.2% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (TTDF) has approximately 4,000 active troops, including Army, Coast Guard, and Air Guard personnel (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (TTDF) has approximately 4,000 active troops (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the TTDF's ground force inventory includes only light weapons; the Coast Guard and Air Guard field mostly second-hand equipment from a mix of countries, including Australia, China, the Netherlands, the UK, and the US (2019 est.)" + "text": "the TTDF's ground force inventory includes only light weapons, while the Coast Guard and Air Guard field mostly second-hand equipment from a mix of countries, including Australia, China, the Netherlands, the UK, and the US; since 2010, the Netherlands is the leading supplier of military hardware to the TTDF (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military service (some age variations between services, reserves); no conscription (2019)" + "text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military service (some age variations between services, reserves); no conscription (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -969,7 +1048,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "18,587 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2020)" + "text": "16,755 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2020)" } }, "Trafficking in persons": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/tk.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/tk.json index 497d6b4f..756b0b7e 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/tk.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/tk.json @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ "text": "low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Blue Hill on Providenciales and Flamingo Hill on East Caicos 48 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -90,9 +90,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "frequent hurricanes" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "limited natural freshwater resources, private cisterns collect rainwater" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "include eight large islands and numerous smaller cays, islets, and reefs; only two of the Caicos Islands and six of the Turks group are inhabited" } @@ -163,10 +160,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "93.6% of total population (2020)" + "text": "93.8% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.77% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.46% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -263,6 +260,57 @@ "text": "destination and transit point for illegal Haitian immigrants bound for the Bahamas and the US" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "limited natural freshwater resources, private cisterns collect rainwater" + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.22 megatons (2016 est.)" + } + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "1.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 1.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "36.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "62.7% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "93.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.46% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -294,7 +342,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: named after Sir Francis Cockburn, who served as governor of the Bahamas from 1837 to 1844" + "note": "etymology: named after Sir Francis Cockburn, who served as governor of the Bahamas from 1837 to 1844" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "none (overseas territory of the UK)" @@ -344,7 +392,7 @@ "text": "last held on 19 February 2021 (next to be held in 2025)" }, "election results": { - "text": "percent of vote (preliminary) - PNP 56.2%, PDM 39%, other 4.8%; seats by party - PNP 14%, PDM 39%; composition (of elected members) - men 12, women 3; percent of women 20%" + "text": "percent of vote (preliminary) - PNP 56.2%, PDM 39%, other 4.8%; seats by party - PNP 14, PDM 1; composition (of elected members) - men 12, women 3; percent of women 20%" } }, "Judicial branch": { @@ -359,7 +407,7 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Sharlene CARTWRIGHT-ROBINSON]
Progressive National Party or PNP [Washington MISICK]" + "text": "People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Sean ASTWOOD]
Progressive National Party or PNP [Washington MISICK]" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "Caricom (associate), CDB, Interpol (subbureau), UPU" @@ -385,7 +433,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Conrad HOWELL" }, - "note": "

note: serves as a local anthem; as a territory of the UK, \"God Save the Queen\" is the official anthem (see United Kingdom)

" + "note": "note: serves as a local anthem; as a territory of the UK, \"God Save the Queen\" is the official anthem (see United Kingdom)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -514,16 +562,22 @@ "text": "$24.77 million (2008 est.)" } }, + "Exports - partners": { + "text": "France 31%, United States 16%, Zambia 13%, Singapore 9%, Republic of the Congo 8% (2019)" + }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells" + "text": "plastic building materials, stone processing machinery, iron structures, crustaceans, integrated circuits (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2008": { "text": "$591.3 million (2008 est.)" } }, + "Imports - partners": { + "text": "United States 76% (2019)" + }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "food and beverages, tobacco, clothing, manufactures, construction materials" + "text": "refined petroleum, cars, jewelry, furniture, soybeans (2019)" }, "Debt - external": { "text": "

NA

" @@ -603,9 +657,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "221,800 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -627,7 +678,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 1-649; landing point for the ARCOS fiber-optic telecommunications submarine cable providing connectivity to South and Central America, parts of the Caribbean, and the US; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "no local terrestrial TV stations, broadcasts from the Bahamas can be received and multi-channel cable and satellite TV services are available; government-run radio network operates alongside private broadcasters with a total of about 15 stations" @@ -646,7 +697,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "VQ-T (2016)" + "text": "VQ-T" }, "Airports": { "total": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/uc.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/uc.json index 559c2acd..89a74d33 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/uc.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/uc.json @@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ "text": "

generally low, hilly terrain

" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Mt. Christoffel 372 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -79,9 +79,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

Curacao is south of the Caribbean hurricane belt and is rarely threatened

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "

problems in waste management that threaten environmental sustainability on the island include pollution of marine areas from domestic sewage, inadequate sewage treatment facilities, industrial effluents and agricultural runoff, the mismanagement of toxic substances, and ineffective regulations; the refinery in Sint Anna Bay, at the eastern edge of Willemstad’s large natural harbor, processes heavy crude oil from Venezuela; it has caused significant environmental damage to the surrounding area because of neglect and a lack of strict environmental controls; the release of noxious fumes and potentially hazardous particles causes schools downwind to regularly close

" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

Curacao is a part of the Windward Islands (southern) group in the Lesser Antilles

" } @@ -102,8 +99,8 @@ "text": "Curacaoan 75.4%, Dutch 6%, Dominican 3.6%, Colombian 3%, Bonairean, Sint Eustatian, Saban 1.5%, Haitian 1.2%, Surinamese 1.2%, Venezuelan 1.1%, Aruban 1.1%, other 5%, unspecified 0.9% (2011 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Papiamento (official) (a creole language that is a mixture of Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, English, and, to a lesser extent, French, as well as elements of African languages and the language of the Arawak) 79.9%, Dutch (official) 8.8%, Spanish 5.6%, English (official) 3.1%, other 2.9%, unspecified .3% (2001 census)", - "note": "

note: data represent most spoken language in household" + "text": "Papiamento (official) (a creole language that is a mixture of Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, English, and, to a lesser extent, French, as well as elements of African languages and the language of the Arawak) 79.9%, Dutch (official) 8.8%, Spanish 5.6%, English (official) 3.1%, other 2.9%, unspecified .3% (2001 census)

note: data represent most spoken language in household", + "note": "note: data represent most spoken language in household" }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 72.8%, Pentecostal 6.6%, Protestant 3.2%, Adventist 3%, Jehovah's Witness 2%, Evangelical 1.9%, other 3.8%, none 6%, unspecified 0.6% (2011 est.)" @@ -167,10 +164,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "89.1% of total population (2020) (2018)" + "text": "89.1% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.62% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.) (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.57% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -275,6 +272,62 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "

problems in waste management that threaten environmental sustainability on the island include pollution of marine areas from domestic sewage, inadequate sewage treatment facilities, industrial effluents and agricultural runoff, the mismanagement of toxic substances, and ineffective regulations; the refinery in Sint Anna Bay, at the eastern edge of Willemstad’s large natural harbor, processes heavy crude oil from Venezuela; it has caused significant environmental damage to the surrounding area because of neglect and a lack of strict environmental controls; the release of noxious fumes and potentially hazardous particles causes schools downwind to regularly close

" + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "5.39 megatons (2016 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "NA" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "

tropical marine climate, ameliorated by northeast trade winds, results in mild temperatures; semiarid with average rainfall of 60 cm/year

" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "10% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 10% (2018)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "90% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "89.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.57% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "24,704 tons (2013 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "494 tons (2013 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "2% (2013 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -312,11 +365,11 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology - named after Prince William II of Orange (1626-1650), who served as stadtholder (Dutch head of state) from 1647 to 1650, shortly after the the Dutch captured Curacao from the Spanish in 1634" + "note": "etymology - named after Prince William II of Orange (1626-1650), who served as stadtholder (Dutch head of state) from 1647 to 1650, shortly after the the Dutch captured Curacao from the Spanish in 1634" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "

none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)

", - "note": "

note: Curacao is one of four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; the other three are the Netherlands, Aruba, and Sint Maarten

" + "text": "

none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)



note: Curacao is one of four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; the other three are the Netherlands, Aruba, and Sint Maarten", + "note": "note: Curacao is one of four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; the other three are the Netherlands, Aruba, and Sint Maarten" }, "Independence": { "text": "

none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)

" @@ -357,10 +410,10 @@ "text": "unicameral Parliament of Curacao (21 seats; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)" }, "elections": { - "text": "last held on 28 April 2017 (next to be held in 2021); early elections were held after Prime Minister Hensley KOEIMAN resigned on 12 February 2017, when the coalition government lost its majority" + "text": "last held on 19 March 2021 (next to be held in 2025)" }, "election results": { - "text": "percent of vote by party - PAR 23.3%, MAN 20.4%, MFK 19.9%, KdnT 9.4%, PIN 5.3%, PS 5.1%, MP 4.9%, other 11.7%; seats by party - PAR 6, MAN 5, MFK 5, KdnT 2, PIN 1, PS 1, MP 1; composition - men 15, women 6, percent of women 28.6%" + "text": "percent of vote by party - MFK 28.1%, PAR 14.1%, PNP 12.6%, MAN 6.5%, KEM 5.4%, TPK 5.3%; seats by party - MFK 9, PAR 4, PNP 4, MAN 2, KEM 1, TPK 1; composition -" } }, "Judicial branch": { @@ -375,7 +428,7 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Korsou di Nos Tur or KdnT [Amparo dos SANTOS]
Mayors for Liberec Region (Starostove pro Liberecky Kraj) or SLK [Martin PUTA]
Movementu Futuro Korsou or MFK [Gerrit SCHOTTE]
Movementu Progresivo or MP [Marylin MOSES]
Movishon Antia Nobo or MAN [Hensley KOEIMAN]
Partido Antia Restruktura or PAR [Eugene RHUGGENAATH]
Partido Inovashon Nashonal or PIN [Suzanne CAMELIA-ROMER]
Partido pa Adelanto I Inovashon Soshal or PAIS [Alex ROSARIA]
Partido Nashonal di Pueblo or PNP [Humphrey DAVELAAR]
Pueblo Soberano or PS
Un Korsou Hustu [Omayra LEEFLANG]" + "text": "Korsou di Nos Tur or KdnT [Amparo dos SANTOS]
Korsou Esun Miho or KEM [Michelangelo MARTINES]
Mayors for Liberec Region (Starostove pro Liberecky Kraj) or SLK [Martin PUTA]
Movementu Futuro Korsou or MFK [Gerrit SCHOTTE]
Movementu Progresivo or MP [Marylin MOSES]
Movishon Antia Nobo or MAN [Hensley KOEIMAN]
Partido Antia Restruktura or PAR [Eugene RHUGGENAATH]
Partido Inovashon Nashonal or PIN [Suzanne CAMELIA-ROMER]
Partido pa Adelanto I Inovashon Soshal or PAIS [Alex ROSARIA]
Partido Nashonal di Pueblo or PNP [Humphrey DAVELAAR]
Pueblo Soberano or PS
Trabou pa Kòrsou or TPK [Rennox CALMES] 
Un Korsou Hustu [Omayra LEEFLANG]" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "

Caricom (observer), FATF, ILO, ITU, UNESCO (associate), UPU

" @@ -410,7 +463,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Guillermo ROSARIO, Mae HENRIQUEZ, Enrique MULLER, Betty DORAN/Frater Candidus NOWENS, Errol \"El Toro\" COLINA" }, - "note": "

note: adapted 1978; the lyrics, originally written in 1899, were rewritten in 1978 to make them less colonial in nature

" + "note": "note: adapted 1978; the lyrics, originally written in 1899, were rewritten in 1978 to make them less colonial in nature" } }, "Economy": { @@ -446,7 +499,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$4.08 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2012 US dollars
" + "note": "
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$5.6 billion (2012 est.)" @@ -554,8 +607,11 @@ "text": "$1.44 billion (2010 est.)" } }, + "Exports - partners": { + "text": "Switzerland 27%, United States 17%, Spain 14%, Ecuador 7%, India 7%, Antigua and Barbuda 5% (2019)" + }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum products" + "text": "gold, precious metal scraps, petroleum coke, frozen fish, coal tar oil (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { @@ -565,8 +621,11 @@ "text": "$453.8 billion (2017 est.)" } }, + "Imports - partners": { + "text": "United States 35%, Netherlands 24%, China 5% (2019)" + }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "crude petroleum, food, manufactures" + "text": "refined petroleum, cars, crude petroleum, packaged medicines, perfumes (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -679,7 +738,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - +599, PCCS submarine cable system to US, Caribbean and Central and South America (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "government-run TeleCuracao operates a TV station and a radio station; 2 other privately owned TV stations and several privately owned radio stations (2019)" @@ -714,7 +773,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "PJ (2016)" + "text": "PJ" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -756,13 +815,13 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces; the Dutch Government controls foreign and defense policy; the Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard (DCCG) provides maritime security (2019)" + "text": "no regular military forces; Curaçao Militia (CURMIL) (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "no conscription (2010)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "defense is the responsibility of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (2019)" + "text": "defense is the responsibility of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; the Dutch Government controls foreign and defense policy; the Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard (DCCG) provides maritime security" } } } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/vc.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/vc.json index dafe2369..72e00b1d 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/vc.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/vc.json @@ -57,11 +57,11 @@ "text": "volcanic, mountainous" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "La Soufriere 1,234 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,17 +96,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

hurricanes; La Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint Vincent is a constant threat

volcanism: La Soufriere (1,234 m) on the island of Saint Vincent last erupted in 1979; the island of Saint Vincent is part of the volcanic island arc of the Lesser Antilles that extends from Saba in the north to Grenada in the south

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "pollution of coastal waters and shorelines from discharges by pleasure yachts and other effluents; in some areas, pollution is severe enough to make swimming prohibitive; poor land use planning; deforestation; watershed management and squatter settlement control" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the administration of the islands of the Grenadines group is divided between Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Grenada; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is comprised of 32 islands and cays" } @@ -191,10 +180,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "53% of total population (2020)" + "text": "53.5% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.03% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.94% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -303,6 +292,90 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "pollution of coastal waters and shorelines from discharges by pleasure yachts and other effluents; in some areas, pollution is severe enough to make swimming prohibitive; poor land use planning; deforestation; watershed management and squatter settlement control" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "21.2 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.22 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.09 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "8.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "2,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "100 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "25.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 12.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 7.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 5.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "68.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "5.7% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "53.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.94% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "31,561 tons (2015 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -328,7 +401,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: an earlier French settlement was renamed Kingstown by the British in 1763 when they assumed control of the island; the king referred to in the name is George III (r. 1760-1820)" + "note": "etymology: an earlier French settlement was renamed Kingstown by the British in 1763 when they assumed control of the island; the king referred to in the name is George III (r. 1760-1820)" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "6 parishes; Charlotte, Grenadines, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint Patrick" @@ -447,7 +520,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Phyllis Joyce MCCLEAN PUNNETT/Joel Bertram MIGUEL" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1967

" + "note": "note: adopted 1967" } }, "Economy": { @@ -488,7 +561,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$1.344 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$785 million (2017 est.)" @@ -503,7 +576,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$12,245 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -548,8 +621,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "57.1 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "87 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "77.4 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "63.7 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -633,10 +715,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Jordan 40.7%, France 12.5%, Barbados 7%, St. Lucia 6.8%, Antigua and Barbuda 5.7%, US 5.5%, Trinidad and Tobago 4.7% (2017)" + "text": "Jordan 39%, Singapore 14% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "bananas, eddoes and dasheen (taro), arrowroot starch; tennis racquets" + "text": "natural gas, drilling platforms and ships, recreational boats, collector's items, eddoes and dasheen (taro), arrowroot starch (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -647,10 +729,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 36.8%, Trinidad and Tobago 19.1%, UK 7%, China 5.8% (2017)" + "text": "United States 30%, Trinidad and Tobago 12%, China 8%, United Kingdom 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, chemicals and fertilizers, minerals and fuels" + "text": "refined petroleum, ships, poultry meats, tug boats, recreational boats (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -760,9 +842,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "226,800 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -792,7 +871,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 1-784; landing points for the ECFS, CARCIP and Southern Caribbean Fiber submarine cables providing connectivity to US and Caribbean Islands; connectivity also provided by VHF/UHF radiotelephone from Saint Vincent to Barbados; SHF radiotelephone to Grenada and Saint Lucia; access to Intelsat earth station in Martinique through Saint Lucia (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "St. Vincent and the Grenadines Broadcasting Corporation operates 1 TV station and 5 repeater stations that provide near total coverage to the multi-island state; multi-channel cable TV service available; a partially government-funded national radio service broadcasts on 1 station and has 2 repeater stations; about a dozen privately owned radio stations and repeater stations" @@ -827,7 +906,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "J8 (2016)" + "text": "J8" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -872,7 +951,10 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces; the Special Services Unit (SSU) is the paramilitary arm of the Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force (RSVPF) (2019)" + "text": "no regular military forces; the Special Services Unit (SSU) is the paramilitary arm of the Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force (RSVPF) (2021)" + }, + "Military - note": { + "text": "a member of the Regional Security System (RSS), an international agreement for the defense and security of the eastern Caribbean region" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/vi.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/vi.json index 327ebc7a..dfb71a31 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/vi.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/vi.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "0 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: comprised of 16 inhabited and more than 20 uninhabited islands; includes the islands of Tortola, Anegada, Virgin Gorda, Jost van Dyke

" + "note": "note: comprised of 16 inhabited and more than 20 uninhabited islands; includes the islands of Tortola, Anegada, Virgin Gorda, Jost van Dyke" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC" @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ }, "Maritime claims": { "territorial sea": { - "text": "3 nm" + "text": "12 nm" }, "exclusive fishing zone": { "text": "200 nm" @@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ "text": "coral islands relatively flat; volcanic islands steep, hilly" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Mount Sage 521 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,9 +91,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October)" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "limited natural freshwater resources except for a few seasonal streams and springs on Tortola; most of the islands' water supply comes from desalination plants; sewage and mining/industry waste contribute to water pollution, threatening coral reefs" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strong ties to nearby US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico" } @@ -164,10 +161,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "48.5% of total population (2020)" + "text": "48.9% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.42% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.73% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -273,6 +270,52 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "limited natural freshwater resources except for a few seasonal streams and springs on Tortola; most of the islands' water supply comes from desalination plants; sewage and mining/industry waste contribute to water pollution, threatening coral reefs" + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.21 megatons (2016 est.)" + } + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "46.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 6.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 6.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 33.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "24.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "29% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "48.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.73% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "21,099 tons (2000 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -304,7 +347,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: name refers to the nautical term \"roadstead\" or \"roads,\" a body of water less sheltered than a harbor but where where ships can lie reasonably safely at anchor sheltered from rip currents, spring tides, or ocean swells" + "note": "etymology: name refers to the nautical term \"roadstead\" or \"roads,\" a body of water less sheltered than a harbor but where where ships can lie reasonably safely at anchor sheltered from rip currents, spring tides, or ocean swells" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "none (overseas territory of the UK)" @@ -318,6 +361,9 @@ "Constitution": { "history": { "text": "several previous; latest effective 15 June 2007 (The Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007)" + }, + "amendments": { + "text": "initiated by any elected member of the House of Assembly; passage requires simple majority vote by the elected members of the Assembly and assent by the governor on behalf of the monarch; amended 2015" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -534,8 +580,11 @@ "text": "$23 million (2015 est.)" } }, + "Exports - partners": { + "text": "Malta 30%, Seychelles 29%, Switzerland 14% (2019)" + }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "rum, fresh fish, fruits, animals; gravel, sand" + "text": "recreational boats, aircraft, diamonds, paintings, precious stones (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -545,8 +594,11 @@ "text": "$210 million (2016 est.)" } }, + "Imports - partners": { + "text": "Germany 32%, United States 22%%, Italy 9%, France 7%, Seychelles 7% (2019)" + }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "building materials, automobiles, foodstuffs, machinery" + "text": "recreational boats, aircraft, refined petroleum, cars, furniture (2019)" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 1997": { @@ -628,9 +680,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "183,300 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -660,7 +709,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 1-284; landing points for PCCS, ECFS, CBUS, Deep Blue Cable, East-West, PAN-AM, Americas-1, Southern Caribbean Fiber, Columbus- IIb, St Thomas - St Croix System, Taino-Carib, and Americas I- North via submarine cable to Caribbean, Central and South America, and US (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "1 private TV station; multi-channel TV is available from cable and satellite subscription services; about a half-dozen private radio stations" @@ -687,7 +736,7 @@ }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "VP-L (2016)" + "text": "VP-L" }, "Airports": { "total": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/vq.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/vq.json index 1e212ffa..b9c07189 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/vq.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/vq.json @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ "text": "mostly hilly to rugged and mountainous with little flat land" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Crown Mountain 474 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -90,9 +90,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "several hurricanes in recent years; frequent and severe droughts and floods; occasional earthquakes" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "lack of natural freshwater resources; protection of coral reefs; solid waste management; coastal development; increased boating and overfishing" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "important location along the Anegada Passage - a key shipping lane for the Panama Canal; Saint Thomas has one of the best natural deepwater harbors in the Caribbean" } @@ -110,8 +107,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Black 76%, White 15.6%, Asian 1.4%, other 4.9%, mixed 2.1% (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: 17.4% self-identify as Latino

" + "text": "Black 76%, White 15.6%, Asian 1.4%, other 4.9%, mixed 2.1% (2010 est.)

note: 17.4% self-identify as Latino", + "note": "note: 17.4% self-identify as Latino" }, "Languages": { "text": "English 71.6%, Spanish or Spanish Creole 17.2%, French or French Creole 8.6%, other 2.5% (2010 est.)" @@ -178,10 +175,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "95.9% of total population (2020)" + "text": "96% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.1% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "-0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -264,6 +261,52 @@ "text": "NA" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "lack of natural freshwater resources; protection of coral reefs; solid waste management; coastal development; increased boating and overfishing" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "subtropical, tempered by easterly trade winds, relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season September to November" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "11.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 2.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 2.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 5.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "57.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "31.1% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "96% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "-0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "146,500 tons (2012 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -298,7 +341,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: originally called Taphus in Danish - meaning \"tap house\" or \"beer house\" because of its many beer halls - the town received a more dignified name in 1691 when it was named Charlotte Amalie in honor of Danish King Christian V’s wife, Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel (1650–1714)" + "note": "etymology: originally called Taphus in Danish - meaning \"tap house\" or \"beer house\" because of its many beer halls - the town received a more dignified name in 1691 when it was named Charlotte Amalie in honor of Danish King Christian V’s wife, Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel (1650–1714)" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "none (territory of the US); there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 3 islands at the second order; Saint Croix, Saint John, Saint Thomas" @@ -314,7 +357,7 @@ "text": "22 July 1954 - the Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands functions as a constitution for this US territory" }, "amendments": { - "text": "revised 1962, 2000" + "text": "amended several times, last in 2012" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -353,7 +396,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "Legislature of the Virgin Islands - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Democratic Party 13, independents 2; composition - men 11, women 4, percent of women 26.7%

delegate to US House of Representatives - seat by party - Democratic Party 1; composition - 1 woman" }, - "note": "

note: the Virgin Islands to the US House of Representatives can vote when serving on a committee and when the House meets as the Committee of the Whole House, but not when legislation is submitted for a “full floor” House vote

" + "note": "note: the Virgin Islands to the US House of Representatives can vote when serving on a committee and when the House meets as the Committee of the Whole House, but not when legislation is submitted for a “full floor” House vote" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -388,7 +431,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "multiple/Alton Augustus ADAMS, Sr." }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1963; serves as a local anthem; as a territory of the US, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is official (see United States)

" + "note": "note: adopted 1963; serves as a local anthem; as a territory of the US, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is official (see United States)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -424,7 +467,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2014": { "text": "$3.622 billion (2014 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2013 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2013 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$5.182 billion (2016 est.)" @@ -546,8 +589,11 @@ "text": "$1.537 billion (2015 est.)" } }, + "Exports - partners": { + "text": "Haiti 14%, Guadeloupe 7%, Malaysia 7%, Martinique 7%, Barbados 7%, British Virgin Islands 5% (2019)" + }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "rum" + "text": "refined petroleum, jewelry, recreational boats, watches, rum (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2016": { @@ -557,8 +603,11 @@ "text": "$1.549 billion (2015 est.)" } }, + "Imports - partners": { + "text": "India 18%, Algeria 14%, South Korea 9%, Argentina 9%, Sweden 7%, Brazil 5% (2019)" + }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "foodstuffs, consumer goods, building materials" + "text": "refined petroleum, crude petroleum, rubber piping, jewelry, beer (2019)" }, "Debt - external": { "text": "

NA

" @@ -638,9 +687,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "2.764 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -662,7 +708,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 1-340; landing points for the BSCS, St Thomas-ST Croix System, Southern Caribbean Fiber, Americas II, GCN, MAC, PAN-AM and SAC submarine cable connections to US, the Caribbean, Central and South America; satellite earth stations - NA (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "about a dozen TV broadcast stations including 1 public TV station; multi-channel cable and satellite TV services are available; 24 radio stations" diff --git a/central-asia/kg.json b/central-asia/kg.json index c5a03561..2c414971 100644 --- a/central-asia/kg.json +++ b/central-asia/kg.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "peaks of the Tien Shan mountain range and associated valleys and basins encompass the entire country" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "2,988 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Jengish Chokusu (Pik Pobedy) 7,439 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Kara-Daryya (Karadar'ya) 132 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Jengish Chokusu (Pik Pobedy) 7,439 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "2,988 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,17 +91,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "major flooding during snow melt; prone to earthquakes" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water pollution; many people get their water directly from contaminated streams and wells; as a result, water-borne diseases are prevalent; increasing soil salinity from faulty irrigation practices; air pollution due to rapid increase of traffic" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; entirely mountainous, dominated by the Tien Shan range; 94% of the country is 1,000 m above sea level with an average elevation of 2,750 m; many tall peaks, glaciers, and high-altitude lakes" } @@ -186,10 +175,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "36.9% of total population (2020)" + "text": "37.1% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.03% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -346,13 +335,97 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "14.2%" + "text": "9.6%" }, "male": { - "text": "10.1%" + "text": "7.8%" }, "female": { - "text": "22.3% (2018 est.)" + "text": "13.4% (2018 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water pollution; many people get their water directly from contaminated streams and wells; as a result, water-borne diseases are prevalent; increasing soil salinity from faulty irrigation practices; air pollution due to rapid increase of traffic" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "18.12 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "9.79 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "4.47 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "224 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "336 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "7.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "23.618 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan Mountains; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "55.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 6.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 48.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "5.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "39.5% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.21% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "37.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1,113,300 tons (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -390,11 +463,11 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: founded in 1868 as a Russian settlement on the site of a previously destroyed fortress named \"Pishpek\"; the name was retained and overtime became \"Bishkek\"" + "note": "etymology: founded in 1868 as a Russian settlement on the site of a previously destroyed fortress named \"Pishpek\"; the name was retained and overtime became \"Bishkek\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "7 provinces (oblustar, singular - oblus) and 2 cities* (shaarlar, singular - shaar); Batken Oblusu, Bishkek Shaary*, Chuy Oblusu (Bishkek), Jalal-Abad Oblusu, Naryn Oblusu, Osh Oblusu, Osh Shaary*, Talas Oblusu, Ysyk-Kol Oblusu (Karakol)", - "note": "

note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)

" + "text": "7 provinces (oblustar, singular - oblus) and 2 cities* (shaarlar, singular - shaar); Batken Oblusu, Bishkek Shaary*, Chuy Oblusu (Bishkek), Jalal-Abad Oblusu, Naryn Oblusu, Osh Oblusu, Osh Shaary*, Talas Oblusu, Ysyk-Kol Oblusu (Karakol)

note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)", + "note": "note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)" }, "Independence": { "text": "31 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)" @@ -404,7 +477,7 @@ }, "Constitution": { "history": { - "text": "previous 1993; latest adopted by referendum 27 June 2010, effective 2 July 2010; note - constitutional amendments that bolstered some presidential powers and transferred others from the president to the prime minister passed in a referendum in December 2016, effective December 2017" + "text": "previous 1993; latest adopted by referendum 27 June 2010, effective 2 July 2010; note - constitutional amendments that bolstered some presidential powers and transferred others from the president to the prime minister were passed in late 2017" }, "amendments": { "text": "proposed as a draft law by the majority of the Supreme Council membership or by petition of 300,000 voters; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Council membership in each of at least three readings of the draft two months apart; the draft may be submitted to a referendum if approved by two thirds of the Council membership; adoption requires the signature of the president; amended 2017" @@ -480,7 +553,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Bolot I. OTUNBAEV (since 8 April 2018)" + "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Melis MAMADALIEV (since 17 April 2021)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2360 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008" @@ -497,7 +570,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Donald LU (since 18 September 2018)" + "text": "Ambassador Donald LU (since 20 September 2018)" }, "telephone": { "text": "[996] (312) 597-000" @@ -525,7 +598,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Djamil SADYKOV and Eshmambet KULUEV/Nasyr DAVLESOV and Kalyi MOLDOBASANOV" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1992

" + "note": "note: adopted 1992" } }, "Economy": { @@ -572,7 +645,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$31.28 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$8.442 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -587,7 +660,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$5,047 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -632,8 +705,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "93.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "67.8 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "93 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "74.7 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "50.4 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -668,7 +750,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "32.1% (2015 est.)" + "text": "20.1% (2019 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -731,10 +813,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Switzerland 59.1%, Uzbekistan 9.4%, Kazakhstan 5.1%, Russia 4.9%, UK 4% (2017)" + "text": "United Kingdom 56%, Kazakhstan 13%, Russia 13%, Uzbekistan 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "gold, cotton, wool, garments, meat; mercury, uranium, electricity; machinery; shoes" + "text": "gold, precious metals, various beans, refined petroleum, scrap copper (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -748,10 +830,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 32.6%, Russia 24.8%, Kazakhstan 16.4%, Turkey 4.8%, US 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "China 53%, Russia 17%, Kazakhstan 7%, Uzbekistan 7%, Turkey 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "oil and gas, machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs" + "text": "refined petroleum, footwear, clothing and apparel, broadcasting equipment, walnuts (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -861,9 +943,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "5.663 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "10.02 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -893,7 +972,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 996; connections with other CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States, 9 members post-Soviet Republics in EU) countries by landline or microwave radio relay and with other countries by leased connections with Moscow international gateway switch and by satellite; satellite earth stations - 2 (1 Intersputnik, 1 Intelsat) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-funded public TV broadcaster KTRK has nationwide coverage; also operates Ala-Too 24 news channel which broadcasts 24/7 and 4 other educational, cultural, and sports channels; ELTR and Channel 5 are state-owned stations with national reach; the switchover to digital TV in 2017 resulted in private TV station growth; approximately 20 stations are struggling to increase their own content up to 50% of airtime, as required by law, instead of rebroadcasting primarily programs from Russian channels or airing unlicensed movies and music; 3 Russian TV stations also broadcast; state-funded radio stations and about 10 significant private radio stations also exist (2019)" @@ -931,7 +1010,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "EX (2016)" + "text": "EX" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -996,7 +1075,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Kyrgyz Armed Forces: Land Forces, Air Defense Forces, National Guard; State Border Service; Internal Troops (2019)" + "text": "Kyrgyz Armed Forces: Land Forces, Air Defense Forces, National Guard; State Border Service; Internal Troops (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1016,16 +1095,16 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Kyrgyz Armed Forces have approximately 11,000 active duty troops (8,500 Land Forces; 2,500 Air Force/Air Defense) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Kyrgyz Armed Forces have approximately 12,000 active duty troops (8,500 Land Forces; 2,500 Air Force/Air Defense; 1,000 National Guard) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Kyrgyz Armed Forces' inventory is comprised of older Russian and Soviet-era equipment; outside of a small delivery by China in 2019, Russia continues to be the only supplier of weapons systems to Kyrgyzstan (2020)" + "text": "the Kyrgyz Armed Forces' inventory is comprised of older Russian and Soviet-era equipment; Kyrgyzstan relies on donations of military equipment, which come mostly from Russia under a 2013 agreement between Bishkek and Moscow (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "contributes a battalion-sized unit to CSTO's Rapid Reaction Force (2019 est.)" + "text": "contributes forces to CSTO's Rapid Reaction Force (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary male military service in the Armed Forces or Interior Ministry; 1-year service obligation (9 months for university graduates), with optional fee-based 3-year service in the call-up mobilization reserve; women may volunteer at age 19; 16-17 years of age for military cadets, who cannot take part in military operations (2016)" + "text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary male military service in the Armed Forces or Interior Ministry; 1-year service obligation (9 months for university graduates), with optional fee-based 3-year service in the call-up mobilization reserve; women may volunteer at age 19; 16-17 years of age for military cadets, who cannot take part in military operations (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/central-asia/kz.json b/central-asia/kz.json index c92fedec..49bc25d9 100644 --- a/central-asia/kz.json +++ b/central-asia/kz.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "vast flat steppe extending from the Volga in the west to the Altai Mountains in the east and from the plains of western Siberia in the north to oases and deserts of Central Asia in the south" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "387 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Khan Tangiri Shyngy (Pik Khan-Tengri) 6,995 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Vpadina Kaundy -132 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Khan Tangiri Shyngy (Pik Khan-Tengri) 6,995 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "387 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,17 +91,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "earthquakes in the south; mudslides around Almaty" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with former defense industries and test ranges scattered throughout the country pose health risks for humans and animals; industrial pollution is severe in some cities; because the two main rivers that flowed into the Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it is drying up and leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then picked up by the wind and blown into noxious dust storms; pollution in the Caspian Sea; desertification; soil pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals and salination from poor infrastructure and wasteful irrigation practices" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "world's largest landlocked country and one of only two landlocked countries in the world that extends into two continents (the other is Azerbaijan); Russia leases approximately 6,000 sq km of territory enclosing the Baykonur Cosmodrome; in January 2004, Kazakhstan and Russia extended the lease to 2050" } @@ -186,10 +175,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "57.7% of total population (2020)" + "text": "57.8% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.29% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -250,8 +239,8 @@ "text": "2.13 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { - "text": "53% (2018)", - "note": "

note: percent of women aged 18-49" + "text": "53% (2018)

note: percent of women aged 18-49", + "note": "note: percent of women aged 18-49" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { @@ -353,7 +342,97 @@ "text": "3.6%" }, "female": { - "text": "4% (2016 est.)" + "text": "4% (2017 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with former defense industries and test ranges scattered throughout the country pose health risks for humans and animals; industrial pollution is severe in some cities; because the two main rivers that flowed into the Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it is drying up and leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then picked up by the wind and blown into noxious dust storms; pollution in the Caspian Sea; desertification; soil pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals and salination from poor infrastructure and wasteful irrigation practices" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "11.32 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "247.21 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "45.03 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "2.347 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "6.984 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "15.12 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "108.41 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "77.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 8.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 68.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "1.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "21.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.99% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "57.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "4,659,740 tons (2012 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "136,064 tons (2012 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "2.9% (2012 est.)" } } }, @@ -391,11 +470,11 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

note: Kazakhstan has two time zones

etymology: on 20 March 2019, Kazakhstan changed the name of its capital city from Astana to Nur-Sultan in honor of its long-serving, recently retired president, Nursultan NAZARBAYEV; this was not the first time the city had its name changed; founded in 1830 as Akmoly, it became Akmolinsk in 1832, Tselinograd in 1961, Akmola (Aqmola) in 1992, and Astana in 1998

" + "note": "note: Kazakhstan has two time zones

etymology: on 20 March 2019, Kazakhstan changed the name of its capital city from Astana to Nur-Sultan in honor of its long-serving, recently retired president, Nursultan NAZARBAYEV; this was not the first time the city had its name changed; founded in 1830 as Akmoly, it became Akmolinsk in 1832, Tselinograd in 1961, Akmola (Aqmola) in 1992, and Astana in 1998" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "14 provinces (oblyslar, singular - oblys) and 4 cities* (qalalar, singular - qala); Almaty (Taldyqorghan), Almaty*, Aqmola (Kokshetau), Aqtobe, Atyrau, Batys Qazaqstan [West Kazakhstan] (Oral), Bayqongyr*, Mangghystau (Aqtau), Nur-Sultan*, Pavlodar, Qaraghandy, Qostanay, Qyzylorda, Shyghys Qazaqstan [East Kazakhstan] (Oskemen), Shymkent*, Soltustik Qazaqstan [North Kazakhstan] (Petropavl), Turkistan, Zhambyl (Taraz)", - "note": "

note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses); in 1995, the Governments of Kazakhstan and Russia entered into an agreement whereby Russia would lease for a period of 20 years an area of 6,000 sq km enclosing the Baikonur space launch facilities and the city of Bayqongyr (Baikonur, formerly Leninsk); in 2004, a new agreement extended the lease to 2050

" + "text": "14 provinces (oblyslar, singular - oblys) and 4 cities* (qalalar, singular - qala); Almaty (Taldyqorghan), Almaty*, Aqmola (Kokshetau), Aqtobe, Atyrau, Batys Qazaqstan [West Kazakhstan] (Oral), Bayqongyr*, Mangghystau (Aqtau), Nur-Sultan*, Pavlodar, Qaraghandy, Qostanay, Qyzylorda, Shyghys Qazaqstan [East Kazakhstan] (Oskemen), Shymkent*, Soltustik Qazaqstan [North Kazakhstan] (Petropavl), Turkistan, Zhambyl (Taraz)

note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses); in 1995, the Governments of Kazakhstan and Russia entered into an agreement whereby Russia would lease for a period of 20 years an area of 6,000 sq km enclosing the Baikonur space launch facilities and the city of Bayqongyr (Baikonur, formerly Leninsk); in 2004, a new agreement extended the lease to 2050", + "note": "note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses); in 1995, the Governments of Kazakhstan and Russia entered into an agreement whereby Russia would lease for a period of 20 years an area of 6,000 sq km enclosing the Baikonur space launch facilities and the city of Bayqongyr (Baikonur, formerly Leninsk); in 2004, a new agreement extended the lease to 2050" }, "Independence": { "text": "16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)" @@ -481,7 +560,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Yerzhan KAZYKHANOV (since 24 April 2017)" + "text": "

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Yerzhan KISTAFIN (since 1 April 2021)

" }, "chancery": { "text": "1401 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036" @@ -529,7 +608,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Zhumeken NAZHIMEDENOV and Nursultan NAZARBAYEV/Shamshi KALDAYAKOV" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 2006; President Nursultan NAZARBAYEV played a role in revising the lyrics

" + "note": "note: adopted 2006; President Nursultan NAZARBAYEV played a role in revising the lyrics" } }, "Economy": { @@ -579,7 +658,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$448.472 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$181.194 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -594,7 +673,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$24,863 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -639,8 +718,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "79.6 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "94.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "70.4 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "81.3 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -675,7 +763,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "2.6% (2016 est.)" + "text": "4.3% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -738,10 +826,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Italy 17.9%, China 11.9%, Netherlands 9.8%, Russia 9.3%, Switzerland 6.4%, France 5.9% (2017)" + "text": "China 13%, Italy 12%, Russia 10%, Netherlands 7%, France 6%, South Korea 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "oil and oil products, natural gas, ferrous metals, chemicals, machinery, grain, wool, meat, coal" + "text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, copper, iron alloys, radioactive chemicals (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -755,10 +843,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Russia 38.9%, China 16.1%, Germany 5.1%, US 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "Russia 34%, China 24% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, metal products, foodstuffs" + "text": "packaged medicines, natural gas, cars, broadcasting equipment, aircraft (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -868,9 +956,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "2.407 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "304.6 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -900,7 +985,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 7; international traffic with other former Soviet republics and China carried by landline and microwave radio relay and with other countries by satellite and by the TAE fiber-optic cable; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "the state owns nearly all radio and TV transmission facilities and operates national TV and radio networks; there are 96 TV channels, many of which are owned by the government, and 4 state-run radio stations; some former state-owned media outlets have been privatized; households with satellite dishes have access to foreign media; a small number of commercial radio stations operate along with state-run radio stations; recent legislation requires all media outlets to register with the government and all TV providers to broadcast in digital format by 2018; broadcasts reach some 99% of the population as well as neighboring countries" @@ -941,7 +1026,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "UP (2016)" + "text": "UP" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1035,7 +1120,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Land Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force; Ministry of Internal Affairs: National Guard, Border Service (includes Coast Guard), State Security Service (2019)" + "text": "Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Land Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force; Ministry of Internal Affairs: National Guard, Border Service (includes Coast Guard), State Security Service (2020)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1055,13 +1140,14 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "estimates of the size of the Armed Forces of Kazakhstan vary; approximately 45,000 active duty personnel (25,000 Army; 3,000 Navy; 14,000 Air and Air Defense; 3,000 other) (2019 est.)" + "text": "estimates of the size of the Armed Forces of Kazakhstan vary; approximately 45,000 active duty personnel (30,000 Army; 3,000 Navy; 12,000 Air and Air Defense) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Kazakh military's inventory is comprised of mostly older Russian and Soviet-era equipment; since 2010, Russia remains by far the leading supplier of weapons systems, but Kazakhstan has also received weapons systems from China, Germany, Israel, South Africa, Turkey, Ukraine, and the US (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Kazakh military's inventory is comprised of mostly older Russian and Soviet-era equipment; since 2010, Russia remains by far the leading supplier of weapons systems (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "120 Lebanon (UNIFIL); as of mid-2019, Kazakhstan contributed a brigade to CSTO's Rapid Reaction Force (2020)" + "text": "120 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Jan 2021)

Note: Kazakhstan contributes forces to CSTO's Rapid Reaction Force", + "note": "Note: Kazakhstan contributes forces to CSTO's Rapid Reaction Force" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "All men 18-27 are required to serve in the military for at least one year. (2019)" diff --git a/central-asia/rs.json b/central-asia/rs.json index 5b65546b..0effa7c8 100644 --- a/central-asia/rs.json +++ b/central-asia/rs.json @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "600 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Gora El'brus (highest point in Europe) 5,642 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Caspian Sea -28 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Gora El'brus (highest point in Europe) 5,642 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "600 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,17 +102,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Russia

volcanism: significant volcanic activity on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Kuril Islands; the peninsula alone is home to some 29 historically active volcanoes, with dozens more in the Kuril Islands; Kliuchevskoi (4,835 m), which erupted in 2007 and 2010, is Kamchatka's most active volcano; Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny, Chikurachki, Ebeko, Gorely, Grozny, Karymsky, Ketoi, Kronotsky, Ksudach, Medvezhia, Mutnovsky, Sarychev Peak, Shiveluch, Tiatia, Tolbachik, and Zheltovsky; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\"

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper application of agricultural chemicals; nuclear waste disposal; scattered areas of sometimes intense radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from toxic waste; urban solid waste management; abandoned stocks of obsolete pesticides" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Air Pollution-Sulfur 94" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its size, much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture

note 2: Russia's far east, particularly the Kamchatka Peninsula, lies along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire

note 3: Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest peak; Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world, is estimated to hold one fifth of the world's fresh surface water

note 4: Kaliningrad oblast is an exclave annexed from Germany following World War II (it was formerly part of East Prussia); its capital city of Kaliningrad - formerly Koenigsberg - is the only Baltic port in Russia that remains ice free in the winter

" } @@ -130,16 +119,16 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Russian 77.7%, Tatar 3.7%, Ukrainian 1.4%, Bashkir 1.1%, Chuvash 1%, Chechen 1%, other 10.2%, unspecified 3.9% (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: nearly 200 national and/or ethnic groups are represented in Russia's 2010 census

" + "text": "Russian 77.7%, Tatar 3.7%, Ukrainian 1.4%, Bashkir 1.1%, Chuvash 1%, Chechen 1%, other 10.2%, unspecified 3.9% (2010 est.)

note: nearly 200 national and/or ethnic groups are represented in Russia's 2010 census", + "note": "note: nearly 200 national and/or ethnic groups are represented in Russia's 2010 census" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Russian (official) 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%, other 10.1% (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent native language spoken

" + "text": "Russian (official) 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%, other 10.1% (2010 est.)

note: data represent native language spoken", + "note": "note: data represent native language spoken" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of official atheism under Soviet rule; Russia officially recognizes Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism as the country's traditional religions

" + "text": "Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.)

note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of official atheism under Soviet rule; Russia officially recognizes Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism as the country's traditional religions", + "note": "note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of official atheism under Soviet rule; Russia officially recognizes Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism as the country's traditional religions" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -200,10 +189,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "74.8% of total population (2020)" + "text": "74.9% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.18% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -264,8 +253,8 @@ "text": "1.6 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { - "text": "68% (2011)", - "note": "

note: percent of women aged 15-44

" + "text": "68% (2011)

note: percent of women aged 15-44", + "note": "note: percent of women aged 15-44" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { @@ -335,7 +324,7 @@ "vectorborne diseases": { "text": "Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, tickborne encephalitis" }, - "note": "

note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout the Russia; as of 24 January 2021, Russia has reported a total of 3,719,400 cases of COVID-19 or 2,548.7 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 47.6 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population" + "note": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout the Russia; as of 25 April 2021, Russia has reported a total of 4,762,569 cases of COVID-19 or 3,263.5 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 74.2 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 8.1% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "23.1% (2016)" @@ -370,13 +359,115 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "17%" + "text": "15.2%" }, "male": { - "text": "16.2%" + "text": "14.8%" }, "female": { - "text": "17.9% (2018 est.)" + "text": "15.6% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper application of agricultural chemicals; nuclear waste disposal; scattered areas of sometimes intense radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from toxic waste; urban solid waste management; abandoned stocks of obsolete pesticides" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic- Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Air Pollution-Sulfur 94" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "13.75 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "1,732.03 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "851.52 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "17.71 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "28.04 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "18.66 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "4,525,445,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "13.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 7.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 5.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "49.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "37.5% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.29% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.53% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "74.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "intermediate (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, tickborne encephalitis" + }, + "note": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout the Russia; as of 25 April 2021, Russia has reported a total of 4,762,569 cases of COVID-19 or 3,263.5 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 74.2 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 8.1% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "60 million tons (2012 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "2.7 million tons (2012 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "4.5% (2012 est.)" } } }, @@ -417,11 +508,11 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "does not observe daylight savings time" }, - "note": "

note: Russia has 11 time zones, the largest number of contiguous time zones of any country in the world; in 2014, two time zones were added and DST dropped

etymology: named after the Moskva River; the origin of the river's name is obscure but may derive from the appellation \"Mustajoki\" given to the river by the Finno-Ugric people who originally inhabited the area and whose meaning may have been \"dark\" or \"turbid\"

" + "note": "note: Russia has 11 time zones, the largest number of contiguous time zones of any country in the world; in 2014, two time zones were added and DST dropped

etymology: named after the Moskva River; the origin of the river's name is obscure but may derive from the appellation \"Mustajoki\" given to the river by the Finno-Ugric people who originally inhabited the area and whose meaning may have been \"dark\" or \"turbid\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "

46 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast), 21 republics (respubliki, singular - respublika), 4 autonomous okrugs (avtonomnyye okrugi, singular - avtonomnyy okrug), 9 krays (kraya, singular - kray), 2 federal cities (goroda, singular - gorod), and 1 autonomous oblast (avtonomnaya oblast')

oblasts: Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad, Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orenburg, Orel, Penza, Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver', Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl'

republics: Adygeya (Maykop), Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy), Chuvashiya (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetiya (Magas), Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik), Kalmykiya (Elista), Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk), Kareliya (Petrozavodsk), Khakasiya (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordoviya (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz), Sakha [Yakutiya] (Yakutsk), Tatarstan (Kazan'), Tyva (Kyzyl), Udmurtiya (Izhevsk)

autonomous okrugs: Chukotka (Anadyr'), Khanty-Mansi-Yugra (Khanty-Mansiysk), Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar), Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard)

krays: Altay (Barnaul), Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Perm', Primorskiy [Maritime] (Vladivostok), Stavropol', Zabaykal'sk [Transbaikal] (Chita)

federal cities: Moscow [Moskva], Saint Petersburg [Sankt-Peterburg]

autonomous oblast: Yevreyskaya [Jewish] (Birobidzhan)

", - "note": "

note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)

\r\n

note: the United States does not recognize Russia's annexation of Ukraine's Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the municipality of Sevastopol, nor their redesignation as the \"Republic of Crimea\" and the \"Federal City of Sevastopol\"

" + "text": "

46 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast), 21 republics (respubliki, singular - respublika), 4 autonomous okrugs (avtonomnyye okrugi, singular - avtonomnyy okrug), 9 krays (kraya, singular - kray), 2 federal cities (goroda, singular - gorod), and 1 autonomous oblast (avtonomnaya oblast')

oblasts: Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad, Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orenburg, Orel, Penza, Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver', Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl'

republics: Adygeya (Maykop), Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy), Chuvashiya (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetiya (Magas), Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik), Kalmykiya (Elista), Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk), Kareliya (Petrozavodsk), Khakasiya (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordoviya (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz), Sakha [Yakutiya] (Yakutsk), Tatarstan (Kazan'), Tyva (Kyzyl), Udmurtiya (Izhevsk)

autonomous okrugs: Chukotka (Anadyr'), Khanty-Mansi-Yugra (Khanty-Mansiysk), Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar), Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard)

krays: Altay (Barnaul), Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Perm', Primorskiy [Maritime] (Vladivostok), Stavropol', Zabaykal'sk [Transbaikal] (Chita)

federal cities: Moscow [Moskva], Saint Petersburg [Sankt-Peterburg]

autonomous oblast: Yevreyskaya [Jewish] (Birobidzhan)

note 1: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)\r\n

note 2: the United States does not recognize Russia's annexation of Ukraine's Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the municipality of Sevastopol, nor their redesignation as the \"Republic of Crimea\" and the \"Federal City of Sevastopol\"", + "note": "note 1: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)\r\n

note 2: the United States does not recognize Russia's annexation of Ukraine's Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the municipality of Sevastopol, nor their redesignation as the \"Republic of Crimea\" and the \"Federal City of Sevastopol\"" }, "Independence": { "text": "25 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union; Russian SFSR renamed Russian Federation); notable earlier dates: 1157 (Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal created); 16 January 1547 (Tsardom of Muscovy established); 22 October 1721 (Russian Empire proclaimed); 30 December 1922 (Soviet Union established)" @@ -434,7 +525,7 @@ "text": "several previous (during Russian Empire and Soviet era); latest drafted 12 July 1993, adopted by referendum 12 December 1993, effective 25 December 1993" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the president of the Russian Federation, by either house of the Federal Assembly, by the government of the Russian Federation, or by legislative (representative) bodies of the Federation's constituent entities; proposals to amend the government’s constitutional system, human and civil rights and freedoms, and procedures for amending or drafting a new constitution require formation of a Constitutional Assembly; passage of such amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of its total membership; passage in a referendum requires participation of an absolute majority of eligible voters and an absolute majority of valid votes; approval of proposed amendments to the government structure, authorities, and procedures requires approval by the legislative bodies of at least two thirds of the Russian Federation's constituent entities; amended 2008, 2014, 2020" + "text": "proposed by the president of the Russian Federation, by either house of the Federal Assembly, by the government of the Russian Federation, or by legislative (representative) bodies of the Federation's constituent entities; proposals to amend the government’s constitutional system, human and civil rights and freedoms, and procedures for amending or drafting a new constitution require formation of a Constitutional Assembly; passage of such amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of its total membership; passage in a referendum requires participation of an absolute majority of eligible voters and an absolute majority of valid votes; approval of proposed amendments to the government structure, authorities, and procedures requires approval by the legislative bodies of at least two thirds of the Russian Federation's constituent entities; amended several times, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -476,7 +567,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "Vladimir PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (independent) 77.5%, Pavel GRUDININ (CPRF) 11.9%, Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY (LDPR) 5.7%, other 5.8%; Mikhail MISHUSTIN (independent) approved as premier by Duma; vote - 383 to 0" }, - "note": "

note: there is also a Presidential Administration that provides staff and policy support to the president, drafts presidential decrees, and coordinates policy among government agencies; a Security Council also reports directly to the president

" + "note": "note: there is also a Presidential Administration that provides staff and policy support to the president, drafts presidential decrees, and coordinates policy among government agencies; a Security Council also reports directly to the president" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { @@ -488,7 +579,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "
Federation Council (members appointed); composition - men 145, women 25, percent of women 14.7%

State Duma - United Russia 54.2%, CPRF 13.3%, LDPR 13.1%, A Just Russia 6.2%, Rodina 1.5%, CP 0.2%, other minor parties 11.5%; seats by party - United Russia 343, CPRF 42, LDPR 39, A Just Russia 23, Rodina 1, CP 1, independent 1" }, - "note": "

note 1: the State Duma now includes 3 representatives from the \"Republic of Crimea,\" while the Federation Council includes 2 each from the \"Republic of Crimea\" and the \"Federal City of Sevastopol,\" both regions that Russia occupied and attempted to annex from Ukraine and that the US does not recognize as part of Russia

note 2: seats by party as of December 2018 - United Russia 341, CPRF 43, LDPR 39, A Just Russia 23, independent 2, vacant 2; composition as of October 2018 - men 393, women 57, percent of women 12.7%; note - total Federal Assembly percent of women 13.2%" + "note": "note 1: the State Duma now includes 3 representatives from the \"Republic of Crimea,\" while the Federation Council includes 2 each from the \"Republic of Crimea\" and the \"Federal City of Sevastopol,\" both regions that Russia occupied and attempted to annex from Ukraine and that the US does not recognize as part of Russia

note 2: seats by party as of December 2018 - United Russia 341, CPRF 43, LDPR 39, A Just Russia 23, independent 2, vacant 2; composition as of October 2018 - men 393, women 57, percent of women 12.7%; note - total Federal Assembly percent of women 13.2%" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -502,8 +593,8 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "A Just Russia [Sergey MIRONOV]
Civic Platform or CP [Rifat SHAYKHUTDINOV]
Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF [Gennadiy ZYUGANOV]
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY]
Rodina [Aleksei ZHURAVLYOV]
United Russia [Dmitriy MEDVEDEV]", - "note": "

note: 64 political parties are registered with Russia's Ministry of Justice (as of September 2018), but only four parties maintain representation in Russia's national legislature

" + "text": "A Just Russia [Sergey MIRONOV]
Civic Platform or CP [Rifat SHAYKHUTDINOV]
Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF [Gennadiy ZYUGANOV]
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY]
Rodina [Aleksei ZHURAVLYOV]
United Russia [Dmitriy MEDVEDEV]

note: 64 political parties are registered with Russia's Ministry of Justice (as of September 2018), but only four parties maintain representation in Russia's national legislature", + "note": "note: 64 political parties are registered with Russia's Ministry of Justice (as of September 2018), but only four parties maintain representation in Russia's national legislature" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS, BSEC, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UN Security Council (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" @@ -527,7 +618,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Jon M. HUNTSMAN, Jr. (since 3 October 2017)" + "text": "Ambassador John J. SULLIVAN (since 5 February 2021)" }, "telephone": { "text": "[7] (495) 728-5000" @@ -546,8 +637,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red", - "note": "

note: the colors may have been based on those of the Dutch flag; despite many popular interpretations, there is no official meaning assigned to the colors of the Russian flag; this flag inspired several other Slav countries to adopt horizontal tricolors of the same colors but in different arrangements, and so red, blue, and white became the Pan-Slav colors

" + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red

note: the colors may have been based on those of the Dutch flag; despite many popular interpretations, there is no official meaning assigned to the colors of the Russian flag; this flag inspired several other Slav countries to adopt horizontal tricolors of the same colors but in different arrangements, and so red, blue, and white became the Pan-Slav colors", + "note": "note: the colors may have been based on those of the Dutch flag; despite many popular interpretations, there is no official meaning assigned to the colors of the Russian flag; this flag inspired several other Slav countries to adopt horizontal tricolors of the same colors but in different arrangements, and so red, blue, and white became the Pan-Slav colors" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "bear, double-headed eagle; national colors: white, blue, red" @@ -559,7 +650,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Sergey Vladimirovich MIKHALKOV/Aleksandr Vasilyevich ALEKSANDROV" }, - "note": "

note: in 2000, Russia adopted the tune of the anthem of the former Soviet Union (composed in 1939); the lyrics, also adopted in 2000, were written by the same person who authored the Soviet lyrics in 1943

" + "note": "note: in 2000, Russia adopted the tune of the anthem of the former Soviet Union (composed in 1939); the lyrics, also adopted in 2000, were written by the same person who authored the Soviet lyrics in 1943" } }, "Economy": { @@ -609,7 +700,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$3,818,780,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$1,702,361,000,000 (2019 est.)" @@ -624,7 +715,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$26,006 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -669,8 +760,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "78.2 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "93.1 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "71.8 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "72.2 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -705,7 +805,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "13.3% (2015 est.)" + "text": "12.6% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -744,7 +844,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "16.1% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

" + "note": "note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -769,10 +869,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 10.9%, Netherlands 10%, Germany 7.1%, Belarus 5.1%, Turkey 4.9% (2017)" + "text": "China 14%, Netherlands 10%, Belarus 5%, Germany 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, metals, wood and wood products, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military manufactures" + "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, natural gas, coal, wheat, iron (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -786,10 +886,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 21.2%, Germany 10.7%, US 5.6%, Belarus 5%, Italy 4.5%, France 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "China 20%, Germany 13%, Belarus 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery, vehicles, pharmaceutical products, plastic, semi-finished metal products, meat, fruits and nuts, optical and medical instruments, iron, steel" + "text": "cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, aircraft, computers (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -899,9 +999,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "47.8 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "1.847 billion Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -931,7 +1028,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 7; landing points for the Far East Submarine Cable System, HSCS, Sakhalin-Kuril Island Cable, RSCN, BCS North-Phase 2, Kerch Strait Cable and the Georgia-Russian submarine cable system connecting Russia, Japan, Finland, Georgia and Ukraine; satellite earth stations provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita systems (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "13 national TV stations with the federal government owning 1 and holding a controlling interest in a second; state-owned Gazprom maintains a controlling interest in 2 of the national channels; government-affiliated Bank Rossiya owns controlling interest in a fourth and fifth, while a sixth national channel is owned by the Moscow city administration; the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian military, respectively, own 2 additional national channels; roughly 3,300 national, regional, and local TV stations with over two-thirds completely or partially controlled by the federal or local governments; satellite TV services are available; 2 state-run national radio networks with a third majority-owned by Gazprom; roughly 2,400 public and commercial radio stations" @@ -972,7 +1069,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "RA (2016)" + "text": "RA" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1035,7 +1132,7 @@ "broad gauge": { "text": "86,200 km 1.520-m gauge (40,300 km electrified) (2014)" }, - "note": "

note: an additional 30,000 km of non-common carrier lines serve industries

" + "note": "note: an additional 30,000 km of non-common carrier lines serve industries" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1082,6 +1179,9 @@ "text": "Armed Forces of the Russian Federation: Ground Troops (Sukhoputnyye Voyskia, SV), Navy (Voyenno-Morskoy Flot, VMF), Aerospace Forces (Vozdushno-Kosmicheskiye Sily, VKS); Airborne Troops (Vozdushno-Desantnyye Voyska, VDV), and Missile Troops of Strategic Purpose (Raketnyye Voyska Strategicheskogo Naznacheniya, RVSN) referred to commonly as Strategic Rocket Forces, are independent \"combat arms,\" not subordinate to any of the three branches

Federal National Guard Troops Service of the Russian Federation (National Guard (FSVNG), Russian Guard, or Rosgvardiya): created in 2016 as an independent agency for internal/regime security, combating terrorism and narcotics trafficking, protecting important state facilities and government personnel, and supporting border security; forces under the National Guard include the Special Purpose Mobile Units (OMON), Special Rapid Response Detachment (SOBR), and Interior Troops (VV); these troops were originally under the command of the Interior Ministry (MVD)

Federal Security Services Border Troops (includes land and maritime forces) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2020": { + "text": "4% of GDP (2020 est.)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "3.9% of GDP (2019)" }, @@ -1092,31 +1192,28 @@ "text": "4.2% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "5.5% of GDP (2016)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "4.9% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "5.4% of GDP (2016)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "size estimates for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation vary; approximately 900,000 total active duty troops (400,000 Ground Troops, including 40,000 Airborne Troops; 150,000 Navy; 200,000 Aerospace Forces; 60,000 Strategic Rocket Forces; 90,000 other uniformed personnel (special forces, command and control, support, etc.); est. 200-250,000 Federal National Guard Troops (2020)" + "text": "size estimates for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation vary; approximately 800,000 total active duty troops (350,000 Ground Troops, including about 40,000 Airborne Troops; 150,000 Navy; 150,000 Aerospace Forces; 60,000 Strategic Rocket Forces; 90,000 other uniformed personnel (special operations forces, command and control, support, etc.); est. 200-250,000 Federal National Guard Troops (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Russian Federation's military and paramilitary services are equipped with domestically-produced weapons systems, although since 2010 Russia has imported limited amounts of military hardware from Czechia, France, Israel, Italy, Turkey, and Ukraine; the Russian defense industry is capable of designing, developing, and producing a full range of advanced air, land, missile, and naval systems (2019)" + "text": "the Russian Federation's military and paramilitary services are equipped with domestically-produced weapons systems, although since 2010 Russia has imported limited amounts of military hardware from several countries, including Czechia, France, Israel, Italy, Turkey, and Ukraine; the Russian defense industry is capable of designing, developing, and producing a full range of advanced air, land, missile, and naval systems; Russia is the world's second largest exporter of military hardware (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "est. 3,000-5,000 Armenia; est. 1,500 Belarus; est. 7,000-10,000 Georgia; est. 100-200 Central African Republic; est. 500 Kyrgyzstan; est. 1,500 Moldova; est. 4,000-5,000 Syria; est. 5,000-7,000 Tajikistan; est. 25,000-31,000 Ukraine; contributes approximately 8,000 personnel to CSTO's Rapid Reaction Force (2020)", - "note": "

note(s): since November 2020, Russia has deployed about 2,000 peacekeeping troops to the area in and around Nagorno-Karabakh as part of a truce agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan; fighting erupted between the two countries over the Nagorno-Karabakh region in September of 2020

as of the Fall of 2020, a Russian Government-backed private military company was assessed to have about 2,000 personnel in Libya supporting Libyan National Army forces; in addition, there were approximately 2,000 Russian-backed Syrian fighters in Libya" + "text": "est. 3,000-5,000 Armenia; est. 1,500 Belarus; est. 7,000-10,000 Georgia; est. 100-200 Central African Republic; est. 500 Kyrgyzstan; est. 1,500 Moldova; est. 3,000-5,000 Syria; est. 5,000-7,000 Tajikistan; est. 25,000-30,000 Ukraine (includes Crimea) (2020)

note(s): since November 2020, Russia has deployed about 2,000 peacekeeping troops to the area in and around Nagorno-Karabakh as part of a truce agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan; fighting erupted between the two countries over the Nagorno-Karabakh region in September of 2020

as of the Fall of 2020, a Russian Government-backed private military company was assessed to have about 2,000 personnel in Libya supporting Libyan National Army forces; in addition, there were approximately 2,000 Russian-backed Syrian fighters in Libya

Russia contributes approximately 8,000 personnel to CSTO's Rapid Reaction Force", + "note": "note(s): since November 2020, Russia has deployed about 2,000 peacekeeping troops to the area in and around Nagorno-Karabakh as part of a truce agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan; fighting erupted between the two countries over the Nagorno-Karabakh region in September of 2020

as of the Fall of 2020, a Russian Government-backed private military company was assessed to have about 2,000 personnel in Libya supporting Libyan National Army forces; in addition, there were approximately 2,000 Russian-backed Syrian fighters in Libya

Russia contributes approximately 8,000 personnel to CSTO's Rapid Reaction Force" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; males are registered for the draft at 17 years of age; one-year service obligation (Russia offers the option of serving on a two-year contract instead of completing a one-year conscription period); reserve obligation for non-officers to age 50; enrollment in military schools from the age of 16, cadets classified as members of the armed forces (2019)", - "note": "

note: in April of 2019, the Russian government pledged its intent to end conscription

" + "text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; males are registered for the draft at 17 years of age; one-year service obligation (Russia offers the option of serving on a two-year contract instead of completing a one-year conscription period); reserve obligation for non-officers to age 50; enrollment in military schools from the age of 16, cadets classified as members of the armed forces (2019)

note: in April of 2019, the Russian government pledged its intent to end conscription", + "note": "note: in April of 2019, the Russian government pledged its intent to end conscription" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Aum Shimrikyo (AUM/Aleph); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Caucasus Province (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Aum Shimrikyo (AUM/Aleph); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Caucasus Province (2019)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/central-asia/ti.json b/central-asia/ti.json index d00b6e4d..031b25ec 100644 --- a/central-asia/ti.json +++ b/central-asia/ti.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "mountainous region dominated by the Trans-Alay Range in the north and the Pamirs in the southeast; western Fergana Valley in north, Kofarnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "3,186 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Qullai Ismoili Somoni 7,495 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Syr Darya (Sirdaryo) 300 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Qullai Ismoili Somoni 7,495 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "3,186 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,17 +91,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "earthquakes; floods" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "areas of high air pollution from motor vehicles and industry; water pollution from agricultural runoff and disposal of untreated industrial waste and sewage; poor management of water resources; soil erosion; increasing levels of soil salinity" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; highest point, Qullai Ismoili Somoni (formerly Communism Peak), was the tallest mountain in the former USSR" } @@ -122,8 +111,8 @@ "text": "Tajik 84.3% (includes Pamiri and Yagnobi), Uzbek 13.8%, other 2% (includes Kyrgyz, Russian, Turkmen, Tatar, Arab) (2014 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Tajik (official) 84.4%, Uzbek 11.9%, Kyrgyz .8%, Russian .5%, other 2.4% (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: Russian widely used in government and business

" + "text": "Tajik (official) 84.4%, Uzbek 11.9%, Kyrgyz .8%, Russian .5%, other 2.4% (2010 est.)

note: Russian widely used in government and business", + "note": "note: Russian widely used in government and business" }, "Religions": { "text": "Muslim 98% (Sunni 95%, Shia 3%) other 2% (2014 est.)" @@ -187,10 +176,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "27.5% of total population (2020)" + "text": "27.7% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.62% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.73% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -220,8 +209,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "23.2 years (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "23.2 years (2017 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "17 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -358,6 +347,101 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "areas of high air pollution from motor vehicles and industry; water pollution from agricultural runoff and disposal of untreated industrial waste and sewage; poor management of water resources; soil erosion; increasing levels of soil salinity" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "40.05 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "5.31 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "4.87 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "647 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "407.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "10.44 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "21.91 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "mid-latitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "34.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 6.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 27.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "2.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "62.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "1.12% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.54% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "27.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.73% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1,787,400 tons (2013 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -392,11 +476,11 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: today's city was originally at the crossroads where a large bazaar occurred on Mondays, hence the name Dushanbe, which in Persian means Monday, i.e., the second day (du) after Saturday (shambe)" + "note": "etymology: today's city was originally at the crossroads where a large bazaar occurred on Mondays, hence the name Dushanbe, which in Persian means Monday, i.e., the second day (du) after Saturday (shambe)" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "2 provinces (viloyatho, singular - viloyat), 1 autonomous province* (viloyati mukhtor), 1 capital region** (viloyati poytakht), and 1 area referred to as Districts Under Republic Administration***; Dushanbe**, Khatlon (Bokhtar), Kuhistoni Badakhshon [Gorno-Badakhshan]* (Khorugh), Nohiyahoi Tobei Jumhuri***, Sughd (Khujand)", - "note": "

note: the administrative center name follows in parentheses

" + "text": "2 provinces (viloyatho, singular - viloyat), 1 autonomous province* (viloyati mukhtor), 1 capital region** (viloyati poytakht), and 1 area referred to as Districts Under Republic Administration***; Dushanbe**, Khatlon (Bokhtar), Kuhistoni Badakhshon [Gorno-Badakhshan]* (Khorugh), Nohiyahoi Tobei Jumhuri***, Sughd (Khujand)

note: the administrative center name follows in parentheses", + "note": "note: the administrative center name follows in parentheses" }, "Independence": { "text": "9 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union)" @@ -409,7 +493,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest adopted 6 November 1994" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by at least one third of the total membership of both houses of the Supreme Assembly; adoption of any amendment requires a referendum, which includes approval of the president or approval by at least two-thirds majority of the Assembly of Representatives; passage in a referendum requires participation of an absolute majority of eligible voters and an absolute majority of votes; constitutional articles, including Tajikistan’s form of government, its territory, and its democratic nature, cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2016" + "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by at least one third of the total membership of both houses of the Supreme Assembly; adoption of any amendment requires a referendum, which includes approval of the president or approval by at least two-thirds majority of the Assembly of Representatives; passage in a referendum requires participation of an absolute majority of eligible voters and an absolute majority of votes; constitutional articles, including Tajikistan’s form of government, its territory, and its democratic nature, cannot be amended; amended 1999, 2003, 2016" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -482,7 +566,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Farhod SALIM (since 21 May 2014)" + "text": "Ambassador Farrukh HAMRALIZODA (since 17 February 2021)" }, "chancery": { "text": "1005 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037" @@ -524,7 +608,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Gulnazar KELDI/Sulaimon YUDAKOV" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1991; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan kept the music of the anthem from its time as a Soviet republic but adopted new lyrics

" + "note": "note: adopted 1991; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan kept the music of the anthem from its time as a Soviet republic but adopted new lyrics" } }, "Economy": { @@ -571,7 +655,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$27.435 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$2.522 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -586,7 +670,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$3,090 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -631,8 +715,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "61.3 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "93.2 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "60.9 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "60.7 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -665,10 +758,10 @@ "Unemployment rate 2015": { "text": "2.5% (2015 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: official rate; actual unemployment is much higher

" + "note": "note: official rate; actual unemployment is much higher" }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "31.5% (2016 est.)" + "text": "26.3% (2019 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015": { @@ -728,10 +821,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Turkey 27.5%, China 17.7%, Russia 13.4%, Switzerland 12.5%, Algeria 8.2%, Iran 7.1% (2017)" + "text": "Turkey 24%, Switzerland 22%, Uzbekistan 16%, Kazakhstan 12%, China 10% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "aluminum, electricity, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles" + "text": "gold, aluminum, cotton, zinc, antimony, lead (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -742,10 +835,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Russia 38%, Kazakhstan 19%, China 8.7%, Iran 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "China 40%, Russia 38%, Kazakhstan 19%, Uzbekistan 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum products, aluminum oxide, machinery and equipment, foodstuffs" + "text": "refined petroleum, wheat, natural gas, bauxite, aircraft (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -855,9 +948,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "5.663 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "6.329 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -887,7 +977,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 992; linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by Intelsat to international gateway switch in Ankara (Turkey); 3 satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat and 1 Orbita" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-run TV broadcasters transmit nationally on 9 TV and 10 radio stations, and regionally on 4 stations; 31 independent TV and 20 radio stations broadcast locally and regionally; many households are able to receive Russian and other foreign stations via cable and satellite (2016)" @@ -928,7 +1018,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "EY (2016)" + "text": "EY" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -991,31 +1081,33 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan: Land Forces, Mobile Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces; National Guard; Ministry of Internal Affairs: Internal Troops (reserves for Armed Forces in wartime); State Committee on National Security: Border Guard Forces (2019)" + "text": "Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan: Land Forces, Mobile Forces (airborne, mountain infantry troops), Air and Air Defense Forces; National Guard; Ministry of Internal Affairs: Internal Troops (reserves for Armed Forces in wartime); State Committee on National Security: Border Guard Forces (2020)" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2017": { + "text": "2.2% of GDP (2017)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2016": { + "text": "2.2% of GDP (2016)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "1.2% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "2.2% of GDP (2015)" }, "Military Expenditures 2014": { - "text": "1.1% of GDP (2014)" + "text": "2.1% of GDP (2014)" }, - "Military Expenditures 2012": { - "text": "1% of GDP (2012)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2011": { - "text": "1.1% of GDP (2011)" - }, - "note": "

note: no public data available for 2013, 2016-2018" + "Military Expenditures 2013": { + "text": "2.3% of GDP (2013)" + } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan have approximately 9,500 active troops (8,000 Land and Mobile Forces; 1,500 Air and Air Defense Forces) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan have approximately 9,500 active troops (8,000 Land and Mobile Forces; 1,500 Air and Air Defense Forces) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Tajikistan Armed Forces' inventory is comprised of older Russian and Soviet-era equipment; it has received limited quantities of weapons systems since 2010, most of which was secondhand material from Russia, followed by Belarus and China (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Tajikistan Armed Forces' inventory is comprised of older Russian and Soviet-era equipment; it has received limited quantities of weapons systems since 2010, most of which was second-hand material from Russia (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "contributes troops to CSTO's Rapid Reaction Force (2019)" + "text": "contributes troops to CSTO's Rapid Reaction Force (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; 12-18 month conscript service obligation (2019)" @@ -1023,8 +1115,8 @@ }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) (2019)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/central-asia/tx.json b/central-asia/tx.json index bc14d552..a10b1b91 100644 --- a/central-asia/tx.json +++ b/central-asia/tx.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in west" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "230 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Vpadina Akchanaya (Sarygamysh Koli is a lake in northern Turkmenistan with a water level that fluctuates above and below the elevation of Vpadina Akchanaya, the lake has dropped as low as -110 m) -81 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "230 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,25 +91,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "earthquakes; mudslides; droughts; dust storms; floods" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salination, water logging of soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish the Aral Sea; soil erosion; desertification" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; the western and central low-lying desolate portions of the country make up the great Garagum (Kara-Kum) desert, which occupies over 80% of the country; eastern part is plateau" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "5,579,889 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: some sources suggest Turkmenistan's population could be as much as 1 to 2 million people lower than available estimates because of large-scale emigration during the last 10 years" + "text": "5,579,889 (July 2021 est.)

note: some sources suggest Turkmenistan's population could be as much as 1 to 2 million people lower than available estimates because of large-scale emigration during the last 10 years", + "note": "note: some sources suggest Turkmenistan's population could be as much as 1 to 2 million people lower than available estimates because of large-scale emigration during the last 10 years" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -187,10 +176,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "52.5% of total population (2020)" + "text": "53% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.46% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -312,7 +301,7 @@ "text": "18.6% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "3.2% (2015)" + "text": "3.1% (2019)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "3.1% of GDP (2012)" @@ -343,6 +332,90 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salination, water logging of soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish the Aral Sea; soil erosion; desertification" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "19.02 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "70.63 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "52.09 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "755 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "839 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "26.36 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "24.765 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "subtropical desert" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "72% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 4.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 67.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "8.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "19.2% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "53% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "500,000 tons (2013 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -377,11 +450,11 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: derived from the Persian words \"eshq\" meaning \"love\" and \"abad\" meaning \"inhabited place\" or \"city,\" and so loosely translates as \"the city of love\" " + "note": "etymology: derived from the Persian words \"eshq\" meaning \"love\" and \"abad\" meaning \"inhabited place\" or \"city,\" and so loosely translates as \"the city of love\" " }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "5 provinces (welayatlar, singular - welayat) and 1 independent city*: Ahal Welayaty (Anew), Ashgabat*, Balkan Welayaty (Balkanabat), Dasoguz Welayaty, Lebap Welayaty (Turkmenabat), Mary Welayaty", - "note": "

note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)

" + "text": "5 provinces (welayatlar, singular - welayat) and 1 independent city*: Ahal Welayaty (Anew), Ashgabat*, Balkan Welayaty (Balkanabat), Dasoguz Welayaty, Lebap Welayaty (Turkmenabat), Mary Welayaty

note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)", + "note": "note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)" }, "Independence": { "text": "27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union)" @@ -394,7 +467,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest adopted 14 September 2016" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of the total Assembly membership or absolute majority approval in a referendum; amended 2017" + "text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of the total Assembly membership or absolute majority approval in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -460,8 +533,8 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Agrarian Party of Turkmenistan or APT [Basim ANNAGURBANOW]
Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Ata SERDAROW]
Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs or PIE [Saparmyrat OWGANOW]", - "note": "

note: all of these parties support President BERDIMUHAMEDOW; a law authorizing the registration of political parties went into effect in January 2012; unofficial, small opposition movements exist abroad

" + "text": "Agrarian Party of Turkmenistan or APT [Basim ANNAGURBANOW]
Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Ata SERDAROW]
Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs or PIE [Saparmyrat OWGANOW]

note: all of these parties support President BERDIMUHAMEDOW; a law authorizing the registration of political parties went into effect in January 2012; unofficial, small opposition movements exist abroad", + "note": "note: all of these parties support President BERDIMUHAMEDOW; a law authorizing the registration of political parties went into effect in January 2012; unofficial, small opposition movements exist abroad" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ADB, CIS (associate member, has not ratified the 1993 CIS charter although it participates in meetings and held the chairmanship of the CIS in 2012), EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO" @@ -498,8 +571,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five tribal guls (designs used in producing carpets) stacked above two crossed olive branches; five white, five-pointed stars and a white crescent moon appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe; the green color and crescent moon represent Islam; the five stars symbolize the regions or welayats of Turkmenistan; the guls reflect the national identity of Turkmenistan where carpet-making has long been a part of traditional nomadic life", - "note": "

note: the flag of Turkmenistan is the most intricate of all national flags

" + "text": "green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five tribal guls (designs used in producing carpets) stacked above two crossed olive branches; five white, five-pointed stars and a white crescent moon appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe; the green color and crescent moon represent Islam; the five stars symbolize the regions or welayats of Turkmenistan; the guls reflect the national identity of Turkmenistan where carpet-making has long been a part of traditional nomadic life

note: the flag of Turkmenistan is the most intricate of all national flags", + "note": "note: the flag of Turkmenistan is the most intricate of all national flags" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "Akhal-Teke horse; national colors: green, white" @@ -511,7 +584,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "collective/Veli MUKHATOV" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1997, lyrics revised in 2008, to eliminate references to deceased President Saparmurat NYYAZOW

" + "note": "note: adopted 1997, lyrics revised in 2008, to eliminate references to deceased President Saparmurat NYYAZOW " } }, "Economy": { @@ -544,7 +617,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$81.787 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$40.819 billion (2018 est.)" @@ -556,7 +629,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$14,205 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -689,10 +762,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 83.7%, Turkey 5.1% (2017)" + "text": "China 82% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "gas, crude oil, petrochemicals, textiles, cotton fiber" + "text": "natural gas, refined petroleum, crude petroleum, cotton fibers, fertilizers (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -703,10 +776,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Turkey 24.2%, Algeria 14.4%, Germany 9.8%, China 8.9%, Russia 8%, US 6.6% (2017)" + "text": "Turkey 25%, Russia 18%, China 14%, Germany 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs" + "text": "iron products, harvesting machinery, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, tractors (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -816,9 +889,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "7.504 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "100.5 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -848,7 +918,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 993; linked by fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; an exchange in Ashgabat switches international traffic through Turkey via Intelsat; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 Intelsat (2018)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "broadcast media is government controlled and censored; 7 state-owned TV and 4 state-owned radio networks; satellite dishes and programming provide an alternative to the state-run media; officials sometimes limit access to satellite TV by removing satellite dishes" @@ -889,7 +959,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "EZ (2016)" + "text": "EZ" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -968,16 +1038,33 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Armed Forces of Turkmenistan: National Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces; Federal Border Guard Service (2019)" + "text": "Armed Forces of Turkmenistan: National Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces; Federal Border Guard Service (2020)" + }, + "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2017": { + "text": "1.8% of GDP (2017)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2016": { + "text": "1.7% of GDP (2016)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2015": { + "text": "1.5% of GDP (2015)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2014": { + "text": "1.3% of GDP (2014)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2013": { + "text": "1.2% of GDP (2013)" + } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan have approximately 37,000 active troops (est. 33,000 National Army; 500 Navy, 3,500 Air and Air Defense Forces) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan have an estimated 35,000 active troops (est. 30,000 National Army; 1,000 Navy; 4,000 Air and Air Defense Forces) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory for Turkmenistan's military is comprised almost entirely of older Russian and Soviet-era weapons systems, although in recent years, Turkmenistan has opened itself up to Chinese and Western equipment; since 2010, China, Italy, Russia, and Turkey are the leading arms suppliers to Turkmenistan (2019 est.)" + "text": "the inventory for Turkmenistan's military is comprised almost entirely of older Russian and Soviet-era weapons systems, although in recent years, Turkmenistan has opened itself up to equipment from other countries; since 2010, China, Russia, and Turkey are the leading arms suppliers to Turkmenistan (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory male military service; 2-year conscript service obligation; 20 years of age for voluntary service; males may enroll in military schools from age 15 (2013)" + "text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory male military service; 2-year conscript service obligation; 20 years of age for voluntary service; males may enroll in military schools from age 15 (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/central-asia/uz.json b/central-asia/uz.json index f7b694d2..2626dd8d 100644 --- a/central-asia/uz.json +++ b/central-asia/uz.json @@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ "text": "mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; broad, flat intensely irrigated river valleys along course of Amu Darya, Syr Darya (Sirdaryo), and Zarafshon; Fergana Valley in east surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in west" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Sariqamish Kuli -12 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Adelunga Toghi 4,301 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Sariqamish Kuli -12 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -88,17 +88,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "earthquakes; floods; landslides or mudslides; avalanches; droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "shrinkage of the Aral Sea has resulted in growing concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then blown from the increasingly exposed lake bed and contribute to desertification and respiratory health problems; water pollution from industrial wastes and the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides is the cause of many human health disorders; increasing soil salination; soil contamination from buried nuclear processing and agricultural chemicals, including DDT" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "along with Liechtenstein, one of the only two doubly landlocked countries in the world" } @@ -119,8 +108,8 @@ "text": "Uzbek 83.8%, Tajik 4.8%, Kazakh 2.5%, Russian 2.3%, Karakalpak 2.2%, Tatar 1.5%, other 4.4% (2017 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Uzbek (official) 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%", - "note": "

note: in the autonomous Karakalpakstan Republic, both the Karakalpak language and Uzbek have official status

\r\n

 

" + "text": "Uzbek (official) 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%

note: in the autonomous Karakalpakstan Republic, both the Karakalpak language and Uzbek have official status\r\n

 ", + "note": "note: in the autonomous Karakalpakstan Republic, both the Karakalpak language and Uzbek have official status\r\n

 " }, "Religions": { "text": "Muslim 88% (mostly Sunni), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other 3%" @@ -184,10 +173,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "50.4% of total population (2020)" + "text": "50.4% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.28% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.25% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -340,6 +329,90 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "shrinkage of the Aral Sea has resulted in growing concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then blown from the increasingly exposed lake bed and contribute to desertification and respiratory health problems; water pollution from industrial wastes and the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides is the cause of many human health disorders; increasing soil salination; soil contamination from buried nuclear processing and agricultural chemicals, including DDT" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "25.29 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "91.81 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "96.16 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "2.41 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "2.13 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "54.36 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "48.87 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "mostly mid-latitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "62.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 10.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 51.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "7.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "29.7% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.06% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "50.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.25% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "4 million tons (2016 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -374,11 +447,11 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: \"tash\" means \"stone\" and \"kent\" means \"city\" in Turkic languages, so the name simply denotes \"stone city\"" + "note": "etymology: \"tash\" means \"stone\" and \"kent\" means \"city\" in Turkic languages, so the name simply denotes \"stone city\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "12 provinces (viloyatlar, singular - viloyat), 1 autonomous republic* (avtonom respublikasi), and 1 city** (shahar); Andijon Viloyati, Buxoro Viloyati [Bukhara Province], Farg'ona Viloyati [Fergana Province], Jizzax Viloyati, Namangan Viloyati, Navoiy Viloyati, Qashqadaryo Viloyati (Qarshi), Qoraqalpog'iston Respublikasi [Karakalpakstan Republic]* (Nukus), Samarqand Viloyati [Samarkand Province], Sirdaryo Viloyati (Guliston), Surxondaryo Viloyati (Termiz), Toshkent Shahri [Tashkent City]**, Toshkent Viloyati [Tashkent Province], Xorazm Viloyati (Urganch)", - "note": "

note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)

" + "text": "12 provinces (viloyatlar, singular - viloyat), 1 autonomous republic* (avtonom respublikasi), and 1 city** (shahar); Andijon Viloyati, Buxoro Viloyati [Bukhara Province], Farg'ona Viloyati [Fergana Province], Jizzax Viloyati, Namangan Viloyati, Navoiy Viloyati, Qashqadaryo Viloyati (Qarshi), Qoraqalpog'iston Respublikasi [Karakalpakstan Republic]* (Nukus), Samarqand Viloyati [Samarkand Province], Sirdaryo Viloyati (Guliston), Surxondaryo Viloyati (Termiz), Toshkent Shahri [Tashkent City]**, Toshkent Viloyati [Tashkent Province], Xorazm Viloyati (Urganch)

note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)", + "note": "note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)" }, "Independence": { "text": "1 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union)" @@ -391,7 +464,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest adopted 8 December 1992" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the Supreme Assembly or by referendum; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of both houses of the Assembly or passage in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2017 (2018)" + "text": "proposed by the Supreme Assembly or by referendum; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of both houses of the Assembly or passage in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2017" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -444,7 +517,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "
Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 83, women 17, percent of women 17%
Legislative Chamber - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - LDPU 53, National Revival Democratic Party 36, Adolat 24, PDP 22, Ecological Movement 15; composition - NA" }, - "note": "

note: all parties in the Supreme Assembly support President Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV" + "note": "note: all parties in the Supreme Assembly support President Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -510,7 +583,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Abdulla ARIPOV/Mutal BURHANOV" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1992; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan kept the music of the anthem from its time as a Soviet Republic but adopted new lyrics

" + "note": "note: adopted 1992; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan kept the music of the anthem from its time as a Soviet Republic but adopted new lyrics" } }, "Economy": { @@ -535,7 +608,7 @@ "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016": { "text": "8% (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: official data; based on independent analysis of consumer prices, inflation reached 22% in 2012

" + "note": "note: official data; based on independent analysis of consumer prices, inflation reached 22% in 2012" }, "Credit ratings": { "Fitch rating": { @@ -558,7 +631,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$211.134 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$57.789 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -573,7 +646,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$6,519 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -618,8 +691,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "69.9 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "96.2 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "58.2 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "71.9 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -652,10 +734,10 @@ "Unemployment rate 2016": { "text": "5.1% (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: official data; another 20% are underemployed

" + "note": "note: official data; another 20% are underemployed" }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "14% (2016 est.)" + "text": "14.1% (2013 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2003": { @@ -715,10 +797,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Switzerland 38.7%, China 15.5%, Russia 10.7%, Turkey 8.6%, Kazakhstan 7.7%, Afghanistan 4.7% (2017)" + "text": "Switzerland 19%, United Kingdom 17%, Russia 15%, China 14%, Kazakhstan 9%, Turkey 8%, Kyrgyzstan 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "energy products, cotton, gold, mineral fertilizers, ferrous and nonferrous metals, textiles, foodstuffs, machinery, automobiles" + "text": "gold, natural gas, cotton fibers, copper, ethylene polymers (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -729,10 +811,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 23.7%, Russia 22.5%, Kazakhstan 10.7%, South Korea 9.8%, Turkey 5.8%, Germany 5.6% (2017)" + "text": "China 23%, Russia 18%, South Korea 11%, Kazakhstan 9%, Turkey 6%, Germany 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, ferrous and nonferrous metals" + "text": "cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, refined petroleum, aircraft, construction vehicles (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -842,9 +924,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "1.841 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "95.58 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -874,7 +953,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 998; linked by fiber-optic cable or microwave radio relay with CIS member states and to other countries by leased connection via the Moscow international gateway switch; the country also has a link to the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable; Uzbekistan has supported the national fiber-optic backbone project of Afghanistan since 2008" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "the government controls media; 17 state-owned broadcasters - 13 TV and 4 radio - provide service to virtually the entire country; about 20 privately owned TV stations, overseen by local officials, broadcast to local markets; privately owned TV stations are required to lease transmitters from the government-owned Republic TV and Radio Industry Corporation; in 2019, the Uzbek Agency for Press and Information was reorganized into the Agency of Information and Mass Communications and became part of the Uzbek Presidential Administration with recent appointment of the Uzbek President's elder daughter as it deputy director (2019)" @@ -915,7 +994,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "UK (2016)" + "text": "UK" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -986,7 +1065,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Armed Forces of Uzbekistan: Army, Air and Air Defense Forces; National Guard; Ministry of Internal Affairs: Internal Security Troops (2019)" + "text": "Armed Forces of Uzbekistan: Army, Air and Air Defense Forces; National Guard; Ministry of Internal Affairs: Internal Security Troops (2020)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2018": { @@ -997,19 +1076,19 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "assessments for the size of the Armed Forces of Uzbekistan vary; approximately 55,000 total active troops (est. 45,000 Army; est. 10,000 Air and Air Defense Forces) (2019 est.)" + "text": "assessments for the size of the Armed Forces of Uzbekistan vary; approximately 50,000 total active troops (est. 40,000 Army; est. 10,000 Air and Air Defense Forces) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Uzbek Armed Forces use mainly Soviet-era equipment, although since 2010 they have received weapons and aircraft from a variety of sources, including China, France, Russia, Spain, Turkey, and the US (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Uzbek Armed Forces use mainly Soviet-era equipment, although since 2010 they have received weapons and aircraft from a variety of sources, including China, France, Russia, Spain, Turkey, and the US (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory military service; 1-year conscript service obligation for males (conscripts have the option of paying for a shorter service of one month while remaining in the reserves until the age of 27); Uzbek citizens who have completed their service terms in the armed forces have privileges in employment and admission to higher educational institutions (2016)" + "text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory military service; 1-year conscript service obligation for males (conscripts have the option of paying for a shorter service of one month while remaining in the reserves until the age of 27); Uzbek citizens who have completed their service terms in the armed forces have privileges in employment and admission to higher educational institutions (2019)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic Jihad Union; Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic Jihad Union; Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (2019)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/bm.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/bm.json index be6a457c..0865a61b 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/bm.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/bm.json @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "702 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Gamlang Razi 5,870 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Andaman Sea/Bay of Bengal 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Gamlang Razi 5,870 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "702 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,17 +102,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides common during rainy season (June to September); periodic droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water; inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease; rapid depletion of the country's natural resources" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes; the north-south flowing Irrawaddy River is the country's largest and most important commercial waterway" } @@ -130,16 +119,19 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Burman (Bamar) 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian 2%, Mon 2%, other 5%", - "note": "

note: government recognizes 135 indigenous ethnic groups

" + "text": "Burman (Bamar) 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian 2%, Mon 2%, other 5%

note: government recognizes 135 indigenous ethnic groups", + "note": "note: government recognizes 135 indigenous ethnic groups" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Burmese (official)", - "note": "

note: minority ethnic groups use their own languages

" + "text": "Burmese (official)

note: minority ethnic groups use their own languages", + "note": "note: minority ethnic groups use their own languages" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Buddhist 87.9%, Christian 6.2%, Muslim 4.3%, Animist 0.8%, Hindu 0.5%, other 0.2%, none 0.1% (2014 est.)", - "note": "

note: religion estimate is based on the 2014 national census, including an estimate for the non-enumerated population of Rakhine State, which is assumed to mainly affiliate with the Islamic faith; as of December 2019, Muslims probably make up less than 3% of Burma's total population due to the large outmigration of the Rohingya population since 2017

" + "text": "Buddhist 87.9%, Christian 6.2%, Muslim 4.3%, Animist 0.8%, Hindu 0.5%, other 0.2%, none 0.1% (2014 est.)

note: religion estimate is based on the 2014 national census, including an estimate for the non-enumerated population of Rakhine State, which is assumed to mainly affiliate with the Islamic faith; as of December 2019, Muslims probably make up less than 3% of Burma's total population due to the large outmigration of the Rohingya population since 2017", + "note": "note: religion estimate is based on the 2014 national census, including an estimate for the non-enumerated population of Rakhine State, which is assumed to mainly affiliate with the Islamic faith; as of December 2019, Muslims probably make up less than 3% of Burma's total population due to the large outmigration of the Rohingya population since 2017" + }, + "Demographic profile": { + "text": "

Burma’s 2014 national census – the first in more than 30 years – revealed that the country’s total population is approximately 51.5 million, significantly lower than the Burmese Government’s prior estimate of 61 million.  The Burmese Government assumed that the 2% population growth rate between 1973 and 1983 remained constant and that emigration was zero, ignoring later sample surveys showing declining fertility rates and substantial labor migration abroad in recent decades.  These factors reduced the estimated average annual growth rate between 2003 and 2014 to about .9%.  Among Southeast Asian countries, Burma’s life expectancy is among the lowest and its infant and maternal mortality rates are among the highest.  The large difference in life expectancy between women and men has resulted in older age cohorts consisting of far more women than men.

Burma’s demographic transition began in the 1950s, when mortality rates began to drop.  Fertility did not start to decrease until the 1960s, sustaining high population growth until the decline accelerated in the 1980s.  The birth rate has held fairly steady from 2000 until today.  Since the 1970s, the total fertility rate (TFR) has fallen more than 60%, from almost 6 children per woman to 2.2 in 2016.  The reduced TFR is largely a result of women marrying later and more women never marrying, both being associated with greater educational attainment and labor force participation among women.  TFR, however, varies regionally, between urban and rural areas, by educational attainment, and among ethnic groups, with fertility lowest in urban areas (where it is below replacement level).

The shift in Burma’s age structure has been slow (45% of the population is still under 25 years of age) and uneven among its socioeconomic groups.  Any economic boost from the growth of the working-age population is likely to take longer to develop, to have a smaller impact, and to be distributed unequally.  Rural poverty and unemployment continue to drive high levels of internal and international migration.  The majority of labor migration is internal, mainly from rural to urban areas.  The new government’s growing regional integration, reforms, and improved diplomatic relations are increasing the pace of international migration and destination choices.  As many as 4-5 million Burmese, mostly from rural areas and several ethnic groups, have taken up unskilled jobs abroad in agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, and domestic service.  Thailand is the most common destination, hosting about 70% of Burma’s international migrants, followed by Malaysia, China, and Singapore. 

Burma is a patchwork of more than 130 religious and ethnic groups, distinguishing it as one of the most diverse countries in the region.  Ethnic minorities face substantial discrimination, and the Rohingya, the largest Muslim group, are arguably the most persecuted population in the country.  The Burmese Government and the Buddhist majority see the Rohingya as a threat to identity, competitors for jobs and resources, terrorists, and some still resent them for their alliance with Burma’s British colonizers during its 19th century.  Since at least the 1960s, they have been subjected to systematic human rights abuses, violence, marginalization, and disenfranchisement, which authorities continue to deny.  Despite living in Burma for centuries, many Burmese see the Rohingya as illegal Bengali immigrants and refer to them Bengalis.  As a result, the Rohingya have been classified as foreign residents and stripped of their citizenship, rendering them one of the largest stateless populations in the world.  

Hundreds of thousands of Burmese from various ethnic groups have been internally displaced (an estimated 644,000 as of year-end 2016) or have fled to neighboring countries over the decades because of persecution, armed conflict, rural development projects, drought, and natural disasters.  Bangladesh has absorbed the most refugees from Burma, with an estimated 33,000 officially recognized and 200,000 to 500,000 unrecognized Rohingya refugees, as of 2016.  An escalation in violation has caused a surge in the inflow of Rohingya refugees since late August 2017, raising the number to an estimated 870,000.  As of June 2017, another approximately 132,500 refugees, largely Rohingya and Chin, were living in Malaysia, and more than 100,000, mostly Karen, were housed in camps along the Burma-Thailand border. 

" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -200,10 +192,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "31.1% of total population (2020)" + "text": "31.4% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.74% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.85% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -233,8 +225,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "25 years (2015/16 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "25 years (2015/16 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "250 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -343,7 +335,7 @@ "text": "5.8% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "18.5% (2016)" + "text": "19.1% (2017/18)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "1.9% of GDP (2019)" @@ -375,13 +367,116 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "2%" + "text": "1.5%" }, "male": { - "text": "1.8%" + "text": "1.4%" }, "female": { - "text": "2.2% (2018 est.)" + "text": "1.6% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water; inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease; rapid depletion of the country's natural resources" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "34.69 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "25.28 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "42.2 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "3.323 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "498.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "29.57 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "1,167,800,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "19.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 16.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 2.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "48.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "32.6% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "1.69% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "31.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.85% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever, malaria, and Japanese encephalitis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "severe localized food insecurity": { + "text": "due to conflict, political instability, and economic constraints - the political crisis, following the military takeover on 1 February 2021, resulted in increased tensions and unrest throughout the country; the current uncertain political situation may further compromise the fragile situation of vulnerable households and the Rohingya IDPs residing in the country; persisting conflicts in Rakhine, Chin, Kachin, Kayin, and Shan states have triggered large-scale population displacements particularly since 2017; income losses and a decline in remittances, due to the impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic, have affected the food security situation of vulnerable households" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "4,677,307 tons (2000 est.)" } } }, @@ -405,7 +500,7 @@ "etymology": { "text": "both \"Burma\" and \"Myanmar\" derive from the name of the majority Burman (Bamar) ethnic group" }, - "note": "

note: since 1989 the military authorities in Burma and the current parliamentary government have promoted the name Myanmar as a conventional name for their state; the US Government has not officially adopted the name

" + "note": "note: since 1989 the military authorities in Burma and the current parliamentary government have promoted the name Myanmar as a conventional name for their state; the US Government has not officially adopted the name" }, "Government type": { "text": "parliamentary republic" @@ -420,7 +515,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+6.5 (11.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: Rangoon (Yangon) is a compound of \"yan\" signifying \"enemies\" and \"koun\" meaning \"to run out of\" and so denoting \"End of Strife\"; Nay Pyi Taw translates as: \"Great City of the Sun\" or \"Abode of Kings\"" + "note": "etymology: Rangoon (Yangon) is a compound of \"yan\" signifying \"enemies\" and \"koun\" meaning \"to run out of\" and so denoting \"End of Strife\"; Nay Pyi Taw translates as: \"Great City of the Sun\" or \"Abode of Kings\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "

7 regions (taing-myar, singular - taing), 7 states (pyi ne-myar, singular - pyi ne), 1 union territory

regions: Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy), Bago, Magway, Mandalay, Sagaing, Tanintharyi, Yangon (Rangoon)

states: Chin, Kachin, Kayah, Kayin, Mon, Rakhine, Shan

union territory: Nay Pyi Taw

" @@ -458,20 +553,20 @@ "residency requirement for naturalization": { "text": "none" }, - "note": "

note: an applicant for naturalization must be the child or spouse of a citizen

" + "note": "note: an applicant for naturalization must be the child or spouse of a citizen" }, "Suffrage": { "text": "18 years of age; universal" }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { - "text": "Commander in Chief Sr. Gen. MIN AUNG HLAING; note - power was given to MIN AUNG HLAING following a military takeover of the government and the declaration of a state of emergency on 1 February 2021; on 2 February, MIN AUG HLAING established a State Administrative Council as the executive governing body; the Council is chaired by MIN AUNG HLAING and has 16 members (8 civilian and 8 military)" + "text": "Commander in Chief Sr. Gen. MIN AUNG HLAING; note - power was given to MIN AUNG HLAING following a military takeover of the government and the declaration of a state of emergency on 1 February 2021; on 2 February, MIN AUG HLAING established a State Administration Council as the executive governing body; the Council is chaired by MIN AUNG HLAING and has 16 members (8 civilian and 8 military)" }, "head of government": { "text": "Commander in Chief Sr. Gen. MIN AUNG HLAING; note - power was given to MIN AUNG HLAING following a military takeover of the government and the declaration of a state of emergency on 1 February 2021" }, "cabinet": { - "text": "Cabinet appointments shared by the president and the commander-in-chief (note: after 1 February, the military replaced the cabinet)" + "text": "Cabinet appointments shared by the president and the commander-in-chief; note - after 1 February, the military replaced the cabinet" }, "elections/appointments": { "text": "president indirectly elected by simple majority vote by the full Assembly of the Union from among 3 vice-presidential candidates nominated by the Presidential Electoral College (consists of members of the lower and upper houses and military members); the other 2 candidates become vice-presidents (president elected for a 5-year term); election last held on 28 March 2018" @@ -480,19 +575,19 @@ "text": "WIN MYINT elected president; Assembly of the Union vote - WIN MYINT (NLD) 403, MYINT SWE (USDP) 211, HENRY VAN THIO (NLD) 18, 4 votes canceled (636 votes cast); note - WIN MYINT was placed under arrest following the military takeover on 1 February 2021" }, "state counsellor": { - "text": "

State Counselor AUNG SAN SUU KYI (since 6 April 2016); she concurrently serves as minister of foreign affairs and minister for the office of the president; note - AUNG SAN SUU KYI has been under arrest since 1 February 2021

 

" + "text": "State Counselor AUNG SAN SUU KYI (since 6 April 2016); note - under arrest since 1 February 2021; formerly served as minister of foreign affairs and minister for the office of the president" }, - "note": "

note: a parliamentary bill creating the position of \"state counsellor\" was signed into law by former President HTIN KYAW on 6 April 2016; a state counsellor serves the equivalent term of the president and is similar to a prime minister in that the holder acts as a link between the parliament and the executive branch

" + "note": "note: a parliamentary bill creating the position of \"state counsellor\" was signed into law by former President HTIN KYAW on 6 April 2016; a state counsellor serves the equivalent term of the president and is similar to a prime minister in that the holder acts as a link between the parliament and the executive branch" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { - "text": "bicameral Assembly of the Union or Pyidaungsu consists of:
House of Nationalities or Amyotha Hluttaw, (224 seats; 168 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote with a second round if needed and 56 appointed by the military; members serve 5-year terms)
House of Representatives or Pyithu Hluttaw, (440 seats, currently 433; 330 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 110 appointed by the military; members serve 5-year terms); note - on 1 February, the military dissolved the Assembly of the Union; the State Administrative Council governs in place of the Assembly of the Union" + "text": "bicameral Assembly of the Union or Pyidaungsu consists of:
House of Nationalities or Amyotha Hluttaw, (224 seats; 168 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote with a second round if needed and 56 appointed by the military; members serve 5-year terms)
House of Representatives or Pyithu Hluttaw, (440 seats, currently 433; 330 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 110 appointed by the military; members serve 5-year terms); note - on 1 February, the military dissolved the Assembly of the Union; the State Administration Council governs in place of the Assembly of the Union" }, "elections": { "text": "House of Nationalities - last held on on 8 November 2020
House of Representatives - last held on 8 November 2020" }, "election results": { - "text": "House of Nationalities - percent of vote by party - NLD 61.6%, USDP 3.1%, ANP 1.8%, MUP 1.3%, KSDP 1.3%, other 5.9%, military appointees 25%; seats by party - NLD 138, USDP 7, ANP 4, MUP 3, KSPD 3, SNLD 2, TNP 2, other 2, canceled due to insurgency 7, military appointees 56

House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NLD 58.6%, USDP 5.9%, SNLD 3.0%, other 7.5%, military 25%, ; seats by party - NLD 258, USDP 26, SNLD 13, ANP 4, PNO 3, TNP 3, MUP 2, KSPD 2, other 4, canceled due to insurgency 15, military appointees 110" + "text": "House of Nationalities - percent of vote by party - NLD 61.6%, USDP 3.1%, ANP 1.8%, MUP 1.3%, KSDP 1.3%, other 5.9%, military appointees 25%; seats by party - NLD 138, USDP 7, ANP 4, MUP 3, KSPD 3, SNLD 2, TNP 2, other 2, canceled due to insurgency 7, military appointees 56

House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NLD 58.6%, USDP 5.9%, SNLD 3.0%, other 7.5%, military 25%; seats by party - NLD 258, USDP 26, SNLD 13, ANP 4, PNO 3, TNP 3, MUP 2, KSPD 2, other 4, canceled due to insurgency 15, military appointees 110" } }, "Judicial branch": { @@ -531,7 +626,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Thomas J. VAJDA (since December 2020)" + "text": "Ambassador Thomas J. VAJDA (since 19 January 2021)" }, "telephone": { "text": "[95] (1) 536-509, 535-756, 538-038" @@ -559,7 +654,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "SAYA TIN" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1948; Burma is among a handful of non-European nations that have anthems rooted in indigenous traditions; the beginning portion of the anthem is a traditional Burmese anthem before transitioning into a Western-style orchestrated work

" + "note": "note: adopted 1948; Burma is among a handful of non-European nations that have anthems rooted in indigenous traditions; the beginning portion of the anthem is a traditional Burmese anthem before transitioning into a Western-style orchestrated work" } }, "Economy": { @@ -598,7 +693,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$253.028 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$76.606 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -613,7 +708,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$4,740 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -658,8 +753,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "46.8 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "89.3 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "47.7 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "26.4 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -694,7 +798,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "25.6% (2016 est.)" + "text": "24.8% (2017 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -749,13 +853,13 @@ "Exports 2017": { "text": "$14.611 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: official export figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of timber, gems, narcotics, rice, and other products smuggled to Thailand, China, and Bangladesh

" + "note": "note: official export figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of timber, gems, narcotics, rice, and other products smuggled to Thailand, China, and Bangladesh" }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 36.5%, Thailand 21.8%, Japan 6.6%, Singapore 6.4%, India 5.9% (2017)" + "text": "China 24%, Thailand 24%, Japan 7%, Germany 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "natural gas; wood products; pulses and beans; fish; rice; clothing; minerals, including jade and gems" + "text": "natural gas, clothing products, rice, copper, dried legumes (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { @@ -764,13 +868,13 @@ "Imports 2017": { "text": "$16.21 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: import figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of consumer goods, diesel fuel, and other products smuggled in from Thailand, China, Malaysia, and India

" + "note": "note: import figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of consumer goods, diesel fuel, and other products smuggled in from Thailand, China, Malaysia, and India" }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 31.4%, Singapore 15%, Thailand 11.1%, Saudi Arabia 7.5%, Malaysia 6.2%, Japan 6%, India 5.5%, Indonesia 4.5% (2017)" + "text": "China 43%, Thailand 15%, Singapore 12%, Indonesia 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "fabric; petroleum products; fertilizer; plastics; machinery; transport equipment; cement, construction materials; food products‘ edible oil" + "text": "refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, fabrics, motorcycles, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -886,9 +990,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "637.1 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "27.01 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -918,7 +1019,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 95; landing points for the SeaMeWe-3, SeaMeWe-5, AAE-1 and Singapore-Myanmar optical telecommunications submarine cable that provides links to Asia, the Middle East, Africa, Southeast Asia, Australia and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2, Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and ShinSat (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "government controls all domestic broadcast media; 2 state-controlled TV stations with 1 of the stations controlled by the armed forces; 2 pay-TV stations are joint state-private ventures; access to satellite TV is limited; 1 state-controlled domestic radio station and 9 FM stations that are joint state-private ventures; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available in parts of Burma; the Voice of America (VOA), Radio Free Asia (RFA), BBC Burmese service, the Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB), and Radio Australia use shortwave to broadcast in Burma; VOA, RFA, and DVB produce daily TV news programs that are transmitted by satellite to audiences in Burma; in March 2017, the government granted licenses to 5 private broadcasters, allowing them digital free-to-air TV channels to be operated in partnership with government-owned Myanmar Radio and Television (MRTV) and will rely upon MRTV’s transmission infrastructure (2019)" @@ -959,7 +1060,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "XY (2016)" + "text": "XY" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1047,36 +1148,37 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Burmese Defense Service (Tatmadaw): Army (Tatmadaw Kyi), Navy (Tatmadaw Yay), Air Force (Tatmadaw Lay); People’s Militia; Border Guard Forces; People's Police Force (Ministry of Home Affairs) (2020)" + "text": "Burmese Defense Service (Tatmadaw): Army (Tatmadaw Kyi), Navy (Tatmadaw Yay), Air Force (Tatmadaw Lay); People’s Militia; Border Guard Forces; Ministry of Home Affairs: People's Police Force (2021)

note: the Burmese military controls the People's Militia, Border Guard Forces, and the Ministry of Home Affairs", + "note": "note: the Burmese military controls the People's Militia, Border Guard Forces, and the Ministry of Home Affairs" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2019": { + "text": "2.7% of GDP (2019 est.)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "2.9% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "2.9% of GDP (2018 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "3.2% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "3.2% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "3.7% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "3.7% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "4.1% of GDP (2015)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2014": { - "text": "3.6% of GDP (2014)" + "text": "4.1% of GDP (2015 est.)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "

estimates of the Burmese Defense Service (Tatmadaw) vary widely; approximately 390,000 total active troops (est. 350,000 Army; 20,000 Navy; 20,000 Air Force)

(2021)" + "text": "estimates of the Burmese Defense Service (Tatmadaw) vary widely; approximately 400,000 total active troops (est. 360,000 Army; 20,000 Navy; 20,000 Air Force) (2021)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Burmese Defense Service's inventory is comprised mostly of older Chinese and Russian/Soviet-era equipment with a smaller mix of more modern acquisitions; since 2010, China and Russia are the leading suppliers of military hardware to Burma (2020)" + "text": "the Burmese military inventory is comprised mostly of older Chinese and Russian/Soviet-era equipment with a smaller mix of more modern acquisitions; since 2010, China and Russia are the leading suppliers of military hardware; Burma has a limited defense industry, including a growing shipbuilding capability (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-35 years of age (men) and 18-27 years of age (women) for voluntary military service; no conscription (a 2010 law reintroducing conscription has not yet entered into force); 2-year service obligation; male (ages 18-45) and female (ages 18-35) professionals (including doctors, engineers, mechanics) serve up to 3 years; service terms may be stretched to 5 years in an officially declared emergency; Burma signed the Convention on the Rights of the Child on 15 August 1991; on 27 June 2012, the regime signed a Joint Action Plan on prevention of child recruitment; in February 2013, the military formed a new task force to address forced child conscription (2013)" + "text": "18-35 years of age (men) and 18-27 years of age (women) for voluntary military service; no conscription (a 2010 law reintroducing conscription has not yet entered into force); 2-year service obligation; male (ages 18-45) and female (ages 18-35) professionals (including doctors, engineers, mechanics) serve up to 3 years; service terms may be stretched to 5 years in an officially declared emergency (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "since the country's founding, the armed forces have been heavily involved in domestic politics and ran the country for five decades following a military coup in 1962; the military controls three key security ministries (Defense, Border, and Home Affairs), one of two vice presidential appointments, 25% of the parliamentary seats, and has a proxy political party, the Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP)

the military owns and operates two business conglomerates that own over 100 subsidiaries and have close ties to other companies; the business activities of these conglomerates include banking and insurance, hotels, tourism, jade and ruby mining, timber, construction, and the production of palm oil, sugar, soap, cement, beverages, drinking water, coal, and gas; they also have real estate holdings; some of the companies supply goods and services to the military, such as food, clothing, insurance, and cellphone service

the military's primary operational focus is internal security, particularly counterinsurgency operations against several insurgent groups in Kachin, Rakhine, and Shan states, such as the Arakan Army, the Kachin Independence Army, the Shan State Army, and the Tang National Liberation Army; these operations have resulted in numerous civilian casualties, human rights abuses, and internal displacement; the military is also engaged in small-scale operations against Naga insurgents along the northwestern border with India
(2020)" + "text": "since the country's founding, the armed forces have been heavily involved in domestic politics and ran the country for five decades following a military coup in 1962; the military controls three key security ministries (Defense, Border, and Home Affairs), one of two vice presidential appointments, 25% of the parliamentary seats, and has a proxy political party, the Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP)

the military owns and operates two business conglomerates that own over 100 subsidiaries and have close ties to other companies; the business activities of these conglomerates include banking and insurance, hotels, tourism, jade and ruby mining, timber, construction, real estate, and the production of palm oil, sugar, soap, cement, beverages, drinking water, coal, and gas; some of the companies supply goods and services to the military, such as food, clothing, insurance, and cellphone service; the military also runs manages a film industry, publishing houses, and television stations

the military's primary operational focus is internal security, particularly counterinsurgency operations against several ethnic-based insurgent groups in Kachin, Rakhine, and Shan states, such as the Arakan Army, the Kachin Independence Army, the Shan State Army, and the Tang National Liberation Army; these operations have resulted in numerous civilian casualties, human rights abuses, and internal displacement" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1090,7 +1192,7 @@ "stateless persons": { "text": "600,000 (2019); note - Rohingya Muslims, living predominantly in Rakhine State, are Burma's main group of stateless people; the Burmese Government does not recognize the Rohingya as a \"national race\" and stripped them of their citizenship under the 1982 Citizenship Law, categorizing them as \"non-nationals\" or \"foreign residents\"; under the Rakhine State Action Plan drafted in October 2014, the Rohingya must demonstrate their family has lived in Burma for at least 60 years to qualify for a lesser naturalized citizenship and the classification of Bengali or be put in detention camps and face deportation; native-born but non-indigenous people, such as Indians, are also stateless; the Burmese Government does not grant citizenship to children born outside of the country to Burmese parents who left the country illegally or fled persecution, such as those born in Thailand; the number of stateless persons has decreased dramatically because hundreds of thousands of Rohingya have fled to Bangladesh since 25 August 2017 to escape violence" }, - "note": "

note: estimate does not include stateless IDPs or stateless persons in IDP-like situations because they are included in estimates of IDPs (2017)

" + "note": "note: estimate does not include stateless IDPs or stateless persons in IDP-like situations because they are included in estimates of IDPs (2017)" }, "Trafficking in persons": { "current situation": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/bx.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/bx.json index 2d16cca5..76f7b101 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/bx.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/bx.json @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ "text": "flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly lowland in west" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "478 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Bukit Pagon 1,850 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "South China Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Bukit Pagon 1,850 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "478 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -93,25 +93,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are rare" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "no major environmental problems, but air pollution control is becoming a concern; seasonal trans-boundary haze from forest fires in Indonesia" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "close to vital sea lanes through South China Sea linking Indian and Pacific Oceans; two parts physically separated by Malaysia; the eastern part, the Temburong district, is an exclave and is almost an enclave within Malaysia" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "471,103 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: immigrants make up approximately 26% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)" + "text": "471,103 (July 2021 est.)

note: immigrants make up approximately 26% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)", + "note": "note: immigrants make up approximately 26% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -130,6 +119,9 @@ "Religions": { "text": "Muslim (official) 78.8%, Christian 8.7%, Buddhist 7.8%, other (includes indigenous beliefs) 4.7% (2011 est.)" }, + "Demographic profile": { + "text": "

Brunei is a small, oil-rich sultanate of less than half a million people, making it the smallest country in Southeast Asia by population.  Its total fertility rate – the average number of births per woman – has been steadily declining over the last few decades, from over 3.5 in the 1980s to below replacement level today at nearly 1.8.  The trend is due to women’s increased years of education and participation in the workforce, which have resulted in later marriages and fewer children.  Yet, the population continues to grow because of the large number of women of reproductive age and a reliance on foreign labor – mainly from Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, and South Asian countries – to fill low-skilled jobs.

Brunei is officially Muslim, and Malay is the official language.  The country follows an official Malay national ideology, Malay Islamic Monarchy, which promotes Malay language and culture, Islamic values, and the monarchy.  Only seven of Brunei’s native groups are recognized in the constitution and are defined as “Malay” – Brunei Malays, Belait, Kedayan, Dusun, Bisayak, Lun Bawang, and Sama-Baiau.  Together they make up about 66% percent of the population and are referred to as the Bumiputera.  The Bumiputera are entitled to official privileges, including land ownership, access to certain types of employment (Royal Brunei Armed Forces and Brunei Shell Petroleum), easier access to higher education, and better job opportunities in the civil service. 

Brunei’s Chinese population descends from migrants who arrived when Brunei was a British protectorate (1888 and 1984).  They are prominent in the non-state commercial sector and account for approximately 10% of the population.  Most Bruneian Chinese are permanent residents rather than citizens despite roots going back several generations.  Many are stateless and are denied rights granted to citizens, such as land ownership, subsidized health care, and free secondary and university education.  Because of the discriminatory policies, the number of Chinese in Brunei has shrunk considerably in the last 50 years.  Native ethnic groups that are not included in the Bumiputera are not recognized in the constitution and are not officially identified as “Malay” or automatically granted citizenship.  Foreign workers constitute some quarter of the labor force.

" + }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "22.41% (male 53,653/female 50,446)" @@ -186,15 +178,15 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "78.3% of total population (2020)" + "text": "78.6% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.66% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.44% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { - "text": "241,000 BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN (capital) (2011)", - "note": "

note: the boundaries of the capital city were expanded in 2007, greatly increasing the city area; the population of the capital increased tenfold

" + "text": "241,000 BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN (capital) (2011)

note: the boundaries of the capital city were expanded in 2007, greatly increasing the city area; the population of the capital increased tenfold", + "note": "note: the boundaries of the capital city were expanded in 2007, greatly increasing the city area; the population of the capital increased tenfold" }, "Sex ratio": { "at birth": { @@ -276,9 +268,6 @@ "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "14.1% (2016)" }, - "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "9.6% (2009)" - }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "4.4% of GDP (2016)" }, @@ -309,13 +298,94 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "28.9%" + "text": "21.4%" }, "male": { - "text": "28.4%" + "text": "19%" }, "female": { - "text": "29.5% (2017 est.)" + "text": "25.8% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "no major environmental problems, but air pollution control is becoming a concern; seasonal trans-boundary haze from forest fires in Indonesia" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "5.78 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "7.66 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "8.4 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "151.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "5.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "8.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; hot, humid, rainy" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "2.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 0.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "71.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "25.7% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.05% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "78.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.44% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "216,253 tons (2016 est.)" } } }, @@ -350,7 +420,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: named in 1970 after Sultan Omar Ali SAIFUDDIEN III (1914-1986; \"The Father of Independence\") who adopted the title of \"Seri Begawan\" (approximate meaning \"honored lord\") upon his abdication in 1967; \"bandar\" in Malay means \"town\" or \"city\"; the capital had previously been called Bandar Brunei (Brunei Town)" + "note": "etymology: named in 1970 after Sultan Omar Ali SAIFUDDIEN III (1914-1986; \"The Father of Independence\") who adopted the title of \"Seri Begawan\" (approximate meaning \"honored lord\") upon his abdication in 1967; \"bandar\" in Malay means \"town\" or \"city\"; the capital had previously been called Bandar Brunei (Brunei Town)" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "4 districts (daerah-daerah, singular - daerah); Belait, Brunei dan Muara, Temburong, Tutong" @@ -366,7 +436,7 @@ "text": "drafted 1954 to 1959, signed 29 September 1959; note - some constitutional provisions suspended since 1962 under a State of Emergency, others suspended since independence in 1984" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the monarch; passage requires submission to the Privy Council for Legislative Council review and finalization takes place by proclamation; the monarch can accept or reject changes to the original proposal provided by the Legislative Council; amended several times" + "text": "proposed by the monarch; passage requires submission to the Privy Council for Legislative Council review and finalization takes place by proclamation; the monarch can accept or reject changes to the original proposal provided by the Legislative Council; amended several times, last in 2010" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -400,7 +470,7 @@ "text": "Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967)" }, "cabinet": { - "text": "Council of Ministers appointed and presided over by the monarch; note - 4 additional advisory councils appointed by the monarch are the Religious Council, Privy Council for constitutional issues, Council of Succession, and Legislative Council" + "text": "Council of Ministers appointed and presided over by the monarch; note(s)- 4 additional advisory councils appointed by the monarch are the Religious Council, Privy Council for constitutional issues, Council of Succession, and Legislative Council; Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah is also Minister of Finance, Defense, and Foreign Affairs and Trade" }, "elections/appointments": { "text": "none; the monarchy is hereditary" @@ -429,15 +499,15 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "National Development Party or NDP [YASSIN Affendi]", - "note": "

note: Brunei National Solidarity Party or PPKB [Abdul LATIF bin Chuchu] and People's Awareness Party or PAKAR [Awang Haji MAIDIN bin Haji Ahmad] were deregistered in 2007; parties are small and have limited activity

" + "text": "National Development Party or NDP [YASSIN Affendi]

note: Brunei National Solidarity Party or PPKB [Abdul LATIF bin Chuchu] and People's Awareness Party or PAKAR [Awang Haji MAIDIN bin Haji Ahmad] were deregistered in 2007; parties are small and have limited activity", + "note": "note: Brunei National Solidarity Party or PPKB [Abdul LATIF bin Chuchu] and People's Awareness Party or PAKAR [Awang Haji MAIDIN bin Haji Ahmad] were deregistered in 2007; parties are small and have limited activity" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, C, CP, EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Serbini ALI (since 28 January 2016)" + "text": "Ambassador Dato Paduka Haji Serbini bin Haji ALI (since 28 January 2016)" }, "chancery": { "text": "3520 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008" @@ -482,7 +552,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Pengiran Haji Mohamed YUSUF bin Pengiran Abdul Rahim/Awang Haji BESAR bin Sagap" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1951

" + "note": "note: adopted 1951" } }, "Economy": { @@ -518,7 +588,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$25.891 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$12.13 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -533,7 +603,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$60,996 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -578,8 +648,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "70.1 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "94.9 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "58.7 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "62.8 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -666,10 +745,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Japan 27.8%, South Korea 12.4%, Thailand 11.5%, Malaysia 11.3%, India 9.3%, Singapore 7.7%, Switzerland 5%, China 4.7% (2017)" + "text": "Japan 34%, Australia 12%, Singapore 10%, India 8%, Malaysia 8%, Thailand 7%, China 6%, South Korea 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "mineral fuels, organic chemicals" + "text": "natural gas, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, industrial alcohols, industrial hydrocarbons (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -680,10 +759,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 19.6%, Singapore 19%, Malaysia 18.8%, US 9.2%, Germany 5.9%, Japan 4.1%, UK 4% (2017)" + "text": "Singapore 18%, China 14%, Malaysia 12%, Nigeria 5%, United Arab Emirates 5%, United States 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and mechanical appliance parts, mineral fuels, motor vehicles, electric machinery" + "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, cars, tug boats, valves (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -700,7 +779,7 @@ "Debt - external 2013": { "text": "$0 (2013)" }, - "note": "

note: public external debt only; private external debt unavailable

" + "note": "note: public external debt only; private external debt unavailable" }, "Exchange rates": { "currency": { @@ -794,9 +873,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "260.5 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "10.04 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -826,7 +902,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 673; landing points for the SEA-ME-WE-3, SJC, AAG, Lubuan-Brunei Submarine Cable via optical telecommunications submarine cables that provides links to Asia, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Africa, Australia, and the US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-controlled Radio Television Brunei (RTB) operates 5 channels; 3 Malaysian TV stations are available; foreign TV broadcasts are available via satellite systems; RTB operates 5 radio networks and broadcasts on multiple frequencies; British Forces Broadcast Service (BFBS) provides radio broadcasts on 2 FM stations; some radio broadcast stations from Malaysia are available via repeaters" @@ -867,7 +943,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "V8 (2016)" + "text": "V8" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -924,7 +1000,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Royal Brunei Armed Forces: Royal Brunei Land Force, Royal Brunei Navy, Royal Brunei Air Force (2019)" + "text": "Royal Brunei Armed Forces: Royal Brunei Land Force, Royal Brunei Navy, Royal Brunei Air Force (2020)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -944,16 +1020,16 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Royal Brunei Armed Forces is comprised of approximately 6,800 total active troops (4,500 Army; 1,200 Navy; 1,100 Air Force) (2019)" + "text": "the Royal Brunei Armed Forces is comprised of approximately 6,500 total active troops (4,500 Army; 1,000 Navy; 1,000 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Royal Brunei Armed Forces imports nearly all of its military equipment and weapons systems; the top suppliers since 2010 include France, Germany, and the US (2019)" + "text": "the Royal Brunei Armed Forces imports nearly all of its military equipment and weapons systems; the top supplier since 2010 is Germany (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "17 years of age for voluntary military service; non-Malays are ineligible to serve; recruits from the army, navy, and air force all undergo 43-week initial training (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "
Brunei has a long-standing defense relationship with the United Kingdom and hosts a British Army garrison, which includes a Gurkha battalion and a jungle warfare school; there is also a long-term Singaporean military presence
(2019)" + "text": "
Brunei has a long-standing defense relationship with the United Kingdom and hosts a British Army garrison, which includes the Gurkha Battalion and a jungle warfare school; Brunei also hosts a Singaporean military training base
(2020)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/cb.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/cb.json index 1df43b41..feb701e8 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/cb.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/cb.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "

Most Cambodians consider themselves to be Khmers, descendants of the Angkor Empire that extended over much of Southeast Asia and reached its zenith between the 10th and 13th centuries. Attacks by the Thai and Cham (from present-day Vietnam) weakened the empire, ushering in a long period of decline. The king placed the country under French protection in 1863, and it became part of French Indochina in 1887. Following Japanese occupation in World War II, Cambodia gained full independence from France in 1953. In April 1975, after a seven-year struggle, communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh and evacuated all cities and towns. At least 1.5 million Cambodians died from execution, forced hardships, or starvation during the Khmer Rouge regime under POL POT. A December 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside, began a 10-year Vietnamese occupation, and touched off  20 years of civil war.

The 1991 Paris Peace Accords mandated democratic elections and a cease-fire, which was not fully respected by the Khmer Rouge. UN-sponsored elections in 1993 helped restore some semblance of normalcy under a coalition government. Factional fighting in 1997 ended the first coalition government, but a second round of national elections in 1998 led to the formation of another coalition government and renewed political stability. The remaining elements of the Khmer Rouge surrendered in early 1999. Some of the surviving Khmer Rouge leaders were tried for crimes against humanity by a hybrid UN-Cambodian tribunal supported by international assistance. In 2018, the tribunal heard its final cases, but it remains in operation to hear appeals. Elections in July 2003 were relatively peaceful, but it took one year of negotiations between contending political parties before a coalition government was formed. In October 2004, King Norodom SIHANOUK abdicated the throne and his son, Prince Norodom SIHAMONI, was selected to succeed him. Local (Commune Council) elections were held in Cambodia in 2012, with little of the violence that preceded prior elections. National elections in July 2013 were disputed, with the opposition - the Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP) - boycotting the National Assembly. The political impasse was ended nearly a year later, with the CNRP agreeing to enter parliament in exchange for commitments by the ruling Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) to electoral and legislative reforms. The CNRP made further gains in local commune elections in June 2017, accelerating sitting Prime Minister Hun SEN’s efforts to marginalize the CNRP before national elections in 2018. Hun Sen arrested CNRP President Kem SOKHA in September 2017. The Supreme Court dissolved the CNRP in November 2017 and banned its leaders from participating in politics for at least five years. The CNRP’s seats in the National Assembly were redistributed to smaller, less influential opposition parties, while all of the CNRP’s 5,007 seats in the commune councils throughout the country were reallocated to the CPP. With the CNRP banned, the CPP swept the 2018 national elections, winning all 125 National Assembly seats and effectively turning the country into a one-party state." + "text": "

Most Cambodians consider themselves to be Khmers, descendants of the Angkor Empire that extended over much of Southeast Asia and reached its zenith between the 10th and 13th centuries. Attacks by the Thai and Cham (from present-day Vietnam) weakened the empire, ushering in a long period of decline. The king placed the country under French protection in 1863, and it became part of French Indochina in 1887. Following Japanese occupation in World War II, Cambodia gained full independence from France in 1953. In April 1975, after a seven-year struggle, communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh and evacuated all cities and towns. At least 1.5 million Cambodians died from execution, forced hardships, or starvation during the Khmer Rouge regime under POL POT. A December 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside, began a 10-year Vietnamese occupation, and touched off 20 years of civil war.

The 1991 Paris Peace Accords mandated democratic elections and a cease-fire, which was not fully respected by the Khmer Rouge. UN-sponsored elections in 1993 helped restore some semblance of normalcy under a coalition government. Factional fighting in 1997 ended the first coalition government, but a second round of national elections in 1998 led to the formation of another coalition government and renewed political stability. The remaining elements of the Khmer Rouge surrendered in early 1999. Some of the surviving Khmer Rouge leaders were tried for crimes against humanity by a hybrid UN-Cambodian tribunal supported by international assistance. In 2018, the tribunal heard its final cases, but it remains in operation to hear appeals. Elections in July 2003 were relatively peaceful, but it took one year of negotiations between contending political parties before a coalition government was formed. In October 2004, King Norodom SIHANOUK abdicated the throne and his son, Prince Norodom SIHAMONI, was selected to succeed him. Local (Commune Council) elections were held in Cambodia in 2012, with little of the violence that preceded prior elections. National elections in July 2013 were disputed, with the opposition - the Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP) - boycotting the National Assembly. The political impasse was ended nearly a year later, with the CNRP agreeing to enter parliament in exchange for commitments by the ruling Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) to electoral and legislative reforms. The CNRP made further gains in local commune elections in June 2017, accelerating sitting Prime Minister Hun SEN’s efforts to marginalize the CNRP before national elections in 2018. Hun Sen arrested CNRP President Kem SOKHA in September 2017. The Supreme Court dissolved the CNRP in November 2017 and banned its leaders from participating in politics for at least five years. The CNRP’s seats in the National Assembly were redistributed to smaller, less influential opposition parties, while all of the CNRP’s 5,007 seats in the commune councils throughout the country were reallocated to the CPP. With the CNRP banned, the CPP swept the 2018 national elections, winning all 125 National Assembly seats and effectively turning the country into a one-party state." } }, "Geography": { @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "126 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Phnum Aoral 1,810 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Gulf of Thailand 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Phnum Aoral 1,810 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "126 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,17 +102,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "illegal logging activities throughout the country and strip mining for gems in the western region along the border with Thailand have resulted in habitat loss and declining biodiversity (in particular, destruction of mangrove swamps threatens natural fisheries); soil erosion; in rural areas, most of the population does not have access to potable water; declining fish stocks because of illegal fishing and overfishing; coastal ecosystems choked by sediment washed loose from deforested areas inland" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Law of the Sea" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "a land of paddies and forests dominated by the Mekong River and Tonle Sap (Southeast Asia's largest freshwater lake)" } @@ -138,6 +127,9 @@ "Religions": { "text": "Buddhist (official) 97.9%, Muslim 1.1%, Christian 0.5%, other 0.6% (2013 est.)" }, + "Demographic profile": { + "text": "

Cambodia is a predominantly rural country with among the most ethnically and religiously homogenous populations in Southeast Asia: more than 95% of its inhabitants are Khmer and more than 95% are Buddhist.  The population’s size and age structure shrank and then rebounded during the 20th century as a result of conflict and mass death.  During the Khmer Rouge regime between 1975 and 1979 as many as 1.5 to 2 million people are estimated to have been killed or died as a result of starvation, disease, or overwork – a loss of about 25% of the population.  At the same time, emigration was high, and the fertility rate sharply declined.  In the 1980s, after the overthrow of the Khmer Rouge, fertility nearly doubled and reached pre-Khmer Rouge levels of close to 7 children per woman, reflecting in part higher infant survival rates.  The baby boom was followed by a sustained fertility decline starting in the early 1990s, eventually decreasing from 3.8 in 2000 to 2.9 in 2010, although the rate varied by income, education, and rural versus urban location.  Despite continuing fertility reduction, Cambodia still has a youthful population that is likely to maintain population growth through population momentum. Improvements have also been made in mortality, life expectancy, and contraceptive prevalence, although reducing malnutrition among children remains stalled.  Differences in health indicators are pronounced between urban and rural areas, which experience greater poverty.

Cambodia is predominantly a country of migration, driven by the search for work, education, or marriage.  Internal migration is more prevalent than international migration, with rural to urban migration being the most common, followed by rural to rural migration.  Urban migration focuses on the pursuit of unskilled or semi-skilled jobs in Phnom Penh, with men working mainly in the construction industry and women working in garment factories.  Most Cambodians who migrate abroad do so illegally using brokers because it is cheaper and faster than through formal channels, but doing so puts them at risk of being trafficked for forced labor or sexual exploitation.  Young Cambodian men and women migrate short distances across the Thai border using temporary passes to work in agriculture, while others migrate long distances primarily into Thailand and Malaysia for work in agriculture, fishing, construction, manufacturing, and domestic service.  Cambodia was a refugee sending country in the 1970s and 1980s as a result of the brutality of the Khmer Rouge regime, its ousting by the Vietnamese invasion, and the resultant civil war.  Tens of thousands of Cambodians fled to Thailand; more than 100,000 were resettled in the US in the 1980s.  Cambodia signed a multi-million dollar agreement with Australia in 2014 to voluntarily resettle refugees seeking shelter in Australia.  However, the deal has proven to be a failure because of poor conditions and a lack of support services for the few refugees willing to accept the offer.

" + }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "30.18% (male 2,582,427/female 2,525,619)" @@ -197,10 +189,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "24.2% of total population (2020)" + "text": "24.7% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.25% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "3.06% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -230,8 +222,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "22.9 years (2014 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "22.9 years (2014 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "160 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -379,6 +371,101 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "illegal logging activities throughout the country and strip mining for gems in the western region along the border with Thailand have resulted in habitat loss and declining biodiversity (in particular, destruction of mangrove swamps threatens natural fisheries); soil erosion; in rural areas, most of the population does not have access to potable water; declining fish stocks because of illegal fishing and overfishing; coastal ecosystems choked by sediment washed loose from deforested areas inland" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Law of the Sea" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "23.98 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "9.92 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "14.88 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "98 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "33 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "2.053 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "476.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "32.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 22.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 8.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "56.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "11.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.84% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "24.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.06% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1.089 million tons (2014 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -413,7 +500,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: Phnom Penh translates as \"Penh's Hill\" in Khmer; the city takes its name from the present Wat Phnom (Hill Temple), the tallest religious structure in the city, whose establishment, according to legend, was inspired in the 14th century by a pious nun, Daun PENH" + "note": "etymology: Phnom Penh translates as \"Penh's Hill\" in Khmer; the city takes its name from the present Wat Phnom (Hill Temple), the tallest religious structure in the city, whose establishment, according to legend, was inspired in the 14th century by a pious nun, Daun PENH" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "

24 provinces (khett, singular and plural) and 1 municipality (krong, singular and plural)

provinces: Banteay Meanchey, Battambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Speu, Kampong Thom, Kampot, Kandal, Kep, Koh Kong, Kratie, Mondolkiri, Oddar Meanchey, Pailin, Preah Sihanouk, Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Pursat, Ratanakiri, Siem Reap, Stung Treng, Svay Rieng, Takeo, Tbong Khmum

municipalities: Phnom Penh (Phnum Penh)

" @@ -529,8 +616,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width), and blue with a white, three-towered temple, representing Angkor Wat, outlined in black in the center of the red band; red and blue are traditional Cambodian colors", - "note": "

note: only national flag to prominently incorporate an actual identifiable building into its design (a few other national flags - those of Afghanistan, San Marino, Portugal, and Spain - show small generic buildings as part of their coats of arms on the flag)

" + "text": "three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width), and blue with a white, three-towered temple, representing Angkor Wat, outlined in black in the center of the red band; red and blue are traditional Cambodian colors

note: only national flag to prominently incorporate an actual identifiable building into its design (a few other national flags - those of Afghanistan, San Marino, Portugal, and Spain - show small generic buildings as part of their coats of arms on the flag)", + "note": "note: only national flag to prominently incorporate an actual identifiable building into its design (a few other national flags - those of Afghanistan, San Marino, Portugal, and Spain - show small generic buildings as part of their coats of arms on the flag)" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "Angkor Wat temple, kouprey (wild ox); national colors: red, blue" @@ -542,7 +629,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "CHUON NAT/F. PERRUCHOT and J. JEKYLL" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1941, restored 1993; the anthem, based on a Cambodian folk tune, was restored after the defeat of the Communist regime

" + "note": "note: adopted 1941, restored 1993; the anthem, based on a Cambodian folk tune, was restored after the defeat of the Communist regime" } }, "Economy": { @@ -586,7 +673,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$62.89 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$22.09 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -601,7 +688,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$3,928 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -646,8 +733,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "53.8 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "52.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "67.3 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "31.7 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -680,7 +776,7 @@ "Unemployment rate 2016": { "text": "0.2% (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: high underemployment, according to official statistics

" + "note": "note: high underemployment, according to official statistics" }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "16.5% (2016 est.)" @@ -743,10 +839,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 21.5%, UK 9%, Germany 8.6%, Japan 7.6%, China 6.9%, Canada 6.7%, Spain 4.7%, Belgium 4.5% (2017)" + "text": "United States 21%, Singapore 8%, Thailand 8%, Germany 7%, Japan 6%, China 5%, Canada 5%, United Kingdom 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "clothing, timber, rubber, rice, fish, tobacco, footwear" + "text": "clothing, precious metal scraps, trunks/cases, gold, leather footwear (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -757,10 +853,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 34.1%, Singapore 12.8%, Thailand 12.4%, Vietnam 10.1% (2017)" + "text": "China 27%, Thailand 25%, Vietnam 15%, Singapore 8% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum products, cigarettes, gold, construction materials, machinery, motor vehicles, pharmaceutical products" + "text": "refined petroleum, clothing, gold, cars, flavored water (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -876,9 +972,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "10.55 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -908,7 +1001,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 855; landing points for MCT and AAE-1 via submarine cables providing communication to Asia, the Middle East, Europe and Africa; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "mixture of state-owned, joint public-private, and privately owned broadcast media; 27 TV broadcast stations with most operating on multiple channels, including 1 state-operated station broadcasting from multiple locations, 11 stations either jointly operated or privately owned with some broadcasting from several locations; multi-channel cable and satellite systems are available (2019); 84 radio broadcast stations - 1 state-owned broadcaster with multiple stations and a large mixture of public and private broadcasters; one international broadcaster is available (2019) as well as one Chinese joint venture television station with the Ministry of Interior; several television and radio operators broadcast online only (often via Facebook) (2019)" @@ -949,7 +1042,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "XU (2016)" + "text": "XU" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -994,7 +1087,7 @@ "narrow gauge": { "text": "642 km 1.000-m gauge (2014)" }, - "note": "

note: under restoration

" + "note": "note: under restoration" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1029,11 +1122,11 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Royal Cambodian Armed Forces: High Command Headquarters, Royal Cambodian Army, Royal Khmer Navy, Royal Cambodian Air Force; Gendarmerie Royale Khmer (military police force responsible for internal security under Ministry of Interior); the National Counter Terrorism Committee; the National Committee for Maritime Security (performs Coast Guard functions and has representation from military and civilian agencies) (2019)" + "text": "Royal Cambodian Armed Forces: High Command Headquarters, Royal Cambodian Army, Royal Khmer Navy, Royal Cambodian Air Force, Royal Gendarmerie; the National Committee for Maritime Security (performs Coast Guard functions and has representation from military and civilian agencies) (2020)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "2.3% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "2.3% of GDP (2019 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "2.2% of GDP (2018)" @@ -1049,16 +1142,16 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "estimates for the size of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces vary widely; approximately 110,000 total active troops including about 3,000 Navy and 1,000 Air Force; 10,000 Gendarmerie (2020)" + "text": "estimates for the size of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces vary; approximately 110,000 total active troops including about 3,000 Navy and 1,000 Air Force; est. 10,000 Gendarmerie (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces are armed largely with older Chinese and Russian-origin equipment; it has received limited amounts of newer equipment since 2010 with China as the principal provider, followed by Ukraine (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces are armed largely with older Chinese and Russian-origin equipment; it has received limited amounts of more modern (mostly second-hand) equipment since 2010 with China as the principal provider, followed by Ukraine (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "200 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 180 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 330 Mali (MINUSMA) (2020)" + "text": "200 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 175 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 290 Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory and voluntary military service (2012)" + "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory and voluntary military service (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/ch.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/ch.json index ca399557..a3bf1e56 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/ch.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/ch.json @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in east" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,840 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mount Everest (highest peak in Asia and highest point on earth above sea level) 8,849 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Turpan Pendi -154 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mount Everest (highest peak in Asia and highest point on earth above sea level) 8,849 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,840 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,17 +102,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

frequent typhoons (about five per year along southern and eastern coasts); damaging floods; tsunamis; earthquakes; droughts; land subsidence

volcanism: China contains some historically active volcanoes including Changbaishan (also known as Baitoushan, Baegdu, or P'aektu-san), Hainan Dao, and Kunlun although most have been relatively inactive in recent centuries

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution (greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide particulates) from reliance on coal produces acid rain; China is the world's largest single emitter of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels; water shortages, particularly in the north; water pollution from untreated wastes; coastal destruction due to land reclamation, industrial development, and aquaculture; deforestation and habitat destruction; poor land management leads to soil erosion, landslides, floods, droughts, dust storms, and desertification; trade in endangered species" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "note 1: world's fourth largest country (after Russia, Canada, and US) and largest country situated entirely in Asia; Mount Everest on the border with Nepal is the world's tallest peak above sea level

note 2: the largest cave chamber in the world is the Miao Room, in the Gebihe cave system at China's Ziyun Getu He Chuandong National Park, which encloses some 10.78 million cu m (380.7 million cu ft) of volume

note 3: China appears to have been the center of domestication for two of the world's leading cereal crops: millet in the north along the Yellow River and rice in the south along the lower or middle Yangtze River" } @@ -130,16 +119,16 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Han Chinese 91.6%, Zhuang 1.3%, other (includes Hui, Manchu, Uighur, Miao, Yi, Tujia, Tibetan, Mongol, Dong, Buyei, Yao, Bai, Korean, Hani, Li, Kazakh, Dai, and other nationalities) 7.1% (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: the Chinese Government officially recognizes 56 ethnic groups

" + "text": "Han Chinese 91.6%, Zhuang 1.3%, other (includes Hui, Manchu, Uighur, Miao, Yi, Tujia, Tibetan, Mongol, Dong, Buyei, Yao, Bai, Korean, Hani, Li, Kazakh, Dai, and other nationalities) 7.1% (2010 est.)

note: the Chinese Government officially recognizes 56 ethnic groups", + "note": "note: the Chinese Government officially recognizes 56 ethnic groups" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Standard Chinese or Mandarin (official; Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry)", - "note": "

note: Zhuang is official in Guangxi Zhuang, Yue is official in Guangdong, Mongolian is official in Nei Mongol, Uighur is official in Xinjiang Uygur, Kyrgyz is official in Xinjiang Uygur, and Tibetan is official in Xizang (Tibet)

" + "text": "Standard Chinese or Mandarin (official; Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry)

note: Zhuang is official in Guangxi Zhuang, Yue is official in Guangdong, Mongolian is official in Nei Mongol, Uighur is official in Xinjiang Uygur, Kyrgyz is official in Xinjiang Uygur, and Tibetan is official in Xizang (Tibet)", + "note": "note: Zhuang is official in Guangxi Zhuang, Yue is official in Guangdong, Mongolian is official in Nei Mongol, Uighur is official in Xinjiang Uygur, Kyrgyz is official in Xinjiang Uygur, and Tibetan is official in Xizang (Tibet)" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Buddhist 18.2%, Christian 5.1%, Muslim 1.8%, folk religion 21.9%, Hindu < 0.1%, Jewish < 0.1%, other 0.7% (includes Daoist (Taoist)), unaffiliated 52.2% (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: officially atheist

" + "text": "Buddhist 18.2%, Christian 5.1%, Muslim 1.8%, folk religion 21.9%, Hindu < 0.1%, Jewish < 0.1%, other 0.7% (includes Daoist (Taoist)), unaffiliated 52.2% (2010 est.)

note: officially atheist", + "note": "note: officially atheist" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -171,7 +160,7 @@ "potential support ratio": { "text": "5.9 (2020 est.)" }, - "note": "

data do not include Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan" + "note": "data do not include Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan" }, "Median age": { "total": { @@ -201,12 +190,12 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "61.4% of total population (2020)" + "text": "62.5% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.42% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.78% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data do not include Hong Kong and Macau

" + "note": "note: data do not include Hong Kong and Macau" }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "27.796 million Shanghai, 20.897 million BEIJING (capital), 16.382 million Chongqing, 13.794 million Tianjin, 13.635 million Guangzhou, 12.592 million Shenzhen (2021)" @@ -336,7 +325,7 @@ "soil contact diseases": { "text": "hantaviral hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)" }, - "note": "

note: a new coronavirus is causing an outbreak of respiratory illness (COVID-19) in China; illness with this virus has ranged from mild to severe with fatalities reported; the US Department of State has issued a do not travel advisory for China due to COVID-19; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has also recommended against travel to China and published additional guidance at https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/warning/novel-coronavirus-china; the US Department of Homeland Security has issued instructions requiring US passengers who have been in China to travel through select airports where the US Government has implemented enhanced screening procedures; as of 24 January 2021, China has reported a total of 99,931 cases of COVID-19 or 6.8 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 0.3 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population" + "note": "note: a new coronavirus is causing an outbreak of respiratory illness (COVID-19) in China; illness with this virus has ranged from mild to severe with fatalities reported; the US Department of State has issued a do not travel advisory for China due to COVID-19; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has also recommended against travel to China and published additional guidance at https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/warning/novel-coronavirus-china; the US Department of Homeland Security has issued instructions requiring US passengers who have been in China to travel through select airports where the US Government has implemented enhanced screening procedures; as of 25 April 2021, China has reported a total of 103,464 cases of COVID-19 or 7 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 0.3 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "6.2% (2016)" @@ -376,6 +365,106 @@ "text": "in October 2015, the Chinese Government announced that it would change its rules to allow all couples to have two children, loosening a 1979 mandate that restricted many couples to one child; the new policy was implemented on 1 January 2016 to address China’s rapidly aging population and future economic needs" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution (greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide particulates) from reliance on coal produces acid rain; China is the world's largest single emitter of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels; water shortages, particularly in the north; water pollution from untreated wastes; coastal destruction due to land reclamation, industrial development, and aquaculture; deforestation and habitat destruction; poor land management leads to soil erosion, landslides, floods, droughts, dust storms, and desertification; trade in endangered species" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "49.16 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "9,893.04 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "1,490.24 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "79.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "133.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "385.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "2,840,220,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "54.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 11.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 41.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "22.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "23% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.08% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.57% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "62.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.78% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data do not include Hong Kong and Macau" + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Japanese encephalitis" + }, + "soil contact diseases": { + "text": "hantaviral hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)" + }, + "note": "note: a new coronavirus is causing an outbreak of respiratory illness (COVID-19) in China; illness with this virus has ranged from mild to severe with fatalities reported; the US Department of State has issued a do not travel advisory for China due to COVID-19; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has also recommended against travel to China and published additional guidance at https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/warning/novel-coronavirus-china; the US Department of Homeland Security has issued instructions requiring US passengers who have been in China to travel through select airports where the US Government has implemented enhanced screening procedures; as of 25 April 2021, China has reported a total of 103,464 cases of COVID-19 or 7 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 0.3 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "210 million tons (2015 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -410,11 +499,11 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

note: China is the largest country (in terms of area) with just one time zone; before 1949 it was divided into five

etymology: the Chinese meaning is \"Northern Capital\"

" + "note": "note: China is the largest country (in terms of area) with just one time zone; before 1949 it was divided into five

etymology: the Chinese meaning is \"Northern Capital\"
" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "

23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions (zizhiqu, singular and plural), and 4 municipalities (shi, singular and plural)

provinces: Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang; (see note on Taiwan)

autonomous regions: Guangxi, Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), Ningxia, Xinjiang Uyghur, Xizang (Tibet)

municipalities: Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Tianjin

", - "note": "

note: China considers Taiwan its 23rd province; see separate entries for the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau

" + "text": "

23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions (zizhiqu, singular and plural), and 4 municipalities (shi, singular and plural)

provinces: Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang; (see note on Taiwan)

autonomous regions: Guangxi, Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), Ningxia, Xinjiang Uyghur, Xizang (Tibet)

municipalities: Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Tianjin



note: China considers Taiwan its 23rd province; see separate entries for the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau", + "note": "note: China considers Taiwan its 23rd province; see separate entries for the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau" }, "Independence": { "text": "1 October 1949 (People's Republic of China established); notable earlier dates: 221 B.C. (unification under the Qin Dynasty); 1 January 1912 (Qing Dynasty replaced by the Republic of China)" @@ -464,7 +553,7 @@ "text": "State Council appointed by National People's Congress" }, "elections/appointments": { - "text": "president and vice president indirectly elected by National People's Congress for a 5-year term (unlimited terms); election last held on 17 March 2018 (next to be held in March 2023); premier nominated by president, confirmed by National People's Congress" + "text": "president and vice president indirectly elected by National People's Congress for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 17 March 2018 (next to be held in March 2023); premier nominated by president, confirmed by National People's Congress" }, "election results": { "text": "XI Jinping reelected president; National People's Congress vote - 2,970 (unanimously); WANG Qishan elected vice president with 2,969 votes" @@ -491,11 +580,11 @@ "subordinate courts": { "text": "Higher People's Courts; Intermediate People's Courts; District and County People's Courts; Autonomous Region People's Courts; International Commercial Courts; Special People's Courts for military, maritime, transportation, and forestry issues" }, - "note": "

note: in late 2014, China unveiled a multi-year judicial reform program; progress continued in 2018" + "note": "note: in late 2014, China unveiled a multi-year judicial reform program; progress continued in 2018" }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Chinese Communist Party or CCP [XI Jinping]", - "note": "

note: China has 8 nominally independent small parties controlled by the CCP

" + "text": "Chinese Communist Party or CCP [XI Jinping]

note: China has 8 nominally independent small parties controlled by the CCP", + "note": "note: China has 8 nominally independent small parties controlled by the CCP" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ADB, AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council (observer), ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS, CDB, CICA, EAS, FAO, FATF, G-20, G-24 (observer), G-5, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), SCO, SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UN Security Council (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" @@ -550,7 +639,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "TIAN Han/NIE Er" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1949; the anthem, though banned during the Cultural Revolution, is more commonly known as \"Zhongguo Guoge\" (Chinese National Song); it was originally the theme song to the 1935 Chinese movie, \"Sons and Daughters in a Time of Storm\"

" + "note": "note: adopted 1949; the anthem, though banned during the Cultural Revolution, is more commonly known as \"Zhongguo Guoge\" (Chinese National Song); it was originally the theme song to the 1935 Chinese movie, \"Sons and Daughters in a Time of Storm\"" } }, "Economy": { @@ -600,11 +689,11 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$19,887,033,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { - "text": "$14,327,359,000,000 (2019 est.)", - "note": "

note: because China's exchange rate is determined by fiat rather than by market forces, the official exchange rate measure of GDP is not an accurate measure of China's output; GDP at the official exchange rate substantially understates the actual level of China's output vis-a-vis the rest of the world; in China's situation, GDP at purchasing power parity provides the best measure for comparing output across countries

" + "text": "$14,327,359,000,000 (2019 est.)

note: because China's exchange rate is determined by fiat rather than by market forces, the official exchange rate measure of GDP is not an accurate measure of China's output; GDP at the official exchange rate substantially understates the actual level of China's output vis-a-vis the rest of the world; in China's situation, GDP at purchasing power parity provides the best measure for comparing output across countries", + "note": "note: because China's exchange rate is determined by fiat rather than by market forces, the official exchange rate measure of GDP is not an accurate measure of China's output; GDP at the official exchange rate substantially understates the actual level of China's output vis-a-vis the rest of the world; in China's situation, GDP at purchasing power parity provides the best measure for comparing output across countries" }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2019": { @@ -616,7 +705,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$14,344 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -661,8 +750,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "77.9 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "94.1 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "86.5 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "80.9 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -675,8 +773,8 @@ "text": "6.1% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "774.71 million (2019 est.)", - "note": "

note: by the end of 2012, China's working age population (15-64 years) was 1.004 billion

" + "text": "774.71 million (2019 est.)

note: by the end of 2012, China's working age population (15-64 years) was 1.004 billion", + "note": "note: by the end of 2012, China's working age population (15-64 years) was 1.004 billion" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -696,11 +794,10 @@ "Unemployment rate 2018": { "text": "3.84% (2018 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are for registered urban unemployment, which excludes private enterprises and migrants

" + "note": "note: data are for registered urban unemployment, which excludes private enterprises and migrants" }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "3.3% (2016 est.)", - "note": "

note: in 2011, China set a new poverty line at RMB 2300 (approximately US $400)

" + "text": "0.6% (2019 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": { @@ -717,7 +814,7 @@ "highest 10%": { "text": "31.4% (2012)" }, - "note": "

note: data are for urban households only

" + "note": "note: data are for urban households only" }, "Budget": { "revenues": { @@ -740,7 +837,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "44.2% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: official data; data cover both central and local government debt, including debt officially recognized by China's National Audit Office report in 2011; data exclude policy bank bonds, Ministry of Railway debt, and China Asset Management Company debt

" + "note": "note: official data; data cover both central and local government debt, including debt officially recognized by China's National Audit Office report in 2011; data exclude policy bank bonds, Ministry of Railway debt, and China Asset Management Company debt" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -765,10 +862,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 19.2%, Hong Kong 12.2%, Japan 5.9%, South Korea 4.4% (2018)" + "text": "United States 17%, Hong Kong 10%, Japan 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "electrical and other machinery, including computers and telecommunications equipment, apparel, furniture, textiles" + "text": "broadcasting equipment, computers, integrated circuits, office machinery and parts, telephones (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { @@ -782,10 +879,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "South Korea 9.7%, Japan 8.6%, US 7.3%, Germany 5%, Australia 4.9% (2018)" + "text": "South Korea 9%, Japan 8%, Australia 7%, Germany 7%, US 7%, Taiwan 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "electrical and other machinery, including integrated circuits and other computer components, oil and mineral fuels; optical and medical equipment, metal ores, motor vehicles; soybeans" + "text": "crude petroleum, integrated circuits, iron, natural gas, cars, gold (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -895,9 +992,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "5.44 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "11.67 billion Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -927,7 +1021,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 86; landing points for the RJCN, EAC-C2C, TPE, APCN-2, APG, NCP, TEA, SeaMeWe-3, SJC2, Taiwan Strait Express-1, AAE-1, APCN-2, AAG, FEA, FLAG and TSE submarine cables providing connectivity to Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and the US; satellite earth stations - 7 (5 Intelsat - 4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean; 1 Intersputnik - Indian Ocean region; and 1 Inmarsat - Pacific and Indian Ocean regions) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "all broadcast media are owned by, or affiliated with, the Communist Party of China or a government agency; no privately owned TV or radio stations; state-run Chinese Central TV, provincial, and municipal stations offer more than 2,000 channels; the Central Propaganda Department sends directives to all domestic media outlets to guide its reporting with the government maintaining authority to approve all programming; foreign-made TV programs must be approved prior to broadcast; increasingly, Chinese turn to online and satellite television to access Chinese and international films and television shows (2019)" @@ -968,7 +1062,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "B (2016)" + "text": "B" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1068,8 +1162,8 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "People's Liberation Army (PLA): Ground Forces, Navy (PLAN, includes marines and naval aviation), Air Force (PLAAF, includes airborne forces), Rocket Force (strategic missile force), and Strategic Support Force (information warfare, cyber, space forces); People's Armed Police (PAP, includes Coast Guard, Border Defense Force, Internal Security Forces); PLA Reserve Force (2020)", - "note": "

in 2018, the Coast Guard was moved from the State Oceanic Administration to the People’s Armed Police; in 2013, China merged four of its five major maritime law enforcement agencies – the China Marine Surveillance (CMS), Maritime Police, Fishery Law Enforcement (FLE), and Anti-Smuggling Police – into a unified coast guard" + "text": "People's Liberation Army (PLA): Ground Forces, Navy (PLAN, includes marines and naval aviation), Air Force (PLAAF, includes airborne forces), Rocket Force (strategic missile force), and Strategic Support Force (information warfare, cyber, space forces); People's Armed Police (PAP, includes Coast Guard, Border Defense Force, Internal Security Forces); PLA Reserve Force (2021)

in 2018, the Coast Guard was moved from the State Oceanic Administration to the People’s Armed Police; in 2013, China merged four of its five major maritime law enforcement agencies – the China Marine Surveillance (CMS), Maritime Police, Fishery Law Enforcement (FLE), and Anti-Smuggling Police – into a unified coast guard", + "note": "in 2018, the Coast Guard was moved from the State Oceanic Administration to the People’s Armed Police; in 2013, China merged four of its five major maritime law enforcement agencies – the China Marine Surveillance (CMS), Maritime Police, Fishery Law Enforcement (FLE), and Anti-Smuggling Police – into a unified coast guard" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1089,16 +1183,17 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "assessments of the size of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) vary; approximately 2 million total active duty troops
(est. 1.0 - 1.1 million Ground; 250,000 Navy/Marines; 350-375,000 Air Force; 120,000 Rocket Forces; 150-175,000 Strategic Support Forces); 600-650,000 People’s Armed Police (2020)" + "text": "assessments of the size of the People’s Liberation Army vary; approximately 2 million total active duty troops (est. 1.0 - 1.1 million Ground; 250,000 Navy/Marines; 350-400,000 Air Force; 120,000 Rocket Forces; 150-175,000 Strategic Support Forces); est. 600-650,000 People’s Armed Police (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the PLA is outfitted primarily with a mix of older and modern domestically-produced systems heavily influenced by technology derived from other countries; Russia is the top supplier of foreign military equipment since 2010, followed by France and Ukraine; the Chinese military is in the midst of a decades-long modernization effort; in 2017, President XI Jinping set three developmental goals for the force: becoming a mechanized force with increased information and strategic capabilities by 2020, a fully modernized force by 2035, and a worldwide first-class military by mid-century (2020)" + "text": "the PLA is outfitted primarily with a wide mix of older and modern domestically-produced systems heavily influenced by technology derived from other countries; Russia is the top supplier of foreign military equipment since 2010, followed by France and Ukraine; the Chinese defense-industrial sector is large and capable of producing advanced weapons systems across all military domains; it is the world's second largest arms producer (2020)

note: the PLA is in the midst of a decades-long modernization effort; in 2017, President XI set three developmental goals for the force - becoming a mechanized force with increased information and strategic capabilities by 2020, a fully modernized force by 2035, and a worldwide first-class military by mid-century", + "note": "note: the PLA is in the midst of a decades-long modernization effort; in 2017, President XI set three developmental goals for the force - becoming a mechanized force with increased information and strategic capabilities by 2020, a fully modernized force by 2035, and a worldwide first-class military by mid-century" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "425 Mali (MINUSMA); 220 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 360 Sudan (UNAMID); 410 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 1,050 South Sudan (UNMISS); est. 250 Djibouti (2020)" + "text": "425 Mali (MINUSMA); 225 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 320 Sudan (UNAMID); 420 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 1,000 South Sudan (UNMISS); up to 2,000 Djibouti (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-22 years of age for selective compulsory military service, with a 2-year service obligation; no minimum age for voluntary service (all officers are volunteers); 18-19 years of age for women high school graduates who meet requirements for specific military jobs (2018)" + "text": "18-22 years of age for selective compulsory military service, with a 2-year service obligation; no minimum age for voluntary service (all officers are volunteers); 18-19 years of age for women high school graduates who meet requirements for specific military jobs (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/hk.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/hk.json index 41b09968..fa2ea8b4 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/hk.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/hk.json @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ "text": "hilly to mountainous with steep slopes; lowlands in north" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "South China Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Tai Mo Shan 958 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "South China Sea 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -90,14 +90,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "occasional typhoons" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air and water pollution from rapid urbanization; urban waste pollution; industrial pollution" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Marine Dumping (associate member), Ship Pollution (associate member)" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "consists of a mainland area (the New Territories) and more than 200 islands" } @@ -121,8 +113,8 @@ "text": "Cantonese (official) 88.9%, English (official) 4.3%, Mandarin (official) 1.9%, other Chinese dialects 3.1%, other 1.9% (2016 est.)" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Buddhist or Taoist 27.9%, Protestant 6.7%, Roman Catholic 5.3%, Muslim 4.2%, Hindu 1.4%, Sikh 0.2%, other or none 54.3% (2016 est.)", - "note": "

note: many people practice Confucianism, regardless of their religion or not having a religious affiliation

" + "text": "Buddhist or Taoist 27.9%, Protestant 6.7%, Roman Catholic 5.3%, Muslim 4.2%, Hindu 1.4%, Sikh 0.2%, other or none 54.3% (2016 est.)

note: many people practice Confucianism, regardless of their religion or not having a religious affiliation", + "note": "note: many people practice Confucianism, regardless of their religion or not having a religious affiliation" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -183,10 +175,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "100% of total population (2020)" + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.82% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.58% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -305,13 +297,75 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "8.7%" + "text": "8.6%" }, "male": { - "text": "9.3%" + "text": "10.4%" }, "female": { - "text": "8.2% (2017 est.)" + "text": "6.8% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air and water pollution from rapid urbanization; urban waste pollution; industrial pollution" + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "43.64 megatons (2016 est.)" + } + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "subtropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 3.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "95% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.58% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "5,679,816 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "1,931,138 tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "34% (2016 est.)" } } }, @@ -356,7 +410,7 @@ "text": "several previous (governance documents while under British authority); latest drafted April 1988 to February 1989, approved March 1990, effective 1 July 1997 (Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China serves as the constitution); note - since 1990, China's National People's Congress has interpreted specific articles of the Basic Law" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress (NPC), the People’s Republic of China State Council, and the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong; submittal of proposals to the NPC requires two-thirds majority vote by the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, approval by two thirds of Hong Kong’s deputies to the NPC, and approval by the Hong Kong chief executive; final passage requires approval by the NPC" + "text": "proposed by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress (NPC), the People’s Republic of China State Council, or the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong; submittal of proposals to the NPC requires two-thirds majority vote by the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, approval by two thirds of Hong Kong’s deputies to the NPC, and approval by the Hong Kong chief executive; final passage requires approval by the NPC" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -384,14 +438,14 @@ "election results": { "text": "Carrie LAM elected chief executive; Election Committee vote - Carrie LAM 777, John TSANG 365, WOO Kwok-hing 21, invalid 23" }, - "note": "

note: the Legislative Council voted in June 2010 to expand the Election Committee to 1,200 members

" + "note": "note: the Legislative Council voted in June 2010 to expand the Election Committee to 1,200 members" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { "text": "unicameral Legislative Council or LegCo (70 seats; 35 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by party-list proportional representation vote; 30 members indirectly elected by the approximately 220,000 members of various functional constituencies based on a variety of methods; 5 at large \"super-seat\" members directly elected by all of Hong Kong’s eligible voters who do not participate in a functional constituency; members serve 4-year terms)" }, "elections": { - "text": "last held on 4 September 2016; (scheduled for September 2020, but delayed until 2021); note - byelection held on 11 March and 25 November 2018 to fill 5 seats left vacant after 5 legislators were removed from office" + "text": "last held on 4 September 2016; (scheduled for September 2020, but delayed until 19 December 2021); note - byelection held on 11 March and 25 November 2018 to fill 5 seats left vacant after 5 legislators were removed from office" }, "election results": { "text": "percent of vote by block - pro-democracy 36%; pro-Beijing 40.2%, localist 19%, other 4.8%; seats by block/party - pro-Beijing 40 (DAB 12, BPA 7, FTU 5, Liberal Party 4, NPP 3, other 9); pro-democracy 23 (Democratic Party 7, Civic Party 6, PP-LSD 2, Professional Commons 2, Labor 1, NWSC 1, PTU 1, other democrats 3), localists 6 (ALLinHK 2, CP-PPI-HKRO 1, Demosisto 1, Democracy Groundwork 1, other localist 1), non-aligned independent 1; composition - men 59, women 11, percent of women 15.7%; note - 2 localists were barred from taking office in November 2016 and 4 pro-democracy legislators were removed in July 2017; two pan-democratic, two DAB, and one pro-establishment candidates won the byelections in 2018 to fill the seats vacated by the 5 legislators removed from office; one pro-democracy seat remains unfilled pending a court appeal; percent of vote by block as of March 2019 - pro-Beijing 62% pro-democracy 38%; seats by block/party as of March 2019 - pro-Beijing 43 (DAB 13, BPA 7, FTU 5, Liberal Party 4, NPP 3, other 11); pro-democracy 26 (Democratic Party 7, Civic Party 5, Professional Commons 2, Civic Passion 1, Labor 1 PTU 1, Council Front 6, independent 3); composition as of March 2019 - men 58, women 11; percent of women 15.7%

 

" @@ -409,8 +463,8 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "parties:
ALLinHK (alliance of 6 localist groups)
Business and Professional Alliance or BPA [LO Wai-kwok]
Civic Party [Alvin YEUNG]
Civic Passion or CP [CHENG Chung-tai] (part of Civic Passion-Proletariat Political Institute-Hong Kong Resurgence Order alliance or CP-PPI-HKRO that dissolved after the 2016 election)
Democracy Groundwork [LAU Siu-lai]
Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong or DAB [Starry LEE Wai-king]
Democratic Party [WU Chi-wai]
Demosisto [Ivan LAM] (announced cessation of all operations, 30 June 2020)
Federation of Trade Unions or FTU [Stanley NG Chau-pei]
Labor Party [Steven KWOK Wing-kin]
League of Social Democrats or LSD [Avery NG Man-yuen]
Liberal Party [Felix CHUNG Kwok-pan]
Neighborhood and Workers Service Center or NWSC [LEUNG Yui-chung]
New People's Party or NPP [Regina IP Lau Su-yee]
People Power or PP [Raymond CHAN]
Youngspiration [Sixtus \"Baggio\" LEUNG Chung-hang]
other:
Professional Commons [Charles Peter MOK] (think tank)
Professional Teachers Union or PTU", - "note": "

note: political blocks include: pro-democracy - Civic Party, Democratic Party, Labor Party, LSD, NWSC, PP, Professional Commons, PTU; pro-Beijing - DAB, FTU, Liberal Party, NPP, BPA; localist - ALLinHK, CP, Democracy Groundwork, Demosisto; there is no political party ordinance, so there are no registered political parties; politically active groups register as societies or companies

" + "text": "parties:
ALLinHK (alliance of 6 localist groups)
Business and Professional Alliance or BPA [LO Wai-kwok]
Civic Party [Alvin YEUNG]
Civic Passion or CP [CHENG Chung-tai] (part of Civic Passion-Proletariat Political Institute-Hong Kong Resurgence Order alliance or CP-PPI-HKRO that dissolved after the 2016 election)
Democracy Groundwork [LAU Siu-lai]
Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong or DAB [Starry LEE Wai-king]
Democratic Party [WU Chi-wai]
Demosisto [Ivan LAM] (announced cessation of all operations, 30 June 2020)
Federation of Trade Unions or FTU [Stanley NG Chau-pei]
Labor Party [Steven KWOK Wing-kin]
League of Social Democrats or LSD [Avery NG Man-yuen]
Liberal Party [Felix CHUNG Kwok-pan]
Neighborhood and Workers Service Center or NWSC [LEUNG Yui-chung]
New People's Party or NPP [Regina IP Lau Su-yee]
People Power or PP [Raymond CHAN]
Youngspiration [Sixtus \"Baggio\" LEUNG Chung-hang]
other:
Professional Commons [Charles Peter MOK] (think tank)
Professional Teachers Union or PTU

note: political blocks include: pro-democracy - Civic Party, Democratic Party, Labor Party, LSD, NWSC, PP, Professional Commons, PTU; pro-Beijing - DAB, FTU, Liberal Party, NPP, BPA; localist - ALLinHK, CP, Democracy Groundwork, Demosisto; there is no political party ordinance, so there are no registered political parties; politically active groups register as societies or companies", + "note": "note: political blocks include: pro-democracy - Civic Party, Democratic Party, Labor Party, LSD, NWSC, PP, Professional Commons, PTU; pro-Beijing - DAB, FTU, Liberal Party, NPP, BPA; localist - ALLinHK, CP, Democracy Groundwork, Demosisto; there is no political party ordinance, so there are no registered political parties; politically active groups register as societies or companies" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ADB, APEC, BIS, FATF, ICC (national committees), IHO, IMF, IMO (associate), Interpol (subbureau), IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITUC (NGOs), UNWTO (associate), UPU, WCO, WMO, WTO" @@ -500,7 +554,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$442.387 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$365.753 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -515,7 +569,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$59,849 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -560,8 +614,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "85.3 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "98.2 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "95 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "69.1 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -595,7 +658,7 @@ "manufacturing": { "text": "17.1% (2013 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: above data exclude public sector

" + "note": "note: above data exclude public sector" }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2019": { @@ -669,10 +732,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 55%, US 8.6% (2018 est.)" + "text": "China 23%, India 14%, Netherlands 6%, United Kingdom 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "electrical machinery and appliances, textiles, apparel, watches and clocks, toys, \"jewelry, goldsmiths' and silversmiths' wares, and other articles of precious or semi-precious materials\"; Hong Kong plays an important role as entrepot to the Chinese mainland; in 2017, 58% of Hong Kong’s re-exports originated in mainland China, and 54% were destined for the Chinese mainland" + "text": "gold, broadcasting equipment, integrated circuits, diamonds, telephones (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -686,10 +749,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 46.3%, Singapore 6.4%, South Korea 5.9%, Japan 5.5%, US 4.9% (2018 est.)" + "text": "China 46%, Taiwan 7%, Singapore 7%, South Korea 5%, United States 5%, Japan 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "raw materials and semi-manufactures, consumer goods, capital goods, foodstuffs, fuel (most is reexported)" + "text": "integrated circuits, broadcasting equipment, office machinery, telephones, diamonds (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -799,9 +862,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2016 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "102.5 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -831,7 +891,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 852; landing points for the APG, ASE, EAC-C2C, HK-G, Bay-to-Bay Express Cable System, H2 Cable, HKA, SJC, SJC2, PLCN, SeaMeWe-3, TGN-IA, APCN-2, AAG, FLAG and FEA submarine cables that provide connections to Asia, US, Australia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Pacific Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); coaxial cable to Guangzhou, China (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "4 commercial terrestrial TV networks each with multiple stations; multi-channel satellite and cable TV systems available; 3 licensed broadcasters of terrestrial radio, one of which is government funded, operate about 12 radio stations; note - 4 digital radio broadcasters operated in Hong Kong from 2010 to 2017, but all digital radio services were terminated in September 2017 due to weak market demand (2019)" @@ -872,7 +932,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "B-H (2016)" + "text": "B-H" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -920,7 +980,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular indigenous military forces; Hong Kong Police Force; Hong Kong garrison of China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) includes elements of the PLA Army, PLA Navy, and PLA Air Force; these forces are under the direct leadership of the Central Military Commission in Beijing and under administrative control of the adjacent Southern Theater Command (2019)" + "text": "no regular indigenous military forces; Hong Kong Police Force; Hong Kong garrison of China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) includes elements of the PLA Army, PLA Navy, and PLA Air Force; these forces are under the direct leadership of the Central Military Commission in Beijing and under administrative control of the adjacent Southern Theater Command (2021)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "defense is the responsibility of China" diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/id.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/id.json index 89f38185..5cefa631 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/id.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/id.json @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ "exclusive economic zone": { "text": "200 nm" }, - "note": "

measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines" + "note": "measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines" }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands" @@ -55,14 +55,14 @@ "text": "mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "367 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Puncak Jaya 4,884 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Puncak Jaya 4,884 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "367 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -97,17 +97,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires

volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; on 22 December 2018, a large explosion and flank collapse destroyed most of the 338 m high island of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) and generated a deadly tsunami inundating portions of western Java and southern Sumatra leaving more than 400 dead; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, Sinabung, and Tambora; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\"

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires cause heavy smog; over-exploitation of marine resources; environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization and economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste water services; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Marine Life Conservation" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: according to Indonesia's National Coordinating Agency for Survey and Mapping, the total number of islands in the archipelago is 13,466, of which 922 are permanently inhabited (Indonesia is the world's largest country comprised solely of islands); the country straddles the equator and occupies a strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean

note 2: Indonesia is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire; 80% of tsunamis, caused by volcanic or seismic events, occur within the \"Pacific Ring of Fire\"

note 3: despite having the fourth largest population in the world, Indonesia is the most heavily forested region on earth after the Amazon

" } @@ -128,12 +117,15 @@ "text": "Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15% (2010 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese)", - "note": "

note: more than 700 languages are used in Indonesia

" + "text": "Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese)

note: more than 700 languages are used in Indonesia", + "note": "note: more than 700 languages are used in Indonesia" }, "Religions": { "text": "Muslim 87.2%, Protestant 7%, Roman Catholic 2.9%, Hindu 1.7%, other 0.9% (includes Buddhist and Confucian), unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.)" }, + "Demographic profile": { + "text": "

Indonesia has the world’s fourth-largest population.  It is predominantly Muslim and has the largest Muslim population of any country in the world.  The population is projected to increase to as much as 320 million by 2045.  A government-supported family planning program.  The total fertility rate (TFR) – the average number of births per woman – from 5.6 in the mid-1960s to 2.7 in the mid-1990s.  The success of the program was also due to the social acceptance of family planning, which received backing from influential Muslim leaders and organizations.

The fertility decline slowed in the late 1990’s when responsibility for family planning programs shifted to the district level, where the programs were not prioritized.  Since 2012 the national government revitalized the national family planning program, and Indonesia’s TFR has slowly decreased to 2.3 in 2020.  The government may reach its goal of achieving replacement level fertility – 2.1 children per woman – but the large number of women of childbearing age ensures significant population growth for many years. 

Indonesia is a source country for labor migrants, a transit country for asylum seekers, and a destination mainly for highly skilled migrant workers.  International labor migration, both legal and illegal, from Indonesia to other parts of Asia (most commonly Malaysia) and the Middle East has taken place for decades because of high unemployment and underemployment, poverty, and low wages domestically.  Increasing numbers of migrant workers are drawn to Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the US.  The majority of Indonesian labor migration is temporary and consists predominantly of low-skilled workers, mainly women working as domestics.

Indonesia’s strategic location between Asia and Australia and between the Pacific and Indian Oceans – and its relatively easy accessibility via boat – appeal to asylum seekers.  It is also an attractive transit location because of its easy entry requirements and the ability to continue on to Australia.  Recent asylum seekers have come from Afghanistan, Burma (Rohingyas), Iraq, Somalia, and Sri Lanka.  Since 2013, when Australia tightening its immigration policy, thousands of migrants and asylum seekers have been stranded in Indonesia, where they live in precarious conditions and receive only limited support from international organizations.  The situation for refugees in Indonesia has also worsened because Australia and the US, which had resettled the majority of refugees in Indonesia, have significantly lowered their intake.

" + }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "23.87% (male 32,473,246/female 31,264,034)" @@ -193,10 +185,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "56.6% of total population (2020)" + "text": "57.3% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.27% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -226,8 +218,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "22.8 years (2012 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "22.8 years (2012 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "177 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -365,13 +357,114 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "16.5%" + "text": "13.5%" }, "male": { - "text": "16.5%" + "text": "13.8%" }, "female": { - "text": "16.5% (2018 est.)" + "text": "13.2% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires cause heavy smog; over-exploitation of marine resources; environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization and economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste water services; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Marine Life Conservation" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "15.58 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "563.32 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "244.5 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "23.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "9.135 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "189.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "2,018,700,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "31.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 13% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 12.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 6.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "51.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "17.1% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.39% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "1.06% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "57.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever and malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "65.2 million tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "4.564 million tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "7% (2016 est.)" } } }, @@ -409,11 +502,11 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

note: Indonesia has three time zones

etymology: \"Jakarta\" derives from the Sanscrit \"Jayakarta\" meaning \"victorious city\" and refers to a successful defeat and expulsion of the Portuguese in 1527; previously the port had been named \"Sunda Kelapa\"

" + "note": "note: Indonesia has three time zones

etymology: \"Jakarta\" derives from the Sanscrit \"Jayakarta\" meaning \"victorious city\" and refers to a successful defeat and expulsion of the Portuguese in 1527; previously the port had been named \"Sunda Kelapa\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "31 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 1 autonomous province*, 1 special region** (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 national capital district*** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta***, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta**", - "note": "

note: following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services

" + "text": "31 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 1 autonomous province*, 1 special region** (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 national capital district*** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta***, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta**

note: following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services", + "note": "note: following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services" }, "Independence": { "text": "17 August 1945 (declared independence from the Netherlands)" @@ -538,8 +631,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries; red symbolizes courage, white represents purity", - "note": "

note: similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

" + "text": "two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries; red symbolizes courage, white represents purity

note: similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red", + "note": "note: similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "garuda (mythical bird); national colors: red, white" @@ -551,7 +644,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1945

" + "note": "note: adopted 1945" } }, "Economy": { @@ -601,7 +694,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$2,894,125,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$1,119,720,000,000 (2019 est.)" @@ -616,7 +709,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$10,936 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -661,8 +754,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "69.6 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "81.2 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "67.5 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "49.1 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -697,7 +799,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "10.9% (2016 est.)" + "text": "9.4% (2019 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -760,10 +862,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 13.6%, US 10.6%, Japan 10.5%, India 8.4%, Singapore 7.6%, Malaysia 5.1%, South Korea 4.8% (2017)" + "text": "China 15%, United States 10%, Japan 9%, Singapore 8%, India 7%, Malaysia 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "mineral fuels, animal or vegetable fats (includes palm oil), electrical machinery, rubber, machinery and mechanical appliance parts" + "text": "coal, palm oil, natural gas, cars, gold (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -777,10 +879,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 23.2%, Singapore 10.9%, Japan 10%, Thailand 6%, Malaysia 5.6%, South Korea 5.3%, US 5.2% (2017)" + "text": "China 27%, Singapore 12%, Japan 8%, Thailand 5%, United States 5%, South Korea 5%, Malaysia 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "mineral fuels, boilers, machinery, and mechanical parts, electric machinery, iron and steel, foodstuffs" + "text": "refined petroleum, crude petroleum, vehicle parts, telephones, natural gas (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -893,9 +995,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "2.866 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "540.7 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -925,7 +1024,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 62; landing points for the SEA-ME-WE-3 & 5, DAMAI, JASUKA, BDM, Dumai-Melaka Cable System, IGG, JIBA, Link 1, 3, 4,  & 5, PGASCOM, B3J2, Tanjung Pandam-Sungai Kakap Cable System, JAKABARE, JAYABAYA, INDIGO-West, Matrix Cable System, ASC, SJJK, Jaka2LaDeMa, S-U-B Cable System, JBCS, MKCS, BALOK, Palapa Ring East, West and Middle, SMPCS Packet-1 and 2, LTCS, TSCS, SEA-US and Kamal Domestic Submarine Cable System, 35 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle East, Australia, Southeast Asia, Africa and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "mixture of about a dozen national TV networks - 1 public broadcaster, the remainder private broadcasters - each with multiple transmitters; more than 100 local TV stations; widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks, as well as regional and local stations; overall, more than 700 radio stations with more than 650 privately operated (2019)" @@ -966,7 +1065,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "PK (2016)" + "text": "PK" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1020,7 +1119,7 @@ "narrow gauge": { "text": "8,159 km 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified) (2014)" }, - "note": "

note: 4,816 km operational

" + "note": "note: 4,816 km operational" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1061,8 +1160,8 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL), includes marines (Korps Marinir, KorMar), naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)), National Air Defense Command (Komando Pertahanan Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas)), Armed Forces Special Operations Command (Koopssus), Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad)

Indonesian Sea and Coast Guard (Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai, KPLP) is under the Ministry of Transportation (2019)", - "note": "

note:  the Indonesian National Police includes a paramilitary Mobile Brigade Corps (BRIMOB)" + "text": "Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL), includes Marine Corps (Korps Marinir, KorMar), naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)), National Air Defense Command (Komando Pertahanan Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas)), Armed Forces Special Operations Command (Koopssus), Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad)

Indonesian Sea and Coast Guard (Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai, KPLP) is under the Ministry of Transportation (2021)

note(s):  the Indonesian National Police includes a paramilitary Mobile Brigade Corps (BRIMOB); following the Bali terror bombing in 2002, the National Police formed a special counter-terrorism force called Detachment 88 (Densus or Detasemen Khusus 88 Antiteror)", + "note": "note(s):  the Indonesian National Police includes a paramilitary Mobile Brigade Corps (BRIMOB); following the Bali terror bombing in 2002, the National Police formed a special counter-terrorism force called Detachment 88 (Densus or Detasemen Khusus 88 Antiteror)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1082,25 +1181,28 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Indonesian National Armed Forces have an estimated 395,000 active duty troops (300,000 Army; 65,000 Navy; 30,000 Air Force); the Police Mobile Brigade Corps (BRIMOB) has an estimated 14,000 personnel (2019)" + "text": "the Indonesian National Armed Forces have an estimated 395,000 active duty troops (300,000 Army; 65,000 Navy, including about 20,000 marines; 30,000 Air Force) (2021)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Indonesian military inventory is comprised of equipment from a wide variety of sources; since 2010, the top suppliers are China, Germany, the Netherlands, Russia, South Korea, the UK, and the US (2020)" + "text": "the Indonesian military inventory is comprised of equipment from a wide variety of sources; since 2010, the top suppliers are China, Germany, the Netherlands, Russia, South Korea, the UK, and the US; Indonesia has a growing defense industry fueled by technology transfers and cooperation agreements with several countries (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "200 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,025 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 1,250 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2020)" + "text": "200 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,025 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 1,250 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-45 years of age for voluntary military service, with selective conscription authorized; 2-year service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers); Indonesian citizens only (2013)" + "text": "18-45 years of age for voluntary military service, with selective conscription authorized; 2-year service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers); Indonesian citizens only (2019)" }, "Maritime threats": { - "text": "The International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial and offshore waters in the Strait of Malacca and South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; attacks declined for the third year in a row from 43 incidents in 2016 to 36 in 2018 due to aggressive maritime patrolling by regional authorities; in 2018, 29 commercial vessels were boarded and three crew members were taken hostage; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia (2018)" + "text": "the International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial and offshore waters in the Strait of Malacca and South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; the number of attacks increased slightly from 25 incidents in 2019 to 26 in 2020 due to aggressive maritime patrolling by regional authorities; vessels continue to be boarded while anchored or berthed at Indonesian ports with two crew taken hostage and two threatened in 2020; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia" + }, + "Military - note": { + "text": "Indonesian security forces are engaged in counter-insurgency operations in Papua against the West Papua Liberation Army, the military wing of the Free Papua Organization, which has been fighting a low-level insurgency since the 1960s when Indonesia annexed the former Dutch colony; Papua was formally incorporated into Indonesia in 1969" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (aka Jemaah Anshorut Daulah); Jemaah Islamiyah (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (aka Jemaah Anshorut Daulah); Jemaah Islamiyah (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/ja.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/ja.json index 7de11da1..a7c5bcee 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/ja.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/ja.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "13,430 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-gunto), Daito-shoto, Minami-jima, Okino-tori-shima, Ryukyu Islands (Nansei-shoto), and Volcano Islands (Kazan-retto)

" + "note": "note: includes Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-gunto), Daito-shoto, Minami-jima, Okino-tori-shima, Ryukyu Islands (Nansei-shoto), and Volcano Islands (Kazan-retto)" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly smaller than California" @@ -55,14 +55,14 @@ "text": "mostly rugged and mountainous" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "438 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mount Fuji 3,776 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Hachiro-gata -4 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mount Fuji 3,776 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "438 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -97,17 +97,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic occurrences (mostly tremors but occasional severe earthquakes) every year; tsunamis; typhoons

volcanism: both Unzen (1,500 m) and Sakura-jima (1,117 m), which lies near the densely populated city of Kagoshima, have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Asama, Honshu Island's most active volcano, Aso, Bandai, Fuji, Iwo-Jima, Kikai, Kirishima, Komaga-take, Oshima, Suwanosejima, Tokachi, Yake-dake, and Usu; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\"

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution from power plant emissions results in acid rain; acidification of lakes and reservoirs degrading water quality and threatening aquatic life; Japan is one of the largest consumers of fish and tropical timber, contributing to the depletion of these resources in Asia and elsewhere; following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, Japan originally planned to phase out nuclear power, but it has now implemented a new policy of seeking to restart nuclear power plants that meet strict new safety standards; waste management is an ongoing issue; Japanese municipal facilities used to burn high volumes of trash, but air pollution issues forced the government to adopt an aggressive recycling policy" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: strategic location in northeast Asia; composed of four main islands - from north: Hokkaido, Honshu (the largest and most populous), Shikoku, and Kyushu (the \"Home Islands\") - and 6,848 smaller islands and islets

note 2: Japan annually records the most earthquakes in the world; it is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire

" } @@ -125,15 +114,15 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Japanese 98.1%, Chinese 0.5%, Korean 0.4%, other 1% (includes Filipino, Vietnamese, and Brazilian) (2016 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent population by nationality; up to 230,000 Brazilians of Japanese origin migrated to Japan in the 1990s to work in industries; some have returned to Brazil

" + "text": "Japanese 98.1%, Chinese 0.5%, Korean 0.4%, other 1% (includes Filipino, Vietnamese, and Brazilian) (2016 est.)

note: data represent population by nationality; up to 230,000 Brazilians of Japanese origin migrated to Japan in the 1990s to work in industries; some have returned to Brazil", + "note": "note: data represent population by nationality; up to 230,000 Brazilians of Japanese origin migrated to Japan in the 1990s to work in industries; some have returned to Brazil" }, "Languages": { "text": "Japanese" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Shintoism 70.4%, Buddhism 69.8%, Christianity 1.5%, other 6.9% (2015 est.)", - "note": "

note: total adherents exceeds 100% because many people practice both Shintoism and Buddhism

" + "text": "Shintoism 70.4%, Buddhism 69.8%, Christianity 1.5%, other 6.9% (2015 est.)

note: total adherents exceeds 100% because many people practice both Shintoism and Buddhism", + "note": "note: total adherents exceeds 100% because many people practice both Shintoism and Buddhism" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -194,10 +183,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "91.8% of total population (2020)" + "text": "91.9% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-0.14% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "-0.25% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -258,8 +247,8 @@ "text": "1.38 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { - "text": "39.8% (2015)", - "note": "

note: percent of women aged 20-49

" + "text": "39.8% (2015)

note: percent of women aged 20-49", + "note": "note: percent of women aged 20-49" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: total": { @@ -299,14 +288,11 @@ "respiratory diseases": { "text": "Covid-19 (see note) (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: clusters of cases of respiratory illness caused by a new coronavirus (COVID-19) in Japan; illness with this virus has ranged from mild to severe with fatalities reported; as of 24 January 2021, Japan has reported a total of 360,661 cases of COVID-19 or 285.2 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 4.0 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; the US Department of State has issued a Travel Advisory recommending increased caution in Japan due to the recent outbreak of COVID-19; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recommended postponing nonessential international travel at this time and published additional guidance at https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/ ; on 25 May 2020, Japan ended its state of emergency" + "note": "note: clusters of cases of respiratory illness caused by a new coronavirus (COVID-19) in Japan; illness with this virus has ranged from mild to severe with fatalities reported; as of 25 April 2021, Japan has reported a total of 562,141 cases of COVID-19 or 444.5 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 7.8 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 1.8% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "4.3% (2016)" }, - "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "3.4% (2010)" - }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "3.2% of GDP (2017)" }, @@ -323,13 +309,109 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "3.6%" + "text": "3.8%" }, "male": { - "text": "4.1%" + "text": "3.9%" }, "female": { - "text": "3.1% (2018 est.)" + "text": "3.7% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution from power plant emissions results in acid rain; acidification of lakes and reservoirs degrading water quality and threatening aquatic life; Japan is one of the largest consumers of fish and tropical timber, contributing to the depletion of these resources in Asia and elsewhere; following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, Japan originally planned to phase out nuclear power, but it has now implemented a new policy of seeking to restart nuclear power plants that meet strict new safety standards; waste management is an ongoing issue; Japanese municipal facilities used to burn high volumes of trash, but air pollution issues forced the government to adopt an aggressive recycling policy" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "11.45 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "1,135.89 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "29.99 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "15.41 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "11.61 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "54.43 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "430 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "12.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 11.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "68.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "19% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "91.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "-0.25% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "respiratory diseases": { + "text": "Covid-19 (see note) (2020)" + }, + "note": "note: clusters of cases of respiratory illness caused by a new coronavirus (COVID-19) in Japan; illness with this virus has ranged from mild to severe with fatalities reported; as of 25 April 2021, Japan has reported a total of 562,141 cases of COVID-19 or 444.5 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 7.8 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 1.8% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "43.981 million tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "2,155,069 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "4.9% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -364,7 +446,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: originally known as Edo, meaning \"estuary\" in Japanese, the name was changed to Tokyo, meaning \"eastern capital,\" in 1868" + "note": "etymology: originally known as Edo, meaning \"estuary\" in Japanese, the name was changed to Tokyo, meaning \"eastern capital,\" in 1868" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "47 prefectures; Aichi, Akita, Aomori, Chiba, Ehime, Fukui, Fukuoka, Fukushima, Gifu, Gunma, Hiroshima, Hokkaido, Hyogo, Ibaraki, Ishikawa, Iwate, Kagawa, Kagoshima, Kanagawa, Kochi, Kumamoto, Kyoto, Mie, Miyagi, Miyazaki, Nagano, Nagasaki, Nara, Niigata, Oita, Okayama, Okinawa, Osaka, Saga, Saitama, Shiga, Shimane, Shizuoka, Tochigi, Tokushima, Tokyo, Tottori, Toyama, Wakayama, Yamagata, Yamaguchi, Yamanashi" @@ -430,7 +512,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "
House of Councillors - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - LDP 55, DP 32, Komeito 14, JCP 6, Osaka Ishin no Kai (Initiatives from Osaka) 7, PLPTYF 1, SDP 1, independent 5
House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - LDP 284, CDP 55, Party of Hope 50, Komeito 29, JCP 12, JIP 11, SDP 2, independent 22" }, - "note": "

note: the Diet in June 2017 redrew Japan's electoral district boundaries and reduced from 475 to 465 seats in the House of Representatives; the amended electoral law, which cuts 6 seats in single-seat districts and 4 in multi-seat districts, was reportedly intended to reduce voting disparities between densely and sparsely populated voting districts" + "note": "note: the Diet in June 2017 redrew Japan's electoral district boundaries and reduced from 475 to 465 seats in the House of Representatives; the amended electoral law, which cuts 6 seats in single-seat districts and 4 in multi-seat districts, was reportedly intended to reduce voting disparities between densely and sparsely populated voting districts" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -451,7 +533,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Shinsuke SUGIYAMA (since 28 March 2018) (2018)" + "text": "Ambassador Koji TOMITA (since 17 February 2021) (2018)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2520 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008" @@ -497,12 +579,12 @@ }, "National anthem": { "name": { - "text": "\"Kimigayo\" (The Emperor\"s Reign)" + "text": "\"Kimigayo\" (The Emperor's Reign)" }, "lyrics/music": { "text": "unknown/Hiromori HAYASHI" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1999; unofficial national anthem since 1883; oldest anthem lyrics in the world, dating to the 10th century or earlier; there is some opposition to the anthem because of its association with militarism and worship of the emperor

" + "note": "note: adopted 1999; unofficial national anthem since 1883; oldest anthem lyrics in the world, dating to the 10th century or earlier; there is some opposition to the anthem because of its association with militarism and worship of the emperor" } }, "Economy": { @@ -552,7 +634,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$5,180,326,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$5,078,679,000,000 (2019 est.)" @@ -567,7 +649,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$40,859 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -612,8 +694,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "78 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "86.1 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "85.9 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "65.3 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -711,10 +802,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 19.4%, China 19%, South Korea 7.6%, Hong Kong 5.1%, Thailand 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "United States 19%, China 18%, South Korea 6%, Taiwan 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "14.9 motor vehicles5.4 iron and steel products5 semiconductors4.8 auto parts3.5 power generating machinery3.3 plastic materials (2014 est.)" + "text": "cars and vehicle parts, integrated circuits, personal appliances, ships (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -728,10 +819,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 24.5%, US 11%, Australia 5.8%, South Korea 4.2%, Saudi Arabia 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "China 23%, United States 11%, Australia 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "16.1 petroleum9.1 liquid natural gas3.8 clothing3.3 semiconductors2.4 coal1.4 audio and visual apparatus (2014 est.)" + "text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, integrated circuits, broadcasting equipment (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -841,9 +932,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "20.9 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "1.268 billion Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -873,7 +961,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 81; numerous submarine cables with landing points for HSCS, JIH, RJCN, APCN-2, JUS, EAC-C2C, PC-1, Tata TGN-Pacific, FLAG North Asia Loop/REACH North Asia Loop, APCN-2, FASTER, SJC, SJC2, Unity/EAC-Pacific, JGA-N, APG, ASE, AJC, JUPITER, MOC, Okinawa Cellular Cable, KJCN, GOKI, KJCN, and SeaMeWE-3, submarine cables provide links throughout Asia, Australia, the Middle East, Europe, Southeast Asia, Africa and US; satellite earth stations - 7 Intelsat (Pacific and Indian Oceans), 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region), 2 Inmarsat (Pacific and Indian Ocean regions), and 8 SkyPerfect JSAT (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "a mixture of public and commercial broadcast TV and radio stations; 6 national terrestrial TV networks including 1 public broadcaster; the large number of radio and TV stations available provide a wide range of choices; satellite and cable services provide access to international channels (2019)" @@ -914,7 +1002,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "JA (2016)" + "text": "JA" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -971,7 +1059,7 @@ "dual gauge": { "text": "132 km 1.435-1.067-m gauge (132 km electrified) (2015)" }, - "note": "

22,207 km 1.067-m gauge (15,430 km electrified)
48 km 0.762-m gauge (48 km electrified)" + "note": "22,207 km 1.067-m gauge (15,430 km electrified)
48 km 0.762-m gauge (48 km electrified)" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1005,16 +1093,19 @@ "LNG terminal(s) (import)": { "text": "Chita, Fukwoke, Futtsu, Hachinone, Hakodate, Hatsukaichi, Higashi Ohgishima, Higashi Niigata, Himeiji, Joetsu, Kagoshima, Kawagoe, Kita Kyushu, Mizushima, Nagasaki, Naoetsu, Negishi, Ohgishima, Oita, Sakai, Sakaide, Senboku, Shimizu, Shin Minato, Sodegaura, Tobata, Yanai, Yokkaichi" }, - "note": "

Okinawa - Nakagusuku" + "note": "Okinawa - Nakagusuku" } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Japan Self-Defense Force (JSDF): Ground Self-Defense Force (Rikujou Jieitai, GSDF; includes aviation), Maritime Self-Defense Force (Kaijou Jieitai, MSDF; includes naval aviation), Air Self-Defense Force (Koukuu Jieitai, ASDF); Japan Coast Guard (Ministry of Land, Transport, Infrastructure and Tourism) (2019)" + "text": "Japan Self-Defense Force (JSDF): Ground Self-Defense Force (Rikujou Jieitai, GSDF; includes aviation), Maritime Self-Defense Force (Kaijou Jieitai, MSDF; includes naval aviation), Air Self-Defense Force (Koukuu Jieitai, ASDF); Japan Coast Guard (Ministry of Land, Transport, Infrastructure and Tourism) (2020)" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2020": { + "text": "1% of GDP (2020)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "0.93% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "1% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "0.93% of GDP (2018)" @@ -1024,13 +1115,10 @@ }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "0.94% of GDP (2016)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "0.94% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "

the Japanese Self Defense Force (JSDF) is comprised of approximately 240,000 active personnel (145,000 Ground; 45,000 Maritime; 45,000 Air; 4,000 Joint Forces); 14,000 Coast Guard; 56,000 reserves

(2019 est.)" + "text": "the Japanese Self Defense Force (JSDF) is comprised of approximately 240,000 active personnel (145,000 Ground; 45,000 Maritime; 45,000 Air; 4,000 Joint Forces); 14,000 Coast Guard (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the JSDF is equipped with a mix of imported and domestically-produced equipment; Japan is capable of producing a wide range of air, ground, and naval weapons systems; the majority of its weapons imports are from the US and some domestically-produced weapons are US-origin and manufactured under license (2020)" @@ -1039,13 +1127,13 @@ "text": "approximately 170 Djibouti (2020 )" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; mandatory retirement at age 53 for senior enlisted personnel and at 62 years for senior service officers (2012)" + "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service (maximum enlistment age 32); no conscription (2019)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Aum Shinrikyo (AUM/Aleph) (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Aum Shinrikyo (AUM/Aleph) (2019)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/kn.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/kn.json index 1037de50..e8f67235 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/kn.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/kn.json @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ "exclusive economic zone": { "text": "200 nm" }, - "note": "

note: military boundary line 50 nm in the Sea of Japan and the exclusive economic zone limit in the Yellow Sea where all foreign vessels and aircraft without permission are banned

" + "note": "note: military boundary line 50 nm in the Sea of Japan and the exclusive economic zone limit in the Yellow Sea where all foreign vessels and aircraft without permission are banned" }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate, with rainfall concentrated in summer; long, bitter winters" @@ -55,14 +55,14 @@ "text": "mostly hills and mountains separated by deep, narrow valleys; wide coastal plains in west, discontinuous in east" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "600 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Paektu-san 2,744 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Sea of Japan 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Paektu-san 2,744 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "600 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -97,17 +97,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

late spring droughts often followed by severe flooding; occasional typhoons during the early fall

volcanism: Changbaishan (2,744 m) (also known as Baitoushan, Baegdu or P'aektu-san), on the Chinese border, is considered historically active

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water; waterborne disease; deforestation; soil erosion and degradation" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Law of the Sea" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location bordering China, South Korea, and Russia; mountainous interior is isolated and sparsely populated" } @@ -131,8 +120,8 @@ "text": "Korean" }, "Religions": { - "text": "traditionally Buddhist and Confucianist, some Christian and syncretic Chondogyo (Religion of the Heavenly Way)", - "note": "

note: autonomous religious activities now almost nonexistent; government-sponsored religious groups exist to provide illusion of religious freedom

" + "text": "traditionally Buddhist and Confucianist, some Christian and syncretic Chondogyo (Religion of the Heavenly Way)

note: autonomous religious activities now almost nonexistent; government-sponsored religious groups exist to provide illusion of religious freedom", + "note": "note: autonomous religious activities now almost nonexistent; government-sponsored religious groups exist to provide illusion of religious freedom" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -193,10 +182,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "62.4% of total population (2020)" + "text": "62.6% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.82% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.85% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -346,6 +335,80 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water; waterborne disease; deforestation; soil erosion and degradation" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Law of the Sea" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "30.4 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "28.28 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "18.68 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "902.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.145 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "6.61 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "77.15 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate, with rainfall concentrated in summer; long, bitter winters" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "21.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 19.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "46% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "32.2% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "62.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.85% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "widespread lack of access": { + "text": "due to low food consumption levels, poor dietary diversity, economic downturn, and floods - a large portion of the population suffers from low levels of food consumption and very poor dietary diversity; the economic constraints, particularly resulting from the global impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic, have increased the population’s vulnerability to food insecurity; floods, caused by several typhoons in August and early September 2020, affected large numbers of people in southern parts of the country (2021)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -380,11 +443,11 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

note: on 5 May 2018, North Korea reverted to UTC+9, the same time zone as South Korea

etymology: the name translates as \"flat land\" in Korean

" + "note": "note: on 5 May 2018, North Korea reverted to UTC+9, the same time zone as South Korea

etymology: the name translates as \"flat land\" in Korean" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "

9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 3 cities (si, singular and plural)

provinces: Chagang, Hambuk (North Hamgyong), Hamnam (South Hamgyong), Hwangbuk (North Hwanghae), Hwangnam (South Hwanghae), Kangwon, P'yongbuk (North Pyongan), P'yongnam (South Pyongan), Ryanggang

major cities: Nampo, P'yongyang, Rason

", - "note": "

note: Nampo is sometimes designated as a metropolitan city, P'yongyang as a directly controlled city, and Rason as a city

" + "text": "

9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 3 cities (si, singular and plural)

provinces: Chagang, Hambuk (North Hamgyong), Hamnam (South Hamgyong), Hwangbuk (North Hwanghae), Hwangnam (South Hwanghae), Kangwon, P'yongbuk (North Pyongan), P'yongnam (South Pyongan), Ryanggang

major cities: Nampo, P'yongyang, Rason



note: Nampo is sometimes designated as a metropolitan city, P'yongyang as a directly controlled city, and Rason as a city", + "note": "note: Nampo is sometimes designated as a metropolitan city, P'yongyang as a directly controlled city, and Rason as a city" }, "Independence": { "text": "15 August 1945 (from Japan)" @@ -397,7 +460,7 @@ "text": "previous 1948, 1972; latest adopted 1998 (during KIM Jong Il era)" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the Supreme People’s Assembly (SPA); passage requires more than two-thirds majority vote of the total SPA membership; revised 2009, 2012, 2013, 2016, 2019" + "text": "proposed by the Supreme People’s Assembly (SPA); passage requires more than two-thirds majority vote of the total SPA membership; revised several times, last in 2019" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -439,7 +502,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "KIM Jong In reelected unopposed" }, - "note": "

note: the Korean Workers' Party continues to list deceased leaders KIM Il Sung and KIM Jong Il as Eternal President and Eternal General Secretary respectively

" + "note": "note: the Korean Workers' Party continues to list deceased leaders KIM Il Sung and KIM Jong Il as Eternal President and Eternal General Secretary respectively" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { @@ -492,12 +555,12 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "PAK Se Yong/KIM Won Gyun" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1947; both North Korea's and South Korea's anthems share the same name and have a vaguely similar melody but have different lyrics; the North Korean anthem is also known as \"Ach'imun pinnara\" (Let Morning Shine)

" + "note": "note: adopted 1947; both North Korea's and South Korea's anthems share the same name and have a vaguely similar melody but have different lyrics; the North Korean anthem is also known as \"Ach'imun pinnara\" (Let Morning Shine)" } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { - "text": "

North Korea, one of the world's most centrally directed and least open economies, faces chronic economic problems. Industrial capital stock is nearly beyond repair as a result of years of underinvestment, shortages of spare parts, and poor maintenance. Large-scale military spending and development of its ballistic missile and nuclear programs severely draws off resources needed for investment and civilian consumption. Industrial and power outputs have stagnated for years at a fraction of pre-1990 levels. Frequent weather-related crop failures aggravated chronic food shortages caused by on-going systemic problems, including a lack of arable land, collective farming practices, poor soil quality, insufficient fertilization, and persistent shortages of tractors and fuel.

 

The mid 1990s through mid-2000s were marked by severe famine and widespread starvation. Significant food aid was provided by the international community through 2009. Since that time, food assistance has declined significantly. In the last few years, domestic corn and rice production has improved, although domestic production does not fully satisfy demand. A large portion of the population continues to suffer from prolonged malnutrition and poor living conditions. Since 2002, the government has allowed semi-private markets to begin selling a wider range of goods, allowing North Koreans to partially make up for diminished public distribution system rations. It also implemented changes in the management process of communal farms in an effort to boost agricultural output.

 

In December 2009, North Korea carried out a redenomination of its currency, capping the amount of North Korean won that could be exchanged for the new notes, and limiting the exchange to a one-week window. A concurrent crackdown on markets and foreign currency use yielded severe shortages and inflation, forcing Pyongyang to ease the restrictions by February 2010. In response to the sinking of the South Korean warship Cheonan and the shelling of Yeonpyeong Island in 2010, South Korea’s government cut off most aid, trade, and bilateral cooperation activities. In February 2016, South Korea ceased its remaining bilateral economic activity by closing the Kaesong Industrial Complex in response to North Korea’s fourth nuclear test a month earlier. This nuclear test and another in September 2016 resulted in two United Nations Security Council Resolutions that targeted North Korea’s foreign currency earnings, particularly coal and other mineral exports. Throughout 2017, North Korea’s continued nuclear and missile tests led to a tightening of UN sanctions, resulting in full sectoral bans on DPRK exports and drastically limited key imports. Over the last decade, China has been North Korea’s primary trading partner.

 

The North Korean Government continues to stress its goal of improving the overall standard of living, but has taken few steps to make that goal a reality for its populace. In 2016, the regime used two mass mobilizations — one totaling 70 days and another 200 days — to spur the population to increase production and complete construction projects quickly. The regime released a five-year economic development strategy in May 2016 that outlined plans for promoting growth across sectors. Firm political control remains the government’s overriding concern, which likely will inhibit formal changes to North Korea’s current economic system.

" + "text": "

North Korea, one of the world's most centrally directed and least open economies, faces chronic economic problems. Industrial capital stock is nearly beyond repair as a result of decades of mismanagement, underinvestment, shortages of spare parts, and poor maintenance. Corruption and resource misallocation, including show projects, large-scale military spending, and development of its ballistic missile and nuclear programs, severely draws off resources needed for investment and civilian consumption. Industrial and power outputs have stagnated for years at a fraction of pre-1990 levels. Frequent weather-related crop failures aggravated chronic food shortages caused by on-going systemic problems, including a lack of arable land, collective farming practices, poor soil quality, insufficient fertilization, and persistent shortages of tractors and fuel.

 

The mid 1990s through mid-2000s were marked by severe famine and widespread starvation. Significant food aid was provided by the international community through 2009. Since that time, food assistance has declined significantly. In the last few years, domestic corn and rice production has improved, although domestic production does not fully satisfy demand. A large portion of the population continues to suffer from prolonged malnutrition and poor living conditions. Since 2002, the government has allowed semi-private markets to begin selling a wider range of goods, allowing North Koreans to partially make up for diminished public distribution system rations. It also implemented changes in the management process of communal farms in an effort to boost agricultural output.

 

In December 2009, North Korea carried out a redenomination of its currency, capping the amount of North Korean won that could be exchanged for the new notes, and limiting the exchange to a one-week window. A concurrent crackdown on markets and foreign currency use yielded severe shortages and inflation, forcing Pyongyang to ease the restrictions by February 2010. In response to the sinking of the South Korean warship Cheonan and the shelling of Yeonpyeong Island in 2010, South Korea’s government cut off most aid, trade, and bilateral cooperation activities. In February 2016, South Korea ceased its remaining bilateral economic activity by closing the Kaesong Industrial Complex in response to North Korea’s fourth nuclear test a month earlier. This nuclear test and another in September 2016 resulted in two United Nations Security Council Resolutions that targeted North Korea’s foreign currency earnings, particularly coal and other mineral exports. Throughout 2017, North Korea’s continued nuclear and missile tests led to a tightening of UN sanctions, resulting in full sectoral bans on DPRK exports and drastically limited key imports. Over the last decade, China has been North Korea’s primary trading partner.

 

The North Korean Government continues to stress its goal of improving the overall standard of living, but has taken few steps to make that goal a reality for its populace. In 2016, the regime used two mass mobilizations — one totaling 70 days and another 200 days — to spur the population to increase production and complete construction projects quickly. The regime released a five-year economic development strategy in May 2016 that outlined plans for promoting growth across sectors. Firm political control remains the government’s overriding concern, which likely will inhibit formal changes to North Korea’s current economic system.

" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2015": { @@ -523,7 +586,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2013": { "text": "$40 billion (2013 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2015 US dollars
North Korea does not publish reliable National Income Accounts data; the data shown are derived from purchasing power parity (PPP) GDP estimates that were made by Angus MADDISON in a study conducted for the OECD; his figure for 1999 was extrapolated to 2015 using estimated real growth rates for North Korea's GDP and an inflation factor based on the US GDP deflator; the results were rounded to the nearest $10 billion.

" + "note": "note: data are in 2015 US dollars
North Korea does not publish reliable National Income Accounts data; the data shown are derived from purchasing power parity (PPP) GDP estimates that were made by Angus MADDISON in a study conducted for the OECD; his figure for 1999 was extrapolated to 2015 using estimated real growth rates for North Korea's GDP and an inflation factor based on the US GDP deflator; the results were rounded to the nearest $10 billion." }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$28 billion (2013 est.)" @@ -538,7 +601,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2013": { "text": "$1,800 (2013 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2015 US dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2015 US dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "text": "

NA

" @@ -584,8 +647,8 @@ "text": "1% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "14 million (2014 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates vary widely

" + "text": "14 million (2014 est.)

note: estimates vary widely", + "note": "note: estimates vary widely" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -623,8 +686,8 @@ } }, "Taxes and other revenues": { - "text": "11.4% (of GDP) (2007 est.)", - "note": "

note: excludes earnings from state-operated enterprises

" + "text": "11.4% (of GDP) (2007 est.)

note: excludes earnings from state-operated enterprises", + "note": "note: excludes earnings from state-operated enterprises" }, "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": { "text": "-0.4% (of GDP) (2007 est.)" @@ -644,10 +707,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 86.3% (2017)" + "text": "China 67%, Suriname 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "minerals, metallurgical products, manufactures (including armaments), textiles, agricultural and fishery products" + "text": "watch components, fake hair, iron alloys, instructional models, tungsten (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { @@ -658,10 +721,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 91.9% (2017)" + "text": "China 96% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum, coking coal, machinery and equipment, textiles, grain" + "text": "clothing and apparel, soybean oil, rice, wheat products, clocks/watches (2019)" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 2013": { @@ -766,9 +829,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "27.83 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -798,7 +858,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 850; satellite earth stations - 2 (1 Intelsat - Indian Ocean, 1 Russian - Indian Ocean region); other international connections through Moscow and Beijing" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "no independent media; radios and TVs are pre-tuned to government stations; 4 government-owned TV stations; the Korean Workers' Party owns and operates the Korean Central Broadcasting Station, and the state-run Voice of Korea operates an external broadcast service; the government prohibits listening to and jams foreign broadcasts (2019)" @@ -823,7 +883,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "P (2016)" + "text": "P" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -880,7 +940,7 @@ "standard gauge": { "text": "7,435 km 1.435-m gauge (5,400 km electrified) (2014)" }, - "note": "

note: figures are approximate; some narrow-gauge railway also exists

" + "note": "note: figures are approximate; some narrow-gauge railway also exists" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -912,16 +972,19 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Korean People's Army (KPA): KPA Ground Forces, KPA Navy, KPA Air Force (includes air defense), KPA Strategic Force (missile forces); Guard Command (protects the Kim family, other senior North Korean leadership figures, and government facilities in Pyongyang); Ministry of Public Security: Border Guards, civil security forces (2019)" + "text": "Korean People's Army (KPA): KPA Ground Forces, KPA Navy, KPA Air Force (includes air defense), KPA Strategic Forces (missile forces); Security Guard Command (protects the Kim family, other senior leadership figures, and government facilities); Ministry of Public Security: Border Guards, civil security forces (2020)" + }, + "Military expenditures": { + "text": "in 2019, it was assessed that North Korea spent between 22% and 24% of GDP (between US$3.7 billion and US$4.2bn in 2017 dollars) annually on the military between 2007 and 2017" }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "assessments of the size of the Korean People’s Army (KPA) vary widely; approximately 1.1-1.2 million active troops (950,000-1.0 million Army; 110-120,000 Air Force; 60,000 Navy; 10,000 Strategic Missile Forces); est. 200,000 Public Security forces (2019)" + "text": "assessments of the size of the Korean People’s Army (KPA) vary widely; approximately 1.1-1.2 million active troops (950,000-1.0 million Army; 110-120,000 Air Force; 60,000 Navy; 10,000 Strategic Missile Forces); est. 200,000 Public Security forces (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the KPA is equipped mostly with older weapon systems originally acquired from the former Soviet Union, Russia, and China; North Korea manufactures copies and provides some upgrades to these weapon systems; it also has a robust domestic ballistic missile program based largely on missiles acquired from the former Soviet Union; since 2010, there were no publicly-reported transfers of weapons to North Korea; between 2000 and 2010, Russia was the only recorded provider of arms (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "17 years of age for compulsory male and female military service; service obligation 10 years for men, to age 23 for women (2015)" + "text": "17 years of age for compulsory male and female military service; service obligation 10 years for men, to age 23 for women (reportedly reduced in 2021 to 8 years for men and 5 years for women) (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/ks.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/ks.json index a0b607dc..8cb7f235 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/ks.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/ks.json @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and south" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "282 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Halla-san 1,950 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Sea of Japan 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Halla-san 1,950 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "282 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,17 +102,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; low-level seismic activity common in southwest

volcanism: Halla (1,950 m) is considered historically active although it has not erupted in many centuries

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution in large cities; acid rain; water pollution from the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents; drift net fishing; solid waste disposal; transboundary pollution" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location on Korea Strait; about 3,000 mostly small and uninhabited islands lie off the western and southern coasts" } @@ -136,8 +125,8 @@ "text": "Korean, English (widely taught in elementary, junior high, and high school)" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Protestant 19.7%, Buddhist 15.5%, Catholic 7.9%, none 56.9% (2015 est.)", - "note": "

note: many people also carry on at least some Confucian traditions and practices

" + "text": "Protestant 19.7%, Buddhist 15.5%, Catholic 7.9%, none 56.9% (2015 est.)

note: many people also carry on at least some Confucian traditions and practices", + "note": "note: many people also carry on at least some Confucian traditions and practices" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -198,10 +187,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "81.4% of total population (2020)" + "text": "81.4% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.3% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.31% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -262,8 +251,8 @@ "text": "1.09 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { - "text": "82.3% (2018)", - "note": "

note: percent of women aged 20-49

" + "text": "82.3% (2018)

note: percent of women aged 20-49", + "note": "note: percent of women aged 20-49" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: total": { @@ -303,14 +292,11 @@ "respiratory diseases": { "text": "Covid-19 (see note) (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: a novel coronavirus is causing an outbreak of respiratory illness (COVID-19) in South Korea; illness with this virus has ranged from mild to severe with fatalities reported; the US Department of State has issued a Travel Advisory recommending avoiding all international travel due to COVID-19; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recommended against all international travel and published additional guidance at https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/warning/ ; as of 24 January 2021, South Korea has reported a total of 75,084 cases of COVID-19 or 146.5 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 2.6 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population" + "note": "note: a novel coronavirus is causing an outbreak of respiratory illness (COVID-19) in South Korea; as of 25 April 2021, South Korea has reported a total of 118,887 cases of COVID-19 or 231.9 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 3.5 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 5.5% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "4.7% (2016)" }, - "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "0.7% (2010)" - }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "4.3% of GDP (2016)" }, @@ -341,13 +327,109 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "10.2%" + "text": "10.3%" }, "male": { - "text": "10.6%" + "text": "11%" }, "female": { - "text": "10% (2018 est.)" + "text": "9.7% (2020 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution in large cities; acid rain; water pollution from the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents; drift net fishing; solid waste disposal; transboundary pollution" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "24.57 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "620.3 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "30.28 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "6.672 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "4.45 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "15.96 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "69.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter; cold winters" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "18.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 15.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 2.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "63.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "18% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "81.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.31% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "respiratory diseases": { + "text": "Covid-19 (see note) (2020)" + }, + "note": "note: a novel coronavirus is causing an outbreak of respiratory illness (COVID-19) in South Korea; as of 25 April 2021, South Korea has reported a total of 118,887 cases of COVID-19 or 231.9 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 3.5 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 5.5% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "18,218,975 tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "10,567,006 tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "58% (2014 est.)" } } }, @@ -385,7 +467,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name originates from the Korean word meaning \"capital city\" and which is believed to be derived from Seorabeol, the name of the capital of the ancient Korean Kingdom of Silla" + "note": "etymology: the name originates from the Korean word meaning \"capital city\" and which is believed to be derived from Seorabeol, the name of the capital of the ancient Korean Kingdom of Silla" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "

9 provinces (do, singular and plural), 6 metropolitan cities (gwangyeoksi, singular and plural), 1 special city (teugbyeolsi), and 1 special self-governing city (teukbyeoljachisi)

provinces: Chungbuk (North Chungcheong), Chungnam (South Chungcheong), Gangwon, Gyeongbuk (North Gyeongsang), Gyeonggi, Gyeongnam (South Gyeongsang), Jeju, Jeonbuk (North Jeolla), Jeonnam (South Jeolla)

metropolitan cities: Busan (Pusan), Daegu (Taegu), Daejeon (Taejon), Gwangju (Kwangju), Incheon (Inch'on), Ulsan

special city: Seoul

special self-governing city: Sejong

" @@ -429,13 +511,13 @@ }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { - "text": "President MOON Jae-in (since 10 May 2017); the president is both chief of state and head of government; Prime Minister CHUNG Sye-kyun (since 14 January 2020) serves as the principal executive assistant to the president, similar to the role of a vice president " + "text": "President MOON Jae-in (since 10 May 2017); the president is both chief of state and head of government; Prime Minister KIM Boo-kyum (since 14 May 2021) serves as the principal executive assistant to the president, similar to the role of a vice president" }, "head of government": { - "text": "President MOON Jae-in (since 10 May 2017) " + "text": "President MOON Jae-in (since 10 May 2017)" }, "cabinet": { - "text": "State Council appointed by the president on the prime minister's recommendation " + "text": "State Council appointed by the president on the prime minister's recommendation" }, "elections/appointments": { "text": "president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a single 5-year term; election last held on 9 May 2017 (next to be held in March 2022); prime minister appointed by president with consent of National Assembly" @@ -467,7 +549,7 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Bareun Mirae Party or BMP [SOHN Hak-kyu] (merger of Bareun Party and People's Party)
Democratic Party or DP [LEE Hae-chan] (renamed from Minjoo Party of Korea or MPK in October 2016; formerly New Politics Alliance for Democracy or NPAD, which was a merger of the Democratic Party or DP (formerly DUP) [KIM Han-gil] and the New Political Vision Party or NPVP [AHN Cheol-soo] in March 2014)
Justice Party or JP [SIM Sang-jung]
Minjung Party or MP (formed from the merger of the New People's Party (formerly the New People's Political Party or NPP) and the People's United Party or PUP)
Open Democratic Pary or ODP [LEE Keun-shik] (formed in early 2020)
Our Republic Party [CHO Won-jin and HONG Moon-jong] (formerly Korean Patriots' Party or KPP)
Party for Democracy and Peace or PDP [CHUNG Dong-young]
People Party or PP [AHN Cheol-soo] (formed in February 2020)
Together Citizens' Party [WOO Hee-jong, ChOI Bae-geun] (formed in early 2020 in alliance with the Democratic Party)
United Future Party or UFP (formed in early 2020 by the merger of Liberty Korea Party, New Conservative Party, Onward for Future 4.0, and several other minor parties; it has a sister relationship with the Future Korea Party" + "text": "Bareun Mirae Party or BMP [SOHN Hak-kyu] (merger of Bareun Party and People's Party)
Democratic Party or DP [LEE Nak-yon; resigned March 2021] (renamed from Minjoo Party of Korea or MPK in October 2016; formerly New Politics Alliance for Democracy or NPAD, which was a merger of the Democratic Party or DP (formerly DUP) [KIM Han-gil] and the New Political Vision Party or NPVP [AHN Cheol-soo] in March 2014)
Justice Party or JP [SIM Sang-jung]
Minjung Party or MP (formed from the merger of the New People's Party (formerly the New People's Political Party or NPP) and the People's United Party or PUP)
Open Democratic Pary or ODP [LEE Keun-shik] (formed in early 2020)
Our Republic Party [CHO Won-jin and HONG Moon-jong] (formerly Korean Patriots' Party or KPP)
Party for Democracy and Peace or PDP [CHUNG Dong-young]
People Party or PP [AHN Cheol-soo] (formed in February 2020)
Together Citizens' Party [WOO Hee-jong, ChOI Bae-geun] (formed in early 2020 in alliance with the Democratic Party)
United Future Party or UFP (formed in early 2020 by the merger of Liberty Korea Party, New Conservative Party, Onward for Future 4.0, and several other minor parties; it has a sister relationship with the Future Korea Party" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ADB, AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council (observer), ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, CD, CICA, CP, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE (partner), Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNMOGIP, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" @@ -491,7 +573,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador (vacant);  Chargé d’Affaires Rob RAPSON Rapson (since 20 January 2021)" + "text": "Ambassador (vacant);  Chargé d’Affaires Rob RAPSON (since 20 January 2021)" }, "telephone": { "text": "[82] (2) 397-4114" @@ -519,7 +601,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "YUN Ch'i-Ho or AN Ch'ang-Ho/AHN Eaktay" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1948, well-known by 1910; both North Korea's and South Korea's anthems share the same name and have a vaguely similar melody but have different lyrics

" + "note": "note: adopted 1948, well-known by 1910; both North Korea's and South Korea's anthems share the same name and have a vaguely similar melody but have different lyrics" } }, "Economy": { @@ -569,7 +651,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$2,105,893,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$1,646,604,000,000 (2019 est.)" @@ -584,7 +666,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$41,001 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -629,8 +711,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "84 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "93.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "92.5 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "84.1 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -728,10 +819,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 25.1%, US 12.2%, Vietnam 8.2%, Hong Kong 6.9%, Japan 4.7% (2017)" + "text": "China 25%, United States 14%, Vietnam 9%, Hong Kong 6%, Japan 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "semiconductors, petrochemicals, automobile/auto parts, ships, wireless communication equipment, flat displays, steel, electronics, plastics, computers" + "text": "integrated circuits, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, ships, office machinery (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -745,10 +836,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 20.5%, Japan 11.5%, US 10.5%, Germany 4.2%, Saudi Arabia 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "China 22%, United States 12%, Japan 9% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "crude oil/petroleum products, semiconductors, natural gas, coal, steel, computers, wireless communication equipment, automobiles, fine chemicals, textiles" + "text": "crude petroleum, integrated circuits, natural gas, refined petroleum, coal (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -858,9 +949,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "7.079 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "778.4 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -890,7 +978,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 82; landing points for EAC-C2C, FEA, SeaMeWe-3, TPE, APCN-2, APG, FLAG North Asia Loop/REACH North Asia Loop, KJCN, NCP, and SJC2 submarine cables providing links throughout Asia, Australia, the Middle East, Africa, Europe, Southeast Asia and US; satellite earth stations - 66 (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "multiple national TV networks with 2 of the 3 largest networks publicly operated; the largest privately owned network, Seoul Broadcasting Service (SBS), has ties with other commercial TV networks; cable and satellite TV subscription services available; publicly operated radio broadcast networks and many privately owned radio broadcasting networks, each with multiple affiliates, and independent local stations" @@ -931,7 +1019,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "HL (2016)" + "text": "HL" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1019,9 +1107,12 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Armed Forces of the Republic of Korea: Republic of Korea Army (ROKA), Navy (ROKN, includes Marine Corps, ROKMC), Air Force (ROKAF); Military reserves include Mobilization Reserve Forces (First Combat Forces) and Homeland Defense Forces (Regional Combat Forces); Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries: Korea Coast Guard (2020)" + "text": "Armed Forces of the Republic of Korea: Republic of Korea Army (ROKA), Navy (ROKN, includes Marine Corps, ROKMC), Air Force (ROKAF); Military reserves include Mobilization Reserve Forces (First Combat Forces) and Homeland Defense Forces (Regional Combat Forces); Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries: Korea Coast Guard (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2020": { + "text": "2.7% of GDP (2020 est.)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "2.7% of GDP (2019)" }, @@ -1029,27 +1120,24 @@ "text": "2.6% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "2.4% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "2.6% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "2.5% of GDP (2016)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "2.5% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "2.6% of GDP (2016)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Republic of Korea Armed Forces have approximately 600,000 active duty personnel (465,000 Army; 70,000 Navy/Marines; 65,000 Air Force) (2019)" + "text": "the Republic of Korea Armed Forces have approximately 600,000 active duty personnel (420,000 Army; 70,000 Navy/Marines; 65,000 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the Republic of Korea Armed Forces are equipped with a mix of domestically-produced and imported weapons systems; domestic production includes armored fighting vehicles, artillery, aircraft, and naval ships; the top foreign weapons supplier is the US and some domestically-produced systems are built under US license; Germany is the second largest supplier of armaments since 2010 (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "280 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 270 South Sudan (UNMISS); 170 United Arab Emirates; note - since 2009, the ROK has kept a naval flotilla with approximately 300 personnel in the waters off of the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula (2020)" + "text": "250 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 250 South Sudan (UNMISS); 170 United Arab Emirates; note - since 2009, the ROK has kept a naval flotilla with approximately 300 personnel in the waters off of the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-28 years of age for compulsory military service; minimum conscript service obligation varies by service- 21 months (Army, Marines), 23 months (Navy), 24 months (Air Force); 18-26 years of age for voluntary military service; women, in service since 1950, are able to serve in all branches (2020)", - "note": "

note:  South Korea intends to reduce the length of military service to 18 – 22 months by 2022" + "text": "18-28 years of age for compulsory military service; minimum conscript service obligation varies by service- 21 months (Army, Marines), 23 months (Navy), 24 months (Air Force); 18-26 years of age for voluntary military service; women, in service since 1950, are able to serve in all branches, including as officers (2020)

note:  South Korea intends to reduce the length of military service to 18 – 22 months by 2022", + "note": "note:  South Korea intends to reduce the length of military service to 18 – 22 months by 2022" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/la.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/la.json index 4b3c7337..839b03d0 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/la.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/la.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "mostly rugged mountains; some plains and plateaus" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "710 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Phu Bia 2,817 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Mekong River 70 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Phu Bia 2,817 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "710 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,17 +91,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "floods, droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "unexploded ordnance; deforestation; soil erosion; loss of biodiversity; water pollution, most of the population does not have access to potable water" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; most of the country is mountainous and thickly forested; the Mekong River forms a large part of the western boundary with Thailand" } @@ -119,8 +108,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Lao 53.2%, Khmou 11%, Hmong 9.2%, Phouthay 3.4%, Tai 3.1%, Makong 2.5%, Katong 2.2%, Lue 2%, Akha 1.8%, other 11.6% (2015 est.)", - "note": "

note: the Laos Government officially recognizes 49 ethnic groups, but the total number of ethnic groups is estimated to be well over 200

" + "text": "Lao 53.2%, Khmou 11%, Hmong 9.2%, Phouthay 3.4%, Tai 3.1%, Makong 2.5%, Katong 2.2%, Lue 2%, Akha 1.8%, other 11.6% (2015 est.)

note: the Laos Government officially recognizes 49 ethnic groups, but the total number of ethnic groups is estimated to be well over 200", + "note": "note: the Laos Government officially recognizes 49 ethnic groups, but the total number of ethnic groups is estimated to be well over 200" }, "Languages": { "text": "Lao (official), French, English, various ethnic languages" @@ -128,6 +117,9 @@ "Religions": { "text": "Buddhist 64.7%, Christian 1.7%, none 31.4%, other/not stated 2.1% (2015 est.)" }, + "Demographic profile": { + "text": "

Laos is a predominantly rural country with a youthful population – almost 55% of the population is under the age of 25.  Its progress on health and development issues has been uneven geographically, among ethnic groups, and socioeconomically.  Laos has made headway in poverty reduction, with the poverty rate almost halving from 46% in 1992/93 to 22% in 2012/13.  Nevertheless, pronounced rural-urban disparities persist, and income inequality is rising.  Poverty most affects populations in rural and highland areas, particularly ethnic minority groups. 

The total fertility rate (TFR) has decreased markedly from around 6 births per woman on average in 1990 to approximately 2.8 in 2016, but it is still one of the highest in Southeast Asia.  TFR is higher in rural and remote areas, among ethnic minority groups, the less-educated, and the poor; it is lower in urban areas and among the more educated and those with higher incomes.  Although Laos’ mortality rates have improved substantially over the last few decades, the maternal mortality rate and childhood malnutrition remain at high levels.  As fertility and mortality rates continue to decline, the proportion of Laos’ working-age population will increase, and its share of dependents will shrink.  The age structure shift will provide Laos with the potential to realize a demographic dividend during the next few decades, if it can improve educational access and quality and gainfully employ its growing working-age population in productive sectors.  Currently, Laos primary school enrollment is nearly universal, but the drop-out rate remains problematic.  Secondary school enrollment has also increased but remains low, especially for girls. 

Laos has historically been a country of emigration and internal displacement due to conflict and a weak economy. The Laos civil war (1953 – 1975) mainly caused internal displacement (numbering in the hundreds of thousands).  Following the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, indigenous people in remote, war-struck areas were resettled and more than 300,000 people fled to Thailand to escape the communist regime that took power.  The majority of those who sought refuge in Thailand ultimately were resettled in the US (mainly Hmong who fought with US forces), and lesser numbers went to France, Canada, and Australia. 

The Laos Government carried out resettlement programs between the mid-1980s and mid-1990s to relocate ethnic minority groups from the rural northern highlands to development areas in the lowlands ostensibly to alleviate poverty, make basic services more accessible, eliminate slash-and-burn agriculture and opium production, integrate ethnic minorities, and control rebel groups (including Hmong insurgents).  For many, however, resettlement has exacerbated poverty, led to the loss of livelihoods, and increased food insecurity and mortality rates.  As the resettlement programs started to wane in the second half of the 1990s, migration from the northern highlands to urban centers – chiefly the capital Vientiane – to pursue better jobs in the growing manufacturing and service sectors became the main type of relocation.  Migration of villagers from the south seeking work in neighboring Thailand also increased.  Thailand is the main international migration destination for Laotians because of the greater availability of jobs and higher pay than at home; nearly a million Laotian migrants were estimated to live in Thailand as of 2015.

" + }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "31.25% (male 1,177,297/female 1,149,727)" @@ -187,10 +179,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "36.3% of total population (2020)" + "text": "36.9% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.28% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -365,6 +357,102 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "unexploded ordnance; deforestation; soil erosion; loss of biodiversity; water pollution, most of the population does not have access to potable water" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "24.49 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "17.76 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "9 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "130 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "170 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "7.02 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "333.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "10.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 6.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 3.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "67.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "21.5% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "1.48% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "36.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever and malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "351,900 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "35,190 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "10% (2015 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -396,7 +484,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the meaning in Pali, a Buddhist liturgical language, is \"city of sandalwood\"" + "note": "etymology: the meaning in Pali, a Buddhist liturgical language, is \"city of sandalwood\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "17 provinces (khoueng, singular and plural) and 1 prefecture* (kampheng nakhon); Attapu, Bokeo, Bolikhamxai, Champasak, Houaphan, Khammouan, Louangnamtha, Louangphabang, Oudomxai, Phongsali, Salavan, Savannakhet, Viangchan (Vientiane)*, Viangchan, Xaignabouli, Xaisomboun, Xekong, Xiangkhouang" @@ -440,19 +528,19 @@ }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { - "text": "President BOUNNYANG Vorachit (since 20 April 2016); Vice President PHANKHAM Viphavan (since 20 April 2016)" + "text": "President THONGLOUN Sisoulit (since 22 March 2021); Vice President PANI Yathotou; Vice President BOUNTHONG Chitmani (since 22 March 2021)" }, "head of government": { - "text": "Prime Minister THONGLOUN Sisoulit (since 20 April 2016); Deputy Prime Ministers BOUNTHONG Chitmani, SONXAI Siphandon, SOMDI Douangdi (since 20 April 2016)" + "text": "Prime Minister PHANKHAM Viphavan (since 22 March 2021); Deputy Prime Ministers CHANSAMON Chan-gnalat, SONXAI Siphandon, KIKEO Khaikhamphithoun (since 22 March 2021)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the National Assembly" }, "elections/appointments": { - "text": "president and vice president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 20 April 2016 (next to be held in 2021); prime minister nominated by the president, elected by the National Assembly for 5-year term" + "text": "president and vice president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 22 March 2021; prime minister nominated by the president, elected by the National Assembly for 5-year term" }, "election results": { - "text": "BOUNNYANG Vorachit (LPRP) elected president; PHANKHAM Viphavan (LPRP) elected vice president; percent of National Assembly vote - NA; THONGLOUN Sisoulit (LPRP) elected prime minister; percent of National Assembly vote - NA" + "text": "THONGLOUN Sisoulit (LPRP) elected president; National Assembly vote: 161-1; BOUNTHONG Chitmani (LPRP) elected vice president; National Assembly vote NA; PHANKHAM Viphavan (LPRP) elected prime minister; National Assembly vote: 158-3" } }, "Legislative branch": { @@ -478,8 +566,8 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Lao People's Revolutionary Party or LPRP [BOUNNYANG Vorachit]; Prime Minister THONGLOUN Sisoulit elected general secretary in mid-January 2021", - "note": "

note: other parties proscribed

" + "text": "Lao People's Revolutionary Party or LPRP [BOUNNYANG Vorachit]; Prime Minister THONGLOUN Sisoulit elected general secretary in mid-January 2021

note: other parties proscribed", + "note": "note: other parties proscribed" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ADB, ARF, ASEAN, CP, EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO (subscriber), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" @@ -531,7 +619,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "SISANA Sisane/THONGDY Sounthonevichit" }, - "note": "

note: music adopted 1945, lyrics adopted 1975; the anthem's lyrics were changed following the 1975 Communist revolution that overthrew the monarchy

" + "note": "note: music adopted 1945, lyrics adopted 1975; the anthem's lyrics were changed following the 1975 Communist revolution that overthrew the monarchy" } }, "Economy": { @@ -575,7 +663,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$50.463 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$16.97 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -590,7 +678,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$7,258 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -635,8 +723,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "50.8 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "62.7 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "78.1 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "42 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -671,7 +768,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "22% (2013 est.)" + "text": "18.3% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2012": { @@ -731,10 +828,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Thailand 42.6%, China 28.7%, Vietnam 10.4%, India 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "Thailand 36%, China 28%, Vietnam 16% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "wood products, coffee, electricity, tin, copper, gold, cassava" + "text": "electricity, copper, rubber, gold, flavored water (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -745,10 +842,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Thailand 59.1%, China 21.5%, Vietnam 9.8% (2017)" + "text": "Thailand 53%, China 26%, Vietnam 10% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, vehicles, fuel, consumer goods" + "text": "refined petroleum, cars, cattle, iron structures, steel products (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -864,9 +961,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "10.42 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -896,7 +990,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 856; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region) and a second to be developed by China" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "6 TV stations operating out of Vientiane - 3 government-operated and the others commercial; 17 provincial stations operating with nearly all programming relayed via satellite from the government-operated stations in Vientiane; Chinese and Vietnamese programming relayed via satellite from Lao National TV; broadcasts available from stations in Thailand and Vietnam in border areas; multi-channel satellite and cable TV systems provide access to a wide range of foreign stations; state-controlled radio with state-operated Lao National Radio (LNR) broadcasting on 5 frequencies - 1 AM, 1 SW, and 3 FM; LNR's AM and FM programs are relayed via satellite constituting a large part of the programming schedules of the provincial radio stations; Thai radio broadcasts available in border areas and transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are also accessible" @@ -937,7 +1031,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "RDPL (2016)" + "text": "RDPL" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1000,25 +1094,30 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Lao People's Armed Forces (LPAF): Lao People's Army (LPA, includes Riverine Force), Air Force, Self-Defense Militia Forces (2019)" + "text": "Lao People's Armed Forces (LPAF): Lao People's Army (LPA, includes Riverine Force), Air Force, Self-Defense Militia Forces (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2017": { + "text": "0.2% of GDP (2017 est.)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2016": { + "text": "0.2% of GDP (2016 est.)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2015": { + "text": "0.2% of GDP (2015 est.)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2014": { + "text": "0.2% of GDP (2014 est.)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2013": { - "text": "0.2% of GDP (2013)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2012": { - "text": "0.2% of GDP (2012)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2011": { - "text": "0.2% of GDP (2011)" - }, - "note": "

note: no public figures available for 2014-2019" + "text": "0.2% of GDP (2013 est.)" + } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "information is limited and estimates for the size of the Lao People’s Armed Forces (LPAF) vary; approximately 30,000 active duty troops (26,000 Army; 4000 Air Force); approximately 100,000 Self-Defense Militia Forces (2020)" + "text": "information is limited and estimates for the size of the Lao People’s Armed Forces (LPAF) vary; approximately 30,000 active duty troops (26,000 Army; 4000 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the LPAF is armed largely with weapons from the former Soviet Union with a smaller mix of more modern weapons from China, Russia, and Ukraine; since 2010, Laos has received military hardware mostly from China and Russia (2020)" + "text": "the LPAF is armed largely with weapons from the former Soviet Union; since 2010, China and Russia are the leading suppliers of military equipment to Laos (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - minimum 18 months (2019)" diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/mc.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/mc.json index 49bbdedf..9f304a9b 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/mc.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/mc.json @@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ "text": "generally flat" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "South China Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Alto Coloane 172 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "South China Sea 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -76,14 +76,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "typhoons" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution; coastal waters pollution; insufficient policies in reducing and recycling solid wastes; increasing population density worsening noise pollution" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Marine Dumping (associate member), Ship Pollution (associate member)" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "essentially urban; an area of land reclaimed from the sea measuring 5.2 sq km and known as Cotai now connects the islands of Coloane and Taipa; the island area is connected to the mainland peninsula by three bridges" } @@ -104,8 +96,8 @@ "text": "Chinese 88.7%, Portuguese 1.1%, mixed 1.1%, other 9.2% (includes Macanese - mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry) (2016 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Cantonese 80.1%, Mandarin 5.5%, other Chinese dialects 5.3%, Tagalog 3%, English 2.8%, Portuguese 0.6%, other 2.8% (2016 est.)", - "note": "

note: Chinese and Portuguese are official languages

" + "text": "Cantonese 80.1%, Mandarin 5.5%, other Chinese dialects 5.3%, Tagalog 3%, English 2.8%, Portuguese 0.6%, other 2.8% (2016 est.)

note: Chinese and Portuguese are official languages; Macanese, a Portuguese-based Creole, is also spoken", + "note": "note: Chinese and Portuguese are official languages; Macanese, a Portuguese-based Creole, is also spoken" }, "Religions": { "text": "folk religionist 58.9%, Buddhist 17.3%, Christian 7.2%, other 1.2%, none 15.4% (2010 est.)" @@ -169,10 +161,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "100% of total population (2020)" + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.63% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.46% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Sex ratio": { @@ -279,13 +271,63 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "5.3%" + "text": "4.9%" }, "male": { - "text": "6.7%" + "text": "5.5%" }, "female": { - "text": "3.9% (2017 est.)" + "text": "4.2% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution; coastal waters pollution; insufficient policies in reducing and recycling solid wastes; increasing population density worsening noise pollution" + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "2.07 megatons (2016 est.)" + } + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "100% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.46% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "377,942 tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "75,588 tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "20% (2014 est.)" } } }, @@ -379,8 +421,8 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Alliance for Change or APM [Melinda CHAN Mei-yi]
Alliance for a Happy Home or ABL [WONG Kit-cheng] (an electoral list of UPP)
Civic Watch or Civico [Agnes LAM Iok-fong]
Macau-Guangdong Union or UMG [MAK Soi-kun]
Macau Citizens' Development Association or ACDM [Becky SONG Pek-kei] (an electoral list of ACUM)New Democratic Macau Association or ANMD [AU Kam-san]
New Hope or NE [Jose Maria Pereira COUTINHO]
New Macau Association (New Macau Progressives) or AMN or ANPM [Sulu SOU Ka-hou]
New Union for Macau's Development or NUDM [Angela LEONG On-kei]
Prosperous Democratic Macau Association or APMD (an electoral list of AMN)
Union for Development or UPD [Ella LEI Cheng-I]
Union for Promoting Progress or UPP [HO Ion-sang]
United Citizens Association of Macau or ACUM [CHAN Meng-kam]", - "note": "

note: there is no political party ordinance, so there are no registered political parties; politically active groups register as societies or companies

" + "text": "Alliance for Change or APM [Melinda CHAN Mei-yi]
Alliance for a Happy Home or ABL [WONG Kit-cheng] (an electoral list of UPP)
Civic Watch or Civico [Agnes LAM Iok-fong]
Macau-Guangdong Union or UMG [MAK Soi-kun]
Macau Citizens' Development Association or ACDM [Becky SONG Pek-kei] (an electoral list of ACUM)New Democratic Macau Association or ANMD [AU Kam-san]
New Hope or NE [Jose Maria Pereira COUTINHO]
New Macau Association (New Macau Progressives) or AMN or ANPM [Sulu SOU Ka-hou]
New Union for Macau's Development or NUDM [Angela LEONG On-kei]
Prosperous Democratic Macau Association or APMD (an electoral list of AMN)
Union for Development or UPD [Ella LEI Cheng-I]
Union for Promoting Progress or UPP [HO Ion-sang]
United Citizens Association of Macau or ACUM [CHAN Meng-kam]

note: there is no political party ordinance, so there are no registered political parties; politically active groups register as societies or companies", + "note": "note: there is no political party ordinance, so there are no registered political parties; politically active groups register as societies or companies" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ICC (national committees), IHO, IMF, IMO (associate), Interpol (subbureau), ISO (correspondent), UNESCO (associate), UNWTO (associate), UPU, WCO, WMO, WTO" @@ -447,7 +489,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$79.017 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$53.841 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -607,13 +649,13 @@ "Exports 2018": { "text": "$1.45 billion (2018)" }, - "note": "

note: includes reexports

" + "note": "note: includes reexports" }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Hong Kong 62.1%, China 16.5%, US 1% (2018)" + "text": "Hong Kong 66%, China 9% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "clothing, textiles, footwear, toys, electronics, machinery and parts" + "text": "broadcasting equipment, jewelry, watches, trunks/cases, telephones (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { @@ -624,10 +666,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 35%, Italy 8.6%, Hong Kong 7.8%, France 8.4%, Switzerland 7.7%, Japan 8.1%, US 4.1% (2018)" + "text": "China 33%, Hong Kong 31%, France 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "raw materials and semi-manufactured goods, consumer goods (foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco, garments and footwear, motor vehicles), capital goods, mineral fuels and oils" + "text": "jewelry, watches, electricity, aircraft, cars (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -636,7 +678,7 @@ "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2015": { "text": "$18.89 billion (31 December 2015 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: the Fiscal Reserves Act that came into force on 1 January 2012 requires the fiscal reserves to be separated from the foreign exchange reserves and to be managed separately; the transfer of assets took place in February 2012

" + "note": "note: the Fiscal Reserves Act that came into force on 1 January 2012 requires the fiscal reserves to be separated from the foreign exchange reserves and to be managed separately; the transfer of assets took place in February 2012" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 31 December 2013": { @@ -738,9 +780,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "2.563 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -770,7 +809,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 853; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 submarine cable network that provides links to Asia, Africa, Australia, the Middle East, and Europe; HF radiotelephone communication facility; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "local government dominates broadcast media; 2 television stations operated by the government with one broadcasting in Portuguese and the other in Cantonese and Mandarin; 1 cable TV and 4 satellite TV services available; 3 radio stations broadcasting, of which 2 are government-operated (2019)" @@ -811,7 +850,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "B-M (2016)" + "text": "B-M" }, "Airports": { "total": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/mg.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/mg.json index 61e5d6d4..1117d03d 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/mg.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/mg.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,528 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Nayramadlin Orgil (Khuiten Peak) 4,374 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Hoh Nuur 560 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Nayramadlin Orgil (Khuiten Peak) 4,374 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,528 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,25 +91,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "dust storms; grassland and forest fires; drought; \"zud,\" which is harsh winter conditions" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "limited natural freshwater resources in some areas; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws leads to air pollution in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation and overgrazing increase soil erosion from wind and rain; water pollution; desertification and mining activities have a deleterious effect on the environment" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "3,198,913 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: Mongolia is one of the least densely populated countries in the world (2 people per sq km); twice as many ethnic Mongols (some 6 million) live in Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol) in neighboring China

" + "text": "3,198,913 (July 2021 est.)

note: Mongolia is one of the least densely populated countries in the world (2 people per sq km); twice as many ethnic Mongols (some 6 million) live in Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol) in neighboring China", + "note": "note: Mongolia is one of the least densely populated countries in the world (2 people per sq km); twice as many ethnic Mongols (some 6 million) live in Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol) in neighboring China" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -187,10 +176,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "68.7% of total population (2020)" + "text": "68.8% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.63% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -220,8 +209,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "20.5 years (2008 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 20-24

" + "text": "20.5 years (2008 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 20-24", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 20-24" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "45 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -316,7 +305,7 @@ "text": "20.6% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "1.9% (2018)" + "text": "1.8% (2018)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "4.1% of GDP (2017)" @@ -348,13 +337,97 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "16.8%" + "text": "25.3%" }, "male": { - "text": "15.8%" + "text": "24.9%" }, "female": { - "text": "18.4% (2018 est.)" + "text": "25.9% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "limited natural freshwater resources in some areas; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws leads to air pollution in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation and overgrazing increase soil erosion from wind and rain; water pollution; desertification and mining activities have a deleterious effect on the environment" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "40.42 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "25.37 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "13.72 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "45.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "166.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "250.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "34.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "73% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 0.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 72.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "20% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.14% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "8.62% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "68.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "2.9 million tons (2016 est.)" } } }, @@ -395,7 +468,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Saturday in March; ends last Saturday in September" }, - "note": "

note: Mongolia has two time zones - Ulaanbaatar Time (8 hours in advance of UTC) and Hovd Time (7 hours in advance of UTC)

etymology: the name means \"red hero\" in Mongolian and honors national hero Damdin Sukhbaatar, leader of the partisan army that with Soviet Red Army help, liberated Mongolia from Chinese occupation in the early 1920s

" + "note": "note: Mongolia has two time zones - Ulaanbaatar Time (8 hours in advance of UTC) and Hovd Time (7 hours in advance of UTC)

etymology: the name means \"red hero\" in Mongolian and honors national hero Damdin Sukhbaatar, leader of the partisan army that with Soviet Red Army help, liberated Mongolia from Chinese occupation in the early 1920s" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan (Zavkhan), Govi-Altay, Govisumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs" @@ -477,8 +550,8 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Democratic Party or DP [Sodnomzundui ERDENE; resigned June 2020]
Mongolian National Democratic Party or MNDP [Bayanjargal TSOGTGEREL]
Mongolian People's Party or MPP [Ukhnaa KHURELSUKH]
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambar ENKHBAYAR]
Civil Will-Green Party or CWGP [Tserendorjiin GANKHUYAG]
Mongolian Traditionally United Party or MTUP [Batdelgeriin BATBOLD]
National Labor Party or HUN [B. NAIDALAA]
Mongolian Social Democratic Party or MSDP [A. GANBAATAR]
Justice Party [B. NASANBILEG]", - "note": "

note - there are 36 total registered parties as of March 2020" + "text": "Democratic Party or DP [Sodnomzundui ERDENE; resigned June 2020]
Mongolian National Democratic Party or MNDP [Bayanjargal TSOGTGEREL]
Mongolian People's Party or MPP [Ukhnaa KHURELSUKH]
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambar ENKHBAYAR]
Civil Will-Green Party or CWGP [Tserendorjiin GANKHUYAG]
Mongolian Traditionally United Party or MTUP [Batdelgeriin BATBOLD]
National Labor Party or HUN [B. NAIDALAA]
Mongolian Social Democratic Party or MSDP [A. GANBAATAR]
Justice Party [B. NASANBILEG]

note - there are 36 total registered parties as of March 2020", + "note": "note - there are 36 total registered parties as of March 2020" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ADB, ARF, CD, CICA, CP, EBRD, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, OSCE, SCO (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" @@ -530,7 +603,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Tsendiin DAMDINSUREN/Bilegiin DAMDINSUREN and Luvsanjamts MURJORJ" }, - "note": "

note: music adopted 1950, lyrics adopted 2006; lyrics altered on numerous occasions

" + "note": "note: music adopted 1950, lyrics adopted 2006; lyrics altered on numerous occasions" } }, "Economy": { @@ -577,7 +650,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$35.222 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$11.14 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -592,7 +665,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$11,312 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -637,8 +710,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "67.8 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "86.7 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "60.8 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "61.4 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -673,7 +755,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "29.6% (2016 est.)" + "text": "28.4% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -736,10 +818,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 93.3%, UK 2.5% (2017)" + "text": "China 81%, Switzerland 9% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "copper, apparel, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals, coal, crude oil" + "text": "coal, copper, gold, iron, crude petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { @@ -753,10 +835,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 32.6%, Russia 28.1%, Japan 8.4%, US 4.8%, South Korea 4.6% (2017)" + "text": "China 31%, Russia 29%, Japan 10%, South Korea 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, fuel, cars, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, cigarettes and tobacco, appliances, soap and detergent" + "text": "refined petroleum, cars, delivery trucks, construction vehicles, aircraft (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -872,9 +954,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "19.86 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -904,7 +983,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 976; satellite earth stations - 7 (2016)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "following a law passed in 2005, Mongolia's state-run radio and TV provider converted to a public service provider; also available are 68 radio and 160 TV stations, including multi-channel satellite and cable TV providers; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2019)" @@ -945,7 +1024,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "JU (2016)" + "text": "JU" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -993,7 +1072,7 @@ "broad gauge": { "text": "1,815 km 1.520-m gauge (2017)" }, - "note": "

note: national operator Ulaanbaatar Railway is jointly owned by the Mongolian Government and by the Russian State Railway

" + "note": "note: national operator Ulaanbaatar Railway is jointly owned by the Mongolian Government and by the Russian State Railway" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1020,7 +1099,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Mongolian Armed Forces (Mongol ulsyn zevsegt huchin): Mongolian Army (includes Border Troops), Mongolian Air Force, National Center for Emergency and Disaster Relief (coordinates the military's efforts as first-responders for earthquakes, wildfires, and forest fires; contagious diseases; and snow and dust storms as well as severe winters (known as zud)); paramilitary forces: Internal Security Troops (2019)" + "text": "Mongolian Armed Forces (Mongol ulsyn zevsegt huchin): General Purpose Troops (Mongolian Army), Air/Air Defense Force, Cyber Security, Special Forces, Civil Engineering, Civil Defense Forces; Border Troops; Internal Security Troops (2020)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1040,16 +1119,16 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "size estimates for the the Mongolian Armed Forces (MAF) vary; approximately 8,000 active duty troops (7,000 Army; 800 Air Force); est. 6,000 Border Guard; est. 1,200 Internal Security Troops (2019)" + "text": "size estimates for the the Mongolian Armed Forces (MAF) vary; approximately 9,000 active duty troops (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the MAF are armed with Soviet-era equipment supplemented by deliveries of second-hand Russian weapons; since 2010, Russia is the sole provider of armaments to Mongolia (2019)" + "text": "the MAF are armed with Soviet-era equipment supplemented by deliveries of second-hand Russian weapons (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "850 South Sudan (UNMISS); 230 Afghanistan (NATO) (2020)" + "text": "860 South Sudan (UNMISS); 230 Afghanistan (NATO) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; 1-year conscript service obligation in army or air forces or police for males only; after conscription, soldiers can contract into military service for 2 or 4 years; citizens can also voluntarily join the armed forces (2017)" + "text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; 1-year conscript service obligation in army or air forces or police for males only (can be exchanged for a 24‐month stint in the civil service or a tax voucher); after conscription, soldiers can contract into military service for 2 or 4 years; citizens can also voluntarily join the armed forces (2020)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/my.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/my.json index 5ba719e4..5f8b9eb2 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/my.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/my.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "coastal plains rising to hills and mountains" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "419 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Gunung Kinabalu 4,095 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Gunung Kinabalu 4,095 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "419 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,17 +99,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "flooding; landslides; forest fires" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution from industrial and vehicular emissions; water pollution from raw sewage; deforestation; smoke/haze from Indonesian forest fires; endangered species; coastal reclamation damaging mangroves and turtle nesting sites" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location along Strait of Malacca and southern South China Sea" } @@ -130,12 +119,15 @@ "text": "Bumiputera 62% (Malays and indigenous peoples, including Orang Asli, Dayak, Anak Negeri), Chinese 20.6%, Indian 6.2%, other 0.9%, non-citizens 10.3% (2017 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Bahasa Malaysia (official), English, Chinese (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai", - "note": "

note: Malaysia has 134 living languages - 112 indigenous languages and 22 non-indigenous languages; in East Malaysia, there are several indigenous languages; the most widely spoken are Iban and Kadazan

" + "text": "Bahasa Malaysia (official), English, Chinese (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai

note: Malaysia has 134 living languages - 112 indigenous languages and 22 non-indigenous languages; in East Malaysia, there are several indigenous languages; the most widely spoken are Iban and Kadazan", + "note": "note: Malaysia has 134 living languages - 112 indigenous languages and 22 non-indigenous languages; in East Malaysia, there are several indigenous languages; the most widely spoken are Iban and Kadazan" }, "Religions": { "text": "Muslim (official) 61.3%, Buddhist 19.8%, Christian 9.2%, Hindu 6.3%, Confucianism, Taoism, other traditional Chinese religions 1.3%, other 0.4%, none 0.8%, unspecified 1% (2010 est.)" }, + "Demographic profile": { + "text": "

Malaysia’s multi-ethnic population consists of the bumiputera – Malays and other indigenous peoples – (62%), ethnic Chinese (21%), ethnic Indians (6%), and foreigners (10%).  The majority of Malaysia’s ethnic Chinese and Indians trace their roots to the British colonialists’ recruitment of hundreds of thousands of Chinese and Indians as mine and plantation workers between the early-19th century and the 1930s.  Most Malays have maintained their rural lifestyle, while the entrepreneurial Chinese have achieved greater wealth and economic dominance.  In order to eradicate Malay poverty, the Malaysian Government in 1971 adopted policies that gave preference to the bumiputera in public university admissions, government jobs and contracts, and property ownership.  Affirmative action continues to benefit well-off urban bumiputera but has done little to alleviate poverty for their more numerous rural counterparts.  The policies have pushed ethnic Chinese and Indians to study at private or foreign universities (many do not return) and have created and sustained one of the world’s largest civil services, which is 85-90% Malay. 

The country’s age structure has changed significantly since the 1960s, as fertility and mortality rates have declined.  Malaysia’s total fertility rate (TFR) has dropped from 5 children per woman in 1970, to 3 in 1998, to 2.1 in 2015 as a result of increased educational attainment and labor participation among women, later marriages, increased use of contraception, and changes in family size preference related to urbanization.  The TFR is higher among Malays, rural residents (who are mainly Malay), the poor, and the less-educated.  Despite the reduced fertility rate, Malaysia’s population will continue to grow, albeit at a decreasing rate, for the next few decades because of its large number of reproductive-age women.  The youth population has been shrinking, and the working-age population (15-64 year olds) has been growing steadily.  Malaysia’s labor market has successfully absorbed the increasing number of job seekers, leading to sustained economic growth.  However, the favorable age structure is changing, and around 2020, Malaysia will start to become a rapidly aging society.  As the population ages, Malaysia will need to better educate and train its labor force, raise productivity, and continue to increase the number of women workers in order to further develop its economy.

More than 1.8 million Malaysians lived abroad as of 2015, including anywhere from 350,000 to 785,000 workers, more than half of whom have an advanced level of education.  The vast majority of emigrants are ethnic Chinese, seeking better educational and job opportunities abroad because of institutionalized ethnic discrimination favoring the Malays.  The primary destination country is nearby Singapore, followed by Bangladesh and Australia.  Hundreds of thousands of Malaysians also commute across the causeway to Singapore daily for work.

Brain drain is an impediment to Malaysia’s goal of becoming a high-income country.  The situation is compounded by a migrant inflow that is composed almost entirely of low-skilled laborers who work mainly in manufacturing, agriculture, and construction.  Officially, Malaysia had about 1.8 million legal foreign workers as of mid-year 2017 – largely from Indonesia, Nepal, the Philippines, and Bangladesh – but as many as 3 to 4 million are estimated to be in the country illegally.  Immigrants outnumber ethnic Indians and could supplant the ethnic Chinese as Malaysia’s second largest population group around 2035.

" + }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "26.8% (male 4,504,562/female 4,246,681)" @@ -195,10 +187,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "77.2% of total population (2020)" + "text": "77.7% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.13% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.87% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -334,7 +326,7 @@ "text": "15.6% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "13.7% (2016)" + "text": "14.1% (2019)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "4.2% of GDP (2019)" @@ -369,10 +361,114 @@ "text": "10.5%" }, "male": { - "text": "9.8%" + "text": "9.6%" }, "female": { - "text": "11.4% (2016 est.)" + "text": "12% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution from industrial and vehicular emissions; water pollution from raw sewage; deforestation; smoke/haze from Indonesian forest fires; endangered species; coastal reclamation damaging mangroves and turtle nesting sites" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "16.04 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "248.29 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "51.51 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "1.342 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.641 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "2.505 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "580 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "23.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 2.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 19.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "62% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "14.8% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "1.57% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "77.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.87% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "intermediate (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "leptospirosis" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "12,982,685 tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "2,271,970 tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "17.5% (2016 est.)" } } }, @@ -398,8 +494,8 @@ } }, "Government type": { - "text": "federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy", - "note": "

note: all Peninsular Malaysian states have hereditary rulers (commonly referred to as sultans) except Melaka (Malacca) and Pulau Pinang (Penang); those two states along with Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia have governors appointed by government; powers of state governments are limited by the federal constitution; under terms of federation, Sabah and Sarawak retain certain constitutional prerogatives (e.g., right to maintain their own immigration controls)

" + "text": "federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy

note: all Peninsular Malaysian states have hereditary rulers (commonly referred to as sultans) except Melaka (Malacca) and Pulau Pinang (Penang); those two states along with Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia have governors appointed by government; powers of state governments are limited by the federal constitution; under terms of federation, Sabah and Sarawak retain certain constitutional prerogatives (e.g., right to maintain their own immigration controls)", + "note": "note: all Peninsular Malaysian states have hereditary rulers (commonly referred to as sultans) except Melaka (Malacca) and Pulau Pinang (Penang); those two states along with Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia have governors appointed by government; powers of state governments are limited by the federal constitution; under terms of federation, Sabah and Sarawak retain certain constitutional prerogatives (e.g., right to maintain their own immigration controls)" }, "Capital": { "name": { @@ -411,7 +507,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the Malay word for \"river junction or estuary\" is \"kuala\" and \"lumpur\" means \"mud\"; together the words render the meaning of \"muddy confluence\"" + "note": "etymology: the Malay word for \"river junction or estuary\" is \"kuala\" and \"lumpur\" means \"mud\"; together the words render the meaning of \"muddy confluence\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "13 states (negeri-negeri, singular - negeri); Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau Pinang, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor, Terengganu; and 1 federal territory (Wilayah Persekutuan) with 3 components, Kuala Lumpur, Labuan, and Putrajaya" @@ -427,7 +523,7 @@ "text": "previous 1948; latest drafted 21 February 1957, effective 27 August 1957" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed as a bill by Parliament; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Parliament membership in the bill’s second and third readings; a number of constitutional sections are excluded from amendment or repeal; amended many times, last in 2010" + "text": "proposed as a bill by Parliament; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Parliament membership in the bill’s second and third readings; a number of constitutional sections are excluded from amendment or repeal; amended many times, last in 2019" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -477,7 +573,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "
Senate - appointed; composition - men 54, women 14, percent of women 20.6%
House of Representatives - percent of vote by party/coalition - PH 45.6%, BN 33.8%, PAS 16.9%, WARISAN 2.3%, other 1.4%; seats by party/coalition - PH 113, BN 79, PAS 18, WARISAN 8, USA 1, independent 3; composition - men 199, women 23, percent of women 10.4%; note - total Parliament percent of women 12.8%" }, - "note": "

note: as of 16 November 2019, seats by party - PH 129, BN 41, GS 18, GPS 18, WARISAN 9, GBS 3, UPKO 1, PSB 1, independent 1, vacant 1" + "note": "note: as of 16 November 2019, seats by party - PH 129, BN 41, GS 18, GPS 18, WARISAN 9, GBS 3, UPKO 1, PSB 1, independent 1, vacant 1" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -515,7 +611,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Kamala Shirin LAKHDHIR (since 21 February 2017)" + "text": "Ambassador Brian D. McFeeters (since 26 February 2021)" }, "telephone": { "text": "[60] (3) 2168-5000" @@ -531,8 +627,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "14 equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with white (bottom); there is a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a yellow crescent and a yellow 14-pointed star; the flag is often referred to as Jalur Gemilang (Stripes of Glory); the 14 stripes stand for the equal status in the federation of the 13 member states and the federal government; the 14 points on the star represent the unity between these entities; the crescent is a traditional symbol of Islam; blue symbolizes the unity of the Malay people and yellow is the royal color of Malay rulers", - "note": "

note: the design is based on the flag of the US

" + "text": "14 equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with white (bottom); there is a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a yellow crescent and a yellow 14-pointed star; the flag is often referred to as Jalur Gemilang (Stripes of Glory); the 14 stripes stand for the equal status in the federation of the 13 member states and the federal government; the 14 points on the star represent the unity between these entities; the crescent is a traditional symbol of Islam; blue symbolizes the unity of the Malay people and yellow is the royal color of Malay rulers

note: the design is based on the flag of the US", + "note": "note: the design is based on the flag of the US" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "tiger, hibiscus; national colors: gold, black" @@ -544,7 +640,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "collective, led by Tunku ABDUL RAHMAN/Pierre Jean DE BERANGER" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1957; full version only performed in the presence of the king; the tune, which was adopted from a popular French melody titled \"La Rosalie,\" was originally the anthem of Perak, one of Malaysia's 13 states

" + "note": "note: adopted 1957; full version only performed in the presence of the king; the tune, which was adopted from a popular French melody titled \"La Rosalie,\" was originally the anthem of Perak, one of Malaysia's 13 states" } }, "Economy": { @@ -572,7 +668,7 @@ "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": { "text": "3.8% (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: approximately 30% of goods are price-controlled

" + "note": "note: approximately 30% of goods are price-controlled" }, "Credit ratings": { "Fitch rating": { @@ -595,7 +691,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$829.296 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$364.631 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -610,7 +706,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$26,661 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -655,8 +751,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "81.5 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "83.3 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "88.5 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "68.2 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -691,7 +796,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "3.8% (2009 est.)" + "text": "5.6% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015": { @@ -730,7 +835,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "56.2% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: this figure is based on the amount of federal government debt, RM501.6 billion ($167.2 billion) in 2012; this includes Malaysian Treasury bills and other government securities, as well as loans raised externally and bonds and notes issued overseas; this figure excludes debt issued by non-financial public enterprises and guaranteed by the federal government, which was an additional $47.7 billion in 2012

" + "note": "note: this figure is based on the amount of federal government debt, RM501.6 billion ($167.2 billion) in 2012; this includes Malaysian Treasury bills and other government securities, as well as loans raised externally and bonds and notes issued overseas; this figure excludes debt issued by non-financial public enterprises and guaranteed by the federal government, which was an additional $47.7 billion in 2012" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -755,10 +860,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Singapore 15.1%, China 12.6%, US 9.4%, Japan 8.2%, Thailand 5.7%, Hong Kong 4.5% (2017)" + "text": "Singapore 13%, China 13%, United States 11%, Hong Kong 6%, Japan 6%, Thailand 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "semiconductors and electronic equipment, palm oil, petroleum and liquefied natural gas, wood and wood products, palm oil, rubber, textiles, chemicals, solar panels" + "text": "integrated circuits, refined petroleum, natural gas, semiconductors, palm oil (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -772,10 +877,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 19.9%, Singapore 10.8%, US 8.4%, Japan 7.6%, Thailand 5.8%, South Korea 4.5%, Indonesia 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "China 24%, Singapore 14%, Japan 6%, United States 6%, Taiwan 5%, Thailand 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "electronics, machinery, petroleum products, plastics, vehicles, iron and steel products, chemicals" + "text": "integrated circuits, refined petroleum, crude petroleum, broadcasting equipment, coal (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -885,9 +990,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "1.183 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "226.8 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -917,7 +1019,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 60; landing points for BBG, FEA, SAFE, SeaMeWe-3 & 4 & 5, AAE-1, JASUKA, BDM, Dumai-Melaka Cable System, BRCS, ACE, AAG, East-West Submarine Cable System, SEAX-1, SKR1M, APCN-2, APG, BtoBe,  BaSICS, and Labuan-Brunei Submarine and MCT submarine cables providing connectivity to Asia, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Australia and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean, 1 Pacific Ocean); launch of Kacific-1 satellite in 2019 (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable, and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable, and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-owned TV broadcaster operates 2 TV networks with relays throughout the country, and the leading private commercial media group operates 4 TV stations with numerous relays throughout the country; satellite TV subscription service is available; state-owned radio broadcaster operates multiple national networks, as well as regional and local stations; many private commercial radio broadcasters and some subscription satellite radio services are available; about 55 radio stations overall (2019)" @@ -958,7 +1060,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "9M (2016)" + "text": "9M" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1052,10 +1154,13 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Malaysian Armed Forces (Angkatan Tentera Malaysia, ATM): Malaysian Army (Tentera Darat Malaysia), Royal Malaysian Navy (Tentera Laut Diraja Malaysia, TLDM), Royal Malaysian Air Force (Tentera Udara Diraja Malaysia, TUDM); Ministry of Home Affairs: the Royal Malaysian Police (PRMD, includes the General Operations Force, a paramilitary force with a variety of roles, including patrolling borders, counter-terrorism, maritime security, and counterinsurgency) (2019)", - "note": "

note: Malaysia created a National Special Operations Force in 2016 for combating terrorism threats; the force is comprised of personnel from the Armed Forces, the Royal Malaysian Police, and the Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency (Malaysian Coast Guard, MMEA)" + "text": "Malaysian Armed Forces (Angkatan Tentera Malaysia, ATM): Malaysian Army (Tentera Darat Malaysia), Royal Malaysian Navy (Tentera Laut Diraja Malaysia, TLDM), Royal Malaysian Air Force (Tentera Udara Diraja Malaysia, TUDM); Ministry of Home Affairs: the Royal Malaysian Police (PRMD, includes the General Operations Force, a paramilitary force with a variety of roles, including patrolling borders, counter-terrorism, maritime security, and counterinsurgency) (2021)

note: Malaysia created a National Special Operations Force in 2016 for combating terrorism threats; the force is comprised of personnel from the Armed Forces, the Royal Malaysian Police, and the Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency (Malaysian Coast Guard, MMEA)", + "note": "note: Malaysia created a National Special Operations Force in 2016 for combating terrorism threats; the force is comprised of personnel from the Armed Forces, the Royal Malaysian Police, and the Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency (Malaysian Coast Guard, MMEA)" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2020": { + "text": "0.9% of GDP (2020 est.)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "1% of GDP (2019)" }, @@ -1067,31 +1172,28 @@ }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "1.4% of GDP (2016)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "1.5% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Malaysian Armed Forces have approximately 115,000 active duty troops (80,000 Army; 18,000 Navy; 17,000 Air Force); approximately 18,000 General Operations Force (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Malaysian Armed Forces have approximately 115,000 active duty troops (80,000 Army; 18,000 Navy; 17,000 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Malaysian Armed Forces field a diverse mix of imported weapons systems; the chief suppliers since 2010 are Germany, South Korea, Spain, and Turkey (2019)" + "text": "the Malaysian Armed Forces field a diverse mix of imported weapons systems; the top  suppliers of military hardware since 2010 are France, Germany, Spain, and Turkey (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "820 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2020)" + "text": "825 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (March 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "17 years 6 months of age for voluntary military service (younger with parental consent and proof of age); mandatory retirement age 60; women serve in the Malaysian Armed Forces; no conscription (2017)" + "text": "17 years 6 months of age for voluntary military service (younger with parental consent and proof of age); mandatory retirement age 60; women serve in the Malaysian Armed Forces; no conscription (2019)" }, "Maritime threats": { - "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports that the territorial and offshore waters in the Strait of Malacca and South China Sea remain high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; in the past, commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia; crews have been murdered or cast adrift; 11 attacks were reported in 2018 including eight ships boarded and seven crew taken hostage" + "text": "

the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia; crews have been murdered or cast adrift; the Singapore Straits saw 23 attacks against commercial vessels in 2020, vessels were boarded in 22 of the 23 incidents, one crew was injured, another taken hostage and two threatened during these incidents

" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Jemaah Islamiyah (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Jemaah Islamiyah (2019)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/pf.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/pf.json index 0e50d963..8c2dbe31 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/pf.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/pf.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "The Paracel Islands are surrounded by productive fishing grounds and by potential oil and gas reserves. In 1932, French Indochina annexed the islands and set up a weather station on Pattle Island; maintenance was continued by its successor, Vietnam. China has occupied all the Paracel Islands since 1974, when its troops seized a South Vietnamese garrison occupying the western islands. China built a military installation on Woody Island with an airfield and artificial harbor. The islands also are claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam." + "text": "The Paracel Islands are surrounded by productive fishing grounds and by potential oil and gas reserves. In 1932, French Indochina annexed the islands and set up a weather station on Pattle Island; maintenance was continued by its successor, Vietnam. China has occupied all the Paracel Islands since 1974, when its troops seized a South Vietnamese garrison occupying the western islands. China built a military installation on Woody Island with an airfield and artificial harbor, and has scattered garrisons on some of the other islands. The Paracel islands also are claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam." } }, "Geography": { @@ -46,11 +46,11 @@ "text": "mostly low and flat" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "South China Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "unnamed location on Rocky Island 14 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "South China Sea 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -70,17 +70,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "typhoons" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "China's use of dredged sand and coral to build artificial islands harms reef systems; ongoing human activities, including military operations, infrastructure construction, and tourism endangers local ecosystem including birds, fish, marine mammals, and marine reptiles" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "composed of 130 small coral islands and reefs divided into the northeast Amphitrite Group and the western Crescent Group" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "1,440 (July 2014 est.)", - "note": "

note: Chinese activity has increased in recent years, particularly on Woody Island, where the population exceeds 1,000; there are scattered Chinese garrisons on some other islands

" + "text": "1,440 (July 2014 est.)

note: Chinese activity has increased in recent years, particularly on Woody Island, where the population exceeds 1,000; there are scattered Chinese garrisons on some other islands", + "note": "note: Chinese activity has increased in recent years, particularly on Woody Island, where the population exceeds 1,000; there are scattered Chinese garrisons on some other islands" }, "Population growth rate": { "text": "0.75% (2021 est.)" @@ -92,6 +89,19 @@ "text": "a population of over 1,000 Chinese resides on Woody Island, the largest of the Paracels; there are scattered Chinese garrisons on some other islands" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "China's use of dredged sand and coral to build artificial islands harms reef systems; ongoing human activities, including military operations, infrastructure construction, and tourism endangers local ecosystem including birds, fish, marine mammals, and marine reptiles" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical" + }, + "Land use": { + "other": { + "text": "100% (2018 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -130,7 +140,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military - note": { - "text": "occupied by China, which is assessed to maintain 20 outposts in the Paracels (Antelope, Bombay, and North reefs; Drummond, Duncan, Lincoln, Middle, Money, North, Pattle, Quanfu, Robert, South, Tree, Triton, Woody, and Yagong islands; South Sand and West Sand; Observation Bank); the outposts range in size from one or two buildings to bases with significant military infrastructure; Woody Island is the main base in the Paracels and includes an airstrip with fighter aircraft hangers, naval facilities, surveillance radars, and defenses such as surface-to-air missiles and anti-ship cruise missiles; fighter aircraft have deployed to the island (2020)" + "text": "occupied by China, which is assessed to maintain 20 outposts in the Paracels (Antelope, Bombay, and North reefs; Drummond, Duncan, Lincoln, Middle, Money, North, Pattle, Quanfu, Robert, South, Tree, Triton, Woody, and Yagong islands; South Sand and West Sand; Observation Bank); the outposts range in size from one or two buildings to bases with significant military infrastructure; Woody Island is the main base in the Paracels and includes an airstrip with fighter aircraft hangers, naval facilities, surveillance radars, and defenses such as surface-to-air missiles and anti-ship cruise missiles; fighter aircraft have deployed to the island (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/pg.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/pg.json index a17f8c30..e0d0cb5b 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/pg.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/pg.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "0 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes 100 or so islets, coral reefs, and sea mounts scattered over an area of nearly 410,000 sq km (158,000 sq mi) of the central South China Sea

" + "note": "note: includes 100 or so islets, coral reefs, and sea mounts scattered over an area of nearly 410,000 sq km (158,000 sq mi) of the central South China Sea" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "land area is about seven times the size of the National Mall in Washington, DC" @@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ "text": "small, flat islands, islets, cays, and reefs" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "South China Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "unnamed location on Southwest Cay 6 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "South China Sea 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -65,17 +65,27 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "typhoons; numerous reefs and shoals pose a serious maritime hazard" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "China's use of dredged sand and coral to build artificial islands harms reef systems; illegal fishing practices indiscriminately harvest endangered species, including sea turtles and giant clams" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategically located near several primary shipping lanes in the central South China Sea; includes numerous small islands, atolls, shoals, and coral reefs" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "no indigenous inhabitants (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: there are scattered garrisons occupied by military personnel of several claimant states

" + "text": "no indigenous inhabitants (July 2021 est.)

note: there are scattered garrisons occupied by military personnel of several claimant states", + "note": "note: there are scattered garrisons occupied by military personnel of several claimant states" + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "China's use of dredged sand and coral to build artificial islands harms reef systems; illegal fishing practices indiscriminately harvest endangered species, including sea turtles and giant clams" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical" + }, + "Land use": { + "other": { + "text": "100% (2018 est.)" + } } }, "Government": { @@ -133,7 +143,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military - note": { - "text": "Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small islands or reefs of which about 45 are claimed and occupied by China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam

China: assessed to have 7 outposts (Fiery Cross, Mischief, Subi, Cuarteron, Gavin, Hughes, and Johnson reefs); the outposts on Fiery Cross, Mischief, and Subi include air bases with helipads and dozens of fighter jet hangers, naval port facilities, surveillance radars, air defense sites, anti-ship cruise missiles, and other military infrastructure such as communications, barracks, maintenance facilities, and ammunition and fuel bunkers

Malaysia:  assessed to have 5 outposts in the southern portion of the archipelago, closest to the Malaysian state of Sabah (Ardasier Reef, Eric Reef, Mariveles Reef, Shallow Reef, and Investigator Shoal); all the outposts have helicopter landing pads, while Shallow Reef also has an airstrip

Philippines: assessed to occupy 9 features (Commodore Reef, Second Thomas Shoal, Flat Island, Loaita Cay, Loaita Island, Nanshan Island, Northeast Cay, Thitu Island, and West York Island); Thitu Island has the only Philippine airstrip in the Spratlys

Taiwan: maintains an outpost with an airstrip on Itu Aba Island

Vietnam: assessed to occupy about 49 outposts spread across 27 features, including facilities on 21 rocks and reefs in the Spratlys, plus 14 platforms known as “economic, scientific, and technological service stations,” or Dịch vụ-Khoa (DK1), on six underwater banks to the southeast that Vietnam does not consider part of the disputed island chain, although China and Taiwan disagree; Spratly Islands outposts are on Alison Reef, Amboyna Cay, Barque Canada Reef, Central Reef, Collins Reef, Cornwallis South Reef, Discovery Great Reef, East Reef, Grierson Reef, Ladd Reef, Landsdowne Reef, Namyit Island, Pearson Reef, Petley Reef, Sand Cay, Sin Cowe Island, South Reef, Southwest Cay, Spratly Island, Tennent Reef, West Reef; Spratly Island includes an airstrip with aircraft hangers; the six underwater banks with outposts include Vanguard, Rifleman, Prince of Wales, Prince Consort, Grainger, and Alexandra

(2020)" + "text": "Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small islands or reefs of which about 45 are claimed and occupied by China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam

China: assessed to have 7 outposts (Fiery Cross, Mischief, Subi, Cuarteron, Gavin, Hughes, and Johnson reefs); the outposts on Fiery Cross, Mischief, and Subi include air bases with helipads and aircraft hangers, naval port facilities, surveillance radars, air defense and anti-ship missile sites, and other military infrastructure such as communications, barracks, maintenance facilities, and ammunition and fuel bunkers

Malaysia:  assessed to have 5 outposts in the southern portion of the archipelago, closest to the Malaysian state of Sabah (Ardasier Reef, Eric Reef, Mariveles Reef, Shallow Reef, and Investigator Shoal); all the outposts have helicopter landing pads, while Shallow Reef also has an airstrip

Philippines: assessed to occupy 9 features (Commodore Reef, Second Thomas Shoal, Flat Island, Loaita Cay, Loaita Island, Nanshan Island, Northeast Cay, Thitu Island, and West York Island); Thitu Island has the only Philippine airstrip in the Spratlys

Taiwan: maintains an outpost with an airstrip on Itu Aba Island

Vietnam: assessed to occupy about 50 outposts spread across 27 features, including facilities on 21 rocks and reefs in the Spratlys, plus 14 platforms known as “economic, scientific, and technological service stations,” or Dịch vụ-Khoa (DK1), on six underwater banks to the southeast that Vietnam does not consider part of the disputed island chain, although China and Taiwan disagree; Spratly Islands outposts are on Alison Reef, Amboyna Cay, Barque Canada Reef, Central Reef, Collins Reef, Cornwallis South Reef, Discovery Great Reef, East Reef, Grierson Reef, Ladd Reef, Landsdowne Reef, Namyit Island, Pearson Reef, Petley Reef, Sand Cay, Sin Cowe Island, South Reef, Southwest Cay, Spratly Island, Tennent Reef, West Reef; Spratly Island includes an airstrip with aircraft hangers; the six underwater banks with outposts include Vanguard, Rifleman, Prince of Wales, Prince Consort, Grainger, and Alexandra; over the past few years, Vietnam has continued to make modest improvements to its outposts, including defensive positions and infrastructure

(2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/pp.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/pp.json index 7718a31d..000db049 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/pp.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/pp.json @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ "exclusive fishing zone": { "text": "200 nm" }, - "note": "

measured from claimed archipelagic baselines" + "note": "measured from claimed archipelagic baselines" }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation" @@ -58,14 +58,14 @@ "text": "mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling foothills" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "667 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mount Wilhelm 4,509 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mount Wilhelm 4,509 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "667 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -100,19 +100,8 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

active volcanism; the country is subject to frequent and sometimes severe earthquakes; mud slides; tsunamis

volcanism: severe volcanic activity; Ulawun (2,334 m), one of Papua New Guinea's potentially most dangerous volcanoes, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Rabaul (688 m) destroyed the city of Rabaul in 1937 and 1994; Lamington erupted in 1951 killing 3,000 people; Manam's 2004 eruption forced the island's abandonment; other historically active volcanoes include Bam, Bagana, Garbuna, Karkar, Langila, Lolobau, Long Island, Pago, St. Andrew Strait, Victory, and Waiowa; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\"

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "rain forest loss as a result of growing commercial demand for tropical timber; unsustainable logging practices result in soil erosion, water quality degredation, and loss of habitat and biodiversity; large-scale mining projects cause adverse impacts on forests and water quality (discharge of heavy metals, cyanide, and acids into rivers); severe drought; inappropriate farming practices accelerate land degradion (soil erosion, siltation, loss of soil fertility); destructive fishing practices and coastal pollution due to run-off from land-based activities and oil spills" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { - "text": "

note 1: shares island of New Guinea with Indonesia; generally east-west trending highlands break up New Guinea into diverse ecoregions; one of world's largest swamps along southwest coast

note 2: Papua New Guinea is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire

" + "text": "

note 1: shares island of New Guinea with Indonesia; generally east-west trending highlands break up New Guinea into diverse ecoregions; one of world's largest swamps along southwest coast

note 2: two major food crops apparently developed on the island of New Guinea: bananas and sugarcane

note 3: Papua New Guinea is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire

" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -131,12 +120,12 @@ "text": "Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Tok Pisin (official), English (official), Hiri Motu (official), some 839 indigenous languages spoken (about 12% of the world's total); many languages have fewer than 1,000 speakers", - "note": "

note: Tok Pisin, a creole language, is widely used and understood; English is spoken by 1%-2%; Hiri Motu is spoken by less than 2%

" + "text": "Tok Pisin (official), English (official), Hiri Motu (official), some 839 indigenous languages spoken (about 12% of the world's total); many languages have fewer than 1,000 speakers

note: Tok Pisin, a creole language, is widely used and understood; English is spoken by 1%-2%; Hiri Motu is spoken by less than 2%", + "note": "note: Tok Pisin, a creole language, is widely used and understood; English is spoken by 1%-2%; Hiri Motu is spoken by less than 2%" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Protestant 64.3% (Evangelical Lutheran 18.4%, Seventh Day Adventist 12.9%, Pentecostal 10.4%, United Church 10.3%, Evangelical Alliance 5.9%, Anglican 3.2%, Baptist 2.8%, Salvation Army .4%), Roman Catholic 26%, other Christian 5.3%, non-Christian 1.4%, unspecified 3.1% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent only the citizen population; roughly .3% of the population are non-citizens, consisting of Christian 52% (predominantly Roman Catholic), other 10.7% , none 37.3%" + "text": "Protestant 64.3% (Evangelical Lutheran 18.4%, Seventh Day Adventist 12.9%, Pentecostal 10.4%, United Church 10.3%, Evangelical Alliance 5.9%, Anglican 3.2%, Baptist 2.8%, Salvation Army .4%), Roman Catholic 26%, other Christian 5.3%, non-Christian 1.4%, unspecified 3.1% (2011 est.)

note: data represent only the citizen population; roughly .3% of the population are non-citizens, consisting of Christian 52% (predominantly Roman Catholic), other 10.7% , none 37.3%", + "note": "note: data represent only the citizen population; roughly .3% of the population are non-citizens, consisting of Christian 52% (predominantly Roman Catholic), other 10.7% , none 37.3%" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -197,10 +186,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "13.3% of total population (2020)" + "text": "13.5% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.51% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.91% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -330,7 +319,7 @@ "text": "21.3% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "27.8% (2010)" + "text": "27.8% (2009/11)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "1.9% of GDP (2018)" @@ -349,21 +338,111 @@ "text": "62.8% (2015)" } }, - "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { - "total": { - "text": "3.6%" - }, - "male": { - "text": "4.3%" - }, - "female": { - "text": "3% (2010 est.)" - } - }, "People - note": { "text": "the indigenous population of Papua New Guinea (PNG) is one of the most heterogeneous in the world; PNG has several thousand separate communities, most with only a few hundred people; divided by language, customs, and tradition, some of these communities have engaged in low-scale tribal conflict with their neighbors for millennia; the advent of modern weapons and modern migrants into urban areas has greatly magnified the impact of this lawlessness" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "rain forest loss as a result of growing commercial demand for tropical timber; unsustainable logging practices result in soil erosion, water quality degredation, and loss of habitat and biodiversity; large-scale mining projects cause adverse impacts on forests and water quality (discharge of heavy metals, cyanide, and acids into rivers); severe drought; inappropriate farming practices accelerate land degradion (soil erosion, siltation, loss of soil fertility); destructive fishing practices and coastal pollution due to run-off from land-based activities and oil spills" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "10.91 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "7.54 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "11.05 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "223.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "167.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "801 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "2.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 0.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "63.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "34.3% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "2.08% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "13.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.91% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever and malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1 million tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "20,000 tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "2% (2016 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -398,7 +477,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+10 (15 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

note: Papua New Guinea has two time zones, including Bougainville (UTC+11)

etymology: named in 1873 by Captain John Moresby (1830-1922) in honor of his father, British Admiral Sir Fairfax Moresby (1786-1877)

" + "note": "note: Papua New Guinea has two time zones, including Bougainville (UTC+11)

etymology: named in 1873 by Captain John Moresby (1830-1922) in honor of his father, British Admiral Sir Fairfax Moresby (1786-1877) " }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "20 provinces, 1 autonomous region*, and 1 district**; Bougainville*, Central, Chimbu, Eastern Highlands, East New Britain, East Sepik, Enga, Gulf, Hela, Jiwaka, Madang, Manus, Milne Bay, Morobe, National Capital**, New Ireland, Northern, Southern Highlands, Western, Western Highlands, West New Britain, West Sepik" @@ -414,7 +493,7 @@ "text": "adopted 15 August 1975, effective at independence 16 September 1975" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the National Parliament; passage has prescribed majority vote requirements depending on the constitutional sections being amended – absolute majority, two-thirds majority, or three-fourths majority; amended many times, last in 2014" + "text": "proposed by the National Parliament; passage has prescribed majority vote requirements depending on the constitutional sections being amended – absolute majority, two-thirds majority, or three-fourths majority; amended many times, last in 2016" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -480,8 +559,8 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "National Alliance Party or NAP [Patrick PRUAITCH]
Papua and Niugini Union Party or PANGU [Sam BASIL]
Papua New Guinea Party or PNGP [Belden NAMAH]
People's National Congress Party or PNC [Peter Paire O'NEILL]
People's Party or PP [Peter IPATAS]
People's Progress Party or PPP [Sir Julius CHAN]
Social Democratic Party or SDP [Powes PARKOP]
Triumph Heritage Empowerment Party or THE [Don POLYE]
United Resources Party or URP [William DUMA]", - "note": "

note: as of 8 July 2017, 45 political parties were registered

" + "text": "National Alliance Party or NAP [Patrick PRUAITCH]
Papua and Niugini Union Party or PANGU [Sam BASIL]
Papua New Guinea Party or PNGP [Belden NAMAH]
People's National Congress Party or PNC [Peter Paire O'NEILL]
People's Party or PP [Peter IPATAS]
People's Progress Party or PPP [Sir Julius CHAN]
Social Democratic Party or SDP [Powes PARKOP]
Triumph Heritage Empowerment Party or THE [Don POLYE]
United Resources Party or URP [William DUMA]

note: as of 8 July 2017, 45 political parties were registered", + "note": "note: as of 8 July 2017, 45 political parties were registered" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ACP, ADB, AOSIS, APEC, ARF, ASEAN (observer), C, CD, CP, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" @@ -530,7 +609,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Thomas SHACKLADY" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1975

" + "note": "note: adopted 1975" } }, "Economy": { @@ -574,7 +653,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$36.19 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$19.82 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -589,7 +668,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$4,289 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -634,8 +713,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "59.8 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "80.1 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "65.8 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "36.2 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -727,10 +815,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Australia 18.9%, Singapore 17.5%, Japan 13.8%, China 12.7%, Philippines 4.7%, Netherlands 4.2%, India 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "Australia 26%, China 26%, Japan 22%, Taiwan 7% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "liquefied natural gas, oil, gold, copper ore, nickel, cobalt logs, palm oil, coffee, cocoa, copra, spice (turmeric, vanilla, ginger, and cardamom), crayfish, prawns, tuna, sea cucumber" + "text": "natural gas, gold, copper, lumber, crude petroleum, nickel, palm oil, fish, coffee (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -741,10 +829,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Australia 30.1%, China 17.3%, Singapore 10.2%, Malaysia 8.2%, Indonesia 4% (2017)" + "text": "Australia 33%, China 19%, Singapore 14%, Malaysia 9% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, fuels, chemicals" + "text": "refined petroleum, excavation machinery, crude petroleum, foodstuffs, delivery trucks (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -860,9 +948,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "210.5 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "6.082 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -892,7 +977,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 675; landing points for the Kumul Domestic Submarine Cable System, PNG-LNG, APNG-2, CSCS and the PPC-1 submarine cables to Australia, Guam, PNG and Solomon Islands; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "4 TV stations: 1 commercial station operating since 1987, 1 state-run station launched in 2008, 1 digital free-to-view network launched in 2014, and 1 satellite network Click TV (PNGTV) launched in 2015; the state-run National Broadcasting Corporation operates 3 radio networks with multiple repeaters and about 20 provincial stations; several commercial radio stations with multiple transmission points as well as several community stations; transmissions of several international broadcasters are accessible (2018)" @@ -933,7 +1018,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "P2 (2016)" + "text": "P2" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1013,7 +1098,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Papua New Guinea Defense Force (PNGDF, includes land, maritime, and air elements) (2019)" + "text": "Papua New Guinea Defense Force (PNGDF; includes land, maritime, and air elements) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1023,7 +1108,7 @@ "text": "0.4% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "0.4% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "0.3% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "0.4% of GDP (2016)" @@ -1033,10 +1118,10 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Papau New Guinea Defense Force has approximately 3,000 active duty troops (2,700 Ground; 200 Maritime; 100 Air) (2019)" + "text": "the Papau New Guinea Defense Force has approximately 3,000 active duty troops, including a land element of about 2,500 (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the PNGDF has a limited inventory consisting of a diverse mix of foreign-supplied weapons and equipment; Papau New Guinea receives most of its military assistance from Australia; since 2010, it has also received equipment from China and New Zealand (2019 est.)" + "text": "the PNGDF has a limited inventory consisting of a diverse mix of foreign-supplied weapons and equipment; Papau New Guinea receives most of its military assistance from Australia; since 2010, it has also received equipment from China and New Zealand (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "16 years of age for voluntary military service (with parental consent); no conscription; graduation from grade 12 required (2013)" diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/rp.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/rp.json index 82cd8552..f6175e2c 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/rp.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/rp.json @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ "text": "mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "442 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mount Apo 2,954 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Philippine Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mount Apo 2,954 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "442 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,17 +96,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six cyclonic storms each year; landslides; active volcanoes; destructive earthquakes; tsunamis

volcanism: significant volcanic activity; Taal (311 m), which has shown recent unrest and may erupt in the near future, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Mayon (2,462 m), the country's most active volcano, erupted in 2009 forcing over 33,000 to be evacuated; other historically active volcanoes include Biliran, Babuyan Claro, Bulusan, Camiguin, Camiguin de Babuyanes, Didicas, Iraya, Jolo, Kanlaon, Makaturing, Musuan, Parker, Pinatubo, and Ragang; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\"

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "uncontrolled deforestation especially in watershed areas; illegal mining and logging; soil erosion; air and water pollution in major urban centers; coral reef degradation; increasing pollution of coastal mangrove swamps that are important fish breeding grounds; coastal erosion; dynamite fishing; wildlife extinction" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: for decades, the Philippine archipelago was reported as having 7,107 islands; in 2016, the national mapping authority reported that hundreds of new islands had been discovered and increased the number of islands to 7,641 - though not all of the new islands have been verified; the country is favorably located in relation to many of Southeast Asia's main water bodies: the South China Sea, Philippine Sea, Sulu Sea, Celebes Sea, and Luzon Strait

note 2: Philippines is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire

note 3: the Philippines sits astride the Pacific typhoon belt and an average of 9 typhoons make landfall on the islands each year - with about 5 of these being destructive; the country is the most exposed in the world to tropical storms

" } @@ -132,6 +121,9 @@ "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 80.6%, Protestant 8.2% (includes Philippine Council of Evangelical Churches 2.7%, National Council of Churches in the Philippines 1.2%, other Protestant 4.3%), other Christian 3.4%, Muslim 5.6%, tribal religions .2%, other 1.9%, none .1% (2010 est.)" }, + "Demographic profile": { + "text": "

The Philippines is an ethnically diverse country that is in the early stages of demographic transition.  Its fertility rate has dropped steadily since the 1950s.  The decline was more rapid after the introduction of a national population program in the 1970s in large part due to the increased use of modern contraceptive methods, but fertility has decreased more slowly in recent years.  The country’s total fertility rate (TFR) – the average number of births per woman – dropped below 5 in the 1980s, below 4 in the 1990s, and below 3 in the 2010s.  TFR continues to be above replacement level at 2.9 and even higher among the poor, rural residents, and the less-educated.  Significant reasons for elevated TFR are the desire for more than two children, in part because children are a means of financial assistance and security for parents as they age, particularly among the poor.

The Philippines are the source of one of the world’s largest emigrant populations, much of which consists of legal temporary workers known as Overseas Foreign Workers or OFWs.  As of 2019, there were 2.2 million OFWs.  They work in a wide array of fields, most frequently in services (such as caregivers and domestic work), skilled trades, and construction but also in professional fields, including nursing and engineering.  OFWs most often migrate to Middle Eastern countries, but other popular destinations include Hong Kong, China, and Singapore, as well as employment on ships.  Filipino seafarers make up 35-40% of the world’s seafarers, as of 2014.   Women OFWs, who work primarily in domestic services and entertainment, have outnumbered men since 1992. 

Migration and remittances have been a feature of Philippine culture for decades.  The government has encouraged and facilitated emigration, regulating recruitment agencies and adopting legislation to protect the rights of migrant workers.  Filipinos began emigrating to the US and Hawaii early in the 20th century.  In 1934, US legislation limited Filipinos to 50 visas per year except during labor shortages, causing emigration to plummet.  It was not until the 1960s, when the US and other destination countries – Canada, Australia, and New Zealand – loosened their immigration policies, that Filipino emigration expanded and diversified.  The government implemented an overseas employment program in the 1970s, promoting Filipino labor to Gulf countries needing more workers for their oil industries.  Filipino emigration increased rapidly.  The government had intended for international migration to be temporary, but a lack of jobs and poor wages domestically, the ongoing demand for workers in the Gulf countries, and new labor markets in Asia continue to spur Philippine emigration.

" + }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "32.42% (male 18,060,976/female 17,331,781)" @@ -191,10 +183,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "47.4% of total population (2020)" + "text": "47.7% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.99% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -224,8 +216,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "22.8 years (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "22.8 years (2017 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "121 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -329,7 +321,7 @@ "water contact diseases": { "text": "leptospirosis" }, - "note": "

note - on 8 October 2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued a Travel Health Notice regarding a polio outbreak in the Philippines; CDC recommends that all travelers to the Philippines be vaccinated fully against polio; before traveling to the Philippines, adults who completed their routine polio vaccine series as children should receive a single, lifetime adult booster dose of polio vaccine" + "note": "note: on 8 October 2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued a Travel Health Notice regarding a polio outbreak in the Philippines; CDC recommends that all travelers to the Philippines be vaccinated fully against polio; before traveling to the Philippines, adults who completed their routine polio vaccine series as children should receive a single, lifetime adult booster dose of polio vaccine" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "6.4% (2016)" @@ -367,19 +359,124 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "6.7%" + "text": "6.8%" }, "male": { - "text": "5.8%" + "text": "5.9%" }, "female": { - "text": "8.2% (2018 est.)" + "text": "8.3% (2019 est.)" } }, "People - note": { "text": "one of only two predominantly Christian nations in Southeast Asia, the other being Timor-Leste" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "uncontrolled deforestation especially in watershed areas; illegal mining and logging; soil erosion; air and water pollution in major urban centers; coral reef degradation; increasing pollution of coastal mangrove swamps that are important fish breeding grounds; coastal erosion; dynamite fishing; wildlife extinction" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "18.38 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "122.29 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "51.32 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "8.929 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "15.85 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "67.97 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "479 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "41% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 18.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 17.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "25.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "33.1% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.18% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.07% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "47.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever and malaria" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "leptospirosis" + }, + "note": "note: on 8 October 2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued a Travel Health Notice regarding a polio outbreak in the Philippines; CDC recommends that all travelers to the Philippines be vaccinated fully against polio; before traveling to the Philippines, adults who completed their routine polio vaccine series as children should receive a single, lifetime adult booster dose of polio vaccine" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "14,631,923 tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "4,096,938 tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "28% (2014 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -411,7 +508,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: derives from the Tagalog \"may-nila\" meaning \"where there is indigo\" and refers to the presence of indigo-yielding plants growing in the area surrounding the original settlement" + "note": "etymology: derives from the Tagalog \"may-nila\" meaning \"where there is indigo\" and refers to the presence of indigo-yielding plants growing in the area surrounding the original settlement" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "

81 provinces and 38 chartered cities

provinces: Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Aklan, Albay, Antique, Apayao, Aurora, Basilan, Bataan, Batanes, Batangas, Biliran, Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Camiguin, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite, Cebu, Cotabato, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao de Oro, Davao Occidental, Davao Oriental, Dinagat Islands, Eastern Samar, Guimaras, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Isabela, Kalinga, Laguna, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, La Union, Leyte, Maguindanao, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, Mountain, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, Northern Samar, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Palawan, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon, Samar, Sarangani, Siquijor, Sorsogon, South Cotabato, Southern Leyte, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tarlac, Tawi-Tawi, Zambales, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay;

chartered cities: Angeles, Bacolod, Baguio, Butuan, Cagayan de Oro, Caloocan, Cebu, Cotabato, Dagupan, Davao, General Santos, Iligan, Iloilo, Lapu-Lapu, Las Pinas, Lucena, Makati, Malabon, Mandaluyong, Mandaue, Manila, Marikina, Muntinlupa, Naga, Navotas, Olongapo, Ormoc, Paranaque, Pasay, Pasig, Puerto Princesa, Quezon, San Juan, Santiago, Tacloban, Taguig, Valenzuela, Zamboanga

" @@ -533,8 +630,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red; a white equilateral triangle is based on the hoist side; the center of the triangle displays a yellow sun with eight primary rays; each corner of the triangle contains a small, yellow, five-pointed star; blue stands for peace and justice, red symbolizes courage, the white equal-sided triangle represents equality; the rays recall the first eight provinces that sought independence from Spain, while the stars represent the three major geographical divisions of the country: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao; the design of the flag dates to 1897", - "note": "

note: in wartime the flag is flown upside down with the red band at the top

" + "text": "two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red; a white equilateral triangle is based on the hoist side; the center of the triangle displays a yellow sun with eight primary rays; each corner of the triangle contains a small, yellow, five-pointed star; blue stands for peace and justice, red symbolizes courage, the white equal-sided triangle represents equality; the rays recall the first eight provinces that sought independence from Spain, while the stars represent the three major geographical divisions of the country: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao; the design of the flag dates to 1897

note: in wartime the flag is flown upside down with the red band at the top", + "note": "note: in wartime the flag is flown upside down with the red band at the top" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "three stars and sun, Philippine eagle; national colors: red, white, blue, yellow" @@ -546,7 +643,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Jose PALMA (revised by Felipe PADILLA de Leon)/Julian FELIPE" }, - "note": "

note: music adopted 1898, original Spanish lyrics adopted 1899, Filipino (Tagalog) lyrics adopted 1956; although the original lyrics were written in Spanish, later English and Filipino versions were created; today, only the Filipino version is used

" + "note": "note: music adopted 1898, original Spanish lyrics adopted 1899, Filipino (Tagalog) lyrics adopted 1956; although the original lyrics were written in Spanish, later English and Filipino versions were created; today, only the Filipino version is used" } }, "Economy": { @@ -596,7 +693,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$854.095 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$377.205 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -611,7 +708,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$8,121 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -656,8 +753,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "62.8 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "71.3 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "68.4 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "46 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -692,7 +798,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "21.6% (2017 est.)" + "text": "16.7% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015": { @@ -755,10 +861,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Japan 16.4%, US 14.6%, Hong Kong 13.7%, China 11%, Singapore 6.1%, Thailand 4.3%, Germany 4.1%, South Korea 4% (2017)" + "text": "China 16%, United States 15%, Japan 13%, Hong Kong 12%, Singapore 7%, Germany 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "semiconductors and electronic products, machinery and transport equipment, wood manufactures, chemicals, processed food and beverages, garments, coconut oil, copper concentrates, seafood, bananas/fruits" + "text": "integrated circuits, office machinery/parts, insulated wiring, semiconductors, transformers (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -772,10 +878,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 18.1%, Japan 11.4%, South Korea 8.8%, US 7.4%, Thailand 7.1%, Indonesia 6.7%, Singapore 5.9% (2017)" + "text": "China 29%, Japan 8%, South Korea 7%, United States 6%, Singapore 6%, Indonesia 6%, Thailand 5%, Taiwan 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "electronic products, mineral fuels, machinery and transport equipment, iron and steel, textile fabrics, grains, chemicals, plastic" + "text": "integrated circuits, refined petroleum, cars, crude petroleum, broadcasting equipment (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -891,9 +997,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "98.54 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "117.2 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -923,7 +1026,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 63; landing points for the NDTN, TGN-IA, AAG, PLCN, EAC-02C, DFON, SJC, APCN-2, SeaMeWe, Boracay-Palawan Submarine Cable System, Palawa-Illoilo Cable System, NDTN, SEA-US, SSSFOIP, ASE and JUPITAR submarine cables that together provide connectivity to the US, Southeast Asia, Asia, Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Australia (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "multiple national private TV and radio networks; multi-channel satellite and cable TV systems available; more than 400 TV stations; about 1,500 cable TV providers with more than 2 million subscribers, and some 1,400 radio stations; the Philippines adopted Japan’s Integrated Service Digital Broadcast – Terrestrial standard for digital terrestrial television in November 2013 and is scheduled to complete the switch from analog to digital broadcasting by the end of 2023 (2019)" @@ -964,7 +1067,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "RP (2016)" + "text": "RP" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1055,10 +1158,13 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP): Army, Navy (includes Marine Corps), Air Force (2020)", - "note": "

note: the Philippine Coast Guard is an armed and uniformed service under the Department of Transportation; it would be attached to the AFP in wartime; the Philippine National Police Force (PNP) falls under the Ministry of Interior and Local Government" + "text": "Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP): Army, Navy (includes Marine Corps), Air Force (2021)

note: the Philippine Coast Guard is an armed and uniformed service under the Department of Transportation; it would be attached to the AFP in wartime; the Philippine National Police Force (PNP) falls under the Ministry of Interior and Local Government", + "note": "note: the Philippine Coast Guard is an armed and uniformed service under the Department of Transportation; it would be attached to the AFP in wartime; the Philippine National Police Force (PNP) falls under the Ministry of Interior and Local Government" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2020": { + "text": "1% of GDP (2020 est.)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "1% of GDP (2019)" }, @@ -1066,35 +1172,32 @@ "text": "0.9% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "1.3% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "1.2% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "1.1% of GDP (2016)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "1.1% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "1.4% of GDP (2016)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "

the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) have approximately 130,000 active duty personnel (90,000 Army; 24,000 Navy; 16,000 Air Force);  note - the Navy includes about 8,500 marines)

(2019 est.)" + "text": "the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) have approximately 130,000 active duty personnel (90,000 Army; 25,000 Navy, including about 8,000 marines; 17,000 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the AFP is equipped with a mix of imported weapons systems, particularly second-hand equipment from the US; since 2014, its top weapons suppliers are Brazil, Indonesia, South Korea, and the US (2019)" + "text": "the AFP is equipped with a mix of imported weapons systems, particularly second-hand equipment from the US; since 2014, its top weapons suppliers are Indonesia, South Korea, and the US (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-23 years of age (officers 21-29) for voluntary military service; no conscription (2019)" }, "Maritime threats": { - "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; during 2018, 10 attacks were reported in and around the Philippines including six ships that were boarded, one fired upon, and three crewman kidnapped for ransom; an emerging threat area lies in the Celebes and Sulu Seas between the Philippines and Malaysia where it is believed the pirates involved are associated with the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) terrorist organization; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia; crews have been murdered or cast adrift; the Maritime Administration (MARAD) of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2019-011-Sulu and Celebes Seas-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Terrorism) which states in part \"In 2018, there were at least 12 reported boardings, attempted boardings, attacks, hijackings, and kidnappings in the Sulu and Celebes Seas. Recent kidnapping incidents in this area were reportedly linked to the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), a violent Islamic separatist group operating in the southern Philippines...\" and advises ships to adhere to counter-piracy practices to minimize risk" + "text": "

the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial waters of littoral states and offshore waters in the South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; an emerging threat area lies in the Celebes and Sulu Seas between the Philippines and Malaysia where three ships were attacked in 2020; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargoes stolen

" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the AFP's primary operational focus is on internal security duties, particularly in the south, where several insurgent and terrorist groups operate and an estimated 60% of the armed forces were deployed as of 2019; the Philippines National Police (PNP) also has an active role in counterinsurgency and counter-terrorism operations alongside the AFP, particularly the Special Action Force, a PNP commando unit that specializes in counter-terrorism operations. (2019)" + "text": "as of late 2020, the AFP's primary operational focus was on internal security duties, particularly in the south, where several insurgent and terrorist groups operated and up to 60% of the armed forces were deployed; the Philippines National Police (PNP) also has an active role in counterinsurgency and counter-terrorism operations alongside the AFP, particularly the Special Action Force, a PNP commando unit that specializes in counter-terrorism operations." } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Abu Sayyaf Group; Communist Party of the Philippines/New People's Army; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – East Asia (ISIS-EA) in the Philippines (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Abu Sayyaf Group; Communist Party of the Philippines/New People's Army; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – East Asia (ISIS-EA) in the Philippines (2021)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/sn.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/sn.json index ee9d919c..82060f16 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/sn.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/sn.json @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ "text": "lowlying, gently undulating central plateau" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Singapore Strait 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Bukit Timah 166 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Singapore Strait 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -90,17 +90,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "flash floods" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water pollution; industrial pollution; limited natural freshwater resources; limited land availability presents waste disposal problems; air pollution; deforestation; seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in Indonesia" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes; consists of about 60 islands, by far the largest of which is Pulau Ujong; land reclamation has removed many former islands and created a number of new ones" } @@ -118,16 +107,19 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Chinese 74.3%, Malay 13.4%, Indian 9%, other 3.2% (2018 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent population by self-identification; the population is divided into four categories: Chinese, Malay (includes indigenous Malays and Indonesians), Indian (includes Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, or Sri Lankan), and other ethnic groups (includes Eurasians, Caucasians, Japanese, Filipino, Vietnamese)

" + "text": "Chinese 74.3%, Malay 13.4%, Indian 9%, other 3.2% (2018 est.)

note: data represent population by self-identification; the population is divided into four categories: Chinese, Malay (includes indigenous Malays and Indonesians), Indian (includes Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, or Sri Lankan), and other ethnic groups (includes Eurasians, Caucasians, Japanese, Filipino, Vietnamese)", + "note": "note: data represent population by self-identification; the population is divided into four categories: Chinese, Malay (includes indigenous Malays and Indonesians), Indian (includes Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, or Sri Lankan), and other ethnic groups (includes Eurasians, Caucasians, Japanese, Filipino, Vietnamese)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "English (official) 36.9%, Mandarin (official) 34.9%, other Chinese dialects (includes Hokkien, Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka) 12.2%, Malay (official) 10.7%, Tamil (official) 3.3%, other 2% (2015 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent language most frequently spoken at home

" + "text": "English (official) 36.9%, Mandarin (official) 34.9%, other Chinese dialects (includes Hokkien, Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka) 12.2%, Malay (official) 10.7%, Tamil (official) 3.3%, other 2% (2015 est.)

note: data represent language most frequently spoken at home", + "note": "note: data represent language most frequently spoken at home" }, "Religions": { "text": "Buddhist 33.2%, Christian 18.8%, Muslim 14%, Taoist 10%, Hindu 5%, other 0.6%, none 18.5% (2015 est.)" }, + "Demographic profile": { + "text": "

Singapore has one of the lowest total fertility rates (TFR) in the world – an average of 1.15 children born per woman – and a rapidly aging population.  Women’s expanded educations, widened aspirations, and a desire to establish careers has contributed to delayed marriage and smaller families. Most married couples have only one or two children in order to invest more in each child, including the high costs of education.  In addition, more and more Singaporeans, particularly women, are staying single.  Factors contributing to this trend are a focus on careers, long working hours, the high cost of living, and long waits for public housing.    With fertility at such a low rate and rising life expectancy, the proportion of the population aged 65 or over is growing and the youth population is shrinking.  Singapore is projected to experience one of the largest percentage point increases in the elderly share of the population at 21% between 2019 and 2050, according to the UN.  The working-age population (aged 15-64) will gradually decrease, leaving fewer workers to economically support the elderly population.

Migration has played a key role in Singapore’s development.  As Singapore’s economy expanded during the 19th century, more and more Chinese, Indian, and Malay labor immigrants arrived.  Most of Singapore’s pre-World War II population growth was a result of immigration.  During World War II, immigration came to a halt when the Japanese occupied the island but revived in the postwar years.  Policy was restrictive during the 1950s and 1960s, aiming to protect jobs for residents by reducing the intake of low-skilled foreign workers and focusing instead on attracting professionals from abroad with specialist skills.  Consequently, the nonresident share of Singapore’s population plummeted to less than 3%. 

As the country industrialized, however, it loosened restrictions on the immigration of manual workers.  From the 1980s through the 2000s, the foreign population continued to grow as a result of policies aimed at attracting foreign workers of all skill levels.  More recently, the government has instituted immigration policies that target highly skilled workers. Skilled workers are encouraged to stay and are given the opportunity to become permanent residents or citizens.  The country, however, imposes restrictions on unskilled and low-skilled workers to ensure they do not establish roots, including prohibiting them from bringing their families and requiring employers to pay a monthly foreign worker levy and security bond.  The country has also become increasingly attractive to international students. The growth of the foreign-born population has continued to be rapid; as of 2015, the foreign-born composed 46% of the total population.  At the same time, growing numbers of Singaporeans are emigrating for education and work experience in highly skilled sectors such finance, information technology, and medicine.  Increasingly, the moves abroad are permanent.

" + }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "12.8% (male 406,983/female 387,665)" @@ -187,10 +179,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "100% of total population (2020)" + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.39% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.74% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -220,8 +212,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "30.5 years (2015 est.)", - "note": "

median age" + "text": "30.5 years (2015 est.)

median age", + "note": "median age" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "8 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -340,6 +332,96 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water pollution; industrial pollution; limited natural freshwater resources; limited land availability presents waste disposal problems; air pollution; deforestation; seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in Indonesia" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "18.26 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "37.54 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "4.4 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "296.73 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "336.294 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "26.376 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "600 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons - northeastern monsoon (December to March) and southwestern monsoon (June to September); inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 0.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "3.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "95.7% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.74% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "7,704,300 tons (2017 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "4,699,623 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "61% (2015 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -371,7 +453,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: name derives from the Sanskrit words \"simha\" (lion) and \"pura\" (city), thus creating the city's epithet \"lion city\"" + "note": "etymology: name derives from the Sanskrit words \"simha\" (lion) and \"pura\" (city), thus creating the city's epithet \"lion city\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "no first order administrative divisions; there are five community development councils: Central Singapore Development Council, North East Development Council, North West Development Council, South East Development Council, South West Development Council (2019)" @@ -387,7 +469,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest adopted 22 December 1965" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by Parliament; passage requires two-thirds majority vote in the second and third readings by the elected Parliament membership and assent of the president of the republic; passage of amendments affecting sovereignty or control of the Police Force or the Armed Forces requires at least two-thirds majority vote in a referendum; amended many times, last in 2016" + "text": "proposed by Parliament; passage requires two-thirds majority vote in the second and third readings by the elected Parliament membership and assent of the president of the republic; passage of amendments affecting sovereignty or control of the Police Force or the Armed Forces requires at least two-thirds majority vote in a referendum; amended many times, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -508,7 +590,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "ZUBIR Said" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1965; first performed in 1958 at the Victoria Theatre, the anthem is sung only in Malay

" + "note": "note: adopted 1965; first performed in 1958 at the Victoria Theatre, the anthem is sung only in Malay" } }, "Economy": { @@ -558,7 +640,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$532.832 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$372.088 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -573,7 +655,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$94,941 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -618,8 +700,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "86.2 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "98.2 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "89.6 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "84.5 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -632,8 +723,8 @@ "text": "5.7% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "3.778 million (2019 est.)", - "note": "

note: excludes non-residents

" + "text": "3.778 million (2019 est.)

note: excludes non-residents", + "note": "note: excludes non-residents" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -645,7 +736,7 @@ "services": { "text": "73.7% (2017)" }, - "note": "

note: excludes non-residents

" + "note": "note: excludes non-residents" }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2019": { @@ -681,7 +772,7 @@ "expenditures": { "text": "51.87 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: expenditures include both operational and development expenditures

" + "note": "note: expenditures include both operational and development expenditures" }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "15.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" @@ -696,7 +787,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "106.8% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: Singapore's public debt consists largely of Singapore Government Securities (SGS) issued to assist the Central Provident Fund (CPF), which administers Singapore's defined contribution pension fund; special issues of SGS are held by the CPF, and are non-tradable; the government has not borrowed to finance deficit expenditures since the 1980s; Singapore has no external public debt

" + "note": "note: Singapore's public debt consists largely of Singapore Government Securities (SGS) issued to assist the Central Provident Fund (CPF), which administers Singapore's defined contribution pension fund; special issues of SGS are held by the CPF, and are non-tradable; the government has not borrowed to finance deficit expenditures since the 1980s; Singapore has no external public debt" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "1 April - 31 March" @@ -721,10 +812,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 14.7%, Hong Kong 12.6%, Malaysia 10.8%, US 6.6%, Indonesia 5.8%, Japan 4.7%, South Korea 4.6%, Thailand 4% (2017)" + "text": "China 15%, Hong Kong 13%, Malaysia 9%, United States 8%, Indonesia 7%, India 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment (including electronics and telecommunications), pharmaceuticals and other chemicals, refined petroleum products, foodstuffs and beverages" + "text": "integrated circuits, refined petroleum, gold, gas turbines, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -738,10 +829,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 13.9%, Malaysia 12%, US 10.7%, Japan 6.3%, South Korea 5% (2017)" + "text": "China 16%, Malaysia 11%, United States 9%, Taiwan 7%, Japan 5%, Indonesia 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, mineral fuels, chemicals, foodstuffs, consumer goods" + "text": "integrated circuits, refined petroleum, crude petroleum, gold, gas turbines (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -851,9 +942,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2017 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "249.5 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -883,7 +971,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 65; landing points for INDIGO-West, SeaMeWe -3,-4,-5, SIGMAR, SJC, i2icn, PGASCOM, BSCS, IGG, B3JS, SAEx2, APCN-2, APG, ASC, SEAX-1, ASE, EAC-C2C, Matrix Cable System and SJC2 submarine cables providing links throughout Asia, Southeast Asia, Africa, Australia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 3, Bukit Timah, Seletar, and Sentosa; supplemented by VSAT coverage (2019 )" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state controls broadcast media; 6 domestic TV stations operated by MediaCorp which is wholly owned by a state investment company; broadcasts from Malaysian and Indonesian stations available; satellite dishes banned; multi-channel cable TV services available; a total of 19 domestic radio stations broadcasting, with MediaCorp operating 11, Singapore Press Holdings, also government-linked, another 5, 2 controlled by the Singapore Armed Forces Reservists Association and one owned by BBC Radio; Malaysian and Indonesian radio stations are available as is BBC; a number of Internet service radio stations are also available (2019)" @@ -924,7 +1012,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "9V (2016)" + "text": "9V" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -984,9 +1072,12 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Singapore Armed Forces: Singapore Army, Republic of Singapore Navy, Republic of Singapore Air Force (includes air defense);  Police Coast Guard (subordinate to the Singapore Police Force) (2019)" + "text": "Singapore Armed Forces (aka Singapore Defense Force): Singapore Army, Republic of Singapore Navy, Republic of Singapore Air Force (includes air defense); Police Coast Guard (subordinate to the Singapore Police Force) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2020": { + "text": "3.3% of GDP (2020 est.)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "3.2% of GDP (2019)" }, @@ -998,25 +1089,22 @@ }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "3.2% of GDP (2016)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "3.1% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) have approximately 62,000 active duty troops (45,000 Army; 7,000 Navy; 10,000 Air Force) (2019)" + "text": "the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) have approximately 60,000 active duty troops (45,000 Army; 7,000 Navy; 8,000 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the SAF has a diverse and largely modern mix of domestically-produced and imported weapons; Singapore has the most developed arms industry in Southeast Asia and is also the largest importer of weapons; the chief suppliers since 2010 are France, Germany, Spain, and the US (2019 est.)" + "text": "the SAF has a diverse and largely modern mix of domestically-produced and imported weapons; Singapore has the most developed arms industry in Southeast Asia and is also the largest importer of weapons; since 2010, the US is the chief supplier of arms to Singapore, followed by a diverse array of countries, including France, Germany, and Spain (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "maintains permanent training bases and detachments of military personnel in Australia, France, and the US (June 2020)" + "text": "maintains permanent training bases and detachments of military personnel in Australia, France, and the US (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-21 years of age for male compulsory military service; 16 1/2 years of age for voluntary enlistment (with parental consent); 2-year conscript service obligation, with a reserve obligation to age 40 (enlisted) or age 50 (officers) (2019)" }, "Maritime threats": { - "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia; crews have been murdered or cast adrift; the Singapore Straits saw three attacks against commercial vessels in 2018, a slight decrease from the four attacks in 2017 (2018)" + "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia; crews have been murdered or cast adrift; the Singapore Straits saw 23 attacks against commercial vessels in 2020, vessels were boarded in 22 of the 23 incidents, one crew was injured, another taken hostage and two threatened during these incidents" } }, "Terrorism": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/th.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/th.json index 2d7b9f42..5c92e55c 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/th.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/th.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "central plain; Khorat Plateau in the east; mountains elsewhere" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "287 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Doi Inthanon 2,565 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Gulf of Thailand 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Doi Inthanon 2,565 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "287 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,17 +99,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "land subsidence in Bangkok area resulting from the depletion of the water table; droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from organic and factory wastes; water scarcity; deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations threatened by illegal hunting; hazardous waste disposal" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Law of the Sea" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore; ideas for the construction of a canal across the Kra Isthmus that would create a bypass to the Strait of Malacca and shorten shipping times around Asia continue to be discussed" } @@ -127,16 +116,19 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Thai 97.5%, Burmese 1.3%, other 1.1%, unspecified <.1% (2015 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent population by nationality" + "text": "Thai 97.5%, Burmese 1.3%, other 1.1%, unspecified <.1% (2015 est.)

note: data represent population by nationality", + "note": "note: data represent population by nationality" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Thai (official) only 90.7%, Thai and other languages 6.4%, only other languages 2.9% (includes Malay, Burmese) (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent population by language(s) spoken at home; English is a secondary language of the elite

" + "text": "Thai (official) only 90.7%, Thai and other languages 6.4%, only other languages 2.9% (includes Malay, Burmese) (2010 est.)

note: data represent population by language(s) spoken at home; English is a secondary language of the elite", + "note": "note: data represent population by language(s) spoken at home; English is a secondary language of the elite" }, "Religions": { "text": "Buddhist 94.6%, Muslim 4.3%, Christian 1%, other <.1%, none <.1% (2015 est.)" }, + "Demographic profile": { + "text": "

Thailand has experienced a substantial fertility decline since the 1960s largely due to the nationwide success of its voluntary family planning program.  In just one generation, the total fertility rate (TFR) shrank from 6.5 children per woman in 1960s to below the replacement level of 2.1 in the late 1980s.  Reduced fertility occurred among all segments of the Thai population, despite disparities between urban and rural areas in terms of income, education, and access to public services.  The country’s “reproductive revolution” gained momentum in the 1970s as a result of the government’s launch of an official population policy to reduce population growth, the introduction of new forms of birth control, and the assistance of foreign non-government organizations.  Contraceptive use rapidly increased as new ways were developed to deliver family planning services to Thailand’s then overwhelmingly rural population.  The contraceptive prevalence rate increased from just 14% in 1970 to 58% in 1981 and has remained about 80% since 2000. 

Thailand’s receptiveness to family planning reflects the predominant faith, Theravada Buddhism, which emphasizes individualism, personal responsibility, and independent decision-making.  Thai women have more independence and a higher status than women in many other developing countries and are not usually pressured by their husbands or other family members about family planning decisions.  Thailand’s relatively egalitarian society also does not have the son preference found in a number of other Asian countries; most Thai ideally want one child of each sex.

Because of its low fertility rate, increasing life expectancy, and growing elderly population, Thailand has become an aging society that will face growing labor shortages.  The proportion of the population under 15 years of age has shrunk dramatically, the proportion of working-age individuals has peaked and is starting to decrease, and the proportion of elderly is growing rapidly.  In the short-term, Thailand will have to improve educational quality to increase the productivity of its workforce and to compete globally in skills-based industries.  An increasing reliance on migrant workers will be necessary to mitigate labor shortfalls.

Thailand is a destination, transit, and source country for migrants. It has 3-4 million migrant workers as of 2017, mainly providing low-skilled labor in the construction, agriculture, manufacturing, services, and fishing and seafood processing sectors.  Migrant workers from other Southeast Asian countries with lower wages – primarily Burma and, to a lesser extent, Laos and Cambodia – have been coming to Thailand for decades to work in labor-intensive industries.  Many are undocumented and are vulnerable to human trafficking for forced labor, especially in the fisheries industry, or sexual exploitation.  A July 2017 migrant worker law stiffening fines on undocumented workers and their employers, prompted tens of thousands of migrants to go home.  Fearing a labor shortage, the Thai Government has postponed implementation of the law until January 2018 and is rapidly registering workers.  Thailand has also hosted ethnic minority refugees from Burma for more than 30 years; as of 2016, approximately 105,000 mainly Karen refugees from Burma were living in nine camps along the Thailand-Burma border.

Thailand has a significant amount of internal migration, most often from rural areas to urban centers, where there are more job opportunities.  Low- and semi-skilled Thais also go abroad to work, mainly in Asia and a smaller number in the Middle East and Africa, primarily to more economically developed countries where they can earn higher wages.

" + }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "16.45% (male 5,812,803/female 5,533,772)" @@ -199,7 +191,7 @@ "text": "51.4% of total population (2020)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.73% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -335,7 +327,7 @@ "text": "10% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "6.7% (2016)" + "text": "7.7% (2019)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "4.1% of GDP (2013)" @@ -367,13 +359,114 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "3.7%" + "text": "4.2%" }, "male": { - "text": "3%" + "text": "3.4%" }, "female": { - "text": "4.7% (2016 est.)" + "text": "5.3% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from organic and factory wastes; water scarcity; deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations threatened by illegal hunting; hazardous waste disposal" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "26.23 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "283.76 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "86.98 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "2.739 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "2.777 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "51.79 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "438.61 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "41.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 30.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 8.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 1.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "37.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "21.6% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.34% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "51.4% of total population (2020)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "26,853,366 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "5,128,993 tons (2012 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "19.1% (2012 est.)" } } }, @@ -411,7 +504,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: Bangkok was likely originally a colloquial name, but one that was widely adopted by foreign visitors; the name may derive from \"bang ko,\" where \"bang\" is the Thai word for \"village on a stream\" and \"ko\" means \"island,\" both referencing the area's landscape, which was carved by rivers and canals; alternatively, the name may come from \"bang makok,\" where \"makok\" is the name of the Java plum, a plant bearing olive-like fruit; this possibility is supported by the former name of Wat Arun, a historic temple in the area, that used to be called Wat Makok;

Krung Thep, the city's Thai name, means \"City of the Deity\" and is a shortening of the full ceremonial name: Krungthepmahanakhon Amonrattanakosin Mahintharayutthaya Mahadilokphop Noppharatratchathaniburirom Udomratchaniwetmahasathan Amonphimanawatansathit Sakkathattiyawitsanukamprasit; translated the meaning is: City of angels, great city of immortals, magnificent city of the nine gems, seat of the king, city of royal palaces, home of gods incarnate, erected by Vishvakarman at Indra's behest; it holds the world's record as the longest place name (169 letters)" + "note": "etymology: Bangkok was likely originally a colloquial name, but one that was widely adopted by foreign visitors; the name may derive from \"bang ko,\" where \"bang\" is the Thai word for \"village on a stream\" and \"ko\" means \"island,\" both referencing the area's landscape, which was carved by rivers and canals; alternatively, the name may come from \"bang makok,\" where \"makok\" is the name of the Java plum, a plant bearing olive-like fruit; this possibility is supported by the former name of Wat Arun, a historic temple in the area, that used to be called Wat Makok;

Krung Thep, the city's Thai name, means \"City of the Deity\" and is a shortening of the full ceremonial name: Krungthepmahanakhon Amonrattanakosin Mahintharayutthaya Mahadilokphop Noppharatratchathaniburirom Udomratchaniwetmahasathan Amonphimanawatansathit Sakkathattiyawitsanukamprasit; translated the meaning is: City of angels, great city of immortals, magnificent city of the nine gems, seat of the king, city of royal palaces, home of gods incarnate, erected by Vishvakarman at Indra's behest; it holds the world's record as the longest place name (169 letters)" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "76 provinces (changwat, singular and plural) and 1 municipality* (maha nakhon); Amnat Charoen, Ang Thong, Bueng Kan, Buri Ram, Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen, Krabi, Krung Thep* (Bangkok), Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri, Mae Hong Son, Maha Sarakham, Mukdahan, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat, Nong Bua Lamphu, Nong Khai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Phrae, Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, Rayong, Roi Et, Sa Kaeo, Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram, Saraburi, Satun, Sing Buri, Si Sa Ket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, Surat Thani, Surin, Tak, Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai Thani, Uttaradit, Yala, Yasothon" @@ -466,7 +559,7 @@ "elections/appointments": { "text": "the monarchy is hereditary; the House of Representatives and Senate approves a person for Prime Minister who must then be appointed by the King (as stated in the transitory provision of the 2017 constitution); the office of prime minister can be held for up to a total of 8 years" }, - "note": "

note:  PRAYUT Chan-ocha was appointed interim prime minister in August 2014, three months after he staged the coup that removed the previously elected government of Prime Minister YINGLAK Chinnawat; on 5 June 2019 PRAYUT (independent) was approved as prime minister by the parliament - 498 votes to 244 for THANATHON Chuengrungrueangkit (FFP)

" + "note": "note:  PRAYUT Chan-ocha was appointed interim prime minister in August 2014, three months after he staged the coup that removed the previously elected government of Prime Minister YINGLAK Chinnawat; on 5 June 2019 PRAYUT (independent) was approved as prime minister by the parliament - 498 votes to 244 for THANATHON Chuengrungrueangkit (FFP)" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { @@ -491,15 +584,15 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Action Coalition of Thailand Party or ACT [TAWEESAK Na Takuathung (acting); CHATUMONGKHON Sonakun resigned June 2020]
Anakhot Mai Party (Future Forward Party) or FFP [THANATHON Chuengrungrueangkit] (dissolved, February 2020)
Chat Phatthana Party (National Development Party) [THEWAN Liptaphanlop]
Chat Thai Phatthana Party (Thai Nation Development Party) or CTP [KANCHANA Sinlapa-acha]
New Economics Party or NEP [MINGKHWAN Sangsuwan]
Phalang Pracharat Party or PPP [UTTAMA Sawanayon]
Phumchai Thai Party (Thai Pride Party) or PJT [ANUTHIN Chanwirakun]
Prachachat Party of PCC [WAN Muhamad NOOR Matha]
Prachathipat Party (Democrat Party) or DP [CHURIN Laksanawisit]
Puea Chat Party (For Nation Party) or PCP [SONGKHRAM Kitletpairot]
Puea Thai Party (For Thais Party) or PTP [WIROT Paoin]
Puea Tham Party (For Dharma Party) [NALINI Thawisin]
Seri Ruam Thai Party (Thai Liberal Party) or TLP [SERIPHISUT Temiyawet]
Thai Forest Conservation Party or TFCP [DAMRONG Phidet]
Thai Local Power Party or TLP [collective leadership]
Thai Raksa Chat Party (Thai National Preservation Party) [PRICHAPHON Phongpanit]", - "note": "

note: as of 5 April 2018, 98 new parties applied to be registered with the Election Commission in accordance with the provisions of the new organic law on political parties

" + "text": "Action Coalition of Thailand Party or ACT [TAWEESAK Na Takuathung (acting); CHATUMONGKHON Sonakun resigned June 2020]
Anakhot Mai Party (Future Forward Party) or FFP [THANATHON Chuengrungrueangkit] (dissolved, February 2020)
Chat Phatthana Party (National Development Party) [THEWAN Liptaphanlop]
Chat Thai Phatthana Party (Thai Nation Development Party) or CTP [KANCHANA Sinlapa-acha]
New Economics Party or NEP [MINGKHWAN Sangsuwan]
Phalang Pracharat Party or PPP [UTTAMA Sawanayon]
Phumchai Thai Party (Thai Pride Party) or PJT [ANUTHIN Chanwirakun]
Prachachat Party of PCC [WAN Muhamad NOOR Matha]
Prachathipat Party (Democrat Party) or DP [CHURIN Laksanawisit]
Puea Chat Party (For Nation Party) or PCP [SONGKHRAM Kitletpairot]
Puea Thai Party (For Thais Party) or PTP [WIROT Paoin]
Puea Tham Party (For Dharma Party) [NALINI Thawisin]
Seri Ruam Thai Party (Thai Liberal Party) or TLP [SERIPHISUT Temiyawet]
Thai Forest Conservation Party or TFCP [DAMRONG Phidet]
Thai Local Power Party or TLP [collective leadership]
Thai Raksa Chat Party (Thai National Preservation Party) [PRICHAPHON Phongpanit]

note: as of 5 April 2018, 98 new parties applied to be registered with the Election Commission in accordance with the provisions of the new organic law on political parties", + "note": "note: as of 5 April 2018, 98 new parties applied to be registered with the Election Commission in accordance with the provisions of the new organic law on political parties" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIMSTEC, BIS, CD, CICA, CP, EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE (partner), PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMOGIP, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador THANI Thongphakdi (since 6 January 2020)" + "text": "Ambassador MANATSAWI Sisodaphon (February 2021)" }, "chancery": { "text": "1024 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Suite 401, Washington, DC 20007" @@ -535,8 +628,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and red; the red color symbolizes the nation and the blood of life, white represents religion and the purity of Buddhism, and blue stands for the monarchy", - "note": "

note: similar to the flag of Costa Rica but with the blue and red colors reversed

" + "text": "five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and red; the red color symbolizes the nation and the blood of life, white represents religion and the purity of Buddhism, and blue stands for the monarchy

note: similar to the flag of Costa Rica but with the blue and red colors reversed", + "note": "note: similar to the flag of Costa Rica but with the blue and red colors reversed" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "garuda (mythical half-man, half-bird figure), elephant; national colors: red, white, blue" @@ -548,7 +641,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Luang SARANUPRAPAN/Phra JENDURIYANG" }, - "note": "

note: music adopted 1932, lyrics adopted 1939; by law, people are required to stand for the national anthem at 0800 and 1800 every day; the anthem is played in schools, offices, theaters, and on television and radio during this time; \"Phleng Sanlasoen Phra Barami\" (A Salute to the Monarch) serves as the royal anthem and is played in the presence of the royal family and during certain state ceremonies

" + "note": "note: music adopted 1932, lyrics adopted 1939; by law, people are required to stand for the national anthem at 0800 and 1800 every day; the anthem is played in schools, offices, theaters, and on television and radio during this time; \"Phleng Sanlasoen Phra Barami\" (A Salute to the Monarch) serves as the royal anthem and is played in the presence of the royal family and during certain state ceremonies" } }, "Economy": { @@ -598,7 +691,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$1,205,674,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$543.798 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -613,7 +706,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$17,421 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -658,8 +751,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "80.1 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "92.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "84.6 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "67.9 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -694,7 +796,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "7.2% (2015 est.)" + "text": "9.9% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -733,7 +835,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "41.8% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions

" + "note": "note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "1 October - 30 September" @@ -758,10 +860,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 12.4%, US 11.2%, Japan 9.5%, Hong Kong 5.2%, Vietnam 4.9%, Australia 4.5%, Malaysia 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "United States 13%, China 12%, Japan 10%, Vietnam 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "automobiles and parts, computer and parts, jewelry and precious stones, polymers of ethylene in primary forms, refine fuels, electronic integrated circuits, chemical products, rice, fish products, rubber products, sugar, cassava, poultry, machinery and parts, iron and steel and their products" + "text": "office machinery/parts, cars and vehicle parts, integrated circuits, delivery trucks, gold (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -775,10 +877,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 20%, Japan 14.5%, US 6.8%, Malaysia 5.4% (2017)" + "text": "China 22%, Japan 14%, United States 7%, Malaysia 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and parts, crude oil, electrical machinery and parts, chemicals, iron & steel and product, electronic integrated circuit, automobile’s parts, jewelry including silver bars and gold, computers and parts, electrical household appliances, soybean, soybean meal, wheat, cotton, dairy products" + "text": "crude petroleum, integrated circuits, natural gas, vehicle parts, gold (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -888,9 +990,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "193.4 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "355 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -920,7 +1019,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 66; landing points for the AAE-1, FEA, SeaMeWe-3,-4, APG, SJC2, TIS, MCT and AAG submarine cable systems providing links throughout Asia, Australia, Africa, Middle East, Europe, and US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean, 1 Pacific Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "26 digital TV stations in Bangkok broadcast nationally, 6 terrestrial TV stations in Bangkok broadcast nationally via relay stations - 2 of the stations are owned by the military, the other 4 are government-owned or controlled, leased to private enterprise, and all are required to broadcast government-produced news programs twice a day; multi-channel satellite and cable TV subscription services are available; radio frequencies have been allotted for more than 500 government and commercial radio stations; many small community radio stations operate with low-power transmitters (2017)" @@ -961,7 +1060,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "HS (2016)" + "text": "HS" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1052,10 +1151,13 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Royal Thai Armed Forces (Kongthap Thai, RTARF): Royal Thai Army (Kongthap Bok Thai, RTA; includes Thai Rangers (Thahan Phrahan)), Royal Thai Navy (Kongthap Ruea Thai, RTN; includes Royal Thai Marine Corps), Royal Thai Air Force (Kongthap Akaat Thai, RTAF); Office of the Prime Minister: Internal Security Operations Command (ISOC; oversees counter-insurgency operations, as well as countering terrorism, narcotics and weapons trafficking, and other internal security duties); Ministry of Interior: Volunteer Defense Corps (2019)", - "note": "

note: the Thai Rangers (aka Thahan Phrahan or 'Hunter Soldiers’) is a paramilitary force formed in 1978 to clear Communist Party of Thailand guerrillas from mountain strongholds in the country's northeast; it is a light infantry force led by regular officers and non-commissioned officers and comprised of both full‐ and part‐time personnel; it conducts counterinsurgency operations in the southern, predominantly Muslim, region; on the eastern border with Laos and Cambodia, the Rangers have primary responsibility for border surveillance and protection" + "text": "Royal Thai Armed Forces (Kongthap Thai, RTARF): Royal Thai Army (Kongthap Bok Thai, RTA; includes Thai Rangers (Thahan Phrahan)), Royal Thai Navy (Kongthap Ruea Thai, RTN; includes Royal Thai Marine Corps), Royal Thai Air Force (Kongthap Akaat Thai, RTAF); Office of the Prime Minister: Internal Security Operations Command (ISOC; oversees counter-insurgency operations, as well as countering terrorism, narcotics and weapons trafficking, and other internal security duties); Ministry of Interior: Volunteer Defense Corps (2021)

note: the Thai Rangers (aka Thahan Phrahan or 'Hunter Soldiers’) is a paramilitary force formed in 1978 to clear Communist Party of Thailand guerrillas from mountain strongholds in the country's northeast; it is a light infantry force led by regular officers and non-commissioned officers and comprised of both full‐ and part‐time personnel; it conducts counterinsurgency operations in the southern region; on the eastern border with Laos and Cambodia, the Rangers have primary responsibility for border surveillance and protection", + "note": "note: the Thai Rangers (aka Thahan Phrahan or 'Hunter Soldiers’) is a paramilitary force formed in 1978 to clear Communist Party of Thailand guerrillas from mountain strongholds in the country's northeast; it is a light infantry force led by regular officers and non-commissioned officers and comprised of both full‐ and part‐time personnel; it conducts counterinsurgency operations in the southern region; on the eastern border with Laos and Cambodia, the Rangers have primary responsibility for border surveillance and protection" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2020": { + "text": "1.4% of GDP (2020 est.)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "1.3% of GDP (2019)" }, @@ -1067,25 +1169,22 @@ }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "1.6% of GDP (2016)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "1.4% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "estimates for the size of the Royal Thai Armed Forces (RTARF) vary; approximately 360,000 active duty personnel (245,000 Army; 70,000 Navy; 45,000 Air Force); est. 20,000 Thai Rangers; approximately 5-6,000 Internal Security Operations Command (2019)" + "text": "estimates for the size of the Royal Thai Armed Forces (RTARF) vary widely; approximately 350,000 active duty personnel (240,000 Army; 65,000 Navy; 45,000 Air Force); est. 20,000 Thai Rangers; est. 5-6,000 Internal Security Operations Command (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the RTARF has a diverse array of foreign-supplied weapons systems, including a large amount of obsolescent or second-hand US equipment; since 2015, the top suppliers are China, South Korea, Ukraine, and the US (2019 est.)" + "text": "the RTARF has a diverse array of foreign-supplied weapons systems, including a large amount of obsolescent or second-hand US equipment; since 2010, Thailand has received military equipment from nearly 20 countries with China, South Korea, Sweden, Ukraine, and the US as the leading suppliers (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "270 South Sudan (UNMISS) (2020)" + "text": "275 South Sudan (UNMISS) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "21 years of age for compulsory military service; 18 years of age for voluntary military service; males register at 18 years of age; 2-year conscript service obligation based on lottery (2018)" + "text": "21 years of age for compulsory military service; 18 years of age for voluntary military service; males register at 18 years of age; 2-year conscript service obligation based on lottery (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "including the most recent in 2014, the military has conducted 12 successful coups and attempted an additional seven since the fall of absolute monarchy in 1932

since 2004, the military has fought against separatist insurgents in the southern provinces of Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat, as well as parts of Songkhla; the insurgency is rooted in ethnic Malay nationalist resistance to Thai rule that followed the extension of Siamese sovereignty over the Patani Sultanate in the 18th century; the insurgency consists of several armed groups, the largest of which is the Barisan Revolusi Nasional-Koordinasi (BRN-C): since 2004, the fighting has claimed about 7,000 lives; as of 2019, approximately 60,000 security forces, including large numbers of paramilitary troops such as the Thai Rangers, were stationed in the south

 

" + "text": "including the most recent in 2014, the military has attempted nearly 20 coups since the fall of absolute monarchy in 1932

since 2004, the military has fought against separatist insurgents in the southern provinces of Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat, as well as parts of Songkhla; the insurgency is rooted in ethnic Malay nationalist resistance to Thai rule that followed the extension of Siamese sovereignty over the Patani Sultanate in the 18th century; the insurgency consists of several armed groups, the largest of which is the Barisan Revolusi Nasional-Koordinasi (BRN-C): since 2018, the Thai military has been negotiating with an umbrella organization, MARA Pattani, that claims to represent the insurgency groups; since 2004, the fighting has claimed about 7,000 lives; as of mid-2020, an estimated 100,000 military and paramilitary forces were deployed in the south to combat the insurgency

 

" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1099,7 +1198,7 @@ "stateless persons": { "text": "475,009 (2019) (estimate represents stateless persons registered with the Thai Government; actual number may be as high as 3.5 million); note - about half of Thailand's northern hill tribe people do not have citizenship and make up the bulk of Thailand's stateless population; most lack documentation showing they or one of their parents were born in Thailand; children born to Burmese refugees are not eligible for Burmese or Thai citizenship and are stateless; most Chao Lay, maritime nomadic peoples, who travel from island to island in the Andaman Sea west of Thailand are also stateless; stateless Rohingya refugees from Burma are considered illegal migrants by Thai authorities and are detained in inhumane conditions or expelled; stateless persons are denied access to voting, property, education, employment, healthcare, and driving" }, - "note": "

note: Thai nationality was granted to more than 23,000 stateless persons between 2012 and 2016; in 2016, the Government of Thailand approved changes to its citizenship laws that could make 80,000 stateless persons eligible for citizenship, as part of its effort to achieve zero statelessness by 2024 (2018)

" + "note": "note: Thai nationality was granted to more than 23,000 stateless persons between 2012 and 2016; in 2016, the Government of Thailand approved changes to its citizenship laws that could make 80,000 stateless persons eligible for citizenship, as part of its effort to achieve zero statelessness by 2024 (2018)" }, "Trafficking in persons": { "current situation": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/tt.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/tt.json index cc66b8f0..4aaae33d 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/tt.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/tt.json @@ -57,11 +57,11 @@ "text": "mountainous" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Timor Sea, Savu Sea, and Banda Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Foho Tatamailau 2,963 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Timor Sea, Savu Sea, and Banda Sea 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,17 +96,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "floods and landslides are common; earthquakes; tsunamis; tropical cyclones" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution and deterioration of air quality; greenhouse gas emissions; water quality, scarcity, and access; land and soil degradation; forest depletion; widespread use of slash and burn agriculture has led to deforestation and soil erosion; loss of biodiversity" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "Timor comes from the Malay word for \"east\"; the island of Timor is part of the Malay Archipelago and is the largest and easternmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands; the district of Oecussi is an exclave separated from Timor-Leste proper by Indonesia; Timor-Leste has the unique distinction of being the only Asian country located completely in the Southern Hemisphere" } @@ -127,12 +116,15 @@ "text": "Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) (includes Tetun, Mambai, Tokodede, Galoli, Kemak, Baikeno), Melanesian-Papuan (includes Bunak, Fataluku, Bakasai), small Chinese minority" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Tetun Prasa 30.6%, Mambai 16.6%, Makasai 10.5%, Tetun Terik 6.1%, Baikenu 5.9%, Kemak 5.8%, Bunak 5.5%, Tokodede 4%, Fataluku 3.5%, Waima'a 1.8%, Galoli 1.4%, Naueti 1.4%, Idate 1.2%, Midiki 1.2%, other 4.5%", - "note": "

note: data represent population by mother tongue; Tetun and Portuguese are official languages; Indonesian and English are working languages; there are about 32 indigenous languages

" + "text": "Tetun Prasa 30.6%, Mambai 16.6%, Makasai 10.5%, Tetun Terik 6.1%, Baikenu 5.9%, Kemak 5.8%, Bunak 5.5%, Tokodede 4%, Fataluku 3.5%, Waima'a 1.8%, Galoli 1.4%, Naueti 1.4%, Idate 1.2%, Midiki 1.2%, other 4.5%

note: data represent population by mother tongue; Tetun and Portuguese are official languages; Indonesian and English are working languages; there are about 32 indigenous languages", + "note": "note: data represent population by mother tongue; Tetun and Portuguese are official languages; Indonesian and English are working languages; there are about 32 indigenous languages" }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 97.6%, Protestant/Evangelical 2%, Muslim 0.2%, other 0.2% (2015 est.)" }, + "Demographic profile": { + "text": "

Timor-Leste’s high fertility and population growth rates sustain its very youthful age structure – approximately 40% of the population is below the age of 15 and the country’s median age is 20.  While Timor-Leste’s total fertility rate (TFR) – the average number of births per woman – decreased significantly from over 7 in the early 2000s, it remains high at 4.3 in 2021 and will probably continue to decline slowly.  The low use of contraceptives and the traditional preference for large families is keeping fertility elevated.  The high TFR and falling mortality rates continue to fuel a high population growth rate of nearly 2.2%, which is the highest in Southeast Asia.  The country’s high total dependency ratio – a measure of the ratio of dependents to the working-age population – could divert more government spending toward social programs. Timor-Leste’s growing, poorly educated working-age population and insufficient job creation are ongoing problems.  Some 70% of the population lives in rural areas, where most of people are dependent on the agricultural sector.  Malnutrition and poverty are prevalent, with 42% of the population living under the poverty line as of 2014.

During the Indonesian occupation (1975-1999) and Timor-Leste’s fight for independence, approximately 250,000 Timorese fled to western Timor and, in lesser numbers, Australia, Portugal, and other countries. Many of these emigrants later returned.  Since Timor-Leste’s 1999 independence referendum, economic motives and periods of conflict have been the main drivers of emigration.  Bilateral labor agreements with Australia, Malaysia, and South Korea and the presence of Timorese populations abroad, are pull factors, but the high cost prevents many young Timorese from emigrating.  Timorese communities are found in its former colonizers, Indonesia and Portugal, as well as the Philippines and the UK.  The country has also become a destination for migrants in the surrounding region, mainly men seeking work in construction, commerce, and services in Dili.

" + }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "39.96% (male 284,353/female 268,562)" @@ -195,7 +187,7 @@ "text": "31.3% of total population (2020)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.35% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "3.31% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -225,8 +217,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "22.1 years (2009/10 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "22.1 years (2009/10 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "142 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -374,6 +366,101 @@ "text": "one of only two predominantly Christian nations in Southeast Asia, the other being the Philippines" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution and deterioration of air quality; greenhouse gas emissions; water quality, scarcity, and access; land and soil degradation; forest depletion; widespread use of slash and burn agriculture has led to deforestation and soil erosion; loss of biodiversity" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "17.88 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.5 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "4.74 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "99 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.071 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "8.215 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "25.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 10.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 4.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 10.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "49.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "25.8% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.13% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "31.3% of total population (2020)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.31% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever and malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "63,875 tons (2016 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -394,7 +481,7 @@ "etymology": { "text": "timor\" derives from the Indonesian and Malay word \"timur\" meaning \"east\"; \"leste\" is the Portuguese word for \"east\", so \"Timor-Leste\" literally means \"Eastern-East\"; the local [Tetum] name \"Timor Lorosa'e\" translates as \"East Rising Sun\"" }, - "note": "

note: pronounced TEE-mor LESS-tay

" + "note": "note: pronounced TEE-mor LESS-tay" }, "Government type": { "text": "semi-presidential republic" @@ -411,8 +498,8 @@ } }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "12 municipalities (municipios, singular municipio) and 1 special adminstrative region* (regiao administrativa especial); Aileu, Ainaro, Baucau, Bobonaro (Maliana), Covalima (Suai), Dili, Ermera (Gleno), Lautem (Lospalos), Liquica, Manatuto, Manufahi (Same), Oe-Cusse Ambeno* (Pante Macassar), Viqueque", - "note": "

note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)

" + "text": "12 municipalities (municipios, singular municipio) and 1 special adminstrative region* (regiao administrativa especial); Aileu, Ainaro, Baucau, Bobonaro (Maliana), Covalima (Suai), Dili, Ermera (Gleno), Lautem (Lospalos), Liquica, Manatuto, Manufahi (Same), Oe-Cusse Ambeno* (Pante Macassar), Viqueque

note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)", + "note": "note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)" }, "Independence": { "text": "20 May 2002 (from Indonesia); note - 28 November 1975 was the date independence was proclaimed from Portugal; 20 May 2002 was the date of international recognition of Timor-Leste's independence from Indonesia" @@ -489,7 +576,7 @@ "subordinate courts": { "text": "Court of Appeal; High Administrative, Tax, and Audit Court; district courts; magistrates' courts; military courts" }, - "note": "

note: the UN Justice System Programme, launched in 2003 and being rolled out in 4 phases through 2018, is helping strengthen the country's justice system; the Programme is aligned with the country's long-range Justice Sector Strategic Plan, which includes legal reforms

" + "note": "note: the UN Justice System Programme, launched in 2003 and being rolled out in 4 phases through 2018, is helping strengthen the country's justice system; the Programme is aligned with the country's long-range Justice Sector Strategic Plan, which includes legal reforms" }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "Alliance for Change and Progress or AMP [Xanana GUSMAO] (alliance includes CNRT, KHUNTO, PLP)
Democratic Development Forum or DDF
Democratic Party or PD
Frenti-Mudanca [Jose Luis GUTERRES]
Kmanek Haburas Unidade Nasional Timor Oan or KHUNTO
National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction or CNRT [Kay Rala Xanana GUSMAO]
People's Liberation Party or PLP [Taur Matan RUAK]
Revolutionary Front of Independent Timor-Leste or FRETILIN [Mari ALKATIRI]" @@ -499,7 +586,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Isilio Antonio De Fatima COELHO DA SILVA (since 6 January 2020)" + "text": "Ambassador Domingos Sarmento ALVES (since May 2014)" }, "chancery": { "text": "4201 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 504, Washington, DC 20008" @@ -513,7 +600,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Charge' d'Affaires Elias PARRA (November 2020)" + "text": "Ambassador C. Kevin BLACKSTONE (since 22 December 2020)" }, "telephone": { "text": "(670) 332-4684, EMER: +(670) 7723-1328" @@ -541,7 +628,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Fransisco Borja DA COSTA/Afonso DE ARAUJO" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 2002; the song was first used as an anthem when Timor-Leste declared its independence from Portugal in 1975; the lyricist, Francisco Borja DA COSTA, was killed in the Indonesian invasion just days after independence was declared

" + "note": "note: adopted 2002; the song was first used as an anthem when Timor-Leste declared its independence from Portugal in 1975; the lyricist, Francisco Borja DA COSTA, was killed in the Indonesian invasion just days after independence was declared" } }, "Economy": { @@ -577,11 +664,11 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$3.91 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { - "text": "$2.775 billion (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: non-oil GDP

" + "text": "$2.775 billion (2017 est.)

note: non-oil GDP", + "note": "note: non-oil GDP" }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2019": { @@ -593,7 +680,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$3,145 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -638,8 +725,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "39.4 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "89.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "69.9 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "6.1 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -733,9 +829,11 @@ "text": "$18 million (2015 est.)" } }, + "Exports - partners": { + "text": "Singapore 51%, China 20%, Japan 9%, Indonesia 6% (2019)" + }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "oil, coffee, sandalwood, marble", - "note": "

note: potential for vanilla exports

" + "text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, coffee, various vegetables, scrap iron (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -745,8 +843,11 @@ "text": "$558.6 million (2016 est.)" } }, + "Imports - partners": { + "text": "Indonesia 39%, China 27%, Singapore 10%, Malaysia 5% (2019)" + }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "food, gasoline, kerosene, machinery" + "text": "refined petroleum, cars, cement, delivery trucks, motorcycles (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -755,7 +856,7 @@ "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2015": { "text": "$437.8 million (31 December 2015 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: excludes assets of approximately $9.7 billion in the Petroleum Fund (31 December 2010)

" + "note": "note: excludes assets of approximately $9.7 billion in the Petroleum Fund (31 December 2010)" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 31 December 2014": { @@ -797,7 +898,7 @@ "text": "600 kW NA (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - from fossil fuels": { - "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)" + "text": "100% of total installed capacity (2018 est.)" }, "Electricity - from nuclear fuels": { "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" @@ -806,7 +907,7 @@ "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Electricity - from other renewable sources": { - "text": "100% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2018 est.)" }, "Crude oil - production": { "text": "33,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)" @@ -846,9 +947,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "200 billion cu m (1 January 2006 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "533,400 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -878,7 +976,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 670;  international service is available; partnership with Australia telecom companies for potential deployment of a submarine fiber-optic link (NWCS); geostationary earth orbit satellite" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "7 TV stations (3 nationwide satellite coverage; 2 terrestrial coverage, mostly in Dili; 2 cable) and 21 radio stations (3 nationwide coverage) (2019)" @@ -913,7 +1011,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "4W (2016)" + "text": "4W" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -972,7 +1070,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Timor-Leste Defense Force (Falintil-Forcas de Defesa de Timor-L'este, Falintil (F-FDTL)): Headquarters with Land and Naval components (2019)" + "text": "Timor-Leste Defense Force (Falintil-Forcas de Defesa de Timor-L'este, Falintil (F-FDTL)): Joint Headquarters with Land, Air, Naval, Service Support, and Education/Training components (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -992,10 +1090,10 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Timor-Leste Defense Force (F-FDLT) is comprised of approximately 2,000 troops (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Timor-Leste Defense Force is comprised of approximately 2,000 personnel (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "Timor-Leste Defense Force's limited inventory consists of equipment donated by other countries; the only known deliveries of major arms to Timor-Leste since 2010 are naval patrol craft from China and South Korea (2019 est.)" + "text": "Timor-Leste Defense Force's limited inventory consists of equipment donated by other countries; the only recorded deliveries of major arms to Timor-Leste since 2010 are naval patrol craft from China and South Korea (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; 18-month service obligation (2019)" diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/tw.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/tw.json index 0ea89f3b..e9531915 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/tw.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/tw.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "3,720 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and Quemoy islands

" + "note": "note: includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and Quemoy islands" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly smaller than Maryland and Delaware combined" @@ -52,14 +52,14 @@ "text": "eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling plains in west" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,150 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Yu Shan 3,952 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "South China Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Yu Shan 3,952 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,150 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -88,14 +88,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

earthquakes; typhoons

volcanism: Kueishantao Island (401 m), east of Taiwan, is its only historically active volcano, although it has not erupted in centuries

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution; water pollution from industrial emissions, raw sewage; contamination of drinking water supplies; trade in endangered species; low-level radioactive waste disposal" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements because of Taiwan's international status" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location adjacent to both the Taiwan Strait and the Luzon Strait" } @@ -111,11 +103,11 @@ "adjective": { "text": "Taiwan (or Taiwanese)" }, - "note": "

note: example - he or she is from Taiwan; they are from Taiwan

" + "note": "note: example - he or she is from Taiwan; they are from Taiwan" }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Han Chinese (including Hoklo, who compose approximately 70% of Taiwan's population, Hakka, and other groups originating in mainland China) more than 95%, indigenous Malayo-Polynesian peoples 2.3%", - "note": "

note 1: there are 16 officially recognized indigenous groups: Amis, Atayal, Bunun, Hla'alua, Kanakaravu, Kavalan, Paiwan, Puyuma, Rukai, Saisiyat, Sakizaya, Seediq, Thao, Truku, Tsou, and Yami; Amis, Paiwan, and Atayal are the largest and account for roughly 70% of the indigenous population

note 2: although not definitive, the majority of current genetic, archeological, and linguistic data support the theory that Taiwan is the ultimate source for the spread of humans across the Pacific to Polynesia; the expansion (ca. 3000 B.C. to A.D. 1200) took place via the Philippines and eastern Indonesia and reached Fiji and Tonga by about 900 B.C.; from there voyagers spread across all of the rest of the Pacific islands over the next two millennia

" + "text": "Han Chinese (including Hoklo, who compose approximately 70% of Taiwan's population, Hakka, and other groups originating in mainland China) more than 95%, indigenous Malayo-Polynesian peoples 2.3%

note 1: there are 16 officially recognized indigenous groups: Amis, Atayal, Bunun, Hla'alua, Kanakaravu, Kavalan, Paiwan, Puyuma, Rukai, Saisiyat, Sakizaya, Seediq, Thao, Truku, Tsou, and Yami; Amis, Paiwan, and Atayal are the largest and account for roughly 70% of the indigenous population

note 2: although not definitive, the majority of current genetic, archeological, and linguistic data support the theory that Taiwan is the ultimate source for the spread of humans across the Pacific to Polynesia; the expansion (ca. 3000 B.C. to A.D. 1200) took place via the Philippines and eastern Indonesia and reached Fiji and Tonga by about 900 B.C.; from there voyagers spread across all of the rest of the Pacific islands over the next two millennia", + "note": "note 1: there are 16 officially recognized indigenous groups: Amis, Atayal, Bunun, Hla'alua, Kanakaravu, Kavalan, Paiwan, Puyuma, Rukai, Saisiyat, Sakizaya, Seediq, Thao, Truku, Tsou, and Yami; Amis, Paiwan, and Atayal are the largest and account for roughly 70% of the indigenous population

note 2: although not definitive, the majority of current genetic, archeological, and linguistic data support the theory that Taiwan is the ultimate source for the spread of humans across the Pacific to Polynesia; the expansion (ca. 3000 B.C. to A.D. 1200) took place via the Philippines and eastern Indonesia and reached Fiji and Tonga by about 900 B.C.; from there voyagers spread across all of the rest of the Pacific islands over the next two millennia" }, "Languages": { "text": "Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min Nan), Hakka dialects, approximately 16 indigenous languages" @@ -182,10 +174,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "78.9% of total population (2020)" + "text": "79.3% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.8% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.65% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -266,6 +258,44 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution; water pollution from industrial emissions, raw sewage; contamination of drinking water supplies; trade in endangered species; low-level radioactive waste disposal" + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "67 cubic meters (2011)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); persistent and extensive cloudiness all year" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "22.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 16.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 5.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "77.3% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "79.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.65% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "7.336 million tons (2015 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -300,11 +330,11 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the Chinese meaning is \"Northern Taiwan,\" reflecting the city's position in the far north of the island" + "note": "etymology: the Chinese meaning is \"Northern Taiwan,\" reflecting the city's position in the far north of the island" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "

includes main island of Taiwan plus smaller islands nearby and off coast of China's Fujian Province; Taiwan is divided into 13 counties (xian, singular and plural), 3 cities (shi, singular and plural), and 6 special municipalities directly under the jurisdiction of the Executive Yuan

counties: Changhua, Chiayi, Hsinchu, Hualien, Kinmen, Lienchiang, Miaoli, Nantou, Penghu, Pingtung, Taitung, Yilan, Yunlin

cities: Chiayi, Hsinchu, Keelung

special municipalities: Kaohsiung (city), New Taipei (city), Taichung (city), Tainan (city), Taipei (city), Taoyuan (city)

", - "note": "

note: Taiwan uses a variety of romanization systems; while a modified Wade-Giles system still dominates, the city of Taipei has adopted a Pinyin romanization for street and place names within its boundaries; other local authorities use different romanization systems

" + "text": "

includes main island of Taiwan plus smaller islands nearby and off coast of China's Fujian Province; Taiwan is divided into 13 counties (xian, singular and plural), 3 cities (shi, singular and plural), and 6 special municipalities directly under the jurisdiction of the Executive Yuan

counties: Changhua, Chiayi, Hsinchu, Hualien, Kinmen, Lienchiang, Miaoli, Nantou, Penghu, Pingtung, Taitung, Yilan, Yunlin

cities: Chiayi, Hsinchu, Keelung

special municipalities: Kaohsiung (city), New Taipei (city), Taichung (city), Tainan (city), Taipei (city), Taoyuan (city)



note: Taiwan uses a variety of romanization systems; while a modified Wade-Giles system still dominates, the city of Taipei has adopted a Pinyin romanization for street and place names within its boundaries; other local authorities use different romanization systems", + "note": "note: Taiwan uses a variety of romanization systems; while a modified Wade-Giles system still dominates, the city of Taipei has adopted a Pinyin romanization for street and place names within its boundaries; other local authorities use different romanization systems" }, "National holiday": { "text": "Republic Day (National Day), 10 October (1911); note - celebrates the anniversary of the Chinese Revolution, also known as Double Ten (10-10) Day" @@ -383,8 +413,8 @@ "text": "Democratic Progressive Party or DPP [CHO Jung-tai]
Kuomintang or KMT (Nationalist Party) [WU Den-yih]
New Power Party or NPP [CHIU Hsien-chih]
Non-Partisan Solidarity Union or NPSU [LIN Pin-kuan]
People First Party or PFP [James SOONG Chu-yu]" }, "International organization participation": { - "text": "ADB (Taipei, China), APEC (Chinese Taipei), BCIE, IOC, ITUC (NGOs), SICA (observer), WTO (Taipei, China);", - "note": "

note - separate customs territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu" + "text": "ADB (Taipei, China), APEC (Chinese Taipei), BCIE, IOC, ITUC (NGOs), SICA (observer), WTO (Taipei, China);

note - separate customs territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu", + "note": "note - separate customs territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { @@ -409,8 +439,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "red field with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays; the blue and white design of the canton (symbolizing the sun of progress) dates to 1895; it was later adopted as the flag of the Kuomintang Party; blue signifies liberty, justice, and democracy, red stands for fraternity, sacrifice, and nationalism, and white represents equality, frankness, and the people's livelihood; the 12 rays of the sun are those of the months and the twelve traditional Chinese hours (each ray equals two hours)", - "note": "

note: similar to the flag of Samoa

" + "text": "red field with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays; the blue and white design of the canton (symbolizing the sun of progress) dates to 1895; it was later adopted as the flag of the Kuomintang Party; blue signifies liberty, justice, and democracy, red stands for fraternity, sacrifice, and nationalism, and white represents equality, frankness, and the people's livelihood; the 12 rays of the sun are those of the months and the twelve traditional Chinese hours (each ray equals two hours)

note: similar to the flag of Samoa", + "note": "note: similar to the flag of Samoa" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "white, 12-rayed sun on blue field; national colors: blue, white, red" @@ -422,7 +452,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "HU Han-min, TAI Chi-t'ao, and LIAO Chung-k'ai/CHENG Mao-Yun" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1930; also the song of the Kuomintang Party; it is informally known as \"San Min Chu I\" or \"San Min Zhu Yi\" (Three Principles of the People); because of political pressure from China, \"Guo Qi Ge\" (National Banner Song) is used at international events rather than the official anthem of Taiwan; the \"National Banner Song\" has gained popularity in Taiwan and is commonly used during flag raisings

" + "note": "note: adopted 1930; also the song of the Kuomintang Party; it is informally known as \"San Min Chu I\" or \"San Min Zhu Yi\" (Three Principles of the People); because of political pressure from China, \"Guo Qi Ge\" (National Banner Song) is used at international events rather than the official anthem of Taiwan; the \"National Banner Song\" has gained popularity in Taiwan and is commonly used during flag raisings" } }, "Economy": { @@ -472,7 +502,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$1,083,384,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$611.391 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -484,7 +514,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$23,865 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -529,8 +559,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "80.9 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "94.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "84.9 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "75.1 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -604,7 +643,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "36.2% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data for central government

" + "note": "note: data for central government" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -629,10 +668,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 27.9%, US 14.1%, Hong Kong 12.3%, Japan 7.1%, Singapore 5.5%, South Korea 5.1% (2019)" + "text": "China 26%, United States 14%, Hong Kong 12%, Japan 7%, Singapore 7%, South Korea 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "semiconductors, petrochemicals, automobile/auto parts, ships, wireless communication equipment, flat display displays, steel, electronics, plastics, computers" + "text": "integrated circuits, office machinery/parts, computers, refined petroleum, liquid crystal displays (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -646,10 +685,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 20.1%, Japan 15.4%, US 12.3%, South Korea 6.2% (2019)" + "text": "China 21%, Japan 16%, United States 11%, South Korea 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "oil/petroleum, semiconductors, natural gas, coal, steel, computers, wireless communication equipment, automobiles, fine chemicals, textiles" + "text": "integrated circuits, crude petroleum, photography equipment, natural gas, refined petroleum (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -754,9 +793,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "6.229 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "348.8 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -786,7 +822,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 886; landing points for the EAC-C2C, APCN-2, FASTER, SJC2, TSE-1, TPE, APG, SeaMeWe-3, FLAG North Asia Loop/REACH North Asia Loop, HKA, NCP, and PLCN submarine fiber cables provide links throughout Asia, Australia, the Middle East, Europe, Africa and the US; satellite earth stations - 2 (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "5 nationwide television networks operating roughly 22 TV stations; more than 300 satellite TV channels are available; about 60% of households utilize multi-channel cable TV; 99.9% of households subscribe to digital cable TV; national and regional radio networks with about 171 radio stations (2019)" @@ -821,7 +857,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "B (2016)" + "text": "B" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -875,7 +911,7 @@ "narrow gauge": { "text": "1,118.1 km 1.067-m gauge (793.9 km electrified) (2018)" }, - "note": "

150 0.762-m gauge\n

note: the 0.762-gauge track belongs to three entities: the Forestry Bureau, Taiwan Cement, and TaiPower

" + "note": "150 0.762-m gauge\nnote: the 0.762-gauge track belongs to three entities: the Forestry Bureau, Taiwan Cement, and TaiPower" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -910,30 +946,31 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Taiwan Armed Forces: Army, Navy (includes Marine Corps), Air Force, Military Police Command, Armed Forces Reserve Command; Taiwan Coast Guard Administration (a law enforcement organization with homeland security functions during peacetime and national defense missions during wartime) (2020)" + "text": "Taiwan Armed Forces: Army, Navy (includes Marine Corps), Air Force; Taiwan Coast Guard Administration (a law enforcement organization with homeland security functions during peacetime and national defense missions during wartime) (2021)

note - the Armed Forces also have Military Police and Armed Forces Reserve commands", + "note": "note - the Armed Forces also have Military Police and Armed Forces Reserve commands" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2020": { + "text": "2.3% of GDP (2020 est.)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "1.7% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "2.1% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "1.7% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "1.8% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "1.8% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "1.8% of GDP (2016)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "1.9% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Taiwan military has approximately 170,000 active duty troops (90,000 Army; 40,000 Navy; 40,000 Air Force) (2019)" + "text": "the Taiwan military has approximately 170,000 active duty troops (90,000 Army; 40,000 Navy, including approximately 10,000 marines; 40,000 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Taiwan military is armed mostly with second-hand weapons and equipment provided by the US; Taiwan also has a domestic defense industry capable of upgrading some weapons systems and building surface naval craft and submarines (2019)" + "text": "the Taiwan military is armed mostly with second-hand weapons and equipment provided by the US; Taiwan also has a domestic defense industry capable of upgrading some weapons systems and building surface naval craft and submarines (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "starting with those born in 1994, males 18-36 years of age may volunteer for military service or must complete 4 months of compulsory military training (or substitute civil service in some cases); men born before December 1993 are required to complete compulsory service for 1 year (military or civil); men are subject to training recalls up to four times for periods not to exceed 20 days for 8 years after discharge; women may enlist, but are restricted to noncombat roles in most cases; as part of its transition to an all-volunteer military in December 2018, the last cohort of one-year military conscripts completed their service obligations (2019)" diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/vm.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/vm.json index 094e7c9d..c40bba6d 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/vm.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/vm.json @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly, mountainous in far north and northwest" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "398 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Fan Si Pan 3,144 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "South China Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Fan Si Pan 3,144 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "398 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,17 +102,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding, especially in the Mekong River delta" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "logging and slash-and-burn agricultural practices contribute to deforestation and soil degradation; water pollution and overfishing threaten marine life populations; groundwater contamination limits potable water supply; air pollution; growing urban industrialization and population migration are rapidly degrading environment in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "note 1: extending 1,650 km north to south, the country is only 50 km across at its narrowest point

note 2: Son Doong in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park is the world's largest cave (greatest cross sectional area) and is the largest known cave passage in the world by volume; it currently measures a total of 38.5 million cu m (about 1.35 billion cu ft); it connects to Thung cave (but not yet officially); when recognized, it will add an additional 1.6 million cu m in volume; Son Doong is so massive that it contains its own jungle, underground river, and localized weather system; clouds form inside the cave and spew out from its exits and two dolines (openings (sinkhole skylights) created by collapsed ceilings that allow sunlight to stream in)

" } @@ -130,8 +119,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Kinh (Viet) 85.7%, Tay 1.9%, Thai 1.8%, Muong 1.5%, Khmer 1.5%, Mong 1.2%, Nung 1.1%, Hoa 1%, other 4.3% (2009 est.)", - "note": "

note: 54 ethnic groups are recognized by the Vietnamese Government

" + "text": "Kinh (Viet) 85.7%, Tay 1.9%, Thai 1.8%, Muong 1.5%, Khmer 1.5%, Mong 1.2%, Nung 1.1%, Hoa 1%, other 4.3% (2009 est.)

note: 54 ethnic groups are recognized by the Vietnamese Government", + "note": "note: 54 ethnic groups are recognized by the Vietnamese Government" }, "Languages": { "text": "Vietnamese (official), English (increasingly favored as a second language), some French, Chinese, and Khmer, mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)" @@ -139,6 +128,9 @@ "Religions": { "text": "Buddhist 7.9%, Catholic 6.6%, Hoa Hao 1.7%, Cao Dai 0.9%, Protestant 0.9%, Muslim 0.1%, none 81.8% (2009 est.)" }, + "Demographic profile": { + "text": "

When Vietnam was reunified in 1975, the country had a youthful age structure and a high fertility rate.  The population growth rate slowed dramatically during the next 25 years, as fertility declined and infant mortality and life expectancy improved.  The country’s adoption of a one-or-two-child policy in 1988 led to increased rates of contraception and abortion.  The total fertility rate dropped rapidly from nearly 5 in 1979 to 2.1 or replacement level in 1990, and at 1.8 is below replacement level today.  Fertility is higher in the more rural central highlands and northern uplands, which are inhabited primarily by poorer ethnic minorities, and is lower among the majority Kinh, ethnic Chinese, and a few other ethnic groups, particularly in urban centers.  With more than two-thirds of the population of working age (15-64), Vietnam has the potential to reap a demographic dividend for approximately three decades (between 2010 and 2040).  However, its ability to do so will depend on improving the quality of education and training for its workforce and creating jobs.  The Vietnamese Government is also considering changes to the country’s population policy because if the country’s fertility rate remains below replacement level, it could lead to a worker shortage in the future.

Vietnam has experienced both internal migration and net emigration, both for humanitarian and economic reasons, for the last several decades.  Internal migration – rural-rural and rural-urban, temporary and permanent – continues to be a means of coping with Vietnam’s extreme weather and flooding.  Although Vietnam’s population is still mainly rural, increasing numbers of young men and women have been drawn to the country’s urban centers where they are more likely to find steady jobs and higher pay in the growing industrial and service sectors.

The aftermath of the Vietnam War in 1975 resulted in an outpouring of approximately 1.6 million Vietnamese refugees over the next two decades.  Between 1975 and 1997, programs such as the Orderly Departure Program and the Comprehensive Plan of Action resettled hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese refugees abroad, including the United States (880,000), China (260,000, mainly ethnic Chinese Hoa), Canada (160,000), Australia (155,000), and European countries (150,000). 

In the 1980s, some Vietnamese students and workers began to migrate to allied communist countries, including the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and East Germany.  The vast majority returned home following the fall of communism in Eastern Europe in the early 1990s.  Since that time, Vietnamese labor migrants instead started to pursue opportunities in Asia and the Middle East.  They often perform low-skilled jobs under harsh conditions for low pay and are vulnerable to forced labor, including debt bondage to the private brokers who arrange the work contracts.  Despite Vietnam’s current labor surplus, the country has in recent years attracted some foreign workers, mainly from China and other Asian countries." + }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { "text": "22.61% (male 11,733,704/female 10,590,078)" @@ -198,10 +190,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "37.3% of total population (2020)" + "text": "38.1% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.98% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.7% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -355,13 +347,114 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "6.9%" + "text": "7.6%" }, "male": { - "text": "6%" + "text": "6.6%" }, "female": { - "text": "7.9% (2018 est.)" + "text": "8.9% (2020 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "logging and slash-and-burn agricultural practices contribute to deforestation and soil degradation; water pollution and overfishing threaten marine life populations; groundwater contamination limits potable water supply; air pollution; growing urban industrialization and population migration are rapidly degrading environment in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "29.66 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "192.67 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "110.4 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "1.206 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "3.074 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "77.75 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "884.12 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (May to September) and warm, dry season (October to March)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "34.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 20.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 12.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 2.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "45% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "20.2% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "1.49% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.35% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "38.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.7% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever, malaria, and Japanese encephalitis" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "9,570,300 tons (2011 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "2,201,169 tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "23% (2014 est.)" } } }, @@ -399,7 +492,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the city has had many names in its history going back to A.D. 1010 when it first became the capital of imperial Vietnam; in 1831, it received its current name of Ha Noi, meaning \"between the rivers,\" which refers to its geographic location" + "note": "etymology: the city has had many names in its history going back to A.D. 1010 when it first became the capital of imperial Vietnam; in 1831, it received its current name of Ha Noi, meaning \"between the rivers,\" which refers to its geographic location" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "

58 provinces (tinh, singular and plural) and 5 municipalities (thanh pho, singular and plural)

provinces: An Giang, Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Bac Lieu, Bac Ninh, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Ben Tre, Binh Dinh, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, Binh Thuan, Ca Mau, Cao Bang, Dak Lak, Dak Nong, Dien Bien, Dong Nai, Dong Thap, Gia Lai, Ha Giang, Ha Nam, Ha Tinh, Hai Duong, Hau Giang, Hoa Binh, Hung Yen, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Long An, Nam Dinh, Nghe An, Ninh Binh, Ninh Thuan, Phu Tho, Phu Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Soc Trang, Son La, Tay Ninh, Thai Binh, Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien-Hue, Tien Giang, Tra Vinh, Tuyen Quang, Vinh Long, Vinh Phuc, Yen Bai

municipalities: Can Tho, Da Nang, Ha Noi (Hanoi), Hai Phong, Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon)

" @@ -443,13 +536,13 @@ }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { - "text": "President Nguyen Phu TRONG (since 23 October 2018); note - President Tran Dai QUANG (since 2 April 2016) died on 21 September 2018 " + "text": "President Nguyen Xuan PHUC (since 5 April 2021)" }, "head of government": { - "text": "Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan PHUC (since 7 April 2016); Deputy Prime Ministers Truong Hoa BINH (since 9 April 2016), Vuong Dinh HUE (since 9 April 2016), Vu Duc DAM (since 13 November 2013), Trinh Dinh DUNG (since 9 April 2016), Pham Binh MINH (since 13 November 2013) " + "text": "Prime Minister  Pham Minh CHINH (since 5 April 2021); Deputy Prime Ministers Truong Hoa BINH (since 9 April 2016), Le Minh KHAI (since 8 April 2021), Vu Duc DAM (since 13 November 2013), Le Van THANH (since 8 April 2021), Pham Binh MINH (since 13 November 2013" }, "cabinet": { - "text": "Cabinet proposed by prime minister confirmed by the National Assembly and appointed by the president " + "text": "Cabinet proposed by prime minister confirmed by the National Assembly and appointed by the president" }, "elections/appointments": { "text": "president indirectly elected by National Assembly from among its members for a single 5-year term; election last held on 2 April 2016 (next to be held in spring 2021); prime minister recommended by the president and confirmed by National Assembly; deputy prime ministers confirmed by the National Assembly and appointed by the president" @@ -481,8 +574,8 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Communist Party of Vietnam or CPV [Nguyen Phu TRONG]", - "note": "

note: other parties proscribed

" + "text": "Communist Party of Vietnam or CPV [Nguyen Phu TRONG]

note: other parties proscribed", + "note": "note: other parties proscribed" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, CICA, CP, EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" @@ -540,7 +633,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Nguyen Van CAO" }, - "note": "

note: adopted as the national anthem of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945; it became the national anthem of the unified Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1976; although it consists of two verses, only the first is used as the official anthem

" + "note": "note: adopted as the national anthem of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945; it became the national anthem of the unified Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1976; although it consists of two verses, only the first is used as the official anthem" } }, "Economy": { @@ -587,7 +680,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$676.909 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$259.957 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -602,7 +695,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$7,156 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -647,8 +740,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "69.8 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "85.1 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "70.8 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "62.1 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -683,7 +785,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "8% (2017 est.)" + "text": "6.7% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -722,7 +824,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "59.9% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: official data; data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

" + "note": "note: official data; data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -747,10 +849,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 20.1%, China 14.5%, Japan 8%, South Korea 6.8% (2017)" + "text": "United States 23%, China 14%, Japan 8%, South Korea 7% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "clothes, shoes, electronics, seafood, crude oil, rice, coffee, wooden products, machinery" + "text": "broadcasting equipment, telephones, integrated circuits, footwear, furniture (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -764,10 +866,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 25.8%, South Korea 20.5%, Japan 7.8%, Thailand 4.9% (2017)" + "text": "China 35%, South Korea 18%, Japan 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, petroleum products, steel products, raw materials for the clothing and shoe industries, electronics, plastics, automobiles" + "text": "integrated circuits, telephones, refined petroleum, textiles, semiconductors (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -877,9 +979,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "699.4 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "235.3 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -909,7 +1008,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 84; landing points for the SeaMeWe-3, APG, SJC2, AAE-1, AAG and the TGN-IA submarine cable system providing connectivity to Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, and the US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region) (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "government controls all broadcast media exercising oversight through the Ministry of Information and Communication (MIC); government-controlled national TV provider, Vietnam Television (VTV), operates a network of several channels with regional broadcasting centers; programming is relayed nationwide via a network of provincial and municipal TV stations; law limits access to satellite TV but many households are able to access foreign programming via home satellite equipment; government-controlled Voice of Vietnam, the national radio broadcaster, broadcasts on several channels and is repeated on AM, FM, and shortwave stations throughout Vietnam (2018)" @@ -950,7 +1049,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "VN (2016)" + "text": "VN" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1041,11 +1140,11 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN): PAVN Ground Forces, PAVN Navy (includes naval infantry), PAVN Air Force and Air Defense, Border Defense Force, and Vietnam Coast Guard; Vietnam People's Public Security; Vietnam Civil Defense Force (2019)" + "text": "People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN; aka Vietnam People's Army, VPA): Ground Forces, Navy (includes naval infantry), Air Force and Air Defense, Border Defense Force, and Vietnam Coast Guard; Vietnam People's Public Security; Vietnam Civil Defense Force (2020)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "2.3% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "2.3% of GDP (2018 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "2.3% of GDP (2017)" @@ -1061,16 +1160,16 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "information is limited and estimates of the size of the People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN) vary; approximately 475,000 active duty troops (405,000 ground; 40,000 naval; 30,000 air); est. 40,000 Border Defense Force and Coast Guard (2019)" + "text": "information is limited and estimates of the size of the People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN) vary; approximately 470,000 active duty troops (400,000 ground; 40,000 naval; 30,000 air); est. 40,000 Border Defense Force and Coast Guard (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the PAVN is armed largely with weapons and equipment from Russia and the former Soviet Union; Russia remains the main supplier of newer PAVN military equipment, although in recent years Vietnam has begun diversifying its procurement with purchases from other countries including Belarus, India, Israel, and Ukraine (2019 est.)" + "text": "the PAVN is armed largely with weapons and equipment from Russia and the former Soviet Union; Russia remains the main supplier of newer PAVN military equipment, although in recent years Vietnam has begun diversifying its procurement with purchases from other countries including Belarus, India, Israel, South Korea, and Ukraine (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service (females eligible for conscription, but in practice only males are drafted); conscription typically takes place twice annually and service obligation is 2 years (Army, Air Defense) and 3 years (Navy and Air Force) (2019)" }, "Maritime threats": { - "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia; crews have been murdered or cast adrift; the number of reported incidents increased from two in 2017 to four in 2018, primarily near the port of Vung Tau" + "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia; the number of reported incidents increased from two in 2019 to four in 2020, primarily near the port of Vung Tau" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/europe/al.json b/europe/al.json index 30b1126c..78f94b48 100644 --- a/europe/al.json +++ b/europe/al.json @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ "text": "mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "708 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Maja e Korabit (Golem Korab) 2,764 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Adriatic Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Maja e Korabit (Golem Korab) 2,764 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "708 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,17 +96,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "destructive earthquakes; tsunamis occur along southwestern coast; floods; drought" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution from industrial and domestic effluents; air pollution from industrial and power plants; loss of biodiversity due to lack of resources for sound environmental management" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links Adriatic Sea to Ionian Sea and Mediterranean Sea)" } @@ -124,15 +113,15 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Albanian 82.6%, Greek 0.9%, other 1% (including Vlach, Romani, Macedonian, Montenegrin, and Egyptian), unspecified 15.5% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent population by ethnic and cultural affiliation" + "text": "Albanian 82.6%, Greek 0.9%, other 1% (including Vlach, Romani, Macedonian, Montenegrin, and Egyptian), unspecified 15.5% (2011 est.)

note: data represent population by ethnic and cultural affiliation", + "note": "note: data represent population by ethnic and cultural affiliation" }, "Languages": { "text": "Albanian 98.8% (official - derived from Tosk dialect), Greek 0.5%, other 0.6% (including Macedonian, Romani, Vlach, Turkish, Italian, and Serbo-Croatian), unspecified 0.1% (2011 est.)" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Muslim 56.7%, Roman Catholic 10%, Orthodox 6.8%, atheist 2.5%, Bektashi (a Sufi order) 2.1%, other 5.7%, unspecified 16.2% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious observances prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began allowing private religious practice

" + "text": "Muslim 56.7%, Roman Catholic 10%, Orthodox 6.8%, atheist 2.5%, Bektashi (a Sufi order) 2.1%, other 5.7%, unspecified 16.2% (2011 est.)

note: all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious observances prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began allowing private religious practice", + "note": "note: all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious observances prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began allowing private religious practice" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -193,10 +182,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "62.1% of total population (2020)" + "text": "63% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.69% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.29% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -321,7 +310,7 @@ "text": "21.7% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "1.5% (2017)" + "text": "1.5% (2017/18)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "3.6% of GDP (2017)" @@ -353,13 +342,97 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "31.9%" + "text": "27%" }, "male": { - "text": "34.2%" + "text": "27.8%" }, "female": { - "text": "27.7% (2017 est.)" + "text": "25.9% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution from industrial and domestic effluents; air pollution from industrial and power plants; loss of biodiversity due to lack of resources for sound environmental management" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "17.87 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "4.54 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "2.55 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "283 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "231.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "905 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "30.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "42.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 22.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 17.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "28.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "28.2% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.18% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "63% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.29% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1,142,964 tons (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -400,7 +473,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name Tirana first appears in a 1418 Venetian document; the origin of the name is unclear, but may derive from Tirkan Fortress, whose ruins survive on the slopes of Dajti mountain and which overlooks the city" + "note": "etymology: the name Tirana first appears in a 1418 Venetian document; the origin of the name is unclear, but may derive from Tirkan Fortress, whose ruins survive on the slopes of Dajti mountain and which overlooks the city" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "12 counties (qarqe, singular - qark); Berat, Diber, Durres, Elbasan, Fier, Gjirokaster, Korce, Kukes, Lezhe, Shkoder, Tirane, Vlore" @@ -416,7 +489,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest approved by the Assembly 21 October 1998, adopted by referendum 22 November 1998, promulgated 28 November 1998" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by at least one-fifth of the Assembly membership; passage requires at least a two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; referendum required only if approved by two-thirds of the Assembly; amendments approved by referendum effective upon declaration by the president of the republic; amended several times, last in 2016" + "text": "proposed by at least one-fifth of the Assembly membership; passage requires at least a two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; referendum required only if approved by two-thirds of the Assembly; amendments approved by referendum effective upon declaration by the president of the republic; amended several times, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -534,12 +607,12 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Aleksander Stavre DRENOVA/Ciprian PORUMBESCU" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1912

" + "note": "note: adopted 1912" } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { - "text": "

Albania, a formerly closed, centrally planned state, is a developing country with a modern open-market economy. Albania managed to weather the first waves of the global financial crisis but, the negative effects of the crisis caused a significant economic slowdown. Since 2014, Albania’s economy has steadily improved and economic growth reached 3.8% in 2017. However, close trade, remittance, and banking sector ties with Greece and Italy make Albania vulnerable to spillover effects of possible debt crises and weak growth in the euro zone.

 

Remittances, a significant catalyst for economic growth, declined from 12-15% of GDP before the 2008 financial crisis to 5.8% of GDP in 2015, mostly from Albanians residing in Greece and Italy. The agricultural sector, which accounts for more than 40% of employment but less than one quarter of GDP, is limited primarily to small family operations and subsistence farming, because of a lack of modern equipment, unclear property rights, and the prevalence of small, inefficient plots of land. Complex tax codes and licensing requirements, a weak judicial system, endemic corruption, poor enforcement of contracts and property issues, and antiquated infrastructure contribute to Albania's poor business environment making attracting foreign investment difficult. Since 2015, Albania has launched an ambitious program to increase tax compliance and bring more businesses into the formal economy. In July 2016, Albania passed constitutional amendments reforming the judicial system in order to strengthen the rule of law and to reduce deeply entrenched corruption.

 

Albania’s electricity supply is uneven despite upgraded transmission capacities with neighboring countries. However, the government has recently taken steps to stem non-technical losses and has begun to upgrade the distribution grid. Better enforcement of electricity contracts has improved the financial viability of the sector, decreasing its reliance on budget support. Also, with help from international donors, the government is taking steps to improve the poor road and rail networks, a long standing barrier to sustained economic growth.

 

Inward foreign direct investment has increased significantly in recent years as the government has embarked on an ambitious program to improve the business climate through fiscal and legislative reforms. The government is focused on the simplification of licensing requirements and tax codes, and it entered into a new arrangement with the IMF for additional financial and technical support. Albania’s three-year IMF program, an extended fund facility arrangement, was successfully concluded in February 2017. The Albanian Government has strengthened tax collection amid moderate public wage and pension increases in an effort to reduce its budget deficit. The country continues to face high public debt, exceeding its former statutory limit of 60% of GDP in 2013 and reaching 72% in 2016.

" + "text": "

Albania, a formerly closed, centrally planned state, is a developing country with a modern open-market economy. Albania managed to weather the first waves of the global financial crisis but, the negative effects of the crisis caused a significant economic slowdown. Since 2014, Albania’s economy has steadily improved and economic growth reached 3.8% in 2017. However, close trade, remittance, and banking sector ties with Greece and Italy make Albania vulnerable to spillover effects of possible debt crises and weak growth in the euro zone.

Remittances, a significant catalyst for economic growth, declined from 12-15% of GDP before the 2008 financial crisis to 5.8% of GDP in 2015, mostly from Albanians residing in Greece and Italy. The agricultural sector, which accounts for more than 40% of employment but less than one quarter of GDP, is limited primarily to small family operations and subsistence farming, because of a lack of modern equipment, unclear property rights, and the prevalence of small, inefficient plots of land. Complex tax codes and licensing requirements, a weak judicial system, endemic corruption, poor enforcement of contracts and property issues, and antiquated infrastructure contribute to Albania's poor business environment making attracting foreign investment difficult. Since 2015, Albania has launched an ambitious program to increase tax compliance and bring more businesses into the formal economy. In July 2016, Albania passed constitutional amendments reforming the judicial system in order to strengthen the rule of law and to reduce deeply entrenched corruption.

Albania’s electricity supply is uneven despite upgraded transmission capacities with neighboring countries. However, the government has recently taken steps to stem non-technical losses and has begun to upgrade the distribution grid. Better enforcement of electricity contracts has improved the financial viability of the sector, decreasing its reliance on budget support. Also, with help from international donors, the government is taking steps to improve the poor road and rail networks, a long standing barrier to sustained economic growth.

Inward foreign direct investment has increased significantly in recent years as the government has embarked on an ambitious program to improve the business climate through fiscal and legislative reforms. The government is focused on the simplification of licensing requirements and tax codes, and it entered into a new arrangement with the IMF for additional financial and technical support. Albania’s three-year IMF program, an extended fund facility arrangement, was successfully concluded in February 2017. The Albanian Government has strengthened tax collection amid moderate public wage and pension increases in an effort to reduce its budget deficit. The country continues to face high public debt, exceeding its former statutory limit of 60% of GDP in 2013 and reaching 72% in 2016.

" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2019": { @@ -581,7 +654,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$37.461 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$15.273 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -596,7 +669,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$13,037 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -641,7 +714,16 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "67.7 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "91.8 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "96.3 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { "text": "53.5 (2020)" } }, @@ -675,7 +757,7 @@ "Unemployment rate 2018": { "text": "6.32% (2018 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: these official rates may not include those working at near-subsistence farming

" + "note": "note: these official rates may not include those working at near-subsistence farming" }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "14.3% (2012 est.)" @@ -738,10 +820,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Italy 53.4%, Kosovo 7.7%, Spain 5.6%, Greece 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "Italy 45%, Spain 8%, Germany 6%, Greece 5%, France 4%, China 4% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "apparel and clothing, footwear; asphalt, metals and metallic ores, crude oil; cement and construction materials, vegetables, fruits, tobacco" + "text": "leather footwear and parts, crude petroleum, iron alloys, clothing, electricity, perfumes (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -752,10 +834,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Italy 28.5%, Turkey 8.1%, Germany 8%, Greece 8%, China 7.9%, Serbia 4% (2017)" + "text": "Italy 28%, Greece 12%, China 11%, Turkey 9%, Germany 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, chemicals" + "text": "refined petroleum, cars, tanned hides, packaged medical supplies, footwear parts (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -865,9 +947,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "821.2 million cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "4.5 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -897,7 +976,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 355; submarine cables for the Adria 1 and Italy-Albania provide connectivity to Italy, Croatia, and Greece; a combination submarine cable and land fiber-optic system, provides additional connectivity to Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Turkey; international traffic carried by fiber-optic cable and, when necessary, by microwave radio relay from the Tirana exchange to Italy and Greece (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "Albania has more than 65 TV stations, including several that broadcast nationally; Albanian TV broadcasts are also available to Albanian-speaking populations in neighboring countries; many viewers have access to Italian and Greek TV broadcasts via terrestrial reception; Albania's TV stations have begun a government-mandated conversion from analog to digital broadcast; the government has pledged to provide analog-to-digital converters to low-income families affected by this decision; cable TV service is available; 2 public radio networks and roughly 78 private radio stations; several international broadcasters are available (2019)" @@ -935,7 +1014,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "ZA (2016)" + "text": "ZA" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -992,38 +1071,38 @@ }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "1.47% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "1.3% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "1.3% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "1.31% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "1.2% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "1.16% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "1.1% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "1.11% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "1.1% of GDP (2016)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Albanian military has approximately 7,000 total active duty personnel (5,500 Army; 1,000 Navy; 500 Air Force) (2020 est.)" + "text": "sized estimates for the Albanian military vary; approximately 8,000 total active duty personnel (6,000 Army; 1,500 Navy; 500 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Albanian military was previously equipped with mostly Soviet-era weapons that were sold or destroyed; its inventory now includes a mix of mostly donated and second-hand European and US equipment; since 2010, it has received equipment from France, Germany, Italy, and the US (2019)" + "text": "the Albanian military was previously equipped with mostly Soviet-era weapons that were sold or destroyed; its inventory now includes a mix of mostly donated and second-hand European and US equipment; since 2010, it has received limited amounts of equipment from France, Germany, and the US (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "100 Afghanistan (NATO) (June 2020)" + "text": "100 Afghanistan (NATO) (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "19 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; 18 is the legal minimum age in case of general/partial compulsory mobilization (2012)" + "text": "19 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; 18 is the legal minimum age in case of general/partial compulsory mobilization; conscription abolished 2010 (2019)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T" + "text": "Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1034,7 +1113,7 @@ "stateless persons": { "text": "3,687 (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: 11,365 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-November 2020)" + "note": "note: 11,827 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-January 2021)" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "active transshipment point for Southwest Asian opiates, hashish, and cannabis transiting the Balkan route and - to a lesser extent - cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe; significant source country for cannabis production; ethnic Albanian narcotrafficking organizations active and expanding in Europe; vulnerable to money laundering associated with regional trafficking in narcotics, arms, contraband, and illegal aliens" diff --git a/europe/an.json b/europe/an.json index 9eac93b9..23246c8b 100644 --- a/europe/an.json +++ b/europe/an.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleys" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,996 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Pic de Coma Pedrosa 2,946 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Riu Runer 840 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Pic de Coma Pedrosa 2,946 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,996 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,17 +91,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "avalanches" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation; overgrazing of mountain meadows contributes to soil erosion; air pollution; wastewater treatment and solid waste disposal" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; straddles a number of important crossroads in the Pyrenees" } @@ -119,8 +108,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Andorran 48.8%, Spanish 25.1%, Portuguese 12%, French 4.4%, other 9.7% (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent population by nationality

" + "text": "Andorran 48.8%, Spanish 25.1%, Portuguese 12%, French 4.4%, other 9.7% (2017 est.)

note: data represent population by nationality", + "note": "note: data represent population by nationality" }, "Languages": { "text": "Catalan (official), French, Castilian, Portuguese" @@ -173,10 +162,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "87.9% of total population (2020)" + "text": "87.9% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-0.31% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -309,6 +298,74 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation; overgrazing of mountain meadows contributes to soil erosion; air pollution; wastewater treatment and solid waste disposal" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "9.95 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.47 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.05 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "315.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "40% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 1.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 38.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "34% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "26% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "87.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "43,000 tons (2012 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -343,7 +400,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: translates as \"Andorra the Old\" in Catalan" + "note": "etymology: translates as \"Andorra the Old\" in Catalan" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "7 parishes (parroquies, singular - parroquia); Andorra la Vella, Canillo, Encamp, Escaldes-Engordany, La Massana, Ordino, Sant Julia de Loria" @@ -425,8 +482,8 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Democrats for Andorra or DA [Xaviar ESPOT ZAMORA]
Social Democratic Party or PS [Vicenc ALFY FERRER]
Liberals of Andorra or L'A [Jordi GALLARDO FERNANDEZ]
Third Way/Lauredian Union [Josep PINTAT FORNE]
Social Democracy and Progress or SDP [Victor NAUDI ZAMORA]
United for the Progress of Andorra or UPA [Alfons CLAVERA ARIZTI]", - "note": "

note: Andorra has several smaller parties at the parish level (one is Lauredian Union)

" + "text": "Democrats for Andorra or DA [Xaviar ESPOT ZAMORA]
Social Democratic Party or PS [Vicenc ALFY FERRER]
Liberals of Andorra or L'A [Jordi GALLARDO FERNANDEZ]
Third Way/Lauredian Union [Josep PINTAT FORNE]
Social Democracy and Progress or SDP [Victor NAUDI ZAMORA]
United for the Progress of Andorra or UPA [Alfons CLAVERA ARIZTI]

note: Andorra has several smaller parties at the parish level (one is Lauredian Union)", + "note": "note: Andorra has several smaller parties at the parish level (one is Lauredian Union)" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "CE, FAO, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IFRCS, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITU, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, Union Latina, UNWTO, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WTO (observer)" @@ -451,8 +508,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red, with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the latter band is slightly wider than the other 2 so that the ratio of band widths is 8:9:8; the coat of arms features a quartered shield with the emblems of (starting in the upper left and proceeding clockwise): Urgell, Foix, Bearn, and Catalonia; the motto reads VIRTUS UNITA FORTIOR (Strength United is Stronger); the flag combines the blue and red French colors with the red and yellow of Spain to show Franco-Spanish protection", - "note": "

note: similar to the flags of Chad and Romania, which do not have a national coat of arms in the center, and the flag of Moldova, which does bear a national emblem

" + "text": "three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red, with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the latter band is slightly wider than the other 2 so that the ratio of band widths is 8:9:8; the coat of arms features a quartered shield with the emblems of (starting in the upper left and proceeding clockwise): Urgell, Foix, Bearn, and Catalonia; the motto reads VIRTUS UNITA FORTIOR (Strength United is Stronger); the flag combines the blue and red French colors with the red and yellow of Spain to show Franco-Spanish protection

note: similar to the flags of Chad and Romania, which do not have a national coat of arms in the center, and the flag of Moldova, which does bear a national emblem", + "note": "note: similar to the flags of Chad and Romania, which do not have a national coat of arms in the center, and the flag of Moldova, which does bear a national emblem" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "red cow (breed unspecified); national colors: blue, yellow, red" @@ -464,7 +521,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Joan BENLLOCH i VIVO/Enric MARFANY BONS" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1921; the anthem provides a brief history of Andorra in a first person narrative

" + "note": "note: adopted 1921; the anthem provides a brief history of Andorra in a first person narrative" } }, "Economy": { @@ -508,7 +565,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2013": { "text": "$3.273 billion (2013 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2012 US dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2012 US dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$2.712 billion (2016 est.)" @@ -607,8 +664,11 @@ "text": "$79.57 million (2014 est.)" } }, + "Exports - partners": { + "text": "Spain 40%, France 19%, United States 11%, Mauritania 5% (2019)" + }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "tobacco products, furniture" + "text": "integrated circuits, medical supplies, essential oils, cars, tanned hides (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2015": { @@ -618,8 +678,11 @@ "text": "$1.264 billion (2014 est.)" } }, + "Imports - partners": { + "text": "Spain 71%, France 17% (2019)" + }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "consumer goods, food, fuel, electricity" + "text": "cars, refined petroleum, perfumes, shaving products, liquors (2019)" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 2016": { @@ -738,7 +801,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 376; landline circuits to France and Spain; modern system with microwave radio relay connections between exchanges (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "1 public TV station and 2 public radio stations; about 10 commercial radio stations; good reception of radio and TV broadcasts from stations in France and Spain; upgraded to terrestrial digital TV broadcasting in 2007; roughly 25 international TV channels available (2019)" @@ -765,7 +828,7 @@ }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "C3 (2016)" + "text": "C3" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -775,7 +838,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces; Police Corps of Andorra" + "text": "no regular military forces; Police Corps of Andorra (2021)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "defense is the responsibility of France and Spain" diff --git a/europe/au.json b/europe/au.json index 8558d5c4..4634809f 100644 --- a/europe/au.json +++ b/europe/au.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "mostly mountains (Alps) in the west and south; mostly flat or gently sloping along the eastern and northern margins" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "910 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Grossglockner 3,798 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Neusiedler See 115 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Grossglockner 3,798 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "910 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,17 +91,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "landslides; avalanches; earthquakes" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "some forest degradation caused by air and soil pollution; soil pollution results from the use of agricultural chemicals; air pollution results from emissions by coal- and oil-fired power stations and industrial plants and from trucks transiting Austria between northern and southern Europe; water pollution; the Danube, as well as some of Austria’s other rivers and lakes, are threatened by pollution" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "note 1: landlocked; strategic location at the crossroads of central Europe with many easily traversable Alpine passes and valleys; major river is the Danube; population is concentrated on eastern lowlands because of steep slopes, poor soils, and low temperatures elsewhere

note 2: the world's largest and longest ice cave system at 42 km (26 mi) is the Eisriesenwelt (Ice Giants World) inside the Hochkogel mountain near Werfen, about 40 km south of Salzburg; ice caves are bedrock caves that contain year-round ice formations; they differ from glacial caves, which are transient and are formed by melting ice and flowing water within and under glaciers" } @@ -119,15 +108,15 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Austrian 80.8%, German 2.6%,  Bosnian and Herzegovinian 1.9%, Turkish 1.8%, Serbian 1.6%, Romanian 1.3%, other 10% (2018 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent population by country of birth

" + "text": "Austrian 80.8%, German 2.6%,  Bosnian and Herzegovinian 1.9%, Turkish 1.8%, Serbian 1.6%, Romanian 1.3%, other 10% (2018 est.)

note: data represent population by country of birth", + "note": "note: data represent population by country of birth" }, "Languages": { "text": "German (official nationwide) 88.6%, Turkish 2.3%, Serbian 2.2%, Croatian (official in Burgenland) 1.6%, other (includes Slovene, official in southern Carinthia, and Hungarian, official in Burgenland) 5.3% (2001 est.)" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Catholic 57%, Eastern Orthodox 8.7%, Muslim 7.9%, Evangelical Christian 3.3%, other/none/unspecified 23.1% (2018 est.)", - "note": "

note:  data on Muslim is a 2016 estimate; data on other/none/unspecified are from 2012-2018 estimates" + "text": "Catholic 57%, Eastern Orthodox 8.7%, Muslim 7.9%, Evangelical Christian 3.3%, other/none/unspecified 23.1% (2018 est.)

note:  data on Muslim is a 2016 estimate; data on other/none/unspecified are from 2012-2018 estimates", + "note": "note:  data on Muslim is a 2016 estimate; data on other/none/unspecified are from 2012-2018 estimates" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -188,10 +177,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "58.7% of total population (2020)" + "text": "59% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.59% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -252,8 +241,8 @@ "text": "1.5 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { - "text": "79% (2019)", - "note": "

note: percent of women aged 16-49

" + "text": "79% (2019)

note: percent of women aged 16-49", + "note": "note: percent of women aged 16-49" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { @@ -332,13 +321,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "9.4%" + "text": "8.5%" }, "male": { - "text": "9.4%" + "text": "9.2%" }, "female": { - "text": "9.4% (2018 est.)" + "text": "7.8% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "some forest degradation caused by air and soil pollution; soil pollution results from the use of agricultural chemicals; air pollution results from emissions by coal- and oil-fired power stations and industrial plants and from trucks transiting Austria between northern and southern Europe; water pollution; the Danube, as well as some of Austria’s other rivers and lakes, are threatened by pollution" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Antarctic-Environmental Protection" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "12.43 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "61.45 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "6.34 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "720 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "2.695 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "77.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "77.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderate summers with occasional showers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "38.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 16.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 21.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "47.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "14.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.07% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "59% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "4.836 million tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "1,240,918 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "25.7% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -376,7 +455,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: the origin of the name is disputed but may derive from earlier settlements of the area; a Celtic town of Vedunia, established about 500 B.C., came under Roman dominance around 15 B.C. and became known as Vindobona; archeological remains of the latter survive at many sites in the center of Vienna" + "note": "etymology: the origin of the name is disputed but may derive from earlier settlements of the area; a Celtic town of Vedunia, established about 500 B.C., came under Roman dominance around 15 B.C. and became known as Vindobona; archeological remains of the latter survive at many sites in the center of Vienna" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "9 states (Bundeslaender, singular - Bundesland); Burgenland, Kaernten (Carinthia), Niederoesterreich (Lower Austria), Oberoesterreich (Upper Austria), Salzburg, Steiermark (Styria), Tirol (Tyrol), Vorarlberg, Wien (Vienna)" @@ -392,7 +471,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest adopted 1 October 1920, revised 1929, replaced May 1934, replaced by German Weimar constitution in 1938 following German annexation, reinstated 1 May 1945" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed through laws designated \"constitutional laws\" or through the constitutional process if the amendment is part of another law; approval required by at least a two-thirds majority vote by the National Assembly and the presence of one half of the members; a referendum is required only if requested by one third of the National Council or Federal Council membership; passage by referendum requires absolute majority vote; amended many times, last in 2018" + "text": "proposed through laws designated \"constitutional laws\" or through the constitutional process if the amendment is part of another law; approval required by at least a two-thirds majority vote by the National Assembly and the presence of one half of the members; a referendum is required only if requested by one third of the National Council or Federal Council membership; passage by referendum requires absolute majority vote; amended many times, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -458,7 +537,7 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Sebastian KURZ]
Communist Party of Austria or KPOe [Mirko MESSNER]
Freedom Party of Austria or FPOe [Heinz-Christian STRACHE]
The Greens [Werner KOGLER]
NEOS - The New Austria [Beate MEINL-REISINGER]
NOW-Pilz List (JETZT-Liste Pilz) or PILZ [Maria STERN]
Social Democratic Party of Austria or SPOe [Pamela RENDI-WAGNER]" + "text": "Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Sebastian KURZ]
Communist Party of Austria or KPOe [Mirko MESSNER]
Freedom Party of Austria or FPOe [Norbert HOFER]
The Greens [Werner KOGLER]
NEOS - The New Austria [Beate MEINL-REISINGER]
NOW-Pilz List (JETZT-Liste Pilz) or PILZ [Maria STERN]
Social Democratic Party of Austria or SPOe [Pamela RENDI-WAGNER]" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" @@ -513,7 +592,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Paula von PRERADOVIC/Wolfgang Amadeus MOZART or Johann HOLZER (disputed)" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1947; the anthem is also known as \"Land der Berge, Land am Strome\" (Land of the Mountains, Land by the River); Austria adopted a new national anthem after World War II to replace the former imperial anthem composed by Franz Josef HAYDN, which had been appropriated by Germany in 1922 and was thereafter associated with the Nazi regime; a gendered version of the lyrics was adopted by the Austrian Federal Assembly in fall 2011 and became effective 1 January 2012

" + "note": "note: adopted 1947; the anthem is also known as \"Land der Berge, Land am Strome\" (Land of the Mountains, Land by the River); Austria adopted a new national anthem after World War II to replace the former imperial anthem composed by Franz Josef HAYDN, which had been appropriated by Germany in 1922 and was thereafter associated with the Nazi regime; a gendered version of the lyrics was adopted by the Austrian Federal Assembly in fall 2011 and became effective 1 January 2012" } }, "Economy": { @@ -563,7 +642,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$479.433 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$445.025 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -578,7 +657,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$54,496 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -623,7 +702,16 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "78.7 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "83.2 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "100 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { "text": "75.5 (2020)" } }, @@ -659,7 +747,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "3% (2017 est.)" + "text": "13.3% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -698,7 +786,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "83.6% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: this is general government gross debt, defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year; it covers the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government and social security funds; as a percentage of GDP, the GDP used as a denominator is the gross domestic product in current year prices

" + "note": "note: this is general government gross debt, defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year; it covers the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government and social security funds; as a percentage of GDP, the GDP used as a denominator is the gross domestic product in current year prices" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -723,10 +811,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 29.4%, US 6.3%, Italy 6.2%, Switzerland 5.1%, France 4.8%, Slovakia 4.8% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 28%, United States 7%, Italy 6%, Switzerland 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, manufactured goods, chemicals, iron and steel, foodstuffs" + "text": "cars, packaged medical supplies, vehicle parts, medical vaccines/cultures, flavored water (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -740,10 +828,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 41.8%, Italy 5.8%, Switzerland 5.5%, Czech Republic 4.4%, Netherlands 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 39%, Italy 7%, Czechia 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, metal goods, oil and oil products, natural gas; foodstuffs" + "text": "cars, vehicle parts, broadcasting equipment, refined petroleum, packaged medical supplies (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -853,9 +941,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "6.513 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "63.93 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -885,7 +970,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 43; earth stations available in the Astra, Intelsat, Eutelsat satellite systems (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "worldwide cable and satellite TV are available; the public incumbent ORF competes with three other major, several regional domestic, and up to 400 international TV stations; TV coverage is in principle 100%, but only 90% use broadcast media; Internet streaming not only complements, but increasingly replaces regular TV stations (2019)" @@ -929,7 +1014,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "OE (2016)" + "text": "OE" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1003,9 +1088,12 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Austrian Armed Forces: Land Forces Command, Air Forces Command, plus a Logistics Command and Service Support & Cyber Defence Command (2019)" + "text": "Austrian Armed Forces: Land Forces, Air Forces, Cyber Forces, Special Forces (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2020": { + "text": "0.7% of GDP (2020 est.)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "0.7% of GDP (2019)" }, @@ -1017,19 +1105,16 @@ }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "0.7% of GDP (2016)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "0.7% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Austrian Armed Forces have approximately 23,000 total active duty personnel (13,000 Land Forces; 2,500 Air Force; 7,500 support) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Austrian Armed Forces have approximately 23,000 total active duty personnel (13,000 Land Forces; 2,500 Air Force; 7,500 other) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Austrian military's inventory includes a mix of domestically-produced and imported weapons systems from European countries and the US; since 2010, Germany and Italy are the leading suppliers of armaments to Austria; the Austrian defense industry produces a range of armored vehicles (2019)" + "text": "the Austrian military's inventory includes a mix of domestically-produced and imported weapons systems from European countries and the US; since 2010, Germany and Italy are the leading suppliers of armaments to Austria; the Austrian defense industry produces a range of equipment and partners with other countries (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "300 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR stabilization force); 320 Kosovo (NATO); 170 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2020)" + "text": "300 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR stabilization force); 320 Kosovo (NATO); 180 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (March 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "registration requirement at age 17, the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; 18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service (6 months), or optionally, alternative civil/community service (9 months); males 18 to 50 years old in the militia or inactive reserve are subject to compulsory service; in a January 2012 referendum, a majority of Austrians voted in favor of retaining the system of compulsory military service (with the option of alternative/non-military service) instead of switching to a professional army system (2015)" @@ -1037,8 +1122,8 @@ }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/europe/ax.json b/europe/ax.json index 92f95546..148f3cae 100644 --- a/europe/ax.json +++ b/europe/ax.json @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ "total": { "text": "123 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes a salt lake and wetlands

" + "note": "note: includes a salt lake and wetlands" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "about 0.7 times the size of Washington, DC" @@ -37,9 +37,6 @@ "Climate": { "text": "temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "hunting around the salt lake; note - breeding place for loggerhead and green turtles; only remaining colony of griffon vultures is on the base" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "British extraterritorial rights also extended to several small off-post sites scattered across Cyprus; of the Sovereign Base Area (SBA) land, 60% is privately owned and farmed, 20% is owned by the Ministry of Defense, and 20% is SBA Crown land" } @@ -55,6 +52,14 @@ "text": "NA" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "hunting around the salt lake; note - breeding place for loggerhead and green turtles; only remaining colony of griffon vultures is on the base" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters" + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -83,7 +88,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: \"Episkopi\" means \"episcopal\" in Greek and stems from the fact that the site previously served as the bishop's seat of an Orthodox diocese" + "note": "etymology: \"Episkopi\" means \"episcopal\" in Greek and stems from the fact that the site previously served as the bishop's seat of an Orthodox diocese" }, "Constitution": { "history": { @@ -160,7 +165,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military - note": { - "text": "defense is the responsibility of the UK; Akrotiri has a full RAF base, headquarters for British Forces Cyprus, and Episkopi Support Unit" + "text": "defense is the responsibility of the UK; Akrotiri (aka the Western Sovereign Base Area) has a full RAF base, headquarters for British Forces Cyprus, and the Episkopi Cantonment" } } } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/be.json b/europe/be.json index d9074a5b..2ed5798d 100644 --- a/europe/be.json +++ b/europe/be.json @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills, rugged mountains of Ardennes Forest in southeast" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "181 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Botrange 694 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "North Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Botrange 694 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "181 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,17 +102,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "flooding is a threat along rivers and in areas of reclaimed coastal land, protected from the sea by concrete dikes" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "intense pressures from human activities: urbanization, dense transportation network, industry, extensive animal breeding and crop cultivation; air and water pollution also have repercussions for neighboring countries" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "crossroads of Western Europe; most West European capitals are within 1,000 km of Brussels, the seat of both the European Union and NATO" } @@ -197,10 +186,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "98.1% of total population (2020)" + "text": "98.1% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.62% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -324,6 +313,9 @@ "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "22.1% (2016)" }, + "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { + "text": "1% (2014/15)" + }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "6.4% of GDP (2017)" }, @@ -340,13 +332,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "15.8%" + "text": "14.2%" }, "male": { - "text": "16.2%" + "text": "16%" }, "female": { - "text": "15.3% (2018 est.)" + "text": "12.3% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "intense pressures from human activities: urbanization, dense transportation network, industry, extensive animal breeding and crop cultivation; air and water pollution also have repercussions for neighboring countries" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "12.88 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "96.89 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "7.78 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "739 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "3.21 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "45 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "18.3 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "44.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 27.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 16.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "22.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "33.5% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "98.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "4.708 million tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "1,614,985 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "34.3% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -384,11 +466,11 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: may derive from the Old Dutch \"bruoc/broek,\" meaning \"marsh\" and \"sella/zele/sel\" signifying \"home\" to express the meaning \"home in the marsh\"" + "note": "etymology: may derive from the Old Dutch \"bruoc/broek,\" meaning \"marsh\" and \"sella/zele/sel\" signifying \"home\" to express the meaning \"home in the marsh\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "3 regions (French: regions, singular - region; Dutch: gewesten, singular - gewest); Brussels-Capital Region, also known as Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest (Dutch), Region de Bruxelles-Capitale (French long form), Bruxelles-Capitale (French short form); Flemish Region (Flanders), also known as Vlaams Gewest (Dutch long form), Vlaanderen (Dutch short form), Region Flamande (French long form), Flandre (French short form); Walloon Region (Wallonia), also known as Region Wallone (French long form), Wallonie (French short form), Waals Gewest (Dutch long form), Wallonie (Dutch short form)", - "note": "

note: as a result of the 1993 constitutional revision that furthered devolution into a federal state, there are now three levels of government (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a complex division of responsibilities; the 2012 sixth state reform transferred additional competencies from the federal state to the regions and linguistic communities

" + "text": "3 regions (French: regions, singular - region; Dutch: gewesten, singular - gewest); Brussels-Capital Region, also known as Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest (Dutch), Region de Bruxelles-Capitale (French long form), Bruxelles-Capitale (French short form); Flemish Region (Flanders), also known as Vlaams Gewest (Dutch long form), Vlaanderen (Dutch short form), Region Flamande (French long form), Flandre (French short form); Walloon Region (Wallonia), also known as Region Wallone (French long form), Wallonie (French short form), Waals Gewest (Dutch long form), Wallonie (Dutch short form)

note: as a result of the 1993 constitutional revision that furthered devolution into a federal state, there are now three levels of government (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a complex division of responsibilities; the 2012 sixth state reform transferred additional competencies from the federal state to the regions and linguistic communities", + "note": "note: as a result of the 1993 constitutional revision that furthered devolution into a federal state, there are now three levels of government (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a complex division of responsibilities; the 2012 sixth state reform transferred additional competencies from the federal state to the regions and linguistic communities" }, "Independence": { "text": "4 October 1830 (a provisional government declared independence from the Netherlands); 21 July 1831 (King LEOPOLD I ascended to the throne)" @@ -401,7 +483,7 @@ "text": "drafted 25 November 1830, approved 7 February 1831, entered into force 26 July 1831, revised 14 July 1993 (creating a federal state)" }, "amendments": { - "text": "\"revisions\" proposed as declarations by the federal government in accord with the king or by Parliament followed by dissolution of Parliament and new elections; adoption requires two-thirds majority vote of a two-thirds quorum in both houses of the next elected Parliament; amended many times, last in 2014" + "text": "\"revisions\" proposed as declarations by the federal government in accord with the king or by Parliament followed by dissolution of Parliament and new elections; adoption requires two-thirds majority vote of a two-thirds quorum in both houses of the next elected Parliament; amended many times, last in 2019" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -451,7 +533,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition men 32, women 28, percent of women 46.7%

Chamber of Representatives - percent of vote by party - N-VA 16.0%, VB 11.9%, PS 9.5%, CD&V 8.9%, PVDA+/PTB 8.62%, Open VLD 8.5%, MR 7.6%, SP.A 6.7%, Ecolo 6.1%, Groen 6.1%, CDH 3.7%, Defi 2.2%, PP 1.1%, other 20.1%; seats by party - N-VA 25, VB 18, PS 20, CD&V 12, PVDA+PTB 12, Open VLD 12, MR 14, SP.A 9, Ecolo 13, Groen 8, CDH 5, Defi 2; composition - men 86, women 64, percent of women 42.7%" }, - "note": "

note: the 1993 constitutional revision that further devolved Belgium into a federal state created three levels of government (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a complex division of responsibilities; this reality leaves six governments, each with its own legislative assembly; changes above occurred since the sixth state reform

" + "note": "note: the 1993 constitutional revision that further devolved Belgium into a federal state created three levels of government (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a complex division of responsibilities; this reality leaves six governments, each with its own legislative assembly; changes above occurred since the sixth state reform" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -465,7 +547,7 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Flemish parties:
Christian Democratic and Flemish or CD&V [Wouter BEKE]
Flemish Liberals and Democrats or Open VLD [Gwendolyn RUTTEN]
Groen [Meyrem ALMACI] (formerly AGALEV, Flemish Greens)
New Flemish Alliance or N-VA [Bart DE WEVER]
Social Progressive Alternative or SP.A [John CROMBEZ]
Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest) or VB [Tom VAN GRIEKEN]
Francophone parties:
Ecolo (Francophone Greens) [Jean-Marc NOLLET, Zakia KHATTABI]
Francophone Federalist Democrats or Defi [Olivier MAINGAIN]
Humanist and Democratic Center or CDH [Maxine PREVOT]
People's Party or PP [Mischael MODRIKAMEN]
Reform Movement or MR [Charles MICHEL]
Socialist Party or PS [Elio DI RUPO]
Workers' Party or PTB [Peter MERTENS]
other minor parties" + "text": "Flemish parties:
Christian Democratic and Flemish or CD&V [Joachim COENS]
Flemish Liberals and Democrats or Open VLD [Egbert LACHAERT]
Groen or Green [Meyrem ALMACI] (formerly AGALEV, Flemish Greens)
New Flemish Alliance or N-VA [Bart DE WEVER]
Social Progressive Alternative or SP.A [Conner ROUSSEAU]
Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest) or VB [Tom VAN GRIEKEN]
Francophone parties:
Ecolo (Francophone Greens) [Jean-Marc NOLLET, Rajae MAOUANE]
Francophone Federalist Democrats or Defi [Olivier MAINGAIN]
Humanist and Democratic Center or CDH [Maxine PREVOT]
People's Party or PP [Mischael MODRIKAMEN]
Reform Movement or MR [George-Louis BOUCHEZ]
Socialist Party or PS [Paul MAGNETTE]
Workers' Party or PTB [Peter MERTENS]
other minor parties" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ADB (nonregional members), AfDB (nonregional members), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" @@ -517,7 +599,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Louis-Alexandre DECHET[French] Victor CEULEMANS [Dutch]/Francois VAN CAMPENHOUT" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1830; according to legend, Louis-Alexandre DECHET, an actor at the theater in which the revolution against the Netherlands began, wrote the lyrics with a group of young people in a Brussels cafe

" + "note": "note: adopted 1830; according to legend, Louis-Alexandre DECHET, an actor at the theater in which the revolution against the Netherlands began, wrote the lyrics with a group of young people in a Brussels cafe" } }, "Economy": { @@ -567,7 +649,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$575.757 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$533.028 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -582,7 +664,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$50,615 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -627,8 +709,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "75.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "75 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "92.3 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "100 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "64.3 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -663,7 +754,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "15.1% (2013 est.)" + "text": "14.8% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -702,7 +793,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "106% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover general government debt and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions; general government debt is defined by the Maastricht definition and calculated by the National Bank of Belgium as consolidated gross debt; the debt is defined in European Regulation EC479/2009 concerning the implementation of the protocol on the excessive deficit procedure annexed to the Treaty on European Union (Treaty of Maastricht) of 7 February 1992; the sub-sectors of consolidated gross debt are: federal government, communities and regions, local government, and social security funds

" + "note": "note: data cover general government debt and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions; general government debt is defined by the Maastricht definition and calculated by the National Bank of Belgium as consolidated gross debt; the debt is defined in European Regulation EC479/2009 concerning the implementation of the protocol on the excessive deficit procedure annexed to the Treaty on European Union (Treaty of Maastricht) of 7 February 1992; the sub-sectors of consolidated gross debt are: federal government, communities and regions, local government, and social security funds" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -727,10 +818,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 16.6%, France 14.9%, Netherlands 12%, UK 8.4%, Italy 4.9%, US 4.8% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 17%, France 14%, Netherlands 13%, United Kingdom 8%, United States 6%, Italy 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "chemicals, machinery and equipment, finished diamonds, metals and metal products, foodstuffs" + "text": "cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, medical cultures/vaccines, diamonds, natural gas (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -744,10 +835,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Netherlands 17.3%, Germany 13.8%, France 9.5%, US 7.1%, UK 4.9%, Ireland 4.2%, China 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "Netherlands 16%, Germany 13%, France 10%, United States 8%, Ireland 5%, China 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "raw materials, machinery and equipment, chemicals, raw diamonds, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, transportation equipment, oil products" + "text": "cars, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, medical cultures/vaccines, diamonds, natural gas (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -857,9 +948,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "134.7 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -889,7 +977,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 32; landing points for Concerto, UK-Belgium, Tangerine, and SeaMeWe-3, submarine cables that provide links to Europe, the Middle East, Australia and Asia; satellite earth stations - 7 (Intelsat - 3) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "a segmented market with the three major communities (Flemish, French, and German-speaking) each having responsibility for their own broadcast media; multiple TV channels exist for each community; additionally, in excess of 90% of households are connected to cable and can access broadcasts of TV stations from neighboring countries; each community has a public radio network coexisting with private broadcasters" @@ -930,7 +1018,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "OO (2016)" + "text": "OO" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1011,7 +1099,7 @@ "river port(s)": { "text": "Antwerp, Gent (Schelde River)" }, - "note": "

Brussels (Senne River) Liege (Meuse River)" + "note": "Brussels (Senne River) Liege (Meuse River)" } }, "Military and Security": { @@ -1020,32 +1108,32 @@ }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "1.1% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "1.07% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "0.93% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "0.89% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "0.93% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "0.89% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "0.9% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "0.88% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "0.91% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "0.89% of GDP (2016)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Belgian Armed Forces have approximately 26,000 active duty personnel (10,500 Army; 1,500 Navy; 5,000 Air Force; 1,000 Medical Service; 8,000 other, including joint staff, support, and training schools) (2020)" + "text": "the Belgian Armed Forces have approximately 26,000 active duty personnel (11,000 Land Component; 1,500 Navy; 5,000 Air Force; 1,500 Medical Service; 7,000 other, including joint staff, support, and training schools) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Belgian Armed Forces have a mix of weapons systems from European countries, Israel, and the US; since 2010, France, Germany, and Switzerland are the leading suppliers of armaments; Belgium has an advanced, export-focused defense industry that focuses on components and subcontracting (2019)" + "text": "the Belgian Armed Forces have a mix of weapons systems from European countries, Israel, and the US; since 2010, France, Germany, and Switzerland are the leading suppliers of armaments; Belgium has an export-focused defense industry that focuses on components and subcontracting (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { "text": "125 France (contributing member of EuroCorps); 100 Mali (EUTM/MINUSMA); est. 260 Baltic States (NATO) (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 1994 (2012)" + "text": "18 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 1995 (2019)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "in 2018, the Defense Ministers of Belgium, Denmark and the Netherlands signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) for the creation of a Composite Special Operations Component Command (C-SOCC); the C-SOCC was declared operational in December 2020" @@ -1053,8 +1141,8 @@ }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/europe/bk.json b/europe/bk.json index c918a025..02e353e9 100644 --- a/europe/bk.json +++ b/europe/bk.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "mountains and valleys" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "500 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Maglic 2,386 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Adriatic Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Maglic 2,386 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "500 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,17 +91,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "destructive earthquakes" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution; deforestation and illegal logging; inadequate wastewater treatment and flood management facilities; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; land mines left over from the 1992-95 civil strife are a hazard in some areas" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "within Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognized borders, the country is divided into a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation (about 51% of the territory) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska or RS (about 49% of the territory); the region called Herzegovina is contiguous to Croatia and Montenegro, and traditionally has been settled by an ethnic Croat majority in the west and an ethnic Serb majority in the east" } @@ -119,8 +108,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Bosniak 50.1%, Serb 30.8%, Croat 15.4%, other 2.7%, not declared/no answer 1% (2013 est.)", - "note": "

note: Republika Srpska authorities dispute the methodology and refuse to recognize the results; Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam

" + "text": "Bosniak 50.1%, Serb 30.8%, Croat 15.4%, other 2.7%, not declared/no answer 1% (2013 est.)

note: Republika Srpska authorities dispute the methodology and refuse to recognize the results; Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam", + "note": "note: Republika Srpska authorities dispute the methodology and refuse to recognize the results; Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam" }, "Languages": { "text": "Bosnian (official) 52.9%, Serbian (official) 30.8%, Croatian (official) 14.6%, other 1.6%, no answer 0.2% (2013 est.)" @@ -187,10 +176,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "49% of total population (2020)" + "text": "49.4% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.55% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -357,6 +346,93 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution; deforestation and illegal logging; inadequate wastewater treatment and flood management facilities; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; land mines left over from the 1992-95 civil strife are a hazard in some areas" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "27.25 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "21.85 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "2.92 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "360.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "71.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "37.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "42.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 19.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 20.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "42.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "15% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.49% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.34% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "49.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1,248,718 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "12 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "0% (2015 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -397,7 +473,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name derives from the Turkish noun \"saray,\" meaning \"palace\" or \"mansion,\" and the term \"ova,\" signifying \"plain(s),\" to give a meaning of \"palace plains\" or \"the plains about the palace\"" + "note": "etymology: the name derives from the Turkish noun \"saray,\" meaning \"palace\" or \"mansion,\" and the term \"ova,\" signifying \"plain(s),\" to give a meaning of \"palace plains\" or \"the plains about the palace\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "3 first-order administrative divisions - Brcko District (Brcko Distrikt) (ethnically mixed), Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine) (predominantly Bosniak-Croat), Republika Srpska (predominantly Serb)" @@ -406,15 +482,15 @@ "text": "1 March 1992 (from Yugoslavia); note - referendum for independence completed on 1 March 1992; independence declared on 3 March 1992" }, "National holiday": { - "text": "Independence Day, 1 March (1992) and Statehood Day, 25 November (1943) - both observed in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity; Victory Day, 9 May (1945) and Dayton Agreement Day, 21 November (1995) - both observed in the Republika Srpska entity", - "note": "

note: there is no national-level holiday

" + "text": "Independence Day, 1 March (1992) and Statehood Day, 25 November (1943) - both observed in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity; Victory Day, 9 May (1945) and Dayton Agreement Day, 21 November (1995) - both observed in the Republika Srpska entity

note: there is no national-level holiday", + "note": "note: there is no national-level holiday" }, "Constitution": { "history": { "text": "14 December 1995 (constitution included as part of the Dayton Peace Accords); note - each of the political entities has its own constitution" }, "amendments": { - "text": "decided by the Parliamentary Assembly, including a two-thirds majority vote of members present in the House of Representatives; the constitutional article on human rights and fundamental freedoms cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2009 (2016)" + "text": "decided by the Parliamentary Assembly, including a two-thirds majority vote of members present in the House of Representatives; the constitutional article on human rights and fundamental freedoms cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2009" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -456,7 +532,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "percent of vote - Milorad DODIK (SNSD) 53.9% - Serb seat; Zeljko KOMSIC (DF) 52.6% - Croat seat; Sefik DZAFEROVIC (SDA) 36.6% - Bosniak seat" }, - "note": "

note: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Marinko CAVARA (since 11 February 2015); Vice Presidents Melika MAHMUTBEGOVIC (since 11 February 2015), Milan DUNOVIC (since 11 February 2015); President of the Republika Srpska Zeljka CVIJANOVIC (since 18 November 2018); Vice Presidents Ramiz SALKIC (since 24 November 2014), Josip JERKOVIC (since 24 November 2014)

" + "note": "note: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Marinko CAVARA (since 11 February 2015); Vice Presidents Melika MAHMUTBEGOVIC (since 11 February 2015), Milan DUNOVIC (since 11 February 2015); President of the Republika Srpska Zeljka CVIJANOVIC (since 18 November 2018); Vice Presidents Ramiz SALKIC (since 24 November 2014), Josip JERKOVIC (since 24 November 2014)" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { @@ -524,8 +600,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "a wide blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle; the triangle approximates the shape of the country and its three points stand for the constituent peoples - Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs; the stars represent Europe and are meant to be continuous (thus the half stars at top and bottom); the colors (white, blue, and yellow) are often associated with neutrality and peace, and traditionally are linked with Bosnia", - "note": "

note: one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Brazil, Eritrea, and Vanuatu

" + "text": "a wide blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle; the triangle approximates the shape of the country and its three points stand for the constituent peoples - Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs; the stars represent Europe and are meant to be continuous (thus the half stars at top and bottom); the colors (white, blue, and yellow) are often associated with neutrality and peace, and traditionally are linked with Bosnia

note: one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Brazil, Eritrea, and Vanuatu", + "note": "note: one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Brazil, Eritrea, and Vanuatu" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "golden lily; national colors: blue, yellow, white" @@ -537,7 +613,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "none officially; Dusan SESTIC and Benjamin ISOVIC/Dusan SESTIC" }, - "note": "

note: music adopted 1999; lyrics proposed in 2009 and others in 2016 were not approved; a parliamentary committee launched a new initiative for lyrics in February 2018

" + "note": "note: music adopted 1999; lyrics proposed in 2009 and others in 2016 were not approved; a parliamentary committee launched a new initiative for lyrics in February 2018" } }, "Economy": { @@ -581,7 +657,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$46.212 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$20.078 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -596,7 +672,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$13,788 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -641,8 +717,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "65.4 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "60 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "95.7 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "57.8 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -675,7 +760,7 @@ "Unemployment rate 2018": { "text": "35.97% (2018 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: official rate; actual rate is lower as many technically unemployed persons work in the gray economy

" + "note": "note: official rate; actual rate is lower as many technically unemployed persons work in the gray economy" }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "16.9% (2015 est.)" @@ -717,7 +802,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "44.1% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover general government debt and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions.

" + "note": "note: data cover general government debt and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions." }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -742,10 +827,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 14.7%, Croatia 11.8%, Italy 11.1%, Serbia 10%, Slovenia 9%, Austria 8.3% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 14%, Italy 12%, Croatia 11%, Serbia 11%, Austria 9%, Slovenia 8% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "metals, clothing, wood products" + "text": "electricity, seating, leather shoes, furniture, insulated wiring (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -759,10 +844,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 11.6%, Italy 11.3%, Serbia 11.1%, Croatia 10.1%, China 6.5%, Slovenia 5%, Russia 4.7%, Turkey 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "Croatia 15%, Serbia 13%, Germany 10%, Italy 9%, Slovenia 7%, China 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs" + "text": "refined petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, coal, electricity (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -872,9 +957,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "22.07 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -904,7 +986,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 387; no satellite earth stations" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "3 public TV broadcasters: Radio and TV of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federation TV (operating 2 networks), and Republika Srpska Radio-TV; a local commercial network of 5 TV stations; 3 private, near-national TV stations and dozens of small independent TV broadcasting stations; 3 large public radio broadcasters and many private radio stations" @@ -945,7 +1027,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "T9 (2016)" + "text": "T9" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1016,7 +1098,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Oruzanih Snaga Bosne i Hercegovine, OSBiH): Operations Command (includes Army, Air, and Air Defense units), Support Command (2019)" + "text": "Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Oruzanih Snaga Bosne i Hercegovine, OSBiH): Operations Command (includes Army, Air, and Air Defense units), Support Command (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1036,19 +1118,19 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina have approximately 9,200 active duty personnel (2019)" + "text": "the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina have approximately 9,000 active duty personnel (2021)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory for the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina includes mainly Soviet-era weapons systems with a small and varied mix of older European and US equipment (2019)" + "text": "the inventory for the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina includes mainly Soviet-era weapons systems with a small and varied mix of older European and US equipment (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; mandatory retirement at age 35 or after 15 years of service for E-1 through E-4, mandatory retirement at age 50 and 30 years of service for E-5 through E-9, mandatory retirement at age 55 and 30 years of service for all officers (2014)" + "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; mandatory retirement at age 35 or after 15 years of service for E-1 through E-4, mandatory retirement at age 50 and 30 years of service for E-5 through E-9, mandatory retirement at age 55 and 30 years of service for all officers; conscription abolished in 2005 (2019)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force (2019)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1065,7 +1147,7 @@ "stateless persons": { "text": "75 (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: 71,230 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2021)" + "note": "note: 74,524 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-May 2021)" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "increasingly a transit point for heroin being trafficked to Western Europe; minor transit point for marijuana; remains highly vulnerable to money-laundering activity given a primarily cash-based and unregulated economy, weak law enforcement, and instances of corruption" diff --git a/europe/bo.json b/europe/bo.json index 86d81e54..540807ec 100644 --- a/europe/bo.json +++ b/europe/bo.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "generally flat with much marshland" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "160 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Dzyarzhynskaya Hara 346 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Nyoman River 90 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Dzyarzhynskaya Hara 346 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "160 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,17 +91,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "large tracts of marshy land" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "soil pollution from pesticide use; southern part of the country contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accident at Chornobyl' in northern Ukraine" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; glacial scouring accounts for the flatness of Belarusian terrain and for its 11,000 lakes" } @@ -186,10 +175,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "79.5% of total population (2020)" + "text": "79.9% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.44% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -250,8 +239,8 @@ "text": "1.51 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { - "text": "72.1% (2017)", - "note": "

note:  percent of women aged 18-49" + "text": "72.1% (2017)

note:  percent of women aged 18-49", + "note": "note:  percent of women aged 18-49" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { @@ -344,13 +333,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "10.6%" + "text": "10.2%" }, "male": { - "text": "12.7%" + "text": "12.9%" }, "female": { - "text": "8.4% (2018 est.)" + "text": "7.3% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "soil pollution from pesticide use; southern part of the country contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accident at Chornobyl' in northern Ukraine" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "18.06 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "58.28 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "17.19 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "523 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "443 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "431 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "57.9 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "43.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 27.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 15.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "42.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "13.6% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "1.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "79.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "4.28 million tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "684,800 tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "16% (2016 est.)" } } }, @@ -388,11 +467,11 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the origin of the name is disputed; Minsk may originally have been located 16 km to the southwest, on the banks of Menka River; remnants of a 10th-century settlement on the banks of the Menka have been found " + "note": "etymology: the origin of the name is disputed; Minsk may originally have been located 16 km to the southwest, on the banks of Menka River; remnants of a 10th-century settlement on the banks of the Menka have been found " }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "6 provinces (voblastsi, singular - voblasts') and 1 municipality* (horad); Brest, Homyel' (Gomel'), Horad Minsk* (Minsk City), Hrodna (Grodno), Mahilyow (Mogilev), Minsk, Vitsyebsk (Vitebsk)", - "note": "

note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers; Russian spelling provided for reference when different from Belarusian

" + "text": "6 provinces (voblastsi, singular - voblasts') and 1 municipality* (horad); Brest, Homyel' (Gomel'), Horad Minsk* (Minsk City), Hrodna (Grodno), Mahilyow (Mogilev), Minsk, Vitsyebsk (Vitebsk)

note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers; Russian spelling provided for reference when different from Belarusian", + "note": "note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers; Russian spelling provided for reference when different from Belarusian" }, "Independence": { "text": "25 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)" @@ -405,7 +484,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest drafted between late 1991 and early 1994, signed 15 March 1994" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the president of the republic through petition to the National Assembly or by petition of least 150,000 eligible voters; approval required by at least two-thirds majority vote in both chambers or by simple majority of votes cast in a referendum" + "text": "proposed by the president of the republic through petition to the National Assembly or by petition of least 150,000 eligible voters; approval required by at least two-thirds majority vote in both chambers or by simple majority of votes cast in a referendum; amended 1996, 2004" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -458,7 +537,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "
Council of the Republic - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - NA
House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - KPB 11, Republican Party of Labor and Justice 6, Belarusian Patriotic Party 2, LDP 1, AP 1, independent 89; composition - men 66, women 44, percent of women 40%; note - total National Assembly percent of women - NA" }, - "note": "

note: the US does not recognize the legitimacy of the National Assembly" + "note": "note: the US does not recognize the legitimacy of the National Assembly" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -496,7 +575,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador (vacant; left in 2008 upon insistence of Belarusian Government); Charge d'Affaires Jenifer MOORE (since August 2018)" + "text": "Ambassador (vacant; left in 2008 upon insistence of Belarusian Government); Charge d'Affaires Jeffrey GIAUQUE (since July 2020)" }, "telephone": { "text": "[375] (17) 210-1283" @@ -524,7 +603,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Mikhas KLIMKOVICH and Uladzimir KARYZNA/Nester SAKALOUSKI" }, - "note": "

note: music adopted 1955, lyrics adopted 2002; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Belarus kept the music of its Soviet-era anthem but adopted new lyrics; also known as \"Dziarzauny himn Respubliki Bielarus\" (State Anthem of the Republic of Belarus)

" + "note": "note: music adopted 1955, lyrics adopted 2002; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Belarus kept the music of its Soviet-era anthem but adopted new lyrics; also known as \"Dziarzauny himn Respubliki Bielarus\" (State Anthem of the Republic of Belarus)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -574,7 +653,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$173.63 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$63.168 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -589,7 +668,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$18,280 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -634,8 +713,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "74.3 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "93.5 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "96.5 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "67.6 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -668,10 +756,10 @@ "Unemployment rate 2016": { "text": "1% (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: official registered unemployed; large number of underemployed workers

" + "note": "note: official registered unemployed; large number of underemployed workers" }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "5.7% (2016 est.)" + "text": "5% (2019 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -731,10 +819,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Russia 43.9%, Ukraine 11.5%, UK 8.2% (2017)" + "text": "Russia 42%, Ukraine 13%, United Kingdom 7% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, mineral products, chemicals, metals, textiles, foodstuffs" + "text": "refined petroleum, fertilizers, cheese, delivery trucks, crude petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -745,10 +833,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Russia 57.2%, China 8%, Germany 5.1% (2017)" + "text": "Russia 57%, China 7%, Poland 5%, Germany 5%, Ukraine 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "mineral products, machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, metals" + "text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -858,9 +946,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "2.832 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "56.07 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -890,7 +975,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 375; Belarus is landlocked and therefore a member of the Trans-European Line (TEL), Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line, and has access to the Trans-Siberia Line (TSL); 3 fiber-optic segments provide connectivity to Latvia, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine; worldwide service is available to Belarus through this infrastructure; additional analog lines to Russia; Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik earth stations; almost 31,000 base stations in service in 2019 (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "7 state-controlled national TV channels; Polish and Russian TV broadcasts are available in some areas; state-run Belarusian Radio operates 5 national networks and an external service; Russian and Polish radio broadcasts are available (2019)" @@ -931,7 +1016,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "EW (2016)" + "text": "EW" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1016,7 +1101,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Belarus Armed Forces: Army, Air and Air Defense Force, Special Operations Force; Ministry of Interior: State Border Troops, Militia, Internal Troops (2019)" + "text": "Belarus Armed Forces: Army, Air and Air Defense Force, Special Operations Force, Special Troops (electronic warfare, signals, engineers, biological/chemical/nuclear protection troops, etc); Ministry of Interior: State Border Troops, Militia, Internal Troops (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1036,16 +1121,16 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Belarus Armed Forces have approximately 45,000 active troops (29,000 Army, including Special Operations Force; 16,000 Air and Air Defense) (2020 est.)" + "text": "the Belarus Armed Forces have approximately 45,000 active troops, including about 29,000 Army and 16,000 Air and Air Defense (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of the Belarus Armed Forces is comprised of Russian-origin equipment; Belarus's defense industry manufactures some equipment, including vehicles, guided weapons, and electronic warfare systems (2019)" + "text": "the inventory of the Belarus Armed Forces is comprised of Russian-origin equipment; Belarus's defense industry manufactures some equipment, including vehicles, guided weapons, and electronic warfare systems (2021)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "contributes about 2,000 personnel to CSTO's Rapid Reaction Force (2019 est.)" + "text": "contributes forces to CSTO's Rapid Reaction Force (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory military or alternative service; conscript service obligation is 12-18 months, depending on academic qualifications, and 24-36 months for alternative service, depending on academic qualifications; 17 year olds are eligible to become cadets at military higher education institutes, where they are classified as military personnel (2017)" + "text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory military or alternative service; conscript service obligation is 12-18 months, depending on academic qualifications, and 24-36 months for alternative service, depending on academic qualifications; 17 year olds are eligible to become cadets at military higher education institutes, where they are classified as military personnel (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/europe/bu.json b/europe/bu.json index 6ef1e081..9db23696 100644 --- a/europe/bu.json +++ b/europe/bu.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "mostly mountains with lowlands in north and southeast" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "472 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Musala 2,925 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Black Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Musala 2,925 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "472 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,17 +99,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "earthquakes; landslides" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution from industrial emissions; rivers polluted from raw sewage, heavy metals, detergents; deforestation; forest damage from air pollution and resulting acid rain; soil contamination from heavy metals from metallurgical plants and industrial wastes" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes from Europe to Middle East and Asia" } @@ -127,8 +116,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Bulgarian 76.9%, Turkish 8%, Romani 4.4%, other 0.7% (including Russian, Armenian, and Vlach), other (unknown) 10% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 9–11% of Bulgaria's population

" + "text": "Bulgarian 76.9%, Turkish 8%, Romani 4.4%, other 0.7% (including Russian, Armenian, and Vlach), other (unknown) 10% (2011 est.)

note: Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 9–11% of Bulgaria's population", + "note": "note: Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 9–11% of Bulgaria's population" }, "Languages": { "text": "Bulgarian (official) 76.8%, Turkish 8.2%, Romani 3.8%, other 0.7%, unspecified 10.5% (2011 est.)" @@ -195,10 +184,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "75.7% of total population (2020)" + "text": "76% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-0.22% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "-0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -352,13 +341,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "12.7%" + "text": "8.9%" }, "male": { - "text": "13.2%" + "text": "9.3%" }, "female": { - "text": "11.9% (2018 est.)" + "text": "8.3% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution from industrial emissions; rivers polluted from raw sewage, heavy metals, detergents; deforestation; forest damage from air pollution and resulting acid rain; soil contamination from heavy metals from metallurgical plants and industrial wastes" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "18.82 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "41.71 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "6.77 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "882 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "3.942 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "834.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "21.3 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "46.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 29.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 15.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "36.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "16.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.22% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.14% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "76% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "-0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "3.011 million tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "572,993 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "19% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -399,7 +478,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: named after the Saint Sofia Church in the city, parts of which date back to the 4th century A.D." + "note": "etymology: named after the Saint Sofia Church in the city, parts of which date back to the 4th century A.D." }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "28 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast); Blagoevgrad, Burgas, Dobrich, Gabrovo, Haskovo, Kardzhali, Kyustendil, Lovech, Montana, Pazardzhik, Pernik, Pleven, Plovdiv, Razgrad, Ruse, Shumen, Silistra, Sliven, Smolyan, Sofia, Sofia-Grad (Sofia City), Stara Zagora, Targovishte, Varna, Veliko Tarnovo, Vidin, Vratsa, Yambol" @@ -463,10 +542,10 @@ "text": "unicameral National Assembly or Narodno Sabranie (240 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)" }, "elections": { - "text": "last held on 26 March 2017 (next to be held on 4 April 2021)" + "text": "last held on 4 April 2021 (snap election to be held on 11 July 2021); note - a snap election was called after a third attempt to form a government failed on 5 May 2021, parliament will be dissolved and an interim government will be appointed" }, "election results": { - "text": "percent of vote by party/coalition - GERB 32.7%, BSP 27.2%, United Patriots 9.1%, DPS 9%, Volya 4.2%, other 17.8%; seats by party/coalition - GERB 95, BSP 80, United Patriots 27, DPS 26, Volya 12; composition - men 183, women 57, percent of women 23.8%" + "text": "percent of vote by party/coalition - GERB-SDS 25.8%, ITN 17.4%, BSP 14.8%, DPS 10.4%, DB  9.3%, ISMV 4.7%, other 17.6%; seats by party/coalition - GERB-SDS 75, ITN 51, BSP 43, DPS 30, DB 27 ISMV 14" } }, "Judicial branch": { @@ -481,7 +560,7 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Alternative for Bulgarian Revival or ABV [Rumen PETKOV]
Attack (Ataka) [Volen Nikolov SIDEROV]
Bulgarian Agrarian People’s Union [Nikolay NENCHEV]
Bulgarian Socialist Party or BSP [Korneliya NINOVA]
Bulgaria of the Citizens or DBG [Dimiter DELCHEV]]
Citizens for the European Development of Bulgaria or GERB [Boyko BORISSOV]
Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria or DSB [Atanas ATANASOV]
Democrats for Responsibility, Solidarity, and Tolerance or DOST [Lyutvi MESTAN]
IMRO - Bulgarian National Movement or IMRO-BNM [Krasimir KARAKACHANOV]
Movement for Rights and Freedoms or DPS [Mustafa KARADAYI]
National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria or NFSB [Valeri SIMEONOV]
Reformist Bloc or RB (a four-party alliance including DBG and SDS)
United Patriots (alliance of IMRO-BNM, NFSB, and Attack)
Union of Democratic Forces or SDS [Bozhidar LUKARSKI]
Yes! Bulgaria [Hristo IVANOV]
Volya [Veselin MARESHKI]" + "text": "Agrarian People's Union or ZNS [Roumen YONCHEV]
Bulgarian Agrarian People’s Union [Nikolay NENCHEV]
Bulgarian Socialist Party or BSP [Korneliya NINOVA] (alliance of BSP, ZNS, PKT, New Dawn, Ecoglasnost)
Bulgaria of the Citizens or DBG [Dimiter DELCHEV]]
Citizens for the European Development of Bulgaria or GERB (alliance with SDS) [Boyko BORISSOV]
Democratic Bulgaria or DB (alliance of Yes! Bulgaria, DSB, and The Greens) [Atanas ATANASOV, Hristo IVANOV]
Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria or DSB [Atanas ATANASOV]Ecoglasnost [Emil GEORGIEV]
Green Movement or The Greens [Borislav SANDOV, Vladislav PENEV]
Movement for Rights and Freedoms or DPS [Mustafa KARADAYI]
Movement 21 or D21 [Tatyana DONCHEVA]New Dawn [Mincho MINCHEV]Political Club Thrace or PKT [Stefan NACHEZ]
Stand Up.BG or IS.BG [Maya MONOLOVA]
Stand Up! Mafia, Get Out! or ISMV (coalition of IS.BG, D21, DBG, ENP, ZNS, and Volt) [Maya MONOLOVA, Nikolay HADZHIGENOV] 
There is Such a People or ITN [SLAVI TRIFONOV]
United People's Party or ENP [Valentina VASILEVA]
Union of Democratic Forces or SDS [Rumen HRISTOV]
Yes! Bulgaria [Hristo IVANOV]
Volt Bulgaria or Volt [Nastimir ANANIEV]" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EU, FAO, G- 9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" @@ -521,8 +600,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; the pan-Slavic white-blue-red colors were modified by substituting a green band (representing freedom) for the blue", - "note": "

note: the national emblem, formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe, has been removed

" + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; the pan-Slavic white-blue-red colors were modified by substituting a green band (representing freedom) for the blue

note: the national emblem, formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe, has been removed", + "note": "note: the national emblem, formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe, has been removed" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "lion; national colors: white, green, red" @@ -534,7 +613,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Tsvetan Tsvetkov RADOSLAVOV" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1964; composed in 1885 by a student en route to fight in the Serbo-Bulgarian War

" + "note": "note: adopted 1964; composed in 1885 by a student en route to fight in the Serbo-Bulgarian War" } }, "Economy": { @@ -584,7 +663,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$151.218 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$68.49 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -599,7 +678,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$21,371 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -644,8 +723,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "72.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "72 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "85.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "97.4 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "67 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -658,8 +746,8 @@ "text": "3.6% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "3.113 million (2020 est.)", - "note": "

note: number of employed persons

" + "text": "3.113 million (2020 est.)

note: number of employed persons", + "note": "note: number of employed persons" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -681,7 +769,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "23.4% (2016 est.)" + "text": "23.8% (2019 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -720,7 +808,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "27.4% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds

" + "note": "note: defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -745,10 +833,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 13.5%, Italy 8.3%, Romania 8.2%, Turkey 7.7%, Greece 6.5%, Belgium 4.2%, France 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 16%, Romania 8%, Italy 7%, Turkey 7%, Greece 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "clothing, footwear, iron and steel, machinery and equipment, fuels, agriculture, tobacco, IT components" + "text": "refined petroleum, packaged medicines, copper, wheat, electricity (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -762,10 +850,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 12.3%, Russia 10.3%, Italy 7.3%, Romania 7.1%, Turkey 6.2%, Spain 5.3%, Greece 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 11%, Russia 9%, Italy 7%, Romania 7%, Turkey 7% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment; metals and ores; chemicals and plastics; fuels, minerals, and raw materials" + "text": "crude petroleum, copper, cars, packaged medicines, refined petroleum (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -875,9 +963,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "5.663 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "46.31 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -907,7 +992,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 359; Caucasus Cable System via submarine cable provides connectivity to Ukraine, Georgia and Russia; a combination submarine cable and land fiber-optic system provides connectivity to Italy, Albania, and Macedonia; satellite earth stations - 3 (1 Intersputnik in the Atlantic Ocean region, 2 Intelsat in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "4 national terrestrial TV stations with 1 state-owned and 3 privately owned; a vast array of TV stations are available from cable and satellite TV providers; state-owned national radio broadcasts over 3 networks; large number of private radio stations broadcasting, especially in urban areas" @@ -948,7 +1033,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "LZ (2016)" + "text": "LZ" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1010,7 +1095,7 @@ "unpaved": { "text": "277 km (2011)" }, - "note": "

note: does not include Category IV local roads

" + "note": "note: does not include Category IV local roads" }, "Waterways": { "text": "470 km (2009)" @@ -1031,42 +1116,42 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Bulgarian Armed Forces: Land Forces (aka Army), Naval Forces, Bulgarian Air Forces (Voennovazdushni Sili, VVS), Special Forces; Ministry of Interior: Border Guards (2021)" + "text": "Bulgarian Armed Forces: Land Forces (Army), Naval Forces, Bulgarian Air Forces (Voennovazdushni Sili, VVS), Joint Special Forces; Ministry of Interior: Border Guards (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "1.93% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "1.6% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "3.18% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "3.15% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "1.48% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "1.45% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "1.24% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "1.23% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "1.26% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "1.25% of GDP (2016)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Bulgarian Armed Forces have approximately 26,000 active duty personnel (16,000 Army; 3,500 Navy; 6,500 Air Force) (2020 est.)" + "text": "the Bulgarian Armed Forces have approximately 32,000 active duty personnel (16,000 Army; 4,000 Navy; 7,000 Air Force; 5,000 other) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Bulgarian Armed Forces inventory consists primarily of Soviet-era equipment, although in recent years, Bulgaria has procured limited amounts of more modern weapons systems from Western countries, such as France, Israel, Italy, Norway, and the US (2020)" + "text": "the Bulgarian Armed Forces inventory consists primarily of Soviet-era equipment, although in recent years Bulgaria has procured limited amounts of more modern weapons systems from Western countries, including France, Italy, Norway, and the US (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "160 Afghanistan (NATO) (2020)" + "text": "120 Afghanistan (NATO) (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-27 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription ended in January 2008; service obligation 6-9 months (2012)" + "text": "18-27 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription ended in 2007; service obligation 6-9 months (2019)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1080,7 +1165,7 @@ "stateless persons": { "text": "116 (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: 58,889 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-January 2021); Bulgaria is predominantly a transit country

" + "note": "note: 60,084 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-May 2021); Bulgaria is predominantly a transit country" }, "Trafficking in persons": { "current situation": { diff --git a/europe/cy.json b/europe/cy.json index e159c671..068ac541 100644 --- a/europe/cy.json +++ b/europe/cy.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "central plain with mountains to north and south; scattered but significant plains along southern coast" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "91 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mount Olympus 1,951 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mount Olympus 1,951 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "91 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,17 +99,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "moderate earthquake activity; droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water resource problems (no natural reservoir catchments, seasonal disparity in rainfall, sea water intrusion to island's largest aquifer, increased salination in the north); water pollution from sewage, industrial wastes, and pesticides; coastal degradation; erosion; loss of wildlife habitats from urbanization" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily and Sardinia); several small Cypriot enclaves exist within the Dhekelia Sovereign Base Area" } @@ -127,16 +116,16 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Greek 98.8%, other 1% (includes Maronite, Armenian, Turkish-Cypriot), unspecified 0.2% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent only the Greek-Cypriot citizens in the Republic of Cyprus

" + "text": "Greek 98.8%, other 1% (includes Maronite, Armenian, Turkish-Cypriot), unspecified 0.2% (2011 est.)

note: data represent only the Greek-Cypriot citizens in the Republic of Cyprus", + "note": "note: data represent only the Greek-Cypriot citizens in the Republic of Cyprus" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Greek (official) 80.9%, Turkish (official) 0.2%, English 4.1%, Romanian 2.9%, Russian 2.5%, Bulgarian 2.2%, Arabic 1.2%, Filipino 1.1%, other 4.3%, unspecified 0.6% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent only the Republic of Cyprus

" + "text": "Greek (official) 80.9%, Turkish (official) 0.2%, English 4.1%, Romanian 2.9%, Russian 2.5%, Bulgarian 2.2%, Arabic 1.2%, Filipino 1.1%, other 4.3%, unspecified 0.6% (2011 est.)

note: data represent only the Republic of Cyprus", + "note": "note: data represent only the Republic of Cyprus" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Orthodox Christian 89.1%, Roman Catholic 2.9%, Protestant/Anglican 2%, Muslim 1.8%, Buddhist 1%, other (includes Maronite, Armenian Church, Hindu) 1.4%, unknown 1.1%, none/atheist 0.6% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent only the government-controlled area of Cyprus

" + "text": "Orthodox Christian 89.1%, Roman Catholic 2.9%, Protestant/Anglican 2%, Muslim 1.8%, Buddhist 1%, other (includes Maronite, Armenian Church, Hindu) 1.4%, unknown 1.1%, none/atheist 0.6% (2011 est.)

note: data represent only the government-controlled area of Cyprus", + "note": "note: data represent only the government-controlled area of Cyprus" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -168,7 +157,7 @@ "potential support ratio": { "text": "4.8 (2020 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data represent the whole country

" + "note": "note: data represent the whole country" }, "Median age": { "total": { @@ -198,10 +187,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "66.8% of total population (2020)" + "text": "66.9% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.75% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.76% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -231,8 +220,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "29.2 years (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent only government-controlled areas

" + "text": "29.2 years (2017 est.)

note: data represent only government-controlled areas", + "note": "note: data represent only government-controlled areas" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "6 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -353,19 +342,109 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "20.2%" + "text": "16.6%" }, "male": { - "text": "25%" + "text": "19.3%" }, "female": { - "text": "16.2% (2018 est.)" + "text": "14.3% (2019 est.)" } }, "People - note": { "text": "demographic data for Cyprus represent the population of the government-controlled area and the area administered by Turkish Cypriots, unless otherwise indicated" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water resource problems (no natural reservoir catchments, seasonal disparity in rainfall, sea water intrusion to island's largest aquifer, increased salination in the north); water pollution from sewage, industrial wastes, and pesticides; coastal degradation; erosion; loss of wildlife habitats from urbanization" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "16.79 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "6.63 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.86 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "110 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "17 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "184 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "780 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "13.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 9.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 3.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "18.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "67.8% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "66.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.76% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "541,000 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "72,007 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "13.3% (2015 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -383,11 +462,11 @@ "etymology": { "text": "the derivation of the name \"Cyprus\" is unknown, but the extensive mining of copper metal on the island in antiquity gave rise to the Latin word \"cuprum\" for copper" }, - "note": "

note: the Turkish Cypriot community, which administers the northern part of the island, refers to itself as the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" or \"TRNC\" (\"Kuzey Kibris Turk Cumhuriyeti\" or \"KKTC\")

" + "note": "note: the Turkish Cypriot community, which administers the northern part of the island, refers to itself as the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" or \"TRNC\" (\"Kuzey Kibris Turk Cumhuriyeti\" or \"KKTC\")" }, "Government type": { - "text": "Republic of Cyprus - presidential republic; \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (self-declared) - parliamentary republic with enhanced presidency", - "note": "

note: a separation of the two main ethnic communities inhabiting the island began following the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further solidified when a Greek military-junta-supported coup attempt prompted the Turkish military intervention in July 1974 that gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government on the island; on 15 November 1983, then Turkish Cypriot \"President\" Rauf DENKTAS declared independence and the formation of the \"TRNC,” which is recognized only by Turkey

" + "text": "Republic of Cyprus - presidential republic; \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (self-declared) - parliamentary republic with enhanced presidency

note: a separation of the two main ethnic communities inhabiting the island began following the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further solidified when a Greek military-junta-supported coup attempt prompted the Turkish military intervention in July 1974 that gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government on the island; on 15 November 1983, then Turkish Cypriot \"President\" Rauf DENKTAS declared independence and the formation of the \"TRNC,” which is recognized only by Turkey", + "note": "note: a separation of the two main ethnic communities inhabiting the island began following the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further solidified when a Greek military-junta-supported coup attempt prompted the Turkish military intervention in July 1974 that gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government on the island; on 15 November 1983, then Turkish Cypriot \"President\" Rauf DENKTAS declared independence and the formation of the \"TRNC,” which is recognized only by Turkey" }, "Capital": { "name": { @@ -402,7 +481,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: a mispronunciation of the city's Greek name Lefkosia and its Turkish name Lefkosa, both of which mean \"White City\"; the Greek name may derive from the Greek phrase \"leuke ousia\" (\"white estate\")" + "note": "etymology: a mispronunciation of the city's Greek name Lefkosia and its Turkish name Lefkosa, both of which mean \"White City\"; the Greek name may derive from the Greek phrase \"leuke ousia\" (\"white estate\")" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "6 districts; Ammochostos (Famagusta); (all but a small part located in the Turkish Cypriot community), Keryneia (Kyrenia; the only district located entirely in the Turkish Cypriot community), Larnaka (Larnaca; with a small part located in the Turkish Cypriot community), Lefkosia (Nicosia; a small part administered by Turkish Cypriots), Lemesos (Limassol), Pafos (Paphos); note - the 5 \"districts\" of the \"TRNC\" are Gazimagusa (Famagusta), Girne (Kyrenia), Guzelyurt (Morphou), Iskele (Trikomo), Lefkosa (Nicosia)" @@ -418,7 +497,7 @@ "text": "ratified 16 August 1960; note - in 1963, the constitution was partly suspended as Turkish Cypriots withdrew from the government; Turkish-held territory in 1983 was declared the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (\"TRNC\"); in 1985, the \"TRNC\" approved its own constitution" }, "amendments": { - "text": "constitution of the Republic of Cyprus - proposed by the House of Representatives; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the total membership of the \"Greek Community\" and the \"Turkish Community\"; however, all seats of Turkish Cypriot members have remained vacant since 1964; amended 10 times, last in 2016
constitution of the “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus” - proposed by at least 10 members of the \"Assembly of the Republic\"; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the total Assembly membership and approval by referendum; amended 2014" + "text": "constitution of the Republic of Cyprus - proposed by the House of Representatives; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the total membership of the \"Greek Community\" and the \"Turkish Community\"; however, all seats of Turkish Cypriot members have remained vacant since 1964; amended many times, last in 2020;
constitution of the “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus” - proposed by at least 10 members of the \"Assembly of the Republic\"; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the total Assembly membership and approval by referendum; amended 2014" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -460,7 +539,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "Nikos ANASTASIADIS reelected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Nikos ANASTASIADIS (DISY) 35.5%, Stavros MALAS (AKEL) 30.2%, Nicolas PAPADOPOULOS (DIKO) 25.7%, other 8.6%; percent of vote in second round - Nikos ANASTASIADIS 56%, Savros MALAS 44%" }, - "note": "

note: the first round of the TRNC presidential election, originally scheduled for 26 April 2020, was postponed to 11 October 202 due to the COVID-19 pandemic; results - Ersin TATAR (UBP) 32.4%, Mustafa AKINCI (independent) 29.8%, Tufan ERHURMAN (RTP) 21.7%, Kudret OZERSAY (independent) 5.7%, Erhan ARIKLI (YDP) 5.4%, Serdar DENKTAS (independent) 4.2%, other 0.8%; the second round to be held on 18 October 

" + "note": "note: the first round of the TRNC presidential election, originally scheduled for 26 April 2020, was postponed to 11 October 202 due to the COVID-19 pandemic; results - Ersin TATAR (UBP) 32.4%, Mustafa AKINCI (independent) 29.8%, Tufan ERHURMAN (RTP) 21.7%, Kudret OZERSAY (independent) 5.7%, Erhan ARIKLI (YDP) 5.4%, Serdar DENKTAS (independent) 4.2%, other 0.8%; the second round to be held on 18 October " }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { @@ -506,7 +585,7 @@ "consulate(s) general": { "text": "New York" }, - "note": "

note: representative of the Turkish Cypriot community in the US is Mustafa LAKADAMYALI; office at 1667 K Street NW, Washington, DC; telephone [1] (202) 887-6198

" + "note": "note: representative of the Turkish Cypriot community in the US is Mustafa LAKADAMYALI; office at 1667 K Street NW, Washington, DC; telephone [1] (202) 887-6198" }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { @@ -526,8 +605,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "centered on a white field is a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the island has long been famous for its copper deposits) above two olive-green-colored, crossed olive branches; the branches symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities", - "note": "

note: one of only two national flags that uses a map as a design element; the flag of Kosovo is the other

note: the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" flag retains the white field of the Cyprus national flag but displays narrow horizontal red stripes positioned a small distance from the top and bottom edges between which are centered a red crescent and a red five-pointed star; the banner is modeled after the Turkish national flag but with the colors reversed

" + "text": "centered on a white field is a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the island has long been famous for its copper deposits) above two olive-green-colored, crossed olive branches; the branches symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities

note: one of only two national flags that uses a map as a design element; the flag of Kosovo is the other

note: the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" flag retains the white field of the Cyprus national flag but displays narrow horizontal red stripes positioned a small distance from the top and bottom edges between which are centered a red crescent and a red five-pointed star; the banner is modeled after the Turkish national flag but with the colors reversed", + "note": "note: one of only two national flags that uses a map as a design element; the flag of Kosovo is the other

note: the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" flag retains the white field of the Cyprus national flag but displays narrow horizontal red stripes positioned a small distance from the top and bottom edges between which are centered a red crescent and a red five-pointed star; the banner is modeled after the Turkish national flag but with the colors reversed" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "Cypriot mouflon (wild sheep), white dove; national colors: blue, white" @@ -539,7 +618,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Dionysios SOLOMOS/Nikolaos MANTZAROS" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1960; Cyprus adopted the Greek national anthem as its own; the Turkish Cypriot community in Cyprus uses the anthem of Turkey

" + "note": "note: adopted 1960; Cyprus adopted the Greek national anthem as its own; the Turkish Cypriot community in Cyprus uses the anthem of Turkey" } }, "Economy": { @@ -589,7 +668,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$32.591 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$24.946 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -604,7 +683,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$37,767 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -649,8 +728,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "73.4 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "92 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "88.4 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "48.6 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -685,7 +773,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "NA" + "text": "14.7% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -724,7 +812,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "106.6% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment

" + "note": "note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -749,10 +837,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Libya 9.4%, Greece 7.7%, Norway 6.7%, UK 5.3%, Germany 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "India 9%, Greece 9%, Libya 8%, United Kingdom 7% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "citrus, potatoes, pharmaceuticals, cement, clothing" + "text": "ships, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, cheese, crude petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -766,10 +854,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Greece 19%, Italy 7.5%, China 7.4%, South Korea 7.3%, Germany 7%, Netherlands 5.1%, UK 5%, Israel 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "Greece 16%, Italy 10%, Turkey 8%, Russia 5%, Germany 5%, United Kingdom 5%, China 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants, machinery, transport equipment" + "text": "refined petroleum, ships, cars, coal tar oil, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -882,9 +970,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "141.6 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "7.72 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -914,7 +999,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 357 (area administered by Turkish Cypriots uses the country code of Turkey - 90); a number of submarine cables, including the SEA-ME-WE-3, CADMOS, MedNautilus Submarine System, POSEIDON, TE North/TGN-Eurasia/SEACOM/Alexandros/Medes, UGARIT, Aphrodite2, Hawk, Lev Submarine System, and Tamares combine to provide connectivity to Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia, Australia, and Southeast Asia; Turcyos-1 and Turcyos-2 submarine cable in Turkish North Cyprus link to Turkey; tropospheric scatter; satellite earth stations - 8 (3 Intelsat - 1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean, 2 Eutelsat, 2 Intersputnik, and 1 Arabsat) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "mixture of state and privately run TV and radio services; the public broadcaster operates 2 TV channels and 4 radio stations; 6 private TV broadcasters, satellite and cable TV services including telecasts from Greece and Turkey, and a number of private radio stations are available; in areas administered by Turkish Cypriots, there are 2 public TV stations, 4 public radio stations, and 7 privately owned TV and 21 radio broadcast stations plus 6 radio and 4 TV channels of local universities, plus 1 radio station of military, security forces and 1 radio station of civil defense cooperation, as well as relay stations from Turkey (2019)" @@ -955,7 +1040,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "5B (2016)" + "text": "5B" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1022,12 +1107,12 @@ "major seaport(s)": { "text": "area under government control: Larnaca, Limassol, Vasilikos" }, - "note": "

area administered by Turkish Cypriots: Famagusta, Kyrenia" + "note": "area administered by Turkish Cypriots: Famagusta, Kyrenia" } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Republic of Cyprus: Cypriot National Guard (Ethniki Froura, EF, includes Army Land Forces, Naval Command, Air Command) (2020)" + "text": "Republic of Cyprus: Cypriot National Guard (Ethniki Froura, EF, includes Army Land Forces, Naval Command, Air Command) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1047,10 +1132,10 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Cypriot National Guard has approximately 13-15,000 total active duty personnel (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Cypriot National Guard has approximately 13-15,000 total active duty personnel (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of the Cypriot National Guard is a mix of Soviet-era and some more modern weapons systems; since 2010, it has received equipment from France, Israel, Italy, Oman, and Russia (2019 est.)" + "text": "the inventory of the Cypriot National Guard is a mix of Soviet-era and some more modern weapons systems; since 2010, it has received equipment from France, Israel, Italy, Oman, and Russia (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "Cypriot National Guard (CNG): 18-50 years of age for compulsory military service for all Greek Cypriot males; 17 years of age for voluntary service; 12-month service obligation (2019)" @@ -1070,7 +1155,7 @@ "IDPs": { "text": "228,000 (both Turkish and Greek Cypriots; many displaced since 1974) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: 10,690 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-November 2019)" + "note": "note: 21,704 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-April 2021)" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "minor transit point for heroin and hashish via air routes and container traffic to Europe, especially from Lebanon and Turkey; some cocaine transits as well; despite a strengthening of anti-money-laundering legislation, remains vulnerable to money laundering; reporting of suspicious transactions in offshore sector remains weak" diff --git a/europe/da.json b/europe/da.json index 458c95d6..2b1d1fb3 100644 --- a/europe/da.json +++ b/europe/da.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "660 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the rest of metropolitan Denmark (the Jutland Peninsula, and the major islands of Sjaelland and Fyn), but excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland

" + "note": "note: includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the rest of metropolitan Denmark (the Jutland Peninsula, and the major islands of Sjaelland and Fyn), but excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly less than twice the size of Massachusetts; about two-thirds the size of West Virginia" @@ -61,14 +61,14 @@ "text": "low and flat to gently rolling plains" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "34 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mollehoj/Ejer Bavnehoj 171 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Lammefjord -7 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mollehoj/Ejer Bavnehoj 171 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "34 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ "other": { "text": "23.7% (2018 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: highest percentage of arable land for any country in the world

" + "note": "note: highest percentage of arable land for any country in the world" }, "Irrigated land": { "text": "4,350 sq km (2012)" @@ -104,17 +104,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "flooding is a threat in some areas of the country (e.g., parts of Jutland, along the southern coast of the island of Lolland) that are protected from the sea by a system of dikes" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution, principally from vehicle and power plant emissions; nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of the North Sea; drinking and surface water becoming polluted from animal wastes and pesticides; much of country's household and industrial waste is recycled" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "composed of the Jutland Peninsula and a group of more than 400 islands (Danish Archipelago); controls Danish Straits (Skagerrak and Kattegat) linking Baltic and North Seas; about one-quarter of the population lives in greater Copenhagen" } @@ -132,12 +121,12 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Danish (includes Greenlandic (who are predominantly Inuit) and Faroese) 86.3%, Turkish 1.1%, other 12.6% (largest groups are Polish, Syrian, German, Iraqi, and Romanian) (2018 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent population by ancestry

" + "text": "Danish (includes Greenlandic (who are predominantly Inuit) and Faroese) 86.3%, Turkish 1.1%, other 12.6% (largest groups are Polish, Syrian, German, Iraqi, and Romanian) (2018 est.)

note: data represent population by ancestry", + "note": "note: data represent population by ancestry" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German (small minority)", - "note": "

note: English is the predominant second language

" + "text": "Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German (small minority)

note: English is the predominant second language", + "note": "note: English is the predominant second language" }, "Religions": { "text": "Evangelical Lutheran (official) 74.7%, Muslim 5.5%, other/none/unspecified (denominations of less than 1% each in descending order of size include Roman Catholic, Jehovah's Witness, Serbian Orthodox Christian, Jewish, Baptist, Buddhist, Mormon, Pentecostal, and nondenominational Christian) 19.8% (2019 est.)" @@ -201,10 +190,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "88.1% of total population (2020)" + "text": "88.2% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.51% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.54% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -341,13 +330,104 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "9.4%" + "text": "10.1%" }, "male": { - "text": "10.5%" + "text": "10.4%" }, "female": { - "text": "8.2% (2018 est.)" + "text": "9.7% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution, principally from vehicle and power plant emissions; nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of the North Sea; drinking and surface water becoming polluted from animal wastes and pesticides; much of country's household and industrial waste is recycled" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "10.12 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "31.79 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "6.54 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "381.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "32.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "326.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "6 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "63.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 58.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 4.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "12.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "23.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: highest percentage of arable land for any country in the world" + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "88.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.54% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "4.485 million tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "1,223,060 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "27.3% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -385,7 +465,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October; note - applies to continental Denmark only, not to its North Atlantic components" }, - "note": "

etymology: name derives from the city's Danish appellation Kobenhavn, meaning \"Merchant's Harbor\"

" + "note": "etymology: name derives from the city's Danish appellation Kobenhavn, meaning \"Merchant's Harbor\"
" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "metropolitan Denmark - 5 regions (regioner, singular - region); Hovedstaden (Capital), Midtjylland (Central Jutland), Nordjylland (North Jutland), Sjaelland (Zealand), Syddanmark (Southern Denmark)" @@ -464,7 +544,7 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "The Alternative A or AP (vacant)
Conservative People's Party or DKF or C [Soren PAPE POULSEN]
Danish People's Party or DF or O [Kristian THULESEN DAHL]
Liberal Alliance or LA [Alex VANOPSLAGH]
Liberal Party (Venstre) or V [Jakob ELLEMAN-JENSEN]
New Right Party or D or NB [Pernille VERMUND]
Red-Green Alliance (Unity List) or EL [collective leadership, Pernille SKIPPER, spokesperson]
Social Democrats or A or SDP [Mette FREDERIKSEN]
Social Liberal Party or B or SLP [Sofie CARSTEN]
Socialist People's Party or SF [Pia OLSEN DYHR]" + "text": "The Alternative A or AP (Franciska ROSENKILDE)
Conservative People's Party or DKF or C [Soren PAPE POULSEN]
Danish People's Party or DF or O [Kristian THULESEN DAHL]
Liberal Alliance or LA [Alex VANOPSLAGH]
Liberal Party (Venstre) or V [Jakob ELLEMANN-JENSEN]
New Right Party or D or NB [Pernille VERMUND]
Red-Green Alliance (Unity List) or EL [collective leadership, Mai VILLADSEN, spokesperson]
Social Democrats or A or SDP [Mette FREDERIKSEN]
Social Liberal Party or B or SLP [Sofie CARSTEN NIELSEN]
Socialist People's Party or SF [Pia OLSEN DYHR]" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" @@ -504,8 +584,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side; the banner is referred to as the Dannebrog (Danish flag) and is one of the oldest national flags in the world; traditions as to the origin of the flag design vary, but the best known is a legend that the banner fell from the sky during an early-13th century battle; caught up by the Danish king before it ever touched the earth, this heavenly talisman inspired the royal army to victory; in actuality, the flag may derive from a crusade banner or ensign", - "note": "

note: the shifted cross design element was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries of Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden

" + "text": "red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side; the banner is referred to as the Dannebrog (Danish flag) and is one of the oldest national flags in the world; traditions as to the origin of the flag design vary, but the best known is a legend that the banner fell from the sky during an early-13th century battle; caught up by the Danish king before it ever touched the earth, this heavenly talisman inspired the royal army to victory; in actuality, the flag may derive from a crusade banner or ensign

note: the shifted cross design element was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries of Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, as well as by the Faroe Islands", + "note": "note: the shifted cross design element was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries of Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, as well as by the Faroe Islands" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "lion, mute swan; national colors: red, white" @@ -517,7 +597,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Adam Gottlob OEHLENSCHLAGER/Hans Ernst KROYER; Johannes EWALD/unknown" }, - "note": "

note: Denmark has two national anthems with equal status; \"Der er et yndigt land,\" adopted 1844, is a national anthem, while \"Kong Christian,\" adopted 1780, serves as both a national and royal anthem; \"Kong Christian\" is also known as \"Kong Christian stod ved hojen mast\" (King Christian Stood by the Lofty Mast) and \"Kongesangen\" (The King's Anthem); within Denmark, the royal anthem is played only when royalty is present and is usually followed by the national anthem; when royalty is not present, only the national anthem is performed; outside Denmark, the royal anthem is played, unless the national anthem is requested

" + "note": "note: Denmark has two national anthems with equal status; \"Der er et yndigt land,\" adopted 1844, is a national anthem, while \"Kong Christian,\" adopted 1780, serves as both a national and royal anthem; \"Kong Christian\" is also known as \"Kong Christian stod ved hojen mast\" (King Christian Stood by the Lofty Mast) and \"Kongesangen\" (The King's Anthem); within Denmark, the royal anthem is played only when royalty is present and is usually followed by the national anthem; when royalty is not present, only the national anthem is performed; outside Denmark, the royal anthem is played, unless the national anthem is requested" } }, "Economy": { @@ -567,7 +647,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$320.053 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$350.037 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -582,7 +662,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$55,517 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -627,8 +707,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "85.3 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "92.7 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "100 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "73.9 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -663,8 +752,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "13.4% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: excludes students

" + "text": "12.5% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -703,7 +791,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "37.9% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

" + "note": "note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -728,10 +816,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 15.5%, Sweden 11.6%, UK 8.2%, US 7.5%, Norway 6%, China 4.4%, Netherlands 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 14%, United States 11%, Sweden 10%, United Kingdom 7%, Norway 6%, Netherlands 5%, China 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "wind turbines, pharmaceuticals, machinery and instruments, meat and meat products, dairy products, fish, furniture and design" + "text": "packaged medicines, electric generators, pork, refined petroleum, medical cultures/vaccines (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -745,10 +833,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 21.3%, Sweden 11.9%, Netherlands 7.8%, China 7.1%, Norway 6.3%, Poland 4% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 21%, Sweden 11%, Netherlands 8%, China 7% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, raw materials and semimanufactures for industry, chemicals, grain and foodstuffs, consumer goods" + "text": "cars, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, crude petroleum, broadcasting equipment (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -858,9 +946,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "12.86 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "37.45 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -890,7 +975,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 45; landing points for the NSC, COBRAcable, CANTAT-3, DANICE, Havfrue/AEC-2, TAT-14m Denmark-Norway-5 & 6, Skagenfiber West & East, GC1, GC2, GC3, GC-KPN, Kattegat 1 & 2 & 3, Energinet Lyngsa-Laeso, Energinet Laeso-Varberg, Fehmarn Balt, Baltica, German-Denmark 2 & 3, Ronne-Rodvig, Denmark-Sweden 15 & 16 & 17 & 18, IP-Only Denmark-Sweden, Scandinavian South, Scandinavian Ring North, Danica North, 34 series of fiber-optic submarine cables link Denmark with Canada, Faroe Islands, Germany, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, US and UK; satellite earth stations - 18 (6 Intelsat, 10 Eutelsat, 1 Orion, 1 Inmarsat (Blaavand-Atlantic-East)); note - the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) share the Danish earth station and the Eik, Norway, station for worldwide Inmarsat access (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "strong public-sector TV presence with state-owned Danmarks Radio (DR) operating 6 channels and publicly owned TV2 operating roughly a half-dozen channels; broadcasts of privately owned stations are available via satellite and cable feed; DR operates 4 nationwide FM radio stations, 10 digital audio broadcasting stations, and 14 web-based radio stations; 140 commercial and 187 community (non-commercial) radio stations (2019)" @@ -931,7 +1016,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "OY (2016)" + "text": "OY" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1012,42 +1097,42 @@ "dry bulk cargo port(s)": { "text": "Ensted (coal)" }, - "note": "

North Sea - Esbjerg," + "note": "North Sea - Esbjerg," } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air Force, Danish Home Guard (Reserves) (2021)", - "note": "

note: the Danish military also maintains a Joint Arctic Command" + "text": "Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air Force, Danish Home Guard (Reserves) (2021)

note: the Danish military also maintains a Joint Arctic Command", + "note": "note: the Danish military also maintains a Joint Arctic Command" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "1.47% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "1.43% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "1.31% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "1.3% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "1.3% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "1.28% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "1.15% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "1.14% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "1.15% of GDP (2016)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Danish military has approximately 18,000 active duty personnel (8,500 Army; 3,500 Navy; 3,500 Air Force; 2,500 joint) (2020 est.)" + "text": "the Danish military has approximately 18,000 active duty personnel (8,500 Army; 3,500 Navy; 3,500 Air Force; 2,500 joint/other) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Danish military inventory is comprised of a mix of modern European, US, and domestically-produced equipment; the US is the largest supplier of military equipment to Denmark since 2010, followed by Germany and the Netherlands; the Danish defense industry is mainly active in the production of naval vessels, defense electronics, and subcomponents of larger weapons systems, such as the US F-35 fighter aircraft (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Danish military inventory is comprised of a mix of modern European, US, and domestically-produced equipment; the US is the largest supplier of military equipment to Denmark since 2010, followed by Germany and the Netherlands; the Danish defense industry is active in the production of naval vessels, defense electronics, and subcomponents of larger weapons systems, such as the US F-35 fighter aircraft (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "110 Afghanistan (NATO); 130 Middle East/Iraq (NATO/Operation Inherent Resolve) (2020)" + "text": "130 Afghanistan (NATO); 140 Middle East/Iraq (NATO/Operation Inherent Resolve) (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscripts serve an initial training period that varies from 4 to 12 months depending on specialization; former conscripts are assigned to mobilization units; women eligible to volunteer for military service; in addition to full time employment, the Danish Military offers reserve contracts in all three branches (2016)" + "text": "18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscripts serve an initial training period that varies from 4 to 12 months depending on specialization; former conscripts are assigned to mobilization units; women eligible to volunteer for military service; in addition to full time employment, the Danish Military offers reserve contracts in all three branches (2019)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "in 2018, the Defense Ministers of Belgium, Denmark and the Netherlands signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) for the creation of a Composite Special Operations Component Command (C-SOCC); the C-SOCC was declared operational in December 2020" @@ -1055,8 +1140,8 @@ }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force (2021)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/europe/dx.json b/europe/dx.json index b198c85d..a7da325c 100644 --- a/europe/dx.json +++ b/europe/dx.json @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ "total": { "text": "131 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: area surrounds three Cypriot enclaves

" + "note": "note: area surrounds three Cypriot enclaves" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "about three-quarters the size of Washington, DC" @@ -37,9 +37,6 @@ "Climate": { "text": "temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "netting and trapping of small migrant songbirds in the spring and autumn" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "British extraterritorial rights also extended to several small off-post sites scattered across Cyprus; several small Cypriot enclaves exist within the Sovereign Base Area (SBA); of the SBA land, 60% is privately owned and farmed, 20% is owned by the Ministry of Defense, and 20% is SBA Crown land" } @@ -55,6 +52,14 @@ "text": "NA" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "netting and trapping of small migrant songbirds in the spring and autumn" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters" + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -80,11 +85,11 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: \"Episkopi\" means \"episcopal\" in Greek and stems from the fact that the site previously served as the bishop's seat of an Orthodox diocese" + "note": "etymology: \"Episkopi\" means \"episcopal\" in Greek and stems from the fact that the site previously served as the bishop's seat of an Orthodox diocese" }, "Constitution": { "history": { - "text": "presented 3 August 1960, effective 16 August 1960 (The Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order in Council 1960, serves as a basic legal document); amended 1966" + "text": "presented 3 August 1960, effective 16 August 1960 (The Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order in Council 1960, serves as a basic legal document); amended 1966 (2021)" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -145,7 +150,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military - note": { - "text": "defense is the responsibility of the UK; includes Dhekelia Garrison and Ayios Nikolaos Station connected by a roadway" + "text": "defense of Dhekelia (aka Eastern Sovereign Base Area) is the responsibility of the UK; includes Dhekelia Garrison and Ayios Nikolaos Station connected by a roadway" } } } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/ee.json b/europe/ee.json index f9085449..f776c5b4 100644 --- a/europe/ee.json +++ b/europe/ee.json @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ "total": { "text": "4,236,351 sq km" }, - "note": "

rank by area (sq km):
1. France (includes five overseas regions) 643,801
2. Spain 505,370
3. Sweden 450,295
4. Germany 357,022
5. Finland 338,145
6. Poland 312,685
7. Italy 301,340
8. Romania 238,391
9. Greece 131,957
10. Bulgaria 110,879
11. Hungary 93,028
12. Portugal 92,090
13. Austria 83,871
14. Czechia 78,867
15. Ireland 70,273
16. Lithuania 65,300
17. Latvia 64,589
18. Croatia 56,594
19. Slovakia 49,035
20. Estonia 45,228
21. Denmark 43,094
22. Netherlands 41,543
23. Belgium 30,528
24. Slovenia 20,273
25. Cyprus 9,251
26. Luxembourg 2,586
27. Malta 316" + "note": "rank by area (sq km):
1. France (includes five overseas regions) 643,801
2. Spain 505,370
3. Sweden 450,295
4. Germany 357,022
5. Finland 338,145
6. Poland 312,685
7. Italy 301,340
8. Romania 238,391
9. Greece 131,957
10. Bulgaria 110,879
11. Hungary 93,028
12. Portugal 92,090
13. Austria 83,871
14. Czechia 78,867
15. Ireland 70,273
16. Lithuania 65,300
17. Latvia 64,589
18. Croatia 56,594
19. Slovakia 49,035
20. Estonia 45,228
21. Denmark 43,094
22. Netherlands 41,543
23. Belgium 30,528
24. Slovenia 20,273
25. Cyprus 9,251
26. Luxembourg 2,586
27. Malta 316" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "less than one-half the size of the US" @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ "border countries": { "text": "Albania 212 km, Andorra 118 km, Belarus 1176 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 956 km, Holy See 3 km, Liechtenstein 34 km, Macedonia 396 km, Moldova 683 km, Monaco 6 km, Montenegro 19 km, Norway 2375 km, Russia 2435 km, San Marino 37 km, Serbia 1353 km, Switzerland 1729 km, Turkey 415 km, United Kingdom 499 km, Ukraine 1324 km; note - the Brexit Withdrawal Agreement (2020) commits the United Kingdom (UK) to maintain an open border in Ireland, so the border between Northern Ireland (UK) and the Republic of Ireland is only de jure and is not a hard border; the de facto border is the Irish Sea between the islands of Ireland and Great Britain" }, - "note": "

note: data for European continent only

" + "note": "note: data for European continent only" }, "Coastline": { "text": "53,563.9 km" @@ -42,11 +42,11 @@ "text": "fairly flat along Baltic and Atlantic coasts; mountainous in the central and southern areas" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Zuidplaspolder, Netherlands -7 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Mont Blanc, France 4,810 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Zuidplaspolder, Netherlands -7 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -60,27 +60,16 @@ }, "Natural hazards": { "text": "flooding along coasts; avalanches in mountainous area; earthquakes in the south; volcanic eruptions in Italy; periodic droughts in Spain; ice floes in the Baltic" - }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "various forms of air, soil, and water pollution; see individual country entries" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds" - } } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": " 450,131,902 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

rank by population: \r\n
\r\n
    \r\n
  1. Germany - 79,903,481; 
    2. \r\n
  2. France - 68,084,217; 
    3. \r\n
  3. Italy - 62,390,364; 
    4. \r\n
  4. Spain - 47,260,584; 
    5. \r\n
  5. Poland - 38,185,913; 
    6. \r\n
  6. Romania - 21,230,362; 
    7. \r\n
  7. Netherlands - 17,337,403; 
    8. \r\n
  8. Belgium - 11,778,842; 
    9. \r\n
  9. Czechia - 10,702,596; 
    10. \r\n
  10. Greece - 10,569,703; 
    11. \r\n
  11. Portugal - 10,263,850; 
    12. \r\n
  12. Sweden - 10,261,767; 
    13. \r\n
  13. Hungary - 9,728,337; 
    14. \r\n
  14. Austria - 8,884,864; 
    15. \r\n
  15. Bulgaria - 6,919,180; 
    16. \r\n
  16. Denmark - 5,894,687; 
    17. \r\n
  17. Finland - 5,587,442; 
    18. \r\n
  18. Slovakia - 5,436,066; 
    19. \r\n
  19. Ireland - 5,224,884; 
    20. \r\n
  20. Croatia - 4,208,973; 
    21. \r\n
  21. Lithuania - 2,711,566; 
    22. \r\n
  22. Slovenia - 2,102,106; 
    23. \r\n
  23. Latvia - 1,862,687; 
    24. \r\n
  24. Cyprus - 1,281,506; 
    25. \r\n
  25. Estonia - 1,220,042; 
    26. \r\n
  26. Luxembourg - 639,589; 
    27. \r\n
  27. Malta - 460,891 (July 2021 est.)
    28. \r\n
\r\n
" + "text": " 450,131,902 (July 2021 est.)

rank by population: \r\n
\r\n
    \r\n
  1. Germany - 79,903,481; 
    2. \r\n
  2. France - 68,084,217; 
    3. \r\n
  3. Italy - 62,390,364; 
    4. \r\n
  4. Spain - 47,260,584; 
    5. \r\n
  5. Poland - 38,185,913; 
    6. \r\n
  6. Romania - 21,230,362; 
    7. \r\n
  7. Netherlands - 17,337,403; 
    8. \r\n
  8. Belgium - 11,778,842; 
    9. \r\n
  9. Czechia - 10,702,596; 
    10. \r\n
  10. Greece - 10,569,703; 
    11. \r\n
  11. Portugal - 10,263,850; 
    12. \r\n
  12. Sweden - 10,261,767; 
    13. \r\n
  13. Hungary - 9,728,337; 
    14. \r\n
  14. Austria - 8,884,864; 
    15. \r\n
  15. Bulgaria - 6,919,180; 
    16. \r\n
  16. Denmark - 5,894,687; 
    17. \r\n
  17. Finland - 5,587,442; 
    18. \r\n
  18. Slovakia - 5,436,066; 
    19. \r\n
  19. Ireland - 5,224,884; 
    20. \r\n
  20. Croatia - 4,208,973; 
    21. \r\n
  21. Lithuania - 2,711,566; 
    22. \r\n
  22. Slovenia - 2,102,106; 
    23. \r\n
  23. Latvia - 1,862,687; 
    24. \r\n
  24. Cyprus - 1,281,506; 
    25. \r\n
  25. Estonia - 1,220,042; 
    26. \r\n
  26. Luxembourg - 639,589; 
    27. \r\n
  27. Malta - 460,891 (July 2021 est.)
    28. \r\n
\r\n
", + "note": "rank by population: \r\n
\r\n
    \r\n
  1. Germany - 79,903,481; 
    2. \r\n
  2. France - 68,084,217; 
    3. \r\n
  3. Italy - 62,390,364; 
    4. \r\n
  4. Spain - 47,260,584; 
    5. \r\n
  5. Poland - 38,185,913; 
    6. \r\n
  6. Romania - 21,230,362; 
    7. \r\n
  7. Netherlands - 17,337,403; 
    8. \r\n
  8. Belgium - 11,778,842; 
    9. \r\n
  9. Czechia - 10,702,596; 
    10. \r\n
  10. Greece - 10,569,703; 
    11. \r\n
  11. Portugal - 10,263,850; 
    12. \r\n
  12. Sweden - 10,261,767; 
    13. \r\n
  13. Hungary - 9,728,337; 
    14. \r\n
  14. Austria - 8,884,864; 
    15. \r\n
  15. Bulgaria - 6,919,180; 
    16. \r\n
  16. Denmark - 5,894,687; 
    17. \r\n
  17. Finland - 5,587,442; 
    18. \r\n
  18. Slovakia - 5,436,066; 
    19. \r\n
  19. Ireland - 5,224,884; 
    20. \r\n
  20. Croatia - 4,208,973; 
    21. \r\n
  21. Lithuania - 2,711,566; 
    22. \r\n
  22. Slovenia - 2,102,106; 
    23. \r\n
  23. Latvia - 1,862,687; 
    24. \r\n
  24. Cyprus - 1,281,506; 
    25. \r\n
  25. Estonia - 1,220,042; 
    26. \r\n
  26. Luxembourg - 639,589; 
    27. \r\n
  27. Malta - 460,891 (July 2021 est.)
    28. \r\n
\r\n
" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish", - "note": "

note: only the 24 official languages are listed; German, the major language of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, is the most widely spoken mother tongue - about 16% of the EU population; English is the most widely spoken foreign language - about 29% of the EU population is conversant with it (2020)

" + "text": "Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish

note: only the 24 official languages are listed; German, the major language of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, is the most widely spoken mother tongue - about 16% of the EU population; English is the most widely spoken foreign language - about 29% of the EU population is conversant with it (2020)", + "note": "note: only the 24 official languages are listed; German, the major language of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, is the most widely spoken mother tongue - about 16% of the EU population; English is the most widely spoken foreign language - about 29% of the EU population is conversant with it (2020)" }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 48%, Protestant 12%, Orthodox 8%, other Christian 4%, Muslim 2%, other 1% (includes Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu), atheist 7%, non-believer/agnostic 16%, unspecified 2% (2012 est.)" @@ -112,7 +101,7 @@ "female": { "text": "45.5 years (2020 est.)" }, - "note": "

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
   
" + "note": "\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
   
" }, "Population growth rate": { "text": "-0.69% 0.10% (2021 est.)" @@ -197,16 +186,53 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "17.1%" + "text": "16.8%" }, "male": { - "text": "17.3%" + "text": "16.8%" }, "female": { - "text": "16.9% (2018 est.)" + "text": "16.9% (2019 est.)" } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "various forms of air, soil, and water pollution; see individual country entries" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 2006" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "2,881.62 megatons (2016 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "2,057.76 cubic meters (2011)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "cold temperate; potentially subarctic in the north to temperate; mild wet winters; hot dry summers in the south" + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.05% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "text": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring regionally; the US Department of Homeland Security has issued instructions requiring US passengers who have been in the European Union’s Schengen Area (comprised of the following 26 European states: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland) to travel through select airports where the US Government has implemented enhanced screening procedures" + } + }, "Government": { "Union name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -232,15 +258,15 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

note: the 27 European Union countries spread across three time zones; a proposal has been put forward to do away with daylight savings time in all EU countries

" + "note": "note: the 27 European Union countries spread across three time zones; a proposal has been put forward to do away with daylight savings time in all EU countries" }, "Member states": { - "text": "

27 countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden; note - candidate countries: Albania, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey

there are 13 overseas countries and territories (OCTs) (1 with Denmark [Greenland], 6 with France [French Polynesia; French Southern and Antarctic Lands; New Caledonia; Saint Barthelemy; Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Wallis and Futuna], and 6 with the Netherlands [Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten]), all are part of the Overseas Countries and Territories Association (OCTA)

", - "note": "

note: there are non-European OCTs having special relations with Denmark, France, and the Netherlands (list is annexed to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union), that are associated with the EU to promote their economic and social development; member states apply to their trade with OCTs the same treatment as they accord each other pursuant to the treaties; OCT nationals are in principle EU citizens, but these countries are neither part of the EU, nor subject to the EU

" + "text": "

27 countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden; note - candidate countries: Albania, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey

there are 13 overseas countries and territories (OCTs) (1 with Denmark [Greenland], 6 with France [French Polynesia; French Southern and Antarctic Lands; New Caledonia; Saint Barthelemy; Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Wallis and Futuna], and 6 with the Netherlands [Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten]), all are part of the Overseas Countries and Territories Association (OCTA)



note: there are non-European OCTs having special relations with Denmark, France, and the Netherlands (list is annexed to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union), that are associated with the EU to promote their economic and social development; member states apply to their trade with OCTs the same treatment as they accord each other pursuant to the treaties; OCT nationals are in principle EU citizens, but these countries are neither part of the EU, nor subject to the EU", + "note": "note: there are non-European OCTs having special relations with Denmark, France, and the Netherlands (list is annexed to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union), that are associated with the EU to promote their economic and social development; member states apply to their trade with OCTs the same treatment as they accord each other pursuant to the treaties; OCT nationals are in principle EU citizens, but these countries are neither part of the EU, nor subject to the EU" }, "Independence": { - "text": "7 February 1992 (Maastricht Treaty signed establishing the European Union); 1 November 1993 (Maastricht Treaty entered into force)", - "note": "

note: the Treaties of Rome, signed on 25 March 1957 and subsequently entered into force on 1 January 1958, created the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community; a series of subsequent treaties have been adopted to increase efficiency and transparency, to prepare for new member states, and to introduce new areas of cooperation - such as a single currency; the Treaty of Lisbon, signed on 13 December 2007 and entered into force on 1 December 2009 is the most recent of these treaties and is intended to make the EU more democratic, more efficient, and better able to address global problems with one voice

" + "text": "7 February 1992 (Maastricht Treaty signed establishing the European Union); 1 November 1993 (Maastricht Treaty entered into force)

note: the Treaties of Rome, signed on 25 March 1957 and subsequently entered into force on 1 January 1958, created the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community; a series of subsequent treaties have been adopted to increase efficiency and transparency, to prepare for new member states, and to introduce new areas of cooperation - such as a single currency; the Treaty of Lisbon, signed on 13 December 2007 and entered into force on 1 December 2009 is the most recent of these treaties and is intended to make the EU more democratic, more efficient, and better able to address global problems with one voice", + "note": "note: the Treaties of Rome, signed on 25 March 1957 and subsequently entered into force on 1 January 1958, created the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community; a series of subsequent treaties have been adopted to increase efficiency and transparency, to prepare for new member states, and to introduce new areas of cooperation - such as a single currency; the Treaty of Lisbon, signed on 13 December 2007 and entered into force on 1 December 2009 is the most recent of these treaties and is intended to make the EU more democratic, more efficient, and better able to address global problems with one voice" }, "National holiday": { "text": "Europe Day (also known as Schuman Day), 9 May (1950); note - the day in 1950 that Robert SCHUMAN proposed the creation of what became the European Coal and Steel Community, the progenitor of today's European Union, with the aim of achieving a united Europe" @@ -260,8 +286,8 @@ "text": "18 years of age (16 years in Austria); universal; voting for the European Parliament is permitted in each member state" }, "Executive branch": { - "text": "

under the EU treaties there are three distinct institutions, each of which conducts functions that may be regarded as executive in nature:
European Council - brings together heads of state and government, along with the president of the European Commission, and meets at least four times a year; its aim is to provide the impetus for the development of the Union and to issue general policy guidelines; the Treaty of Lisbon established the position of \"permanent\" (full-time) president of the European Council; leaders of the EU member states appoint the president for a 2 1/2 year term, renewable once; the president's responsibilities include chairing the EU summits and providing policy and organizational continuity; the current president is Donald TUSK (Poland), since 1 December 2014, succeeding Herman VAN ROMPUY (Belgian; 2009-14)
Council of the European Commission - consists of ministers of each EU member state and meets regularly in 10 different configurations depending on the subject matter; it conducts policymaking and coordinating functions as well as legislative functions; ministers of EU member states chair meetings of the Council of the EU based on a 6-month rotating presidency except for the meetings of EU Foreign Ministers in the Foreign Affairs Council that are chaired by the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
European Commission - headed by a College of Commissioners comprised of 28 members (one from each member country) including the president; each commissioner is responsible for one or more policy areas; the Commission's main responsibilities include the sole right to initiate EU legislation (except for foreign and security/defense policy), promoting the general interest of the EU, acting as \"guardian of the Treaties\" by monitoring the application of EU law, implementing/executing the EU budget, managing programs, negotiating on the EU's behalf in core policy areas such as trade, and ensuring the Union's external representation in some policy areas; its current president is Jean-Claude JUNCKER (Luxembourg) elected on 15 July 2014 (took office on 1 November 2014); the president of the European Commission is nominated by the European Council and formally \"elected\" by the European Parliament; the Commission president allocates specific responsibilities among the members of the College (appointed by common accord of the member state governments in consultation with the president-elect); the European Parliament confirms the entire Commission for a 5-year term; President JUNCKER reorganized the structure of the College around clusters or project teams coordinated by 7 vice presidents in line with the current Commission's main political priorities and appointed Frans TIMMERMANS (Netherlands) to act as his first vice president; the confirmation process for the next Commission expected be held in the fall of 2019


", - "note": "

note: for external representation and foreign policy making, leaders of the EU member states appointed Federica MOGHERINI (Italy) as the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy; MOGHERINI took office on 1 November 2014, succeeding Catherine ASHTON (UK) (2009-14); the High Representative's concurrent appointment as Vice President of the European Commission was meant to bring more coherence to the EU’s foreign policy (horizontally, between policies managed by the Commission that are particularly relevant for EU external relations, such as trade, humanitarian aid and crisis management, neighborhood policy and enlargement; and vertically, between national capitals and the EU); the High Representative helps develop and implement the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy and Common Security and Defense Policy components, chairs the Foreign Affairs Council, represents and acts for the Union in many international contexts, and oversees the European External Action Service, the diplomatic corps of the EU, established on 1 December 2010

" + "text": "

under the EU treaties there are three distinct institutions, each of which conducts functions that may be regarded as executive in nature:
European Council - brings together heads of state and government, along with the president of the European Commission, and meets at least four times a year; its aim is to provide the impetus for the development of the Union and to issue general policy guidelines; the Treaty of Lisbon established the position of \"permanent\" (full-time) president of the European Council; leaders of the EU member states appoint the president for a 2 1/2 year term, renewable once; the president's responsibilities include chairing the EU summits and providing policy and organizational continuity; the current president is Donald TUSK (Poland), since 1 December 2014, succeeding Herman VAN ROMPUY (Belgian; 2009-14)
Council of the European Commission - consists of ministers of each EU member state and meets regularly in 10 different configurations depending on the subject matter; it conducts policymaking and coordinating functions as well as legislative functions; ministers of EU member states chair meetings of the Council of the EU based on a 6-month rotating presidency except for the meetings of EU Foreign Ministers in the Foreign Affairs Council that are chaired by the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
European Commission - headed by a College of Commissioners comprised of 28 members (one from each member country) including the president; each commissioner is responsible for one or more policy areas; the Commission's main responsibilities include the sole right to initiate EU legislation (except for foreign and security/defense policy), promoting the general interest of the EU, acting as \"guardian of the Treaties\" by monitoring the application of EU law, implementing/executing the EU budget, managing programs, negotiating on the EU's behalf in core policy areas such as trade, and ensuring the Union's external representation in some policy areas; its current president is Jean-Claude JUNCKER (Luxembourg) elected on 15 July 2014 (took office on 1 November 2014); the president of the European Commission is nominated by the European Council and formally \"elected\" by the European Parliament; the Commission president allocates specific responsibilities among the members of the College (appointed by common accord of the member state governments in consultation with the president-elect); the European Parliament confirms the entire Commission for a 5-year term; President JUNCKER reorganized the structure of the College around clusters or project teams coordinated by 7 vice presidents in line with the current Commission's main political priorities and appointed Frans TIMMERMANS (Netherlands) to act as his first vice president; the confirmation process for the next Commission expected be held in the fall of 2019




note: for external representation and foreign policy making, leaders of the EU member states appointed Federica MOGHERINI (Italy) as the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy; MOGHERINI took office on 1 November 2014, succeeding Catherine ASHTON (UK) (2009-14); the High Representative's concurrent appointment as Vice President of the European Commission was meant to bring more coherence to the EU’s foreign policy (horizontally, between policies managed by the Commission that are particularly relevant for EU external relations, such as trade, humanitarian aid and crisis management, neighborhood policy and enlargement; and vertically, between national capitals and the EU); the High Representative helps develop and implement the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy and Common Security and Defense Policy components, chairs the Foreign Affairs Council, represents and acts for the Union in many international contexts, and oversees the European External Action Service, the diplomatic corps of the EU, established on 1 December 2010", + "note": "note: for external representation and foreign policy making, leaders of the EU member states appointed Federica MOGHERINI (Italy) as the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy; MOGHERINI took office on 1 November 2014, succeeding Catherine ASHTON (UK) (2009-14); the High Representative's concurrent appointment as Vice President of the European Commission was meant to bring more coherence to the EU’s foreign policy (horizontally, between policies managed by the Commission that are particularly relevant for EU external relations, such as trade, humanitarian aid and crisis management, neighborhood policy and enlargement; and vertically, between national capitals and the EU); the High Representative helps develop and implement the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy and Common Security and Defense Policy components, chairs the Foreign Affairs Council, represents and acts for the Union in many international contexts, and oversees the European External Action Service, the diplomatic corps of the EU, established on 1 December 2010" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { @@ -281,7 +307,7 @@ "judge selection and term of office": { "text": "judges appointed by the common consent of the member states to serve 6-year renewable terms" }, - "note": "

note: the ECJ is the supreme judicial authority of the EU; it ensures that EU law is interpreted and applied uniformly throughout the EU, resolves disputed issues among the EU institutions and with member states, and reviews issues and opinions regarding questions of EU law referred by member state courts

" + "note": "note: the ECJ is the supreme judicial authority of the EU; it ensures that EU law is interpreted and applied uniformly throughout the EU, resolves disputed issues among the EU institutions and with member states, and reviews issues and opinions regarding questions of EU law referred by member state courts" }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe or ALDE [Guy VERHOFSTADT]
European United Left-Nordic Green Left or GUE/NGL [Gabriele ZIMMER]
Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy or EFDD [Nigel FARAGE]
Europe of Nations and Freedom or ENF or ENL [Nicolas BAY and Marcel DE GRAAFF]
European Conservatives and Reformists or ECR [Syed KAMALL and Ryszard LEGUTKO]
European Greens/European Free Alliance or Greens/EFA [Ska KELLER, Philippe LAMBERTS]
European People's Party or EPP [Manfred WEBER]
Identity and Democracy Party [Marco ZANNI]
Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats or S&D [Udo BULLMANN]" @@ -333,7 +359,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "no lyrics/Ludwig VAN BEETHOVEN, arranged by Herbert VON KARAJAN" }, - "note": "

note: official EU anthem since 1985; the anthem is meant to represent all of Europe rather than just the organization, conveying ideas of peace, freedom, and unity

" + "note": "note: official EU anthem since 1985; the anthem is meant to represent all of Europe rather than just the organization, conveying ideas of peace, freedom, and unity" } }, "Economy": { @@ -383,7 +409,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$19,115,988,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$17.11 trillion (2017 est.)" @@ -398,7 +424,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$42,848 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -474,8 +500,8 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "9.8% (2013 est.)", - "note": "

note: see individual country entries of member states

" + "text": "9.8% (2013 est.)

note: see individual country entries of member states", + "note": "note: see individual country entries of member states" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": { @@ -528,7 +554,7 @@ "Exports 2017": { "text": "$6,690,764,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: external exports, excluding intra-EU trade

" + "note": "note: external exports, excluding intra-EU trade" }, "Exports - partners": { "text": "United States 20.7%, China 9.6%, Switzerland 8.1%, Turkey 4.4%, Russia 4.1% (2016 est.)" @@ -546,7 +572,7 @@ "Imports 2017": { "text": "$6,177,446,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: external imports, excluding intra-EU trade

" + "note": "note: external imports, excluding intra-EU trade" }, "Imports - partners": { "text": "China 20.1%, United States 14.5%, Switzerland 7.1%, Russia 6.3% (2016 est.)" @@ -561,7 +587,7 @@ "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2013": { "text": "$746.9 billion (31 December 2013)" }, - "note": "

note: data are for the European Central Bank

" + "note": "note: data are for the European Central Bank" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 31 December 2016": { @@ -652,9 +678,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "1.3 trillion cu m (1 January 2017 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "3.475 billion Mt (2015 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -790,13 +813,13 @@ "text": "180 Central African Republic (EUTM); 600 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUTM); 700 Mali (EUTM); 200 Somalia (EUTM) (2020)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the current five-nation Eurocorps, formally established in 1992 and activated the following year, began in 1987 as a French-German Brigade; Belgium (1993), Spain (1994), and Luxembourg (1996) joined over the next few years; five additional countries participate in Eurocorps as associated nations: Greece, Poland, and Turkey (since 2002), Italy and Romania (joined in 2009 and 2016 respectively); Eurocorps consists of approximately 1,000 troops at its headquarters in Strasbourg, France and the 5,000-man Franco-German Brigade (2020)" + "text": "Eurocorps, formally established in 1992 and activated the following year, began in 1987 as a French-German Brigade; Belgium (1993), Spain (1994), and Luxembourg (1996) joined over the next few years; five additional countries participate in Eurocorps as associated nations: Greece, Poland, and Turkey (since 2002), Italy and Romania (joined in 2009 and 2016 respectively); Eurocorps is headquartered in Strasbourg, France (2021)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); al-Qa'ida (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); al-Qa'ida (2019)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/europe/ei.json b/europe/ei.json index 77616249..ac10981a 100644 --- a/europe/ei.json +++ b/europe/ei.json @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ "text": "mostly flat to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged hills and low mountains; sea cliffs on west coast" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "118 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Carrauntoohil 1,041 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Carrauntoohil 1,041 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "118 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,17 +96,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "rare extreme weather events" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water pollution, especially of lakes, from agricultural runoff; acid rain kills plants, destroys soil fertility, and contributes to deforestation" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Marine Life Conservation" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location on major air and sea routes between North America and northern Europe; over 40% of the population resides within 100 km of Dublin" } @@ -191,10 +180,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "63.7% of total population (2020)" + "text": "63.9% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.14% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -255,8 +244,8 @@ "text": "1.93 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { - "text": "73.3% (2010)", - "note": "

note: percent of women aged 18-45" + "text": "73.3% (2010)

note: percent of women aged 18-45", + "note": "note: percent of women aged 18-45" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { @@ -335,13 +324,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "13.8%" + "text": "12.5%" }, "male": { - "text": "14.8%" + "text": "14.2%" }, "female": { - "text": "12.6% (2018 est.)" + "text": "10.6% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water pollution, especially of lakes, from agricultural runoff; acid rain kills plants, destroys soil fertility, and contributes to deforestation" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Marine Life Conservation" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "8.26 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "37.71 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "13.67 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "631 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "51 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "179 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "52 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "66.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 15.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 50.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "10.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "23% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "63.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "2,692,537 tons (2012 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "888,537 tons (2012 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "33% (2012 est.)" } } }, @@ -379,7 +458,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: derived from Irish \"dubh\" and \"lind\" meaning respectively \"black, dark\" and \"pool\" and which referred to the dark tidal pool where the River Poddle entered the River Liffey; today the area is the site of the castle gardens behind Dublin Castle" + "note": "etymology: derived from Irish \"dubh\" and \"lind\" meaning respectively \"black, dark\" and \"pool\" and which referred to the dark tidal pool where the River Poddle entered the River Liffey; today the area is the site of the castle gardens behind Dublin Castle" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "28 counties and 3 cities*; Carlow, Cavan, Clare, Cork, Cork*, Donegal, Dublin*, Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown, Fingal, Galway, Galway*, Kerry, Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois, Leitrim, Limerick, Longford, Louth, Mayo, Meath, Monaghan, Offaly, Roscommon, Sligo, South Dublin, Tipperary, Waterford, Westmeath, Wexford, Wicklow" @@ -501,8 +580,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and orange; officially the flag colors have no meaning, but a common interpretation is that the green represents the Irish nationalist (Gaelic) tradition of Ireland; orange represents the Orange tradition (minority supporters of William of Orange); white symbolizes peace (or a lasting truce) between the green and the orange", - "note": "

note: similar to the flag of Cote d'Ivoire, which is shorter and has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter and has colors of green (hoist side), white, and red

" + "text": "three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and orange; officially the flag colors have no meaning, but a common interpretation is that the green represents the Irish nationalist (Gaelic) tradition of Ireland; orange represents the Orange tradition (minority supporters of William of Orange); white symbolizes peace (or a lasting truce) between the green and the orange

note: similar to the flag of Cote d'Ivoire, which is shorter and has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter and has colors of green (hoist side), white, and red", + "note": "note: similar to the flag of Cote d'Ivoire, which is shorter and has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter and has colors of green (hoist side), white, and red" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "harp, shamrock (trefoil); national colors: blue, green" @@ -514,7 +593,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Peadar KEARNEY [English], Liam O RINN [Irish]/Patrick HEENEY and Peadar KEARNEY" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1926; instead of \"Amhran na bhFiann,\" the song \"Ireland's Call\" is often used at athletic events where citizens of Ireland and Northern Ireland compete as a unified team

" + "note": "note: adopted 1926; instead of \"Amhran na bhFiann,\" the song \"Ireland's Call\" is often used at athletic events where citizens of Ireland and Northern Ireland compete as a unified team" } }, "Economy": { @@ -564,7 +643,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$375.592 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$398.476 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -579,7 +658,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$78,128 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -624,8 +703,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "79.6 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "94.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "87.2 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "57.9 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -660,7 +748,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "8.2% (2013 est.)" + "text": "13.1% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": { @@ -699,7 +787,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "73.6% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

" + "note": "note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -724,10 +812,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 27.1%, UK 13.4%, Belgium 11%, Germany 8.1%, Switzerland 5.1%, Netherlands 4.9%, France 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "United States 28%, Belgium 10%, Germany 10%, UK 9%, China 5%, Netherlands 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, computers, chemicals, medical devices, pharmaceuticals; foodstuffs, animal products" + "text": "medical cultures/vaccines, nitrogen compounds, packaged medicines, integrated circuits, scented mixtures (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -741,10 +829,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "UK 29%, US 18.9%, France 12.1%, Germany 9.6%, Netherlands 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "United Kingdom 31%, United States 16%, Germany 10%, Netherlands 5%, France 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "data processing equipment, other machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products, textiles, clothing" + "text": "aircraft, computers, packaged medicines, refined petroleum, medical cultures/vaccines (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -854,9 +942,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "9.911 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "36.91 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -886,7 +971,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 353; landing point for the AEConnect -1, Celtic-Norse, Havfrue/AEC-2, GTT Express, Celtic, ESAT-1, IFC-1, Solas, Pan European Crossing, ESAT-2, CeltixConnect -1 & 2, GTT Atlantic, Sirius South, Emerald Bridge Fibres and Geo Eirgrid submarine cable with links to the US, Canada, Norway, Isle of Man and UK; satellite earth stations - 81 (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "publicly owned broadcaster Radio Telefis Eireann (RTE) operates 4 TV stations; commercial TV stations are available; about 75% of households utilize multi-channel satellite and TV services that provide access to a wide range of stations; RTE operates 4 national radio stations and has launched digital audio broadcasts on several stations; a number of commercial broadcast stations operate at the national, regional, and local levels (2019)" @@ -927,7 +1012,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "EI (2016)" + "text": "EI" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1018,42 +1103,42 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Irish Defence Forces (Oglaigh na h-Eireannn): Army (includes Army Reserve), Naval Service (includes Naval Service Reserves), Air Corps (2019)" + "text": "Irish Defense Forces (Oglaigh na h-Eireannn): Army, Air Corps, Naval Service, Reserve Defense Forces (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2020": { + "text": "0.27% of GDP (2020)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "0.3% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "0.29% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "0.3% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "0.29% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "0.3% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "0.31% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "0.3% of GDP (2016)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "0.3% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "0.33% of GDP (2016)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Irish Defence Forces have approximately 8,700 active duty personnel (7,000 Army; 1,000 Navy; 700 Air Force) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Irish Defence Forces have approximately 8,700 active duty personnel (7,000 Army; 1,000 Navy; 700 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Irish Defense Forces have a small inventory of imported weapons systems from a variety of European countries, as well as South Africa and the US; the UK is the leading supplier of military hardware to Ireland since 2010 (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Irish Defense Forces have a small inventory of imported weapons systems from a variety of mostly European countries; the UK is the leading supplier of military hardware to Ireland since 2010 (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "130 Golan Heights (UNDOF); 340 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2020)" + "text": "130 Golan Heights (UNDOF); 340 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-25 years of age for male and female voluntary military service recruits to the Defence Forces (18-27 years of age for the Naval Service); 18-26 for cadetship (officer) applicants; 12-year service (5 active, 7 reserves); Irish citizen, European Economic Area citizenship, or refugee status (2019)" + "text": "18-25 years of age for male and female voluntary military service recruits to the Defence Forces (18-27 years of age for the Naval Service); 18-26 for cadetship (officer) applicants; 12-year service (5 active, 7 reserves); Irish citizen, European Economic Area citizenship, or refugee status (2020)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Continuity Irish Republican Army; New Irish Republican Army (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Continuity Irish Republican Army; New Irish Republican Army (2019)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/europe/en.json b/europe/en.json index 459f9753..8a7c1f40 100644 --- a/europe/en.json +++ b/europe/en.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "2,840 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes 1,520 islands in the Baltic Sea

" + "note": "note: includes 1,520 islands in the Baltic Sea" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "about twice the size of New Jersey" @@ -55,14 +55,14 @@ "text": "marshy, lowlands; flat in the north, hilly in the south" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "61 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Suur Munamagi 318 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Baltic Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Suur Munamagi 318 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "61 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -97,17 +97,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "sometimes flooding occurs in the spring" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale burning power plants in northeast; however, the amounts of pollutants emitted to the air have fallen dramatically and the pollution load of wastewater at purification plants has decreased substantially due to improved technology and environmental monitoring; Estonia has more than 1,400 natural and manmade lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural areas need to be monitored; coastal seawater is polluted in certain locations" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the mainland terrain is flat, boggy, and partly wooded; offshore lie more than 1,500 islands" } @@ -192,10 +181,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "69.2% of total population (2020)" + "text": "69.4% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.01% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "-0.03% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -324,6 +313,9 @@ "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "21.2% (2016)" }, + "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { + "text": "0.4% (2013/15)" + }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "5% of GDP (2017)" }, @@ -354,13 +346,111 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "11.8%" + "text": "11.1%" }, "male": { - "text": "12.3%" + "text": "10.5%" }, "female": { - "text": "11.4% (2018 est.)" + "text": "11.7% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale burning power plants in northeast; however, the amounts of pollutants emitted to the air have fallen dramatically and the pollution load of wastewater at purification plants has decreased substantially due to improved technology and environmental monitoring; Estonia has more than 1,400 natural and manmade lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural areas need to be monitored; coastal seawater is polluted in certain locations" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "6.74 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "16.59 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.99 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "59.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.721 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "4.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "12.806 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "maritime; wet, moderate winters, cool summers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "22.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 14.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 7.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "52.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "25.7% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.85% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "69.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "-0.03% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "intermediate (2020)" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "tickborne encephalitis" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "473,000 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "117,020 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "24.7% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -401,7 +491,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: the Estonian name is generally believed to be derived from \"Taani-linn\" (originally meaning \"Danish castle\", now \"Danish town\") after a stronghold built in the area by the Danes; it could also have come from \"tali-linn\" (\"winter castle\" or \"winter town\") or \"talu-linn\" (\"home castle\" or \"home town\")" + "note": "etymology: the Estonian name is generally believed to be derived from \"Taani-linn\" (originally meaning \"Danish castle\", now \"Danish town\") after a stronghold built in the area by the Danes; it could also have come from \"tali-linn\" (\"winter castle\" or \"winter town\") or \"talu-linn\" (\"home castle\" or \"home town\")" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "15 urban municipalities (linnad, singular - linn), 64 rural municipalities (vallad, singular vald)

urban municipalities: Haapsalu, Keila, Kohtla-Jarve, Loksa, Maardu, Narva, Narva-Joesuu, Paide, Parnu, Rakvere, Sillamae, Tallinn, Tartu, Viljandi, Voru

rural municipalities: Alutaguse, Anija, Antsla, Elva, Haademeeste, Haljala, Harku, Hiiumaa, Jarva, Joelahtme, Jogeva, Johvi, Kadrina, Kambja, Kanepi, Kastre, Kehtna, Kihnu, Kiili, Kohila, Kose, Kuusalu, Laane-Harju, Laane-Nigula, Laaneranna, Luganuse, Luunja, Marjamaa, Muhu, Mulgi, Mustvee, Noo, Otepaa, Peipsiaare, Pohja-Parnumaa, Pohja-Sakala, Poltsamaa, Polva, Raasiku, Rae, Rakvere, Räpina, Rapla, Rouge, Ruhnu, Saarde, Saaremaa, Saku, Saue, Setomaa, Tapa, Tartu, Toila, Tori, Torva, Turi, Vaike-Maarja, Valga, Viimsi, Viljandi, Vinni, Viru-Nigula, Vormsi, Voru" @@ -414,7 +504,7 @@ }, "Constitution": { "history": { - "text": "several previous; latest adopted 28 June 1992" + "text": "several previous; latest adopted 28 June 1992, entered into force 3 July 1992" }, "amendments": { "text": "proposed by at least one-fifth of Parliament members or by the president of the republic; passage requires three readings of the proposed amendment and a simple majority vote in two successive memberships of Parliament; passage of amendments to the \"General Provisions\" and \"Amendment of the Constitution\" chapters requires at least three-fifths majority vote by Parliament to conduct a referendum and majority vote in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2015" @@ -490,7 +580,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Jonatan VSEVIOV (since 17 September 2018)" + "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Marko KOPLIMAA (since 9 February 2021)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2131 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008" @@ -535,7 +625,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Johann Voldemar JANNSEN/Fredrik PACIUS" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1920, though banned between 1940 and 1990 under Soviet occupation; the anthem, used in Estonia since 1869, shares the same melody as Finland's but has different lyrics

" + "note": "note: adopted 1920, though banned between 1940 and 1990 under Soviet occupation; the anthem, used in Estonia since 1869, shares the same melody as Finland's but has different lyrics" } }, "Economy": { @@ -585,7 +675,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$44.708 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$31.461 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -600,7 +690,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$33,937 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -645,8 +735,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "80.6 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "95.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "99.9 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "76.1 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -681,7 +780,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "21.1% (2016 est.)" + "text": "21.7% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -720,7 +819,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "9.4% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds

" + "note": "note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -745,10 +844,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Finland 16.2%, Sweden 13.5%, Latvia 9.2%, Russia 7.3%, Germany 6.9%, Lithuania 5.9% (2017)" + "text": "Finland 13%, Sweden 9%, Latvia 8%, Russia 8%, United States 7%, Lithuania 6%, Germany 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and electrical equipment 30%, food products and beverages 9%, mineral fuels 6%, wood and wood products 14%, articles of base metals 7%, furniture and bedding 11%, vehicles and parts 3%, chemicals 4% (2016 est.)" + "text": "broadcasting equipment, refined petroleum, coal tar oil, cars, prefabricated buildings (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -762,10 +861,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Finland 14%, Germany 10.7%, Lithuania 8.9%, Sweden 8.5%, Latvia 8.2%, Poland 7.2%, Russia 6.7%, Netherlands 5.9%, China 4.7% (2017)" + "text": "Russia 12%, Germany 10%, Finland 9%, Lithuania 7%, Latvia 7%, Sweden 6%, Poland 6%, China 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and electrical equipment 28%, mineral fuels 11%, food and food products 10%, vehicles 9%, chemical products 8%, metals 8% (2015 est.)" + "text": "cars, refined petroleum, coal tar oil, broadcasting equipment, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -875,9 +974,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (2016 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "5.306 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -907,7 +1003,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 372; landing points for the EE-S-1, EESF-3, Baltic Sea Submarine Cable, FEC and EESF-2 fiber-optic submarine cables to other Estonia points, Finland, and Sweden; 2 international switches are located in Tallinn (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "the publicly owned broadcaster, Eesti Rahvusringhaaling (ERR), operates 3 TV channels and 5 radio networks; growing number of private commercial radio stations broadcasting nationally, regionally, and locally; fully transitioned to digital television in 2010; national private TV channels expanding service; a range of channels are aimed at Russian-speaking viewers; in 2016, there were 42 on-demand services available in Estonia, including 19 pay TVOD and SVOD services; roughly 85% of households accessed digital television services" @@ -945,7 +1041,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "ES (2016)" + "text": "ES" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -996,7 +1092,7 @@ "broad gauge": { "text": "2,146 km 1.520-m and 1.524-m gauge (132 km electrified) (2016)" }, - "note": "

note: includes 1,510 km public and 636 km non-public railway

" + "note": "note: includes 1,510 km public and 636 km non-public railway" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1031,33 +1127,33 @@ "text": "Estonian Defense Forces: Land Forces, Navy, Air Force, Estonian Defence League (Reserves); Ministry of Interior: Border Guards (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2021": { + "text": "2.3% of GDP (2021 est.)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "2.38% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "2.33% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "2.03% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "2% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "2.01% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "2.03% of GDP (2017)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "2.07% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "2.01% of GDP (2017)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Estonian Defense Forces have approximately 6,500 active duty personnel (5,500 Army; 500 Navy; 500 Air Force); est. 15,000 Estonian Defense League (2020 est.)" + "text": "the Estonian Defense Forces have approximately 6,500 active duty personnel (5,500 Army; 500 Navy; 500 Air Force); est. 15,000 Estonian Defense League (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Estonian Defense Forces have a limited inventory of Soviet-era and more recently acquired modern weapons systems, largely from France, the Netherlands, and South Korea (2020)" + "text": "the Estonian Defense Forces have a limited inventory of Soviet-era and more recently acquired modern weapons systems, largely from France and the Netherlands (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "approximately 100 Mali (Operation Barkhane/MINUSMA/EUTM) (2020)" + "text": "approximately 100 Mali (Operation Barkhane/MINUSMA/EUTM) (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-27 for compulsory military or governmental service, conscript service requirement 8-11 months depending on education; NCOs, reserve officers, and specialists serve 11 months (2016)" + "text": "18-27 for compulsory military or governmental service, conscript service requirement 8-11 months depending on education; NCOs, reserve officers, and specialists serve 11 months (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/europe/ez.json b/europe/ez.json index 6aec0960..e9cdbbf7 100644 --- a/europe/ez.json +++ b/europe/ez.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "Bohemia in the west consists of rolling plains, hills, and plateaus surrounded by low mountains; Moravia in the east consists of very hilly country" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "433 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Snezka 1,602 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Labe (Elbe) River 115 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Snezka 1,602 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "433 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,17 +91,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "flooding" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air and water pollution in areas of northwest Bohemia and in northern Moravia around Ostrava present health risks; acid rain damaging forests; land pollution caused by industry, mining, and agriculture" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "note 1: landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and most significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional military corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe

note 2: the Hranice Abyss in Czechia is the world's deepest surveyed underwater cave at 404 m (1,325 ft); its survey is not complete and it could end up being some 800-1,200 m deep" } @@ -186,10 +175,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "74.1% of total population (2020)" + "text": "74.2% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.21% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.2% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -340,13 +329,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "6.7%" + "text": "5.6%" }, "male": { - "text": "6.4%" + "text": "5.3%" }, "female": { - "text": "7.2% (2018 est.)" + "text": "6% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air and water pollution in areas of northwest Bohemia and in northern Moravia around Ostrava present health risks; acid rain damaging forests; land pollution caused by industry, mining, and agriculture" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "15.15 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "102.22 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "13.11 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "616.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "967.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "46.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "13.15 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "54.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 41% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 12.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "34.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "10.8% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.17% of GDP (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.14% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "74.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.2% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "3.337 million tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "850,935 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "25.5% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -384,7 +463,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name may derive from an old Slavic root \"praga\" or \"prah\", meaning \"ford\", and refer to the city's origin at a crossing point of the Vltava (Moldau) River" + "note": "etymology: the name may derive from an old Slavic root \"praga\" or \"prah\", meaning \"ford\", and refer to the city's origin at a crossing point of the Vltava (Moldau) River" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "13 regions (kraje, singular - kraj) and 1 capital city* (hlavni mesto); Jihocesky (South Bohemia), Jihomoravsky (South Moravia), Karlovarsky (Karlovy Vary), Kralovehradecky (Hradec Kralove), Liberecky (Liberec), Moravskoslezsky (Moravia-Silesia), Olomoucky (Olomouc), Pardubicky (Pardubice), Plzensky (Pilsen), Praha (Prague)*, Stredocesky (Central Bohemia), Ustecky (Usti), Vysocina (Highlands), Zlinsky (Zlin)" @@ -490,7 +569,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Stephen B. KING (since 6 December 2017)" + "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Jennifer BACHUS (since January 2020)" }, "telephone": { "text": "[420] 257 022 000" @@ -506,8 +585,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side", - "note": "

note: combines the white and red colors of Bohemia with blue from the arms of Moravia; is identical to the flag of the former Czechoslovakia

" + "text": "two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side

note: combines the white and red colors of Bohemia with blue from the arms of Moravia; is identical to the flag of the former Czechoslovakia", + "note": "note: combines the white and red colors of Bohemia with blue from the arms of Moravia; is identical to the flag of the former Czechoslovakia" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "silver (or white), double-tailed, rampant lion; national colors: white, red, blue" @@ -519,7 +598,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Josef Kajetan TYL/Frantisek Jan SKROUP" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1993; the anthem was originally written as incidental music to the play \"Fidlovacka\" (1834), it soon became very popular as an unofficial anthem of the Czech nation; its first verse served as the official Czechoslovak anthem beginning in 1918, while the second verse (Slovak) was dropped after the split of Czechoslovakia in 1993

" + "note": "note: adopted 1993; the anthem was originally written as incidental music to the play \"Fidlovacka\" (1834), it soon became very popular as an unofficial anthem of the Czech nation; its first verse served as the official Czechoslovak anthem beginning in 1918, while the second verse (Slovak) was dropped after the split of Czechoslovakia in 1993" } }, "Economy": { @@ -569,7 +648,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$412.902 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$250.631 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -584,7 +663,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$38,974 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -629,8 +708,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "76.3 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "82.1 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "100 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "56.4 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -665,7 +753,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "9.7% (2015 est.)" + "text": "10.1% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -728,10 +816,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 32.8%, Slovakia 7.8%, Poland 6.1%, France 5.1%, UK 4.9%, Austria 4.4%, Italy 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 31%, Slovakia 7%, Poland 6%, France 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and transport equipment, raw materials, fuel, chemicals" + "text": "cars and vehicle parts, computers, broadcasting equipment, office machinery/parts, seating (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -745,10 +833,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 29.8%, Poland 9.1%, China 7.4%, Slovakia 5.8%, Netherlands 5.3%, Italy 4% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 27%, China 12%, Poland 9%, Slovakia 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and transport equipment, raw materials and fuels, chemicals" + "text": "broadcasting equipment, cars and vehicle parts, office machinery/parts, computers, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -858,9 +946,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "3.964 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "115.8 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -890,7 +975,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 420; satellite earth stations - 6 (2 Intersputnik - Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions, 1 Intelsat, 1 Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat, 1 Globalstar) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "22 TV stations operate nationally, with 17 of them in private hands; publicly operated Czech Television has 5 national channels; throughout the country, there are some 350 TV channels in operation, many through cable, satellite, and IPTV subscription services; 63 radio broadcasters are registered, operating over 80 radio stations, including 7 multiregional radio stations or networks; publicly operated broadcaster Czech Radio operates 4 national, 14 regional, and 4 Internet stations; both Czech Radio and Czech Television are partially financed through a license fee (2019)" @@ -931,7 +1016,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "OK (2016)" + "text": "OK" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1004,7 +1089,7 @@ "river port(s)": { "text": "Prague (Vltava)" }, - "note": "

Decin, Usti nad Labem (Elbe)" + "note": "Decin, Usti nad Labem (Elbe)" } }, "Military and Security": { @@ -1013,10 +1098,10 @@ }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "1.43% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "1.34% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "1.18% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "1.16% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "1.13% of GDP (2018)" @@ -1029,13 +1114,13 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Czech military has approximately 26,000 active personnel (20,000 Army; 6,000 Air Force) (2020 est.)" + "text": "the Czech military has approximately 26,000 active personnel (20,000 Army; 6,000 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Czech military has a mix of Soviet-era and more modern equipment, mostly of European origin; since 2010, the leading suppliers of military equipment to Czechia are Austria and Spain (2019 )" + "text": "the Czech military has a mix of Soviet-era and more modern equipment, mostly of European origin; since 2010, the leading suppliers of military equipment to Czechia are Austria and Spain (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-28 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)" + "text": "18-28 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription abolished 2004 (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/europe/fi.json b/europe/fi.json index 34e09f2d..6a9f9d2e 100644 --- a/europe/fi.json +++ b/europe/fi.json @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "164 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Halti (alternatively Haltia, Haltitunturi, Haltiatunturi) 1,328 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Baltic Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Halti (alternatively Haltia, Haltitunturi, Haltiatunturi) 1,328 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "164 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,17 +102,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "severe winters in the north" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "limited air pollution in urban centers; some water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on European continent; population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plain" } @@ -197,10 +186,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "85.5% of total population (2020)" + "text": "85.6% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.42% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.42% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -261,8 +250,8 @@ "text": "1.74 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { - "text": "85.5% (2015)", - "note": "

note: percent of women aged 18-49

" + "text": "85.5% (2015)

note: percent of women aged 18-49", + "note": "note: percent of women aged 18-49" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { @@ -341,13 +330,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "17%" + "text": "17.2%" }, "male": { - "text": "17.3%" + "text": "18.7%" }, "female": { - "text": "16.8% (2018 est.)" + "text": "15.6% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "limited air pollution in urban centers; some water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "5.88 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "45.87 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "4.46 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "400 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.417 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "50 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "110 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "7.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 7.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "72.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "19.6% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.36% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "85.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.42% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "2.738 million tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "769,926 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "28.1% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -385,7 +464,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name may derive from the Swedish \"helsing,\" an archaic name for \"neck\" (\"hals\"), and which may refer to a narrowing of the Vantaa River that flows into the Gulf of Finland at Helsinki; \"fors\" refers to \"rapids,\" so \"helsing fors\" meaning becomes \"the narrows' rapids\"" + "note": "etymology: the name may derive from the Swedish \"helsing,\" an archaic name for \"neck\" (\"hals\"), and which may refer to a narrowing of the Vantaa River that flows into the Gulf of Finland at Helsinki; \"fors\" refers to \"rapids,\" so \"helsing fors\" meaning becomes \"the narrows' rapids\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "19 regions (maakunnat, singular - maakunta (Finnish); landskapen, singular - landskapet (Swedish)); Aland (Swedish), Ahvenanmaa (Finnish); Etela-Karjala (Finnish), Sodra Karelen (Swedish) [South Karelia]; Etela-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Sodra Osterbotten (Swedish) [South Ostrobothnia]; Etela-Savo (Finnish), Sodra Savolax (Swedish) [South Savo]; Kanta-Hame (Finnish), Egentliga Tavastland (Swedish); Kainuu (Finnish), Kajanaland (Swedish); Keski-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Mellersta Osterbotten (Swedish) [Central Ostrobothnia]; Keski-Suomi (Finnish), Mellersta Finland (Swedish) [Central Finland]; Kymenlaakso (Finnish), Kymmenedalen (Swedish); Lappi (Finnish), Lappland (Swedish); Paijat-Hame (Finnish), Paijanne-Tavastland (Swedish); Pirkanmaa (Finnish), Birkaland (Swedish) [Tampere]; Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Osterbotten (Swedish) [Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Karjala (Finnish), Norra Karelen (Swedish) [North Karelia]; Pohjois-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Norra Osterbotten (Swedish) [North Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Savo (Finnish), Norra Savolax (Swedish) [North Savo]; Satakunta (Finnish and Swedish); Uusimaa (Finnish), Nyland (Swedish) [Newland]; Varsinais-Suomi (Finnish), Egentliga Finland (Swedish) [Southwest Finland]" @@ -401,7 +480,7 @@ "text": "previous 1906, 1919; latest drafted 17 June 1997, approved by Parliament 11 June 1999, entered into force 1 March 2000" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by Parliament; passage normally requires simple majority vote in two readings in the first parliamentary session and at least two-thirds majority vote in a single reading by the newly elected Parliament; proposals declared \"urgent\" by five-sixths of Parliament members can be passed by at least two-thirds majority vote in the first parliamentary session only; amended several times, last in 2012" + "text": "proposed by Parliament; passage normally requires simple majority vote in two readings in the first parliamentary session and at least two-thirds majority vote in a single reading by the newly elected Parliament; proposals declared \"urgent\" by five-sixths of Parliament members can be passed by at least two-thirds majority vote in the first parliamentary session only; amended several times, last in 2018" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -467,7 +546,7 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Aland Coalition (a coalition of several political parties on the Aland Islands)
Center Party or Kesk [Katri KULMUNI]
Christian Democrats or KD [Sari ESSAYAH]
Finns Party or PS [Jussi HALLA-AHO]
Green League or Vihr [Pekka HAAVISTO]
Left Alliance or Vas [Li ANDERSSON]
National Coalition Party or Kok [Petteri ORPO]
Social Democratic Party or SDP [Antti RINNE]
Swedish People's Party or SFP [Anna-Maja HENRIKSSON]" + "text": "Aland Coalition (a coalition of several political parties on the Aland Islands)
Center Party or Kesk [Annika SAARIKKO]
Christian Democrats or KD [Sari ESSAYAH]
Finns Party or PS [Jussi HALLA-AHO]
Green League or Vihr [Maria OHISALO]
Left Alliance or Vas [Li ANDERSSON]
National Coalition Party or Kok [Petteri ORPO]
Social Democratic Party or SDP [Sanna MARIN]
Swedish People's Party or SFP [Anna-Maja HENRIKSSON]" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" @@ -519,7 +598,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Johan Ludvig RUNEBERG/Fredrik PACIUS" }, - "note": "

note: in use since 1848; although never officially adopted by law, the anthem has been popular since it was first sung by a student group in 1848; Estonia's anthem uses the same melody as that of Finland

" + "note": "note: in use since 1848; although never officially adopted by law, the anthem has been popular since it was first sung by a student group in 1848; Estonia's anthem uses the same melody as that of Finland" } }, "Economy": { @@ -569,7 +648,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$261.649 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$269.259 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -584,7 +663,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$47,502 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -629,8 +708,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "80.2 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "93.5 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "92.4 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "66.4 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -664,6 +752,9 @@ "text": "7.38% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Population below poverty line": { + "text": "12.2% (2019 est.)" + }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { "text": "27.4 (2017 est.)" @@ -687,7 +778,7 @@ "expenditures": { "text": "135.6 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: Central Government Budget data; these numbers represent a significant reduction from previous official reporting

" + "note": "note: Central Government Budget data; these numbers represent a significant reduction from previous official reporting" }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "53.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" @@ -702,7 +793,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "62.9% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

" + "note": "note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -727,10 +818,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 14.2%, Sweden 10.1%, US 7%, Netherlands 6.8%, China 5.7%, Russia 5.7%, UK 4.5% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 14%, Sweden 10%, United States 8%, Netherlands 6%, China 6%, Russia 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "electrical and optical equipment, machinery, transport equipment, paper and pulp, chemicals, basic metals; timber" + "text": "refined petroleum, paper and wood pulp products, cars, stainless steel, lumber (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -744,10 +835,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 17.7%, Sweden 15.8%, Russia 13.1%, Netherlands 8.7% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 16%, Sweden 14%, Russia 13%, China 6%, Netherlands 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, computers, electronic industry products, textile yarn and fabrics, grains" + "text": "crude petroleum, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -857,9 +948,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "NA cu m (1 January 2016 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "46.01 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -889,14 +977,14 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 358; landing points for Botnia, BCS North-1 & 2, SFL, SFS-4, C-Lion1, Eastern Lights, Baltic Sea Submarine Cable, FEC, and EESF-2 & 3 submarine cables that provide links to many Finland points, Estonia, Sweden, Germany, and Russia; satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "a mix of 3 publicly operated TV stations and numerous privately owned TV stations; several free and special-interest pay-TV channels; cable and satellite multi-channel subscription services are available; all TV signals are broadcast digitally; Internet television, such as Netflix and others, is available; public broadcasting maintains a network of 13 national and 25 regional radio stations; a large number of private radio broadcasters and access to Internet radio" }, "Internet country code": { - "text": "

.fi

 

", - "note": "

note - Aland Islands assigned .ax

" + "text": "

.fi

 



note - Aland Islands assigned .ax", + "note": "note - Aland Islands assigned .ax" }, "Internet users": { "total": { @@ -931,7 +1019,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "OH (2016)" + "text": "OH" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1013,10 +1101,16 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Finnish Defense Forces (FDF): Army (Maavoimat), Navy (Merivoimat), Air Force (Ilmavoimat); Ministry of the Interior: Border Guard (Rajavartiolaitos) (2019)", - "note": "

note: the Border Guard becomes part of the FDF in wartime" + "text": "Finnish Defense Forces (FDF): Army (Maavoimat), Navy (Merivoimat), Air Force (Ilmavoimat); Ministry of the Interior: Border Guard (Rajavartiolaitos) (2021)

note: the Border Guard becomes part of the FDF in wartime", + "note": "note: the Border Guard becomes part of the FDF in wartime" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2021": { + "text": "2.2% of GDP (2021 est.)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2020": { + "text": "1.4% of GDP (2020 est.)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "1.5% of GDP (2019)" }, @@ -1025,22 +1119,16 @@ }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "1.4% of GDP (2017)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "1.4% of GDP (2016)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "1.5% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "estimates for the size of the Finnish Defense Forces (FDF) vary; approximately 23,000 total active duty personnel (16,000 Army; 4,000 Navy; 3,000 Air Force) (2019 est.)" + "text": "estimates for the size of the Finnish Defense Forces (FDF) vary; approximately 23,000 total active duty personnel (16,000 Army; 4,000 Navy; 3,000 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of the Finnish Defense Forces consists of a wide mix of mostly modern Western and domestically-produced weapons systems, as well as a limited quantity of Soviet-era equipment, particularly artillery and armored personnel carriers; since 2010, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, and the US are the leading foreign suppliers of armaments to Finland; the Finish defense industry produces a variety of military equipment, including wheeled armored vehicles and naval vessels (2019 est.)" + "text": "the inventory of the Finnish Defense Forces consists of a wide mix of mostly modern Western and domestically-produced weapons systems, as well as a limited quantity of Soviet-era equipment; since 2010, the US and several European countries, including France and Italy, are the leading foreign suppliers of armaments to Finland; the Finnish defense industry produces a variety of military equipment, including wheeled armored vehicles and naval vessels (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "200 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2020)" + "text": "200 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (March 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "at age 18, all Finnish men are obligated to serve 6-12 months of service within a branch of the military or the Border Guard, and women may volunteer for service; after completing their initial conscript obligation, individuals enter the reserves and remain eligible for mobilization until the age of 60 (2019)" diff --git a/europe/fo.json b/europe/fo.json index d07d4543..656d3c60 100644 --- a/europe/fo.json +++ b/europe/fo.json @@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ "text": "rugged, rocky, some low peaks; cliffs along most of coast" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Slaettaratindur 882 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -90,14 +90,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "strong winds and heavy rains can occur throughout the year" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "coastal erosion, landslides and rockfalls, flash flooding, wind storms; oil spills" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Marine Dumping - associate member to the London Convention and Ship Pollution" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "archipelago of 17 inhabited islands and one uninhabited island, and a few uninhabited islets; strategically located along important sea lanes in northeastern Atlantic; precipitous terrain limits habitation to small coastal lowlands" } @@ -115,12 +107,12 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Faroese 87.6% (Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon descent), Danish 7.8%, other Nordic 1.4%, other 3.2% (includes Filipino, Thai, British) (2018 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent respondents by country of birth

" + "text": "Faroese 87.6% (Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon descent), Danish 7.8%, other Nordic 1.4%, other 3.2% (includes Filipino, Thai, British) (2018 est.)

note: data represent respondents by country of birth", + "note": "note: data represent respondents by country of birth" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Faroese 93.8% (derived from Old Norse), Danish 3.2%, other 3% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note:  data represent population by primary language" + "text": "Faroese 93.8% (derived from Old Norse), Danish 3.2%, other 3% (2011 est.)

note:  data represent population by primary language", + "note": "note:  data represent population by primary language" }, "Religions": { "text": "Christian 89.3% (predominantly Evangelical Lutheran), other 1%, none 3.8%, unspecified 6% (2011 est.)" @@ -170,10 +162,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "42.4% of total population (2020)" + "text": "42.6% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.74% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.89% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -259,6 +251,66 @@ "text": "NA" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "coastal erosion, landslides and rockfalls, flash flooding, wind storms; oil spills" + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.63 megatons (2016 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "2.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 2.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "0.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "97.8% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "42.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.89% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "61,000 tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "40,870 tons (2012 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "67% (2012 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -296,10 +348,10 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: the meaning in Danish is Thor's harbor" + "note": "etymology: the meaning in Danish is Thor's harbor" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark; there are 29 first-order municipalities (kommunur, singular - kommuna) Eidhis, Eystur, Famjins, Fuglafjardhar, Fugloyar, Hovs, Husavikar, Hvalbiar, Hvannasunds, Klaksvikar, Kunoyar, Kvivik, Nes, Porkeris, Runavikar, Sands, Sjovar, Skalavikar, Skopunar, Skuvoyar, Sorvags, Sumbiar, Sunda, Torshavnar, Tvoroyrar, Vaga, Vags, Vestmanna, Vidhareidhis" + "text": "part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark; there are 29 first-order municipalities (kommunur, singular - kommuna) Eidhi, Eystur, Famjin, Fuglafjordhur, Fugloy, Hov, Husavik, Hvalba, Hvannasund, Klaksvik, Kunoy, Kvivik, Nes, Porkeri, Runavik, Sandur, Sjovar, Skalavik, Skopun, Skuvoy, Sorvagur, Sumba, Sunda, Torshavn, Tvoroyri, Vagar, Vagur, Vestmanna, Vidhareidhi" }, "Independence": { "text": "none (part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)" @@ -375,8 +427,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "white with a red cross outlined in blue extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted toward the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); referred to as Merkid, meaning \"the banner\" or \"the mark,\" the flag resembles those of neighboring Iceland and Norway, and uses the same three colors - but in a different sequence; white represents the clear Faroese sky, as well as the foam of the waves; red and blue are traditional Faroese colors", - "note": "

note: the blue on the flag is a lighter blue (azure) than that found on the flags of Iceland or Norway

" + "text": "white with a red cross outlined in blue extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted toward the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); referred to as Merkid, meaning \"the banner\" or \"the mark,\" the flag resembles those of neighboring Iceland and Norway, and uses the same three colors - but in a different sequence; white represents the clear Faroese sky, as well as the foam of the waves; red and blue are traditional Faroese colors

note: the blue on the flag is a lighter blue (azure) than that found on the flags of Iceland or Norway", + "note": "note: the blue on the flag is a lighter blue (azure) than that found on the flags of Iceland or Norway" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "ram; national colors: red, white, blue" @@ -388,7 +440,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Simun av SKAROI/Peter ALBERG" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1948; the anthem is also known as \"Tu alfagra land mitt\" (Thou Fairest Land of Mine); as a self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark, the Faroe Islands are permitted their own national anthem

" + "note": "note: adopted 1948; the anthem is also known as \"Tu alfagra land mitt\" (Thou Fairest Land of Mine); as a self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark, the Faroe Islands are permitted their own national anthem" } }, "Economy": { @@ -523,7 +575,7 @@ "expenditures": { "text": "883.8 million (2014)" }, - "note": "

note: Denmark supplies the Faroe Islands with almost one-third of its public funds

" + "note": "note: Denmark supplies the Faroe Islands with almost one-third of its public funds" }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "30.2% (of GDP) (2014 est.)" @@ -667,9 +719,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "739,300 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -699,7 +748,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 298; landing points for the SHEFA-2, FARICE-1, and CANTAT-3 fiber-optic submarine cables from the Faeroe Islands, to Denmark, Germany, UK and Iceland; satellite earth stations - 1 Orion; (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "1 publicly owned TV station; the Faroese telecommunications company distributes local and international channels through its digital terrestrial network; publicly owned radio station supplemented by 3 privately owned stations broadcasting over multiple frequencies" @@ -734,7 +783,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "OY-H (2016)" + "text": "OY-H" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -759,7 +808,7 @@ "unpaved": { "text": "460 km (2017)" }, - "note": "

note: those islands not connected by roads (bridges or tunnels) are connected by seven different ferry links operated by the nationally owned company SSL; 28 km of tunnels

" + "note": "note: those islands not connected by roads (bridges or tunnels) are connected by seven different ferry links operated by the nationally owned company SSL; 28 km of tunnels" }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { @@ -780,7 +829,7 @@ "text": "no regular military forces or conscription; the Government of Denmark has responsibility for defense; as such, the Danish military’s Joint Arctic Command in Nuuk, Greenland is responsible for territorial defense of the Faroe Islands; the Joint Arctic Command has a contact element in the capital of Torshavn (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "defense is the responsibility of Denmark" + "text": "the Danish military’s Joint Arctic Command in Nuuk is responsible for the defense of the Faroe Islands" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/europe/fr.json b/europe/fr.json index 0d547654..9cbae7d0 100644 --- a/europe/fr.json +++ b/europe/fr.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "3,374 sq km ; 1,530 sq km (metropolitan France)" }, - "note": "

note: the first numbers include the overseas regions of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion" + "note": "note: the first numbers include the overseas regions of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly more than four times the size of Georgia; slightly less than the size of Texas" @@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ } }, "Coastline": { - "text": "4,853 km", - "note": "

metropolitan France: 3,427 km" + "text": "4,853 km

metropolitan France: 3,427 km", + "note": "metropolitan France: 3,427 km" }, "Maritime claims": { "territorial sea": { @@ -65,16 +65,16 @@ "text": "

metropolitan France: mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west; remainder is mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south, Alps in east;

French Guiana: low-lying coastal plains rising to hills and small mountains;

Guadeloupe: Basse-Terre is volcanic in origin with interior mountains; Grande-Terre is low limestone formation; most of the seven other islands are volcanic in origin;

Martinique: mountainous with indented coastline; dormant volcano;

Mayotte: generally undulating, with deep ravines and ancient volcanic peaks;

Reunion: mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast

" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "375 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mont Blanc 4,810" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Rhone River delta -2 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mont Blanc 4,810" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "375 m" }, - "note": "

note: to assess the possible effects of climate change on the ice and snow cap of Mont Blanc, its surface and peak have been extensively measured in recent years; these new peak measurements have exceeded the traditional height of 4,807 m and have varied between 4,808 m and 4,811 m; the actual rock summit is 4,792 m and is 40 m away from the ice-covered summit" + "note": "note: to assess the possible effects of climate change on the ice and snow cap of Mont Blanc, its surface and peak have been extensively measured in recent years; these new peak measurements have exceeded the traditional height of 4,807 m and have varied between 4,808 m and 4,811 m; the actual rock summit is 4,792 m and is 40 m away from the ice-covered summit" }, "Natural resources": { "text": "metropolitan France: coal, iron ore, bauxite, zinc, uranium, antimony, arsenic, potash, feldspar, fluorspar, gypsum, timber, arable land, fish, French Guiana, gold deposits, petroleum, kaolin, niobium, tantalum, clay" @@ -100,25 +100,14 @@ } }, "Irrigated land": { - "text": "26,420 sq km 26,950 sq km (2012)", - "note": "

metropolitan France: 26,000 sq km (2012)" + "text": "26,420 sq km 26,950 sq km (2012)

metropolitan France: 26,000 sq km (2012)", + "note": "metropolitan France: 26,000 sq km (2012)" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "much of the population is concentrated in the north and southeast; although there are many urban agglomerations throughout the country, Paris is by far the largest city, with Lyon ranked a distant second" }, "Natural hazards": { - "text": "

metropolitan France: flooding; avalanches; midwinter windstorms; drought; forest fires in south near the Mediterranean;

overseas departments: hurricanes (cyclones); flooding;

volcanism: Montagne Pelee (1,394 m) on the island of Martinique in the Caribbean is the most active volcano of the Lesser Antilles arc, it last erupted in 1932; a catastrophic eruption in May 1902 destroyed the city of St. Pierre, killing an estimated 30,000 people;; La Soufriere (1,467 m) on the island of Guadeloupe in the Caribbean last erupted from July 1976 to March 1977;; these volcanoes are part of the volcanic island arc of the Lesser Antilles that extends from Saba in the north to Grenada in the south

" - }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "some forest damage from acid rain; air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from urban wastes, agricultural runoff" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } + "text": "

metropolitan France: flooding; avalanches; midwinter windstorms; drought; forest fires in south near the Mediterranean;

overseas departments: hurricanes (cyclones); flooding;

volcanism: Montagne Pelee (1,394 m) on the island of Martinique in the Caribbean is the most active volcano of the Lesser Antilles arc, it last erupted in 1932; a catastrophic eruption in May 1902 destroyed the city of St. Pierre, killing an estimated 30,000 people; La Soufriere (1,467 m) on the island of Guadeloupe in the Caribbean last erupted from July 1976 to March 1977; these volcanoes are part of the volcanic island arc of the Lesser Antilles that extends from Saba in the north to Grenada in the south

" }, "Geography - note": { "text": "largest West European nation; most major French rivers - the Meuse, Seine, Loire, Charente, Dordogne, and Garonne - flow northward or westward into the Atlantic Ocean, only the Rhone flows southward into the Mediterranean Sea" @@ -126,8 +115,8 @@ }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "68,084,217 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: the above figure is for metropolitan France and five overseas regions; the metropolitan France population is 62,814,233

" + "text": "68,084,217 (July 2021 est.)

note: the above figure is for metropolitan France and five overseas regions; the metropolitan France population is 62,814,233", + "note": "note: the above figure is for metropolitan France and five overseas regions; the metropolitan France population is 62,814,233" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -138,16 +127,16 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese, Basque minorities", - "note": "

note: overseas departments: Black, White, Mulatto, East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian

" + "text": "Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese, Basque minorities

note: overseas departments: Black, White, Mulatto, East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian", + "note": "note: overseas departments: Black, White, Mulatto, East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian" }, "Languages": { - "text": "French (official) 100%, declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish, Occitan, Picard)", - "note": "

note: overseas departments: French, Creole patois, Mahorian (a Swahili dialect)

" + "text": "French (official) 100%, declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish, Occitan, Picard)

note: overseas departments: French, Creole patois, Mahorian (a Swahili dialect)", + "note": "note: overseas departments: French, Creole patois, Mahorian (a Swahili dialect)" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Christian (overwhelmingly Roman Catholic) 63-66%, Muslim 7-9%, Buddhist 0.5-0.75%, Jewish 0.5-0.75%, other 0.5-1.0%, none 23-28% (2015 est.)", - "note": "

note: France maintains a tradition of secularism and has not officially collected data on religious affiliation since the 1872 national census, which complicates assessments of France's religious composition; an 1872 law prohibiting state authorities from collecting data on individuals' ethnicity or religious beliefs was reaffirmed by a 1978 law emphasizing the prohibition of the collection or exploitation of personal data revealing an individual's race, ethnicity, or political, philosophical, or religious opinions; a 1905 law codified France's separation of church and state

" + "text": "Christian (overwhelmingly Roman Catholic) 63-66%, Muslim 7-9%, Buddhist 0.5-0.75%, Jewish 0.5-0.75%, other 0.5-1.0%, none 23-28% (2015 est.)

note: France maintains a tradition of secularism and has not officially collected data on religious affiliation since the 1872 national census, which complicates assessments of France's religious composition; an 1872 law prohibiting state authorities from collecting data on individuals' ethnicity or religious beliefs was reaffirmed by a 1978 law emphasizing the prohibition of the collection or exploitation of personal data revealing an individual's race, ethnicity, or political, philosophical, or religious opinions; a 1905 law codified France's separation of church and state", + "note": "note: France maintains a tradition of secularism and has not officially collected data on religious affiliation since the 1872 national census, which complicates assessments of France's religious composition; an 1872 law prohibiting state authorities from collecting data on individuals' ethnicity or religious beliefs was reaffirmed by a 1978 law emphasizing the prohibition of the collection or exploitation of personal data revealing an individual's race, ethnicity, or political, philosophical, or religious opinions; a 1905 law codified France's separation of church and state" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -208,10 +197,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "81% of total population (2020)" + "text": "81.2% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.72% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.67% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -333,7 +322,7 @@ "text": "<500 (2019 est.)" }, "Major infectious diseases": { - "text": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout France; as of 24 January 2021, France has reported a total of 2,985,259 cases of COVID-19 or 4,573.5 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 111.0 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population" + "text": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout France; as of 25 April 2021, France has reported a total of 5,390,187 cases of COVID-19 or 8,287.6  cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 156.9  cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 21.4% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "21.6% (2016)" @@ -354,13 +343,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "20.8%" + "text": "19.6%" }, "male": { - "text": "21.4%" + "text": "20.8%" }, "female": { - "text": "20% (2018 est.)" + "text": "18.2% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "some forest damage from acid rain; air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from urban wastes, agricultural runoff" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "11.64 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "55.99 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "5.175 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "18.15 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "3.113 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "211 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "

metropolitan France: generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as the mistral;

French Guiana: tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation;

Guadeloupe and Martinique: subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average;

Mayotte: tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November);

Reunion: tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry (May to November), hot and rainy (November to April)

" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "52.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 33.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 17.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "29.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "18.1% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "81.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.67% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "text": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout France; as of 25 April 2021, France has reported a total of 5,390,187 cases of COVID-19 or 8,287.6  cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 156.9  cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 21.4% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "33.399 million tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "7,434,617 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "22.3% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -398,15 +477,15 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

note: applies to metropolitan France only; for its overseas regions the time difference is UTC-4 for Guadeloupe and Martinique, UTC-3 for French Guiana, UTC+3 for Mayotte, and UTC+4 for Reunion

etymology: name derives from the Parisii, a Celtic tribe that inhabited the area from the 3rd century B.C., but who were conquered by the Romans in the 1st century B.C.; the Celtic settlement became the Roman town of Lutetia Parisiorum (Lutetia of the Parisii); over subsequent centuries it became Parisium and then just Paris


" + "note": "note: applies to metropolitan France only; for its overseas regions the time difference is UTC-4 for Guadeloupe and Martinique, UTC-3 for French Guiana, UTC+3 for Mayotte, and UTC+4 for Reunion

etymology: name derives from the Parisii, a Celtic tribe that inhabited the area from the 3rd century B.C., but who were conquered by the Romans in the 1st century B.C.; the Celtic settlement became the Roman town of Lutetia Parisiorum (Lutetia of the Parisii); over subsequent centuries it became Parisium and then just Paris


" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "18 regions (regions, singular - region); Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte (Burgundy-Free County), Bretagne (Brittany), Centre-Val de Loire (Center-Loire Valley), Corse (Corsica), Grand Est (Grand East), Guadeloupe, Guyane (French Guiana), Hauts-de-France (Upper France), Ile-de-France, Martinique, Mayotte, Normandie (Normandy), Nouvelle-Aquitaine (New Aquitaine), Occitanie (Occitania), Pays de la Loire (Lands of the Loire), Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, Reunion", - "note": "

note: France is divided into 13 metropolitan regions (including the \"collectivity\" of Corse or Corsica) and 5 overseas regions (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion) and is subdivided into 96 metropolitan departments and 5 overseas departments (which are the same as the overseas regions)

" + "text": "18 regions (regions, singular - region); Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte (Burgundy-Free County), Bretagne (Brittany), Centre-Val de Loire (Center-Loire Valley), Corse (Corsica), Grand Est (Grand East), Guadeloupe, Guyane (French Guiana), Hauts-de-France (Upper France), Ile-de-France, Martinique, Mayotte, Normandie (Normandy), Nouvelle-Aquitaine (New Aquitaine), Occitanie (Occitania), Pays de la Loire (Lands of the Loire), Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, Reunion

note: France is divided into 13 metropolitan regions (including the \"collectivity\" of Corse or Corsica) and 5 overseas regions (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion) and is subdivided into 96 metropolitan departments and 5 overseas departments (which are the same as the overseas regions)", + "note": "note: France is divided into 13 metropolitan regions (including the \"collectivity\" of Corse or Corsica) and 5 overseas regions (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion) and is subdivided into 96 metropolitan departments and 5 overseas departments (which are the same as the overseas regions)" }, "Dependent areas": { - "text": "Clipperton Island, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, New Caledonia, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Wallis and Futuna", - "note": "

note: the US Government does not recognize claims to Antarctica; New Caledonia has been considered a \"sui generis\" collectivity of France since 1998, a unique status falling between that of an independent country and a French overseas department

" + "text": "Clipperton Island, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, New Caledonia, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Wallis and Futuna

note: the US Government does not recognize claims to Antarctica; New Caledonia has been considered a \"sui generis\" collectivity of France since 1998, a unique status falling between that of an independent country and a French overseas department", + "note": "note: the US Government does not recognize claims to Antarctica; New Caledonia has been considered a \"sui generis\" collectivity of France since 1998, a unique status falling between that of an independent country and a French overseas department" }, "Independence": { "text": "no official date of independence: 486 (Frankish tribes unified under Merovingian kingship); 10 August 843 (Western Francia established from the division of the Carolingian Empire); 14 July 1789 (French monarchy overthrown); 22 September 1792 (First French Republic founded); 4 October 1958 (Fifth French Republic established)" @@ -483,7 +562,7 @@ "subordinate courts": { "text": "appellate courts or Cour d'Appel; regional courts or Tribunal de Grande Instance; first instance courts or Tribunal d'instance; administrative courts" }, - "note": "

note: in April 2018, the French Government announced its intention to reform the country's judicial system

" + "note": "note: in April 2018, the French Government announced its intention to reform the country's judicial system" }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "Presidential majority Parties [Edouard PHILIPPE]
     Democratic Movement or MoDem [Francois BAYROU]
     La Republique en Marche! or LREM [Richard FERRAND]
     Movement of Progressives or MDP  Robert HUE]
Parliamentary right Parties [Francois BAROIN]
     Hunting, Fishing, Nature and Tradition or CPNT [Eddie PUYJAION]
     The Republicans or LR [Annie GENEVARD]
     Union of Democrats and Independents or UDI [Jean-Christophe    CAMBADELIS]
     
Parliamentary left Parties [Bernard CAZENEUVE]
     Sociatlist Party or PS [Jean-Christophe CAMBADEMAND]
     Radical Party of the Left or PRG [Sylvia PINEL]
     Citizen and Republican Movement or MRC [Jean-Luc LAURENT]
     Martinican Progressive Party or PPM [Aiem CESAIRE]
Debout la France or DLF [Nicolas DUPONT-AIGNAN]
Ecology Democracy Solidarity or EDS [Paula FORTEZA, Matthieu ORPHELIN
(splinter party formed in May 2020 by defectors of LREM)
Europe Ecologists - the Greens or EELV [David CORMAND]
French Communist Party or PCF [Pierre LAURENT]
La France Insoumise or FI [Jean-Luc MELENCHONLIS]
National Front or FN [Marine LE PEN]

" @@ -532,8 +611,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as the \"Le drapeau tricolore\" (French Tricolor), the origin of the flag dates to 1790 and the French Revolution when the \"ancient French color\" of white was combined with the blue and red colors of the Parisian militia; the official flag for all French dependent areas", - "note": "

note: the design and/or colors are similar to a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Cote d'Ivoire, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands

" + "text": "three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as the \"Le drapeau tricolore\" (French Tricolor), the origin of the flag dates to 1790 and the French Revolution when the \"ancient French color\" of white was combined with the blue and red colors of the Parisian militia; the official flag for all French dependent areas

note: the design and/or colors are similar to a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Cote d'Ivoire, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands", + "note": "note: the design and/or colors are similar to a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Cote d'Ivoire, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "Gallic rooster, fleur-de-lis, Marianne (female personification); national colors: blue, white, red" @@ -545,7 +624,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Claude-Joseph ROUGET de Lisle" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1795, restored 1870; originally known as \"Chant de Guerre pour l'Armee du Rhin\" (War Song for the Army of the Rhine), the National Guard of Marseille made the song famous by singing it while marching into Paris in 1792 during the French Revolutionary Wars

" + "note": "note: adopted 1795, restored 1870; originally known as \"Chant de Guerre pour l'Armee du Rhin\" (War Song for the Army of the Rhine), the National Guard of Marseille made the song famous by singing it while marching into Paris in 1792 during the French Revolutionary Wars" } }, "Economy": { @@ -595,7 +674,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$2,997,296,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$2,715,574,000,000 (2019 est.)" @@ -610,7 +689,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$44,827 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -655,8 +734,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "76.8 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "93.1 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "100 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "73.5 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -689,10 +777,10 @@ "Unemployment rate 2018": { "text": "8.69% (2018 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: includes overseas territories

" + "note": "note: includes overseas territories" }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "14.2% (2015 est.)" + "text": "13.6% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -731,7 +819,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "96.6% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

" + "note": "note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -756,10 +844,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 14.8%, Spain 7.7%, Italy 7.5%, US 7.2%, Belgium 7%, UK 6.7% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 14%, United States 8%, Italy 7%, Spain 7%, Belgium 7%, United Kingdom 7% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and transportation equipment, aircraft, plastics, chemicals, pharmaceutical products, iron and steel, beverages" + "text": "aircraft, packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, gas turbines, wine (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -773,10 +861,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 18.5%, Belgium 10.2%, Netherlands 8.3%, Italy 7.9%, Spain 7.1%, UK 5.3%, US 5.2%, China 5.1% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 18%, Belgium 9%, Italy 9%, Spain 7%, China 7%, Netherlands 6%, United Kingdom 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, vehicles, crude oil, aircraft, plastics, chemicals" + "text": "cars, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, aircraft machinery (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -886,9 +974,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "8.41 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "341.2 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -921,7 +1006,7 @@ "overseas departments": { "text": "country codes: French Guiana - 594; landing points for Ella Link, Kanawa, Americas II to South America, Europe, Caribbean and US; Guadeloupe - 590; landing points for GCN, Southern Caribbean Fiber, and ECFS around the Caribbean and US; Martinique - 596; landing points for Americas II, ECFS, and Southern Caribbean Fiber to South America, US and around the Caribbean;  Mayotte - 262; landing points for FLY-LION3 and LION2 to East Africa and East African Islands in Indian Ocean; Reunion - 262; landing points for SAFE, METISS, and LION submarine cables to Asia, South and East Africa, Southeast Asia and nearby Indian Ocean Island countries of Mauritius, and Madagascar (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "a mix of both publicly operated and privately owned TV stations; state-owned France television stations operate 4 networks, one of which is a network of regional stations, and has part-interest in several thematic cable/satellite channels and international channels; a large number of privately owned regional and local TV stations; multi-channel satellite and cable services provide a large number of channels; public broadcaster Radio France operates 7 national networks, a series of regional networks, and operates services for overseas territories and foreign audiences; Radio France Internationale, under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is a leading international broadcaster; a large number of commercial FM stations, with many of them consolidating into commercial networks" @@ -962,7 +1047,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "F (2016)" + "text": "F" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1041,7 +1126,7 @@ "by type": { "text": "container ship 30, general cargo 50, oil tanker 28, other 437 (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: includes Monaco

" + "note": "note: includes Monaco" }, "Ports and terminals": { "major seaport(s)": { @@ -1059,7 +1144,7 @@ "cruise/ferry port(s)": { "text": "Calais, Cherbourg, Le Havre" }, - "note": "

Strasbourg (Rhine) Bordeaux (Garronne)" + "note": "Strasbourg (Rhine) Bordeaux (Garronne)" }, "Transportation - note": { "text": "begun in 1988 and completed in 1994, the Channel Tunnel (nicknamed the Chunnel) is a 50.5-km (31.4-mi) rail tunnel beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover that runs from Folkestone, Kent, England to Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais in northern France; it is the only fixed link between the island of Great Britain and mainland Europe" @@ -1071,13 +1156,13 @@ }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "2.11% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "2.04% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "1.83% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "1.82% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "1.81% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "1.78% of GDP (2017)" @@ -1087,22 +1172,22 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the French military has approximately 205,000 active duty troops (115,000 Army; 35,000 Navy; 40,000 Air Force; 15,000 other, such as joint staffs, medical service, etc.); approximately 100,000 National Gendarmerie (2020)" + "text": "the French military has approximately 205,000 active duty troops (115,000 Army; 35,000 Navy; 40,000 Air Force; 15,000 other, such as joint staffs, medical service, etc.); approximately 100,000 National Gendarmerie; approximately 75,000 National Guard (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the French military's inventory consists almost entirely of domestically-produced weapons systems, including some jointly-produced with other European countries; there is a limited mix of armaments from other Western countries, particularly the US; since 2010, the US is the leading foreign supplier of military hardware to France; France has a defense industry capable of manufacturing the full spectrum of air, land, and naval military weapons systems (2019 est.)" + "text": "the French military's inventory consists almost entirely of domestically-produced weapons systems, including some jointly-produced with other European countries; there is a limited mix of armaments from other Western countries, particularly the US; since 2010, the US is the leading foreign supplier of military hardware to France; France has a defense industry capable of manufacturing the full spectrum of air, land, and naval military weapons systems (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "5,100 Burkina Faso/Chad/Mali/Niger (Operation Barkhane); 900 Cote D'Ivoire; 1,450 Djibouti; 300 Baltics (NATO); 2,000 French Guyana; 900 French Polynesia; 1,000 French West Indies; 350 Gabon; est. 500 Middle East (Iraq/Jordan/Syria); 780 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 1,400-1,500 New Caledonia; 1,700 Reunion Island; 350 Senegal; 650 United Arab Emirates; note - France has been a contributing member of the EuroCorps since 1992 (2020)" + "text": "5,100 Burkina Faso/Chad/Mali/Niger (Operation Barkhane); 900 Cote D'Ivoire; 1,400 Djibouti; 300 Baltics (NATO); 2,000 French Guyana; 900 French Polynesia; 1,000 French West Indies; 350 Gabon; est. 500 Middle East (Iraq/Jordan/Syria); 950 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 1,400-1,500 New Caledonia; 1,700 Reunion Island; 350 Senegal; 650 United Arab Emirates; note - France has been a contributing member of the EuroCorps since 1992 (2020-2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-25 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription; 1-year service obligation; women serve in noncombat posts (2013)" + "text": "18-25 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription (abolished 2001); 1-year service obligation; women serve in noncombat posts (2019)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham; al-Qa'ida (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham; al-Qa'ida (2021)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/europe/gi.json b/europe/gi.json index cb6b3282..d9425fb1 100644 --- a/europe/gi.json +++ b/europe/gi.json @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ "text": "a narrow coastal lowland borders the Rock of Gibraltar" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Rock of Gibraltar 426 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -75,9 +75,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "occasional droughts; no streams or large bodies of water on the peninsula (all potable water comes from desalination)" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "limited natural freshwater resources: more than 90% of drinking water supplied by desalination, the remainder from stored rainwater; a separate supply of saltwater used for sanitary services" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: strategic location on Strait of Gibraltar that links the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea

note 2: one of only two British territories where traffic drives on the right, the other being the island of Diego Garcia in the British Indian Ocean Territory

" } @@ -95,8 +92,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Gibraltarian 79%, other British 13.2%, Spanish 2.1%, Moroccan 1.6%, other EU 2.4%, other 1.6% (2012 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent population by nationality" + "text": "Gibraltarian 79%, other British 13.2%, Spanish 2.1%, Moroccan 1.6%, other EU 2.4%, other 1.6% (2012 est.)

note: data represent population by nationality", + "note": "note: data represent population by nationality" }, "Languages": { "text": "English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese" @@ -146,7 +143,7 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "100% of total population (2020)" + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { "text": "0.45% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" @@ -244,6 +241,40 @@ "text": "NA" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "limited natural freshwater resources: more than 90% of drinking water supplied by desalination, the remainder from stored rainwater; a separate supply of saltwater used for sanitary services" + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.63 megatons (2016 est.)" + } + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "0% (2011 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "100% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.45% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "16,954 tons (2012 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -275,7 +306,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: from the Spanish derivation of the Arabic \"Jabal Tariq,\" which means \"Mountain of Tariq\" and which refers to the Rock of Gibraltar" + "note": "etymology: from the Spanish derivation of the Arabic \"Jabal Tariq,\" which means \"Mountain of Tariq\" and which refers to the Rock of Gibraltar" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "none (overseas territory of the UK)" @@ -291,7 +322,7 @@ "text": "previous 1969; latest passed by referendum 30 November 2006, entered into effect 14 December 2006, entered into force 2 January 2007" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by Parliament and require prior consent of the British monarch (through the Secretary of State); passage requires at least three-fourths majority vote in Parliament followed by simple majority vote in a referendum; note – only sections 1 through 15 in Chapter 1 (Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms) can be amended by Parliament" + "text": "proposed by Parliament and requires prior consent of the British monarch (through the Secretary of State); passage requires at least three-fourths majority vote in Parliament followed by simple majority vote in a referendum; note – only sections 1 through 15 in Chapter 1 (Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms) can be amended by Parliament" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -305,7 +336,7 @@ }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { - "text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Lt. Gen. Edward DAVIS (since 19 January 2016)" + "text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Sir David STEEL (since 11 June 2020)" }, "head of government": { "text": "Chief Minister Fabian PICARDO (since 9 December 2011)" @@ -366,7 +397,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Peter EMBERLEY" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1994; serves as a local anthem; as a territory of the United Kingdom, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)

" + "note": "note: adopted 1994; serves as a local anthem; as a territory of the United Kingdom, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -391,7 +422,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2012": { "text": "$2 billion (2012 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2014 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2014 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$2.044 billion (2014 est.)" @@ -491,10 +522,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Spain 27.1%, Germany 20.4%, Netherlands 10.8%, Poland 8.6%, France 6.6%, Italy 5.7%, Cote dIvoire 4.5% (2017)" + "text": "Poland 31%, Netherlands 27%, France 11%, Germany 8%, United States 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "(principally reexports) petroleum 51%, manufactured goods (2010 est.)" + "text": "cars, ships, refined petroleum, fish, recreational boats (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2004": { @@ -502,10 +533,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Spain 15.6%, Italy 13.4%, US 13.3%, Netherlands 10.9%, Greece 8.5%, Russia 6.6%, UK 5.8%, Belgium 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "Spain 19%, US 12%, India 12%, Italy 12%, Netherlands 11%, United Kingdom 7%, Greece 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "fuels, manufactured goods, foodstuffs" + "text": "refined petroleum, recreational boats, cars, coal tar oil, crude petroleum (2019)" }, "Debt - external": { "text": "

NA

" @@ -602,9 +633,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "13.34 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -660,7 +688,7 @@ }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "VP-G (2016)" + "text": "VP-G" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -699,10 +727,10 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Royal Gibraltar Regiment (2019)" + "text": "Royal Gibraltar Regiment (2021)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "defense is the responsibility of the UK; the Royal Gibraltar Regiment replaced the last British regular infantry forces in 1991 (2019)" + "text": "defense is the responsibility of the UK (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/europe/gk.json b/europe/gk.json index 6e9fb7d3..2e58fb1a 100644 --- a/europe/gk.json +++ b/europe/gk.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "0 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes Alderney, Guernsey, Herm, Sark, and some other smaller islands

" + "note": "note: includes Alderney, Guernsey, Herm, Sark, and some other smaller islands" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "about one-half the size of Washington, DC" @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ }, "Maritime claims": { "territorial sea": { - "text": "3 nm" + "text": "12 nm" }, "exclusive fishing zone": { "text": "12 nm" @@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ "text": "mostly flat with low hills in southwest" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "English Channel 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Le Moulin on Sark 114 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "English Channel 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -68,9 +68,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "very large tidal variation and fast currents can make local waters dangerous" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "coastal erosion, coastal flooding; declining biodiversity due to land abandonment and succession to scrub or woodland" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "large, deepwater harbor at Saint Peter Port" } @@ -88,8 +85,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Guernsey 52%, UK and Ireland 23.7%, Portugal 2.1%, Latvia 1.5%, other 6.7%, unspecified 14.1%", - "note": "

note: data represent population by country of birth; the native population is of British and Norman-French descent" + "text": "Guernsey 52%, UK and Ireland 23.7%, Portugal 2.1%, Latvia 1.5%, other 6.7%, unspecified 14.1%

note: data represent population by country of birth; the native population is of British and Norman-French descent", + "note": "note: data represent population by country of birth; the native population is of British and Norman-French descent" }, "Languages": { "text": "English, French, Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts" @@ -127,7 +124,7 @@ "potential support ratio": { "text": "3.7 (2020 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data represent Guernsey and Jersey

" + "note": "note: data represent Guernsey and Jersey" }, "Median age": { "total": { @@ -154,12 +151,12 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "31% of total population (2020)" + "text": "31% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.46% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data represent Guernsey and Jersey

" + "note": "note: data include Guernsey and Jersey" }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "16,000 SAINT PETER PORT (capital) (2018)" @@ -219,7 +216,7 @@ "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 5.9% of population (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: includes data for Jersey" + "note": "note: includes data for Jersey" }, "Sanitation facility access": { "improved: total": { @@ -228,7 +225,7 @@ "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 1.2% of population (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data represent Guernsey and Jersey" + "note": "note: data represent Guernsey and Jersey" }, "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "NA" @@ -243,6 +240,35 @@ "text": "NA" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "coastal erosion, coastal flooding; declining biodiversity due to land abandonment and succession to scrub or woodland" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast" + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "31% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data include Guernsey and Jersey" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "178,933 tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "50,871 tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "28.4% (2016 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data include combined totals for Guernsey and Jersey." + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -277,11 +303,11 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: Saint Peter Port is the name of the town and its surrounding parish; the \"port\" distinguishes this parish from that of Saint Peter on the other side of the island" + "note": "etymology: Saint Peter Port is the name of the town and its surrounding parish; the \"port\" distinguishes this parish from that of Saint Peter on the other side of the island" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "none (British Crown dependency); there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 10 parishes: Castel, Forest, Saint Andrew, Saint Martin, Saint Peter Port, Saint Pierre du Bois, Saint Sampson, Saint Saviour, Torteval, Vale", - "note": "

note: two additional parishes for Guernsey are sometimes listed - Saint Anne on the island of Alderney and Saint Peter on the island of Sark - but they are generally not included in the enumeration of parishes

" + "text": "none (British Crown dependency); there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 10 parishes: Castel, Forest, Saint Andrew, Saint Martin, Saint Peter Port, Saint Pierre du Bois, Saint Sampson, Saint Saviour, Torteval, Vale

note: two additional parishes for Guernsey are sometimes listed - Saint Anne on the island of Alderney and Saint Peter on the island of Sark - but they are generally not included in the enumeration of parishes", + "note": "note: two additional parishes for Guernsey are sometimes listed - Saint Anne on the island of Alderney and Saint Peter on the island of Sark - but they are generally not included in the enumeration of parishes" }, "Independence": { "text": "none (British Crown dependency)" @@ -294,7 +320,7 @@ "text": "unwritten; includes royal charters, statutes, and common law and practice" }, "amendments": { - "text": "new laws or changes to existing laws are initiated by the States of Deliberation; passage requires majority vote" + "text": "new laws or changes to existing laws are initiated by the States of Deliberation; passage requires majority vote; many laws have been passed; in 2019, 60 laws were passed" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -311,7 +337,7 @@ "text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Lieutenant-Governor Vice Admiral Ian CORDER (since 14 March 2016)" }, "head of government": { - "text": "Chief Minister Gavin ST PIER (since 6 May 2016); Bailiff Sir Richard COLLAS (since 23 March 2012); note - the chief minister is the president of the Policy and Resources Committee and is the de facto head of government; the Policy and Resources Committee, elected by the States of Deliberation, functions as the executive; the 5 members all have equal voting rights" + "text": "Chief Minister Peter FERBRACHE (since 16 October 2020); Bailiff Richard MCMAHON (since 11 May 2020); note - the chief minister is the president of the Policy and Resources Committee and is the de facto head of government; the Policy and Resources Committee, elected by the States of Deliberation, functions as the executive; the 5 members all have equal voting rights" }, "cabinet": { "text": "none" @@ -372,7 +398,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "George DEIGHTON/Domencio SANTANGELO" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1911; serves as a local anthem; as a British crown dependency, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)

" + "note": "note: adopted 1911; serves as a local anthem; as a British crown dependency, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -405,7 +431,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2013": { "text": "$3.42 billion (2013 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2015 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2015 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$2.742 billion (2005 est.)" @@ -541,7 +567,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 44; landing points for Guernsey-Jersey, HUGO, INGRID, Channel Islands -9 Liberty and UK-Channel Islands-7 submarine cable to UK and France (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "multiple UK terrestrial TV broadcasts are received via a transmitter in Jersey with relays in Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney; satellite packages are available; BBC Radio Guernsey and 1 other radio station operating" @@ -567,6 +593,9 @@ "text": "9 (registered in UK)" } }, + "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { + "text": "2" + }, "Airports": { "total": { "text": "2 (2013)" diff --git a/europe/gm.json b/europe/gm.json index 3f7e303b..5315ee5b 100644 --- a/europe/gm.json +++ b/europe/gm.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "263 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Zugspitze 2,963 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Neuendorf bei Wilster -3.5 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Zugspitze 2,963 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "263 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,17 +99,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "flooding" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany; hazardous waste disposal; government established a mechanism for ending the use of nuclear power by 2022; government working to meet EU commitment to identify nature preservation areas in line with the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat directive" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to the Baltic Sea; most major rivers in Germany - the Rhine, Weser, Oder, Elbe - flow northward; the Danube, which originates in the Black Forest, flows eastward" } @@ -127,12 +116,12 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "German 87.2%, Turkish 1.8%, Polish 1%, Syrian 1%, other 9% (2017 est.)", - "note": "


note:  data represent population by nationality" + "text": "German 87.2%, Turkish 1.8%, Polish 1%, Syrian 1%, other 9% (2017 est.)


note:  data represent population by nationality", + "note": "
note:  data represent population by nationality" }, "Languages": { - "text": "German (official)", - "note": "

note: Danish, Frisian, Sorbian, and Romani are official minority languages; Low German, Danish, North Frisian, Sater Frisian, Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian, and Romani are recognized as regional languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

" + "text": "German (official)

note: Danish, Frisian, Sorbian, and Romani are official minority languages; Low German, Danish, North Frisian, Sater Frisian, Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian, and Romani are recognized as regional languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages", + "note": "note: Danish, Frisian, Sorbian, and Romani are official minority languages; Low German, Danish, North Frisian, Sater Frisian, Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian, and Romani are recognized as regional languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages" }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 27.7%, Protestant 25.5%, Muslim 5.1%, Orthodox 1.9%, other Christian 1.1%, other .9%, none 37.8% (2018 est.)" @@ -196,10 +185,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "77.5% of total population (2020)" + "text": "77.5% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.27% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.13% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -260,8 +249,8 @@ "text": "1.48 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { - "text": "80.3% (2011)", - "note": "

note: percent of women aged 18-49

" + "text": "80.3% (2011)

note: percent of women aged 18-49", + "note": "note: percent of women aged 18-49" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { @@ -343,13 +332,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "6.2%" + "text": "5.8%" }, "male": { - "text": "7.1%" + "text": "6.6%" }, "female": { - "text": "5.1% (2018 est.)" + "text": "4.8% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany; hazardous waste disposal; government established a mechanism for ending the use of nuclear power by 2022; government working to meet EU commitment to identify nature preservation areas in line with the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat directive" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "11.71 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "727.97 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "49.92 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "4.388 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "19.75 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "299.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "154 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "48% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 34.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 13.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "31.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "20.2% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "77.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.13% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "51.046 million tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "24,415,302 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "47.8% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -390,7 +469,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: the origin of the name is unclear but may be related to the old West Slavic (Polabian) word \"berl\" or \"birl,\" meaning \"swamp\"" + "note": "etymology: the origin of the name is unclear but may be related to the old West Slavic (Polabian) word \"berl\" or \"birl,\" meaning \"swamp\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "16 states (Laender, singular - Land); Baden-Wuerttemberg, Bayern (Bavaria), Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen (Hesse), Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania), Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony), Nordrhein-Westfalen (North Rhine-Westphalia), Rheinland-Pfalz (Rhineland-Palatinate), Saarland, Sachsen (Saxony), Sachsen-Anhalt (Saxony-Anhalt), Schleswig-Holstein, Thueringen (Thuringia); note - Bayern, Sachsen, and Thueringen refer to themselves as free states (Freistaaten, singular - Freistaat), while Bremen calls itself a Free Hanseatic City (Freie Hansestadt) and Hamburg considers itself a Free and Hanseatic City (Freie und Hansestadt)" @@ -406,7 +485,7 @@ "text": "previous 1919 (Weimar Constitution); latest drafted 10-23 August 1948, approved 12 May 1949, promulgated 23 May 1949, entered into force 24 May 1949" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by Parliament; passage and enactment into law require two-thirds majority vote by both the Bundesrat (upper house) and the Bundestag (lower house) of Parliament; articles including those on basic human rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended many times, last in 2017" + "text": "proposed by Parliament; passage and enactment into law require two-thirds majority vote by both the Bundesrat (upper house) and the Bundestag (lower house) of Parliament; articles including those on basic human rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended many times, last in 2020; note - in early 2021, the German federal government introduced a bill to incorporate children’s rights into the constitution" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -472,7 +551,7 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Alliance '90/Greens [Annalena BAERBOCK and Robert HABECK]
Alternative for Germany or AfD [Alexander GAULAND and Joerg MEUTHEN]
Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Armin LASCHET]
Christian Social Union or CSU [Markus SOEDER]
Free Democratic Party or FDP [Christian LINDNER]
The Left or Die Linke [Katja KIPPING and Bernd RIEXINGER]
Social Democratic Party or SPD [Andrea NAHLES]" + "text": "Alliance '90/Greens [Annalena BAERBOCK and Robert HABECK]
Alternative for Germany or AfD [Alexander GAULAND and Joerg MEUTHEN]
Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Armin LASCHET]
Christian Social Union or CSU [Markus SOEDER]
Free Democratic Party or FDP [Christian LINDNER]
The Left or Die Linke [Katja KIPPING and Bernd RIEXINGER]
Social Democratic Party or SPD [Saskia ESKEN and Norbert WALTER-BORJANS]" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CD, CDB, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" @@ -527,7 +606,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "August Heinrich HOFFMANN VON FALLERSLEBEN/Franz Joseph HAYDN" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1922; the anthem, also known as \"Deutschlandlied\" (Song of Germany), was originally adopted for its connection to the March 1848 liberal revolution; following appropriation by the Nazis of the first verse, specifically the phrase, \"Deutschland, Deutschland ueber alles\" (Germany, Germany above all) to promote nationalism, it was banned after 1945; in 1952, its third verse was adopted by West Germany as its national anthem; in 1990, it became the national anthem for the reunited Germany

" + "note": "note: adopted 1922; the anthem, also known as \"Deutschlandlied\" (Song of Germany), was originally adopted for its connection to the March 1848 liberal revolution; following appropriation by the Nazis of the first verse, specifically the phrase, \"Deutschland, Deutschland ueber alles\" (Germany, Germany above all) to promote nationalism, it was banned after 1945; in 1952, its third verse was adopted by West Germany as its national anthem; in 1990, it became the national anthem for the reunited Germany" } }, "Economy": { @@ -566,7 +645,7 @@ "Standard & Poors rating": { "text": "AAA (1983)" }, - "note": "

Credit ratings prior to 1989 refer to West Germany." + "note": "Credit ratings prior to 1989 refer to West Germany." }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { @@ -578,7 +657,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$4,401,873,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$3,860,923,000,000 (2019 est.)" @@ -593,7 +672,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$53,255 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -638,8 +717,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "79.7 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "83.7 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "91.8 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "74.1 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -674,7 +762,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "16.7% (2015 est.)" + "text": "14.8% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": { @@ -713,7 +801,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "67.9% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government and social security funds; the series are presented as a percentage of GDP and in millions of euros; GDP used as a denominator is the gross domestic product at current market prices; data expressed in national currency are converted into euro using end-of-year exchange rates provided by the European Central Bank

" + "note": "note: general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government and social security funds; the series are presented as a percentage of GDP and in millions of euros; GDP used as a denominator is the gross domestic product at current market prices; data expressed in national currency are converted into euro using end-of-year exchange rates provided by the European Central Bank" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -738,10 +826,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 8.8%, France 8.2%, China 6.8%, Netherlands 6.7%, UK 6.6%, Italy 5.1%, Austria 4.9%, Poland 4.7%, Switzerland 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "United States 9%, France 8%, China 7%, Netherlands 6%, United Kingdom 6%, Italy 5%, Poland 5%, Austria 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "motor vehicles, machinery, chemicals, computer and electronic products, electrical equipment, pharmaceuticals, metals, transport equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, rubber and plastic products" + "text": "cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, aircraft, medical cultures/vaccines, industrial machinery (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -755,10 +843,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Netherlands 13.8%, China 7%, France 6.6%, Belgium 5.9%, Italy 5.4%, Poland 5.4%, Czechia 4.8%, US 4.5%, Austria 4.3%, Switzerland 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "Netherlands 9%, China 8%, France 7%, Belgium 6%, Poland 6%, Italy 6%, Czechia 5%, United States 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery, data processing equipment, vehicles, chemicals, oil and gas, metals, electric equipment, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, agricultural products" + "text": "cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, medical cultures/vaccines (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -868,9 +956,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "39.5 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "847.6 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -900,7 +985,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 49; landing points for SeaMeWe-3, TAT-14, AC-1, CONTACT-3, Fehmarn Balt, C-Lion1, GC1, GlobalConnect-KPN, and Germany-Denmark 2 & 3 - submarine cables to Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, Southeast Asia and Australia; as well as earth stations in the Inmarsat, Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "a mixture of publicly operated and privately owned TV and radio stations; 70 national and regional public broadcasters compete with nearly 400 privately owned national and regional TV stations; more than 90% of households have cable or satellite TV; hundreds of radio stations including multiple national radio networks, regional radio networks, and a large number of local radio stations" @@ -941,7 +1026,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "D (2016)" + "text": "D" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -998,7 +1083,7 @@ "narrow gauge": { "text": "220 km 1.000-m gauge (79 km electrified)" }, - "note": "

15 km 0.900-m gauge, 24 km 0.750-m gauge (2015)" + "note": "15 km 0.900-m gauge, 24 km 0.750-m gauge (2015)" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1007,7 +1092,7 @@ "paved": { "text": "625,000 km (includes 12,996 km of expressways) (2017)" }, - "note": "

note: includes local roads

" + "note": "note: includes local roads" }, "Waterways": { "text": "7,467 km (Rhine River carries most goods; Main-Danube Canal links North Sea and Black Sea) (2012)" @@ -1036,7 +1121,7 @@ "river port(s)": { "text": "Bremen (Weser)" }, - "note": "

North Sea - Wilhelmshaven Bremerhaven (Geeste) Duisburg, Karlsruhe, Neuss-Dusseldorf (Rhine) Brunsbuttel, Hamburg (Elbe) Lubeck (Wakenitz)" + "note": "North Sea - Wilhelmshaven Bremerhaven (Geeste) Duisburg, Karlsruhe, Neuss-Dusseldorf (Rhine) Brunsbuttel, Hamburg (Elbe) Lubeck (Wakenitz)" } }, "Military and Security": { @@ -1045,38 +1130,39 @@ }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "1.57% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "1.56% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "1.36% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "1.24% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "1.25% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "1.23% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "1.19% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "1.2% of GDP (2016)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the German Federal Armed Forces have approximately 180,000 active duty personnel (62,000 Army; 16,000 Navy; 28,000 Air Force; 27,000 Joint Support Service; 20,000 Medical Service, 13,000 Cyber and Information Space Command; 14,000 other) (2020)" + "text": "the German Federal Armed Forces have approximately 180,000 active duty personnel (62,000 Army; 16,000 Navy; 28,000 Air Force; 27,000 Joint Support Service; 20,000 Medical Service, 13,000 Cyber and Information Space Command; 14,000 other) (2020)

note - Germany in 2020 announced it planned to increase the size of the military to about 200,000 troops by 2024", + "note": "note - Germany in 2020 announced it planned to increase the size of the military to about 200,000 troops by 2024" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the German Federal Armed Forces inventory is mostly comprised of weapons systems produced domestically or jointly with other European countries; since 2010, the US is the leading foreign supplier of armaments to Germany, followed by the Netherlands and Switzerland; Germany's defense industry is capable of manufacturing the full spectrum of air, land, and naval military weapons systems (2019 est.)" + "text": "the German Federal Armed Forces inventory is mostly comprised of weapons systems produced domestically or jointly with other European countries and Western imports; since 2010, the US is the leading foreign supplier of armaments to Germany; Germany's defense industry is capable of manufacturing the full spectrum of air, land, and naval military weapons systems, and is one of the world's leading arms exporters (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "1,300 Afghanistan (NATO); approximately 100-200 Middle East (NATO/Counter-ISIS campaign); 110 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 500 Lithuania (NATO); 400 Mali (MINUSMA); 350 Mali (EUTM); note - Germany is a contributing member of the EuroCorps (2020)" + "text": "1,300 Afghanistan (NATO); approximately 500 Middle East (NATO/Counter-ISIS campaign); 130 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 500 Lithuania (NATO); 800 Mali (MINUSMA/EUTM); note - Germany is a contributing member of the EuroCorps (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "17-23 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription ended 1 July 2011; service obligation 8-23 months or 12 years; women have been eligible for voluntary service in all military branches and positions since 2001 (2013)" + "text": "17-23 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription ended July 2011; service obligation 8-23 months or 12 years; women have been eligible for voluntary service in all military branches and positions since 2001 (2019)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (2019)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/europe/gr.json b/europe/gr.json index 545061e8..b81d642e 100644 --- a/europe/gr.json +++ b/europe/gr.json @@ -54,16 +54,16 @@ "text": "mountainous with ranges extending into the sea as peninsulas or chains of islands" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "498 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mount Olympus 2,917" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mount Olympus 2,917" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "498 m" }, - "note": "

note: Mount Olympus actually has 52 peaks but its highest point, Mytikas (meaning \"nose\"), rises to 2,917 meters; in Greek mythology, Olympus' Mytikas peak was the home of the Greek gods" + "note": "note: Mount Olympus actually has 52 peaks but its highest point, Mytikas (meaning \"nose\"), rises to 2,917 meters; in Greek mythology, Olympus' Mytikas peak was the home of the Greek gods" }, "Natural resources": { "text": "lignite, petroleum, iron ore, bauxite, lead, zinc, nickel, magnesite, marble, salt, hydropower potential" @@ -97,17 +97,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

severe earthquakes

volcanism: Santorini (367 m) has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; although there have been very few eruptions in recent centuries, Methana and Nisyros in the Aegean are classified as historically active

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution; air emissions from transport and electricity power stations; water pollution; degradation of coastal zones; loss of biodiversity in terrestrial and marine ecosystems; increasing municipal and industrial waste" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location dominating the Aegean Sea and southern approach to Turkish Straits; a peninsular country, possessing an archipelago of about 2,000 islands" } @@ -125,8 +114,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Greek 91.6%, Albanian 4.4%, other 4% (2011)", - "note": "

note: data represent citizenship; Greece does not collect data on ethnicity

" + "text": "Greek 91.6%, Albanian 4.4%, other 4% (2011)

note: data represent citizenship; Greece does not collect data on ethnicity", + "note": "note: data represent citizenship; Greece does not collect data on ethnicity" }, "Languages": { "text": "Greek (official) 99%, other (includes English and French) 1%" @@ -193,10 +182,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "79.7% of total population (2020)" + "text": "80% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.22% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -347,13 +336,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "39.9%" + "text": "35.2%" }, "male": { - "text": "36.4%" + "text": "33.5%" }, "female": { - "text": "43.9% (2018 est.)" + "text": "37.2% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution; air emissions from transport and electricity power stations; water pollution; degradation of coastal zones; loss of biodiversity in terrestrial and marine ecosystems; increasing municipal and industrial waste" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "15.69 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "62.43 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "9.8 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "1.991 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "208.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "9.041 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "68.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "63.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 19.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 8.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 34.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "30.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "6.1% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.04% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "80% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "5,477,424 tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "1,040,711 tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "19% (2014 est.)" } } }, @@ -394,7 +473,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: Athens is the oldest European capital city; according to tradition, the city is named after Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom; in actuality, the appellation probably derives from a lost name in a pre-Hellenic language" + "note": "etymology: Athens is the oldest European capital city; according to tradition, the city is named after Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom; in actuality, the appellation probably derives from a lost name in a pre-Hellenic language" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "13 regions (perifereies, singular - perifereia) and 1 autonomous monastic state* (aftonomi monastiki politeia); Agion Oros* (Mount Athos), Anatoliki Makedonia kai Thraki (East Macedonia and Thrace), Attiki (Attica), Dytiki Ellada (West Greece), Dytiki Makedonia (West Macedonia), Ionia Nisia (Ionian Islands), Ipeiros (Epirus), Kentriki Makedonia (Central Macedonia), Kriti (Crete), Notio Aigaio (South Aegean), Peloponnisos (Peloponnese), Sterea Ellada (Central Greece), Thessalia (Thessaly), Voreio Aigaio (North Aegean)" @@ -410,7 +489,7 @@ "text": "many previous; latest entered into force 11 June 1975" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by at least 50 members of Parliament and agreed by three-fifths majority vote in two separate ballots at least 30 days apart; passage requires absolute majority vote by the next elected Parliament; entry into force finalized through a \"special parliamentary resolution\"; articles on human rights and freedoms and the form of government cannot be amended; amended 1986, 2001, 2008" + "text": "proposed by at least 50 members of Parliament and agreed by three-fifths majority vote in two separate ballots at least 30 days apart; passage requires absolute majority vote by the next elected Parliament; entry into force finalized through a \"special parliamentary resolution\"; articles on human rights and freedoms and the form of government cannot be amended; amended 1986, 2001, 2008, 2019" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -522,8 +601,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; a blue square bearing a white cross appears in the upper hoist-side corner; the cross symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established religion of the country; there is no agreed upon meaning for the nine stripes or for the colors", - "note": "

note: Greek legislation states that the flag colors are cyan and white, but cyan can mean \"blue\" in Greek, so the exact shade of blue has never been set and has varied from a light to a dark blue over time; in general, the hue of blue normally encountered is a form of azure

" + "text": "nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; a blue square bearing a white cross appears in the upper hoist-side corner; the cross symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established religion of the country; there is no agreed upon meaning for the nine stripes or for the colors

note: Greek legislation states that the flag colors are cyan and white, but cyan can mean \"blue\" in Greek, so the exact shade of blue has never been set and has varied from a light to a dark blue over time; in general, the hue of blue normally encountered is a form of azure", + "note": "note: Greek legislation states that the flag colors are cyan and white, but cyan can mean \"blue\" in Greek, so the exact shade of blue has never been set and has varied from a light to a dark blue over time; in general, the hue of blue normally encountered is a form of azure" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "Greek cross (white cross on blue field, arms equal length); national colors: blue, white" @@ -535,7 +614,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Dionysios SOLOMOS/Nikolaos MANTZAROS" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1864; the anthem is based on a 158-stanza poem by the same name, which was inspired by the Greek Revolution of 1821 against the Ottomans (only the first two stanzas are used); Cyprus also uses \"Hymn to Liberty\" as its anthem

" + "note": "note: adopted 1864; the anthem is based on a 158-stanza poem by the same name, which was inspired by the Greek Revolution of 1821 against the Ottomans (only the first two stanzas are used); Cyprus also uses \"Hymn to Liberty\" as its anthem" } }, "Economy": { @@ -585,7 +664,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$307.521 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$209.79 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -600,7 +679,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$28,594 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -645,8 +724,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "68.4 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "96 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "93.7 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "48.1 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -681,7 +769,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "36% (2014 est.)" + "text": "17.9% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -744,10 +832,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Italy 10.6%, Germany 7.1%, Turkey 6.8%, Cyprus 6.5%, Bulgaria 4.9%, Lebanon 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "Italy 10%, Germany 7%, Turkey 5%, Cyprus 5%, Bulgaria 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "food and beverages, manufactured goods, petroleum products, chemicals, textiles" + "text": "refined petroleum, packaged medicines, aluminum plating, computers, cotton (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -761,10 +849,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 10.4%, Italy 8.2%, Russia 6.8%, Iraq 6.3%, South Korea 6.1%, China 5.4%, Netherlands 5.3%, France 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 11%, China 9%, Italy 8%, Iraq 7%, Russia 6%, Netherlands 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery, transport equipment, fuels, chemicals" + "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, cars, ships (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -874,9 +962,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "991.1 million cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "69.37 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -906,7 +991,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 30; landing points for the SEA-ME-WE-3, Adria-1, Italy-Greece 1, OTEGLOBE, MedNautilus Submarine System, Aphrodite 2, AAE-1 and Silphium optical telecommunications submarine cable that provides links to Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Southeast Asia, Asia and Australia;  tropospheric scatter; satellite earth stations - 4 (2 Intelsat - 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean, 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat - Indian Ocean region) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "broadcast media dominated by the private sector; roughly 150 private TV channels, about 10 of which broadcast nationwide; 1 government-owned terrestrial TV channel with national coverage; 3 privately owned satellite channels; multi-channel satellite and cable TV services available; upwards of 1,500 radio stations, all of them privately owned; government-owned broadcaster has 2 national radio stations" @@ -947,7 +1032,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "SX (2016)" + "text": "SX" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1001,7 +1086,7 @@ "narrow gauge": { "text": "961 km 1.000-m gauge (2014)" }, - "note": "

22 0.750-m gauge" + "note": "22 0.750-m gauge" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1040,19 +1125,19 @@ }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "2.58% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "2.68% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "2.31% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "2.36% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "2.48% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "2.54% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "2.34% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "2.38% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "2.38% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "2.4% of GDP (2016)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { @@ -1062,16 +1147,16 @@ "text": "the inventory of the Hellenic Armed Forces consists mostly of a mix of imported weapons from Europe and the US, as well as a limited number of domestically produced systems, particularly naval vessels; Germany is the leading supplier of weapons systems to Greece since 2010, followed by France and the US; Greece's defense industry is capable of producing naval vessels and associated subsystems (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "est. 1,000 Cyprus; 110 Kosovo (NATO); 140 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2020)" + "text": "approximately 1,000 Cyprus; 110 Kosovo (NATO); 150 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "19-45 years of age for compulsory military service; during wartime the law allows for recruitment beginning January of the year of inductee's 18th birthday, thus including 17 year olds; 18 years of age for volunteers; conscript service obligation is 1 year for the Army and 9 months for the Air Force and Navy; women are eligible for voluntary military service (2014)" + "text": "19-45 years of age for compulsory military service; during wartime the law allows for recruitment beginning January of the year of inductee's 18th birthday, thus including 17 year olds; 18 years of age for volunteers; conscript service obligation is 1 year for the Army and 9 months for the Air Force and Navy; women are eligible for voluntary military service (2019)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Revolutionary Struggle (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Revolutionary Struggle (2019)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1085,7 +1170,7 @@ "stateless persons": { "text": "4,734 (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: 1,206,071 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2021); as of the end of December 2019, an estimated 112,300 migrants and refugees were stranded in Greece since 2015-16

" + "note": "note: 1,206,862 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-May 2021); as of the end of December 2020, an estimated 119,700 migrants and refugees were stranded in Greece since 2015-16" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis and heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and precursor chemicals to the East; some South American cocaine transits or is consumed in Greece; money laundering related to drug trafficking and organized crime" diff --git a/europe/hr.json b/europe/hr.json index 39358124..cef3a31f 100644 --- a/europe/hr.json +++ b/europe/hr.json @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ "text": "geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian border, low mountains and highlands near Adriatic coastline and islands" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "331 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Dinara 1,831 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Adriatic Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Dinara 1,831 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "331 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,17 +96,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "destructive earthquakes" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution improving but still a concern in urban settings and in emissions arriving from neighboring countries; surface water pollution in the Danube River Basin" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "controls most land routes from Western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish Straits; most Adriatic Sea islands lie off the coast of Croatia - some 1,200 islands, islets, ridges, and rocks" } @@ -122,7 +111,7 @@ "adjective": { "text": "Croatian" }, - "note": "

note: the French designation of \"Croate\" to Croatian mercenaries in the 17th century eventually became \"Cravate\" and later came to be applied to the soldiers' scarves - the cravat; Croatia celebrates Cravat Day every 18 October

" + "note": "note: the French designation of \"Croate\" to Croatian mercenaries in the 17th century eventually became \"Cravate\" and later came to be applied to the soldiers' scarves - the cravat; Croatia celebrates Cravat Day every 18 October" }, "Ethnic groups": { "text": "Croat 90.4%, Serb 4.4%, other 4.4% (including Bosniak, Hungarian, Slovene, Czech, and Romani), unspecified 0.8% (2011 est.)" @@ -192,10 +181,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "57.6% of total population (2020)" + "text": "57.9% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-0.08% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -354,13 +343,111 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "23.7%" + "text": "16.6%" }, "male": { - "text": "19.6%" + "text": "14.5%" }, "female": { - "text": "29.4% (2018 est.)" + "text": "19.8% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution improving but still a concern in urban settings and in emissions arriving from neighboring countries; surface water pollution in the Danube River Basin" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "17.03 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "17.49 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "3.98 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "455 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "184 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "76 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "105.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "23.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 16% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 6.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "34.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "41.9% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.26% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "57.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "intermediate (2020)" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "tickborne encephalitis" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1.654 million tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "269,933 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "16.3% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -401,7 +488,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name seems to be related to \"digging\"; archeologists suggest that the original settlement was established beyond a water-filled hole or \"graba\" and that the name derives from this; \"za\" in Slavic means \"beyond\"; the overall meaning may be \"beyond the trench (fault, channel, ditch)\"" + "note": "etymology: the name seems to be related to \"digging\"; archeologists suggest that the original settlement was established beyond a water-filled hole or \"graba\" and that the name derives from this; \"za\" in Slavic means \"beyond\"; the overall meaning may be \"beyond the trench (fault, channel, ditch)\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "20 counties (zupanije, zupanija - singular) and 1 city* (grad - singular) with special county status; Bjelovarsko-Bilogorska (Bjelovar-Bilogora), Brodsko-Posavska (Brod-Posavina), Dubrovacko-Neretvanska (Dubrovnik-Neretva), Istarska (Istria), Karlovacka (Karlovac), Koprivnicko-Krizevacka (Koprivnica-Krizevci), Krapinsko-Zagorska (Krapina-Zagorje), Licko-Senjska (Lika-Senj), Medimurska (Medimurje), Osjecko-Baranjska (Osijek-Baranja), Pozesko-Slavonska (Pozega-Slavonia), Primorsko-Goranska (Primorje-Gorski Kotar), Sibensko-Kninska (Sibenik-Knin), Sisacko-Moslavacka (Sisak-Moslavina), Splitsko-Dalmatinska (Split-Dalmatia), Varazdinska (Varazdin), Viroviticko-Podravska (Virovitica-Podravina), Vukovarsko-Srijemska (Vukovar-Syrmia), Zadarska (Zadar), Zagreb*, Zagrebacka (Zagreb county)" @@ -417,7 +504,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest adopted 22 December 1990" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by at least one fifth of the Assembly membership, by the president of the republic, by the Government of Croatia, or through petition by at least 10% of the total electorate; proceedings to amend require majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; passage by petition requires a majority vote in a referendum and promulgation by the Assembly; amended several times, last in 2014" + "text": "proposed by at least one fifth of the Assembly membership, by the president of the republic, by the Government of Croatia, or through petition by at least 10% of the total electorate; proceedings to amend require majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; passage by petition requires a majority vote in a referendum and promulgation by the Assembly; amended several times, last in 2014 (2021)" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -470,7 +557,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "percent of vote by coalition/party - HDZ-led coalition 37.3%, Restart coalition 24.9%, DPMS-led coalition 10.9%, MOST 7.4%, Green-Left coalition 7%, P-F-SSIP 4%, HNS-LD 1.3%, People's Party - Reformists 1%, other 6.2%; number of seats by coalition/party - HDZ-led coalition 66, Restart coalition 41, DPMS-led coalition 16, MOST 8, Green-Left coalition 7, P-F-SSIP 3, HNS-LD 1, People's Party - Reformists - 1, national minorities 8; composition - men 116, women 35, percent of women 23.2%" }, - "note": "

note: seats by party as of June 2019 - HDZ 55, SDP 29, MOST-NL 10, HNS 4, HSS 4, GLAS 4, IDS 3, SDSS 3, BM365-SRS 3, Human Shield 2, HDS 2, NHR 2, other 8, independent 21

" + "note": "note: seats by party as of March 2021 - HDZ 62, SDP 33, DP 9, Most 6, Croatian Sovereignists 4, We Can! 4, IDS 3, SDSS 3, HSS 2, HSLS 2, BZH 1, Center 1, FOKUS 1, GLAS 1, HDS 1, HSU 1, NL 1, Reformists 1, SSIP 1, WF 1, independent 12" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -484,7 +571,8 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Bloc for Croatia or BZH [Zlatko HASANBEGOVIC]
Bridge of Independent Lists or Most [Bozo PETROV]
Civic Liberal Alliance or GLAS [Ankar Mrak TARITAS]
Croatian Christian Democratic Party or HDS [Goran DODIG]
Croatian Conservative Party or HKS [Marijan PAVLICEK]
Croatian Democratic Congress of Slavonia and Baranja or HDSSB [Branimir GLAVAS]
Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ [Andrej PLENKOVIC]
Croatian Democratic Union-led coalition (includes HSLS, HDS, HDSSB)
Croatian Peasant Party or HSS [Kreso BELJAK]
Croatian Pensioner Party or HSU [Silvano HRELJA]
Croatian People's Party - Liberal Democrats or HNS-LD [Ivan VRDOLJAK]
Croatian Social Liberal Party or HSLS [Dario HREBAK]
Croatian Sovereignists coalition (includes HK, HRAST)
FOKUS [Davor NADI]
Green-Left coalition (includes MOZEMO!, RF, NL)
Homeland Movement or DPMS [Miloslav SKORO]
Homeland Movement-led coalition (includes DPMS, Croatian Sovereignists coalition, BZH)
Istrian Democratic Assembly or IDS [Boris MILETIC]
Movement for Successful Croatia or HRAST [Ladislav ILCIC]
New Left or NL [Dragan MARKOVINA]
Pametno [Marijana PULJAK]
Pametno, FOKUS, SSIP coalition
Party with a First and Last Name or SSIP [Ivan KOVACIC]
People's Party - Reformists [Radimir CACIC]
Restart Coalition (includes HSLS, HDS, HDSSB)
Social Democratic Party of Croatia or SDP [Zlatko KOMADINA, acting leader]
We Can! or MOZEMO! [collective leadership]
Workers' Front or RF [collective leadership]
" + "text": "Bloc for Croatia or BZH [Zlatko HASANBEGOVIC]
Bridge of Independent Lists or Most [Bozo PETROV]
Center [collective leadership] (formerly Pametno) 
Civic Liberal Alliance or GLAS [Ankar Mrak TARITAS]
Croatian Christian Democratic Party or HDS [Goran DODIG]
Croatian Conservative Party or HKS [Marijan PAVLICEK]
Croatian Democratic Congress of Slavonia and Baranja or HDSSB [Branimir GLAVAS]
Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ [Andrej PLENKOVIC]
Croatian Democratic Union-led coalition (includes HSLS, HDS, HDSSB)
Croatian Peasant Party or HSS [Kreso BELJAK]
Croatian Pensioner Party or HSU [Silvano HRELJA]
Croatian People's Party - Liberal Democrats or HNS-LD [Ivan VRDOLJAK]
Croatian Social Liberal Party or HSLS [Dario HREBAK]
Croatian Sovereignists coalition (includes HKS, HRAST)
FOKUS [Davor NADI]
Green-Left coalition (includes MOZEMO!, RF, NL)
Homeland Movement or DP [Miloslav SKORO]
Homeland Movement-led coalition (includes DP, Croatian Sovereignists coalition, BZH)
Istrian Democratic Assembly or IDS [Boris MILETIC]
Movement for Successful Croatia or HRAST [Ladislav ILCIC]
New Left or NL [Dragan MARKOVINA]
Pametno [Marijana PULJAK]
Pametno, FOKUS, SSIP coalition
Party with a First and Last Name or SSIP [Ivan KOVACIC]
People's Party - Reformists [Radimir CACIC]
Restart Coalition (includes HSLS, HDS, HDSSB)
Social Democratic Party of Croatia or SDP [Zlatko KOMADINA, acting leader]
We Can! or MOZEMO! [collective leadership]
Workers' Front or RF [collective leadership]


HDZ 62, SDP 33, DP 9, Most 6, Croatian Sovereignists 4, We Can! 4, IDS 3, SDSS 3, HSS 2, HSLS 2, Block 1, Center 1, FOKUS 1, GLAS 1, HDS 1, HSU 1, New Left 1, Reformists 1, SSIP 1, Workers' Front 1, independent 12", + "note": "HDZ 62, SDP 33, DP 9, Most 6, Croatian Sovereignists 4, We Can! 4, IDS 3, SDSS 3, HSS 2, HSLS 2, Block 1, Center 1, FOKUS 1, GLAS 1, HDS 1, HSU 1, New Left 1, Reformists 1, SSIP 1, Workers' Front 1, independent 12" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EMU, EU, FAO, G-11, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NAM (observer), NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" @@ -524,8 +612,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue - the Pan-Slav colors - superimposed by the Croatian coat of arms; the coat of arms consists of one main shield (a checkerboard of 13 red and 12 silver (white) fields) surmounted by five smaller shields that form a crown over the main shield; the five small shields represent five historic regions (from left to right): Croatia, Dubrovnik, Dalmatia, Istria, and Slavonia", - "note": "

note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia

" + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue - the Pan-Slav colors - superimposed by the Croatian coat of arms; the coat of arms consists of one main shield (a checkerboard of 13 red and 12 silver (white) fields) surmounted by five smaller shields that form a crown over the main shield; the five small shields represent five historic regions (from left to right): Croatia, Dubrovnik, Dalmatia, Istria, and Slavonia

note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia", + "note": "note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "red-white checkerboard; national colors: red, white, blue" @@ -537,7 +625,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Antun MIHANOVIC/Josip RUNJANIN" }, - "note": "

note: adopted in 1972 while still part of Yugoslavia; \"Lijepa nasa domovino,\" whose lyrics were written in 1835, served as an unofficial anthem beginning in 1891

" + "note": "note: adopted in 1972 while still part of Yugoslavia; \"Lijepa nasa domovino,\" whose lyrics were written in 1835, served as an unofficial anthem beginning in 1891" } }, "Economy": { @@ -587,7 +675,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$110.016 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$60.687 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -602,7 +690,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$26,674 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -647,8 +735,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "73.6 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "85.3 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "100 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "70.6 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -683,7 +780,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "19.5% (2015 est.)" + "text": "18.3% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -746,10 +843,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Italy 13.4%, Germany 12.2%, Slovenia 10.6%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 9.8%, Austria 6.2%, Serbia 4.8% (2017)" + "text": "Italy 13%, Germany 13%, Slovenia 10%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 9%, Austria 6%, Serbia 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "transport equipment, machinery, textiles, chemicals, foodstuffs, fuels" + "text": "refined petroleum, packaged medicines, cars, medical cultures/vaccines, lumber (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -763,10 +860,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 15.7%, Italy 12.9%, Slovenia 10.7%, Hungary 7.5%, Austria 7.5% (2017)" + "text": "Italy 14%, Germany 14%, Slovenia 11%, Hungary 7%, Austria 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery, transport and electrical equipment; chemicals, fuels and lubricants; foodstuffs" + "text": "crude petroleum, cars, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, electricity (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -876,9 +973,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "24.92 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "17.96 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -908,7 +1002,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 385;  the ADRIA-1 submarine cable provides connectivity to Albania and Greece; digital international service is provided through the main switch in Zagreb; Croatia participates in the Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic project, which consists of 2 fiber-optic trunk connections with Slovenia and a fiber-optic trunk line from Rijeka to Split and Dubrovnik (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "the national state-owned public broadcaster, Croatian Radiotelevision, operates 4 terrestrial TV networks, a satellite channel that rebroadcasts programs for Croatians living abroad, and 6 regional TV centers; 2 private broadcasters operate national terrestrial networks; 29 privately owned regional TV stations; multi-channel cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; state-owned public broadcaster operates 4 national radio networks and 23 regional radio stations; 2 privately owned national radio networks and 117 local radio stations (2019)" @@ -949,7 +1043,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "9A (2016)" + "text": "9A" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1038,13 +1132,13 @@ }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "1.87% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "1.83% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "1.66% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "1.65% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "1.59% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "1.57% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "1.67% of GDP (2017)" @@ -1054,13 +1148,13 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia have approximately 15,000 active duty personnel (10,000 Army; 1,500 Navy; 1,500 Air force; 2,000 joint) (2020 est.)" + "text": "the Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia have approximately 15,000 active duty personnel (10,000 Army; 1,500 Navy; 1,500 Air force; 2,000 joint/other) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of the Croatian Armed Forces consists mostly of Soviet-era equipment, although in recent years, it has attempted to acquire more modern weapon systems from Western suppliers; since 2010, the leading suppliers of military equipment to Croatia are Finland, Germany, and the US (2019 est.)" + "text": "the inventory of the Croatian Armed Forces consists mostly of Soviet-era equipment, although in recent years, it has acquired a limited number of more modern weapon systems from some Western suppliers, including Finland, Germany, and the US (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-27 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2008 (2017)" + "text": "18-27 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2008 (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1071,7 +1165,7 @@ "stateless persons": { "text": "2,886 (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: 719,358 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-January 2021); flows slowed considerably in 2017; Croatia is predominantly a transit country and hosts about 340 asylum seekers as of the end of June 2018

" + "note": "note: 721,736 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-March 2021); flows slowed considerably in 2017; Croatia is predominantly a transit country and hosts about 340 asylum seekers as of the end of June 2018" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "primarily a transit country along the Balkan route for maritime shipments of South American cocaine bound for Western Europe and other illicit drugs and chemical precursors to and from Western Europe; no significant domestic production of illicit drugs" diff --git a/europe/hu.json b/europe/hu.json index 75ceaaea..0f7864e4 100644 --- a/europe/hu.json +++ b/europe/hu.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the Slovakian border" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "143 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Kekes 1,014 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Tisza River 78 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Kekes 1,014 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "143 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -88,17 +88,6 @@ "Population distribution": { "text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air and water pollution are some of Hungary's most serious environmental problems; water quality in the Hungarian part of the Danube has improved but is still plagued by pollutants from industry and large-scale agriculture; soil pollution" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin; the north-south flowing Duna (Danube) and Tisza Rivers divide the country into three large regions" } @@ -116,12 +105,12 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Hungarian 85.6%, Romani 3.2%, German 1.9%, other 2.6%, unspecified 14.1% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic group; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–10% of Hungary's population

" + "text": "Hungarian 85.6%, Romani 3.2%, German 1.9%, other 2.6%, unspecified 14.1% (2011 est.)

note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic group; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–10% of Hungary's population", + "note": "note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic group; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–10% of Hungary's population" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Hungarian (official) 99.6%, English 16%, German 11.2%, Russian 1.6%, Romanian 1.3%, French 1.2%, other 4.2% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Hungarian is the mother tongue of 98.9% of Hungarian speakers

" + "text": "Hungarian (official) 99.6%, English 16%, German 11.2%, Russian 1.6%, Romanian 1.3%, French 1.2%, other 4.2% (2011 est.)

note: shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Hungarian is the mother tongue of 98.9% of Hungarian speakers", + "note": "note: shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Hungarian is the mother tongue of 98.9% of Hungarian speakers" }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 37.2%, Calvinist 11.6%, Lutheran 2.2%, Greek Catholic 1.8%, other 1.9%, none 18.2%, no response 27.2% (2011 est.)" @@ -185,10 +174,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "71.9% of total population (2020)" + "text": "72.2% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.07% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -347,13 +336,111 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "10.2%" + "text": "11.4%" }, "male": { - "text": "9.8%" + "text": "11.9%" }, "female": { - "text": "10.7% (2018 est.)" + "text": "10.6% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air and water pollution are some of Hungary's most serious environmental problems; water quality in the Hungarian part of the Danube has improved but is still plagued by pollutants from industry and large-scale agriculture; soil pollution" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "15.62 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "45.54 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "7.25 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "624.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "3.358 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "518.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "104 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "58.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 48.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 8.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "22.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "18.6% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.1% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "72.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "intermediate (2016)" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "tickborne encephalitis (2016)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "3.712 million tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "962,893 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "25.9% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -394,7 +481,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: the Hungarian capital city was formed in 1873 from the merger of three cities on opposite banks of the Danube: Buda and Obuda (Old Buda) on the western shore and Pest on the eastern; the origins of the original names are obscure, but according to the second century A.D. geographer, Ptolemy, the settlement that would become Pest was called \"Pession\" in ancient times; \"Buda\" may derive from either a Slavic or Turkic personal name" + "note": "etymology: the Hungarian capital city was formed in 1873 from the merger of three cities on opposite banks of the Danube: Buda and Obuda (Old Buda) on the western shore and Pest on the eastern; the origins of the original names are obscure, but according to the second century A.D. geographer, Ptolemy, the settlement that would become Pest was called \"Pession\" in ancient times; \"Buda\" may derive from either a Slavic or Turkic personal name" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "

19 counties (megyek, singular - megye), 23 cities with county rights (megyei jogu varosok, singular - megyei jogu varos), and 1 capital city (fovaros)

counties: Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Csongrad-Csanad, Fejer, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, Komarom-Esztergom, Nograd, Pest, Somogy, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala

cities with county rights: Bekescsaba, Debrecen, Dunaujvaros, Eger, Erd, Gyor, Hodmezovasarhely, Kaposvar, Kecskemet, Miskolc, Nagykanizsa, Nyiregyhaza, Pecs, Salgotarjan, Sopron, Szeged, Szekesfehervar, Szekszard, Szolnok, Szombathely, Tatabanya, Veszprem, Zalaegerszeg

capital city: Budapest

" @@ -483,7 +570,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Charge d'Affaires Dora ZOMBORI (since 14 April 2020)" + "text": "Ambassador Szabolcs Ferenc TAKACS (since 23 December 2020)" }, "chancery": { "text": "3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington, DC 20008" @@ -500,7 +587,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador David B. CORNSTEIN (since 25 June 2018)" + "text": "  Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Marc DILLARD (since 30 October 2020)" }, "telephone": { "text": "[36] (1) 475-4400" @@ -528,7 +615,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Ferenc KOLCSEY/Ferenc ERKEL" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1844

" + "note": "note: adopted 1844" } }, "Economy": { @@ -578,7 +665,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$291.995 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$163.251 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -593,7 +680,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$29,832 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -638,8 +725,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "73.4 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "88.2 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "100 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "71 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -674,7 +770,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "14.9% (2015 est.)" + "text": "12.3% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -704,8 +800,8 @@ "text": "44.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" }, "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": { - "text": "-2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: Hungary has been under the EU Excessive Deficit Procedure since it joined the EU in 2004; in March 2012, the EU elevated its Excessive Deficit Procedure against Hungary and proposed freezing 30% of the country's Cohesion Funds because 2011 deficit reductions were not achieved in a sustainable manner; in June 2012, the EU lifted the freeze, recognizing that steps had been taken to reduce the deficit; the Hungarian deficit increased above 3% both in 2013 and in 2014 due to sluggish growth and the government's fiscal tightening

" + "text": "-2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

note: Hungary has been under the EU Excessive Deficit Procedure since it joined the EU in 2004; in March 2012, the EU elevated its Excessive Deficit Procedure against Hungary and proposed freezing 30% of the country's Cohesion Funds because 2011 deficit reductions were not achieved in a sustainable manner; in June 2012, the EU lifted the freeze, recognizing that steps had been taken to reduce the deficit; the Hungarian deficit increased above 3% both in 2013 and in 2014 due to sluggish growth and the government's fiscal tightening", + "note": "note: Hungary has been under the EU Excessive Deficit Procedure since it joined the EU in 2004; in March 2012, the EU elevated its Excessive Deficit Procedure against Hungary and proposed freezing 30% of the country's Cohesion Funds because 2011 deficit reductions were not achieved in a sustainable manner; in June 2012, the EU lifted the freeze, recognizing that steps had been taken to reduce the deficit; the Hungarian deficit increased above 3% both in 2013 and in 2014 due to sluggish growth and the government's fiscal tightening" }, "Public debt": { "Public debt 2017": { @@ -714,7 +810,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "76% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and national, state, and local government and social security funds.

" + "note": "note: general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and national, state, and local government and social security funds." }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -739,10 +835,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 27.7%, Romania 5.4%, Italy 5.1%, Austria 5%, Slovakia 4.8%, France 4.4%, Czech Republic 4.4%, Poland 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 27%, Romania 5%, Italy 5%, Slovakia 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment (55.8%), other manufactures (32.7%), food products (6.8%), raw materials (2.4%), fuels and electricity (2.3%) (2017 est.)" + "text": "cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, spark-ignition engines, video displays, broadcasting equipment (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -756,10 +852,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 26.2%, Austria 6.3%, China 5.9%, Poland 5.5%, Slovakia 5.3%, Netherlands 5%, Czech Republic 4.8%, Italy 4.7%, France 4% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 25%, China 6%, Poland 6%, Austria 6%, Czechia 5%, Slovakia 5%, Italy 5%, Netherlands 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment 45.4%, other manufactures 34.3%, fuels and electricity 12.6%, food products 5.3%, raw materials 2.5% (2012)" + "text": "cars and vehicle parts, integrated circuits, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, crude petroleum (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -869,9 +965,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "6.598 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "51.28 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -901,7 +994,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 36; Hungary has fiber-optic cable connections with all neighboring countries; the international switch is in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 (very small aperture terminal) VSAT system of ground terminals" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "mixed system of state-supported public service broadcast media and private broadcasters; the 5 publicly owned TV channels and the 2 main privately owned TV stations are the major national broadcasters; a large number of special interest channels; highly developed market for satellite and cable TV services with about two-thirds of viewers utilizing their services; 4 state-supported public-service radio networks; a large number of local stations including commercial, public service, nonprofit, and community radio stations; digital transition completed at the end of 2013; government-linked businesses have greatly consolidated ownership in broadcast and print media" @@ -939,7 +1032,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "HA (2016)" + "text": "HA" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1030,37 +1123,37 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Hungarian Defense Forces: Combat Command (consists of operational/combat air and land force units); Logistics Center; Preparation and Training Command (2020)", - "note": "

note: the Hungarian Defense Forces are organized into a joint force structure with ground, air, and logistic components" + "text": "Hungarian Defense Forces: Land Forces (Army); Air Forces (note - both the air and land components are subordinate to a Joint Forces Combat Command); Logistics Center; Preparation and Training Command (2020)

note: the Hungarian Defense Forces are organized into a joint force structure with ground, air, and logistic components", + "note": "note: the Hungarian Defense Forces are organized into a joint force structure with ground, air, and logistic components" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "1.33% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "1.85% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "1.27% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "1.25% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "1.15% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "1.01% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "1.05% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "1.19% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "1.02% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "1% of GDP (2016)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { "text": "the Hungarian Defense Forces have approximately 23,000 active duty troops (18,000 Army; 5,000 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of the Hungarian Defense Forces consists largely of Soviet-era weapons, with a smaller mix of more modern European and US equipment; since 2010, Hungary has received limited quantities of equipment from Czechia, Finland, France, Germany, Russia, Sweden, and the US (2019)" + "text": "the inventory of the Hungarian Defense Forces consists largely of Soviet-era weapons, with a smaller mix of more modern European and US equipment; since 2010, Hungary has received limited quantities of equipment from several European countries and the US (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "160 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR stabilization force); 150 Iraq (counter-ISIS coalition); 400 Kosovo (NATO) (2020)" + "text": "160 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR stabilization force); 150 Iraq (counter-ISIS coalition); 430 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR) (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; 6-month service obligation (2012)" + "text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (abolished 2005); 6-month service obligation (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1074,7 +1167,7 @@ "stateless persons": { "text": "76 (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: 432,744 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-December 2018); Hungary is predominantly a transit country and hosts 137 migrants and asylum seekers as of the end of June 2018; 1,626 migrant arrivals in 2017

" + "note": "note: 432,744 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-December 2018); Hungary is predominantly a transit country and hosts 137 migrants and asylum seekers as of the end of June 2018; 1,626 migrant arrivals in 2017" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis and for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamine and methamphetamine; efforts to counter money laundering, related to organized crime and drug trafficking are improving but remain vulnerable; significant consumer of ecstasy" diff --git a/europe/ic.json b/europe/ic.json index 8821b6c7..72ef86df 100644 --- a/europe/ic.json +++ b/europe/ic.json @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ "text": "mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields; coast deeply indented by bays and fiords" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "557 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Hvannadalshnukur (at Vatnajokull Glacier) 2,110 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Hvannadalshnukur (at Vatnajokull Glacier) 2,110 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "557 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,17 +96,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

earthquakes and volcanic activity

volcanism: Iceland, situated on top of a hotspot, experiences severe volcanic activity; Eyjafjallajokull (1,666 m) erupted in 2010, sending ash high into the atmosphere and seriously disrupting European air traffic; scientists continue to monitor nearby Katla (1,512 m), which has a high probability of eruption in the very near future, potentially disrupting air traffic; Grimsvoetn and Hekla are Iceland's most active volcanoes; other historically active volcanoes include Askja, Bardarbunga, Brennisteinsfjoll, Esjufjoll, Hengill, Krafla, Krisuvik, Kverkfjoll, Oraefajokull, Reykjanes, Torfajokull, and Vestmannaeyjar

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water pollution from fertilizer runoff" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Transboundary Air Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location between Greenland and Europe; westernmost European country; Reykjavik is the northernmost national capital in the world; more land covered by glaciers than in all of continental Europe" } @@ -124,8 +113,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts 81%, population with foreign background 19% (2018 est.)", - "note": "

note: population with foreign background includes immigrants and persons having at least one parent who was born abroad" + "text": "homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts 81%, population with foreign background 19% (2018 est.)

note: population with foreign background includes immigrants and persons having at least one parent who was born abroad", + "note": "note: population with foreign background includes immigrants and persons having at least one parent who was born abroad" }, "Languages": { "text": "Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, German" @@ -192,10 +181,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "93.9% of total population (2020)" + "text": "93.9% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.81% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.74% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -332,13 +321,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "6.1%" + "text": "8.7%" }, "male": { - "text": "6.5%" + "text": "11.8%" }, "female": { - "text": "5.6% (2018 est.)" + "text": "5.6% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water pollution from fertilizer runoff" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "5.94 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "2.06 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.59 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "80 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "198 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "300,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "170 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "18.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 1.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 17.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "0.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "81% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "93.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.74% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "525,000 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "293,003 tons (2013 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "55.8% (2013 est.)" } } }, @@ -373,10 +452,10 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name means \"smoky bay\" in Icelandic and refers to the steamy, smoke-like vapors discharged by hot springs in the area" + "note": "etymology: the name means \"smoky bay\" in Icelandic and refers to the steamy, smoke-like vapors discharged by hot springs in the area" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "69 municipalities (sveitarfelog, singular - sveitarfelagidh); Akrahreppur, Akranes, Akureyi, Arneshreppur, Asahreppur, Blaskogabyggdh, Blonduosbaer, Bolungarvik, Borgarbyggdh, Dalabyggdh, Dalvikurbyggdh, Eyjafjardharsveit, Eyja-og Miklaholtshreppur, Fjallabyggdh, Fjardhabyggdh, Fljotsdalshreppur, Floahreppur, Gardhabaer, Grimsnes-og Grafningshreppur, Grindavikurbaer, Grundarfjardharbaer, Grytubakkahreppur, Hafnarfjordhur, Helgafellssveit, Horgarsveit, Hrunamannahreppur, Hunathing Vestra, Hunavatnshreppur, Hvalfjardharsveit, Hveragerdhi, Isafjardharbaer, Kaldrananeshreppur, Kjosarhreppur, Kopavogur, Langanesbyggdh, Mosfellsbaer, Mulathing, Myrdalshreppur, Nordhurthing, Rangarthing Eystra, Rangarthing Ytra, Reykholahreppur, Reykjanesbaer, Reykjavik, Seltjarnarnes, Skaftarhreppur, Skagabyggdh, Skeidha-og Gnupverjahreppur, Skorradalshreppur, Skutustadhahreppur, Snaefellsbaer, Strandabyggdh, Stykkisholmur, Sudhavikurhreppur, Sudhurnesjabaer, Svalbardhshreppur, Svalbardhsstrandarhreppur, Sveitarfelagidh Arborg, Sveitarfelagidh Hornafjordhur, Sveitarfelagidh Olfus, Sveitarfelagidh Skagafjordhur, Sveitarfelagidh Skagastrond, Sveitarfelagidh Vogar, Talknafjardharhreppur, Thingeyjarsveit, Tjorneshreppur, Vestmannaeyjar, Vesturbyggdh, Vopnafjardharhreppur" + "text": "69 municipalities (sveitarfelog, singular - sveitarfelagidh); Akrahreppur, Akranes, Akureyri, Arneshreppur, Asahreppur, Blaskogabyggdh, Blonduosbaer, Bolungarvik, Borgarbyggdh, Dalabyggdh, Dalvikurbyggdh, Eyjafjardharsveit, Eyja-og Miklaholtshreppur, Fjallabyggdh, Fjardhabyggdh, Fljotsdalshreppur, Floahreppur, Gardhabaer, Grimsnes-og Grafningshreppur, Grindavikurbaer, Grundarfjardharbaer, Grytubakkahreppur, Hafnarfjordhur, Helgafellssveit, Horgarsveit, Hrunamannahreppur, Hunathing Vestra, Hunavatnshreppur, Hvalfjardharsveit, Hveragerdhi, Isafjardharbaer, Kaldrananeshreppur, Kjosarhreppur, Kopavogur, Langanesbyggdh, Mosfellsbaer, Mulathing, Myrdalshreppur, Nordhurthing, Rangarthing Eystra, Rangarthing Ytra, Reykholahreppur, Reykjanesbaer, Reykjavik, Seltjarnarnes, Skaftarhreppur, Skagabyggdh, Skeidha-og Gnupverjahreppur, Skorradalshreppur, Skutustadhahreppur, Snaefellsbaer, Strandabyggdh, Stykkisholmur, Sudhavikurhreppur, Sudhurnesjabaer, Svalbardhshreppur, Svalbardhsstrandarhreppur, Sveitarfelagidh Arborg, Sveitarfelagidh Hornafjordhur, Sveitarfelagidh Olfus, Sveitarfelagidh Skagafjordhur, Sveitarfelagidh Skagastrond, Sveitarfelagidh Vogar, Talknafjardharhreppur, Thingeyjarsveit, Tjorneshreppur, Vestmannaeyjar, Vesturbyggdh, Vopnafjardharhreppur" }, "Independence": { "text": "1 December 1918 (became a sovereign state under the Danish Crown); 17 June 1944 (from Denmark; birthday of Jon SIGURDSSON, leader of Iceland's 19th Century independence movement)" @@ -389,7 +468,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest ratified 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944 (at independence)" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the Althingi; passage requires approval by the Althingi and by the next elected Althingi, and confirmation by the president of the republic; proposed amendments to Article 62 of the constitution – that the Evangelical Lutheran Church shall be the state church of Iceland – also require passage by referendum; amended many times, last in 2013" + "text": "proposed by the Althingi; passage requires approval by the Althingi and by the next elected Althingi, and confirmation by the president of the republic; proposed amendments to Article 62 of the constitution – that the Evangelical Lutheran Church shall be the state church of Iceland – also require passage by referendum; amended many times, last in 2013" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -507,7 +586,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Matthias JOCHUMSSON/Sveinbjorn SVEINBJORNSSON" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1944; also known as \"O, Gud vors lands\" (O, God of Our Land), the anthem was originally written and performed in 1874

" + "note": "note: adopted 1944; also known as \"O, Gud vors lands\" (O, God of Our Land), the anthem was originally written and performed in 1874" } }, "Economy": { @@ -557,7 +636,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$19.08 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$24.614 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -572,7 +651,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$55,562 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -617,8 +696,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "79.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "79 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "90.6 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "86.7 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "69.1 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -653,8 +741,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "NA", - "note": "

note: 332,100 families (2011 est.)

" + "text": "8.8% (2017 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015": { @@ -717,10 +804,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Netherlands 25.5%, Spain 13.6%, UK 9.4%, Germany 7.6%, US 7%, France 6.3%, Norway 4.9% (2017)" + "text": "Netherlands 23%, United Kingdom 9%, Germany 9%, Spain 8%, United States 7%, France 7%, Canada 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "fish and fish products (42%), aluminum (38%), agricultural products, medicinal and medical products, ferro-silicon (2015)" + "text": "aluminum and aluminum products, fish products, aircraft, iron alloys, animal meal (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -734,10 +821,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 10.7%, Norway 9.2%, China 7%, Netherlands 6.7%, US 6.4%, Denmark 6.2%, UK 5.7%, Sweden 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "Norway 11%, Netherlands 10%, Germany 8%, Denmark 8%, United States 7%, United Kingdom 6%, China 6%, Sweden 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, petroleum products, foodstuffs, textiles" + "text": "refined petroleum, aluminum oxide, carbon/graphite electronics, cars, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -847,9 +934,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "3.228 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -879,7 +963,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 354; landing points for the CANTAT-3, FARICE-1, Greenland Connect and DANICE submarine cable system that provides connectivity to Canada, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, UK, Denmark, and Germany; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Iceland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "

state-owned public TV broadcaster (RUV) operates 21 TV channels nationally (RUV and RUV 2, though RUV 2 is used less frequently);  RUV broadcasts nationally, every household in Iceland is required to have RUV as it doubles as the emergency broadcast network; RUV also operates stringer offices in the north (Akureyri) and the east (Egilsstadir) but operations are all run out of RUV headquarters in Reykjavik;  there are 3 privately owned TV stations;  Stod 2 (Channel 2) is owned by Syn, following 365 Media and Vodafone merger, and is headquartered in Reykjavik;  Syn also operates 4 sports channels under Stod 2;  N4 is the only television station headquartered outside of Reykjavik, in Akureyri, with local programming for the north, south, and east of Iceland;  Hringbraut is the newest station and is headquartered in Reykjavik;  all of these television stations have nationwide penetration as 100% of households have multi-channel services though digital and/or fiber-optic connections

RUV operates 3 radio stations (RAS 1, RAS2, and Rondo) as well as 4 regional stations (but they mostly act as range extenders for RUV radio broadcasts nationwide);  there is 1 privately owned radio conglomerate, Syn (4 stations), that broadcasts nationwide, and 3 other radio stations that broadcast to the most densely populated regions of the country.  In addition there are upwards of 20 radio stations that operate regionally

(2019)" @@ -920,7 +1004,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "TF (2016)" + "text": "TF" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -982,33 +1066,16 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces; Icelandic Coast Guard; Icelandic National Police (2019)" - }, - "Military expenditures": { - "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "0.3% of GDP (2018)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "0.3% of GDP (2017)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "0.3% of GDP (2016)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "0.3% of GDP (2015)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2014": { - "text": "0.5% of GDP (2014)" - } + "text": "no regular military forces; Ministry of Interior: Icelandic Coast Guard (includes both air and maritime elements); Icelandic National Police (2021)" }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Icelandic Coast Guard has approximately 250 personnel (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Icelandic Coast Guard has approximately 250 personnel (2021)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Icelandic Coast Guard's inventory consists of equipment from European suppliers (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Icelandic Coast Guard's inventory consists of equipment from European suppliers (2020)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "Iceland is the only NATO member that has no standing military force; defense of Iceland remains a NATO commitment and NATO maintains an air policing presence in Icelandic airspace; Iceland participates in international peacekeeping missions with the civilian-manned Icelandic Crisis Response Unit (ICRU) (2019)" + "text": "Iceland is the only NATO member that has no standing military force; defense of Iceland remains a NATO commitment and NATO maintains an air policing presence in Icelandic airspace; Iceland participates in international peacekeeping missions with the civilian-manned Icelandic Crisis Response Unit (ICRU)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/europe/im.json b/europe/im.json index 53287f1f..4483101d 100644 --- a/europe/im.json +++ b/europe/im.json @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ "text": "hills in north and south bisected by central valley" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Irish Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Snaefell 621 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Irish Sea 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -90,9 +90,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "occasional high winds and rough seas" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution, marine pollution; waste disposal (both household and industrial)" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "one small islet, the Calf of Man, lies to the southwest and is a bird sanctuary" } @@ -163,10 +160,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "52.9% of total population (2020)" + "text": "53.1% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.89% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.97% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -252,6 +249,58 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution, marine pollution; waste disposal (both household and industrial)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; cool summers and mild winters; overcast about a third of the time" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "74.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 43.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 30.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "6.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "19.2% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "53.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.97% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "50,551 tons (2011 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "25,276 tons (2011 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "50% (2011 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -286,7 +335,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: name derives from the Dhoo and Glass Rivers, which flow through the valley in which the town is located and which in Manx mean the \"dark\" and the \"light\" rivers respectively" + "note": "etymology: name derives from the Dhoo and Glass Rivers, which flow through the valley in which the town is located and which in Manx mean the \"dark\" and the \"light\" rivers respectively" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "none; there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 24 local authorities each with its own elections" @@ -302,7 +351,7 @@ "text": "development of the Isle of Man constitution dates to at least the 14th century" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed as a bill in the House of Keys, by the \"Government,\" by a \"Member of the House,\" or through petition to the House or Legislative Council; passage normally requires three separate readings and approval of at least 13 House members; following both House and Council agreement, assent is required by the lieutenant governor on behalf of the Crown; the constitution has been expanded and amended many times, last in 2019" + "text": "proposed as a bill in the House of Keys, by the \"Government,\" by a \"Member of the House,\" or through petition to the House or Legislative Council; passage normally requires three separate readings and approval of at least 13 House members; following both House and Council agreement, assent is required by the lieutenant governor on behalf of the Crown; the constitution has been expanded and amended many times, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -341,7 +390,7 @@ "election results": { "text": " 
Legislative Council - composition - men 6, women 5, percent of women 45.5%
House of Keys - percent of vote by party - Liberal Vannin 6.4%, independent 92.3%, other 1.3%; seats by party - Liberal Vannin 3, independent 21; composition - men 19, women 5, percent of women 20.8%; note - total Tynwald percent of women 28.6%" }, - "note": "

note: as of January 2019, seats by party - Liberal Vannin 2, independent 22" + "note": "note: as of January 2019, seats by party - Liberal Vannin 2, independent 22" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -355,8 +404,8 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Liberal Vannin Party [Kate BEECROFT]
Manx Labor Party
Mec Vannin [Mark KERMODE] (sometimes referred to as the Manx Nationalist Party)", - "note": "

note: most members sit as independents

" + "text": "Liberal Vannin Party [Kate BEECROFT]
Manx Labor Party
Mec Vannin [Mark KERMODE] (sometimes referred to as the Manx Nationalist Party)

note: most members sit as independents", + "note": "note: most members sit as independents" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "UPU" @@ -382,7 +431,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "William Henry GILL [English], John J. KNEEN [Manx]/traditional" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 2003, in use since 1907; serves as a local anthem; as a British Crown dependency, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom) and is played when the sovereign, members of the royal family, or the lieutenant governor are present

" + "note": "note: adopted 2003, in use since 1907; serves as a local anthem; as a British Crown dependency, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom) and is played when the sovereign, members of the royal family, or the lieutenant governor are present" } }, "Economy": { @@ -426,7 +475,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2013": { "text": "$6.298 billion (2013 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2014 US dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2014 US dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$6.792 billion (2015 est.)" @@ -587,7 +636,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 44; fiber-optic cable, microwave radio relay, satellite earth station, submarine cable" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "national public radio broadcasts over 3 FM stations and 1 AM station; 2 commercial broadcasters operating with 1 having multiple FM stations; receives radio and TV services via relays from British TV and radio broadcasters" @@ -598,7 +647,7 @@ }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "M (2016)" + "text": "M" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -620,7 +669,7 @@ "narrow gauge": { "text": "6 km 1.076-m gauge (6 km electrified) (2008)" }, - "note": "

57 0.914-m gauge (29 km electrified)\n

note: primarily summer tourist attractions

" + "note": "57 0.914-m gauge (29 km electrified)\nnote: primarily summer tourist attractions" }, "Roadways": { "total": { diff --git a/europe/it.json b/europe/it.json index a9685da3..b185bf60 100644 --- a/europe/it.json +++ b/europe/it.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "7,200 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes Sardinia and Sicily

" + "note": "note: includes Sardinia and Sicily" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "almost twice the size of Georgia; slightly larger than Arizona" @@ -55,14 +55,14 @@ "text": "mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "538 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco) de Courmayeur (a secondary peak of Mont Blanc) 4,748 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco) de Courmayeur (a secondary peak of Mont Blanc) 4,748 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "538 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -97,17 +97,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

regional risks include landslides, mudflows, avalanches, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding; land subsidence in Venice

volcanism: significant volcanic activity; Etna (3,330 m), which is in eruption as of 2010, is Europe's most active volcano; flank eruptions pose a threat to nearby Sicilian villages; Etna, along with the famous Vesuvius, which remains a threat to the millions of nearby residents in the Bay of Naples area, have both been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Stromboli, on its namesake island, has also been continuously active with moderate volcanic activity; other historically active volcanoes include Campi Flegrei, Ischia, Larderello, Pantelleria, Vulcano, and Vulsini

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution from industrial emissions such as sulfur dioxide; coastal and inland rivers polluted from industrial and agricultural effluents; acid rain damaging lakes; inadequate industrial waste treatment and disposal facilities" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as southern sea and air approaches to Western Europe" } @@ -192,10 +181,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "71% of total population (2020)" + "text": "71.3% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.29% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -256,8 +245,8 @@ "text": "1.47 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { - "text": "65.1% (2013)", - "note": "

note: percent of women aged 18-49

" + "text": "65.1% (2013)

note: percent of women aged 18-49", + "note": "note: percent of women aged 18-49" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { @@ -321,7 +310,7 @@ "respiratory diseases": { "text": "Covid-19 (see note) (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: a new coronavirus is causing sustained community spread of respiratory illness (COVID-19) in Italy; sustained community spread means that people have been infected with the virus, but how or where they became infected is not known, and the spread is ongoing; illness with this virus has ranged from mild to severe with fatalities reported; as of 24 January 2021, Italy has reported a total of 2,455,185 cases of COVID-19 or 4,060.7 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 140.9 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; the US Department of State has issued a Travel Advisory to reconsider travel to Italy due to the recent outbreak of COVID-19; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has also recommended postponing nonessential travel to Italy at this time and published additional guidance at https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/coronavirus-italy; the US Department of Homeland Security has issued instructions requiring US passengers who have been in Italy to travel through select airports where the US Government has implemented enhanced screening procedures" + "note": "note: a new coronavirus is causing  respiratory illness (COVID-19) in Italy; illness with this virus has ranged from mild to severe with fatalities reported; as of 25 April 2021, Italy has reported a total of 3,949,517 cases of COVID-19 or 6,622.1 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 199.6 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 22.1% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine; the US Department of Homeland Security has issued instructions requiring US passengers who have been in Italy to travel through select airports where the US Government has implemented enhanced screening procedures" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "19.9% (2016)" @@ -356,13 +345,106 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "32.2%" + "text": "29.2%" }, "male": { - "text": "30.4%" + "text": "27.8%" }, "female": { - "text": "34.8% (2018 est.)" + "text": "31.2% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution from industrial emissions such as sulfur dioxide; coastal and inland rivers polluted from industrial and agricultural effluents; acid rain damaging lakes; inadequate industrial waste treatment and disposal facilities" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "15.28 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "41.3 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "9.488 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "7.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "17 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "191.3 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "predominantly Mediterranean; alpine in far north; hot, dry in south" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "47.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 22.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 8.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 15.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "31.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "21.5% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "71.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "respiratory diseases": { + "text": "Covid-19 (see note) (2020)" + }, + "note": "note: a new coronavirus is causing  respiratory illness (COVID-19) in Italy; illness with this virus has ranged from mild to severe with fatalities reported; as of 25 April 2021, Italy has reported a total of 3,949,517 cases of COVID-19 or 6,622.1 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 199.6 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 22.1% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine; the US Department of Homeland Security has issued instructions requiring US passengers who have been in Italy to travel through select airports where the US Government has implemented enhanced screening procedures" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "29.524 million tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "7,646,716 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "25.9% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -403,7 +485,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: by tradition, named after Romulus, one of the legendary founders of the city and its first king" + "note": "etymology: by tradition, named after Romulus, one of the legendary founders of the city and its first king" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "

15 regions (regioni, singular - regione) and 5 autonomous regions (regioni autonome, singular - regione autonoma)

regions: Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Lazio (Latium), Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte (Piedmont), Puglia (Apulia), Toscana (Tuscany), Umbria, Veneto;

autonomous regions: Friuli Venezia Giulia, Sardegna (Sardinia), Sicilia (Sicily), Trentino-Alto Adige (Trentino-South Tyrol) or Trentino-Suedtirol (German), Valle d'Aosta (Aosta Valley) or Vallee d'Aoste (French)

" @@ -419,7 +501,7 @@ "text": "previous 1848 (originally for the Kingdom of Sardinia and adopted by the Kingdom of Italy in 1861); latest enacted 22 December 1947, adopted 27 December 1947, entered into force 1 January 1948" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by both houses of Parliament; passage requires two successive debates and approval by absolute majority of each house on the second vote; a referendum is only required when requested by one fifth of the members of either house, by voter petition, or by five Regional Councils (elected legislative assemblies of the 15 first-level administrative regions and 5 autonomous regions of Italy); referendum not required if an amendment has been approved by a two-thirds majority in each house in the second vote; amended many times, last in 2012; note - a referendum held on 4 December 2016 on constitutional amendments was defeated" + "text": "proposed by both houses of Parliament; passage requires two successive debates and approval by absolute majority of each house on the second vote; a referendum is only required when requested by one fifth of the members of either house, by voter petition, or by five Regional Councils (elected legislative assemblies of the 15 first-level administrative regions and 5 autonomous regions of Italy); referendum not required if an amendment has been approved by a two-thirds majority in each house in the second vote; amended many times, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -464,15 +546,15 @@ }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { - "text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlamento consists of:
Senate or Senato della Repubblica (321 seats; 116 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 193 members in multi-seat constituencies and 6 members in multi-seat constituencies abroad directly elected by party-list proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms and 6 ex-officio members appointed by the president of the Republic to serve for life)
Chamber of Deputies or Camera dei Deputati (630 seats; 629 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 1 member from Valle d'Aosta elected by simple majority vote; members serve 5-year terms); note - a 29 March 2020 referendum on the proposed reduction of Parliament membership has been postponed indefinitely due to the COVID-19 pandemic" + "text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlamento consists of:
Senate or Senato della Repubblica (321 seats; 116 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 193 members in multi-seat constituencies and 6 members in multi-seat constituencies abroad directly elected by party-list proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms and 6 ex-officio members appointed by the president of the Republic to serve for life)
Chamber of Deputies or Camera dei Deputati (630 seats; 629 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 1 member from Valle d'Aosta elected by simple majority vote; members serve 5-year terms)" }, "elections": { - "text": "
Senate - last held on 4 March 2018 (next to be held in March 2023)
Chamber of Deputies - last held on 4 March 2018 (next to be held in March 2023)" + "text": "
Senate - last held on 4 March 2018 (next to be held in March 2023)
Chamber of Deputies - last held on 4 March 2018 (next to be held in March 2023)" }, "election results": { - "text": "
Senate - percent of vote by party - center-right coalition 37.5% (L 17.6%, FI 14.4%, FdI 4.3%, UdC 1.2%), M5S 32.2%, center-left coalition (PD 19.1%, +E 2.3%, I 0.5%, CP 0.5%, SVP-PATT 0.4%), LeU 3.3%; seats by party - center-right coalition 77(L 37, FI 33, FdI 7), M5S 68, center-left coalition 44(PD 43, SVP-PATT 1), LeU 4; composition - men 208, women 113, percent of women 35.2%

Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - center-right coalition 37% (L 17.4%, FI 14%, FdI 4.4%, UdC 1.3%), M5S 33%, center-left coalition 22.9% (PD 18.8%, E+ 2.6%, I 0.6%, CP 0.5%, SVP-PATT 0.4%); seats by party - center-right coalition 151 (L73, FI 59, FdI 19), M5S 133, center-left coalition 88 (PD 86, SVP 2), LeU 14; composition - men 405, women 225, percent of women 35.7%; note - total Parliament percent of women 35.5%" + "text": "
Senate - percent of vote by party - center-right coalition 37.5% (L 17.6%, FI 14.4%, FdI 4.3%, UdC 1.2%), M5S 32.2%, center-left coalition (PD 19.1%, +E 2.3%, I 0.5%, CP 0.5%, SVP-PATT 0.4%), LeU 3.3%; seats by party - center-right coalition 77(L 37, FI 33, FdI 7), M5S 68, center-left coalition 44(PD 43, SVP-PATT 1), LeU 4; composition - men 208, women 113, percent of women 35.2%

Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - center-right coalition 37% (L 17.4%, FI 14%, FdI 4.4%, UdC 1.3%), M5S 33%, center-left coalition 22.9% (PD 18.8%, E+ 2.6%, I 0.6%, CP 0.5%, SVP-PATT 0.4%); seats by party - center-right coalition 151 (L73, FI 59, FdI 19), M5S 133, center-left coalition 88 (PD 86, SVP 2), LeU 14; composition - men 405, women 225, percent of women 35.7%; note - total Parliament percent of women 35.5%" }, - "note": "

Note: in October 2019, Italy's Parliament voted to reduce the number of Senate seats from 315 to 200 and the number of Chamber of Deputies seats from 630 to 400; the law is subject to a referendum to be held between 15 April and 15 June 2020; changes will be effective for the 2023 election if the law is adopted" + "note": "Note: in October 2019, Italy's Parliament voted to reduce the number of Senate seats from 315 to 200 and the number of Chamber of Deputies seats from 630 to 400; a referendum to reduce the membership of Parliament held on 20-21 September 2020 was approved, effective for the 2023 election" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -486,7 +568,7 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "

Governing Coalition:
Northern League (Lega Nord) or Lega [Matteo SALVINI]
Five Star Movement or M5S [Vito CRIMI, acting leader]

Left-center-right opposition:
Democratic Party or PD [Nicola ZINGARETTI]
Forza Italia or FI [Silvio BERLUSCONI]
Brothers of Italy [Giorgia MELONI]
Free and Equal (Liberi e Uguali) or LeU [Pietro GRASSO]
More Europe or +EU [Emma BONINO]
Popular Civic List or CP [Beatrice LORENZIN]

Other parties and parliamentary groups:
Possible [Beatrice BRIGNONE]
Us with Italy [Raffaele FITTO]
South Tyrolean People's Party or SVP [Philipp ACHAMMER]
Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party (Partito Autonomista Trentino Tirolese) or PATT [Franco PANIZZA, secretary]
Article One or Art.1-MDP [Roberto SPERANZA]

" + "text": "

Governing Coalition:
Five Star Movement or M5S [Vito CRIMI, acting leader]
League or Lega [Matteo SALVINI]

Left-center-right opposition:
Democratic Party or PD [Enrico LETTA]
Forza Italia or FI [Silvio BERLUSCONI]
Brothers of Italy [Giorgia MELONI]
Free and Equal (Liberi e Uguali) or LeU [Pietro GRASSO]
More Europe or +EU [Emma BONINO]
Popular Civic List or CP [Beatrice LORENZIN]

Other parties and parliamentary groups:
Possible [Beatrice BRIGNONE]
Us with Italy [Raffaele FITTO]
South Tyrolean People's Party or SVP [Philipp ACHAMMER]
Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party (Partito Autonomista Trentino Tirolese) or PATT [Franco PANIZZA, secretary]
Article One or Art.1-MDP [Roberto SPERANZA]

" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CDB, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" @@ -532,8 +614,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; design inspired by the French flag brought to Italy by Napoleon in 1797; colors are those of Milan (red and white) combined with the green uniform color of the Milanese civic guard", - "note": "

note: similar to the flag of Mexico, which is longer, uses darker shades of green and red, and has its coat of arms centered on the white band; Ireland, which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green

" + "text": "three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; design inspired by the French flag brought to Italy by Napoleon in 1797; colors are those of Milan (red and white) combined with the green uniform color of the Milanese civic guard

note: similar to the flag of Mexico, which is longer, uses darker shades of green and red, and has its coat of arms centered on the white band; Ireland, which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green", + "note": "note: similar to the flag of Mexico, which is longer, uses darker shades of green and red, and has its coat of arms centered on the white band; Ireland, which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "white, five-pointed star (Stella d'Italia); national colors: red, white, green" @@ -545,7 +627,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Goffredo MAMELI/Michele NOVARO" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1946; the anthem, originally written in 1847, is also known as \"L'Inno di Mameli\" (Mameli's Hymn), and \"Fratelli D'Italia\" (Brothers of Italy)

" + "note": "note: adopted 1946; the anthem, originally written in 1847, is also known as \"L'Inno di Mameli\" (Mameli's Hymn), and \"Fratelli D'Italia\" (Brothers of Italy)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -595,7 +677,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$2,529,503,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$2,002,763,000,000 (2019 est.)" @@ -610,7 +692,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$41,785 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -655,8 +737,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "72.9 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "86.8 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "100 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "53.1 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -691,7 +782,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "29.9% (2012 est.)" + "text": "20.1% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -730,7 +821,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "132% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: Italy reports its data on public debt according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty; general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year, in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises central, state, and local government and social security funds

" + "note": "note: Italy reports its data on public debt according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty; general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year, in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises central, state, and local government and social security funds" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -755,10 +846,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 12.5%, France 10.3%, US 9%, Spain 5.2%, UK 5.2%, Switzerland 4.6% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 12%, France 11%, United States 10%, United Kingdom 5%, Spain 5%, Switzerland 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "engineering products, textiles and clothing, production machinery, motor vehicles, transport equipment, chemicals; foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco; minerals, nonferrous metals" + "text": "packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, valves, trunks/cases, wine (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -772,10 +863,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 16.3%, France 8.8%, China 7.1%, Netherlands 5.6%, Spain 5.3%, Belgium 4.5% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 16%, France 9%, China 7%, Spain 5%, Netherlands 5%, Belgium 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "engineering products, chemicals, transport equipment, energy products, minerals and nonferrous metals, textiles and clothing; food, beverages, tobacco" + "text": "crude petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, natural gas, refined petroleum (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -885,9 +976,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "38.11 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "351 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -917,7 +1005,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 39; landing points for Italy-Monaco, Italy-Libya, Italy-Malta, Italy-Greece-1, Italy-Croatia, BlueMed, Janna, FEA, SeaMeWe-3 & 4 & 5, Trapani-Kelibia, Columbus-III, Didon, GO-1, HANNIBAL System, MENA, Bridge International, Malta-Italy Interconnector, Melita1, IMEWE, VMSCS, AAE-1, and OTEGLOBE, submarine cables that provide links to Asia, the Middle East, Europe, North Africa, Southeast Asia, Australia and US; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (with a total of 5 antennas - 3 for Atlantic Ocean and 2 for Indian Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "two Italian media giants dominate - the publicly owned Radiotelevisione Italiana (RAI) with 3 national terrestrial stations and privately owned Mediaset with 3 national terrestrial stations; a large number of private stations and Sky Italia - a satellite TV network; RAI operates 3 AM/FM nationwide radio stations; about 1,300 commercial radio stations" @@ -958,7 +1046,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "I (2016)" + "text": "I" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1015,7 +1103,7 @@ "narrow gauge": { "text": "122.3 km 1.000-m gauge (122.3 km electrified) (2014)" }, - "note": "

1289.3 0.950-m gauge (151.3 km electrified)" + "note": "1289.3 0.950-m gauge (151.3 km electrified)" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1053,21 +1141,21 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Italian Armed Forces: Army (Esercito Italiano, EI), Navy (Marina Militare Italiana, MMI; includes aviation, marines), Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare Italiana, AMI), Carabinieri Corps (Arma dei Carabinieri, CC) (2021)", - "note": "

note(s): the Financial Guard (Guardia di Finanza) under the Ministry of Economy and Finance is a force with military status and nationwide remit for financial crime investigations, including narcotics trafficking, smuggling, and illegal immigration" + "text": "Italian Armed Forces: Army (Esercito Italiano, EI), Navy (Marina Militare Italiana, MMI; includes aviation, marines), Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare Italiana, AMI); Carabinieri Corps (Arma dei Carabinieri, CC) (2021)

note(s): the Carabinieri is the national gendarmerie; for its civil police functions, the Carabinieri falls under the control of the Ministry of the Interior; the Financial Guard (Guardia di Finanza) under the Ministry of Economy and Finance is a force with military status and nationwide remit for financial crime investigations, including narcotics trafficking, smuggling, and illegal immigration;", + "note": "note(s): the Carabinieri is the national gendarmerie; for its civil police functions, the Carabinieri falls under the control of the Ministry of the Interior; the Financial Guard (Guardia di Finanza) under the Ministry of Economy and Finance is a force with military status and nationwide remit for financial crime investigations, including narcotics trafficking, smuggling, and illegal immigration;" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "1.43% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "1.39% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "1.18% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "1.21% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "1.23% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "1.21% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "1.2% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "1.18% of GDP (2016)" @@ -1077,13 +1165,13 @@ "text": "the Italian Armed Forces have approximately 170,000 active personnel (100,000 Army; 30,000 Navy; 40,000 Air Force); approximately 107,000 Carabinieri (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Italian Armed Forces' inventory includes a mix of domestically-produced, jointly-produced, and imported European and US weapons systems; the US is the leading supplier of weapons to Italy since 2010, followed by Germany; the Italian defense industry is capable of producing equipment across all the military domains with particular strengths in naval vessels and aircraft; it also participates in joint development and production of advanced weapons systems with other European countries and the US (2019)" + "text": "the Italian Armed Forces' inventory includes a mix of domestically-produced, jointly-produced, and imported European and US weapons systems; the US is the leading supplier of weapons to Italy since 2010, followed by Germany; the Italian defense industry is capable of producing equipment across all the military domains with particular strengths in naval vessels and aircraft; it also participates in joint development and production of advanced weapons systems with other European countries and the US (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "900 Afghanistan (NATO); 120 Djibouti; 1,100 Middle East/Iraq/Kuwait (NATO, counter-ISIS campaign, European Assistance Mission Iraq); 620 Kosovo (NATO); 200 Latvia (NATO); 1,050 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 400 Libya; 290 Niger; 150 Somalia (EUTM); 100 United Arab Emirates (April 2020)" + "text": "860 Afghanistan (NATO); 120 Djibouti; 1,100 Middle East/Iraq/Kuwait (NATO, counter-ISIS campaign, European Assistance Mission Iraq); 630 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR); 200 Latvia (NATO); 1,200 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 400 Libya; 290 Niger; 150 Somalia (EUTM); 100 United Arab Emirates (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; women may serve in any military branch; Italian citizenship required; 1-year service obligation (2013)" + "text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; women may serve in any military branch; Italian citizenship required; 1-year service obligation; conscription abolished 2004 (2019)" } }, "Terrorism": { @@ -1102,7 +1190,7 @@ "stateless persons": { "text": "15,822 (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: 526,338 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals by sea (January 2015-February 2021); hosts an estimated 96,862 migrants and asylum seekers as of the end of October 2019

" + "note": "note: 536,650 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals by sea (January 2015-May 2021); hosts an estimated 96,862 migrants and asylum seekers as of the end of October 2019" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "important gateway for and consumer of Latin American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin entering the European market; money laundering by organized crime and from smuggling" diff --git a/europe/je.json b/europe/je.json index 305d6ad6..622e8e17 100644 --- a/europe/je.json +++ b/europe/je.json @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ "text": "gently rolling plain with low, rugged hills along north coast" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "English Channel 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Les Platons 136 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "English Channel 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -90,9 +90,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "very large tidal variation can be hazardous to navigation" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "habitat and species depletion due to human encroachment; water pollution; improper solid waste disposal" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "largest and southernmost of Channel Islands; about 30% of population concentrated in Saint Helier" } @@ -113,8 +110,8 @@ "text": "Jersey 46.4%, British 32.7%, Portuguese/Madeiran 8.2%, Polish 3.3%, Irish, French, and other White 7.1%, other 2.4% (2011 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "

English (official) 94.5%, Portuguese 4.6%, other .9% (includes French (official) and Jerriais)

(2001 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent main spoken language; the traditional language of Jersey is Jerriais or Jersey French (a Norman language), which was spoken by fewer than 3,000 people as of 2001;  two thirds of Jerriais speakers are aged 60 and over" + "text": "

English (official) 94.5%, Portuguese 4.6%, other .9% (includes French (official) and Jerriais)

(2001 est.)

note: data represent main spoken language; the traditional language of Jersey is Jerriais or Jersey French (a Norman language), which was spoken by fewer than 3,000 people as of 2001;  two thirds of Jerriais speakers are aged 60 and over", + "note": "note: data represent main spoken language; the traditional language of Jersey is Jerriais or Jersey French (a Norman language), which was spoken by fewer than 3,000 people as of 2001;  two thirds of Jerriais speakers are aged 60 and over" }, "Religions": { "text": "Protestant (Anglican, Baptist, Congregational New Church, Methodist, Presbyterian), Roman Catholic" @@ -149,7 +146,7 @@ "potential support ratio": { "text": "3.7 (2020 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data represent Guernsey and Jersey

" + "note": "note: data represent Guernsey and Jersey" }, "Median age": { "total": { @@ -179,12 +176,12 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "31% of total population (2020)" + "text": "31% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.46% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data represent Guernsey and Jersey

" + "note": "note: data include Guernsey and Jersey" }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "34,000 SAINT HELIER (capital) (2018)" @@ -244,7 +241,7 @@ "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 5.9% of population (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: includes data for Guernsey" + "note": "note: includes data for Guernsey" }, "Sanitation facility access": { "improved: total": { @@ -267,6 +264,55 @@ "text": "NA" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "habitat and species depletion due to human encroachment; water pollution; improper solid waste disposal" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; mild winters and cool summers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "66% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 66% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "34% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "31% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data include Guernsey and Jersey" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "178,933 tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "50,871 tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "28.4% (2016 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data include combined totals for Guernsey and Jersey." + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -301,7 +347,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: named after Saint Helier, the patron saint of Jersey, who was reputedly martyred on the island in A.D. 555" + "note": "etymology: named after Saint Helier, the patron saint of Jersey, who was reputedly martyred on the island in A.D. 555" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "none (British crown dependency); there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 12 parishes; Grouville, Saint Brelade, Saint Clement, Saint Helier, Saint John, Saint Lawrence, Saint Martin, Saint Mary, Saint Ouen, Saint Peter, Saint Saviour, and Trinity" @@ -366,8 +412,8 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "one registered party: Reform Jersey [Sam MEZEC]", - "note": "

note: most senators and deputies sit as independents

" + "text": "one registered party: Reform Jersey [Sam MEZEC]

note: most senators and deputies sit as independents", + "note": "note: most senators and deputies sit as independents" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "UPU" @@ -376,7 +422,7 @@ "chief of mission": { "text": "none (British Crown dependency)" }, - "note": "

none (British Crown dependency)" + "note": "none (British Crown dependency)" }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "embassy": { @@ -396,7 +442,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Gerard LE FEUVRE" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 2008; serves as a local anthem; as a British Crown dependency, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)

" + "note": "note: adopted 2008; serves as a local anthem; as a British Crown dependency, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -426,7 +472,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2014": { "text": "$4.98 billion (2014 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2015 US dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2015 US dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$5.004 billion (2015 est.)" @@ -564,9 +610,6 @@ }, "Electricity - consumption": { "text": "630.1 million kWh (2004 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "450,000 Mt (2012 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -596,7 +639,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 44; landing points for the INGRID, UK-Channel Islands-8, and Guernsey-Jersey-4, submarine cable connectivity to Guernsey, the UK, and France (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "multiple UK terrestrial TV broadcasts are received via a transmitter in Jersey; satellite packages available; BBC Radio Jersey and 1 other radio station operating" diff --git a/europe/jn.json b/europe/jn.json index 8d5c71cf..690172bb 100644 --- a/europe/jn.json +++ b/europe/jn.json @@ -57,13 +57,13 @@ "text": "volcanic island, partly covered by glaciers" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Norwegian Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Haakon VII Toppen on Beerenberg 2,277" }, - "note": "

note: Beerenberg volcano has numerous peaks; the highest point on the volcano rim is named Haakon VII Toppen, after Norway's first king following the reestablishment of Norwegian independence in 1905" + "lowest point": { + "text": "Norwegian Sea 0 m" + }, + "note": "note: Beerenberg volcano has numerous peaks; the highest point on the volcano rim is named Haakon VII Toppen, after Norway's first king following the reestablishment of Norwegian independence in 1905" }, "Natural resources": { "text": "none" @@ -82,17 +82,30 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

dominated by the volcano Beerenberg

volcanism: Beerenberg (2,227 m) is Norway's only active volcano; volcanic activity resumed in 1970; the most recent eruption occurred in 1985

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "pollutants transported from southerly latitudes by winds, ocean currents, and rivers accumulate in the food chains of native animals; climate change" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "barren volcanic spoon-shaped island with some moss and grass flora; island consists of two parts: a larger northeast Nord-Jan (the spoon \"bowl\") and the smaller Sor-Jan (the \"handle\"), linked by a 2.5 km-wide isthmus (the \"stem\") with two large lakes, Sorlaguna (South Lagoon) and Nordlaguna (North Lagoon)" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "no indigenous inhabitants", - "note": "

note: military personnel operate the the weather and coastal services radio station

" + "text": "no indigenous inhabitants

note: military personnel operate the the weather and coastal services radio station", + "note": "note: military personnel operate the the weather and coastal services radio station" + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "pollutants transported from southerly latitudes by winds, ocean currents, and rivers accumulate in the food chains of native animals; climate change" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "0% (2011 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "100% (2018 est.)" + } } }, "Government": { diff --git a/europe/kv.json b/europe/kv.json index 993ec8b7..cc020073 100644 --- a/europe/kv.json +++ b/europe/kv.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "flat fluvial basin at an elevation of 400-700 m above sea level surrounded by several high mountain ranges with elevations of 2,000 to 2,500 m" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "450 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Gjeravica/Deravica 2,656 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Drini i Bardhe/Beli Drim (located on the border with Albania) 297 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Gjeravica/Deravica 2,656 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "450 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -88,9 +88,6 @@ "Population distribution": { "text": "population clusters exist throughout the country, the largest being in the east in and around the capital of Pristina" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution (pollution from power plants and nearby lignite mines take a toll on people's health); water scarcity and pollution; land degradation" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the 41-km long Nerodimka River divides into two branches each of which flows into a different sea: the northern branch flows into the Sitnica River, which via the Ibar, Morava, and Danube Rivers ultimately flows into the Black Sea; the southern branch flows via the Lepenac and Vardar Rivers into the Aegean Sea" } @@ -106,15 +103,15 @@ "adjective": { "text": "Kosovo" }, - "note": "

note: Kosovo, a neutral term, is sometimes also used as a noun or adjective as in Kosovo Albanian, Kosovo Serb, Kosovo minority, or Kosovo citizen

" + "note": "note: Kosovo, a neutral term, is sometimes also used as a noun or adjective as in Kosovo Albanian, Kosovo Serb, Kosovo minority, or Kosovo citizen" }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Albanians 92.9%, Bosniaks 1.6%, Serbs 1.5%, Turk 1.1%, Ashkali 0.9%, Egyptian 0.7%, Gorani 0.6%, Romani 0.5%, other/unspecified 0.2% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: these estimates may under-represent Serb, Romani, and some other ethnic minorities because they are based on the 2011 Kosovo national census, which excluded northern Kosovo (a largely Serb-inhabited region) and was partially boycotted by Serb and Romani communities in southern Kosovo

" + "text": "Albanians 92.9%, Bosniaks 1.6%, Serbs 1.5%, Turk 1.1%, Ashkali 0.9%, Egyptian 0.7%, Gorani 0.6%, Romani 0.5%, other/unspecified 0.2% (2011 est.)

note: these estimates may under-represent Serb, Romani, and some other ethnic minorities because they are based on the 2011 Kosovo national census, which excluded northern Kosovo (a largely Serb-inhabited region) and was partially boycotted by Serb and Romani communities in southern Kosovo", + "note": "note: these estimates may under-represent Serb, Romani, and some other ethnic minorities because they are based on the 2011 Kosovo national census, which excluded northern Kosovo (a largely Serb-inhabited region) and was partially boycotted by Serb and Romani communities in southern Kosovo" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Albanian (official) 94.5%, Bosnian 1.7%, Serbian (official) 1.6%, Turkish 1.1%, other 0.9% (includes Romani), unspecified 0.1% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: in municipalities where a community's mother tongue is not one of Kosovo's official languages, the language of that community may be given official status according to the 2006 Law on the Use of Languages

" + "text": "Albanian (official) 94.5%, Bosnian 1.7%, Serbian (official) 1.6%, Turkish 1.1%, other 0.9% (includes Romani), unspecified 0.1% (2011 est.)

note: in municipalities where a community's mother tongue is not one of Kosovo's official languages, the language of that community may be given official status according to the 2006 Law on the Use of Languages", + "note": "note: in municipalities where a community's mother tongue is not one of Kosovo's official languages, the language of that community may be given official status according to the 2006 Law on the Use of Languages" }, "Religions": { "text": "Muslim 95.6%, Roman Catholic 2.2%, Orthodox 1.5%, other 0.1%, none 0.1%, unspecified 0.6% (2011 est.)" @@ -227,13 +224,64 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "55.4%" + "text": "49.5%" }, "male": { - "text": "51.5%" + "text": "44.2%" }, "female": { - "text": "64.8% (2018 est.)" + "text": "60.4% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution (pollution from power plants and nearby lignite mines take a toll on people's health); water scarcity and pollution; land degradation" + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "8.94 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.54 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "influenced by continental air masses resulting in relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns; Mediterranean and alpine influences create regional variation; maximum rainfall between October and December" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "52.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 27.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 23.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "41.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "5.5% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.31% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "319,000 tons (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -271,7 +319,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name may derive from a Proto-Slavic word reconstructed as \"pryshchina,\" meaning \"spring (of water)\"" + "note": "etymology: the name may derive from a Proto-Slavic word reconstructed as \"pryshchina,\" meaning \"spring (of water)\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "38 municipalities (komunat, singular - komuna (Albanian); opstine, singular - opstina (Serbian)); Decan (Decani), Dragash (Dragas), Ferizaj (Urosevac), Fushe Kosove (Kosovo Polje), Gjakove (Dakovica), Gjilan (Gnjilane), Gllogovc (Glogovac), Gracanice (Gracanica), Hani i Elezit (Deneral Jankovic), Istog (Istok), Junik, Kacanik, Kamenice (Kamenica), Kline (Klina), Kllokot (Klokot), Leposaviq (Leposavic), Lipjan (Lipljan), Malisheve (Malisevo), Mamushe (Mamusa), Mitrovice e Jugut (Juzna Mitrovica) [South Mitrovica], Mitrovice e Veriut (Severna Mitrovica) [North Mitrovica], Novoberde (Novo Brdo), Obiliq (Obilic), Partesh (Partes), Peje (Pec), Podujeve (Podujevo), Prishtine (Pristina), Prizren, Rahovec (Orahovac), Ranillug (Ranilug), Shterpce (Strpce), Shtime (Stimlje), Skenderaj (Srbica), Suhareke (Suva Reka), Viti (Vitina), Vushtrri (Vucitrn), Zubin Potok, Zvecan" @@ -287,7 +335,7 @@ "text": "previous 1974, 1990; latest (postindependence) draft finalized 2 April 2008, signed 7 April 2008, ratified 9 April 2008, entered into force 15 June 2008; note - amendment 24, passed by the Assembly in August 2015, established the Kosovo Relocated Specialist Institution, referred to as the Kosovo Specialist Chamber or \"Specialist Court,\" to try war crimes allegedly committed by members of the Kosovo Liberation Army in the late 1990s" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the government, by the president of the republic, or by one fourth of Assembly deputies; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, including two-thirds majority vote of deputies representing non-majority communities, followed by a favorable Constitutional Court assessment; amended several times, last in 2016" + "text": "proposed by the government, by the president of the republic, or by one fourth of Assembly deputies; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, including two-thirds majority vote of deputies representing non-majority communities, followed by a favorable Constitutional Court assessment; amended several times, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -315,10 +363,10 @@ }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { - "text": "Acting President Vjosa OSMANI (since 5 November 2020); note: President Hashim THACI (since 7 April 2016) resigned 5 November 2020" + "text": "Vjosa OSMANI (since 4 April 2021); note: President Hashim THACI (since 7 April 2016) resigned 5 November 2020" }, "head of government": { - "text": "Acting Prime Minister Avdullah HOTI (since 3 June 2020)" + "text": "Prime Minister Albin KURTI (since 22 February 2021)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Cabinet elected by the Assembly" @@ -327,7 +375,7 @@ "text": "president indirectly elected by at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly for a 5-year term; if a candidate does not attain a two-thirds threshold in the first two ballots, the candidate winning a simple majority vote in the third ballot is elected (eligible for a second term); election last held on 26 February 2016 (next to be held in 2021); prime minister indirectly elected by the Assembly" }, "election results": { - "text": "Hashim THACI elected president in the third ballot; Assembly vote - Hashim THACI (PDK) 71, Rafet RAMA (PDK) 0, invalid 10; Avdullah HOTI (LDK) elected prime minister; Assembly vote - 61 of 85" + "text": "Vjosa OSMANI elected president in the third ballot; Assembly vote - Vjosa OSMANI (VV) 71 votes; Albin KURTI (VV) elected prime minister; Assembly vote - 67-30" } }, "Legislative branch": { @@ -335,10 +383,10 @@ "text": "unicameral Assembly or Kuvendi i Kosoves/Skupstina Kosova (120 seats; 100 members directly elected by open-list proportional representation vote with 20 seats reserved for ethnic minorities - 10 for Serbs and 10 for other ethnic minorities; members serve 4-year terms)" }, "elections": { - "text": "last held on 6 October 2019 (next to be held on 14 February 2021); note - early elections were held on 6 October 2019 following the dissolution of parliament on 22 August 2019, as a result of political deadlock since the resignation of Prime Minister HARADINAJ on 19 July 2019" + "text": "last held on 14 February 2021 (next to be held in 2025)" }, "election results": { - "text": "percent of vote by party/coalition - VV 25.5%, LDK 24.8%, PDK 21.2%, AAK-PSD 11.6%, Serb List 6.6%, other 10.3%; seats by party/coalition - VV 31, LDK 30, PDK 25, AAK-PSD 14, Serb List 10, Vakat 2, KDTP 2, other 6; composition - men NA, women NA, percent of women NA%" + "text": "percent of vote by party - VV 50%, PDK 16.9%, LDK 12.7%, AAK 7.1%, Serb List 5.1%, other 8.2%; seats by party - VV 58, PDK 19, LDK 15, Serb List 10, AAK 8, other 10; composition - NA" } }, "Judicial branch": { @@ -351,17 +399,17 @@ "subordinate courts": { "text": "Court of Appeals (organized into 4 departments: General, Serious Crime, Commercial Matters, and Administrative Matters); Basic Court (located in 7 municipalities, each with several branches)" }, - "note": "

note: in August 2015, the Kosovo Assembly approved a constitutional amendment that establishes the Kosovo Relocated Specialist Judicial Institution, also referred to as the Kosovo Specialist Chambers or \"Special Court\"; the court, located at the Hague in the Netherlands, began operating in late 2016 and has jurisdiction to try crimes against humanity, war crimes, and other crimes under Kosovo law that occurred in the 1998-2000 period

" + "note": "note: in August 2015, the Kosovo Assembly approved a constitutional amendment that establishes the Kosovo Relocated Specialist Judicial Institution, also referred to as the Kosovo Specialist Chambers or \"Special Court\"; the court, located at the Hague in the Netherlands, began operating in late 2016 and has jurisdiction to try crimes against humanity, war crimes, and other crimes under Kosovo law that occurred in the 1998-2000 period" }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Alliance for the Future of Kosovo or AAK [Ramush HARADINAJ]
Alternativa [Mimoza KUSARI-LILA]
Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK
Democratic Party of Kosovo or PDK [Kadri VESELI]
Independent Liberal Party or SLS [Slobodan PETROVIC]
Initiative for Kosovo or NISMA [Fatmir LIMAJ]
Movement for Self-Determination (Vetevendosje) or VV [Albin KURTI]
New Kosovo Alliance or AKR [Behgjet PACOLLI]
Serb List [Goran RAKIC]
Social Democratic Party of Kosovo or PSD [Shpend AHMETI]
Turkish Democratic Party of Kosovo or KDTP [Mahir YAGCILAR]
Vakat Coalition or VAKAT [Rasim DEMIRI]" + "text": "Alliance for the Future of Kosovo or AAK [Ramush HARADINAJ]
Alternativa [Mimoza KUSARI-LILA]
Ashkali Party for Integration or PAI
Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK
Democratic Party of Kosovo or PDK [Kadri VESELI]
Independent Liberal Party or SLS [Slobodan PETROVIC]
Initiative for Kosovo or NISMA [Fatmir LIMAJ]
Movement for Self-Determination (Vetevendosje) or VV [Albin KURTI]
New Democratic Initiative of Kosovo
New Democratic Party
New Kosovo Alliance or AKR [Behgjet PACOLLI]
Romani Initiative
Serb List [Goran RAKIC]
Social Democratic Party of Kosovo or PSD [Shpend AHMETI]
Turkish Democratic Party of Kosovo or KDTP [Mahir YAGCILAR]
Unique Gorani Party [Adem HODZA]
Vakat Coalition or VAKAT [Rasim DEMIRI]" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "IBRD, IDA, IFC, IMF, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OIF (observer)" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Vlora CITAKU (since 17 September 2015)" + "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Valdet SADIKU (since 9 March 2021)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2175 K Street NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20037" @@ -397,8 +445,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "centered on a dark blue field is a gold-colored silhouette of Kosovo surmounted by six white, five-pointed stars arrayed in a slight arc; each star represents one of the major ethnic groups of Kosovo: Albanians, Serbs, Turks, Gorani, Roma, and Bosniaks", - "note": "

note: one of only two national flags that uses a map as a design element; the flag of Cyprus is the other

" + "text": "centered on a dark blue field is a gold-colored silhouette of Kosovo surmounted by six white, five-pointed stars arrayed in a slight arc; each star represents one of the major ethnic groups of Kosovo: Albanians, Serbs, Turks, Gorani, Roma, and Bosniaks

note: one of only two national flags that uses a map as a design element; the flag of Cyprus is the other", + "note": "note: one of only two national flags that uses a map as a design element; the flag of Cyprus is the other" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "six, five-pointed, white stars; national colors: blue, gold, white" @@ -410,7 +458,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "no lyrics/Mendi MENGJIQI" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 2008; Kosovo chose to exclude lyrics in its anthem so as not to offend the country's minority ethnic groups

" + "note": "note: adopted 2008; Kosovo chose to exclude lyrics in its anthem so as not to offend the country's minority ethnic groups" } }, "Economy": { @@ -449,7 +497,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$18.86 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$7.926 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -464,7 +512,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$10,530 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2016 US dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2016 US dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -509,8 +557,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "73.2 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "95.9 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "94.2 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "64.7 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -523,8 +580,8 @@ "text": "1.2% (2016 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "500,300 (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: includes those estimated to be employed in the gray economy

" + "text": "500,300 (2017 est.)

note: includes those estimated to be employed in the gray economy", + "note": "note: includes those estimated to be employed in the gray economy" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -544,7 +601,7 @@ "Unemployment rate 2016": { "text": "27.5% (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: Kosovo has a large informal sector that may not be reflected in these data

" + "note": "note: Kosovo has a large informal sector that may not be reflected in these data" }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "17.6% (2015 est.)" @@ -731,9 +788,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m NA (2017 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "10.05 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -763,11 +817,11 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 383" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Internet country code": { - "text": ".xk", - "note": "

note: assigned as a temporary code under UN Security Council resolution 1244/99

" + "text": ".xk

note: assigned as a temporary code under UN Security Council resolution 1244/99", + "note": "note: assigned as a temporary code under UN Security Council resolution 1244/99" }, "Internet users": { "total": { @@ -785,7 +839,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "Z6 (2016)" + "text": "Z6" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -839,7 +893,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Kosovo Security Force (KSF): Land Force Command; National Guard Command; Logistic Command and Doctrine and Training Command (2020)" + "text": "Kosovo Security Force (KSF): Land Force Command; Logistics Command; Doctrine and Training Command; National Guard Command (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -859,10 +913,13 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Kosovo Security Force (KSF) has approximately 3-4,000 personnel; note: Kosovo plans for the KSF to eventually number around 5,000 troops (2019)" + "text": "the Kosovo Security Force (KSF) has approximately 3,400 personnel; note - Kosovo plans for the KSF to eventually number around 5,000 troops (2021)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Kosovo Security Force is equipped with small arms and light vehicles only; its only recorded delivery since 2010 was light-armored patrol vehicles from Turkey (2019 est.)" + "text": "the KSF is equipped with small arms and light vehicles only; it relies on donations and since 2013 has received donated equipment from Turkey and the US (2020)" + }, + "Military service age and obligation": { + "text": "service is voluntary; must be over the age of 18 and a citizen of Kosovo; upper age for enlisting is 30 for officers, 25 for other ranks, although these may be waived for recruits with key skills considered essential for the KSF
 (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -873,7 +930,7 @@ "IDPs": { "text": "16,000 (primarily ethnic Serbs displaced during the 1998-1999 war fearing reprisals from the majority ethnic-Albanian population; a smaller number of ethnic Serbs, Roma, Ashkali, and Egyptians fled their homes in 2,004 as a result of violence) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: 5,639 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-October 2020)" + "note": "note: 6,293 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-March 2021)" } } } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/lg.json b/europe/lg.json index 3becd1ee..a588d3b8 100644 --- a/europe/lg.json +++ b/europe/lg.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "low plain" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "87 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Gaizina Kalns 312 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Baltic Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Gaizina Kalns 312 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "87 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ } }, "Irrigated land": { - "text": "12 sq km (2012)", - "note": "

note: land in Latvia is often too wet and in need of drainage not irrigation; approximately 16,000 sq km or 85% of agricultural land has been improved by drainage

" + "text": "12 sq km (2012)

note: land in Latvia is often too wet and in need of drainage not irrigation; approximately 16,000 sq km or 85% of agricultural land has been improved by drainage", + "note": "note: land in Latvia is often too wet and in need of drainage not irrigation; approximately 16,000 sq km or 85% of agricultural land has been improved by drainage" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "largest concentration of people is found in and around the port and capital city of Riga; small agglomerations are scattered throughout the country" @@ -100,17 +100,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "large percentage of agricultural fields can become waterlogged and require drainage" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "while land, water, and air pollution are evident, Latvia's environment has benefited from a shift to service industries after the country regained independence; improvements have occurred in drinking water quality, sewage treatment, household and hazardous waste management, as well as reduction of air pollution; concerns include nature protection and the management of water resources and the protection of the Baltic Sea" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "most of the country is composed of fertile low-lying plains with some hills in the east" } @@ -131,8 +120,8 @@ "text": "Latvian 62.2%, Russian 25.2%, Belarusian 3.2%, Ukrainian 2.2%, Polish 2.1%, Lithuanian 1.2%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.3% (2018 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Latvian (official) 56.3%, Russian 33.8%, other 0.6% (includes Polish, Ukrainian, and Belarusian), unspecified 9.4% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent language usually spoken at home

" + "text": "Latvian (official) 56.3%, Russian 33.8%, other 0.6% (includes Polish, Ukrainian, and Belarusian), unspecified 9.4% (2011 est.)

note: data represent language usually spoken at home", + "note": "note: data represent language usually spoken at home" }, "Religions": { "text": "Lutheran 36.2%, Roman Catholic 19.5%, Orthodox 19.1%, other Christian 1.6%, other 0.1%, unspecified/none 23.5% (2017 est.)" @@ -196,10 +185,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "68.3% of total population (2020)" + "text": "68.4% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-0.93% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "-0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -358,13 +347,111 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "12.2%" + "text": "12.4%" }, "male": { - "text": "12.5%" + "text": "14.2%" }, "female": { - "text": "11.8% (2018 est.)" + "text": "10.1% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "while land, water, and air pollution are evident, Latvia's environment has benefited from a shift to service industries after the country regained independence; improvements have occurred in drinking water quality, sewage treatment, household and hazardous waste management, as well as reduction of air pollution; concerns include nature protection and the management of water resources and the protection of the Baltic Sea" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "12.72 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "7 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "1.85 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "94.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "25.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "61.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "34.94 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "maritime; wet, moderate winters" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "29.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 18.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 10.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "54.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "16.7% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.85% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "68.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "-0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "intermediate (2020)" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "tickborne encephalitis" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "857,000 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "181,941 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "21.2% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -405,7 +492,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: of the several theories explaining the name's origin, the one relating to the city's role in Baltic and North Sea commerce is the most probable; the name is likely related to the Latvian word \"rija,\" meaning \"warehouse,\" where the 'j' became a 'g' under the heavy German influence in the city from the late Middle Ages to the early 20th century" + "note": "etymology: of the several theories explaining the name's origin, the one relating to the city's role in Baltic and North Sea commerce is the most probable; the name is likely related to the Latvian word \"rija,\" meaning \"warehouse,\" where the 'j' became a 'g' under the heavy German influence in the city from the late Middle Ages to the early 20th century" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "

110 municipalities (novadi, singular - novads) and 9 cities

municipalities: Adazi, Aglona, Aizkraukle, Aizpute, Akniste, Aloja, Alsunga, Aluksne, Amata, Ape, Auce, Babite, Baldone, Baltinava, Balvi, Bauska, Beverina, Broceni, Burtnieki, Carnikava, Cesis, Cesvaine, Cibla, Dagda, Daugavpils, Dobele, Dundaga, Durbe, Engure, Ergli, Garkalne, Grobina, Gulbene, Iecava, Ikskile, Ilukste, Incukalns, Jaunjelgava, Jaunpiebalga, Jaunpils, Jekabpils, Jelgava, Kandava, Karsava, Kegums, Kekava, Koceni, Koknese, Kraslava, Krimulda, Krustpils, Kuldiga, Lielvarde, Ligatne, Limbazi, Livani, Lubanas, Ludza, Madona, Malpils, Marupe, Mazsalaca, Mersrags, Naukseni, Nereta, Nica, Ogre, Olaine, Ozolnieki, Pargauja, Pavilosta, Plavinas, Preili, Priekule, Priekuli, Rauna, Rezekne, Riebini, Roja, Ropazi, Rucava, Rugaji, Rujiena, Rundale, Salacgriva, Sala, Salaspils, Saldus, Saulkrasti, Seja, Sigulda, Skriveri, Skrunda, Smiltene, Stopini, Strenci, Talsi, Tervete, Tukums, Vainode, Valka, Varaklani, Varkava, Vecpiebalga, Vecumnieki, Ventspils, Viesites, Vilaka, Vilani, Zilupe

cities: Daugavpils, Jekabpils, Jelgava, Jurmala, Liepaja, Rezekne, Riga, Valmiera, Ventspils

" @@ -536,7 +623,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Karlis BAUMANIS" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1920, restored 1990; first performed in 1873 while Latvia was a part of Russia; banned during the Soviet occupation from 1940 to 1990

" + "note": "note: adopted 1920, restored 1990; first performed in 1873 while Latvia was a part of Russia; banned during the Soviet occupation from 1940 to 1990" } }, "Economy": { @@ -586,7 +673,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$55.672 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$34.084 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -601,7 +688,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$28,664 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -646,8 +733,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "80.3 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "94.1 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "95.3 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "73.5 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -682,7 +778,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "25.5% (2015)" + "text": "22.9% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -721,7 +817,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "37.4% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds

" + "note": "note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -746,10 +842,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Lithuania 15.8%, Russia 14%, Estonia 10.9%, Germany 6.9%, Sweden 5.7%, UK 4.9%, Poland 4.3%, Denmark 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "Lithuania 16%, Estonia 10%, Russia 9%, Germany 7%, Sweden 6%, United Kingdom 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "foodstuffs, wood and wood products, metals, machinery and equipment, textiles" + "text": "lumber, broadcasting equipment, whiskey and other hard liquors, wheat, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -763,10 +859,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Lithuania 17.6%, Germany 11.7%, Poland 8.7%, Estonia 7.6%, Russia 7.1%, Netherlands 4.2%, Finland 4.2%, Italy 4% (2017)" + "text": "Russia 21%, Lithuania 14%, Germany 9%, Poland 7%, Estonia 7% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, consumer goods, chemicals, fuels, vehicles" + "text": "refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, cars, packaged medicines, aircraft (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -876,9 +972,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "8.632 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -908,7 +1001,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 371; the Latvian network is now connected via fiber-optic cable to Estonia, Finland, and Sweden" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "several national and regional commercial TV stations are foreign-owned, 2 national TV stations are publicly owned; system supplemented by privately owned regional and local TV stations; cable and satellite multi-channel TV services with domestic and foreign broadcasts available; publicly owned broadcaster operates 4 radio networks with dozens of stations throughout the country; dozens of private broadcasters also operate radio stations" @@ -949,7 +1042,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "YL (2016)" + "text": "YL" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1035,29 +1128,29 @@ }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "2.32% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "2.27% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "2.03% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "2.07% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "2.06% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "1.6% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "1.59% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "1.48% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "1.44% of GDP (2016)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { "text": "the National Armed Forces of Latvia have approximately 6,000 active duty troops (5,000 Land Forces; 500 Naval Force/Coast Guard; 500 Air Force) (2021)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Latvian military's inventory is limited and consists of a European, Israeli, and US weapons systems; since 2010, it has received mostly second-hand equipment from Austria, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, the UK, and the US (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Latvian military's inventory is limited and consists of a mixture of Soviet-era and more modern--mostly second-hand--European and US equipment; since 2010, it has received  limited amounts of equipment from several European countries, as well as the US (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for voluntary male and female military service; no conscription; under current law, every citizen is entitled to serve in the armed forces for life (2017)" + "text": "18 years of age for voluntary male and female military service; no conscription (abolished 2007); under current law, every citizen is entitled to serve in the armed forces for life (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/europe/lh.json b/europe/lh.json index 7cb543dd..74451c7c 100644 --- a/europe/lh.json +++ b/europe/lh.json @@ -51,14 +51,14 @@ "text": "lowland, many scattered small lakes, fertile soil" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "110 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Aukstojas 294 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Baltic Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Aukstojas 294 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "110 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -93,17 +93,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "occasional floods, droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water pollution; air pollution; deforestation; threatened animal and plant species; chemicals and waste materials released into the environment contaminate soil and groundwater; soil degradation and erosion" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "fertile central plains are separated by hilly uplands that are ancient glacial deposits" } @@ -188,10 +177,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "68% of total population (2020)" + "text": "68.2% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-0.31% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "-0.12% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -350,13 +339,111 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "11.1%" + "text": "11.9%" }, "male": { - "text": "12%" + "text": "14.1%" }, "female": { - "text": "10.1% (2018 est.)" + "text": "9.3% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water pollution; air pollution; deforestation; threatened animal and plant species; chemicals and waste materials released into the environment contaminate soil and groundwater; soil degradation and erosion" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "11.49 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "12.96 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "3.15 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "130.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "69.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "58.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "24.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "transitional, between maritime and continental; wet, moderate winters and summers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "44.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 34.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 9.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "34.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "20.6% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.31% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "68.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "-0.12% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "intermediate (2020)" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "tickborne encephalitis" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1.3 million tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "297,960 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "22.9% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -397,7 +484,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: named after the Vilnia River, which flows into the Neris River at Vilnius; the river name derives from the Lithuanian word \"vilnis\" meaning \"a surge\"" + "note": "etymology: named after the Vilnia River, which flows into the Neris River at Vilnius; the river name derives from the Lithuanian word \"vilnis\" meaning \"a surge\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "60 municipalities (savivaldybe, singular - savivaldybe); Akmene, Alytaus Miestas, Alytus, Anksciai, Birstono, Birzai, Druskininkai, Elektrenai, Ignalina, Jonava, Joniskis, Jurbarkas, Kaisiadorys, Kalvarijos, Kauno Miestas, Kaunas, Kazlu Rudos, Kedainiai, Kelme, Klaipedos Miestas, Klaipeda, Kretinga, Kupiskis, Lazdijai, Marijampole, Mazeikiai, Moletai, Neringa, Pagegiai, Pakruojis, Palangos Miestas, Panevezio Miestas, Panevezys, Pasvalys, Plunge, Prienai, Radviliskis, Raseiniai, Rietavo, Rokiskis, Sakiai, Salcininkai, Siauliu Miestas, Siauliai, Silale, Silute, Sirvintos, Skuodas, Svencionys, Taurage, Telsiai, Trakai, Ukmerge, Utena, Varena, Vilkaviskis, Vilniaus Miestas, Vilnius, Visaginas, Zarasai" @@ -413,7 +500,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest adopted by referendum 25 October 1992, entered into force 2 November 1992" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by at least one fourth of all Parliament members or by petition of at least 300,000 voters; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament in each of two readings three months apart and a presidential signature; amendments to constitutional articles on national sovereignty and constitutional amendment procedure also require three-fourths voter approval in a referendum; amended 1996, 2003, 2006" + "text": "proposed by at least one fourth of all Parliament members or by petition of at least 300,000 voters; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament in each of two readings three months apart and a presidential signature; amendments to constitutional articles on national sovereignty and constitutional amendment procedure also require three-fourths voter approval in a referendum; amended many times, last in 2019" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -486,7 +573,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Rolandas KRISCIUNAS (since 17 September 2015)" + "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Dovydas SPOKAUSKAS (since 31 July 2020)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2622 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009" @@ -503,7 +590,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Robert S. GILCHRIST (since 4 February 2010)" + "text": "Ambassador Robert S. GILCHRIST (since 4 February 2020)" }, "telephone": { "text": "[370] (5) 266-5500" @@ -531,7 +618,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Vincas KUDIRKA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1918, restored 1990; written in 1898 while Lithuania was a part of Russia; banned during the Soviet occupation from 1940 to 1990

" + "note": "note: adopted 1918, restored 1990; written in 1898 while Lithuania was a part of Russia; banned during the Soviet occupation from 1940 to 1990" } }, "Economy": { @@ -581,7 +668,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$95.675 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$54.597 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -596,7 +683,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$33,827 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -641,8 +728,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "81.6 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "93.3 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "97.8 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "78.8 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -677,7 +773,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "22.2% (2015 est.)" + "text": "20.6% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -716,7 +812,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "40.1% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: official data; data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions

" + "note": "note: official data; data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -741,10 +837,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Russia 15%, Latvia 9.9%, Poland 8.1%, Germany 7.3%, US 5.2%, Estonia 5%, Sweden 4.8% (2017)" + "text": "Russia 13%, Latvia 9%, Poland 8%, Germany 7%, Estonia 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "refined fuel, machinery and equipment, chemicals, textiles, foodstuffs, plastics" + "text": "refined petroleum, furniture, cigarettes, wheat, polyethylene (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -758,10 +854,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Russia 13%, Germany 12.3%, Poland 10.6%, Latvia 7.1%, Italy 5.2%, Netherlands 5.1%, Sweden 4% (2017)" + "text": "Poland 12%, Russia 12%, Germany 12%, Latvia 7%, Netherlands 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "oil, natural gas, machinery and equipment, transport equipment, chemicals, textiles and clothing, metals" + "text": "crude petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, refined petroleum, electricity (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -871,9 +967,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (2016 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "13.49 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -903,7 +996,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 370; landing points for the BCS East, BCS East-West Interlink and NordBalt connecting Lithuania to Sweden, and Latvia ; further transmission by satellite; landline connections to Latvia and Poland (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "public broadcaster operates 3 channels with the third channel - a satellite channel - introduced in 2007; various privately owned commercial TV broadcasters operate national and multiple regional channels; many privately owned local TV stations; multi-channel cable and satellite TV services available; publicly owned broadcaster operates 3 radio networks; many privately owned commercial broadcasters, with repeater stations in various regions throughout the country" @@ -941,7 +1034,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "LY (2016)" + "text": "LY" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1036,16 +1129,16 @@ }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "2.28% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "2.13% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "2.02% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "2% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "1.98% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "1.97% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "0.72% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "1.71% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "1.48% of GDP (2016)" @@ -1055,10 +1148,10 @@ "text": "the Lithuanian Armed Forces have approximately 16,000 active duty personnel (12,500 Army, including about 5,000 National Defense Voluntary Forces; 600 Navy; 1,000 Air Force; 2,000 other, including special operations forces, logistics support, training, etc); est. 11,000 Riflemen Union (2021)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Lithuanian Armed Forces' inventory is mostly a mix of Western weapons systems and Soviet-era equipment (primarily aircraft and helicopters); Germany and the UK are the leading suppliers of armaments to Lithuania since 2010 (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Lithuanian Armed Forces' inventory is mostly a mix of Western weapons systems and Soviet-era equipment (primarily aircraft and helicopters); Germany and the UK are the leading suppliers of armaments to Lithuania since 2010 (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "contributes about 350 troops to the Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine joint military brigade (LITPOLUKRBRIG), which was established in 2014; the brigade is headquartered in Warsaw and is comprised of an international staff, three battalions, and specialized units (2019)" + "text": "contributes about 350 troops to the Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine joint military brigade (LITPOLUKRBRIG), which was established in 2014; the brigade is headquartered in Warsaw and is comprised of an international staff, three battalions, and specialized units" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "19-26 years of age for conscripted military service (males); 9-month service obligation; in 2015, Lithuania reinstated conscription after having converted to a professional military in 2008; 18-38 for voluntary service (male and female) (2019)" diff --git a/europe/lo.json b/europe/lo.json index 1aa3e23f..d04c5363 100644 --- a/europe/lo.json +++ b/europe/lo.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "rugged mountains in the central and northern part and lowlands in the south" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "458 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Gerlachovsky Stit 2,655 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Bodrok River 94 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Gerlachovsky Stit 2,655 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "458 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,17 +91,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "flooding" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution and acid rain present human health risks and damage forests; land erosion caused by agricultural and mining practices; water pollution" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; most of the country is rugged and mountainous; the Tatra Mountains in the north are interspersed with many scenic lakes and valleys" } @@ -119,8 +108,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Slovak 80.7%, Hungarian 8.5%, Romani 2%, other 1.8% (includes Czech, Ruthenian, Ukrainian, Russian, German, Polish), unspecified 7% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent population by nationality; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 7–11% of Slovakia's population

" + "text": "Slovak 80.7%, Hungarian 8.5%, Romani 2%, other 1.8% (includes Czech, Ruthenian, Ukrainian, Russian, German, Polish), unspecified 7% (2011 est.)

note: data represent population by nationality; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 7–11% of Slovakia's population", + "note": "note: data represent population by nationality; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 7–11% of Slovakia's population" }, "Languages": { "text": "Slovak (official) 78.6%, Hungarian 9.4%, Roma 2.3%, Ruthenian 1%, other or unspecified 8.8% (2011 est.)" @@ -187,10 +176,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "53.8% of total population (2020)" + "text": "53.8% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.17% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -327,13 +316,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "14.9%" + "text": "16.1%" }, "male": { - "text": "14.3%" + "text": "14%" }, "female": { - "text": "16.1% (2018 est.)" + "text": "19.7% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution and acid rain present human health risks and damage forests; land erosion caused by agricultural and mining practices; water pollution" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "17.54 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "32.42 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "4.43 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "293.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "231.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "31.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "50.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "40.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 28.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 10.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "40.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "19.7% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.22% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "53.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.17% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1.784 million tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "135,941 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "7.6% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -371,10 +450,10 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name was adopted in 1919 after Czechoslovakia gained its independence and may derive from later transliterations of the 9th century military commander, Braslav, or the 11th century Bohemian Duke Bretislav I; alternatively, the name may derive from the Slovak words \"brat\" (brother) and \"slava\" (glory)" + "note": "etymology: the name was adopted in 1919 after Czechoslovakia gained its independence and may derive from later transliterations of the 9th century military commander, Braslav, or the 11th century Bohemian Duke Bretislav I; alternatively, the name may derive from the Slovak words \"brat\" (brother) and \"slava\" (glory)" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "8 regions (kraje, singular - kraj); Banskobystricky, Bratislavsky, Kosicky, Nitriansky, Presovsky, Trenciansky, Trnavsky, Zilinsky" + "text": "8 regions (kraje, singular - kraj); Banska Bystrica, Bratislava, Kosice, Nitra, Presov, Trencin, Trnava, Zilina" }, "Independence": { "text": "1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia)" @@ -387,7 +466,7 @@ "text": "several previous (preindependence); latest passed by the National Council 1 September 1992, signed 3 September 1992, effective 1 October 1992" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the National Council; passage requires at least three-fifths majority vote of Council members; amended many times, last in 2017" + "text": "proposed by the National Council; passage requires at least three-fifths majority vote of Council members; amended many times, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -418,7 +497,7 @@ "text": "President Zuzana CAPUTOVA (since 15 June 2014)" }, "head of government": { - "text": "Prime Minister Peter PELLIGRINI (since 22 March 2018); Deputy Prime Ministers Richard RASI (since 22 March 2018), Laszlo SOLYMOS (since 22 March 2018), Gabriela MATECNA (since 29 November 2017)" + "text": "Prime Minister Eduard HEGER (since 1 April 2021); Deputy Prime Ministers Stefan HOLY, Veronika REMISOVA, Richard SULIK (all since 21 March 2020)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister" @@ -427,7 +506,7 @@ "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 16 March and 30 March 2019 (next to be held March 2024); following National Council elections (every 4 years), the president designates a prime minister candidate, usually the leader of the party or coalition that wins the most votes, who must win a vote of confidence in the National Council" }, "election results": { - "text": "Zuzana CAPUTOVA elected president in second round; percent of vote - Zuzana CAPUTOVA (PS) 58.4%, Maros SEFCOVIC (independent) 41.6%" + "text": "Zuzana CAPUTOVA reelected president in second round; percent of vote - Zuzana CAPUTOVA (PS) 58.4%, Maros SEFCOVIC (independent) 41.6%" } }, "Legislative branch": { @@ -460,7 +539,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Charge d'Affaires Josef POLAKOVIC (since 7 April 2020)" + "text": "Ambassador Radovan JAVORCIK (since 18 January 2021)" }, "chancery": { "text": "3523 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008" @@ -493,8 +572,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red derive from the Pan-Slav colors; the Slovakian coat of arms (consisting of a red shield bordered in white and bearing a white double-barred cross of St. Cyril and St. Methodius surmounting three blue hills) is centered over the bands but offset slightly to the hoist side", - "note": "

note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia

" + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red derive from the Pan-Slav colors; the Slovakian coat of arms (consisting of a red shield bordered in white and bearing a white double-barred cross of St. Cyril and St. Methodius surmounting three blue hills) is centered over the bands but offset slightly to the hoist side

note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia", + "note": "note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "double-barred cross (Cross of St. Cyril and St. Methodius) surmounting three peaks; national colors: white, blue, red" @@ -506,7 +585,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Janko MATUSKA/traditional" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1993, in use since 1844; music based on the Slovak folk song \"Kopala studienku\"

" + "note": "note: adopted 1993, in use since 1844; music based on the Slovak folk song \"Kopala studienku\"" } }, "Economy": { @@ -556,7 +635,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$168.134 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$105.388 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -571,7 +650,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$30,911 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -616,8 +695,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "100.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "75.6 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "84.8 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "100 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "66.1 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -652,7 +740,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "12.3% (2015 est.)" + "text": "11.9% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": { @@ -691,7 +779,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "51.8% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover general Government Gross Debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by Government entities, including sub-sectors of central, state, local government, and social security funds

" + "note": "note: data cover general Government Gross Debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by Government entities, including sub-sectors of central, state, local government, and social security funds" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -716,10 +804,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 20.7%, Czech Republic 11.6%, Poland 7.7%, France 6.3%, Italy 6.1%, UK 6%, Hungary 6%, Austria 6% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 22%, Czechia 11%, Poland 7%, France 7%, Hungary 6%, Austria 5%, United Kingdom 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "vehicles and related parts 27%, machinery and electrical equipment 20%, nuclear reactors and furnaces 12%, iron and steel 4%, mineral oils and fuels 5% (2015 est.)" + "text": "cars and vehicle parts, video displays, broadcasting equipment, tires, refined petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -733,10 +821,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 19.1%, Czech Republic 16.3%, Austria 10.3%, Poland 6.5%, Hungary 6.4%, South Korea 4.5%, Russia 4.5%, France 4.3%, China 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 18%, Czechia 18%, Poland 8%, Hungary 7%, Russia 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and electrical equipment 20%, vehicles and related parts 14%, nuclear reactors and furnaces 12%, fuel and mineral oils 9% (2015 est.)" + "text": "cars and vehicle parts, broadcasting equipment, crude petroleum, natural gas, insulated wiring (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -846,9 +934,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "14.16 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "34.86 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -878,7 +963,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 421; 3 international exchanges (1 in Bratislava and 2 in Banska Bystrica) are available; Slovakia is participating in several international telecommunications projects that will increase the availability of external services; connects to DREAM cable (2017)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-owned public broadcaster, Radio and Television of Slovakia (RTVS), operates 2 national TV stations and multiple national and regional radio networks; roughly 50 privately owned TV stations operating nationally, regionally, and locally; about 40% of households are connected to multi-channel cable or satellite TV; 32 privately owned radio stations" @@ -913,7 +998,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "OM (2016)" + "text": "OM" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -991,7 +1076,7 @@ }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "1.86% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "2% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "1.71% of GDP (2019)" @@ -1007,16 +1092,16 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic have approximately 13,000 active duty personnel (6,000 Land Forces; 4,000 Air Forces; 3,000 other, including central staff, special operations, and support forces) (2020)" + "text": "the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic have approximately 13,000 active duty personnel (6,000 Land Forces; 4,000 Air Forces; 3,000 other, including staff, special operations, and support forces) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of the Slovakian military consists mostly of Soviet-era platforms; since 2010, it has imported limited quantities of equipment from China, Czechia, Italy, Russia, and the US (2019)" + "text": "the inventory of the Slovakian military consists mostly of Soviet-era platforms; since 2010, it has imported limited quantities of equipment from China, Czechia, Italy, Russia, and the US (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "240 Cyprus (UNFICYP); up to 150 Latvia (NATO) (2020)" + "text": "240 Cyprus (UNFICYP); up to 150 Latvia (NATO) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-30 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription in peacetime suspended in 2006; women are eligible to serve (2012)" + "text": "18-30 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription in peacetime suspended in 2004; women are eligible to serve (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/europe/ls.json b/europe/ls.json index dcbd99c7..a06fddb4 100644 --- a/europe/ls.json +++ b/europe/ls.json @@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ "text": "mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in western third" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Ruggeller Riet 430 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Vorder-Grauspitz 2,599 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Ruggeller Riet 430 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -88,25 +88,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "avalanches, landslides" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "some air pollution generated locally, some transfered from surrounding countries" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Law of the Sea" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "along with Uzbekistan, one of only two doubly landlocked countries in the world; variety of microclimatic variations based on elevation" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "39,425 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: immigrants make up 67% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)

" + "text": "39,425 (July 2021 est.)

note: immigrants make up 67% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)", + "note": "note: immigrants make up 67% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -117,8 +106,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Liechtensteiner 66%, Swiss 9.6%, Austrian 5.8%, German 4.3%, Italian 3.1%, other 11.2% (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent population by nationality" + "text": "Liechtensteiner 66%, Swiss 9.6%, Austrian 5.8%, German 4.3%, Italian 3.1%, other 11.2% (2017 est.)

note: data represent population by nationality", + "note": "note: data represent population by nationality" }, "Languages": { "text": "German 91.5% (official) (Alemannic is the main dialect), Italian 1.5%, Turkish 1.3%, Portuguese 1.1%, other 4.6% (2015 est.)" @@ -171,10 +160,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "14.4% of total population (2020)" + "text": "14.5% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.81% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -271,6 +260,82 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "some air pollution generated locally, some transfered from surrounding countries" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Law of the Sea" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.05 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.02 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "7.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "37.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 18.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 18.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "43.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "19.3% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "14.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "32,382 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "20,919 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "64.6% (2015 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -305,7 +370,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: may be a conflation from the Latin \"vallis\" (valley) and the High German \"diutisk\" (meaning \"German\") to produce \"Valdutsch\" (German valley), which over time simplified and came to refer specifically to Vaduz, the town" + "note": "etymology: may be a conflation from the Latin \"vallis\" (valley) and the High German \"diutisk\" (meaning \"German\") to produce \"Valdutsch\" (German valley), which over time simplified and came to refer specifically to Vaduz, the town" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "11 communes (Gemeinden, singular - Gemeinde); Balzers, Eschen, Gamprin, Mauren, Planken, Ruggell, Schaan, Schellenberg, Triesen, Triesenberg, Vaduz" @@ -321,7 +386,7 @@ "text": "previous 1862; latest adopted 5 October 1921" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by Parliament, by the reigning prince (in the form of \"Government\" proposals), by petition of at least 1,500 qualified voters, or by at least four communes; passage requires unanimous approval of Parliament members in one sitting or three-quarters majority vote in two successive sittings; referendum required only if petitioned by at least 1,500 voters or by at least four communes; passage by referendum requires absolute majority of votes cast; amended many times, last in 2018(2019)" + "text": "proposed by Parliament, by the reigning prince (in the form of \"Government\" proposals), by petition of at least 1,500 qualified voters, or by at least four communes; passage requires unanimous approval of Parliament members in one sitting or three-quarters majority vote in two successive sittings; referendum required only if petitioned by at least 1,500 voters or by at least four communes; passage by referendum requires absolute majority of votes cast; amended many times, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -352,7 +417,7 @@ "text": "Prince HANS-ADAM II (since 13 November 1989, assumed executive powers on 26 August 1984); Heir Apparent and Regent of Liechtenstein Prince ALOIS (son of the monarch, born 11 June 1968); note - 15 August 2004, HANS-ADAM II transferred the official duties of the ruling prince to ALOIS, but HANS-ADAM II retains status of chief of state" }, "head of government": { - "text": "Prime Minister Adrian HASLER (since 27 March 2013)" + "text": "Prime Minister Daniel RISCH; Deputy Prime Minister Sabine MONAUNI (both since 25 March 2021)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Cabinet elected by the Parliament, confirmed by the monarch" @@ -421,7 +486,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Jakob Joseph JAUCH/Josef FROMMELT" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1850, revised 1963; uses the tune of \"God Save the Queen\"

" + "note": "note: adopted 1850, revised 1963; uses the tune of \"God Save the Queen\"" } }, "Economy": { @@ -489,8 +554,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "73.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "64.8 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "73 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "96.1 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "59.8 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -503,8 +577,8 @@ "text": "NA" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "38,520 (2012) (2015 est.)", - "note": "

note: 51% of the labor force in Liechtenstein commute daily from Austria, Switzerland, and Germany

" + "text": "38,520 (2012) (2015 est.)

note: 51% of the labor force in Liechtenstein commute daily from Austria, Switzerland, and Germany", + "note": "note: 51% of the labor force in Liechtenstein commute daily from Austria, Switzerland, and Germany" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -560,7 +634,7 @@ "Exports 2014": { "text": "$3.774 billion (2014 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: trade data exclude trade with Switzerland

" + "note": "note: trade data exclude trade with Switzerland" }, "Exports - commodities": { "text": "small specialty machinery, connectors for audio and video, parts for motor vehicles, dental products, hardware, prepared foodstuffs, electronic equipment, optical products" @@ -569,7 +643,7 @@ "Imports 2014": { "text": "$2.23 billion (2014 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: trade data exclude trade with Switzerland

" + "note": "note: trade data exclude trade with Switzerland" }, "Imports - commodities": { "text": "agricultural products, raw materials, energy products, machinery, metal goods, textiles, foodstuffs, motor vehicles" @@ -578,7 +652,7 @@ "Debt - external 2015": { "text": "$0 (2015 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: public external debt only; private external debt unavailable" + "note": "note: public external debt only; private external debt unavailable" }, "Exchange rates": { "currency": { @@ -647,7 +721,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 423; linked to Swiss networks by cable and microwave radio relay" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "relies on foreign terrestrial and satellite broadcasters for most broadcast media services; first Liechtenstein-based TV station established August 2008; Radio Liechtenstein operates multiple radio stations; a Swiss-based broadcaster operates one radio station in Liechtenstein" @@ -674,7 +748,7 @@ }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "HB (2016)" + "text": "HB" }, "Pipelines": { "text": "434.5 km gas (2018)" @@ -686,7 +760,7 @@ "standard gauge": { "text": "9 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified) (2018)" }, - "note": "

note: belongs to the Austrian Railway System connecting Austria and Switzerland

" + "note": "note: belongs to the Austrian Railway System connecting Austria and Switzerland" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -707,7 +781,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces; National Police maintain close relations with neighboring forces (2019)" + "text": "no regular military forces; the National Police is responsible for all matters relating to the safety and security of Liechtenstein (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/europe/lu.json b/europe/lu.json index 53e890f6..ba92a3fd 100644 --- a/europe/lu.json +++ b/europe/lu.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle flood plain in the southeast" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "325 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Buurgplaatz 559 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Moselle River 133 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Buurgplaatz 559 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "325 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,17 +91,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "occasional flooding" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air and water pollution in urban areas, soil pollution of farmland; unsustainable patterns of consumption (transport, energy, recreation, space) threaten biodiversity and landscapes" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Environmental Modification" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; the only grand duchy in the world" } @@ -119,8 +108,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Luxembourger 51.1%, Portuguese 15.7%, French 7.5%, Italian 3.6%, Belgian 3.3%, German 2.1%, Spanish 1.1%, British 1%, other 14.6% (2019 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent population by nationality

" + "text": "Luxembourger 51.1%, Portuguese 15.7%, French 7.5%, Italian 3.6%, Belgian 3.3%, German 2.1%, Spanish 1.1%, British 1%, other 14.6% (2019 est.)

note: data represent population by nationality", + "note": "note: data represent population by nationality" }, "Languages": { "text": "Luxembourgish (official administrative and judicial language and national language (spoken vernacular)) 55.8%, Portuguese 15.7%, French (official administrative, judicial, and legislative language) 12.1%, German (official administrative and judicial language) 3.1%, Italian 2.9%, English 2.1%, other 8.4% (2011 est.)" @@ -187,10 +176,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "91.5% of total population (2020)" + "text": "91.7% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.55% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -327,13 +316,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "14.2%" + "text": "17%" }, "male": { - "text": "16.3%" + "text": "17.8%" }, "female": { - "text": "11.9% (2018 est.)" + "text": "16% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air and water pollution in urban areas, soil pollution of farmland; unsustainable patterns of consumption (transport, energy, recreation, space) threaten biodiversity and landscapes" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Environmental Modification" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "10.21 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "8.99 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.61 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "43.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "400,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "3.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "modified continental with mild winters, cool summers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "50.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 24% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 26.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "33.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "15.8% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "91.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "356,000 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "100,997 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "28.4% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -371,7 +450,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name derives from the Celtic \"lucilem\" (little) and the German \"burg\" (castle or fortress) to produce the meaning of the \"little castle\"; the name is actually ironic, since for centuries the Fortress of Luxembourg was one of Europe's most formidable fortifications; the name passed to the city that grew around the fortress" + "note": "etymology: the name derives from the Celtic \"lucilem\" (little) and the German \"burg\" (castle or fortress) to produce the meaning of the \"little castle\"; the name is actually ironic, since for centuries the Fortress of Luxembourg was one of Europe's most formidable fortifications; the name passed to the city that grew around the fortress" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "12 cantons (cantons, singular - canton); Capellen, Clervaux, Diekirch, Echternach, Esch-sur-Alzette, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg, Mersch, Redange, Remich, Vianden, Wiltz" @@ -387,7 +466,7 @@ "text": "previous 1842 (heavily amended 1848, 1856); latest effective 17 October 1868" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the Chamber of Deputies or by the monarch to the Chamber; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Chamber in two successive readings three months apart; a referendum can be substituted for the second reading if approved by more than a quarter of the Chamber members or by 25,000 valid voters; adoption by referendum requires a majority of all valid voters; amended many times, last in 2009" + "text": "proposed by the Chamber of Deputies or by the monarch to the Chamber; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Chamber in two successive readings three months apart; a referendum can be substituted for the second reading if approved by more than a quarter of the Chamber members or by 25,000 valid voters; adoption by referendum requires a majority of all valid voters; amended many times, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -502,7 +581,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Michel LENTZ/Jean-Antoine ZINNEN; Nikolaus WELTER/unknown" }, - "note": "

note: \"Ons Heemecht,\" adopted 1864, is the national anthem, while \"De Wilhelmus,\" adopted 1919, serves as a royal anthem for use when members of the grand ducal family enter or exit a ceremony in Luxembourg

" + "note": "note: \"Ons Heemecht,\" adopted 1864, is the national anthem, while \"De Wilhelmus,\" adopted 1919, serves as a royal anthem for use when members of the grand ducal family enter or exit a ceremony in Luxembourg" } }, "Economy": { @@ -552,7 +631,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$67.28 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$71.089 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -567,7 +646,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$112,823 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -612,8 +691,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "69.6 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "88.8 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "100 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "73.3 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -626,8 +714,8 @@ "text": "1.9% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "476,000 (2020 est.)", - "note": "

note: data exclude foreign workers; in addition to the figure for domestic labor force, about 150,000 workers commute daily from France, Belgium, and Germany

" + "text": "476,000 (2020 est.)

note: data exclude foreign workers; in addition to the figure for domestic labor force, about 150,000 workers commute daily from France, Belgium, and Germany", + "note": "note: data exclude foreign workers; in addition to the figure for domestic labor force, about 150,000 workers commute daily from France, Belgium, and Germany" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -649,7 +737,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "NA" + "text": "17.5% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -688,7 +776,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "20.8% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

" + "note": "note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -713,10 +801,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 25.6%, Belgium 17.6%, France 14%, Netherlands 5.1%, Italy 4.1%, UK 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 23%, France 13%, Belgium 12%, Netherlands 6%, Italy 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, steel products, chemicals, rubber products, glass" + "text": "iron and iron products, tires, cars, broadcasting equipment, clothing and apparel  (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -730,10 +818,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Belgium 32%, Germany 24.9%, France 11.1%, US 5.7%, Netherlands 4.9% (2017)" + "text": "Belgium 27%, Germany 24%, France 11%, Netherlands 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "commercial aircraft, minerals, chemicals, metals, foodstuffs, luxury consumer goods" + "text": "cars, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, scrap iron, aircraft (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -843,9 +931,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "10.72 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -875,7 +960,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 352" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "Luxembourg has a long tradition of operating radio and TV services for pan-European audiences and is home to Europe's largest privately owned broadcast media group, the RTL Group, which operates 46 TV stations and 29 radio stations in Europe; also home to Europe's largest satellite operator, Societe Europeenne des Satellites (SES); domestically, the RTL Group operates TV and radio networks; other domestic private radio and TV operators and French and German stations available; satellite and cable TV services available" @@ -916,7 +1001,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "LX (2016)" + "text": "LX" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -981,7 +1066,7 @@ }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "0.64% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "0.57% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "0.54% of GDP (2019)" @@ -993,17 +1078,17 @@ "text": "0.51% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "0.4% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "0.39% of GDP (2016)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Luxembourg Army has approximately 900 active personnel (2020)" + "text": "the Luxembourg Army has approximately 900 active personnel (2021)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of Luxembourg's Army is a small mix of European and US equipment; since 2010, it has received small quantities of equipment from Germany, Norway, and Sweden (2019 est.)" + "text": "the inventory of Luxembourg's Army is a small mix of European and US equipment; since 2010, it has received small quantities of equipment from Germany, Norway, and Sweden (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-26 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription; Luxembourg citizen or EU citizen with 3-year residence in Luxembourg (2019)" + "text": "18-26 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription (abolished 1969); Luxembourg citizen or EU citizen with 3-year residence in Luxembourg (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/europe/md.json b/europe/md.json index a0a74e5c..341f0c67 100644 --- a/europe/md.json +++ b/europe/md.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "139 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Dealul Balanesti 430 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Dniester (Nistru) 2 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Dealul Balanesti 430 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "139 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,17 +91,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "landslides" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "heavy use of agricultural chemicals, has contaminated soil and groundwater; extensive soil erosion and declining soil fertility from poor farming methods" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; well endowed with various sedimentary rocks and minerals including sand, gravel, gypsum, and limestone" } @@ -122,8 +111,8 @@ "text": "Moldovan 75.1%, Romanian 7%, Ukrainian 6.6%, Gagauz 4.6%, Russian 4.1%, Bulgarian 1.9%, other 0.8% (2014 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Moldovan/Romanian 80.2% (official) (56.7% identify their mother tongue as Moldovan, which is virtually the same as Romanian; 23.5% identify Romanian as their mother tongue), Russian 9.7%, Gagauz 4.2% (a Turkish language), Ukrainian 3.9%, Bulgarian 1.5%, Romani 0.3%, other 0.2% (2014 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent mother tongue

" + "text": "Moldovan/Romanian 80.2% (official) (56.7% identify their mother tongue as Moldovan, which is virtually the same as Romanian; 23.5% identify Romanian as their mother tongue), Russian 9.7%, Gagauz 4.2% (a Turkish language), Ukrainian 3.9%, Bulgarian 1.5%, Romani 0.3%, other 0.2% (2014 est.)

note: data represent mother tongue", + "note": "note: data represent mother tongue" }, "Religions": { "text": "Orthodox 90.1%, other Christian 2.6%, other 0.1%, agnostic <.1%, atheist 0.2%, unspecified 6.9% (2014 est.)" @@ -187,10 +176,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "42.8% of total population (2020)" + "text": "43% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-0.07% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -347,13 +336,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "7.4%" + "text": "10.4%" }, "male": { - "text": "7.5%" + "text": "11.1%" }, "female": { - "text": "7.2% (2018 est.)" + "text": "9.4% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "heavy use of agricultural chemicals, has contaminated soil and groundwater; extensive soil erosion and declining soil fertility from poor farming methods" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "15.97 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "5.12 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "3.29 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "148 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "650 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "42 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "12.27 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "moderate winters, warm summers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "74.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 55.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 9.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 10.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "11.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "13.2% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.26% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "43% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "3,981,200 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "609,920 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "15.3% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -394,7 +473,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

note: pronounced KEE-shee-now (KIH-shi-nyov)

\r\netymology: origin unclear but may derive from the archaic Romanian word \"chisla\" (\"spring\" or \"water source\") and \"noua\" (\"new\") because the original settlement was built at the site of a small spring" + "note": "note: pronounced KEE-shee-now (KIH-shi-nyov)\r\netymology: origin unclear but may derive from the archaic Romanian word \"chisla\" (\"spring\" or \"water source\") and \"noua\" (\"new\") because the original settlement was built at the site of a small spring" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "

32 raions (raioane, singular - raion), 3 municipalities (municipii, singular - municipiul), 1 autonomous territorial unit (unitatea teritoriala autonoma), and 1 territorial unit (unitatea teritoriala)

raions: Anenii Noi, Basarabeasca, Briceni, Cahul, Cantemir, Calarasi, Causeni, Cimislia, Criuleni, Donduseni, Drochia, Dubasari, Edinet, Falesti, Floresti, Glodeni, Hincesti, Ialoveni, Leova, Nisporeni, Ocnita, Orhei, Rezina, Riscani, Singerei, Soldanesti, Soroca, Stefan Voda, Straseni, Taraclia, Telenesti, Ungheni

municipalities: Balti, Bender, Chisinau

autonomous territorial unit: Gagauzia

territorial unit: Stinga Nistrului (Transnistria)

" @@ -410,7 +489,7 @@ "text": "previous 1978; latest adopted 29 July 1994, effective 27 August 1994" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by voter petition (at least 200,000 eligible voters), by at least one third of Parliament members, or by the government; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament within one year of initial proposal; revisions to constitutional articles on sovereignty, independence, and neutrality require majority vote by referendum; articles on fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2010; note – in early 2016, the Moldovan Constitutional Court decision returned the country to direct presidential elections, reversing a 2000 constitutional amendment that allowed Parliament to select the president" + "text": "proposed by voter petition (at least 200,000 eligible voters), by at least one third of Parliament members, or by the government; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament within one year of initial proposal; revisions to constitutional articles on sovereignty, independence, and neutrality require majority vote by referendum; articles on fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended many times, last in 2018" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -441,7 +520,7 @@ "text": "President Maia SANDU (since 24 December 2020)" }, "head of government": { - "text": "prime minister (vacant); Prime Minister Ion CHICU resigned on 23 December 2020" + "text": "prime minister (vacant); Acting Prime Minister Aureliu CIOCOI (since 1 January 2021); note - Prime Minister Ion CHICU resigned on 23 December 2020" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Cabinet proposed by the prime minister-designate, nominated by the president, approved through a vote of confidence in Parliament" @@ -497,7 +576,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Dereck J. HOGAN (since 15 October 2018)" + "text": "Ambassador Dereck J. HOGAN (since 02 November 2018)" }, "telephone": { "text": "[373] (22) 40-8300" @@ -513,8 +592,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal vertical bands of Prussian blue (hoist side), chrome yellow, and vermilion red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle of dark gold (brown) outlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast is a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized aurochs head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow; based on the color scheme of the flag of Romania - with which Moldova shares a history and culture - but Moldova's blue band is lighter; the reverse of the flag displays a mirrored image of the coat of arms", - "note": "

note: one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Paraguay and Saudi Arabia

" + "text": "three equal vertical bands of Prussian blue (hoist side), chrome yellow, and vermilion red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle of dark gold (brown) outlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast is a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized aurochs head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow; based on the color scheme of the flag of Romania - with which Moldova shares a history and culture - but Moldova's blue band is lighter; the reverse of the flag displays a mirrored image of the coat of arms

note: one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Paraguay and Saudi Arabia", + "note": "note: one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Paraguay and Saudi Arabia" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "aurochs (a type of wild cattle); national colors: blue, yellow, red" @@ -526,7 +605,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Alexei MATEEVICI/Alexandru CRISTEA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1994

" + "note": "note: adopted 1994" } }, "Economy": { @@ -570,7 +649,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$32.101 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$11.982 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -585,7 +664,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$11,651 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -630,8 +709,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "74.4 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "95.7 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "92.3 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "63.6 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -666,7 +754,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "9.6% (2015 est.)" + "text": "7.3% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -691,7 +779,7 @@ "expenditures": { "text": "2.947 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: National Public Budget

" + "note": "note: National Public Budget" }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "30.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" @@ -730,10 +818,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Romania 24.6%, Russia 13.7%, Italy 9.1%, Germany 6.2%, Ukraine 5.3%, UK 4.6%, Poland 4.6% (2017)" + "text": "Romania 27%, Russia 9%, Italy 9%, Germany 9%, Turkey 6%, Poland 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "foodstuffs, textiles, machinery" + "text": "insulated wiring, sunflower seeds, wine, corn, seats (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -747,10 +835,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Romania 15.5%, Ukraine 11.4%, Russia 10.6%, China 10.4%, Germany 8.9%, Italy 6.9%, Turkey 6.1% (2017)" + "text": "Romania 20%, Russia 10%, Ukraine 9%, Germany 8%, China 7%, Turkey 6%, Italy 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "mineral products and fuel, machinery and equipment, chemicals, textiles" + "text": "refined petroleum, cars, insulated wiring, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -808,8 +896,8 @@ "text": "4 million kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - installed generating capacity": { - "text": "515,000 kW (2016 est.)", - "note": "

note: excludes Transnistria

" + "text": "515,000 kW (2016 est.)

note: excludes Transnistria", + "note": "note: excludes Transnistria" }, "Electricity - from fossil fuels": { "text": "86% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)" @@ -851,21 +939,18 @@ "text": "11.33 million cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - consumption": { - "text": "2.52 billion cu m (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: excludes breakaway Transnistria

" + "text": "2.52 billion cu m (2017 est.)

note: excludes breakaway Transnistria", + "note": "note: excludes breakaway Transnistria" }, "Natural gas - exports": { "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - imports": { - "text": "2.52 billion cu m (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: excludes breakaway Transnistria

" + "text": "2.52 billion cu m (2017 est.)

note: excludes breakaway Transnistria", + "note": "note: excludes breakaway Transnistria" }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "NA cu m (1 January 2017 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "7.653 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -895,7 +980,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 373; service through Romania and Russia via landline; satellite earth stations - at least 3 - Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-owned national radio-TV broadcaster operates 1 TV and 1 radio station; a total of nearly 70 terrestrial TV channels and some 50 radio stations are in operation; Russian and Romanian channels also are available (2019)" @@ -936,7 +1021,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "ER (2016)" + "text": "ER" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1007,9 +1092,12 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "National Army: Land Forces Command, Air Forces Command (includes air defense unit); Carabinieri Troops (a component of the Ministry of Internal Affairs that also has official status as a service of the Armed Forces during wartime) (2020)" + "text": "National Army: Land Forces (Fortele Terestre ale Republicii Moldova, FTRM); Air Forces (Forţele Aeriene ale Republicii Moldova, FARM); Carabinieri Troops (a component of the Ministry of Internal Affairs that also has official status as a service of the Armed Forces during wartime) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2020": { + "text": "0.4% of GDP (2020 est.)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "0.4% of GDP (2019)" }, @@ -1020,21 +1108,18 @@ "text": "0.4% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "0.45% of GDP (2016)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "0.4% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "0.4% of GDP (2016)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "estimates of the size of the Moldovan National Army vary; approximately 6,000 active troops (5,000 Land Forces; 1,000 Air Force) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Moldovan National Army has approximately 6,000 active troops (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Moldovan military's inventory is limited and almost entirely comprised of older Russian and Soviet-era equipment; since 2000, it has received small amounts of donated material from other nations, including the US (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Moldovan military's inventory is limited and almost entirely comprised of older Russian and Soviet-era equipment; since 2000, it has received small amounts of donated material from other nations, including the US (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; male registration required at age 16; 1-year service obligation (2019)", - "note": "

note: Moldova intends to abolish military conscription by 2021" + "text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; male registration required at age 16; 1-year service obligation (2019)

note: Moldova intends to abolish military conscription by 2021", + "note": "note: Moldova intends to abolish military conscription by 2021" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/europe/mj.json b/europe/mj.json index 2f112f2f..eaec4831 100644 --- a/europe/mj.json +++ b/europe/mj.json @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ "text": "highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,086 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Adriatic Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,086 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,17 +96,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "destructive earthquakes" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; serious air pollution in Podgorica, Pljevlja and Niksie; air pollution in Pljevlja is caused by the nearby lignite power plant and the domestic use of coal and wood for household heating" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location along the Adriatic coast" } @@ -191,10 +180,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "67.5% of total population (2020)" + "text": "67.8% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.54% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -330,7 +319,7 @@ "text": "23.3% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "1% (2013)" + "text": "3.7% (2018/19)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "NA" @@ -362,13 +351,111 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "29.4%" + "text": "25.2%" }, "male": { - "text": "33.3%" + "text": "25.8%" }, "female": { - "text": "23.6% (2018 est.)" + "text": "24.3% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; serious air pollution in Podgorica, Pljevlja and Niksie; air pollution in Pljevlja is caused by the nearby lignite power plant and the domestic use of coal and wood for household heating" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "20.17 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "2.02 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.75 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "96.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "62.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "38.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 12.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 24.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "40.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "21.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.43% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.12% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "67.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "intermediate (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "332,000 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "17,994 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "5.4% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -409,7 +496,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name translates as \"beneath Gorica\"; the meaning of Gorica is \"hillock\"; the reference is to the small hill named Gorica that the city is built around" + "note": "etymology: the name translates as \"beneath Gorica\"; the meaning of Gorica is \"hillock\"; the reference is to the small hill named Gorica that the city is built around" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "24 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Gusinje, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Petnijica, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Tuzi, Ulcinj, Zabljak" @@ -425,7 +512,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest adopted 22 October 2007" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the president of Montenegro, by the government, or by at least 25 members of the Assembly; passage of draft proposals requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, followed by a public hearing; passage of draft amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; changes to certain constitutional articles, such as sovereignty, state symbols, citizenship, and constitutional change procedures, require three-fifths majority vote in a referendum; amended 2013, 2014" + "text": "proposed by the president of Montenegro, by the government, or by at least 25 members of the Assembly; passage of draft proposals requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, followed by a public hearing; passage of draft amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; changes to certain constitutional articles, such as sovereignty, state symbols, citizenship, and constitutional change procedures, require three-fifths majority vote in a referendum; amended 2013" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -498,7 +585,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Nebojsa KALUDEROVIC (since 18 January 2017)" + "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Marija STJEPCEVIC (since 4 February 2021)" }, "chancery": { "text": "1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009" @@ -543,7 +630,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Sekula DRLJEVIC/unknown, arranged by Zarko MIKOVIC" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 2004; music based on a Montenegrin folk song

" + "note": "note: adopted 2004; music based on a Montenegrin folk song" } }, "Economy": { @@ -590,7 +677,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$12.215 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$5.486 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -605,7 +692,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$19,627 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -650,8 +737,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "73.8 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "86.7 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "91.9 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "66.8 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -686,7 +782,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "8.6% (2013 est.)" + "text": "24.5% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015": { @@ -725,7 +821,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "66.4% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

" + "note": "note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -746,6 +842,12 @@ "text": "$362 million (2016 est.)" } }, + "Exports - partners": { + "text": "Serbia 17%, Hungary 15%, China 11%, Russia 7%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 6%, Germany 6%, Italy 5%, Poland 5% (2019)" + }, + "Exports - commodities": { + "text": "aluminum, packaged medicines, cars, zinc, wine (2019)" + }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { "text": "$2.618 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -754,6 +856,12 @@ "text": "$2.29 billion (2016 est.)" } }, + "Imports - partners": { + "text": "Serbia 30%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 8%, Croatia 8%, Italy 6%, Greece 6%, Germany 5% (2019)" + }, + "Imports - commodities": { + "text": "refined petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, recreational boats, cigarettes (2019)" + }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { "text": "$1.077 billion (31 December 2017 est.)" @@ -862,9 +970,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (2016 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "2.287 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -894,7 +999,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 382; 2 international switches connect the national system" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-funded national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial TV networks, 1 satellite TV channel, and 2 radio networks; 4 local public TV stations and 14 private TV stations; 14 local public radio stations, 35 private radio stations, and several on-line media (2019)" @@ -935,7 +1040,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "4O (2016)" + "text": "4O" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -997,33 +1102,33 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro: Army, Navy, Air Force (2020)" + "text": "the Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro are a joint force with land, air, and naval elements (2020)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "1.91% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "1.72% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "1.41% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "1.33% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "1.38% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "1.37% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "1.35% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "1.34% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "1.42% of GDP (2016)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro have approximately 2,000 total active duty troops (1,400 Army; 400 Navy; 200 Air Force) (2020)" + "text": "the Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro have approximately 2,000 total active duty troops (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of the Armed Forces of Montenegro is small and consists mostly of equipment inherited from the former Yugoslavia military, with a limited mix of other imported systems, such as French-made helicopters; since 2010, it has received small quantities of equipment from Austria, Turkey, and the US (2019 est.)" + "text": "the inventory of the Armed Forces of Montenegro is small and consists mostly of equipment inherited from the former Yugoslavia military, with a limited mix of other imported systems; since 2010, it has received small quantities of equipment from Austria, Turkey, and the US (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)" + "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2006 (2019)" } }, "Terrorism": { @@ -1036,7 +1141,7 @@ "stateless persons": { "text": "142 (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: 17,461 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2021)" + "note": "note: 18,382 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-May 2021)" } } } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/mk.json b/europe/mk.json index 40f20468..5d4f26aa 100644 --- a/europe/mk.json +++ b/europe/mk.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "mountainous with deep basins and valleys; three large lakes, each divided by a frontier line; country bisected by the Vardar River" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "741 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Golem Korab (Maja e Korabit) 2,764 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Vardar River 50 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Golem Korab (Maja e Korabit) 2,764 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "741 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,17 +91,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "high seismic risks" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution from metallurgical plants; Skopje has severe air pollution problems every winter as a result of industrial emissions, smoke from wood-buring stoves, and exhaust fumes from old cars" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe" } @@ -119,12 +108,12 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Macedonian 64.2%, Albanian 25.2%, Turkish 3.9%, Romani 2.7%, Serb 1.8%, other 2.2% (2002 est.)", - "note": "

note: North Macedonia has not conducted a census since 2002; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 6.5–13% of North Macedonia’s population

" + "text": "Macedonian 64.2%, Albanian 25.2%, Turkish 3.9%, Romani 2.7%, Serb 1.8%, other 2.2% (2002 est.)

note: North Macedonia has not conducted a census since 2002; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 6.5–13% of North Macedonia’s population", + "note": "note: North Macedonia has not conducted a census since 2002; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 6.5–13% of North Macedonia’s population" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Macedonian (official) 66.5%, Albanian 25.1%, Turkish 3.5%, Romani 1.9%, Serbian 1.2%, other (includes Aromanian (Vlach) and Bosnian) 1.8% (2002 est.)", - "note": "

note: minority languages are co-official with Macedonian in municipalities where they are spoken by at least 20% of the population; Albanian is co-official in Tetovo, Brvenica, Vrapciste, and other municipalities; Turkish is co-official in Centar Zupa and Plasnica; Romani is co-official in Suto Orizari; Aromanian is co-official in Krusevo; Serbian is co-official in Cucer Sandevo

" + "text": "Macedonian (official) 66.5%, Albanian 25.1%, Turkish 3.5%, Romani 1.9%, Serbian 1.2%, other (includes Aromanian (Vlach) and Bosnian) 1.8% (2002 est.)

note: minority languages are co-official with Macedonian in municipalities where they are spoken by at least 20% of the population; Albanian is co-official in Tetovo, Brvenica, Vrapciste, and other municipalities; Turkish is co-official in Centar Zupa and Plasnica; Romani is co-official in Suto Orizari; Aromanian is co-official in Krusevo; Serbian is co-official in Cucer Sandevo", + "note": "note: minority languages are co-official with Macedonian in municipalities where they are spoken by at least 20% of the population; Albanian is co-official in Tetovo, Brvenica, Vrapciste, and other municipalities; Turkish is co-official in Centar Zupa and Plasnica; Romani is co-official in Suto Orizari; Aromanian is co-official in Krusevo; Serbian is co-official in Cucer Sandevo" }, "Religions": { "text": "Macedonian Orthodox 64.8%, Muslim 33.3%, other Christian 0.4%, other and unspecified 1.5% (2002 est.)" @@ -188,10 +177,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "58.5% of total population (2020)" + "text": "58.8% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.45% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -316,7 +305,7 @@ "text": "22.4% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "1.3% (2011)" + "text": "0.9% (2018/19)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "NA" @@ -348,13 +337,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "45.4%" + "text": "35.6%" }, "male": { - "text": "46.6%" + "text": "33.4%" }, "female": { - "text": "43.2% (2018 est.)" + "text": "38.9% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution from metallurgical plants; Skopje has severe air pollution problems every winter as a result of industrial emissions, smoke from wood-buring stoves, and exhaust fumes from old cars" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "28.34 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "7.05 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "2.28 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "277.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "225,809,581.6 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "329,217,707.7 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "6.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "44.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 16.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 26.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "39.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "15.9% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.15% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "58.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "796,585 tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "1,434 tons (2013 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "0.2% (2013 est.)" } } }, @@ -395,7 +474,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: Skopje derives from its ancient name Scupi, the Latin designation of a classical era Greco-Roman frontier fortress town; the name may go back even further to a pre-Greek, Illyrian name" + "note": "etymology: Skopje derives from its ancient name Scupi, the Latin designation of a classical era Greco-Roman frontier fortress town; the name may go back even further to a pre-Greek, Illyrian name" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "70 municipalities (opstini, singular - opstina) and 1 city* (grad); Aracinovo, Berovo, Bitola, Bogdanci, Bogovinje, Bosilovo, Brvenica, Caska, Centar Zupa, Cesinovo-Oblesevo, Cucer Sandevo, Debar, Debarca, Delcevo, Demir Hisar, Demir Kapija, Dojran, Dolneni, Gevgelija, Gostivar, Gradsko, Ilinden, Jegunovce, Karbinci, Kavadarci, Kicevo, Kocani, Konce, Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Krivogastani, Krusevo, Kumanovo, Lipkovo, Lozovo, Makedonska Kamenica, Makedonski Brod, Mavrovo i Rostusa, Mogila, Negotino, Novaci, Novo Selo, Ohrid, Pehcevo, Petrovec, Plasnica, Prilep, Probistip, Radovis, Rankovce, Resen, Rosoman, Skopje*, Sopiste, Staro Nagoricane, Stip, Struga, Strumica, Studenicani, Sveti Nikole, Tearce, Tetovo, Valandovo, Vasilevo, Veles, Vevcani, Vinica, Vrapciste, Zelenikovo, Zelino, Zrnovci" @@ -484,7 +563,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Vasko NAUMOVSKI (since 18 November 2014)" + "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Vilma PETKOVSKA (since 16 March 2020)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2129 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008" @@ -529,7 +608,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Vlado MALESKI/Todor SKALOVSKI" }, - "note": "

note: written in 1943 and adopted in 1991, the song previously served as the anthem of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia while part of Yugoslavia

" + "note": "note: written in 1943 and adopted in 1991, the song previously served as the anthem of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia while part of Yugoslavia" } }, "Economy": { @@ -576,7 +655,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$32.331 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars; Macedonia has a large informal sector that may not be reflected in these data

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars; Macedonia has a large informal sector that may not be reflected in these data" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$12.696 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -591,7 +670,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$15,529 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -636,8 +715,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "80.7 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "88.6 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "93.9 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "66 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -672,7 +760,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "21.5% (2015 est.)" + "text": "21.6% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -711,7 +799,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "39.5% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: official data from Ministry of Finance; data cover central government debt; this data excludes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; includes treasury debt held by foreign entitites; excludes debt issued by sub-national entities; there are no debt instruments sold for social funds

" + "note": "note: official data from Ministry of Finance; data cover central government debt; this data excludes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; includes treasury debt held by foreign entitites; excludes debt issued by sub-national entities; there are no debt instruments sold for social funds" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -733,10 +821,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 46.7%, Bulgaria 6.1%, Serbia 4.4%, Belgium 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 45%, Serbia 8%, Bulgaria 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco; textiles, miscellaneous manufactures, iron, steel; automotive parts" + "text": "support catalysts, centrifuges, insulated wiring, vehicle parts, buses, seats (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -747,10 +835,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 11.9%, UK 10%, Greece 8%, Serbia 7.1%, China 5.9%, Italy 5.5%, Turkey 4.5%, Bulgaria 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "United Kingdom 14%, Germany 14%, Greece 8%, Serbia 8% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, automobiles, chemicals, fuels, food products" + "text": "platinum, refined petroleum, laboratory ceramics, cars, insulated wiring (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -860,9 +948,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (31 December 2016 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "7.459 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -892,7 +977,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 389" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "public service TV broadcaster Macedonian Radio and Television operates 3 national terrestrial TV channels and 2 satellite TV channels; additionally, there are 10 regional TV stations that broadcast nationally using terrestrial transmitters, 54 TV channels with concession for cable TV, 9 regional TV stations with concessions for cable TV; 4 satellite TV channels broadcasting on a national level, 21 local commercial TV channels, and a large number of cable operators that offer domestic and international programming; the public radio broadcaster operates over 3 stations; there are 4 privately owned radio stations that broadcast nationally; 17 regional radio stations, and 49 local commercial radio stations (2019)" @@ -919,7 +1004,7 @@ }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "Z3 (2016)" + "text": "Z3" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -973,40 +1058,40 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Army of the Republic of North Macedonia (ARSM; includes a General Staff and subordinate Operations Command, Logistic Support Command, Training and Doctrine Command, Center for Electronic Reconnaissance, and Honor Guard Battalion) (2021)", - "note": "

note: the Operations Command includes air, ground, special operations, support, and reserve forces" + "text": "Army of the Republic of North Macedonia (ARSM; includes a General Staff and subordinate Operations Command, Logistic Support Command, Training and Doctrine Command, Center for Electronic Reconnaissance, Aviation Brigade, and Honor Guard Battalion) (2021)

note: the Operations Command includes air, ground, special operations, support, and reserve forces", + "note": "note: the Operations Command includes air, ground, special operations, support, and reserve forces" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2021": { + "text": "1.57% of GDP (2021 est.)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2020": { "text": "1.27% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "1.15% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "1.16% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "0.95% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "0.94% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "0.89% of GDP (2017)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "0.97% of GDP (2016)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Army of the Republic of North Macedonia (ARSM) has approximately 6,000 active duty personnel (2020)" + "text": "the Army of the Republic of North Macedonia (ARSM) has approximately 7,000 active duty personnel (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of North Macedonia's Army consists mostly of Soviet-era equipment; since 2010, it has received small amounts of equipment from Ireland and Turkey (2019)" + "text": "the inventory of North Macedonia's Army consists mostly of Soviet-era equipment; since 2010, it has received small amounts of equipment from Ireland and Turkey (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2008 (2013)" + "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2007 (2019)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1017,7 +1102,7 @@ "stateless persons": { "text": "567 (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: 507,428 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2021)

" + "note": "note: 512,496 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-May 2021)" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish; minor transit point for South American cocaine destined for Europe; although not a financial center and most criminal activity is thought to be domestic, money laundering is a problem due to a mostly cash-based economy and weak enforcement" diff --git a/europe/mn.json b/europe/mn.json index a58f75f8..ddc63d61 100644 --- a/europe/mn.json +++ b/europe/mn.json @@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ "text": "hilly, rugged, rocky" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Chemin des Revoires on Mont Agel 162 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -93,25 +93,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "none" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "no serious issues; actively monitors pollution levels in air and water" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "second-smallest independent state in the world (after the Holy See); smallest country with a coastline; almost entirely urban" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "31,223 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: immigrants make up almost 68% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)

" + "text": "31,223 (July 2021 est.)

note: immigrants make up almost 68% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)", + "note": "note: immigrants make up almost 68% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -122,8 +111,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Monegasque 32.1%, French 19.9%, Italian 15.3%, British 5%, Belgian 2.3%, Swiss 2%, German 1.9%, Russian 1.8%, American 1.1%, Dutch 1.1%, Moroccan 1%, other 16.6% (2016 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent population by country of birth" + "text": "Monegasque 32.1%, French 19.9%, Italian 15.3%, British 5%, Belgian 2.3%, Swiss 2%, German 1.9%, Russian 1.8%, American 1.1%, Dutch 1.1%, Moroccan 1%, other 16.6% (2016 est.)

note: data represent population by country of birth", + "note": "note: data represent population by country of birth" }, "Languages": { "text": "French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque" @@ -176,10 +165,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "100% of total population (2020)" + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.51% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.5% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -294,6 +283,85 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "no serious issues; actively monitors pollution levels in air and water" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "12.2 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.05 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "99% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.5% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "46,000 tons (2012 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "2,484 tons (2012 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "5.4% (2012 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -374,7 +442,7 @@ "text": "Prince ALBERT II (since 6 April 2005)" }, "head of government": { - "text": "Minister of State Serge TELLE (since 1 February 2016)" + "text": "Minister of State Pierre DARTOUT (since 1 September 2020)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Council of Government under the authority of the monarch" @@ -434,8 +502,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors are those of the ruling House of Grimaldi and have been in use since 1339, making the flag one of the world's oldest national banners", - "note": "

note: similar to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red

" + "text": "two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors are those of the ruling House of Grimaldi and have been in use since 1339, making the flag one of the world's oldest national banners

note: similar to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red", + "note": "note: similar to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "red and white lozenges (diamond shapes); national colors: red, white" @@ -447,7 +515,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Louis NOTARI/Charles ALBRECHT" }, - "note": "

note: music adopted 1867, lyrics adopted 1931; although French is commonly spoken, only the Monegasque lyrics are official; the French version is known as \"Hymne Monegasque\" (Monegasque Anthem); the words are generally only sung on official occasions

" + "note": "note: music adopted 1867, lyrics adopted 1931; although French is commonly spoken, only the Monegasque lyrics are official; the French version is known as \"Hymne Monegasque\" (Monegasque Anthem); the words are generally only sung on official occasions" } }, "Economy": { @@ -480,7 +548,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2013": { "text": "$6.79 billion (2013 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2015 US dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2015 US dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$6.006 billion (2015 est.)" @@ -517,8 +585,8 @@ "text": "6.8% (2015)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "52,000 (2014 est.)", - "note": "

note: includes all foreign workers

" + "text": "52,000 (2014 est.)

note: includes all foreign workers", + "note": "note: includes all foreign workers" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -571,7 +639,13 @@ "Exports 2011": { "text": "$1.115 billion (2011)" }, - "note": "

note: full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France

" + "note": "note: full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France" + }, + "Exports - partners": { + "text": "

Italy 19%, Germany 14%, United Kingdom 9%, Switzerland 9%, Spain 8%, United States 6%, Belgium 5%

(2019)" + }, + "Exports - commodities": { + "text": "jewelry, perfumes, watches, packaged medicines, plastic products (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -580,7 +654,13 @@ "Imports 2011": { "text": "$1.162 billion (2011 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France

" + "note": "note: full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France" + }, + "Imports - partners": { + "text": "Italy 34%, Switzerland 16%, Germany 9%, United Kingdom 7% (2019)" + }, + "Imports - commodities": { + "text": "jewelry, recreational boats, cars and vehicle parts, watches, general wares (2019)" }, "Debt - external": { "text": "

 NA

" @@ -640,7 +720,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 377; landing points for the EIG and Italy-Monaco submarine cables connecting Monaco to Europe, Africa, the Middle East and Asia; no satellite earth stations; connected by cable into the French communications system (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "TV Monte-Carlo operates a TV network; cable TV available; Radio Monte-Carlo has extensive radio networks in France and Italy with French-language broadcasts to France beginning in the 1960s and Italian-language broadcasts to Italy beginning in the 1970s; other radio stations include Riviera Radio and Radio Monaco" @@ -667,7 +747,7 @@ }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "3A (2016)" + "text": "3A" }, "Heliports": { "text": "1 (2012)" @@ -683,7 +763,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces; Ministry of Interior: Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince (Prince’s Company of Carabiniers (Palace Guard)), Corps des Sapeurs-pompiers de Monaco (Fire and Emergency), Police Department (2019)" + "text": "no regular military forces; Ministry of Interior: Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince (Prince’s Company of Carabiniers (Palace Guard)), Corps des Sapeurs-pompiers de Monaco (Fire and Emergency), Police Department (2021)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "defense is the responsibility of France" diff --git a/europe/mt.json b/europe/mt.json index 2ee26e11..05f2bef5 100644 --- a/europe/mt.json +++ b/europe/mt.json @@ -57,11 +57,11 @@ "text": "mostly low, rocky, flat to dissected plains; many coastal cliffs" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Ta'Dmejrek on Dingli Cliffs 253 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,17 +96,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "occasional droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "limited natural freshwater resources; increasing reliance on desalination; deforestation; wildlife preservation" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the country comprises an archipelago, with only the three largest islands (Malta, Ghawdex or Gozo, and Kemmuna or Comino) inhabited; numerous bays provide good harbors; Malta and Tunisia are discussing oil exploration on the continental shelf between their countries, although no commercially viable reserves have been found as of 2017" } @@ -191,10 +180,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "94.7% of total population (2020)" + "text": "94.8% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.38% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -224,8 +213,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "28.9 years (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: data refer to the average of the different childbearing ages of first-order births

" + "text": "28.9 years (2017 est.)

note: data refer to the average of the different childbearing ages of first-order births", + "note": "note: data refer to the average of the different childbearing ages of first-order births" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "6 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -349,10 +338,100 @@ "text": "9.1%" }, "male": { - "text": "11.2%" + "text": "10.5%" }, "female": { - "text": "6.8% (2018 est.)" + "text": "7.6% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "limited natural freshwater resources; increasing reliance on desalination; deforestation; wildlife preservation" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "13.97 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "1.34 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.2 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "37.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "25.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "50.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "Mediterranean; mild, rainy winters; hot, dry summers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "32.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 28.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 3.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "0.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "66.8% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "94.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "269,000 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "17,996 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "6.7% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -390,7 +469,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: named in honor of Jean de Valette, the Grand Master of the Order of Saint John (crusader knights), who successfully led a defense of the island from an Ottoman invasion in 1565" + "note": "etymology: named in honor of Jean de Valette, the Grand Master of the Order of Saint John (crusader knights), who successfully led a defense of the island from an Ottoman invasion in 1565" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "68 localities (Il-lokalita); Attard, Balzan, Birgu, Birkirkara, Birzebbuga, Bormla, Dingli, Fgura, Floriana, Fontana, Ghajnsielem, Gharb, Gharghur, Ghasri, Ghaxaq, Gudja, Gzira, Hamrun, Iklin, Imdina, Imgarr, Imqabba, Imsida, Imtarfa, Isla, Kalkara, Kercem, Kirkop, Lija, Luqa, Marsa, Marsaskala, Marsaxlokk, Mellieha, Mosta, Munxar, Nadur, Naxxar, Paola, Pembroke, Pieta, Qala, Qormi, Qrendi, Rabat, Rabat (Ghawdex), Safi, San Giljan/Saint Julian, San Gwann/Saint John, San Lawrenz/Saint Lawrence, Sannat, San Pawl il-Bahar/Saint Paul's Bay, Santa Lucija/Saint Lucia, Santa Venera/Saint Venera, Siggiewi, Sliema, Swieqi, Tarxien, Ta' Xbiex, Valletta, Xaghra, Xewkija, Xghajra, Zabbar, Zebbug, Zebbug (Ghawdex), Zejtun, Zurrieq" @@ -406,7 +485,7 @@ "text": "many previous; latest adopted 21 September 1964" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposals (Acts of Parliament) require at least two-thirds majority vote by the House of Representatives; passage of Acts requires majority vote by referendum, followed by final majority vote by the House and assent of the president of the republic; amended many times, last in 2016" + "text": "proposals (Acts of Parliament) require at least two-thirds majority vote by the House of Representatives; passage of Acts requires majority vote by referendum, followed by final majority vote by the House and assent of the president of the republic; amended many times, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -521,7 +600,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Dun Karm PSAILA/Robert SAMMUT" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1945; written in the form of a prayer

" + "note": "note: adopted 1945; written in the form of a prayer" } }, "Economy": { @@ -571,7 +650,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$20.056 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$14.986 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -586,7 +665,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$42,856 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -631,8 +710,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "66.1 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "88.2 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "88.9 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "67.6 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -667,7 +755,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "16.3% (2015 est.)" + "text": "17.1% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -706,7 +794,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "56.3% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: Malta reports public debt at nominal value outstanding at the end of the year, according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty for general government gross debt; the data include the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); general government comprises the central, state, and local governments, and social security funds

" + "note": "note: Malta reports public debt at nominal value outstanding at the end of the year, according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty for general government gross debt; the data include the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); general government comprises the central, state, and local governments, and social security funds" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -731,10 +819,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 17.3%, France 10.2%, Italy 9.4%, Singapore 5.9%, Hong Kong 5.8%, US 5.7%, Japan 4.9%, Libya 4.5% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 12%, France 9%, Italy 9% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and mechanical appliances; mineral fuels, oils and petroleum products; pharmaceutical products; books and newspapers; aircraft/spacecraft and parts; toys, games, and sports equipment" + "text": "integrated circuits, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, children's toys and stuffed animals, postage stamps  (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -748,10 +836,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Italy 23%, Germany 7.9%, UK 7.7%, Spain 5%, Canada 4.5%, US 4.3%, France 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "Russia 22%, Italy 12%, United Kingdom 11%, Germany 6%, Turkey 5%, France 5%, China 5%, South Korea 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "mineral fuels, oils and products; electrical machinery; aircraft/spacecraft and parts thereof; machinery and mechanical appliances; plastic and other semi-manufactured goods; vehicles and parts" + "text": "refined petroleum, recreational boats, ships, aircraft, coal tar oil (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -861,9 +949,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "8.141 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -893,7 +978,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 356; landing points for the Malta-Gozo Cable, VMSCS, GO-1 Mediterranean Cable System, Malta Italy Interconnector, Melita-1, and the Italy-Malta submarine cable connections to Italy; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "2 publicly owned TV stations, Television Malta broadcasting nationally plus an educational channel; several privately owned national television stations, 2 of which are owned by political parties; Italian and British broadcast programs are available; multi-channel cable and satellite TV services are available; publicly owned radio broadcaster operates 3 stations; roughly 20 commercial radio stations (2019)" @@ -934,7 +1019,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "9H (2016)" + "text": "9H" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -988,11 +1073,11 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Armed Forces of Malta (AFM, includes land, maritime, and air elements, plus a Volunteer Reserve Force) (2020)" + "text": "Armed Forces of Malta (AFM, includes land, maritime, and air elements, plus a Volunteer Reserve Force) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "0.6% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "0.5% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "0.5% of GDP (2018)" @@ -1008,13 +1093,13 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Armed Forces of Malta have approximately 2,000 active duty personnel (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Armed Forces of Malta have approximately 2,000 active duty personnel (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the small inventory of the Armed Forces of Malta consists of equipment from a mix of European countries, particularly Italy, and the US; since 2010, Italy and the US are the only providers of military equipment to Malta (2019 est.)" + "text": "the small inventory of the Armed Forces of Malta consists of equipment from a mix of European countries, particularly Italy, and the US (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-30 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2019)" + "text": "18-30 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1025,7 +1110,7 @@ "stateless persons": { "text": "11 (2018)" }, - "note": "

note: 7,283 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals by sea (January 2015-February 2021)

" + "note": "note: 7,428 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals by sea (January 2015-May 2021)" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "minor transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to Western Europe" diff --git a/europe/nl.json b/europe/nl.json index e4c2030c..fb9a1809 100644 --- a/europe/nl.json +++ b/europe/nl.json @@ -57,16 +57,16 @@ "text": "mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some hills in southeast" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "30 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mount Scenery (on the island of Saba in the Caribbean, now considered an integral part of the Netherlands following the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles) 862 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Zuidplaspolder -7 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mount Scenery (on the island of Saba in the Caribbean, now considered an integral part of the Netherlands following the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles) 862 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "30 m" }, - "note": "

note: the highest point on continental Netherlands is Vaalserberg at 322 m" + "note": "note: the highest point on continental Netherlands is Vaalserberg at 322 m" }, "Natural resources": { "text": "natural gas, petroleum, peat, limestone, salt, sand and gravel, arable land" @@ -100,17 +100,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

flooding

volcanism: Mount Scenery (887 m), located on the island of Saba in the Caribbean, last erupted in 1640;; Round Hill (601 m), a dormant volcano also known as The Quill, is located on the island of St. Eustatius in the Caribbean;; these islands are at the northern end of the volcanic island arc of the Lesser Antilles that extends south to Grenada

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water and air pollution are significant environmental problems; pollution of the country's rivers from industrial and agricultural chemicals, including heavy metals, organic compounds, nitrates, and phosphates; air pollution from vehicles and refining activities" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas or Meuse, and Schelde); about a quarter of the country lies below sea level and only about half of the land exceeds one meter above sea level" } @@ -131,8 +120,8 @@ "text": "Dutch 76.9%, EU 6.4%, Turkish 2.4%, Moroccan 2.3%, Indonesian 2.1%, German 2.1%, Surinamese 2%, Polish 1%, other 4.8% (2018 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Dutch (official)", - "note": "

note: Frisian is an official language in Fryslan province; Frisian, Low Saxon, Limburgish, Romani, and Yiddish have protected status under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages; Dutch is the official language of the three special municipalities of the Caribbean Netherlands; English is a recognized regional language on Sint Eustatius and Saba; Papiamento is a recognized regional language on Bonaire

" + "text": "Dutch (official)

note: Frisian is an official language in Fryslan province; Frisian, Low Saxon, Limburgish, Romani, and Yiddish have protected status under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages; Dutch is the official language of the three special municipalities of the Caribbean Netherlands; English is a recognized regional language on Sint Eustatius and Saba; Papiamento is a recognized regional language on Bonaire", + "note": "note: Frisian is an official language in Fryslan province; Frisian, Low Saxon, Limburgish, Romani, and Yiddish have protected status under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages; Dutch is the official language of the three special municipalities of the Caribbean Netherlands; English is a recognized regional language on Sint Eustatius and Saba; Papiamento is a recognized regional language on Bonaire" }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 23.6%, Protestant 14.9% (includes Dutch Reformed 6.4%, Protestant Church of The Netherlands 5.6%, Calvinist 2.9%), Muslim 5.1%, other 5.6% (includes Hindu, Buddhist, Jewish), none 50.7% (2017 est.)" @@ -196,10 +185,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "92.2% of total population (2020)" + "text": "92.6% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.74% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.59% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -260,8 +249,8 @@ "text": "1.78 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { - "text": "73% (2013)", - "note": "

note: percent of women aged 18-45

" + "text": "73% (2013)

note: percent of women aged 18-45", + "note": "note: percent of women aged 18-45" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { @@ -340,13 +329,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "7.2%" + "text": "6.7%" }, "male": { - "text": "7.7%" + "text": "7.3%" }, "female": { - "text": "6.6% (2018 est.)" + "text": "6.2% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water and air pollution are significant environmental problems; pollution of the country's rivers from industrial and agricultural chemicals, including heavy metals, organic compounds, nitrates, and phosphates; air pollution from vehicles and refining activities" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "12.07 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "170.78 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "17.79 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "1.26 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "14.74 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "76.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "91 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "55.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 29.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 24.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "10.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "34.1% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "92.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.59% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "8.855 million tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "2,179,216 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "24.6% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -387,11 +466,11 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

note: time descriptions apply to the continental Netherlands only, for the constituent countries in the Caribbean, the time difference is UTC-4

etymology: the original Dutch name, Amstellerdam, meaning \"a dam on the Amstel River,\" dates to the 13th century; over time the name simplified to Amsterdam

" + "note": "note: time descriptions apply to the continental Netherlands only, for the constituent countries in the Caribbean, the time difference is UTC-4

etymology: the original Dutch name, Amstellerdam, meaning \"a dam on the Amstel River,\" dates to the 13th century; over time the name simplified to Amsterdam" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "12 provinces (provincies, singular - provincie), 3 public entities* (openbare lichamen, singular - openbaar lichaam (Dutch); entidatnan publiko, singular - entidat publiko (Papiamento)); Bonaire*, Drenthe, Flevoland, Fryslan (Friesland), Gelderland, Groningen, Limburg, Noord-Brabant (North Brabant), Noord-Holland (North Holland), Overijssel, Saba*, Sint Eustatius*, Utrecht, Zeeland (Zealand), Zuid-Holland (South Holland)", - "note": "

note 1: the Netherlands is one of four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; the other three, Aruba, Curacao, and Sint Maarten, are all islands in the Caribbean; while all four parts are considered equal partners, in practice, most of the Kingdom's affairs are administered by the Netherlands, which makes up about 98% of the Kingdom's total land area and population

\r\n

note 2: although Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are officially incorporated into the country of the Netherlands under the broad designation of \"public entities,\" Dutch Government sources regularly apply to them the more descriptive term of \"special municipalities\"; Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are collectively referred to as the Caribbean Netherlands

" + "text": "12 provinces (provincies, singular - provincie), 3 public entities* (openbare lichamen, singular - openbaar lichaam (Dutch); entidatnan publiko, singular - entidat publiko (Papiamento)); Bonaire*, Drenthe, Flevoland, Fryslan (Friesland), Gelderland, Groningen, Limburg, Noord-Brabant (North Brabant), Noord-Holland (North Holland), Overijssel, Saba*, Sint Eustatius*, Utrecht, Zeeland (Zealand), Zuid-Holland (South Holland)

note 1: the Netherlands is one of four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; the other three, Aruba, Curacao, and Sint Maarten, are all islands in the Caribbean; while all four parts are considered equal partners, in practice, most of the Kingdom's affairs are administered by the Netherlands, which makes up about 98% of the Kingdom's total land area and population\r\n

note 2: although Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are officially incorporated into the country of the Netherlands under the broad designation of \"public entities,\" Dutch Government sources regularly apply to them the more descriptive term of \"special municipalities\"; Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are collectively referred to as the Caribbean Netherlands", + "note": "note 1: the Netherlands is one of four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; the other three, Aruba, Curacao, and Sint Maarten, are all islands in the Caribbean; while all four parts are considered equal partners, in practice, most of the Kingdom's affairs are administered by the Netherlands, which makes up about 98% of the Kingdom's total land area and population\r\n

note 2: although Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are officially incorporated into the country of the Netherlands under the broad designation of \"public entities,\" Dutch Government sources regularly apply to them the more descriptive term of \"special municipalities\"; Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are collectively referred to as the Caribbean Netherlands" }, "Dependent areas": { "text": "Aruba, Curacao, Sint Maarten" @@ -404,10 +483,10 @@ }, "Constitution": { "history": { - "text": "previous 1597, 1798; latest adopted 24 August 1815 (substantially revised in 1848)" + "text": "many previous to adoption of the \"Basic Law of the Kingdom of the Netherlands\" on 24 August 1815; revised 8 times, the latest in 1983" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed as an Act of Parliament by or on behalf of the king or by the Second Chamber of the States General; the Second Chamber is dissolved after its first reading of the Act; passage requires a second reading by both the First Chamber and the newly elected Second Chamber, followed by at least two-thirds majority vote of both chambers, and ratification by the king; amended many times, last in 2010" + "text": "proposed as an Act of Parliament by or on behalf of the king or by the Second Chamber of the States General; the Second Chamber is dissolved after its first reading of the Act; passage requires a second reading by both the First Chamber and the newly elected Second Chamber, followed by at least two-thirds majority vote of both chambers, and ratification by the king; amended many times, last in 2018" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -525,7 +604,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Philips VAN MARNIX van Sint Aldegonde (presumed)/unknown" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1932, in use since the 17th century, making it the oldest national anthem in the world; also known as \"Wilhelmus van Nassouwe\" (William of Nassau), it is in the form of an acrostic, where the first letter of each stanza spells the name of the leader of the Dutch Revolt

" + "note": "note: adopted 1932, in use since the 17th century, making it the oldest national anthem in the world; also known as \"Wilhelmus van Nassouwe\" (William of Nassau), it is in the form of an acrostic, where the first letter of each stanza spells the name of the leader of the Dutch Revolt" } }, "Economy": { @@ -575,7 +654,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$948.181 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$907.042 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -590,7 +669,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$55,348 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -635,8 +714,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "76.1 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "94.3 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "100 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "59.9 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -671,7 +759,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "8.8% (2015 est.)" + "text": "13.6% (2019 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -710,7 +798,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "61.3% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

" + "note": "note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -735,10 +823,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 24.2%, Belgium 10.7%, UK 8.8%, France 8.8%, Italy 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 20%, Belgium 12%, United Kingdom 9%, France 7%, United States 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, mineral fuels; food and livestock, manufactured goods" + "text": "refined petroleum, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, photography equipment, computers (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -752,10 +840,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 16.4%, Germany 15.3%, Belgium 8.5%, US 6.9%, UK 5.1%, Russia 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 15%, China 11%, Belgium 9%, United States 8%, Russia 7%, United Kingdom 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs, clothing" + "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, computers, cars (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -852,8 +940,8 @@ "text": "2.148 million bbl/day (2017 est.)" }, "Natural gas - production": { - "text": "45.33 billion cu m (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: the Netherlands has curbed gas production due to seismic activity in the province of Groningen, largest source of gas reserves

" + "text": "45.33 billion cu m (2017 est.)

note: the Netherlands has curbed gas production due to seismic activity in the province of Groningen, largest source of gas reserves", + "note": "note: the Netherlands has curbed gas production due to seismic activity in the province of Groningen, largest source of gas reserves" }, "Natural gas - consumption": { "text": "43.38 billion cu m (2017 est.)" @@ -866,9 +954,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "801.4 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "250.2 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -898,7 +983,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 31; landing points for Farland North, TAT-14, Circe North, Concerto, Ulysses 2, AC-1, UK-Netherlands 14, and COBRAcable submarine cables which provide links to the US and Europe; satellite earth stations - 5 (3 Intelsat - 1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "more than 90% of households are connected to cable or satellite TV systems that provide a wide range of domestic and foreign channels; public service broadcast system includes multiple broadcasters, 3 with a national reach and the remainder operating in regional and local markets; 2 major nationwide commercial television companies, each with 3 or more stations, and many commercial TV stations in regional and local markets; nearly 600 radio stations with a mix of public and private stations providing national or regional coverage" @@ -939,7 +1024,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "PH (2016)" + "text": "PH" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1024,18 +1109,18 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Royal Netherlands Army, Royal Netherlands Navy (includes Naval Air Service and Marine Corps), Royal Netherlands Air Force, Royal Netherlands Marechaussee (Military Constabulary) (2021)", - "note": "

note: the Netherlands Coast Guard and the Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard are civilian in nature, but managed by the Royal Netherlands Navy" + "text": "Royal Netherlands Army, Royal Netherlands Navy (includes Naval Air Service and Marine Corps), Royal Netherlands Air Force, Royal Netherlands Marechaussee (Military Constabulary) (2021)

note: the Netherlands Coast Guard and the Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard are civilian in nature, but managed by the Royal Netherlands Navy", + "note": "note: the Netherlands Coast Guard and the Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard are civilian in nature, but managed by the Royal Netherlands Navy" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "1.48% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "1.49% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "1.36% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "1.35% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "1.21% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "1.22% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "1.15% of GDP (2017)" @@ -1045,16 +1130,16 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Royal Netherlands Armed Forces have approximately 40,000 active duty personnel (18,000 Army; 8,500 Navy; 8,000 Air Force; 5,500 Constabulary) (2020)" + "text": "the Royal Netherlands Armed Forces have approximately 40,000 active duty personnel (18,000 Army; 8,000 Navy; 8,000 Air Force; 6,000 Constabulary) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of the Netherlands Armed Forces consists of a mix of domestically-produced and modern European- and US-sourced equipment; since 2010, the US is the leading supplier of weapons systems to the Netherlands, followed by Germany, Italy, and Sweden; the Netherlands has an advanced domestic defense industry that focuses on armored vehicles, naval ships, and air defense systems; it also participates with the US and other European countries on joint development and production of advanced weapons systems (2019)" + "text": "the inventory of the Netherlands Armed Forces consists of a mix of domestically-produced and modern European- and US-sourced equipment; since 2010, the US is the leading supplier of weapons systems to the Netherlands, followed by several European countries; the Netherlands has an advanced domestic defense industry that focuses on armored vehicles, naval ships, and air defense systems; it also participates with the US and other European countries on joint development and production of advanced weapons systems (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "160 Afghanistan (NATO); 270 Lithuania (NATO) (2020)" + "text": "160 Afghanistan (NATO); 270 Lithuania (NATO) (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "17 years of age for an all-volunteer force (2016)" + "text": "17 years of age for an all-volunteer force; conscription abolished in 1996 (2019)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "in 2018, the Defense Ministers of Belgium, Denmark and the Netherlands signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) for the creation of a Composite Special Operations Component Command (C-SOCC); the C-SOCC was declared operational in December 2020" @@ -1062,8 +1147,8 @@ }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/europe/no.json b/europe/no.json index eb4cfd7d..c3c118d2 100644 --- a/europe/no.json +++ b/europe/no.json @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by fertile valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented by fjords; arctic tundra in north" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "460 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Galdhopiggen 2,469 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Norwegian Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Galdhopiggen 2,469 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "460 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,17 +102,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

rockslides, avalanches

volcanism: Beerenberg (2,227 m) on Jan Mayen Island in the Norwegian Sea is the country's only active volcano

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water pollution; acid rain damaging forests and adversely affecting lakes, threatening fish stocks; air pollution from vehicle emissions" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "about two-thirds mountains; some 50,000 islands off its much-indented coastline; strategic location adjacent to sea lanes and air routes in North Atlantic; one of the most rugged and longest coastlines in the world" } @@ -133,8 +122,8 @@ "text": "Norwegian 83.2% (includes about 60,000 Sami), other European 8.3%, other 8.5% (2017 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Bokmal Norwegian (official), Nynorsk Norwegian (official), small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities", - "note": "

note: Sami has three dialects: Lule, North Sami, and South Sami; Sami is an official language in nine municipalities in Norway's three northernmost counties: Finnmark, Nordland, and Troms

" + "text": "Bokmal Norwegian (official), Nynorsk Norwegian (official), small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities

note: Sami has three dialects: Lule, North Sami, and South Sami; Sami is an official language in nine municipalities in Norway's three northernmost counties: Finnmark, Nordland, and Troms", + "note": "note: Sami has three dialects: Lule, North Sami, and South Sami; Sami is an official language in nine municipalities in Norway's three northernmost counties: Finnmark, Nordland, and Troms" }, "Religions": { "text": "Church of Norway (Evangelical Lutheran - official) 70.6%, Muslim 3.2%, Roman Catholic 3%, other Christian 3.7%, other 2.5%, unspecified 17% (2016 est.)" @@ -169,7 +158,7 @@ "potential support ratio": { "text": "3.7 (2020 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data include Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands

" + "note": "note: data include Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands" }, "Median age": { "total": { @@ -199,12 +188,12 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "83% of total population (2020)" + "text": "83.3% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.4% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data include Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands

" + "note": "note: data include Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands" }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "1.056 million OSLO (capital) (2021)" @@ -233,8 +222,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "29.3 years (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: data is calculated based on actual age at first births

" + "text": "29.3 years (2017 est.)

note: data is calculated based on actual age at first births", + "note": "note: data is calculated based on actual age at first births" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "2 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -341,13 +330,104 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "9.7%" + "text": "10%" }, "male": { - "text": "10.7%" + "text": "10.4%" }, "female": { - "text": "8.6% (2018 est.)" + "text": "9.5% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water pollution; acid rain damaging forests and adversely affecting lakes, threatening fish stocks; air pollution from vehicle emissions" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "7.02 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "41.02 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "4.81 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "775.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.071 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "844.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "393 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers; rainy year-round on west coast" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "2.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 2.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "27.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "69.5% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.05% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "83.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data include Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "2.187 million tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "572,119 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "26.2% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -385,7 +465,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: the medieval name was spelt \"Aslo\"; the \"as\" component refered either to the Ekeberg ridge southeast of the town (\"as\" in modern Norwegian), or to the Aesir (Norse gods); \"lo\" refered to \"meadow,\" so the most likely interpretations would have been either \"the meadow beneath the ridge\" or \"the meadow of the gods\"; both explanations are considered equally plausible" + "note": "etymology: the medieval name was spelt \"Aslo\"; the \"as\" component refered either to the Ekeberg ridge southeast of the town (\"as\" in modern Norwegian), or to the Aesir (Norse gods); \"lo\" refered to \"meadow,\" so the most likely interpretations would have been either \"the meadow beneath the ridge\" or \"the meadow of the gods\"; both explanations are considered equally plausible" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "18 counties (fylker, singular - fylke); Akershus, Aust-Agder, Buskerud, Finnmark, Hedmark, Hordaland, More og Romsdal, Nordland, Oppland, Oslo, Ostfold, Rogaland, Sogn og Fjordane, Telemark, Troms, Trondelag, Vest-Agder, Vestfold" @@ -404,7 +484,7 @@ "text": "drafted spring 1814, adopted 16 May 1814, signed by Constituent Assembly 17 May 1814" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposals submitted by members of Parliament or by the government within the first three years of Parliament's four-year term; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of a two-thirds quorum in the next elected Parliament; amended over 400 times, last in 2020 (2020)" + "text": "proposals submitted by members of Parliament or by the government within the first three years of Parliament's four-year term; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of a two-thirds quorum in the next elected Parliament; amended over 400 times, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -519,7 +599,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "lyrics/music: Bjornstjerne BJORNSON/Rikard NORDRAAK" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1864; in addition to the national anthem, \"Kongesangen\" (Song of the King), which uses the tune of \"God Save the Queen,\" serves as the royal anthem

" + "note": "note: adopted 1864; in addition to the national anthem, \"Kongesangen\" (Song of the King), which uses the tune of \"God Save the Queen,\" serves as the royal anthem" } }, "Economy": { @@ -569,7 +649,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$332.135 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$405.695 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -584,7 +664,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$62,941 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -629,8 +709,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "82.6 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "94.3 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "97 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "81.3 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -665,7 +754,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "NA" + "text": "12.7% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -704,7 +793,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "36.4% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data exclude treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

" + "note": "note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data exclude treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -729,10 +818,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "UK 21.1%, Germany 15.5%, Netherlands 9.9%, Sweden 6.6%, France 6.4%, Belgium 4.8%, Denmark 4.7%, US 4.6% (2017)" + "text": "United Kingdom 18%, Germany 14%, Netherlands 10%, Sweden 9%, France 6%, United States 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum and petroleum products, machinery and equipment, metals, chemicals, ships, fish" + "text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, fish, refined petroleum, aluminum (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -746,10 +835,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Sweden 11.4%, Germany 11%, China 9.8%, US 6.8%, South Korea 6.7%, Denmark 5.4%, UK 4.7% (2017)" + "text": "Sweden 17%, Germany 12%, China 8%, Denmark 7%, United States 6%, United Kingdom 5%, Netherlands 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, foodstuffs" + "text": "cars, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, natural gas, crude petroleum (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -766,7 +855,7 @@ "Debt - external 2018": { "text": "$648.878 billion (2018 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: Norway is a net external creditor" + "note": "note: Norway is a net external creditor" }, "Exchange rates": { "currency": { @@ -860,9 +949,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "1.782 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "39.8 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -892,7 +978,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 47; landing points for the Svalbard Undersea Cable System, Polar Circle Cable, Bodo-Rost Cable, NOR5KE Viking, Celtic Norse, Tempnet Offshore FOC Network, England Cable, Denmark-Norwary6, Havfrue/AEC-2, Skagerrak 4, and the Skagenfiber West & East submarine cables providing links to other Nordic countries, Europe and the US; satellite earth stations - Eutelsat, Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Norway shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Sweden) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-owned public radio-TV broadcaster operates 3 nationwide TV stations, 3 nationwide radio stations, and 16 regional radio stations; roughly a dozen privately owned TV stations broadcast nationally and roughly another 25 local TV stations broadcasting; nearly 75% of households have access to multi-channel cable or satellite TV; 2 privately owned radio stations broadcast nationwide and another 240 stations operate locally; Norway is the first country in the world to phase out FM radio in favor of Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), a process scheduled for completion in late 2017 (2019)" @@ -927,7 +1013,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "LN (2016)" + "text": "LN" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1010,13 +1096,13 @@ }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "2.03% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "2% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "1.86% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "1.74% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "1.73% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "1.72% of GDP (2017)" @@ -1026,17 +1112,18 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Norwegian Armed Forces have approximately 23,000 active personnel (8,500 Army; 3,500 Navy; 3,500 Air Force; 7,500 other, including special operations, cyber, joint staff, intelligence, logistics support, active Home Guard, etc.); 40,000 Home Guard (2021)", - "note": "

note: the Home Guard has approximately 40,000 total personnel" + "text": "the Norwegian Armed Forces have approximately 23,000 active personnel (8,500 Army; 3,500 Navy; 3,500 Air Force; 7,500 other, including special operations, cyber, joint staff, intelligence, logistics support, active Home Guard, etc.); 40,000 Home Guard (2021)

note: the Home Guard has approximately 40,000 total personnel", + "note": "note: the Home Guard has approximately 40,000 total personnel" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Norwegian Armed Forces inventory includes mostly imported European and US weapons systems, as well as a limited mix of domestically-produced equipment, particularly small naval craft; since 2010, the US is the leading supplier of weapons systems to Norway, followed by a variety of other countries, including France, Italy, South Korea, and Spain (2019)" + "text": "the Norwegian Armed Forces inventory includes mostly imported European and US weapons systems, as well as a limited mix of domestically-produced equipment, particularly small naval craft; since 2010, the US is the leading supplier of weapons systems to Norway, followed by a variety of other countries, including France, Italy, South Korea, and Spain (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "120 Lithuania (NATO) (2020)" + "text": "100 Afghanistan (NATO); 120 Lithuania (NATO) (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "19-35 years of age for male and female selective compulsory military service; 17 years of age for male volunteers (16 in wartime); 18 years of age for women; 19-month service obligation; conscripts first serve 12 months from 19-28, and then up to 4-5 refresher training periods until age 35, 44, 55, or 60 depending on rank and function. (2019)" + "text": "19-35 years of age for male and female selective compulsory military service; 17 years of age for male volunteers (16 in wartime); 18 years of age for women; 19-month service obligation; conscripts first serve 12 months from 19-28, and then up to 4-5 refresher training periods until age 35, 44, 55, or 60 depending on rank and function (2019)

note - Norway was the first NATO country to allow females to serve in all combat arms branches of the military (1988); it also has an all-female commando unit known as Jegertroppen (The Hunter Troop), which was established in 2014", + "note": "note - Norway was the first NATO country to allow females to serve in all combat arms branches of the military (1988); it also has an all-female commando unit known as Jegertroppen (The Hunter Troop), which was established in 2014" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/europe/pl.json b/europe/pl.json index da28478d..fd05e784 100644 --- a/europe/pl.json +++ b/europe/pl.json @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ "text": "mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "173 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Rysy 2,499 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "near Raczki Elblaskie -2 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Rysy 2,499 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "173 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,17 +96,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "flooding" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "decreased emphasis on heavy industry and increased environmental concern by post-communist governments has improved environment; air pollution remains serious because of emissions from burning low-quality coals in homes and from coal-fired power plants; the resulting acid rain causes forest damage; water pollution from industrial and municipal sources is a problem, as is disposal of hazardous wastes" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of natural barriers on the North European Plain" } @@ -124,12 +113,12 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Polish 96.9%, Silesian 1.1%, German 0.2%, Ukrainian 0.1%, other and unspecified 1.7% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: represents ethnicity declared first

" + "text": "Polish 96.9%, Silesian 1.1%, German 0.2%, Ukrainian 0.1%, other and unspecified 1.7% (2011 est.)

note: represents ethnicity declared first", + "note": "note: represents ethnicity declared first" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Polish (official) 98.2%, Silesian 1.4%, other 1.1%, unspecified 1.3% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent the language spoken at home; shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Poland ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 2009 recognizing Kashub as a regional language, Czech, Hebrew, Yiddish, Belarusian, Lithuanian, German, Armenian, Russian, Slovak, and Ukrainian as national minority languages, and Karaim, Lemko, Romani (Polska Roma and Bergitka Roma), and Tatar as ethnic minority languages

" + "text": "Polish (official) 98.2%, Silesian 1.4%, other 1.1%, unspecified 1.3% (2011 est.)

note: data represent the language spoken at home; shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Poland ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 2009 recognizing Kashub as a regional language, Czech, Hebrew, Yiddish, Belarusian, Lithuanian, German, Armenian, Russian, Slovak, and Ukrainian as national minority languages, and Karaim, Lemko, Romani (Polska Roma and Bergitka Roma), and Tatar as ethnic minority languages", + "note": "note: data represent the language spoken at home; shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Poland ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 2009 recognizing Kashub as a regional language, Czech, Hebrew, Yiddish, Belarusian, Lithuanian, German, Armenian, Russian, Slovak, and Ukrainian as national minority languages, and Karaim, Lemko, Romani (Polska Roma and Bergitka Roma), and Tatar as ethnic minority languages" }, "Religions": { "text": "Catholic 85.9% (includes Roman Catholic 85.6% and Greek Catholic, Armenian Catholic, and Byzantine-Slavic Catholic .3%), Orthodox 1.3% (almost all are Polish Autocephalous Orthodox), Protestant 0.4% (mainly Augsburg Evangelical and Pentacostal), other 0.4% (includes Jehovah's Witness, Buddhist, Hare Krishna, Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Muslim, Jewish, Mormon), unspecified 12.1% (2017 est.)" @@ -193,10 +182,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "60% of total population (2020)" + "text": "60.1% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-0.25% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "-0.16% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -328,6 +317,9 @@ "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "23.1% (2016)" }, + "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { + "text": "0.7% (2010/12)" + }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "4.6% of GDP (2017)" }, @@ -358,13 +350,111 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "11.7%" + "text": "9.9%" }, "male": { - "text": "11.5%" + "text": "9.6%" }, "female": { - "text": "12.1% (2018 est.)" + "text": "10.3% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "decreased emphasis on heavy industry and increased environmental concern by post-communist governments has improved environment; air pollution remains serious because of emissions from burning low-quality coals in homes and from coal-fired power plants; the resulting acid rain causes forest damage; water pollution from industrial and municipal sources is a problem, as is disposal of hazardous wastes" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic- Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "20.54 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "299.04 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "46.62 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "2.028 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "7.035 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.018 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "60.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "48.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 36.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 10.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "30.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "21.2% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.17% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.27% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "60.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "-0.16% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "intermediate (2016)" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "tickborne encephalitis (2016)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "10.863 million tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "2,866,746 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "26.4% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -405,7 +495,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: the origin of the name is unknown; the Polish designation \"Warszawa\" was the name of a fishing village and several legends/traditions link the city's founding to a man named Wars or Warsz" + "note": "etymology: the origin of the name is unknown; the Polish designation \"Warszawa\" was the name of a fishing village and several legends/traditions link the city's founding to a man named Wars or Warsz" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "16 voivodships [provinces] (wojewodztwa, singular - wojewodztwo); Dolnoslaskie (Lower Silesia), Kujawsko-Pomorskie (Kuyavia-Pomerania), Lodzkie (Lodz), Lubelskie (Lublin), Lubuskie (Lubusz), Malopolskie (Lesser Poland), Mazowieckie (Masovia), Opolskie (Opole), Podkarpackie (Subcarpathia), Podlaskie, Pomorskie (Pomerania), Slaskie (Silesia), Swietokrzyskie (Holy Cross), Warminsko-Mazurskie (Warmia-Masuria), Wielkopolskie (Greater Poland), Zachodniopomorskie (West Pomerania)" @@ -474,7 +564,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "
Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PiS 48, KO 43, PSL 3, SLD 2, independent 4; composition - men 87, women 13, percent of women 13%
Sejm - percent of vote by party - PiS 43.6%, KO 27.4%, SLD 12.6%, PSL 8.5% Confederation 6.8%, other 1.1%; seats by party - PiS 235, KO 134, SLD 49, PSL 30, KWiN 11, MN 1; men 334, women 126, percent of women 27.4%; note - total legislature percent of women 24.8%" }, - "note": "

note: the designation National Assembly or Zgromadzenie Narodowe is only used on those rare occasions when the 2 houses meet jointly" + "note": "note: the designation National Assembly or Zgromadzenie Narodowe is only used on those rare occasions when the 2 houses meet jointly" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -512,7 +602,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Georgette MOSBACHER (since 6 September 2018) " + "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires B. Bix ALIU (since January 2021)" }, "telephone": { "text": "[48] (22) 504-2000" @@ -531,8 +621,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; colors derive from the Polish emblem - a white eagle on a red field", - "note": "

note: similar to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white

" + "text": "two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; colors derive from the Polish emblem - a white eagle on a red field

note: similar to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white", + "note": "note: similar to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "white crowned eagle; national colors: white, red" @@ -544,7 +634,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Jozef WYBICKI/traditional" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1927; the anthem, commonly known as \"Jeszcze Polska nie zginela\" (Poland Has Not Yet Perished), was written in 1797; the lyrics resonate strongly with Poles because they reflect the numerous occasions in which the nation's lands have been occupied

" + "note": "note: adopted 1927; the anthem, commonly known as \"Jeszcze Polska nie zginela\" (Poland Has Not Yet Perished), was written in 1797; the lyrics resonate strongly with Poles because they reflect the numerous occasions in which the nation's lands have been occupied" } }, "Economy": { @@ -594,7 +684,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$1,145,323,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$595.72 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -609,7 +699,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$30,160 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -654,8 +744,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "76.4 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "82.9 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "100 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "64.4 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -690,7 +789,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "17.6% (2015 est.)" + "text": "15.4% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -729,7 +828,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "54.2% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, the data include subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

" + "note": "note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, the data include subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -754,10 +853,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 27.4%, Czech Republic 6.4%, UK 6.4%, France 5.6%, Italy 4.9%, Netherlands 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 27%, Czechia 6%, United Kingdom 6%, France 6%, Italy 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and transport equipment 37.8%, intermediate manufactured goods 23.7%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 17.1%, food and live animals 7.6% (2012 est.)" + "text": "cars and vehicle parts, seats, furniture, computers, video displays (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -771,10 +870,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 27.9%, China 8%, Russia 6.4%, Netherlands 6%, Italy 5.3%, France 4.2%, Czech Republic 4% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 25%, China 10%, Italy 5%, Netherlands 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and transport equipment 38%, intermediate manufactured goods 21%, chemicals 15%, minerals, fuels, lubricants, and related materials 9% (2011 est.)" + "text": "cars and vehicle parts, crude petroleum,  packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, office machinery/parts (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -884,9 +983,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "79.79 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "359 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -916,7 +1012,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 48; landing points for the Baltica and the Denmark-Poland2 submarine cables connecting Poland, Denmark and Sweden; international direct dialing with automated exchanges; satellite earth station - 1 with access to Intelsat, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-run public TV operates 2 national channels supplemented by 16 regional channels and several niche channels; privately owned entities operate several national TV networks and a number of special interest channels; many privately owned channels broadcasting locally; roughly half of all households are linked to either satellite or cable TV systems providing access to foreign television networks; state-run public radio operates 5 national networks and 17 regional radio stations; 2 privately owned national radio networks, several commercial stations broadcasting to multiple cities, and many privately owned local radio stations (2019)" @@ -957,7 +1053,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "SP (2016)" + "text": "SP" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1054,35 +1150,36 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Polish Armed Forces: Land Forces (Wojska Ladowe), Navy (Marynarka Wojenna), Air Force (Sily Powietrzne), Special Forces (Wojska Specjalne), Territorial Defense Force (Wojska Obrony Terytorialnej); Ministry of the Interior: Border Guard (includes coast guard duties) (2021)", - "note": "

note: the Polish Armed Forces are organized into a General Staff, an Armed Forces General Command, an Armed Forces Operational Command, Territorial Defense Forces, Military Police, and the Warsaw Garrison Command" + "text": "Polish Armed Forces: Land Forces (Wojska Ladowe), Navy (Marynarka Wojenna), Air Force (Sily Powietrzne), Special Forces (Wojska Specjalne), Territorial Defense Force (Wojska Obrony Terytorialnej); Ministry of the Interior: Border Guard (includes coast guard duties) (2021)

note: the Polish Armed Forces are organized into a General Staff, an Armed Forces General Command, an Armed Forces Operational Command, Territorial Defense Forces, Military Police, and the Warsaw Garrison Command", + "note": "note: the Polish Armed Forces are organized into a General Staff, an Armed Forces General Command, an Armed Forces Operational Command, Territorial Defense Forces, Military Police, and the Warsaw Garrison Command" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2021": { + "text": "2.2% of GDP (2021 est.)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "2.3% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "2.31% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "2.02% of GDP (2019 est.)" + "text": "1.98% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "2.02% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "1.89% of GDP (2017)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "1.99% of GDP (2016)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Polish Armed Forces have approximately 120,000 total active duty personnel (60,000 Army; 7,000 Navy; 17,000 Air Force; 3,500 Special Forces; 25,000 Territorial Defense Forces; 7,500 other) (2020)", - "note": "

note - in June 2019, the Polish Government approved a plan to increase the size of the military by 50,000 troops over the coming decade" + "text": "the Polish Armed Forces have approximately 120,000 total active duty personnel (60,000 Army; 7,000 Navy; 17,000 Air Force; 3,500 Special Forces; 25,000 Territorial Defense Forces; 7,500 other) (2020)

note - in June 2019, the Polish Government approved a plan to increase the size of the military by 50,000 troops over the coming decade", + "note": "note - in June 2019, the Polish Government approved a plan to increase the size of the military by 50,000 troops over the coming decade" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the inventory of the Polish Armed Forces consists of a mix of Soviet-era and more modern Western weapons systems; since 2010, the leading suppliers of armaments to Poland are Finland, Germany, Italy, and the US (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "360 Afghanistan (NATO); 230 Kosovo (NATO); up to 200 Latvia (NATO); 220 Lebanon (UNIFIL); contributes about 3,500 troops to the Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine joint military brigade (LITPOLUKRBRIG), which was established in 2014; the brigade is headquartered in Warsaw and is comprised of an international staff, three battalions, and specialized units (2020)" + "text": "290 Afghanistan (NATO); 240 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR); up to 175 Latvia (NATO); 250 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Jan 2021)

note: Poland contributes troops to the Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine joint military brigade (LITPOLUKRBRIG), which was established in 2014; the brigade is headquartered in Warsaw and is comprised of an international staff, three battalions, and specialized units", + "note": "note: Poland contributes troops to the Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine joint military brigade (LITPOLUKRBRIG), which was established in 2014; the brigade is headquartered in Warsaw and is comprised of an international staff, three battalions, and specialized units" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-28 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription phased out in 2009-12; professional soldiers serve on a permanent basis (for an unspecified period of time) or on a contract basis (for a specified period of time); initial contract period is 24 months; women serve in the military on the same terms as men (2019)" diff --git a/europe/po.json b/europe/po.json index b31c0b70..19ec3cbc 100644 --- a/europe/po.json +++ b/europe/po.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "620 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes Azores and Madeira Islands

" + "note": "note: includes Azores and Madeira Islands" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly smaller than Virginia" @@ -61,14 +61,14 @@ "text": "the west-flowing Tagus River divides the country: the north is mountainous toward the interior, while the south is characterized by rolling plains" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "372 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Ponta do Pico (Pico or Pico Alto) on Ilha do Pico in the Azores 2,351 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Ponta do Pico (Pico or Pico Alto) on Ilha do Pico in the Azores 2,351 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "372 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -103,17 +103,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

Azores subject to severe earthquakes

volcanism: limited volcanic activity in the Azores Islands; Fayal or Faial (1,043 m) last erupted in 1958; most volcanoes have not erupted in centuries; historically active volcanoes include Agua de Pau, Furnas, Pico, Picos Volcanic System, San Jorge, Sete Cidades, and Terceira

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "soil erosion; air pollution caused by industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution, especially in urban centers and coastal areas" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Environmental Modification" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western sea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar; they are two of the four North Atlantic archipelagos that make up Macaronesia; the others are the Canary Islands (Spain) and Cabo Verde" } @@ -137,8 +126,8 @@ "text": "Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official, but locally used)" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Roman Catholic 81%, other Christian 3.3%, other (includes Jewish, Muslim) 0.6%, none 6.8%, unspecified 8.3% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent population 15 years of age and older

" + "text": "Roman Catholic 81%, other Christian 3.3%, other (includes Jewish, Muslim) 0.6%, none 6.8%, unspecified 8.3% (2011 est.)

note: data represent population 15 years of age and older", + "note": "note: data represent population 15 years of age and older" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -199,10 +188,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "66.3% of total population (2020)" + "text": "66.8% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.47% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.44% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -326,6 +315,9 @@ "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "20.8% (2016)" }, + "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { + "text": "0.4% (2015/16)" + }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "5% of GDP (2017)" }, @@ -356,13 +348,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "20.3%" + "text": "18.3%" }, "male": { - "text": "19.8%" + "text": "15.5%" }, "female": { - "text": "20.9% (2018 est.)" + "text": "21.4% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "soil erosion; air pollution caused by industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution, especially in urban centers and coastal areas" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Environmental Modification, Nuclear Test Ban" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "7.87 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "48.74 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "10.93 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "914.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.497 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "8.767 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "77.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "39.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 11.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 7.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 20% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "37.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "22.5% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.13% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "66.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.44% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "4.71 million tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "764,433 tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "16.2% (2014 est.)" } } }, @@ -400,7 +482,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

note: Portugal has two time zones, including the Azores (UTC-1)

etymology: Lisbon is one of Europe's oldest cities (the second oldest capital city after Athens) and the origin of the name is lost in time; it may have been founded as an ancient Celtic settlement that subsequently maintained close commercial relations with the Phoenicians (beginning about 1200 B.C.); the name of the settlement may have been derived from the pre-Roman appellation for the Tagus River that runs through the city, Lisso or Lucio; the Romans named the city \"Olisippo\" when they took it from the Carthaginians in 205 B.C.; under the Visigoths the city name became \"Ulixbona,\" under the Arabs it was \"al-Ushbuna\"; the medieval version of \"Lissabona\" became today's Lisboa

" + "note": "note: Portugal has two time zones, including the Azores (UTC-1)

etymology: Lisbon is one of Europe's oldest cities (the second oldest capital city after Athens) and the origin of the name is lost in time; it may have been founded as an ancient Celtic settlement that subsequently maintained close commercial relations with the Phoenicians (beginning about 1200 B.C.); the name of the settlement may have been derived from the pre-Roman appellation for the Tagus River that runs through the city, Lisso or Lucio; the Romans named the city \"Olisippo\" when they took it from the Carthaginians in 205 B.C.; under the Visigoths the city name became \"Ulixbona,\" under the Arabs it was \"al-Ushbuna\"; the medieval version of \"Lissabona\" became today's Lisboa" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "18 districts (distritos, singular - distrito) and 2 autonomous regions* (regioes autonomas, singular - regiao autonoma); Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*, Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa (Lisbon), Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real, Viseu" @@ -416,7 +498,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest adopted 2 April 1976, effective 25 April 1976" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the Assembly of the Republic; adoption requires two-thirds majority vote of Assembly members; amended several times, last in 2005" + "text": "proposed by the Assembly of the Republic; adoption requires two-thirds majority vote of Assembly members; amended several times, last in 2005 (2021)" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -458,7 +540,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA reelected president in the first round; percent of vote - Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA (PSD) 60.7%, Ana GOMES (independent) 12.97%, Andre VENTURA (CH) 11.9%, João FERREIRA (PCP-PEV) 4.32%, Marisa MATIAS (BE) 3.95%, other 6.16%" }, - "note": "

note: there is also a Council of State that acts as a consultative body to the president

" + "note": "note: there is also a Council of State that acts as a consultative body to the president" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { @@ -541,7 +623,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Henrique LOPES DE MENDOCA/Alfredo KEIL" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1910; \"A Portuguesa\" was originally written to protest the Portuguese monarchy's acquiescence to the 1890 British ultimatum forcing Portugal to give up areas of Africa; the lyrics refer to the \"insult\" that resulted from the event

" + "note": "note: adopted 1910; \"A Portuguesa\" was originally written to protest the Portuguese monarchy's acquiescence to the 1890 British ultimatum forcing Portugal to give up areas of Africa; the lyrics refer to the \"insult\" that resulted from the event" } }, "Economy": { @@ -591,7 +673,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$340.796 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$237.698 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -606,7 +688,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$33,086 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -651,8 +733,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "76.5 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "90.9 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "100 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "67.9 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -687,7 +778,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "19% (2015 est.)" + "text": "17.2% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -726,7 +817,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "129.9% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

" + "note": "note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -751,10 +842,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Spain 25.2%, France 12.5%, Germany 11.3%, UK 6.6%, US 5.2%, Netherlands 4% (2017)" + "text": "Spain 23%, France 13%, Germany 12%, United Kingdom 6%, United States 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "agricultural products, foodstuffs, wine, oil products, chemical products, plastics and rubber, hides, leather, wood and cork, wood pulp and paper, textile materials, clothing, footwear, machinery and tools, base metals" + "text": "cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, leather footwear, paper products, tires (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -768,10 +859,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Spain 32%, Germany 13.7%, France 7.4%, Italy 5.5%, Netherlands 5.4% (2017)" + "text": "Spain 29%, Germany 13%, France 9%, Italy 5%, Netherlands 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "agricultural products, chemical products, vehicles and other transport material, optical and precision instruments, computer accessories and parts, semiconductors and related devices, oil products, base metals, food products, textile materials" + "text": "cars and vehicle parts, crude petroleum, aircraft, packaged medicines, refined petroleum, natural gas (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -881,9 +972,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "54.97 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -913,7 +1001,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 351; landing points for the Ella Link, BUGIO, EIG, SAT-3/WASC, SeaMeWe-3, Equino, MainOne, Tat TGN-Western Europe, WACS, ACE, Atlantis2 and Columbus-III submarine cables provide connectivity to Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, South America and the US; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to Azores (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "Radio e Televisao de Portugal (RTP), the publicly owned TV broadcaster, operates 4 domestic channels and external service channels to Africa; overall, roughly 40 domestic TV stations; viewers have widespread access to international broadcasters with more than half of all households connected to multi-channel cable or satellite TV systems; publicly owned radio operates 3 national networks and provides regional and external services; several privately owned national radio stations and some 300 regional and local commercial radio stations" @@ -954,7 +1042,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "CR, CS (2016)" + "text": "CR, CS" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1045,18 +1133,18 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Portuguese Armed Forces: Portuguese Army (Exercito Portuguesa), Portuguese Navy (Marinha Portuguesa; includes Marine Corps), Portuguese Air Force (Forca Aerea Portuguesa, FAP); Portuguese National Republican Guard (Guarda Nacional Republicana, GNR) (2021)", - "note": "

note: the GNR is a national gendarmerie force comprised of military personnel with law enforcement, internal security, civil defense, disaster response, and coast guard duties; it is responsible to the Minister of Internal Administration and to the Minister of National Defense; in the event of war or crisis, it may be placed under the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces" + "text": "Portuguese Armed Forces: Portuguese Army (Exercito Portuguesa), Portuguese Navy (Marinha Portuguesa; includes Marine Corps), Portuguese Air Force (Forca Aerea Portuguesa, FAP); Portuguese National Republican Guard (Guarda Nacional Republicana, GNR) (2021)

note: the GNR is a national gendarmerie force comprised of military personnel with law enforcement, internal security, civil defense, disaster response, and coast guard duties; it is responsible to the Minister of Internal Administration and to the Minister of National Defense; in the event of war or crisis, it may be placed under the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces", + "note": "note: the GNR is a national gendarmerie force comprised of military personnel with law enforcement, internal security, civil defense, disaster response, and coast guard duties; it is responsible to the Minister of Internal Administration and to the Minister of National Defense; in the event of war or crisis, it may be placed under the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "1.63% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "1.59% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "1.39% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "1.38% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "1.35% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "1.34% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "1.24% of GDP (2017)" @@ -1066,16 +1154,16 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Portuguese Armed Forces have approximately 28,000 active duty personnel (14,500 Army; 7,500 Navy; 6,000 Air Force); 24,500 National Republican Guard (military personnel) (2020)" + "text": "the Portuguese Armed Forces have approximately 28,000 active duty personnel (14,500 Army; 7,500 Navy, inc about 1,000 marines; 6,000 Air Force); 24,500 National Republican Guard (military personnel) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Portuguese Armed Forces inventory includes mostly European and US-origin weapons systems along with a smaller mix of domestically-produced equipment; since 2010, Germany and the US are the leading suppliers of armaments to Portugal; Portugal's defense industry is primarily focused on shipbuilding (2019)" + "text": "the Portuguese Armed Forces inventory includes mostly European and US-origin weapons systems along with a smaller mix of domestically-produced equipment; since 2010, Germany and the US are the leading suppliers of armaments to Portugal; Portugal's defense industry is primarily focused on shipbuilding (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "190 Afghanistan (NATO); 200 Central African Republic (MINUSCA/EUTM); up to 120 Baltic States (NATO) (2020)" + "text": "175 Afghanistan (NATO); 200 Central African Republic (MINUSCA/EUTM); up to 120 Baltic States (NATO) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-30 years of age for voluntary or contract military service; no compulsory military service, but conscription possible if insufficient volunteers available; women serve in the armed forces, on naval ships since 1992, but are prohibited from serving in some combatant specialties; contract service lasts for an initial period from two to six years, and can be extended to a maximum of 20 years of service. Voluntary military service lasts 12 months; reserve obligation to age 35 (2017)" + "text": "18-30 years of age for voluntary or contract military service; no compulsory military service (abolished 2004), but conscription possible if insufficient volunteers available; women serve in the armed forces, on naval ships since 1992, but are prohibited from serving in some combatant specialties; contract service lasts for an initial period from two to six years, and can be extended to a maximum of 20 years of service. Voluntary military service lasts 12 months; reserve obligation to age 35 (2019)" } }, "Terrorism": { diff --git a/europe/ri.json b/europe/ri.json index 33d5c012..fd3c2182 100644 --- a/europe/ri.json +++ b/europe/ri.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "442 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Midzor 2,169 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Danube and Timok Rivers 35 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Midzor 2,169 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "442 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,25 +91,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "destructive earthquakes" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube; inadequate management of domestic, industrial, and hazardous waste" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "6,974,289 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: does not include the population of Kosovo

" + "text": "6,974,289 (July 2021 est.)

note: does not include the population of Kosovo", + "note": "note: does not include the population of Kosovo" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -120,16 +109,16 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Serb 83.3%, Hungarian 3.5%, Romani 2.1%, Bosniak 2%, other 5.7%, undeclared or unknown 3.4% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Serbia's population

" + "text": "Serb 83.3%, Hungarian 3.5%, Romani 2.1%, Bosniak 2%, other 5.7%, undeclared or unknown 3.4% (2011 est.)

note: most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Serbia's population", + "note": "note: most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Serbia's population" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Serbian (official) 88.1%, Hungarian 3.4%, Bosnian 1.9%, Romani 1.4%, other 3.4%, undeclared or unknown 1.8% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Croatian, and Ruthenian (Rusyn) are official in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina; most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census

" + "text": "Serbian (official) 88.1%, Hungarian 3.4%, Bosnian 1.9%, Romani 1.4%, other 3.4%, undeclared or unknown 1.8% (2011 est.)

note: Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Croatian, and Ruthenian (Rusyn) are official in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina; most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census", + "note": "note: Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Croatian, and Ruthenian (Rusyn) are official in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina; most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Orthodox 84.6%, Catholic 5%, Muslim 3.1%, Protestant 1%, atheist 1.1%, other 0.8% (includes agnostics, other Christians, Eastern, Jewish), undeclared or unknown 4.5% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census

" + "text": "Orthodox 84.6%, Catholic 5%, Muslim 3.1%, Protestant 1%, atheist 1.1%, other 0.8% (includes agnostics, other Christians, Eastern, Jewish), undeclared or unknown 4.5% (2011 est.)

note: most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census", + "note": "note: most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -161,7 +150,7 @@ "potential support ratio": { "text": "3.4 (2020 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data include Kosovo

" + "note": "note: data include Kosovo" }, "Median age": { "total": { @@ -191,12 +180,12 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "56.4% of total population (2020)" + "text": "56.7% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-0.07% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data include Kosovo

" + "note": "note: data include Kosovo" }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "1.402 million BELGRADE (capital) (2021)" @@ -225,8 +214,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "28.4 years (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: data do not cover Kosovo or Metohija

" + "text": "28.4 years (2017 est.)

note: data do not cover Kosovo or Metohija", + "note": "note: data do not cover Kosovo or Metohija" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "12 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -329,7 +318,7 @@ "text": "21.5% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "1.8% (2014)" + "text": "1% (2019)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "3.6% of GDP (2018)" @@ -361,13 +350,112 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "29.7%" + "text": "27.5%" }, "male": { - "text": "28.3%" + "text": "26.1%" }, "female": { - "text": "32% (2018 est.)" + "text": "29.9% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube; inadequate management of domestic, industrial, and hazardous waste" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "24.27 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "45.22 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "11.96 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "659.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "4.057 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "660.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "162.2 billion cubic meters (note - includes Kosovo) (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well-distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "57.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 37.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 3.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 16.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "31.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "10.5% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.38% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.25% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "56.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data include Kosovo" + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "intermediate (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1.84 million tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "13,984 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "0.8% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -408,11 +496,11 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: the Serbian \"Beograd\" means \"white fortress\" or \"white city\" and dates back to the 9th century; the name derives from the white fortress wall that once enclosed the city" + "note": "etymology: the Serbian \"Beograd\" means \"white fortress\" or \"white city\" and dates back to the 9th century; the name derives from the white fortress wall that once enclosed the city" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "

119 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina) and 26 cities (gradovi, singular - grad)

municipalities: Ada*, Aleksandrovac, Aleksinac, Alibunar*, Apatin*, Arandelovac, Arilje, Babusnica, Bac*, Backa Palanka*, Backa Topola*, Backi Petrovac*, Bajina Basta, Batocina, Becej*, Bela Crkva*, Bela Palanka, Beocin*, Blace, Bogatic, Bojnik, Boljevac, Bor, Bosilegrad, Brus, Bujanovac, Cajetina, Cicevac, Coka*, Crna Trava, Cuprija, Despotovac, Dimitrov, Doljevac, Gadzin Han, Golubac, Gornji Milanovac, Indija*, Irig*, Ivanjica, Kanjiza*, Kladovo, Knic, Knjazevac, Koceljeva, Kosjeric, Kovacica*, Kovin*, Krupanj, Kucevo, Kula*, Kursumlija, Lajkovac, Lapovo, Lebane, Ljig, Ljubovija, Lucani, Majdanpek, Mali Idos*, Mali Zvornik, Malo Crnice, Medveda, Merosina, Mionica, Negotin, Nova Crnja*, Nova Varos, Novi Becej*, Novi Knezevac*, Odzaci*, Opovo*, Osecina, Paracin, Pecinci*, Petrovac na Mlavi, Plandiste*, Pozega, Presevo, Priboj, Prijepolje, Prokuplje, Raca, Raska, Razanj, Rekovac, Ruma*, Secanj*, Senta*, Sid*, Sjenica, Smederevska Palanka, Sokobanja, Srbobran*, Sremski Karlovci*, Stara Pazova*, Surdulica, Svilajnac, Svrljig, Temerin*, Titel*, Topola, Trgoviste, Trstenik, Tutin, Ub, Varvarin, Velika Plana, Veliko Gradiste, Vladicin Han, Vladimirci, Vlasotince, Vrbas*, Vrnjacka Banja, Zabalj*, Zabari, Zagubica, Zitiste*, Zitorada;

cities: Beograd, Cacak, Jagodina, Kikinda*, Kragujevac, Kraljevo, Krusevac, Leskovac, Loznica, Nis, Novi Pazar, Novi Sad*, Pancevo*, Pirot, Pozarevac, Sabac, Smederevo, Sombor*, Sremska Mitrovica*, Subotica*, Uzice, Valjevo, Vranje, Vrsac*, Zajecar, Zrenjanin*

", - "note": "

note: the northern 37 municipalities and 8 cities - about 28% of Serbia's area - compose the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina and are indicated with *

" + "text": "

119 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina) and 26 cities (gradovi, singular - grad)

municipalities: Ada*, Aleksandrovac, Aleksinac, Alibunar*, Apatin*, Arandelovac, Arilje, Babusnica, Bac*, Backa Palanka*, Backa Topola*, Backi Petrovac*, Bajina Basta, Batocina, Becej*, Bela Crkva*, Bela Palanka, Beocin*, Blace, Bogatic, Bojnik, Boljevac, Bor, Bosilegrad, Brus, Bujanovac, Cajetina, Cicevac, Coka*, Crna Trava, Cuprija, Despotovac, Dimitrov, Doljevac, Gadzin Han, Golubac, Gornji Milanovac, Indija*, Irig*, Ivanjica, Kanjiza*, Kladovo, Knic, Knjazevac, Koceljeva, Kosjeric, Kovacica*, Kovin*, Krupanj, Kucevo, Kula*, Kursumlija, Lajkovac, Lapovo, Lebane, Ljig, Ljubovija, Lucani, Majdanpek, Mali Idos*, Mali Zvornik, Malo Crnice, Medveda, Merosina, Mionica, Negotin, Nova Crnja*, Nova Varos, Novi Becej*, Novi Knezevac*, Odzaci*, Opovo*, Osecina, Paracin, Pecinci*, Petrovac na Mlavi, Plandiste*, Pozega, Presevo, Priboj, Prijepolje, Prokuplje, Raca, Raska, Razanj, Rekovac, Ruma*, Secanj*, Senta*, Sid*, Sjenica, Smederevska Palanka, Sokobanja, Srbobran*, Sremski Karlovci*, Stara Pazova*, Surdulica, Svilajnac, Svrljig, Temerin*, Titel*, Topola, Trgoviste, Trstenik, Tutin, Ub, Varvarin, Velika Plana, Veliko Gradiste, Vladicin Han, Vladimirci, Vlasotince, Vrbas*, Vrnjacka Banja, Zabalj*, Zabari, Zagubica, Zitiste*, Zitorada;

cities: Beograd, Cacak, Jagodina, Kikinda*, Kragujevac, Kraljevo, Krusevac, Leskovac, Loznica, Nis, Novi Pazar, Novi Sad*, Pancevo*, Pirot, Pozarevac, Sabac, Smederevo, Sombor*, Sremska Mitrovica*, Subotica*, Uzice, Valjevo, Vranje, Vrsac*, Zajecar, Zrenjanin*



note: the northern 37 municipalities and 8 cities - about 28% of Serbia's area - compose the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina and are indicated with *", + "note": "note: the northern 37 municipalities and 8 cities - about 28% of Serbia's area - compose the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina and are indicated with *" }, "Independence": { "text": "5 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro); notable earlier dates: 1217 (Serbian Kingdom established); 16 April 1346 (Serbian Empire established); 13 July 1878 (Congress of Berlin recognizes Serbian independence); 1 December 1918 (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) established)" @@ -478,7 +566,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "percent of vote by party/coalition - For Our Children 60.7%, SPS-JS 10.4%, SPAS 3.8%, SVM 2.2%, Straight Ahead 1%, Albanian Democratic Alternative .8%, SDA .8%, other 20.3%; seats by party/coalition For Our Children 188, SPS-JS 32, SPAS 11, SVM 9, Straight Ahead 4, Albanian Democratic Alternative 3, SDA 3; composition (preliminary) -  men 165, women 85, percent of women 30%" }, - "note": "

note: seats by party as of May 2019  - SNS 91, SRS 22, SPS 20, DS 13, SDPS 10, PUPS 9, Dveri 6, JS 6, LDP 4, SDS 4, SVM 4, other 36, independent 25; composition - men 157, women 93, percent of women 37.2%

" + "note": "note: seats by party as of May 2019  - SNS 91, SRS 22, SPS 20, DS 13, SDPS 10, PUPS 9, Dveri 6, JS 6, LDP 4, SDS 4, SVM 4, other 36, independent 25; composition - men 157, women 93, percent of women 37.2%" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -492,15 +580,15 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Albanian Democratic Alternative (coalition of ethnic Albanian parties) Shaip KAMBERI
Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM [Istvan PASZTOR]
Democratic Party or DS [Zoran LUTOVAC]
Democratic Party of Macedonians or DPM [Nenad KRSTESKI]
Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS [Milos JOVANOVIC]
Dveri [Bosko OBRADOVIC]
For Our Children (electoral alliance includes SNS, SDP, PS, PUPS, PSS, SNP, SPO, NSS) [Aleksandar VUCIC]
Justice and Reconciliation Party or SPP [Muamer ZUKORLIC] (formerly Bosniak Democratic Union of Sandzak or BDZS)
Movement of Socialists or PS [Aleksandar VULIN]
Party of Democratic Action of the Sandzak or SDA [Sulejman UGLJANIN]
Party of United Pensioners of Serbia or PUPS [Milan KRKOBABIC]
People's Party or NARODNA [Vuk JEREMIC]
People's Peasant Party or NSS [Marijan RISTICEVIC]
Serbian Patriotic Alliance or SPAS [Aleksandar SAPIC]
Serbian People's Party or SNP [Nenad POPOVIC]
Serbian Progressive Party or SNS [Aleksandar VUCIC]
Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Vojislav SESELJ]
Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC]
Social Democratic Party or SDS [Boris TADIC]
Social Democratic Party of Serbia or SDPS [Rasim LJAJIC]
Socialist Party of Serbia or SPS [Ivica DACIC]
Straight Ahead (electoral coalition includes SPP, DPM)
Strength of Serbia or PSS [Bogoljub KARIC]
Together for Serbia or ZZS [Nebojsa ZELENOVIC]
United Serbia or JS [Dragan MARKOVIC]", - "note": "

note: Serbia has more than 110 registered political parties and citizens' associations

" + "text": "Albanian Democratic Alternative (coalition of ethnic Albanian parties) Shaip KAMBERI
Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM [Istvan PASZTOR]
Democratic Party or DS [Zoran LUTOVAC]
Democratic Party of Macedonians or DPM [Nenad KRSTESKI]
Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS [Milos JOVANOVIC]
Dveri [Bosko OBRADOVIC]
For Our Children (electoral alliance includes SNS, PS, PUPS, PSS, SNP, SPO, NSS) [Aleksandar VUCIC]
Justice and Reconciliation Party or SPP [Muamer ZUKORLIC] (formerly Bosniak Democratic Union of Sandzak or BDZS)
Movement of Socialists or PS [Aleksandar VULIN]
Party of Democratic Action of the Sandzak or SDA [Sulejman UGLJANIN]
Party of United Pensioners of Serbia or PUPS [Milan KRKOBABIC]
People's Party or NARODNA [Vuk JEREMIC]
People's Peasant Party or NSS [Marijan RISTICEVIC]
Serbian Patriotic Alliance or SPAS [Aleksandar SAPIC]
Serbian People's Party or SNP [Nenad POPOVIC]
Serbian Progressive Party or SNS [Aleksandar VUCIC]
Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Vojislav SESELJ]
Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC]
Social Democratic Party or SDS [Boris TADIC]
Social Democratic Party of Serbia or SDPS [Rasim LJAJIC]
Socialist Party of Serbia or SPS [Ivica DACIC]
Straight Ahead (electoral coalition includes SPP, DPM)
Strength of Serbia or PSS [Bogoljub KARIC]
Together for Serbia or ZZS [Nebojsa ZELENOVIC]
United Serbia or JS [Dragan MARKOVIC]

note: Serbia has more than 110 registered political parties and citizens' associations", + "note": "note: Serbia has more than 110 registered political parties and citizens' associations" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "BIS, BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU (candidate country), FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Djerdj MATKOVIC (since 23 February 2015)" + "text": "Ambassador Marko DJURIC (since 18 January 2021)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2233 Wisconsin Ave NW, #410, Washington, DC 20007" @@ -533,8 +621,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal horizontal stripes of red (top), blue, and white - the Pan-Slav colors representing freedom and revolutionary ideals; charged with the coat of arms of Serbia shifted slightly to the hoist side; the principal field of the coat of arms represents the Serbian state and displays a white two-headed eagle on a red shield; a smaller red shield on the eagle represents the Serbian nation, and is divided into four quarters by a white cross; interpretations vary as to the meaning and origin of the white, curved symbols resembling firesteels (fire strikers) or Cyrillic \"C's\" in each quarter; a royal crown surmounts the coat of arms", - "note": "

note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia

" + "text": "three equal horizontal stripes of red (top), blue, and white - the Pan-Slav colors representing freedom and revolutionary ideals; charged with the coat of arms of Serbia shifted slightly to the hoist side; the principal field of the coat of arms represents the Serbian state and displays a white two-headed eagle on a red shield; a smaller red shield on the eagle represents the Serbian nation, and is divided into four quarters by a white cross; interpretations vary as to the meaning and origin of the white, curved symbols resembling firesteels (fire strikers) or Cyrillic \"C's\" in each quarter; a royal crown surmounts the coat of arms

note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia", + "note": "note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "white double-headed eagle; national colors: red, blue, white" @@ -546,7 +634,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Jovan DORDEVIC/Davorin JENKO" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1904; song originally written as part of a play in 1872 and has been used as an anthem by the Serbian people throughout the 20th and 21st centuries

" + "note": "note: adopted 1904; song originally written as part of a play in 1872 and has been used as an anthem by the Serbian people throughout the 20th and 21st centuries" } }, "Economy": { @@ -596,7 +684,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$116.239 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$51.449 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -611,7 +699,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$16,556 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -656,8 +744,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "75.7 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "89.3 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "96.6 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "63.1 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -692,7 +789,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "8.9% (2014 est.)" + "text": "23.2% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -717,7 +814,7 @@ "expenditures": { "text": "17.59 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data include both central government and local goverment budgets

" + "note": "note: data include both central government and local goverment budgets" }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "42.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" @@ -750,10 +847,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Italy 13.5%, Germany 12.8%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 8.2%, Russia 6%, Romania 4.9% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 12%, Italy 10%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 7%, Romania 6%, Russia 5%  (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "automobiles, iron and steel, rubber, clothes, wheat, fruit and vegetables, nonferrous metals, electric appliances, metal products, weapons and ammunition" + "text": "insulated wiring, tires, corn, cars, iron products, copper (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -764,10 +861,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 12.7%, Italy 10%, China 8.2%, Russia 7.3%, Hungary 4.9%, Poland 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 13%, Russia 9%, Italy 8%, Hungary 6%, China 5%, Turkey 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials" + "text": "crude petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, natural gas, refined petroleum (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -877,9 +974,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "48.14 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "50.21 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -909,7 +1003,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 381" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Internet country code": { "text": ".rs" @@ -947,7 +1041,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "YU (2016)" + "text": "YU" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1021,10 +1115,13 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Serbian Armed Forces (Vojska Srbije, VS): Land Forces (includes Riverine Component, consisting of a river flotilla on the Danube), Air and Air Defense Forces, Serbian Guard; Ministry of Interior: Gendarmerie (2019)", - "note": "

note: the Guard is a brigade-sized unit that is directly subordinate to the Serbian Armed Forces Chief of General Staff" + "text": "Serbian Armed Forces (Vojska Srbije, VS): Land Forces (includes Riverine Component, consisting of a river flotilla on the Danube), Air and Air Defense Forces, Serbian Guard; Ministry of Interior: Gendarmerie (2021)

note: the Guard is a brigade-sized unit that is directly subordinate to the Serbian Armed Forces Chief of General Staff", + "note": "note: the Guard is a brigade-sized unit that is directly subordinate to the Serbian Armed Forces Chief of General Staff" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2020": { + "text": "2.4% of GDP (2020 est.)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "2.2% of GDP (2019)" }, @@ -1036,22 +1133,19 @@ }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "1.7% of GDP (2016)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "1.8% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "size estimates for the Serbian Armed Forces vary; approximately 25,000 active duty troops (13,500 Land Forces; 5,000 Air/Air Defense; 1,500 Guards Brigade; 5,000 other, including training, logistics, intelligence, medical, and other support staff) (2019 est.)" + "text": "size estimates for the Serbian Armed Forces vary; approximately 20,000 active duty troops (13,500 Land Forces; 5,000 Air/Air Defense; 1,500 Guards Brigade) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of the Serbian Armed Forces consists of Russian and Soviet-era weapons systems; since 2010, most of its weapons imports have come from Russia, but it has also received equipment from Belarus (second-hand aircraft), Germany, Montenegro (second-hand aircraft), and the US (2019)" + "text": "the inventory of the Serbian Armed Forces consists of Russian and Soviet-era weapons systems; since 2010, most of its weapons imports have come from Russia (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "175 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2020)" + "text": "200 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (March 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished December 2010 (2019)" + "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished January 2011 (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1068,7 +1162,7 @@ "stateless persons": { "text": "1,951 (includes stateless persons in Kosovo) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: 754,622 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2021); Serbia is predominantly a transit country and hosts an estimated 6,304 migrants and asylum seekers as of the end of May 2020

" + "note": "note: 765,164 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-May 2021); Serbia is predominantly a transit country and hosts an estimated 5,450 migrants and asylum seekers as of March 2021" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route; economy vulnerable to money laundering" diff --git a/europe/ro.json b/europe/ro.json index 7126ef16..e6eae85b 100644 --- a/europe/ro.json +++ b/europe/ro.json @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "414 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Moldoveanu 2,544 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Black Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Moldoveanu 2,544 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "414 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,17 +102,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "soil erosion, degradation, and desertification; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "controls the most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine; the Carpathian Mountains dominate the center of the country, while the Danube River forms much of the southern boundary with Serbia and Bulgaria" } @@ -130,8 +119,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Romanian 83.4%, Hungarian 6.1%, Romani 3.1%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.2%, other 0.7%, unspecified 6.1% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Romania's population

" + "text": "Romanian 83.4%, Hungarian 6.1%, Romani 3.1%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.2%, other 0.7%, unspecified 6.1% (2011 est.)

note: Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Romania's population", + "note": "note: Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Romania's population" }, "Languages": { "text": "Romanian (official) 85.4%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 1%, unspecified 6.1% (2011 est.)" @@ -198,10 +187,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "54.2% of total population (2020)" + "text": "54.3% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-0.38% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "-0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -352,13 +341,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "16.2%" + "text": "16.8%" }, "male": { "text": "16.3%" }, "female": { - "text": "16.2% (2018 est.)" + "text": "17.5% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "soil erosion, degradation, and desertification; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "14.29 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "69.26 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "27.62 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "1.048 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "4.234 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.491 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "212.01 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "60.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 39.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 19.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "28.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "10.6% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.16% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "54.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "-0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "4.895 million tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "277,547 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "5.7% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -399,7 +478,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: related to the Romanian word \"bucura\" that is believed to be of Dacian origin and whose meaning is \"to be glad (happy)\"; Bucharest's meaning is thus akin to \"city of joy\"" + "note": "etymology: related to the Romanian word \"bucura\" that is believed to be of Dacian origin and whose meaning is \"to be glad (happy)\"; Bucharest's meaning is thus akin to \"city of joy\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea" @@ -415,7 +494,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991" }, "amendments": { - "text": "initiated by the president of Romania through a proposal by the government, by at least one fourth of deputies or senators in Parliament, or by petition of eligible voters representing at least half of Romania’s counties; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers or – if mediation is required - by three-fourths majority vote in a joint session, followed by approval in a referendum; articles, including those on national sovereignty, form of government, political pluralism, and fundamental rights and freedoms, cannot be amended; amended 2003" + "text": "initiated by the president of Romania through a proposal by the government, by at least one fourth of deputies or senators in Parliament, or by petition of eligible voters representing at least half of Romania’s counties; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers or – if mediation is required - by three-fourths majority vote in a joint session, followed by approval in a referendum; articles, including those on national sovereignty, form of government, political pluralism, and fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended 2003" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -481,7 +560,7 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "2020 USR-PLUS Alliance [Dan BARNA and Dacian CIOLOS]
Alliance for the Unity of Romanians {George SIMION and Claudiu TARZIU]
Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD [Aurelian PAVELESCU]
Civic Hungarian Party [Zsolt BIRO]
Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Hunor KELEMEN]
Ecologist Party of Romania or PER [Danut POP]
Greater Romania Party or PRM [Adrian POPESCU]
M10 Party [Ioana CONSTANTIN]
National Liberal Party or PNL [Ludovic ORBAN]
New Romania Party or PNR [Sebastian POPESCU]
Our Romania Alliance [Marian MUNTEANU]
Party of Liberty, Unity, and Solidarity or PLUS [Dacian CIOLOS]
Party of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats or ALDE [Calin POPESCU TARICEANU]
Popular Movement Party or PMP [Traian BASESCU]
Romanian Social Party or PSRo [Mircea GEOANA]
Save Romania Union Party or Partidul USR [Dan BARNA]
Social Democratic Party or PSD [Marcel CIOLACU]
United Romania Party or PRU [Robert BUGA]" + "text": "2020 USR-PLUS Alliance [Dan BARNA and Dacian CIOLOS]
Alliance for the Unity of Romanians [George SIMION and Claudiu TARZIU]
Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD [Aurelian PAVELESCU]
Civic Hungarian Party [Zsolt BIRO]
Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Hunor KELEMEN]
Ecologist Party of Romania or PER [Danut POP]
Greater Romania Party or PRM [Adrian POPESCU]
M10 Party [Ioana CONSTANTIN]
National Liberal Party or PNL [Ludovic ORBAN]
New Romania Party or PNR [Sebastian POPESCU]
Our Romania Alliance [Marian MUNTEANU]
Party of Liberty, Unity, and Solidarity or PLUS [Dacian CIOLOS]
Party of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats or ALDE [Calin POPESCU TARICEANU]
Popular Movement Party or PMP [Traian BASESCU]
Romanian Social Party or PSRo [Mircea GEOANA]
Save Romania Union Party or Partidul USR [Dan BARNA]
Social Democratic Party or PSD [Marcel CIOLACU]
United Romania Party or PRU [Robert BUGA]" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" @@ -521,8 +600,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal vertical bands of cobalt blue (hoist side), chrome yellow, and vermilion red; modeled after the flag of France, the colors are those of the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romania; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed", - "note": "

note: now similar to the flag of Chad, whose blue band is darker; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova

" + "text": "three equal vertical bands of cobalt blue (hoist side), chrome yellow, and vermilion red; modeled after the flag of France, the colors are those of the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romania; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed

note: now similar to the flag of Chad, whose blue band is darker; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova", + "note": "note: now similar to the flag of Chad, whose blue band is darker; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "golden eagle; national colors: blue, yellow, red" @@ -534,7 +613,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1990; the anthem was written during the 1848 Revolution

" + "note": "note: adopted 1990; the anthem was written during the 1848 Revolution" } }, "Economy": { @@ -584,7 +663,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$532.611 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$249.543 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -599,7 +678,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$27,192 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -644,8 +723,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "73.3 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "87.7 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "100 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "72.2 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -680,7 +768,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "22.4% (2012 est.)" + "text": "23.8% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -719,7 +807,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "38.8% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds

" + "note": "note: defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -744,10 +832,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 23%, Italy 11.2%, France 6.8%, Hungary 4.7%, UK 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 22%, Italy 10%, France 7% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, other manufactured goods, agricultural products and foodstuffs, metals and metal products, chemicals, minerals and fuels, raw materials" + "text": "cars and vehicle parts, insulated wiring, refined petroleum, electrical control boards, seats (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -761,10 +849,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 20%, Italy 10%, Hungary 7.5%, Poland 5.5%, France 5.3%, China 5%, Netherlands 4% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 19%, Italy 9%, Hungary 7%, Poland 6%, China 5%, France 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, other manufactured goods, chemicals, agricultural products and foodstuffs, fuels and minerals, metals and metal products, raw materials" + "text": "cars and vehicle parts, crude petroleum, packaged medicines, insulated wiring, broadcasting equipment (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -874,9 +962,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "105.5 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "72.07 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -906,7 +991,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 40; landing point for the Diamond Link Global submarine cable linking Romania with Georgia; satellite earth stations - 10; digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "a mixture of public and private TV stations; there are 7 public TV stations (2 national, 5 regional) using terrestrial broadcasting and 187 private TV stations (out of which 171 offer local coverage) using terrestrial broadcasting, plus 11 public TV stations using satellite broadcasting and 86 private TV stations using satellite broadcasting; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks and regional and local stations, having in total 20 public radio stations by terrestrial broadcasting plus 4 public radio stations by satellite broadcasting; there are 502 operational private radio stations using terrestrial broadcasting and 26 private radio stations using satellite broadcasting" @@ -947,7 +1032,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "YR (2016)" + "text": "YR" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1039,32 +1124,32 @@ }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "2.38% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "2.07% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "1.84% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "1.8% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "1.81% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "1.72% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "1.4% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "1.41% of GDP (2016)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Romanian Armed Forces have approximately 65,000 active duty personnel (48,000 Land Forces; 7,000 Naval Forces; 10,000 Air Force; note: some personnel are considered joint service) (2020)" + "text": "the Romanian Armed Forces have approximately 65,000 active duty personnel (48,000 Land Forces; 7,000 Naval Forces; 10,000 Air Force; note - some personnel are considered joint service) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of the Romanian Armed Forces is comprised mostly of Soviet-era and older domestically-produced weapons systems; there is also a smaller mix of Western-origin equipment; Italy, Portugal (second-hand fighter aircraft), and the US are the leading suppliers of armaments to Romania since 2010 (2019)" + "text": "the inventory of the Romanian Armed Forces is comprised mostly of Soviet-era and older domestically-produced weapons systems; there is also a smaller mix of Western-origin equipment; Italy, Portugal (second-hand fighter aircraft), and the US are the leading suppliers of armaments to Romania since 2010 (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "740 Afghanistan (NATO); 240 Mali (MINUSMA/EUTM); up to 120 Poland (NATO) (2020)" + "text": "620 Afghanistan (NATO); up to 120 Poland (NATO) (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "conscription ended 2006; 18 years of age for male and female voluntary service; all military inductees (including women) contract for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive 3-year terms until age 36 (2015)" + "text": "conscription ended 2006; 18 years of age for male and female voluntary service; all military inductees (including women) contract for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive 3-year terms until age 36 (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1075,7 +1160,7 @@ "stateless persons": { "text": "192 (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: 6,838 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2021)" + "note": "note: 7,439 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-April 2021)" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route and small amounts of Latin American cocaine bound for Western Europe; although not a significant financial center, role as a narcotics conduit leaves it vulnerable to laundering, which occurs via the banking system, currency exchange houses, and casinos" diff --git a/europe/si.json b/europe/si.json index 120cb039..e5a48842 100644 --- a/europe/si.json +++ b/europe/si.json @@ -51,14 +51,14 @@ "text": "a short southwestern coastal strip of Karst topography on the Adriatic; an alpine mountain region lies adjacent to Italy and Austria in the north; mixed mountains and valleys with numerous rivers to the east" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "492 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Triglav 2,864 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Adriatic Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Triglav 2,864 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "492 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -93,17 +93,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "flooding; earthquakes" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution from road traffic, domestic heating (wood buring), power generation, and industry; water pollution; biodiversity protection" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "despite its small size, this eastern Alpine country controls some of Europe's major transit routes" } @@ -188,10 +177,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "55.1% of total population (2020)" + "text": "55.4% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.56% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.54% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -342,13 +331,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "8.8%" + "text": "8.1%" }, "male": { - "text": "8.3%" + "text": "7.4%" }, "female": { - "text": "9.6% (2018 est.)" + "text": "9.2% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution from road traffic, domestic heating (wood buring), power generation, and industry; water pollution; biodiversity protection" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "15.81 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "12.63 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "2.1 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "169.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "758 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "3.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "31.87 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "22.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 8.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 13.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "62.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "14.9% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.2% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "55.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.54% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "926,000 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "430,034 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "46.4% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -389,7 +468,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: likely related to the Slavic root \"ljub\", meaning \"to like\" or \"to love\"; by tradition, the name is related to the Slovene word \"ljubljena\" meaning \"beloved\"" + "note": "etymology: likely related to the Slavic root \"ljub\", meaning \"to like\" or \"to love\"; by tradition, the name is related to the Slovene word \"ljubljena\" meaning \"beloved\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "

201 municipalities (obcine, singular - obcina) and 11 urban municipalities (mestne obcine, singular - mestna obcina)

municipalities: Ajdovscina, Ankaran, Apace, Beltinci, Benedikt, Bistrica ob Sotli, Bled, Bloke, Bohinj, Borovnica, Bovec, Braslovce, Brda, Brezice, Brezovica, Cankova, Cerklje na Gorenjskem, Cerknica, Cerkno, Cerkvenjak, Cirkulane, Crensovci, Crna na Koroskem, Crnomelj, Destrnik, Divaca, Dobje, Dobrepolje, Dobrna, Dobrova-Polhov Gradec, Dobrovnik/Dobronak, Dolenjske Toplice, Dol pri Ljubljani, Domzale, Dornava, Dravograd, Duplek, Gorenja Vas-Poljane, Gorisnica, Gorje, Gornja Radgona, Gornji Grad, Gornji Petrovci, Grad, Grosuplje, Hajdina, Hoce-Slivnica, Hodos, Horjul, Hrastnik, Hrpelje-Kozina, Idrija, Ig, Ilirska Bistrica, Ivancna Gorica, Izola/Isola, Jesenice, Jezersko, Jursinci, Kamnik, Kanal, Kidricevo, Kobarid, Kobilje, Kocevje, Komen, Komenda, Kosanjevica na Krki, Kostel, Kozje, Kranjska Gora, Krizevci, Krsko, Kungota, Kuzma, Lasko, Lenart, Lendava/Lendva, Litija, Ljubno, Ljutomer, Log-Dragomer, Logatec, Loska Dolina, Loski Potok, Lovrenc na Pohorju, Luce, Lukovica,

Majsperk, Makole, Markovci, Medvode, Menges, Metlika, Mezica, Miklavz na Dravskem Polju, Miren-Kostanjevica, Mirna, Mirna Pec, Mislinja, Mokronog-Trebelno, Moravce, Moravske Toplice, Mozirje, Muta, Naklo, Nazarje, Odranci, Oplotnica, Ormoz, Osilnica, Pesnica, Piran/Pirano, Pivka, Podcetrtek, Podlehnik, Podvelka, Poljcane, Polzela, Postojna, Prebold, Preddvor, Prevalje, Puconci, Race-Fram, Radece, Radenci, Radlje ob Dravi, Radovljica, Ravne na Koroskem, Razkrizje, Recica ob Savinji, Rence-Vogrsko, Ribnica, Ribnica na Pohorju, Rogaska Slatina, Rogasovci, Rogatec, Ruse, Selnica ob Dravi, Semic, Sevnica, Sezana, Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenske Konjice, Sodrazica, Solcava, Sredisce ob Dravi, Starse, Straza, Sveta Ana, Sveta Trojica v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Andraz v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Jurij ob Scavnici, Sveti Jurij v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Tomaz, Salovci, Sempeter-Vrtojba, Sencur, Sentilj, Sentjernej, Sentjur, Sentrupert, Skocjan, Skofja Loka, Skofljica, Smarje pri Jelsah, Smarjeske Toplice, Smartno ob Paki, Smartno pri Litiji, Sostanj, Store, Tabor, Tisina, Tolmin, Trbovlje, Trebnje, Trnovska Vas, Trzic, Trzin, Turnisce, Velika Polana, Velike Lasce, Verzej, Videm, Vipava, Vitanje, Vodice, Vojnik, Vransko, Vrhnika, Vuzenica, Zagorje ob Savi, Zalec, Zavrc, Zelezniki, Zetale, Ziri, Zirovnica, Zrece, Zuzemberk

urban municipalities: Celje, Koper-Capodistria, Kranj, Ljubljana, Maribor, Murska Sobota, Nova Gorica, Novo Mesto, Ptuj, Slovenj Gradec, Velenje

" @@ -405,7 +484,7 @@ "text": "previous 1974 (preindependence); latest passed by Parliament 23 December 1991" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by at least 20 National Assembly members, by the government, or by petition of at least 30,000 voters; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; referendum required if agreed upon by at least 30 Assembly members; passage in a referendum requires participation of a majority of eligible voters and a simple majority of votes cast; amended several times, last in 2015" + "text": "proposed by at least 20 National Assembly members, by the government, or by petition of at least 30,000 voters; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; referendum required if agreed upon by at least 30 Assembly members; passage in a referendum requires participation of a majority of eligible voters and a simple majority of votes cast; amended several times, last in 2016" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -478,7 +557,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Stanislav VIDOVIC (since 21 July 2017)" + "text": "Ambassador Tone KAJZER (since 23 December 2020)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2410 California Street NW, Washington, DC 20008" @@ -523,7 +602,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "France PRESEREN/Stanko PREMRL" }, - "note": "

note: adopted in 1989 while still part of Yugoslavia; originally written in 1848; the full poem, whose seventh verse is used as the anthem, speaks of pan-Slavic nationalism

" + "note": "note: adopted in 1989 while still part of Yugoslavia; originally written in 1848; the full poem, whose seventh verse is used as the anthem, speaks of pan-Slavic nationalism" } }, "Economy": { @@ -573,7 +652,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$75.773 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$54.16 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -588,7 +667,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$36,670 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -633,8 +712,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "100.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "76.5 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "93 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "100 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "54.8 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -669,7 +757,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "13.9% (2016 est.)" + "text": "12% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -708,7 +796,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "78.6% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the central, state, local government, and social security funds

" + "note": "note: defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the central, state, local government, and social security funds" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -733,10 +821,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 18.9%, Italy 10.7%, Austria 7.4%, Croatia 7.1%, France 4.8%, Poland 4.2%, Hungary 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 18%, Italy 11%, Croatia 8%, Austria 7%, France 5%, Switzerland 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food" + "text": "packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, electrical lighting/signaling equipment, electricity (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -750,10 +838,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 16.5%, Italy 13.5%, Austria 9.3%, Turkey 5.8%, Croatia 4.8%, China 4.5% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 14%, Italy 12%, Austria 8%, Switzerland 8%, China 7% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, chemicals, fuels and lubricants, food" + "text": "packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, delivery trucks, electricity (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -863,9 +951,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "NA cu m (2017 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "14.37 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -895,7 +980,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 386 (2016)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "public TV broadcaster, Radiotelevizija Slovenija (RTV), operates a system of national and regional TV stations; 35 domestic commercial TV stations operating nationally, regionally, and locally; about 60% of households are connected to multi-channel cable TV; public radio broadcaster operates 3 national and 4 regional stations; more than 75 regional and local commercial and non-commercial radio stations" @@ -936,7 +1021,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "S5 (2016)" + "text": "S5" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1009,14 +1094,14 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Slovenian Armed Forces (Slovenska Vojska, SV): structured as a combined Force Command with air, land, logistical, maritime, support, and training components (2019)" + "text": "Slovenian Armed Forces (Slovenska Vojska, SV): structured as a combined force with air, land, maritime, special operations, combat support, and combat service support elements (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "1.2% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "1.1% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "1.07% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "1.06% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "1.01% of GDP (2018)" @@ -1025,20 +1110,20 @@ "text": "0.98% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "1.01% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "1% of GDP (2016)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Slovenian Armed Forces have approximately 7,000 active duty troops, including ground, air, and maritime elements (2020)" + "text": "the Slovenian Armed Forces have approximately 7,000 active duty troops (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of the Slovenian Armed Forces is a mix of Soviet-era and limited quantities of more modern Western equipment; since 2010, it has received weapons systems from Finland, Russia, and the US (2019 est.)" + "text": "the inventory of the Slovenian Armed Forces is a mix of Soviet-era and limited quantities of more modern Western equipment; since 2010, it has received limited supplies of military equipment from Finland, France, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the US (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "230 Kosovo (NATO) (2020)" + "text": "230 Kosovo (NATO) (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2003 (2013)" + "text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2003 (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1049,7 +1134,7 @@ "stateless persons": { "text": "5 (2019)" }, - "note": "

note:  517,914 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-November 2020); migration through the Western Balkans has decreased significantly since March 2016; Slovenia is predominantly a transit country and hosts approximately 300 asylum seekers as of the end of June 2018

" + "note": "note:  520,055 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-April 2021)" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "minor transit point for cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western Europe, and for precursor chemicals" diff --git a/europe/sm.json b/europe/sm.json index afd0fdbc..fcae15b2 100644 --- a/europe/sm.json +++ b/europe/sm.json @@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ "text": "rugged mountains" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Torrente Ausa 55 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Monte Titano 739 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Torrente Ausa 55 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -85,17 +85,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "occasional earthquakes" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution; urbanization decreasing rural farmlands; water shortage" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Air Pollution" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; an enclave of (completely surrounded by) Italy; smallest independent state in Europe after the Holy See and Monaco; dominated by the Apennine Mountains" } @@ -163,10 +152,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "97.5% of total population (2020)" + "text": "97.6% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.67% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -294,6 +283,74 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution; urbanization decreasing rural farmlands; water shortage" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Air Pollution" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "13.45 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.02 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "16.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 16.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "83.3% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "97.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "17,175 tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "7,737 tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "45.1% (2016 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -328,7 +385,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: named after Saint MARINUS, who in A.D. 301 founded a monastic settlement around which the city and later the state of San Marino coalesced" + "note": "etymology: named after Saint MARINUS, who in A.D. 301 founded a monastic settlement around which the city and later the state of San Marino coalesced" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Montegiardino, San Marino Citta, Serravalle" @@ -341,7 +398,7 @@ }, "Constitution": { "history": { - "text": "

San Marino’s principal legislative instruments consist of old customs (antiche consuetudini), the Statutory Laws of San Marino (Leges Statutae Sancti Marini), old statutes (antichi statute) from the1600s, Brief Notes on the Constitutional Order and Institutional Organs of the Republic of San Marino (Brevi Cenni sull’Ordinamento Costituzionale e gli Organi Istituzionali della Repubblica di San Marino) and successive legislation, chief among them is the Declaration of the Rights of Citizens and Fundamental Principles of the San Marino Legal Order (Dichiarazione dei Diritti dei Cittadini e dei Principi Fondamentali dell’Ordinamento Sammarinese), approved 8 July 1974; Declaration last amended 2019

" + "text": "

San Marino’s principal legislative instruments consist of old customs (antiche consuetudini), the Statutory Laws of San Marino (Leges Statutae Sancti Marini), old statutes (antichi statute) from the1600s, Brief Notes on the Constitutional Order and Institutional Organs of the Republic of San Marino (Brevi Cenni sull’Ordinamento Costituzionale e gli Organi Istituzionali della Repubblica di San Marino) and successive legislation, chief among them is the Declaration of the Rights of Citizens and Fundamental Principles of the San Marino Legal Order (Dichiarazione dei Diritti dei Cittadini e dei Principi Fondamentali dell’Ordinamento Sammarinese), approved 8 July 1974

" }, "amendments": { "text": "proposed by the Great and General Council; passage requires two-thirds majority Council vote; Council passage by absolute majority vote also requires passage in a referendum; Declaration of Civil Rights amended several times, last in 2019" @@ -386,7 +443,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "Alessandro MANCINI (PSD) and Grazia ZAFFERANI (RETE Movement) elected captains regent; percent of Grand and General Council vote - NA; Luca BECCARI (PDCS) elected secretary of state for foreign and political affairs; percent of Grand and General Council vote - NA" }, - "note": "

note: the captains regent preside over meetings of the Grand and General Council and its cabinet (Congress of State), which has 7 other members who are selected by the Grand and General Council; assisting the captains regent are 7 secretaries of state; the secretary of state for Foreign Affairs has some prime ministerial roles

" + "note": "note: the captains regent preside over meetings of the Grand and General Council and its cabinet (Congress of State), which has 7 other members who are selected by the Grand and General Council; assisting the captains regent are 7 secretaries of state; the secretary of state for Foreign Affairs has some prime ministerial roles" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { @@ -448,7 +505,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "no lyrics/Federico CONSOLO" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1894; the music for the lyric-less anthem is based on a 10th century chorale piece

" + "note": "note: adopted 1894; the music for the lyric-less anthem is based on a 10th century chorale piece" } }, "Economy": { @@ -486,7 +543,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$1.982 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$1.643 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -498,7 +555,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$58,867 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { @@ -532,8 +589,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "64.2 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "87.3 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "97.5 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "59.2 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -619,8 +685,11 @@ "text": "$2.576 billion (2010 est.)" } }, + "Exports - partners": { + "text": "Romania 10%, France 9%, United States 8%, Germany 8%, Poland 6%, Brazil 6%, Russia 6%, Austria 6% (2019)" + }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, ceramics" + "text": "industrial washing/bottling machinery, packaged medicines, woodworking machinery, foodstuffs, aircraft (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2011": { @@ -630,8 +699,11 @@ "text": "$2.132 billion (2010 est.)" } }, + "Imports - partners": { + "text": "Germany 21%, Italy 13%, Poland 10%, France 7%, Spain 7%, Belgium 6%, Romania 6% (2019)" + }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "wide variety of consumer manufactures, food, energy" + "text": "electricity, cars, aluminum, footwear, natural gas, iron piping (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2014": { @@ -699,7 +771,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 378; connected to Italian international network" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-owned public broadcaster operates 1 TV station and 3 radio stations; receives radio and TV broadcasts from Italy (2019)" @@ -726,7 +798,7 @@ }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "T7 (2016)" + "text": "T7" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -739,7 +811,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "No regular military forces; Voluntary Military Corps (Corpi Militari), which includes a Uniformed Militia (performs ceremonial duties and limited police support functions) and Guard of the Great and General Council (defends the Captains Regent and the Great and General Council, participates in official ceremonies, cooperates with the maintenance of public order on special occasions, and performs guard duties during parliamentary sittings); the Police Corps includes the Gendarmerie, which is responsible for maintaining public order, protecting citizens and their property, and providing assistance during disasters (2019)" + "text": "No regular military forces; Voluntary Military Corps (Corpi Militari), which includes a Uniformed Militia (performs ceremonial duties and limited police support functions) and Guard of the Great and General Council (defends the Captains Regent and the Great and General Council, participates in official ceremonies, cooperates with the maintenance of public order on special occasions, and performs guard duties during parliamentary sittings); the Police Corps includes the Gendarmerie, which is responsible for maintaining public order, protecting citizens and their property, and providing assistance during disasters (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription; government has the authority to call up all San Marino citizens from 16-60 years of age to service in the military (2012)" diff --git a/europe/sp.json b/europe/sp.json index a666b217..9d841bd9 100644 --- a/europe/sp.json +++ b/europe/sp.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "6,390 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: there are two autonomous cities - Ceuta and Melilla - and 17 autonomous communities including Balearic Islands and Canary Islands, and three small Spanish possessions off the coast of Morocco - Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera

" + "note": "note: there are two autonomous cities - Ceuta and Melilla - and 17 autonomous communities including Balearic Islands and Canary Islands, and three small Spanish possessions off the coast of Morocco - Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "almost five times the size of Kentucky; slightly more than twice the size of Oregon" @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ "border countries": { "text": "Andorra 63 km, France 646 km, Gibraltar 1.2 km, Portugal 1224 km, Morocco (Ceuta) 8 km and Morocco (Melilla) 10.5 km" }, - "note": "

note: an additional 75-meter border segment exists between Morocco and the Spanish exclave of Penon de Velez de la Gomera

" + "note": "note: an additional 75-meter border segment exists between Morocco and the Spanish exclave of Penon de Velez de la Gomera" }, "Coastline": { "text": "4,964 km" @@ -59,14 +59,14 @@ "text": "large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees Mountains in north" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "660 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Pico de Teide (Tenerife) on Canary Islands 3,718 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Pico de Teide (Tenerife) on Canary Islands 3,718 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "660 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -101,17 +101,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

periodic droughts, occasional flooding

volcanism: volcanic activity in the Canary Islands, located off Africa's northwest coast; Teide (3,715 m) has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; La Palma (2,426 m), which last erupted in 1971, is the most active of the Canary Islands volcanoes; Lanzarote is the only other historically active volcano

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from raw sewage and effluents from the offshore production of oil and gas; water quality and quantity nationwide; air pollution; deforestation; desertification" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar; Spain controls a number of territories in northern Morocco including the enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, and the islands of Penon de Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas, and Islas Chafarinas; Spain's Canary Islands are one of four North Atlantic archipelagos that make up Macaronesia; the others are Azores (Portugal), Madeira (Portugal), and Cabo Verde" } @@ -129,12 +118,12 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Spanish 86.4%, Moroccan 1.8%, Romanian 1.3%, other 10.5% (2018 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent population by country of birth" + "text": "Spanish 86.4%, Moroccan 1.8%, Romanian 1.3%, other 10.5% (2018 est.)

note: data represent population by country of birth", + "note": "note: data represent population by country of birth" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Castilian Spanish (official nationwide) 74%, Catalan (official in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and the Valencian Community (where it is known as Valencian)) 17%, Galician (official in Galicia) 7%, Basque (official in the Basque Country and in the Basque-speaking area of Navarre) 2%, Aranese (official in the northwest corner of Catalonia (Vall d'Aran) along with Catalan, <5,000 speakers)", - "note": "

note: Aragonese, Aranese Asturian, Basque, Calo, Catalan, Galician, and Valencian are recognized as regional languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

" + "text": "Castilian Spanish (official nationwide) 74%, Catalan (official in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and the Valencian Community (where it is known as Valencian)) 17%, Galician (official in Galicia) 7%, Basque (official in the Basque Country and in the Basque-speaking area of Navarre) 2%, Aranese (official in the northwest corner of Catalonia (Vall d'Aran) along with Catalan, <5,000 speakers)

note: Aragonese, Aranese Asturian, Basque, Calo, Catalan, Galician, and Valencian are recognized as regional languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages", + "note": "note: Aragonese, Aranese Asturian, Basque, Calo, Catalan, Galician, and Valencian are recognized as regional languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages" }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 68.9%, atheist 11.3%, agnostic 7.6%, other 2.8%, non-believer 8.2%, unspecified 1.1% (2019 est.)" @@ -198,12 +187,12 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "80.8% of total population (2020)" + "text": "81.1% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.33% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.24% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data include Canary Islands, Ceuta, and Melilla

" + "note": "note: data include Canary Islands, Ceuta, and Melilla" }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "6.669 million MADRID (capital), 5.624 million Barcelona, 835,000 Valencia (2021)" @@ -263,8 +252,8 @@ "text": "1.51 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { - "text": "62.1% (2018)", - "note": "

note: percent of women aged 18-49" + "text": "62.1% (2018)

note: percent of women aged 18-49", + "note": "note: percent of women aged 18-49" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { @@ -328,7 +317,7 @@ "respiratory diseases": { "text": "Covid-19 (see note) (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Spain; as of 24 January 2021, Spain has reported a total of 2,456,675 cases of COVID-19 or 5,254.4 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 117.7 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; the Spanish Government is gradually relaxing confinement measures in phases over the next several weeks; these measures will vary from region to region within Spain; the Department of Homeland Security has issued instructions requiring US passengers who have been in Spain to travel through select airports where the US Government has implemented enhanced screening procedures" + "note": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Spain; as of 25 April 2021, Spain has reported a total of 3,456,886 cases of COVID-19 or 7,303.4 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 163.7 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 24% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine; the Department of Homeland Security has issued instructions requiring US passengers who have been in Spain to travel through select airports where the US Government has implemented enhanced screening procedures" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "23.8% (2016)" @@ -363,13 +352,110 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "34.3%" + "text": "32.5%" }, "male": { - "text": "35.2%" + "text": "30.9%" }, "female": { - "text": "33.3% (2018 est.)" + "text": "34.5% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from raw sewage and effluents from the offshore production of oil and gas; water quality and quantity nationwide; air pollution; deforestation; desertification" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "9.48 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "244 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "36.94 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "4.89 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "5.966 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "20.36 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "111.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "54.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 24.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 9.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 20.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "36.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "9.1% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "81.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.24% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data include Canary Islands, Ceuta, and Melilla" + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "respiratory diseases": { + "text": "Covid-19 (see note) (2020)" + }, + "note": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Spain; as of 25 April 2021, Spain has reported a total of 3,456,886 cases of COVID-19 or 7,303.4 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 163.7 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 24% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine; the Department of Homeland Security has issued instructions requiring US passengers who have been in Spain to travel through select airports where the US Government has implemented enhanced screening procedures" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "20.151 million tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "3,393,428 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "16.8% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -407,11 +493,11 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

note: Spain has two time zones, including the Canary Islands (UTC 0)

etymology: the Romans named the original settlement \"Matrice\" after the river that ran through it; under Arab rule it became \"Majerit,\" meaning \"source of water\"; in medieval Romance dialects (Mozarabic) it became \"Matrit,\" which over time changed to \"Madrid\"

" + "note": "note: Spain has two time zones, including the Canary Islands (UTC 0)

etymology: the Romans named the original settlement \"Matrice\" after the river that ran through it; under Arab rule it became \"Majerit,\" meaning \"source of water\"; in medieval Romance dialects (Mozarabic) it became \"Matrit,\" which over time changed to \"Madrid\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad autonoma) and 2 autonomous cities* (ciudades autonomas, singular - ciudad autonoma); Andalucia; Aragon; Asturias; Canarias (Canary Islands); Cantabria; Castilla-La Mancha; Castilla-Leon; Cataluna (Castilian), Catalunya (Catalan), Catalonha (Aranese) [Catalonia]; Ceuta*; Comunidad Valenciana (Castilian), Comunitat Valenciana (Valencian) [Valencian Community]; Extremadura; Galicia; Illes Baleares (Balearic Islands); La Rioja; Madrid; Melilla*; Murcia; Navarra (Castilian), Nafarroa (Basque) [Navarre]; Pais Vasco (Castilian), Euskadi (Basque) [Basque Country]", - "note": "

note: the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla plus three small islands of Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, administered directly by the Spanish central government, are all along the coast of Morocco and are collectively referred to as Places of Sovereignty (Plazas de Soberania)

" + "text": "17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad autonoma) and 2 autonomous cities* (ciudades autonomas, singular - ciudad autonoma); Andalucia; Aragon; Asturias; Canarias (Canary Islands); Cantabria; Castilla-La Mancha; Castilla-Leon; Cataluna (Castilian), Catalunya (Catalan), Catalonha (Aranese) [Catalonia]; Ceuta*; Comunidad Valenciana (Castilian), Comunitat Valenciana (Valencian) [Valencian Community]; Extremadura; Galicia; Illes Baleares (Balearic Islands); La Rioja; Madrid; Melilla*; Murcia; Navarra (Castilian), Nafarroa (Basque) [Navarre]; Pais Vasco (Castilian), Euskadi (Basque) [Basque Country]

note: the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla plus three small islands of Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, administered directly by the Spanish central government, are all along the coast of Morocco and are collectively referred to as Places of Sovereignty (Plazas de Soberania)", + "note": "note: the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla plus three small islands of Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, administered directly by the Spanish central government, are all along the coast of Morocco and are collectively referred to as Places of Sovereignty (Plazas de Soberania)" }, "Independence": { "text": "1492; the Iberian peninsula was characterized by a variety of independent kingdoms prior to the Muslim occupation that began in the early 8th century A.D. and lasted nearly seven centuries; the small Christian redoubts of the north began the reconquest almost immediately, culminating in the seizure of Granada in 1492; this event completed the unification of several kingdoms and is traditionally considered the forging of present-day Spain" @@ -424,7 +510,7 @@ "text": "previous 1812; latest approved by the General Courts 31 October 1978, passed by referendum 6 December 1978, signed by the king 27 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the government, by the General Courts (the Congress or the Senate), or by the self-governing communities submitted through the government; passage requires three-fifths majority vote by both houses and passage by referendum if requested by one tenth of the members of either house; proposals disapproved by both houses are submitted to a joint committee, which submits an agreed upon text for another vote; passage requires two-thirds majority vote in Congress and simple majority vote in the Senate; amended 1992, 2007, 2011" + "text": "proposed by the government, by the General Courts (the Congress or the Senate), or by the self-governing communities submitted through the government; passage requires three-fifths majority vote by both houses and passage by referendum if requested by one tenth of the members of either house; proposals disapproved by both houses are submitted to a joint committee, which submits an agreed upon text for another vote; passage requires two-thirds majority vote in Congress and simple majority vote in the Senate; amended 1992, 2011" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -466,7 +552,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "percent of National Assembly vote - NA" }, - "note": "

note: there is also a Council of State that is the supreme consultative organ of the government, but its recommendations are non-binding

" + "note": "note: there is also a Council of State that is the supreme consultative organ of the government, but its recommendations are non-binding" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { @@ -537,8 +623,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms is quartered to display the emblems of the traditional kingdoms of Spain (clockwise from upper left, Castile, Leon, Navarre, and Aragon) while Granada is represented by the stylized pomegranate at the bottom of the shield; the arms are framed by two columns representing the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar; the red scroll across the two columns bears the imperial motto of \"Plus Ultra\" (further beyond) referring to Spanish lands beyond Europe; the triband arrangement with the center stripe twice the width of the outer dates to the 18th century", - "note": "

note: the red and yellow colors are related to those of the oldest Spanish kingdoms: Aragon, Castile, Leon, and Navarre

" + "text": "three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms is quartered to display the emblems of the traditional kingdoms of Spain (clockwise from upper left, Castile, Leon, Navarre, and Aragon) while Granada is represented by the stylized pomegranate at the bottom of the shield; the arms are framed by two columns representing the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar; the red scroll across the two columns bears the imperial motto of \"Plus Ultra\" (further beyond) referring to Spanish lands beyond Europe; the triband arrangement with the center stripe twice the width of the outer dates to the 18th century

note: the red and yellow colors are related to those of the oldest Spanish kingdoms: Aragon, Castile, Leon, and Navarre", + "note": "note: the red and yellow colors are related to those of the oldest Spanish kingdoms: Aragon, Castile, Leon, and Navarre" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "Pillars of Hercules; national colors: red, yellow" @@ -550,7 +636,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "no lyrics/unknown" }, - "note": "

note: officially in use between 1770 and 1931, restored in 1939; the Spanish anthem is the first anthem to be officially adopted, but it has no lyrics; in the years prior to 1931 it became known as \"Marcha Real\" (The Royal March); it first appeared in a 1761 military bugle call book and was replaced by \"Himno de Riego\" in the years between 1931 and 1939; the long version of the anthem is used for the king, while the short version is used for the prince, prime minister, and occasions such as sporting events

" + "note": "note: officially in use between 1770 and 1931, restored in 1939; the Spanish anthem is the first anthem to be officially adopted, but it has no lyrics; in the years prior to 1931 it became known as \"Marcha Real\" (The Royal March); it first appeared in a 1761 military bugle call book and was replaced by \"Himno de Riego\" in the years between 1931 and 1939; the long version of the anthem is used for the king, while the short version is used for the prince, prime minister, and occasions such as sporting events" } }, "Economy": { @@ -600,7 +686,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$1,843,934,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$1,393,351,000,000 (2019 est.)" @@ -615,7 +701,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$39,575 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -660,8 +746,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "100.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "77.9 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "86.9 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "100 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "70.9 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -696,7 +791,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "21.1% (2012 est.)" + "text": "20.7% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -759,10 +854,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "France 15.1%, Germany 11.3%, Italy 7.8%, Portugal 7.1%, UK 6.9%, US 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "France 15%, Germany 11%, Portugal 8%, Italy 8%, United Kingdom 7%, United States 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery, motor vehicles; foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, medicines, other consumer goods" + "text": "cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, delivery trucks, clothing and apparel (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -776,10 +871,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 14.2%, France 11.9%, China 6.9%, Italy 6.8%, Netherlands 5.1%, UK 4% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 13%, France 11%, China 8%, Italy 7% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, semi-finished goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, measuring and medical control instruments" + "text": "crude petroleum, cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, natural gas, refined petroleum (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -889,9 +984,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "2.548 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "286.7 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -921,7 +1013,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 34; landing points for the MAREA, Tata TGN-Western Europe, Pencan-9, SAT-3/WASC, Canalink, Atlantis-2, Columbus -111, Estepona-Tetouan, FEA, Balalink, ORVAL and PENBAL-5 submarine cables providing connectivity to Europe, the Middle East, Africa, South America, Asia, Southeast Asia and the US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to adjacent countries (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "

a mixture of both publicly operated and privately owned TV and radio stations; overall, hundreds of TV channels are available including national, regional, local, public, and international channels; satellite and cable TV systems available; multiple national radio networks, a large number of regional radio networks, and a larger number of local radio stations; overall, hundreds of radio stations 

(2019)" @@ -962,7 +1054,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "EC (2016)" + "text": "EC" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1019,7 +1111,7 @@ "broad gauge": { "text": "11,333 km 1.668-m gauge (6,538 km electrified) (2017)" }, - "note": "

mixed gauge: 190 km 1.668-m and 1.435m gage (190.1 km electrified); 28 km 0.914-m gauge (28 km electrified); 4 km 0.600-m gauge

" + "note": "mixed gauge: 190 km 1.668-m and 1.435m gage (190.1 km electrified); 28 km 0.914-m gauge (28 km electrified); 4 km 0.600-m gauge" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1054,12 +1146,12 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Spanish Armed Forces: Army (Ejercito de Tierra), Spanish Navy (Armada Espanola, AE, includes Marine Corps), Spanish Air Force (Ejercito del Aire Espanola, EdA); Civil Guard (Guardia Civil) (2021)", - "note": "

note: the Civil Guard is a military force with police duties (including coast guard) under both the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of the Interior; it also responds to the needs of the Ministry of Finance" + "text": "Spanish Armed Forces: Army (Ejercito de Tierra), Spanish Navy (Armada Espanola, AE, includes Marine Corps), Spanish Air Force (Ejercito del Aire Espanola, EdA); Civil Guard (Guardia Civil) (2021)

note: the Civil Guard is a military force with police duties (including coast guard) under both the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of the Interior; it also responds to the needs of the Ministry of Finance", + "note": "note: the Civil Guard is a military force with police duties (including coast guard) under both the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of the Interior; it also responds to the needs of the Ministry of Finance" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "1.16% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "1.17% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "0.91% of GDP (2019)" @@ -1075,22 +1167,22 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Spanish Armed Forces have approximately 120,000 active duty troops (70,000 Army; 20,000 Navy; 20,000 Air Force; 10,000 other/joint); 80,000 Guardia Civil (2020)" + "text": "the Spanish Armed Forces have approximately 120,000 active duty troops (75,000 Army; 25,000 Navy, inc about 5,000 marines; 20,000 Air Force); 80,000 Guardia Civil (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of the Spanish military is comprised of domestically-produced and imported Western weapons systems; France, Germany, and the US are the leading suppliers of military hardware since 2010; Spain's defense industry manufactures land, air, and sea weapons systems and is integrated within the European defense-industrial sector (2019 est.)" + "text": "the inventory of the Spanish military is comprised of domestically-produced and imported Western weapons systems; France, Germany, and the US are the leading suppliers of military hardware since 2010; Spain's defense industry manufactures land, air, and sea weapons systems and is integrated within the European defense-industrial sector (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "150 Iraq (training mission, counter-ISIS coalition); 350 Latvia (NATO); 600 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 180 Mali (EUTM); 150 Turkey (NATO) (2020)" + "text": "approximately 200 Iraq (training mission, counter-ISIS coalition); 350 Latvia (NATO); 625 Lebanon (UNIFIL); approximately 400 Mali (EUTM); 150 Turkey (NATO) (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-26 years of age for voluntary military service by a Spanish citizen or legal immigrant, 2-3 year obligation; women allowed to serve in all SAF branches, including combat units; no conscription, but Spanish Government retains right to mobilize citizens 19-25 years of age in a national emergency; mandatory retirement of non-NCO enlisted personnel at age 45 or 58, depending on service length (2013)" + "text": "18-26 years of age for voluntary military service by a Spanish citizen or legal immigrant, 2-3 year obligation; women allowed to serve in all SAF branches, including combat units; no conscription (abolished 2001), but Spanish Government retains right to mobilize citizens 19-25 years of age in a national emergency (2019)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Basque Fatherland and Liberty (disbanded 2018); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); al-Qa’ida (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Basque Fatherland and Liberty (disbanded 2018); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); al-Qa’ida (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1099,12 +1191,12 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "14,133 (Syria) (2019); 16,540 (Venezuela) (2020) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2020)" + "text": "14,133 (Syria) (2019); 76,456 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2021)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "4,246 (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: 202,525 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2021)

" + "note": "note: 208,458 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-May 2021)" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "despite rigorous law enforcement efforts, North African, Latin American, Galician, and other European traffickers take advantage of Spain's long coastline to land large shipments of cocaine and hashish for distribution to the European market; consumer for Latin American cocaine and North African hashish; destination and minor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin; money-laundering site for Colombian narcotics trafficking organizations and organized crime" diff --git a/europe/sv.json b/europe/sv.json index 27db58f8..01c7a480 100644 --- a/europe/sv.json +++ b/europe/sv.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "0 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes Spitsbergen and Bjornoya (Bear Island)

" + "note": "note: includes Spitsbergen and Bjornoya (Bear Island)" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly smaller than West Virginia" @@ -58,11 +58,11 @@ "text": "rugged mountains; much of the upland areas are ice covered; west coast clear of ice about half the year; fjords along west and north coasts" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Arctic Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Newtontoppen 1,717 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Arctic Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -82,9 +82,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "ice floes often block the entrance to Bellsund (a transit point for coal export) on the west coast and occasionally make parts of the northeastern coast inaccessible to maritime traffic" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "ice floes are a maritime hazard; past exploitation of mammal species (whale, seal, walrus, and polar bear) severely depleted the populations, but a gradual recovery seems to be occurring" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "northernmost part of the Kingdom of Norway; consists of nine main islands; glaciers and snowfields cover 60% of the total area; Spitsbergen Island is the site of the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, a seed repository established by the Global Crop Diversity Trust and the Norwegian Government" } @@ -94,8 +91,8 @@ "text": "2,926 (July 2019 est.)" }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Norwegian 58%, foreign population 42% (consists primarily of Russians, Thais, Swedes, Filipinos, and Ukrainians) (2019 est.)", - "note": "

note: foreigners account for almost one third of the population of the Norwegian settlements, Longyearbyen and Ny-Alesund (where the majority of Svalbard's resident population lives), as of mid-2019" + "text": "Norwegian 58%, foreign population 42% (consists primarily of Russians, Thais, Swedes, Filipinos, and Ukrainians) (2019 est.)

note: foreigners account for almost one third of the population of the Norwegian settlements, Longyearbyen and Ny-Alesund (where the majority of Svalbard's resident population lives), as of mid-2019", + "note": "note: foreigners account for almost one third of the population of the Norwegian settlements, Longyearbyen and Ny-Alesund (where the majority of Svalbard's resident population lives), as of mid-2019" }, "Languages": { "text": "Norwegian, Russian" @@ -144,6 +141,22 @@ "text": "NA" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "ice floes are a maritime hazard; past exploitation of mammal species (whale, seal, walrus, and polar bear) severely depleted the populations, but a gradual recovery seems to be occurring" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "100% (2018 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -175,7 +188,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name in Norwegian means Longyear Town; the site was established by and named after John LONGYEAR, whose Arctic Coal Company began mining operations there in 1906" + "note": "etymology: the name in Norwegian means Longyear Town; the site was established by and named after John LONGYEAR, whose Arctic Coal Company began mining operations there in 1906" }, "Independence": { "text": "none (territory of Norway)" @@ -320,7 +333,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 47-790; the Svalbard Undersea Cable System is a twin communications cable that connects Svalbard to mainland Norway; the system is the sole telecommunications link to the archipelago (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) began direct TV transmission to Svalbard via satellite in 1984; Longyearbyen households have access to 3 NRK radio and 2 TV stations" diff --git a/europe/sw.json b/europe/sw.json index 665098fc..eaf56c55 100644 --- a/europe/sw.json +++ b/europe/sw.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "320 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Kebnekaise South 2,100 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "reclaimed bay of Lake Hammarsjon, near Kristianstad -2.4 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Kebnekaise South 2,100 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "320 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,17 +99,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "ice floes in the surrounding waters, especially in the Gulf of Bothnia, can interfere with maritime traffic" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "

marine pollution (Baltic Sea and North Sea); acid rain damage to soils and lakes; air pollution; inappropriate timber harvesting practices

" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location along Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas; Sweden has almost 100,000 lakes, the largest of which, Vanern, is the third largest in Europe" } @@ -127,16 +116,16 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "

Swedish 80.9%, Syrian 1.8%, Finnish 1.4%, Iraqi 1.4%, other 14.5%

(2018 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent the population by country of birth; the indigenous Sami people are estimated to number between 20,000 and 40,000" + "text": "

Swedish 80.9%, Syrian 1.8%, Finnish 1.4%, Iraqi 1.4%, other 14.5%

(2018 est.)

note: data represent the population by country of birth; the indigenous Sami people are estimated to number between 20,000 and 40,000", + "note": "note: data represent the population by country of birth; the indigenous Sami people are estimated to number between 20,000 and 40,000" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Swedish (official)", - "note": "

note: Finnish, Sami, Romani, Yiddish, and Meankieli are official minority languages

" + "text": "Swedish (official)

note: Finnish, Sami, Romani, Yiddish, and Meankieli are official minority languages", + "note": "note: Finnish, Sami, Romani, Yiddish, and Meankieli are official minority languages" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Church of Sweden (Lutheran) 60.2%, other (includes Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Baptist, Muslim, Jewish, and Buddhist) 8.5%, none or unspecified 31.3% (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates reflect registered members of faith communities eligible for state funding (not all religions are state-funded and not all people who identify with a particular religion are registered members); an estimated 57.7% of Sweden's population were members of the Church of Sweden in 2018

" + "text": "Church of Sweden (Lutheran) 60.2%, other (includes Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Baptist, Muslim, Jewish, and Buddhist) 8.5%, none or unspecified 31.3% (2017 est.)

note: estimates reflect registered members of faith communities eligible for state funding (not all religions are state-funded and not all people who identify with a particular religion are registered members); an estimated 57.7% of Sweden's population were members of the Church of Sweden in 2018", + "note": "note: estimates reflect registered members of faith communities eligible for state funding (not all religions are state-funded and not all people who identify with a particular religion are registered members); an estimated 57.7% of Sweden's population were members of the Church of Sweden in 2018" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -197,10 +186,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "88% of total population (2020)" + "text": "88.2% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.05% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.89% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -337,13 +326,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "16.8%" + "text": "20.1%" }, "male": { - "text": "18%" + "text": "20.5%" }, "female": { - "text": "15.5% (2018 est.)" + "text": "19.7% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "

marine pollution (Baltic Sea and North Sea); acid rain damage to soils and lakes; air pollution; inappropriate timber harvesting practices

" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "5.89 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "43.25 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "4.42 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "955 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.345 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "75 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "174 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "7.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 6.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 1.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "68.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "23.8% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.21% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "88.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.89% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "4.377 million tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "1,416,835 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "32.4% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -381,7 +460,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: \"stock\" and \"holm\" literally mean \"log\" and \"islet\" in Swedish, but there is no consensus as to what the words refer to" + "note": "etymology: \"stock\" and \"holm\" literally mean \"log\" and \"islet\" in Swedish, but there is no consensus as to what the words refer to" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "21 counties (lan, singular and plural); Blekinge, Dalarna, Gavleborg, Gotland, Halland, Jamtland, Jonkoping, Kalmar, Kronoberg, Norrbotten, Orebro, Ostergotland, Skane, Sodermanland, Stockholm, Uppsala, Varmland, Vasterbotten, Vasternorrland, Vastmanland, Vastra Gotaland" @@ -394,10 +473,10 @@ }, "Constitution": { "history": { - "text": "several previous; latest adopted 1 January 1975" + "text": "Sweden has four fundamental laws which together make up the Constitution: The Instrument of Government (several previous; latest 1974); The Act of Succession (enacted 1810; changed in 1937 and 1980); The Freedom of the Press Act (many previous; latest in 1949); The Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression (adopted 1991)" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by Parliament; passage requires simple majority vote in two consecutive parliamentary terms with an intervening general election; passage also requires approval by simple majority vote in a referendum if Parliament approves a motion for a referendum by one third of its members; amended several times, last in 2014 (changes to the \"Instrument of Government\")" + "text": "proposed by Parliament; passage requires simple majority vote in two consecutive parliamentary terms with an intervening general election; passage also requires approval by simple majority vote in a referendum if Parliament approves a motion for a referendum by one third of its members; The Instrument of Government - amended several times, last in 2018; The Act of Succession - changed in 1937, 1980; The Freedom of the Press Act - amended several times, last in 2019; The Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression - amended several times, last in 2018" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -512,7 +591,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Richard DYBECK/traditional" }, - "note": "

note: in use since 1844; also known as \"Sang till Norden\" (Song of the North), is based on a Swedish folk tune; it has never been officially adopted by the government; \"Kungssangen\" (The King's Song) serves as the royal anthem and is played in the presence of the royal family and during certain state ceremonies

" + "note": "note: in use since 1844; also known as \"Sang till Norden\" (Song of the North), is based on a Swedish folk tune; it has never been officially adopted by the government; \"Kungssangen\" (The King's Song) serves as the royal anthem and is played in the presence of the royal family and during certain state ceremonies" } }, "Economy": { @@ -562,7 +641,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$530.433 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$531.35 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -577,7 +656,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$52,739 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -622,8 +701,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "98.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "82 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "93.1 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "98 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "67.6 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -658,7 +746,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "15% (2014 est.)" + "text": "17.1% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -697,7 +785,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "42.3% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

" + "note": "note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -722,10 +810,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 11%, Norway 10.2%, Finland 6.9%, US 6.9%, Denmark 6.9%, UK 6.2%, Netherlands 5.5%, China 4.5%, Belgium 4.4%, France 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 10%, Norway 9%, United States 8%, Denmark 7%, Finland 6%, United Kingdom 5%, Netherlands 5%, China 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery (26%), motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and wood, iron and steel products, chemicals (2016 est.)" + "text": "cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, lumber (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -739,10 +827,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 18.7%, Netherlands 8.9%, Norway 7.7%, Denmark 7.2%, China 5.5%, UK 5.1%, Finland 4.7%, Belgium 4.7% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 18%, Netherlands 9%, Denmark 7%, Norway 7%, China 6%, Finland 5%, Belgium 5%, Poland 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor vehicles, iron and steel; foodstuffs, clothing" + "text": "cars and vehicle parts, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, computers (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -852,9 +940,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "52.31 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -884,7 +969,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 46; landing points for Botina, SFL, SFS-4, Baltic Sea Submarine Cable, Eastern Light, Sweden-Latvia, BCS North-Phase1, EE-S1, LV-SE1, BCS East-West Interlink, NordBalt, Baltica, Denmark-Sweden-15,-17,-18, Scandinavian Ring -North,-South, IP-Only Denmark-Sweden, Donica North, Kattegate-1,-2, Energinet Laeso-Varberg and GC2 submarine cables providing links to other Nordic countries and Europe; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Sweden shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Norway) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "publicly owned TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial networks plus regional stations; multiple privately owned TV broadcasters operating nationally, regionally, and locally; about 50 local TV stations; widespread access to pan-Nordic and international broadcasters through multi-channel cable and satellite TV; publicly owned radio broadcaster operates 3 national stations and a network of 25 regional channels; roughly 100 privately owned local radio stations with some consolidating into near national networks; an estimated 900 community and neighborhood radio stations broadcast intermittently" @@ -919,7 +1004,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "SE (2016)" + "text": "SE" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -984,7 +1069,7 @@ "unpaved": { "text": "433,034 km (2016)" }, - "note": "

note: includes 98,500 km of state roads, 433,034 km of private roads, and 41,600 km of municipal roads

" + "note": "note: includes 98,500 km of state roads, 433,034 km of private roads, and 41,600 km of municipal roads" }, "Waterways": { "text": "2,052 km (2010)" @@ -1008,11 +1093,11 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Swedish Armed Forces (Forsvarsmakten): Army, Navy, Air Force; Home Guard (2019)" + "text": "Swedish Armed Forces (Forsvarsmakten): Army, Navy, Air Force; Home Guard (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "1.1% of GDP (2020)" + "text": "1.1% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "1.1% of GDP (2019)" @@ -1028,22 +1113,22 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Swedish Armed Forces (Forsvarsmakten) have approximately 15,000 active duty troops (6,200 Army; 2,500 Navy; 2,800 Air Force; 3,500 other, including staff, logistics, support, intelligence, etc); 22,000 Home Guard (2019 est.)" + "text": "information on the size of the Swedish Armed Forces (Forsvarsmakten) varies; approximately 15,000 active duty troops (6,000 Army; 3,000 Navy; 3,000 Air Force; 3,000 other, including staff, logistics, support, medical, cyber, intelligence, etc); 22,000 Home Guard (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of the Swedish Armed Forces is comprised of domestically-produced and imported Western weapons systems; since 2010, the US is the leading supplier of military hardware to Sweden, followed by France and Germany; Sweden's defense industry is capable of providing most of the military's equipment requirements, including advanced aircraft and submarines (2019 est.)" + "text": "the inventory of the Swedish Armed Forces is comprised of domestically-produced and imported Western weapons systems; since 2010, the US is the leading supplier of military hardware to Sweden, followed by France and Germany; Sweden's defense industry is capable of producing a range of air, land, and naval systems (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "200 Mali (MINUSMA and EUTM; plans to send an additional 150 personnel to the Sahel/Mali in early 2021) (2020)" + "text": "approximately 450 Mali (EUTM, MINUSMA, Task Force Takuba) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-47 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; service obligation: 7.5 months (Army), 7-15 months (Navy), 8-12 months (Air Force); after completing initial service, soldiers have a reserve commitment until age 47; compulsory military service, abolished in 2010, was reinstated in January 2018; conscription is selective, includes both female and male (age 18), and requires 9-12 months of service (2018)" + "text": "18-47 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; service obligation: 7.5 months (Army), 7-15 months (Navy), 8-12 months (Air Force); after completing initial service, soldiers have a reserve commitment until age 47; compulsory military service, abolished in 2010, was reinstated in January 2018; conscription is selective, includes both female and male (age 18), and requires 9-12 months of service (2019)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) (2019)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/europe/sz.json b/europe/sz.json index 89d946f4..e3e3c48d 100644 --- a/europe/sz.json +++ b/europe/sz.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with a central plateau of rolling hills, plains, and large lakes" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,350 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Dufourspitze 4,634 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Lake Maggiore 195 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Dufourspitze 4,634 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,350 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,17 +91,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "avalanches, landslides; flash floods" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from agricultural fertilizers; chemical contaminants and erosion damage the soil and limit productivity; loss of biodiversity" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Law of the Sea" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; crossroads of northern and southern Europe; along with southeastern France, northern Italy, and southwestern Austria, has the highest elevations in the Alps" } @@ -119,12 +108,12 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Swiss 69.5%, German 4.2%, Italian 3.2%, Portuguese 2.6%, French 2%, Kosovo 1.1%, other 17.3%, unspecified .1% (2018 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent permanent and non-permanent resident population by country of birth" + "text": "Swiss 69.5%, German 4.2%, Italian 3.2%, Portuguese 2.6%, French 2%, Kosovo 1.1%, other 17.3%, unspecified .1% (2018 est.)

note: data represent permanent and non-permanent resident population by country of birth", + "note": "note: data represent permanent and non-permanent resident population by country of birth" }, "Languages": { - "text": "German (or Swiss German) (official) 62.6%, French (official) 22.9%, Italian (official) 8.2%, English 5.4%, Portuguese 3.7%, Albanian 3.2%, Serbo-Croatian 2.5%, Spanish 2.4%, Romansh (official) 0.5%, other 7.7% (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: German, French, Italian, and Romansh are all national and official languages; shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer

" + "text": "German (or Swiss German) (official) 62.6%, French (official) 22.9%, Italian (official) 8.2%, English 5.4%, Portuguese 3.7%, Albanian 3.2%, Serbo-Croatian 2.5%, Spanish 2.4%, Romansh (official) 0.5%, other 7.7% (2017 est.)

note: German, French, Italian, and Romansh are all national and official languages; shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer", + "note": "note: German, French, Italian, and Romansh are all national and official languages; shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer" }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 35.9%, Protestant 23.8%, other Christian 5.9%, Muslim 5.4%, Jewish 0.3%, other 1.4%, none 26%, unspecified 1.4% (2017 est.)" @@ -188,10 +177,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "73.9% of total population (2020)" + "text": "74% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.88% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.79% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -331,13 +320,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "7.9%" + "text": "8%" }, "male": { - "text": "8.4%" + "text": "8.8%" }, "female": { - "text": "7.5% (2018 est.)" + "text": "7.2% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from agricultural fertilizers; chemical contaminants and erosion damage the soil and limit productivity; loss of biodiversity" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "10.21 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "34.48 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "4.98 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "931 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "642.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "160.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "53.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "38.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 10.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 27.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "31.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "29.8% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "74% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.79% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "6.056 million tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "1,937,920 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "32% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -361,7 +440,7 @@ "etymology": { "text": "name derives from the canton of Schwyz, one of the founding cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy that formed in the 14th century" }, - "note": "

 " + "note": " " }, "Government type": { "text": "federal republic (formally a confederation)" @@ -379,11 +458,11 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: origin of the name is uncertain, but may derive from a 2nd century B.C. Celtic place name, possibly \"berna\" meaning \"cleft,\" that was subsequently adopted by a Roman settlement  " + "note": "etymology: origin of the name is uncertain, but may derive from a 2nd century B.C. Celtic place name, possibly \"berna\" meaning \"cleft,\" that was subsequently adopted by a Roman settlement  " }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "26 cantons (cantons, singular - canton in French; cantoni, singular - cantone in Italian; Kantone, singular - Kanton in German); Aargau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Berne/Bern, Fribourg/Freiburg, Geneve (Geneva), Glarus, Graubuenden/Grigioni/Grischun, Jura, Luzern, Neuchatel, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Sankt Gallen, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Thurgau, Ticino, Uri, Valais/Wallis, Vaud, Zug, Zuerich", - "note": "

note: 6 of the cantons - Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Nidwalden, Obwalden - are referred to as half cantons because they elect only one member (instead of two) to the Council of States and, in popular referendums where a majority of popular votes and a majority of cantonal votes are required, these 6 cantons only have a half vote

" + "text": "26 cantons (cantons, singular - canton in French; cantoni, singular - cantone in Italian; Kantone, singular - Kanton in German); Aargau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Berne/Bern, Fribourg/Freiburg, Geneve (Geneva), Glarus, Graubuenden/Grigioni/Grischun, Jura, Luzern, Neuchatel, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Sankt Gallen, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Thurgau, Ticino, Uri, Valais/Wallis, Vaud, Zug, Zuerich

note: 6 of the cantons - Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Nidwalden, Obwalden - are referred to as half cantons because they elect only one member (instead of two) to the Council of States and, in popular referendums where a majority of popular votes and a majority of cantonal votes are required, these 6 cantons only have a half vote", + "note": "note: 6 of the cantons - Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Nidwalden, Obwalden - are referred to as half cantons because they elect only one member (instead of two) to the Council of States and, in popular referendums where a majority of popular votes and a majority of cantonal votes are required, these 6 cantons only have a half vote" }, "Independence": { "text": "1 August 1291 (founding of the Swiss Confederation)" @@ -396,7 +475,7 @@ "text": "previous 1848, 1874; latest adopted by referendum 18 April 1999, effective 1 January 2000" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the two houses of the Federal Assembly or by petition of at least one hundred thousand voters (called the \"federal popular initiative\"); passage of proposals requires majority vote in a referendum; following drafting of an amendment by the Assembly, its passage requires approval by majority vote in a referendum and approval by the majority of cantons; amended many times, last in 2018 (2020)" + "text": "proposed by the two houses of the Federal Assembly or by petition of at least one hundred thousand voters (called the \"federal popular initiative\"); passage of proposals requires majority vote in a referendum; following drafting of an amendment by the Assembly, its passage requires approval by majority vote in a referendum and approval by the majority of cantons; amended many times, last in 2018" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -462,7 +541,7 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Christian Democratic People's Party (Christlichdemokratische Volkspartei der Schweiz or CVP, Parti Democrate-Chretien Suisse or PDC, Partito Popolare Democratico Svizzero or PPD, Partida Cristiandemocratica dalla Svizra or PCD) [Gerhard PFISTER]
Conservative Democratic Party (Buergerlich-Demokratische Partei Schweiz or BDP, Parti Bourgeois Democratique Suisse or PBD, Partito Borghese Democratico Svizzero or PBD, Partido burgais democratica Svizera or PBD) [Martin LANDOLT]
Free Democratic Party or FDP.The Liberals (FDP.Die Liberalen, PLR.Les Liberaux-Radicaux, PLR.I Liberali, Ils Liberals) [Petra GOESSI]
Green Liberal Party (Gruenliberale Partei or GLP, Parti vert liberale or PVL, Partito Verde-Liberale or PVL, Partida Verde Liberale or PVL) [Juerg GROSSEN]
Green Party (Gruene Partei der Schweiz or Gruene, Parti Ecologiste Suisse or Les Verts, Partito Ecologista Svizzero or I Verdi, Partida Ecologica Svizra or La Verda) [Regula RYTZ]
Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz or SP, Parti Socialiste Suisse or PSS, Partito Socialista Svizzero or PSS, Partida Socialdemocratica de la Svizra or PSS) [Christian LEVRAT]
Swiss People's Party (Schweizerische Volkspartei or SVP, Union Democratique du Centre or UDC, Unione Democratica di Centro or UDC, Uniun Democratica dal Center or UDC) [Albert ROESTI]
other minor parties" + "text": "Free Democratic Party or FDP.The Liberals (FDP.Die Liberalen, PLR.Les Liberaux-Radicaux, PLR.I Liberali, Ils Liberals) [Petra GOESSI]
Green Liberal Party (Gruenliberale Partei or GLP, Parti vert liberale or PVL, Partito Verde-Liberale or PVL, Partida Verde Liberale or PVL) [Juerg GROSSEN]
Green Party (Gruene Partei der Schweiz or Gruene, Parti Ecologiste Suisse or Les Verts, Partito Ecologista Svizzero or I Verdi, Partida Ecologica Svizra or La Verda) [Regula RYTZ]
Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz or SP, Parti Socialiste Suisse or PSS, Partito Socialista Svizzero or PSS, Partida Socialdemocratica de la Svizra or PSS) [Christian LEVRAT]
Swiss People's Party (Schweizerische Volkspartei or SVP, Union Democratique du Centre or UDC, Unione Democratica di Centro or UDC, Uniun Democratica dal Center or UDC) [Albert ROESTI]
other minor parties
The Center (Die Mitte, Alleanza del Centro, Le Centre, Allianza dal Center) [Gerhard PFISTER] (merger of the Christian Democratic People's Party and the Conservative Democratic Party)" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EFTA, EITI (implementing country), ESA, FAO, FATF, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMISS, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" @@ -502,7 +581,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center that does not extend to the edges of the flag; various medieval legends purport to describe the origin of the flag; a white cross used as identification for troops of the Swiss Confederation is first attested at the Battle of Laupen (1339)" + "text": "red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center that does not extend to the edges of the flag; various medieval legends purport to describe the origin of the flag; a white cross used as identification for troops of the Swiss Confederation is first attested at the Battle of Laupen (1339)

note: in 1863, a newly formed international relief organization convening in Geneva, Switzerland sought to come up with an identifying flag or logo, they chose the inverse of the Swiss flag - a red cross on a white field - as their symbol; today that organization is known throughout the world as the International Red Cross", + "note": "note: in 1863, a newly formed international relief organization convening in Geneva, Switzerland sought to come up with an identifying flag or logo, they chose the inverse of the Swiss flag - a red cross on a white field - as their symbol; today that organization is known throughout the world as the International Red Cross" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "Swiss cross (white cross on red field, arms equal length); national colors: red, white" @@ -511,7 +591,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Leonhard WIDMER [German], Charles CHATELANAT [French], Camillo VALSANGIACOMO [Italian], and Flurin CAMATHIAS [Romansch]/Alberik ZWYSSIG" }, - "note": "

the Swiss anthem has four names: \"Schweizerpsalm\" [German] \"Cantique Suisse\" [French] \"Salmo svizzero,\" [Italian] \"Psalm svizzer\" [Romansch] (Swiss Psalm)\n

note: unofficially adopted 1961, officially 1981; the anthem has been popular in a number of Swiss cantons since its composition (in German) in 1841; translated into the other three official languages of the country (French, Italian, and Romansch), it is official in each of those languages

" + "note": "the Swiss anthem has four names: \"Schweizerpsalm\" [German] \"Cantique Suisse\" [French] \"Salmo svizzero,\" [Italian] \"Psalm svizzer\" [Romansch] (Swiss Psalm)\nnote: unofficially adopted 1961, officially 1981; the anthem has been popular in a number of Swiss cantons since its composition (in German) in 1841; translated into the other three official languages of the country (French, Italian, and Romansch), it is official in each of those languages" } }, "Economy": { @@ -561,7 +641,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$567.448 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$731.502 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -576,7 +656,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$67,139 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -621,8 +701,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "76.6 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "88.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "96.1 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "64.1 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -657,7 +746,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "6.6% (2014 est.)" + "text": "16% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -682,7 +771,7 @@ "expenditures": { "text": "234.4 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: includes federal, cantonal, and municipal budgets

" + "note": "note: includes federal, cantonal, and municipal budgets" }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "35.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" @@ -697,7 +786,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "41.8% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: general government gross debt; gross debt consists of all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future; includes debt liabilities in the form of Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), currency and deposits, debt securities, loans, insurance, pensions and standardized guarantee schemes, and other accounts payable; all liabilities in the GFSM (Government Financial Systems Manual) 2001 system are debt, except for equity and investment fund shares and financial derivatives and employee stock options

" + "note": "note: general government gross debt; gross debt consists of all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future; includes debt liabilities in the form of Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), currency and deposits, debt securities, loans, insurance, pensions and standardized guarantee schemes, and other accounts payable; all liabilities in the GFSM (Government Financial Systems Manual) 2001 system are debt, except for equity and investment fund shares and financial derivatives and employee stock options" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -720,13 +809,13 @@ "Exports 2017": { "text": "$430.129 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: trade data exclude trade with Switzerland

" + "note": "note: trade data exclude trade with Switzerland" }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 15.2%, US 12.3%, China 8.2%, India 6.7%, France 5.7%, UK 5.7%, Hong Kong 5.4%, Italy 5.3% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 16%, United States 14%, United Kingdom 8%, China 7%, France 6%, India 6%, Italy 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery, chemicals, metals, watches, agricultural products" + "text": "gold, packaged medicines, medical cultures/vaccines, watches, jewelry (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -740,10 +829,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 20.9%, US 7.9%, Italy 7.6%, UK 7.3%, France 6.8%, China 5% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 21%, Italy 8%, United States 6%, France 6%, United Kingdom 5%, United Arab Emirates 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery, chemicals, vehicles, metals; agricultural products, textiles" + "text": "gold, packaged medicines, jewelry, cars, medical cultures/vaccines (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -853,9 +942,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "NA cu m (1 January 2011 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "38.95 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -885,7 +971,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 41; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "

the publicly owned radio and TV broadcaster, Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SRG/SSR), operates 8 national TV networks, 3 broadcasting in German, 3 in French, and 2 in Italian; private commercial TV stations broadcast regionally and locally; TV broadcasts from stations in Germany, Italy, and France are widely available via multi-channel cable and satellite TV services; SRG/SSR operates 17 radio stations that, along with private broadcasters, provide national to local coverage )

(2019)" @@ -926,7 +1012,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "HB (2016)" + "text": "HB" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -977,7 +1063,7 @@ "narrow gauge": { "text": "1,630 km 1.200-m gauge (2 km electrified) (includes 19 km in neighboring countries) (2015)" }, - "note": "

1188 km 1.000-m gauge (1,167.3 km electrified)
36 km 0.800-m gauge (36.4 km electrified)" + "note": "1188 km 1.000-m gauge (1,167.3 km electrified)
36 km 0.800-m gauge (36.4 km electrified)" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1006,7 +1092,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Swiss Armed Forces: Land Forces, Swiss Air Force (Schweizer Luftwaffe) (2019)" + "text": "Swiss Armed Forces: Land Forces, Swiss Air Force (Schweizer Luftwaffe) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1026,22 +1112,22 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Swiss Armed Forces maintain a full-time active duty cadre of about 3,000 Army and Air Force personnel along with approximately 18,500 conscripts brought in annually for 18-23 weeks of training (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Swiss Armed Forces maintain a full-time active duty cadre of about 9,000 personnel along with approximately 18,500 conscripts brought in annually for 18-23 weeks of training (2021)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Swiss Armed Forces inventory includes a mix of domestically-produced and imported weapons systems; the US is the leading supplier of military armaments to Switzerland since 2010; the Swiss defense industry produces a range of military land vehicles (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Swiss Armed Forces inventory includes a mix of domestically-produced and imported weapons systems; the US is the leading supplier of military armaments to Switzerland since 2010; the Swiss defense industry produces a range of military land vehicles (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "165 Kosovo (NATO) (2020)" + "text": "165 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR) (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-30 years of age generally for male compulsory military service; 18 years of age for voluntary male and female military service; every Swiss male has to serve at least 245 days in the armed forces; conscripts receive 18 weeks of mandatory training, followed by six 19-day intermittent recalls for training during the next 10 years (2019)" + "text": "18-30 years of age generally for male compulsory military service; 18 years of age for voluntary male and female military service; every Swiss male has to serve at least 245 days in the armed forces; conscripts receive 18 weeks of mandatory training, followed by six 19-day intermittent recalls for training during the next 10 years (2021)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/europe/uk.json b/europe/uk.json index 954dc5f1..649f90d7 100644 --- a/europe/uk.json +++ b/europe/uk.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "1,680 sq km" }, - "note": "

note 1: the percentage area breakdown of the four UK countries is: England 53%, Scotland 32%, Wales 9%, and Northern Ireland 6%

note 2: includes Rockall and the Shetland Islands, which are part of Scotland

" + "note": "note 1: the percentage area breakdown of the four UK countries is: England 53%, Scotland 32%, Wales 9%, and Northern Ireland 6%

note 2: includes Rockall and the Shetland Islands, which are part of Scotland" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "twice the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oregon" @@ -58,14 +58,14 @@ "text": "mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in east and southeast" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "162 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Ben Nevis 1,345 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "The Fens -4 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Ben Nevis 1,345 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "162 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -100,25 +100,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "winter windstorms; floods" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution improved but remains a concern, particularly in the London region; soil pollution from pesticides and heavy metals; decline in marine and coastal habitats brought on by pressures from housing, tourism, and industry" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from France and linked by tunnel under the English Channel (the Channel Tunnel or Chunnel); because of heavily indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km from tidal waters" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "66,052,076 United Kingdom (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

constituent countries by percentage of total population:
England 84%
Scotland 8%
Wales 5%
Northern Ireland 3%" + "text": "66,052,076 United Kingdom (July 2021 est.)

constituent countries by percentage of total population:
England 84%
Scotland 8%
Wales 5%
Northern Ireland 3%", + "note": "constituent countries by percentage of total population:
England 84%
Scotland 8%
Wales 5%
Northern Ireland 3%" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -132,8 +121,8 @@ "text": "White 87.2%, Black/African/Caribbean/black British 3%, Asian/Asian British: Indian 2.3%, Asian/Asian British: Pakistani 1.9%, mixed 2%, other 3.7% (2011 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "English", - "note": "

note: the following are recognized regional languages: Scots (about 30% of the population of Scotland), Scottish Gaelic (about 60,000 speakers in Scotland), Welsh (about 20% of the population of Wales), Irish (about 10% of the population of Northern Ireland), Cornish (some 2,000 to 3,000 people in Cornwall) (2012 est.)

" + "text": "English

note: the following are recognized regional languages: Scots (about 30% of the population of Scotland), Scottish Gaelic (about 60,000 speakers in Scotland), Welsh (about 20% of the population of Wales), Irish (about 10% of the population of Northern Ireland), Cornish (some 2,000 to 3,000 people in Cornwall) (2012 est.)", + "note": "note: the following are recognized regional languages: Scots (about 30% of the population of Scotland), Scottish Gaelic (about 60,000 speakers in Scotland), Welsh (about 20% of the population of Wales), Irish (about 10% of the population of Northern Ireland), Cornish (some 2,000 to 3,000 people in Cornwall) (2012 est.)" }, "Religions": { "text": "Christian (includes Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Methodist) 59.5%, Muslim 4.4%, Hindu 1.3%, other 2%, unspecified 7.2%, none 25.7% (2011 est.)" @@ -197,10 +186,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "83.9% of total population (2020)" + "text": "84.2% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.89% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.8% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -230,8 +219,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "28.8 years (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent England and Wales only

" + "text": "28.8 years (2017 est.)

note: data represent England and Wales only", + "note": "note: data represent England and Wales only" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "7 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -323,7 +312,7 @@ "respiratory diseases": { "text": "Covid-19 (see note) (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout the UK; as of 24 January 2021, the UK has reported a total of 3,617,463 cases of COVID-19 or 5,328.7 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 143.4 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; individuals arriving in the UK must self-isolate for 14 days and may be contacted to verify compliance; new arrivals will be required to provide UK officials with contact and travel information prior to arrival; the US Department of Homeland Security has issued instructions requiring US passengers who have been in the UK to travel through select airports where the US Government has implemented enhanced screening procedures" + "note": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout the UK; as of 25 April 2021, the UK has reported a total of 4,403,174 cases of COVID-19 or 6,486.1 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with  187.7 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 50.2% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine; the US Department of Homeland Security has issued instructions requiring US passengers who have been in the UK to travel through select airports where the US Government has implemented enhanced screening procedures" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "27.8% (2016)" @@ -344,13 +333,109 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "11.3%" + "text": "11.2%" }, "male": { - "text": "12.2%" + "text": "13%" }, "female": { - "text": "10.3% (2018 est.)" + "text": "9.2% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution improved but remains a concern, particularly in the London region; soil pollution from pesticides and heavy metals; decline in marine and coastal habitats brought on by pressures from housing, tourism, and industry" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "10.53 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "379.02 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "49.16 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "6.227 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.01 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.183 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "147 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "71% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 25.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 45.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "11.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "17.1% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "84.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.8% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "respiratory diseases": { + "text": "Covid-19 (see note) (2020)" + }, + "note": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout the UK; as of 25 April 2021, the UK has reported a total of 4,403,174 cases of COVID-19 or 6,486.1 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with  187.7 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 50.2% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine; the US Department of Homeland Security has issued instructions requiring US passengers who have been in the UK to travel through select airports where the US Government has implemented enhanced screening procedures" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "31.567 million tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "8,602,008 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "27.3% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -385,7 +470,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

note: the time statements apply to the United Kingdom proper, not to its crown dependencies or overseas territories

etymology: the name derives from the Roman settlement of Londinium, established on the current site of London around A.D. 43; the original meaning of the name is uncertain

" + "note": "note: the time statements apply to the United Kingdom proper, not to its crown dependencies or overseas territories

etymology: the name derives from the Roman settlement of Londinium, established on the current site of London around A.D. 43; the original meaning of the name is uncertain" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "

England: 26 two-tier counties, 32 London boroughs and 1 City of London or Greater London, 36 metropolitan districts, 56 unitary authorities (including 4 single-tier counties*);

two-tier counties: Buckinghamshire, Cambridgeshire, Cumbria, Derbyshire, Devon, Dorset, East Sussex, Essex, Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Hertfordshire, Kent, Lancashire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Northamptonshire, North Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Somerset, Staffordshire, Suffolk, Surrey, Warwickshire, West Sussex, Worcestershire

London boroughs and City of London or Greater London: Barking and Dagenham, Barnet, Bexley, Brent, Bromley, Camden, Croydon, Ealing, Enfield, Greenwich, Hackney, Hammersmith and Fulham, Haringey, Harrow, Havering, Hillingdon, Hounslow, Islington, Kensington and Chelsea, Kingston upon Thames, Lambeth, Lewisham, City of London, Merton, Newham, Redbridge, Richmond upon Thames, Southwark, Sutton, Tower Hamlets, Waltham Forest, Wandsworth, Westminster

metropolitan districts: Barnsley, Birmingham, Bolton, Bradford, Bury, Calderdale, Coventry, Doncaster, Dudley, Gateshead, Kirklees, Knowlsey, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne, North Tyneside, Oldham, Rochdale, Rotherham, Salford, Sandwell, Sefton, Sheffield, Solihull, South Tyneside, St. Helens, Stockport, Sunderland, Tameside, Trafford, Wakefield, Walsall, Wigan, Wirral, Wolverhampton

unitary authorities: Bath and North East Somerset; Bedford; Blackburn with Darwen; Blackpool; Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole; Bracknell Forest; Brighton and Hove; City of Bristol; Central Bedfordshire; Cheshire East; Cheshire West and Chester; Cornwall; Darlington; Derby; Dorset; Durham County*; East Riding of Yorkshire; Halton; Hartlepool; Herefordshire*; Isle of Wight*; Isles of Scilly; City of Kingston upon Hull; Leicester; Luton; Medway; Middlesbrough; Milton Keynes; North East Lincolnshire; North Lincolnshire; North Somerset; Northumberland*; Nottingham; Peterborough; Plymouth; Portsmouth; Reading; Redcar and Cleveland; Rutland; Shropshire; Slough; South Gloucestershire; Southampton; Southend-on-Sea; Stockton-on-Tees; Stoke-on-Trent; Swindon; Telford and Wrekin; Thurrock; Torbay; Warrington; West Berkshire; Wiltshire; Windsor and Maidenhead; Wokingham; York

Northern Ireland: 5 borough councils, 4 district councils, 2 city councils;

borough councils: Antrim and Newtownabbey; Ards and North Down; Armagh City, Banbridge, and Craigavon; Causeway Coast and Glens; Mid and East Antrim

district councils: Derry City and Strabane; Fermanagh and Omagh; Mid Ulster; Newry, Murne, and Down

city councils: Belfast; Lisburn and Castlereagh

Scotland: 32 council areas;

council areas: Aberdeen City, Aberdeenshire, Angus, Argyll and Bute, Clackmannanshire, Dumfries and Galloway, Dundee City, East Ayrshire, East Dunbartonshire, East Lothian, East Renfrewshire, City of Edinburgh, Eilean Siar (Western Isles), Falkirk, Fife, Glasgow City, Highland, Inverclyde, Midlothian, Moray, North Ayrshire, North Lanarkshire, Orkney Islands, Perth and Kinross, Renfrewshire, Shetland Islands, South Ayrshire, South Lanarkshire, Stirling, The Scottish Borders, West Dunbartonshire, West Lothian

Wales: 22 unitary authorities;

unitary authorities: Blaenau Gwent, Bridgend, Caerphilly, Cardiff, Carmarthenshire, Ceredigion, Conwy, Denbighshire, Flintshire, Gwynedd, Isle of Anglesey, Merthyr Tydfil, Monmouthshire, Neath Port Talbot, Newport, Pembrokeshire, Powys, Rhondda Cynon Taff, Swansea, The Vale of Glamorgan, Torfaen, Wrexham

" @@ -404,7 +489,7 @@ "text": "unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed as a bill for an Act of Parliament by the government, by the House of Commons, or by the House of Lords; passage requires agreement by both houses and by the monarch (Royal Assent); note - additions include the Human Rights Act of 1998, the Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010, the Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011, the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, and the House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015" + "text": "proposed as a bill for an Act of Parliament by the government, by the House of Commons, or by the House of Lords; passage requires agreement by both houses and by the monarch (Royal Assent); many previous, last in 2020 -  The European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020, European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020 (2021)" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -443,7 +528,7 @@ "elections/appointments": { "text": "the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually becomes the prime minister; election last held on 12 December 2019 (next to be held by 2 May 2024)" }, - "note": "

note: in addition to serving as the UK head of state, the British sovereign is the constitutional monarch for 15 additional Commonwealth countries (these 16 states are each referred to as a Commonwealth realm)

" + "note": "note: in addition to serving as the UK head of state, the British sovereign is the constitutional monarch for 15 additional Commonwealth countries (these 16 states are each referred to as a Commonwealth realm)" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { @@ -501,7 +586,7 @@ "text": "[44] 20-7499-9000" }, "embassy": { - "text": "

33 Nine Elms Lane, London, SW11 7US or SW8 5DB (driving/GPS postcode)

" + "text": "33 Nine Elms Lane, London, SW11 7US or SW8 5DB (driving/GPS postcode)" }, "mailing address": { "text": "PSC 801, Box 40, FPO AE 09498-4040" @@ -526,12 +611,12 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "unknown" }, - "note": "

note: in use since 1745; by tradition, the song serves as both the national and royal anthem of the UK; it is known as either \"God Save the Queen\" or \"God Save the King,\" depending on the gender of the reigning monarch; it also serves as the royal anthem of many Commonwealth nations

" + "note": "note: in use since 1745; by tradition, the song serves as both the national and royal anthem of the UK; it is known as either \"God Save the Queen\" or \"God Save the King,\" depending on the gender of the reigning monarch; it also serves as the royal anthem of many Commonwealth nations" } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { - "text": "

The UK, a leading trading power and financial center, is the third largest economy in Europe after Germany and France. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with less than 2% of the labor force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil resources, but its oil and natural gas reserves are declining; the UK has been a net importer of energy since 2005. Services, particularly banking, insurance, and business services, are key drivers of British GDP growth. Manufacturing, meanwhile, has declined in importance but still accounts for about 10% of economic output.

 

In 2008, the global financial crisis hit the economy particularly hard, due to the importance of its financial sector. Falling home prices, high consumer debt, and the global economic slowdown compounded the UK’s economic problems, pushing the economy into recession in the latter half of 2008 and prompting the then BROWN (Labour) government to implement a number of measures to stimulate the economy and stabilize the financial markets. Facing burgeoning public deficits and debt levels, in 2010 the then CAMERON-led coalition government (between Conservatives and Liberal Democrats) initiated an austerity program, which has continued under the Conservative government. However, the deficit still remains one of the highest in the G7, standing at 3.6% of GDP as of 2017, and the UK has pledged to lower its corporation tax from 20% to 17% by 2020. The UK had a debt burden of 90.4% GDP at the end of 2017.

 

The UK economy has begun to slow since the referendum vote to leave the EU in June 2016. A sustained depreciation of the British pound has increased consumer and producer prices, weighing on consumer spending without spurring a meaningful increase in exports. The UK has an extensive trade relationship with other EU members through its single market membership, and economic observers have warned the exit will jeopardize its position as the central location for European financial services. The UK is slated to leave the EU at the end of January 2020.

" + "text": "

The UK, a leading trading power and financial center, is the third largest economy in Europe after Germany and France. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with less than 2% of the labor force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil resources, but its oil and natural gas reserves are declining; the UK has been a net importer of energy since 2005. Services, particularly banking, insurance, and business services, are key drivers of British GDP growth. Manufacturing, meanwhile, has declined in importance but still accounts for about 10% of economic output.

In 2008, the global financial crisis hit the economy particularly hard, due to the importance of its financial sector. Falling home prices, high consumer debt, and the global economic slowdown compounded the UK’s economic problems, pushing the economy into recession in the latter half of 2008 and prompting the then BROWN (Labour) government to implement a number of measures to stimulate the economy and stabilize the financial markets. Facing burgeoning public deficits and debt levels, in 2010 the then CAMERON-led coalition government (between Conservatives and Liberal Democrats) initiated an austerity program, which has continued under the Conservative government. However, the deficit still remains one of the highest in the G7, standing at 3.6% of GDP as of 2017, and the UK has pledged to lower its corporation tax from 20% to 17% by 2020. The UK had a debt burden of 90.4% GDP at the end of 2017.

The UK economy has begun to slow since the referendum vote to leave the EU in June 2016. A sustained depreciation of the British pound has increased consumer and producer prices, weighing on consumer spending without spurring a meaningful increase in exports. The UK has an extensive trade relationship with other EU members through its single market membership, and economic observers have warned the exit will jeopardize its position as the central location for European financial services. The UK is slated to leave the EU at the end of January 2020.

" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2019": { @@ -576,7 +661,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$3,032,781,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$2,827,918,000,000 (2019 est.)" @@ -591,7 +676,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$45,910 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -636,8 +721,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "83.5 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "94.6 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "93.8 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "68.7 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -672,7 +766,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "15% (2013 est.)" + "text": "18.6% (2017 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": { @@ -711,7 +805,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "87.9% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

" + "note": "note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "6 April - 5 April" @@ -736,10 +830,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 13.2%, Germany 10.5%, France 7.4%, Netherlands 6.2%, Ireland 5.6%, China 4.8%, Switzerland 4.5% (2017)" + "text": "United States 15%, Germany 10%, China 7%, Netherlands 7%, France 7%, Ireland 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals; food, beverages, tobacco" + "text": "cars, gas turbines, gold, crude petroleum, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -753,10 +847,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 13.7%, US 9.5%, China 9.3%, Netherlands 8%, France 5.4%, Belgium 5% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 13%, China 10%, United States 8%, Netherlands 7%, France 6%, Belgium 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "manufactured goods, machinery, fuels; foodstuffs" + "text": "gold, cars, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -866,9 +960,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "176 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "424 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -898,7 +989,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 44; Landing points for the GTT Atlantic, Scotland-Northern Ireland -1, & -2, Lanis 1,-2, &-3, Sirius North, BT-MT-1, SHEFA-2, BT Highlands and Islands Submarine Cable System, Northern Lights, FARICE-1, Celtic Norse, Tampnet Offshore FOC Network, England Cable, CC-2, E-LLan, Sirius South, ESAT -1 & -2, Rockabill, Geo-Eirgrid, UK-Netherlands-14, Circle North & South, Ulysses2, Conceto, Farland North, Pan European Crossing, Solas, Swansea-Bream, GTT Express, Tata TGN-Atlantic & -Western Europe, Apollo, EIG, Glo-1, TAT-14, Yellow, Celtic, FLAG Atlantic-1, FEA, Isle of Scilly Cable, UK-Channel Islands-8 and SeaMeWe-3 submarine cables providing links throughout Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Australia, and US; satellite earth stations - 10 Intelsat (7 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), and 1 Eutelsat; at least 8 large international switching centers (2018)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "public service broadcaster, British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world; BBC operates multiple TV networks with regional and local TV service; a mixed system of public and commercial TV broadcasters along with satellite and cable systems provide access to hundreds of TV stations throughout the world; BBC operates multiple national, regional, and local radio networks with multiple transmission sites; a large number of commercial radio stations, as well as satellite radio services are available (2018)" @@ -942,7 +1033,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "G (2016)" + "text": "G" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1039,12 +1130,12 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "British Army, Royal Navy (includes Royal Marines), Royal Air Force, Strategic Command (2021)", - "note": "

note: Strategic Command develops and manages the British military's medical services, training and education, intelligence and information systems across the land, sea, air, space, and cyber domains; it also manages joint overseas operations" + "text": "British Army, Royal Navy (includes Royal Marines), Royal Air Force (2021)

note: on 1 April 2021, the UK formed a Space Command as a joint command staffed by Army, Navy, and Air Force personnel, as well as civilians and key members of the commercial sector to manage space operations, training, and capabilities; in 2019, the UK formed the Strategic Command (formerly Joint Forces Command) to develop and manage the British military's medical services, training and education, intelligence, and information systems across the land, sea, air, space, and cyber domains; it also manages joint overseas operations", + "note": "note: on 1 April 2021, the UK formed a Space Command as a joint command staffed by Army, Navy, and Air Force personnel, as well as civilians and key members of the commercial sector to manage space operations, training, and capabilities; in 2019, the UK formed the Strategic Command (formerly Joint Forces Command) to develop and manage the British military's medical services, training and education, intelligence, and information systems across the land, sea, air, space, and cyber domains; it also manages joint overseas operations" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "2.43% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "2.32% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "2.1% of GDP (2019)" @@ -1063,19 +1154,19 @@ "text": "the British military has approximately 150,000 total active duty troops (84,000 Army; 33,000 Navy, including 7,000 marines; 33,000 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of the British military is comprised of a mix of domestically-produced and imported Western weapons systems; the US is the leading supplier of armaments to the UK since 2010; the UK defense industry is capable of producing a wide variety of air, land, and sea weapons systems (2019 est.)" + "text": "the inventory of the British military is comprised of a mix of domestically-produced and imported Western weapons systems; the US is the leading supplier of armaments to the UK since 2010; the UK defense industry is capable of producing a wide variety of air, land, and sea weapons systems and is one of the world's top weapons suppliers (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "950 Afghanistan (NATO); approximately 1,000 Brunei; more than 400 Canada (BATUS); est. 2,200 Cyprus; 250 Cyprus (UNFICYP); 900 Estonia (NATO); approx. 1,200 Falkland Islands; est. 200 Germany (note - previously about 2,500, but the UK pledged to remove all but 200 troops by the end of 2020); 570 Gibraltar; approx. 1,300 Middle East (coalition against ISIS; NATO); up to 350 Kenya (BATUK); 400 Mali (EUTM, MINUSMA, and Operation Barkhane; 150 Poland (NATO) (2020)" + "text": "750 Afghanistan (NATO); approximately 1,000 Brunei; approximately 400 Canada (BATUS); approximately 2,200 Cyprus; 250 Cyprus (UNFICYP); 850 Estonia (NATO); approx. 1,200 Falkland Islands; est. 200 Germany (note - previously about 2,500, but the UK withdrew all but 200 troops by the end of 2020); 570 Gibraltar; approx. 1,400 Middle East (coalition against ISIS; NATO); up to 350 Kenya (BATUK); approx. 400 Mali (EUTM, MINUSMA, and Operation Barkhane); 150 Poland (NATO) (Feb 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "slight variations by service, but generally 16-36 years of age for enlisted (with parental consent under 18) and 18-29 for officers; minimum length of service 4 years; women serve in military services including ground combat roles (2019)" + "text": "slight variations by service, but generally 16-36 years of age for enlisted (with parental consent under 18) and 18-29 for officers; minimum length of service 4 years; women serve in military services including ground combat roles; conscription abolished in 1963 (2021)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Continuity Irish Republican Army; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham; New Irish Republican Army (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Continuity Irish Republican Army; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham; New Irish Republican Army (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/europe/up.json b/europe/up.json index 36dcfc32..f16df1ad 100644 --- a/europe/up.json +++ b/europe/up.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "24,220 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: approximately 43,133 sq km, or about 7.1% of Ukraine's area, is Russian occupied; the seized area includes all of Crimea and about one-third of both Luhans'k and Donets'k oblasts

" + "note": "note: approximately 43,133 sq km, or about 7.1% of Ukraine's area, is Russian occupied; the seized area includes all of Crimea and about one-third of both Luhans'k and Donets'k oblasts" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "almost four times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Texas" @@ -58,14 +58,14 @@ "text": "mostly fertile plains (steppes) and plateaus, with mountains found only in the west (the Carpathians) or in the extreme south of the Crimean Peninsula" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "175 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Hora Hoverla 2,061 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Black Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Hora Hoverla 2,061 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "175 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -100,17 +100,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "occasional floods; occasional droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air and water pollution; land degradation; solid waste management; biodiversity loss; deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeast from 1986 accident at Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plant" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second-largest country in Europe after Russia" } @@ -131,12 +120,12 @@ "text": "Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan 0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian 0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Ukrainian (official) 67.5%, Russian (regional language) 29.6%, other (includes small Crimean Tatar-, Moldovan/Romanian-, and Hungarian-speaking minorities) 2.9% (2001 est.)", - "note": "

note: in February 2018, the Constitutional Court ruled that 2012 language legislation entitling a language spoken by at least 10% of an oblast's population to be given the status of \"regional language\" - allowing for its use in courts, schools, and other government institutions - was unconstitutional, thus making the law invalid; Ukrainian remains the country's only official nationwide language

" + "text": "Ukrainian (official) 67.5%, Russian (regional language) 29.6%, other (includes small Crimean Tatar-, Moldovan/Romanian-, and Hungarian-speaking minorities) 2.9% (2001 est.)

note: in February 2018, the Constitutional Court ruled that 2012 language legislation entitling a language spoken by at least 10% of an oblast's population to be given the status of \"regional language\" - allowing for its use in courts, schools, and other government institutions - was unconstitutional, thus making the law invalid; Ukrainian remains the country's only official nationwide language", + "note": "note: in February 2018, the Constitutional Court ruled that 2012 language legislation entitling a language spoken by at least 10% of an oblast's population to be given the status of \"regional language\" - allowing for its use in courts, schools, and other government institutions - was unconstitutional, thus making the law invalid; Ukrainian remains the country's only official nationwide language" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Orthodox (includes the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU) and the Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate (UOC-MP)), Ukrainian Greek Catholic, Roman Catholic, Protestant, Muslim, Jewish (2013 est.)", - "note": "

note: Ukraine's population is overwhelmingly Christian; the vast majority - up to two thirds - identify themselves as Orthodox, but many do not specify a particular branch; the OCU and the UOC-MP each represent less than a quarter of the country's population, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church accounts for 8-10%, and the UAOC accounts for 1-2%; Muslim and Jewish adherents each compose less than 1% of the total population

" + "text": "Orthodox (includes the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU) and the Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate (UOC-MP)), Ukrainian Greek Catholic, Roman Catholic, Protestant, Muslim, Jewish (2013 est.)

note: Ukraine's population is overwhelmingly Christian; the vast majority - up to two thirds - identify themselves as Orthodox, but many do not specify a particular branch; the OCU and the UOC-MP each represent less than a quarter of the country's population, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church accounts for 8-10%, and the UAOC accounts for 1-2%; Muslim and Jewish adherents each compose less than 1% of the total population", + "note": "note: Ukraine's population is overwhelmingly Christian; the vast majority - up to two thirds - identify themselves as Orthodox, but many do not specify a particular branch; the OCU and the UOC-MP each represent less than a quarter of the country's population, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church accounts for 8-10%, and the UAOC accounts for 1-2%; Muslim and Jewish adherents each compose less than 1% of the total population" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -168,7 +157,7 @@ "potential support ratio": { "text": "4 (2020 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data include Crimea

" + "note": "note: data include Crimea" }, "Median age": { "total": { @@ -198,10 +187,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "69.6% of total population (2020)" + "text": "69.8% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-0.33% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "-0.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -355,13 +344,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "17.9%" + "text": "15.4%" }, "male": { - "text": "16.9%" + "text": "15.5%" }, "female": { - "text": "19.3% (2018 est.)" + "text": "15.3% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air and water pollution; land degradation; solid waste management; biodiversity loss; deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeast from 1986 accident at Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plant" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic- Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "18.29 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "202.25 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "63.37 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "2.397 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "3.577 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "3.206 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "175.28 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; warm summers across the greater part of the country, hot in the south" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "71.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 56.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 13.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "16.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "12% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.34% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.42% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "69.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "-0.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "15,242,025 tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "487,745 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "3.2% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -402,11 +481,11 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

note: pronounced KAY-yiv

etymology: the name is associated with that of Kyi, who along with his brothers Shchek and Khoryv, and their sister Lybid, are the legendary founders of the medieval city of Kyiv; Kyi being the eldest brother, the city was named after him

" + "note": "note: pronounced KAY-yiv

etymology: the name is associated with that of Kyi, who along with his brothers Shchek and Khoryv, and their sister Lybid, are the legendary founders of the medieval city of Kyiv; Kyi being the eldest brother, the city was named after him" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "24 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous republic* (avtonomna respublika), and 2 municipalities** (mista, singular - misto) with oblast status; Cherkasy, Chernihiv, Chernivtsi, Crimea or Avtonomna Respublika Krym* (Simferopol), Dnipropetrovsk (Dnipro), Donetsk, Ivano-Frankivsk, Kharkiv, Kherson, Khmelnytskyi, Kirovohrad (Kropyvnytskyi), Kyiv**, Kyiv, Luhansk, Lviv, Mykolaiv, Odesa, Poltava, Rivne, Sevastopol**, Sumy, Ternopil, Vinnytsia, Volyn (Lutsk), Zakarpattia (Uzhhorod), Zaporizhzhia, Zhytomyr", - "note": "

note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses); plans include the eventual renaming of Dnipropetrovsk and Kirovohrad oblasts, but because these names are mentioned in the Constitution of Ukraine, the change will require a constitutional amendment

\r\n

note: the US Government does not recognize Russia's illegal annexation of Ukraine's Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the municipality of Sevastopol, nor their redesignation as the \"Republic of Crimea\" and the \"Federal City of Sevastopol\"

" + "text": "24 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous republic* (avtonomna respublika), and 2 municipalities** (mista, singular - misto) with oblast status; Cherkasy, Chernihiv, Chernivtsi, Crimea or Avtonomna Respublika Krym* (Simferopol), Dnipropetrovsk (Dnipro), Donetsk, Ivano-Frankivsk, Kharkiv, Kherson, Khmelnytskyi, Kirovohrad (Kropyvnytskyi), Kyiv**, Kyiv, Luhansk, Lviv, Mykolaiv, Odesa, Poltava, Rivne, Sevastopol**, Sumy, Ternopil, Vinnytsia, Volyn (Lutsk), Zakarpattia (Uzhhorod), Zaporizhzhia, Zhytomyr

note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses); plans include the eventual renaming of Dnipropetrovsk and Kirovohrad oblasts, but because these names are mentioned in the Constitution of Ukraine, the change will require a constitutional amendment\r\n

note: the US Government does not recognize Russia's illegal annexation of Ukraine's Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the municipality of Sevastopol, nor their redesignation as the \"Republic of Crimea\" and the \"Federal City of Sevastopol\"", + "note": "note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses); plans include the eventual renaming of Dnipropetrovsk and Kirovohrad oblasts, but because these names are mentioned in the Constitution of Ukraine, the change will require a constitutional amendment\r\n

note: the US Government does not recognize Russia's illegal annexation of Ukraine's Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the municipality of Sevastopol, nor their redesignation as the \"Republic of Crimea\" and the \"Federal City of Sevastopol\"" }, "Independence": { "text": "24 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union); notable earlier dates: ca. 982 (VOLODYMYR I consolidates Kyivan Rus); 1199 (Principality (later Kingdom) of Ruthenia formed; 1648 (establishment of the Cossack Hetmanate); 22 January 1918 (from Soviet Russia)" @@ -461,7 +540,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "first round results: percent of vote - Volodymyr ZELENSKYY (Servant of the People) 30.2%, Petro POROSHENKO (BPP-Solidarity) 15.6%, Yuliya TYMOSHENKO (Fatherland) 13.4%, Yuriy BOYKO (Opposition Platform-For Life) 11.7%, 35 other candidates 29.1%; second round results: percent of vote - Volodymyr ZELENSKYY (Servant of the People) 73.2%, Petro POROSHENKO (BPP-Solidarity) 24.5%; Denys SHMYHAL (independent) elected prime minister; Verkhovna Rada vote - 291-59" }, - "note": "

note: there is also a National Security and Defense Council or NSDC originally created in 1992 as the National Security Council; the NSDC staff is tasked with developing national security policy on domestic and international matters and advising the president; a presidential administration helps draft presidential edicts and provides policy support to the president

" + "note": "note: there is also a National Security and Defense Council or NSDC originally created in 1992 as the National Security Council; the NSDC staff is tasked with developing national security policy on domestic and international matters and advising the president; a presidential administration helps draft presidential edicts and provides policy support to the president" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { @@ -484,7 +563,7 @@ "subordinate courts": { "text": "Courts of Appeal; district courts" }, - "note": "

note: specialized courts were abolished as part of Ukraine's judicial reform program; in November 2019, President ZELENSKYY signed a bill on legal reforms" + "note": "note: specialized courts were abolished as part of Ukraine's judicial reform program; in November 2019, President ZELENSKYY signed a bill on legal reforms" }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "Batkivshchyna (Fatherland) [Yuliya TYMOSHENKO]
European Solidarity (BPP-Solidarity) [Petro POROSHENKO]
Holos (Voice) [Sviatoslav VAKARCHUK]
Opposition Bloc or OB [Evgeny MURAYEV]
Opposition Platform-For Life [Yuriy BOYKO, Vadim RABINOVICH]
Radical Party [Oleh LYASHKO]
Samopomich (Self Reliance) [Andriy SADOVYY]
Servant of the People [Oleksandr KORNIENKO]
Svoboda (Freedom) [Oleh TYAHNYBOK]" @@ -539,7 +618,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Paul CHUBYNSKYI/Mikhail VERBYTSKYI" }, - "note": "

note: music adopted 1991, lyrics adopted 2003; song first performed in 1864 at the Ukraine Theatre in Lviv; the lyrics, originally written in 1862, were revised in 2003

" + "note": "note: music adopted 1991, lyrics adopted 2003; song first performed in 1864 at the Ukraine Theatre in Lviv; the lyrics, originally written in 1862, were revised in 2003" } }, "Economy": { @@ -567,7 +646,7 @@ "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": { "text": "14.4% (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: Excluding the temporarily occupied territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the city of Sevastopol and part of the anti-terrorist operation zone

" + "note": "note: Excluding the temporarily occupied territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the city of Sevastopol and part of the anti-terrorist operation zone" }, "Credit ratings": { "Fitch rating": { @@ -590,7 +669,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$504.35 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$155.082 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -605,7 +684,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$11,871 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -650,8 +729,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "70.2 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "91.1 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "80.1 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "63.6 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -684,10 +772,10 @@ "Unemployment rate 2018": { "text": "9.42% (2018 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: officially registered workers; large number of unregistered or underemployed workers

" + "note": "note: officially registered workers; large number of unregistered or underemployed workers" }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "3.8% (2016 est.)" + "text": "1.1% (2019 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -712,7 +800,7 @@ "expenditures": { "text": "31.55 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: this is the planned, consolidated budget

" + "note": "note: this is the planned, consolidated budget" }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "26.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" @@ -727,7 +815,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "81.2% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: the total public debt of $64.5 billion consists of: domestic public debt ($23.8 billion); external public debt ($26.1 billion); and sovereign guarantees ($14.6 billion)

" + "note": "note: the total public debt of $64.5 billion consists of: domestic public debt ($23.8 billion); external public debt ($26.1 billion); and sovereign guarantees ($14.6 billion)" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -752,10 +840,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Russia 9.2%, Poland 6.5%, Turkey 5.6%, India 5.5%, Italy 5.2%, China 4.6%, Germany 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "Russia 9%, China 8%, Germany 6%, Poland 6%, Italy 5%, Turkey 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "ferrous and nonferrous metals, fuel and petroleum products, chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, foodstuffs" + "text": "corn, sunflower seed oils, iron and iron products, wheat, insulated wiring, rapeseed (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -769,10 +857,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Russia 14.5%, China 11.3%, Germany 11.2%, Poland 7%, Belarus 6.7%, US 5.1% (2017)" + "text": "China 13%, Russia 12%, Germany 10%, Poland 9%, Belarus 7% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "energy, machinery and equipment, chemicals" + "text": "refined petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, coal, natural gas (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -882,9 +970,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "1.104 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "238.9 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -914,7 +999,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 380; landing point for the Kerch Strait Cable connecting Ukraine to Russia; 2 new domestic trunk lines are a part of the fiber-optic TAE system and 3 Ukrainian links have been installed in the fiber-optic TEL project that connects 18 countries; additional international service is provided by the Italy-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia (ITUR) fiber-optic submarine cable and by an unknown number of earth stations in the Intelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "

Ukraine’s media landscape is dominated by oligarch-owned news outlets, which are often politically motivated and at odds with one another and/or the government; while polls suggest most Ukrainians still receive news from traditional media sources, social media is a crucial component of information dissemination in Ukraine; almost all Ukrainian politicians and opinion leaders communicate with the public via social media and maintain at least one social media page, if not more; this allows them direct communication with audiences, and news often breaks on Facebook or Twitter before being picked up by traditional news outlets

Ukraine television serves as the principal source of news; the largest national networks are controlled by oligarchs: TRK Ukraina is owned by Rinat Akhmetov; Studio 1+1 is owned by Ihor Kolomoyskyy; Inter is owned by Dmytro Firtash and Serhiy Lyovochkin; and StarlightMedia channels (ICTV, STB, and Novyi Kanal) are owned by Victor Pinchuk;  a set of 24-hour news channels also have clear political affiliations: 112-Ukraine and NewsOne tacitly support pro-Russian opposition and are believed to be controlled by political and business tycoon Viktor Medvedchuk; pro-Ukrainian government Channel 5 and Pryamyi are linked to President Petro Poroshenko; 24 and ZIK are owned by opposition, but not pro-Russian, politicians; UA: Suspilne is a public television station under the umbrella of the National Public Broadcasting Company of Ukraine; while it is often praised by media experts for balanced coverage, it lags in popularity; Ukrainian Radio, institutionally linked to UA: Suspilne, is one of only two national talk radio networks, with the other being the privately owned Radio NV

(2019)" @@ -958,7 +1043,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "UR (2016)" + "text": "UR" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1046,9 +1131,12 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Armed Forces of Ukraine (Zbroyni Syly Ukrayiny, ZSU): Ground Forces (Sukhoputni Viys’ka), Naval Forces (Viys’kovo-Mors’ki Syly, VMS), Air Forces (Povitryani Syly, PS), Air Assault Forces (Desantno-shturmovi Viyska, DShV);  Ministry of Internal Affairs: National Guard of Ukraine, State Border Guard Service of Ukraine (includes Maritime Border Guard) (2020)" + "text": "Armed Forces of Ukraine (Zbroyni Syly Ukrayiny, ZSU): Ground Forces (Sukhoputni Viys’ka), Naval Forces (Viys’kovo-Mors’ki Syly, VMS), Air Forces (Povitryani Syly, PS), Air Assault Forces (Desantno-shturmovi Viyska, DShV), Territorial Defense Forces (Reserves);  Ministry of Internal Affairs: National Guard of Ukraine, State Border Guard Service of Ukraine (includes Maritime Border Guard) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2020": { + "text": "3% of GDP (2020 est.)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "3.9% of GDP (2019)" }, @@ -1056,29 +1144,27 @@ "text": "3.7% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "2.9% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "3.1% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "3.2% of GDP (2016)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "3.3% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "3.6% of GDP (2016)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "size estimates for the Armed Forces of Ukraine (Zbroyni Syly Ukrayiny, ZSU) vary; approximately 215,000 active troops (160,000 Army, including Airborne/Air Assault Forces; 13,000 Navy; 42,000 Air Force); est. 50,000 National Guard (2019 est.)" + "text": "size estimates for the Armed Forces of Ukraine (Zbroyni Syly Ukrayiny, ZSU) vary; approximately 200,000 active troops (150,000 Army, including Airborne/Air Assault Forces; 12,000 Navy; 40,000 Air Force); est. 50,000 National Guard (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Ukrainian military is equipped mostly with older Russian and Soviet-era weapons systems; since 2010, it has imported limited quantities of weapons from several European countries, as well as Canada, the US, and the United Arab Emirates; Ukraine has a broad defense industry capable of building Soviet-era land systems and maintaining and upgrading Soviet-era combat aircraft, as well as missile and air defense systems (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Ukrainian military is equipped mostly with older Russian and Soviet-era weapons systems; since 2010, it has imported limited quantities of weapons from several European countries, as well as Canada, the US, and the United Arab Emirates; Ukraine has a broad defense industry capable of building Soviet-era land systems and maintaining and upgrading Soviet-era combat aircraft, as well as missile and air defense systems (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "250 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); contributes about 550 troops to the Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine joint military brigade (LITPOLUKRBRIG), which was established in 2014; the brigade is headquartered in Warsaw and is comprised of an international staff, three battalions, and specialized units (2020)" + "text": "250 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) (Jan 2021)

note - Ukraine contributes about 550 troops to the Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine joint military brigade (LITPOLUKRBRIG), which was established in 2014; the brigade is headquartered in Warsaw and is comprised of an international staff, three battalions, and specialized units", + "note": "note - Ukraine contributes about 550 troops to the Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine joint military brigade (LITPOLUKRBRIG), which was established in 2014; the brigade is headquartered in Warsaw and is comprised of an international staff, three battalions, and specialized units" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "20-27 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation is 12 months (2019)" + "text": "conscription abolished in 2012, but reintroduced in 2014; 20-27 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation is 12 months (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "

the Ukrainian military’s primary concern is Russia’s material support for armed separatist forces in the eastern provinces of Donetsk and Luhansk where the conflict has become stalemated; since the cease-fire of October 2019, Ukrainian military casualties along the front line have fallen significantly despite continued sporadic exchanges of fire through 2020 and into 2021

" + "text": "the Ukrainian military’s primary concern is Russia’s material support for armed separatist forces in the eastern provinces of Donetsk and Luhansk where the conflict has become stalemated along a 250-mile front known as the line of contact; since the cease-fire of October 2019, Ukrainian military casualties along the front line have fallen significantly despite continued sporadic exchanges of fire through 2020 and into 2021" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/europe/vt.json b/europe/vt.json index 84f75357..4cb7c0fd 100644 --- a/europe/vt.json +++ b/europe/vt.json @@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ "text": "urban; low hill" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Saint Peter's Square 19 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Vatican Gardens (Vatican Hill) 78 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Saint Peter's Square 19 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -70,17 +70,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "occasional earthquakes" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "some air pollution from the surrounding city of Rome" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Ozone Layer Protection" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Environmental Modification" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; an enclave in Rome, Italy; world's smallest state; beyond the territorial boundary of Vatican City, the Lateran Treaty of 1929 grants the Holy See extraterritorial authority over 23 sites in Rome and five outside of Rome, including the Pontifical Palace at Castel Gandolfo (the Pope's summer residence)" } @@ -111,10 +100,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "100% of total population (2020)" + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-0.05% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -141,6 +130,46 @@ "text": "NA" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "some air pollution from the surrounding city of Rome" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Environmental Modification" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to May) with hot, dry summers (May to September)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "100% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -187,7 +216,7 @@ }, "Constitution": { "history": { - "text": "previous 1929, 1963; latest adopted 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001 (Fundamental Law of Vatican City State); note - in October 2013, Pope Francis instituted a 9-member Council of Cardinal Advisors to reform the administrative apparatus of the Holy See (Roman Curia) to include writing a new constitution" + "text": "previous 1929, 1963; latest adopted 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001 (Fundamental Law of Vatican City State); note - in October 2013, Pope Francis instituted a 9-member Council of Cardinal Advisors to reform the administrative apparatus of the Holy See (Roman Curia) to include writing a new constitution; on 13 June 2018, Pope Francis approved the Council of Cardinals' first draft of the new constitution, Predicatae Evangelium, which will replace \"Pastor Bonus, the current governing document of the Roman Curia" }, "amendments": { "text": "note - although the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State makes no mention of amendments, Article Four (drafting laws), states that this legislative responsibility resides with the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State; draft legislation is submitted through the Secretariat of State and considered by the pope" @@ -212,7 +241,7 @@ "residency requirement for naturalization": { "text": "not applicable" }, - "note": "

note: in the Holy See, citizenship is acquired by law, ex iure, or by adminstrative decision; in the first instance, citizenship is a function of holding office within the Holy See as in the case of cardinals resident in Vatican City or diplomats of the Holy See; in the second instance, citizenship may be requested in a limited set of circumstances for those who reside within Vatican City under papal authorization, as a function of their office or service, or as the spouses and children of current citizens; citizenship is lost once an individual no longer permanently resides in Vatican City, normally reverting to the citizenship previously held

" + "note": "note: in the Holy See, citizenship is acquired by law, ex iure, or by adminstrative decision; in the first instance, citizenship is a function of holding office within the Holy See as in the case of cardinals resident in Vatican City or diplomats of the Holy See; in the second instance, citizenship may be requested in a limited set of circumstances for those who reside within Vatican City under papal authorization, as a function of their office or service, or as the spouses and children of current citizens; citizenship is lost once an individual no longer permanently resides in Vatican City, normally reverting to the citizenship previously held" }, "Suffrage": { "text": "election of the pope is limited to cardinals less than 80 years old" @@ -306,7 +335,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Raffaello LAVAGNA/Charles-Francois GOUNOD" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1950

" + "note": "note: adopted 1950" } }, "Economy": { @@ -384,7 +413,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 39; uses Italian system" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "the Vatican Television Center (CTV) transmits live broadcasts of the Pope's Sunday and Wednesday audiences, as well as the Pope's public celebrations; CTV also produces documentaries; Vatican Radio is the Holy See's official broadcasting service broadcasting via shortwave, AM and FM frequencies, and via satellite and Internet connections" @@ -400,10 +429,10 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Pontifical Swiss Guard Corps (Corpo della Guardia Svizzera Pontificia); the Gendarmerie Corps of Vatican City is a police force that helps augment the Pontifical Swiss Guard during the Pope’s appearances, as well as providing general security, traffic direction, and investigative duties for the Vatican City State (2019)" + "text": "Pontifical Swiss Guard Corps (Corpo della Guardia Svizzera Pontificia); the Gendarmerie Corps of Vatican City (Corpo della Gendarmeriais) is a police force that helps augment the Pontifical Swiss Guard Corps during the Pope’s appearances, as well as providing general security, traffic direction, and investigative duties for the Vatican City State (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "Pontifical Swiss Guard Corps (Corpo della Guardia Svizzera Pontificia): 19-30 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; must be Roman Catholic, a single male, and a Swiss citizen, with a secondary education (2019)" + "text": "Pontifical Swiss Guard Corps: 19-30 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; must be Roman Catholic, a single male, and a Swiss citizen, with a secondary education; service is for 26 months (2021)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "defense is the responsibility of Italy" diff --git a/middle-east/ae.json b/middle-east/ae.json index 770545b2..c11081bf 100644 --- a/middle-east/ae.json +++ b/middle-east/ae.json @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand dunes of vast desert; mountains in east" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "149 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Jabal Yibir 1,527 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Persian Gulf 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Jabal Yibir 1,527 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "149 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,25 +102,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "frequent sand and dust storms" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution; rapid population growth and high energy demand contribute to water scarcity; lack of natural freshwater resources compensated by desalination plants; land degradation and desertification; waste generation, beach pollution from oil spills" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Law of the Sea" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location along southern approaches to Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "9,856,612 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: the UN estimated the country's total population was 9,771,000 as of mid-year 2019; immigrants make up 87.9% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)

" + "text": "9,856,612 (July 2021 est.)

note: the UN estimated the country's total population was 9,771,000 as of mid-year 2019; immigrants make up 87.9% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)", + "note": "note: the UN estimated the country's total population was 9,771,000 as of mid-year 2019; immigrants make up 87.9% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -137,8 +126,8 @@ "text": "Arabic (official), English, Hindi, Malayam, Urdu, Pashto, Tagalog, Persian" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Muslim (official) 76%, Christian 9%, other (primarily Hindu and Buddhist, less than 5% of the population consists of Parsi, Baha'i, Druze, Sikh, Ahmadi, Ismaili, Dawoodi Bohra Muslim, and Jewish) 15% (2005 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent the total population; as of 2019, immigrants make up about 87.9% of the total population, according to UN data

" + "text": "Muslim (official) 76%, Christian 9%, other (primarily Hindu and Buddhist, less than 5% of the population consists of Parsi, Baha'i, Druze, Sikh, Ahmadi, Ismaili, Dawoodi Bohra Muslim, and Jewish) 15% (2005 est.)

note: data represent the total population; as of 2019, immigrants make up about 87.9% of the total population, according to UN data", + "note": "note: data represent the total population; as of 2019, immigrants make up about 87.9% of the total population, according to UN data" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -199,10 +188,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "87% of total population (2020)" + "text": "87.3% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.71% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.5% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -293,6 +282,9 @@ "HIV/AIDS - deaths": { "text": "NA" }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "text": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout UAE; as of 6 April 2021, UAE has reported a total of 472,148 cases of COVID-19 or 4,773.8 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 15.29 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 23 February 2021, 35.2% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" + }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "31.7% (2016)" }, @@ -326,13 +318,106 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "6.9%" + "text": "7.2%" }, "male": { - "text": "5%" + "text": "4.9%" }, "female": { - "text": "12.8% (2018 est.)" + "text": "15% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution; rapid population growth and high energy demand contribute to water scarcity; lack of natural freshwater resources compensated by desalination plants; land degradation and desertification; waste generation, beach pollution from oil spills" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Law of the Sea" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "39.44 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "206.32 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "56.55 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "617 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "69 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "3.312 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "150 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "desert; cooler in eastern mountains" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "4.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 0.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 3.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "3.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "91.6% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "87.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.5% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "text": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout UAE; as of 6 April 2021, UAE has reported a total of 472,148 cases of COVID-19 or 4,773.8 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 15.29 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 23 February 2021, 35.2% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "5,413,453 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "1,082,691 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "20% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -373,7 +458,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: in Arabic, \"abu\" means \"father\" and \"dhabi\" refers to \"gazelle\"; the name may derive from an abundance of gazelles that used to live in the area, as well as a folk tale involving the \"Father of the Gazelle,\" Shakhbut bin Dhiyab al Nahyan, whose hunting party tracked a gazelle to a spring on the island where Abu Dhabi was founded" + "note": "etymology: in Arabic, \"abu\" means \"father\" and \"dhabi\" refers to \"gazelle\"; the name may derive from an abundance of gazelles that used to live in the area, as well as a folk tale involving the \"Father of the Gazelle,\" Shakhbut bin Dhiyab al Nahyan, whose hunting party tracked a gazelle to a spring on the island where Abu Dhabi was founded" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "7 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi), 'Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah (Sharjah), Dubayy (Dubai), Ra's al Khaymah, Umm al Qaywayn" @@ -431,7 +516,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "KHALIFA bin Zayid Al-Nuhayyan reelected president; FSC vote NA" }, - "note": "

note: there is also a Federal Supreme Council (FSC) composed of the 7 emirate rulers; the FSC is the highest constitutional authority in the UAE; establishes general policies and sanctions federal legislation; meets 4 times a year; Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi) and Dubayy (Dubai) rulers have effective veto power

" + "note": "note: there is also a Federal Supreme Council (FSC) composed of the 7 emirate rulers; the FSC is the highest constitutional authority in the UAE; establishes general policies and sanctions federal legislation; meets 4 times a year; Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi) and Dubayy (Dubai) rulers have effective veto power" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { @@ -511,7 +596,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "AREF Al Sheikh Abdullah Al Hassan/Mohamad Abdel WAHAB" }, - "note": "

note: music adopted 1971, lyrics adopted 1996; Mohamad Abdel WAHAB also composed the music for the anthem of Tunisia

" + "note": "note: music adopted 1971, lyrics adopted 1996; Mohamad Abdel WAHAB also composed the music for the anthem of Tunisia" } }, "Economy": { @@ -561,7 +646,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$637.384 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$421.077 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -576,7 +661,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$67,184 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -621,8 +706,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "80.9 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "94.8 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "74.1 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "75.9 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -635,8 +729,8 @@ "text": "1.8% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "5.344 million (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: expatriates account for about 85% of the workforce

" + "text": "5.344 million (2017 est.)

note: expatriates account for about 85% of the workforce", + "note": "note: expatriates account for about 85% of the workforce" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -680,7 +774,7 @@ "expenditures": { "text": "111.1 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: the UAE federal budget does not account for emirate-level spending in Abu Dhabi and Dubai

" + "note": "note: the UAE federal budget does not account for emirate-level spending in Abu Dhabi and Dubai" }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "28.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" @@ -716,10 +810,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "India 10.1%, Iran 9.9%, Japan 9.3%, China 5.4%, Oman 5%, Switzerland 4.4%, South Korea 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "India 11%, Japan 10%, Saudi Arabia 7%, Switzerland 6%, China 6%, Iraq 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "crude oil 45%, natural gas, reexports, dried fish, dates (2012 est.)" + "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, gold, jewelry, broadcasting equipment (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -730,10 +824,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 8.5%, US 6.8%, India 6.6% (2017)" + "text": "China 15%, India 12%, Untied States 7% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food" + "text": "gold, broadcasting equipment, jewelry, refined petroleum, diamonds (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -843,9 +937,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "6.091 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "289.4 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -875,7 +966,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 971; landing points for the FLAG, SEA-ME-WE-3 ,-4 & -5, Qater UAE Submarine Cable System, FALCON, FOG, Tat TGN-Gulf, OMRAN/EPEG Cable System, AAE-1, BBG, EIG, FEA, GBICS/MENA, IMEWE, Orient Express, TEAMS, TW1 and the UAE-Iran submarine cables, linking to Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, Southeast Asia and Australia; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian) (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "except for the many organizations now operating in media free zones in Abu Dhabi and Dubai, most TV and radio stations remain government-owned; widespread use of satellite dishes provides access to pan-Arab and other international broadcasts; restrictions since June 2017 on some satellite channels and websites originating from or otherwise linked to Qatar (2018)" @@ -916,7 +1007,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "A6 (2016)" + "text": "A6" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -999,37 +1090,37 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "United Arab Emirates Armed Forces: Land Forces, Navy, Air Force, Presidential Guard, Joint Aviation Command; Ministry of Interior: Critical Infrastructure Coastal Patrol Agency (CICPA) (2020)" + "text": "United Arab Emirates Armed Forces: Land Forces, Navy Forces, Air Force, Presidential Guard; Ministry of Interior: Critical Infrastructure Coastal Patrol Agency (CICPA) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2017": { + "text": "5.2% of GDP (2017)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "5.7% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "6% of GDP (2016)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2015": { + "text": "7% of GDP (2015)" }, "Military Expenditures 2014": { - "text": "5.6% of GDP (2014)" + "text": "5.8% of GDP (2014)" }, "Military Expenditures 2013": { - "text": "6% of GDP (2013)" + "text": "6.1% of GDP (2013)" }, - "Military Expenditures 2012": { - "text": "5.1% of GDP (2012)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2011": { - "text": "5.5% of GDP (2011)" - }, - "note": "

no public data available for 2015 or after 2016" + "note": "no public data available for 2015 or after 2016" }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the United Arab Emirates Armed Forces have approximately 63,000 total active personnel (44,000 Land Forces; 2,500 Navy; 4,500; 12,000 Presidential Guard) (2019)" + "text": "the United Arab Emirates Armed Forces have approximately 63,000 total active personnel (44,000 Land Forces; 2,500 Navy; 4,500 Air Force; 12,000 Presidential Guard) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the UAE Armed Forces inventory is comprised of mostly modern imported equipment; since 2010, the UAE has acquired military equipment from more than 20 countries with the US as the leading supplier, followed by France and Russia (2019 est.)" + "text": "the UAE Armed Forces inventory is comprised of wide variety of mostly modern imported equipment; since 2010, the UAE has acquired military equipment from more than 20 countries with the US as the leading supplier by far, followed by France and Russia (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { "text": "est. a few thousand Yemen (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-30 years of age for compulsory military service for men; 17 years of age for male volunteers with parental approval; 24-month general service obligation, 16 months for secondary school graduates; women can volunteer to serve for 9 months regardless of education (2018)" + "text": "18-30 years of age for compulsory military service for men; 17 years of age for male volunteers with parental approval; 24-month general service obligation, 16 months for secondary school graduates; women can volunteer to serve for 9 months regardless of education (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/middle-east/aj.json b/middle-east/aj.json index 155996c5..9ebddefc 100644 --- a/middle-east/aj.json +++ b/middle-east/aj.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "

Azerbaijan - a secular nation with a majority-Turkic and majority-Shia Muslim population - was briefly independent (from 1918 to 1920) following the collapse of the Russian Empire; it was subsequently incorporated into the Soviet Union for seven decades. Azerbaijan remains involved in the protracted Nagorno-Karabakh conflict with Armenia. Nagorno-Karabakh was a primarily ethnic Armenian region that Moscow recognized in 1923 as an autonomous oblast within Soviet Azerbaijan. In the late Soviet period, a separatist movement developed which sought to end Azerbaijani control over the region. Fighting over Nagorno-Karabakh began in 1988 and escalated after Armenia and Azerbaijan attained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By the time a ceasefire took effect in May 1994, separatists, with Armenian support, controlled Nagorno‑Karabakh and seven surrounding Azerbaijani territories. The 1994 ceasefire continues to hold, although violence continues along the line of contact separating the opposing forces, as well as the Azerbaijan-Armenia international border. The final status of Nagorno-Karabakh remains the subject of international mediation by the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Minsk Group, which works to help the sides settle the conflict peacefully. The OSCE Minsk Group is co‑chaired by the United States, France, and Russia.

In the 25 years following its independence, Azerbaijan succeeded in significantly reducing the poverty rate and has directed revenues from its oil and gas production to develop the country’s infrastructure. However, corruption remains a problem, and the government has been accused of authoritarianism. The country’s leadership has remained in the Aliyev family since Heydar ALIYEV became president in 1993 and was succeeded by his son, President Ilham ALIYEV in 2003. Following two national referendums in the past several years that eliminated presidential term limits and extended presidential terms from 5 to 7 years, President ALIYEV secured a fourth term as president in April 2018 in an election that international observers noted had serious shortcomings. Reforms are underway to diversify the country’s non-oil economy and additional reforms are needed to address weaknesses in government institutions, particularly in the education and health sectors, and the court system.

" + "text": "

Azerbaijan - a secular nation with a majority-Turkic and majority-Shia Muslim population - was briefly independent (from 1918 to 1920) following the collapse of the Russian Empire; it was subsequently incorporated into the Soviet Union for seven decades. Azerbaijan remains involved in the protracted Nagorno-Karabakh conflict with Armenia. Nagorno-Karabakh was a primarily ethnic Armenian region that Moscow recognized in 1923 as an autonomous oblast within Soviet Azerbaijan. In the late Soviet period, a separatist movement developed which sought to end Azerbaijani control over the region. Fighting over Nagorno-Karabakh began in 1988 and escalated after Armenia and Azerbaijan attained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By the time a ceasefire took effect in May 1994, separatists, with Armenian support, controlled Nagorno‑Karabakh and seven surrounding Azerbaijani territories. Following a Second Nagorno-Karabakh War that took place in September-November 2020, Azerbaijan recaptured much of the territory it had lost a quarter century earlier and under the terms of a cease fire agreement, Armenia returned the remaining territories it occupied to Azerbaijan.

In the 25 years following its independence, Azerbaijan succeeded in significantly reducing the poverty rate and has directed revenues from its oil and gas production to develop the country’s infrastructure. However, corruption remains a problem, and the government has been accused of authoritarianism. The country’s leadership has remained in the Aliyev family since Heydar ALIYEV became president in 1993 and was succeeded by his son, President Ilham ALIYEV in 2003. Following two national referendums in the past several years that eliminated presidential term limits and extended presidential terms from 5 to 7 years, President ALIYEV secured a fourth term as president in April 2018 in an election that international observers noted had serious shortcomings. Reforms are underway to diversify the country’s non-oil economy and additional reforms are needed to address weaknesses in government institutions, particularly in the education and health sectors, and the court system.

" } }, "Geography": { @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "3,971 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes the exclave of Naxcivan Autonomous Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh region; the region's autonomy was abolished by Azerbaijani Supreme Soviet on 26 November 1991

" + "note": "note: includes the exclave of Naxcivan Autonomous Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh region; the region's autonomy was abolished by Azerbaijani Supreme Soviet on 26 November 1991" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "about three-quarters the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Maine" @@ -50,14 +50,14 @@ "text": "large, flat Kur-Araz Ovaligi (Kura-Araks Lowland, much of it below sea level) with Great Caucasus Mountains to the north, Qarabag Yaylasi (Karabakh Upland) to the west; Baku lies on Abseron Yasaqligi (Apsheron Peninsula) that juts into Caspian Sea" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "384 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Bazarduzu Dagi 4,466 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Caspian Sea -28 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Bazarduzu Dagi 4,466 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "384 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -92,17 +92,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "local scientists consider the Abseron Yasaqligi (Apsheron Peninsula) (including Baku and Sumqayit) and the Caspian Sea to be the ecologically most devastated area in the world because of severe air, soil, and water pollution; soil pollution results from oil spills, from the use of DDT pesticide, and from toxic defoliants used in the production of cotton; surface and underground water are polluted by untreated municipal and industrial wastewater and agricultural run-off" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "both the main area of the country and the Naxcivan exclave are landlocked" } @@ -120,16 +109,16 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Azerbaijani 91.6%, Lezghin 2%, Russian 1.3%, Armenian 1.3%, Talysh 1.3%, other 2.4% (2009 est.)", - "note": "

note: the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh region is populated almost entirely by ethnic Armenians

" + "text": "Azerbaijani 91.6%, Lezghin 2%, Russian 1.3%, Armenian 1.3%, Talysh 1.3%, other 2.4% (2009 est.)

note: the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh region is populated almost entirely by ethnic Armenians", + "note": "note: the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh region is populated almost entirely by ethnic Armenians" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Azerbaijani (Azeri) (official) 92.5%, Russian 1.4%, Armenian 1.4%, other 4.7% (2009 est.)", - "note": "

note: Russian is widely spoken

" + "text": "Azerbaijani (Azeri) (official) 92.5%, Russian 1.4%, Armenian 1.4%, other 4.7% (2009 est.)

note: Russian is widely spoken", + "note": "note: Russian is widely spoken" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Muslim 96.9% (predominantly Shia), Christian 3%, other <0.1, unaffiliated <0.1 (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: religious affiliation for the majority of Azerbaijanis is largely nominal, percentages for actual practicing adherents are probably much lower

" + "text": "Muslim 96.9% (predominantly Shia), Christian 3%, other <0.1, unaffiliated <0.1 (2010 est.)

note: religious affiliation for the majority of Azerbaijanis is largely nominal, percentages for actual practicing adherents are probably much lower", + "note": "note: religious affiliation for the majority of Azerbaijanis is largely nominal, percentages for actual practicing adherents are probably much lower" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -190,12 +179,12 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "56.4% of total population (2020)" + "text": "56.8% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.58% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: includes Nagorno-Karabakh" + "note": "note: data include Nagorno-Karabakh" }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "2.371 million BAKU (capital) (2021)" @@ -351,13 +340,98 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "13.4%" + "text": "12.4%" }, "male": { - "text": "11.4%" + "text": "10.9%" }, "female": { - "text": "15.8% (2015 est.)" + "text": "14.2% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "local scientists consider the Abseron Yasaqligi (Apsheron Peninsula) (including Baku and Sumqayit) and the Caspian Sea to be the ecologically most devastated area in the world because of severe air, soil, and water pollution; soil pollution results from oil spills, from the use of DDT pesticide, and from toxic defoliants used in the production of cotton; surface and underground water are polluted by untreated municipal and industrial wastewater and agricultural run-off" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "18.2 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "37.62 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "44.87 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "449.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "3.062 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "9.27 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "34.675 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "dry, semiarid steppe" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "57.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 22.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 2.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 32.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "11.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "31.1% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "56.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data include Nagorno-Karabakh" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "2,930,349 tons (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -398,10 +472,10 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "does not observe daylight savings time" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name derives from the Persian designation of the city \"bad-kube\" meaning \"wind-pounded city\" and refers to the harsh winds and severe snow storms that can hit the city

\r\n

note: at approximately 28 m below sea level, Baku's elevation makes it the lowest capital city in the world

" + "note": "etymology: the name derives from the Persian designation of the city \"bad-kube\" meaning \"wind-pounded city\" and refers to the harsh winds and severe snow storms that can hit the city\r\n

note: at approximately 28 m below sea level, Baku's elevation makes it the lowest capital city in the world" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "

66 rayons (rayonlar; rayon - singular), 11 cities (saharlar; sahar - singular);

rayons: Abseron, Agcabadi, Agdam, Agdas, Agstafa, Agsu, Astara, Babak, Balakan, Barda, Beylaqan, Bilasuvar, Cabrayil, Calilabad, Culfa, Daskasan, Fuzuli, Gadabay, Goranboy, Goycay, Goygol, Haciqabul, Imisli, Ismayilli, Kalbacar, Kangarli, Kurdamir, Lacin, Lankaran, Lerik, Masalli, Neftcala, Oguz, Ordubad, Qabala, Qax, Qazax, Qobustan, Quba, Qubadli, Qusar, Saatli, Sabirabad, Sabran, Sadarak, Sahbuz, Saki, Salyan, Samaxi, Samkir, Samux, Sarur, Siyazan, Susa, Tartar, Tovuz, Ucar, Xacmaz, Xizi, Xocali, Xocavand, Yardimli, Yevlax, Zangilan, Zaqatala, Zardab

cities: Baku, Ganca, Lankaran, Mingacevir, Naftalan, Naxcivan (Nakhichevan), Saki, Sirvan, Sumqayit, Xankandi, Yevlax

" + "text": "

66 districts (rayonlar; rayon - singular), 11 cities (saharlar; sahar - singular);

rayons: Abseron, Agcabadi, Agdam, Agdas, Agstafa, Agsu, Astara, Babak, Balakan, Barda, Beylaqan, Bilasuvar, Cabrayil, Calilabad, Culfa, Daskasan, Fuzuli, Gadabay, Goranboy, Goycay, Goygol, Haciqabul, Imisli, Ismayilli, Kalbacar, Kangarli, Kurdamir, Lacin, Lankaran, Lerik, Masalli, Neftcala, Oguz, Ordubad, Qabala, Qax, Qazax, Qobustan, Quba, Qubadli, Qusar, Saatli, Sabirabad, Sabran, Sadarak, Sahbuz, Saki, Salyan, Samaxi, Samkir, Samux, Sarur, Siyazan, Susa, Tartar, Tovuz, Ucar, Xacmaz, Xizi, Xocali, Xocavand, Yardimli, Yevlax, Zangilan, Zaqatala, Zardab

cities: Baku, Ganca, Lankaran, Mingacevir, Naftalan, Naxcivan (Nakhichevan), Saki, Sirvan, Sumqayit, Xankandi, Yevlax

" }, "Independence": { "text": "30 August 1991 (declared from the Soviet Union); 18 October 1991 (adopted by the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan)" @@ -456,7 +530,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "Ilham ALIYEV reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Ilham ALIYEV (YAP) 86%, Zahid ORUJ (independent) 3.1%, other 10.9%" }, - "note": "

note: OSCE observers noted shortcomings in the election, including a restrictive political environment, limits on fundamental freedoms, a lack of genuine competition, and ballot box stuffing

" + "note": "note: OSCE observers noted shortcomings in the election, including a restrictive political environment, limits on fundamental freedoms, a lack of genuine competition, and ballot box stuffing" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { @@ -533,7 +607,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Ahmed JAVAD/Uzeyir HAJIBEYOV" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1992; although originally written in 1919 during a brief period of independence, \"Azerbaijan Marsi\" did not become the official anthem until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union

" + "note": "note: adopted 1992; although originally written in 1919 during a brief period of independence, \"Azerbaijan Marsi\" did not become the official anthem until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union" } }, "Economy": { @@ -583,7 +657,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$139.152 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$48.104 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -598,7 +672,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$14,121 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -643,7 +717,16 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "76.7 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "96.2 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "77 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { "text": "70.3 (2020)" } }, @@ -739,10 +822,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Italy 23.2%, Turkey 13.6%, Israel 6.1%, Russia 5.4%, Germany 5%, Czech Republic 4.6%, Georgia 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "Italy 28%, Turkey 15%, Israel 7%, Germany 5%, India 5% (2017)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "oil and gas roughly 90%, machinery, foodstuffs, cotton" + "text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, refined petroleum, tomatoes, gold (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -753,10 +836,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Russia 17.7%, Turkey 14.8%, China 9.9%, US 8.3%, Ukraine 5.3%, Germany 5.1% (2017)" + "text": "United Kingdom 17%, Russia 17%, Turkey 12%, China 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, metals, chemicals" + "text": "gold, cars, refined petroleum, wheat, packaged medical supplies (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -866,9 +949,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "991.1 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "35.6 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -898,7 +978,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 994; the TAE fiber-optic link transits Azerbaijan providing international connectivity to neighboring countries; the old Soviet system of cable and microwave is still serviceable; satellite earth stations - 2 (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "3 state-run and 1 public TV channels; 4 domestic commercial TV stations and about 15 regional TV stations; cable TV services are available in Baku; 1 state-run and 1 public radio network operating; a small number of private commercial radio stations broadcasting; local FM relays of Baku commercial stations are available in many localities; note - all broadcast media is pro-government, and most private broadcast media outlets are owned by entities directly linked to the government" @@ -939,7 +1019,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "4K (2016)" + "text": "4K" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1009,7 +1089,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Land Forces, Air Forces, Navy Forces; Ministry of Internal Affairs: State Border Service (includes Coast Guard), Internal Security Troops (2020)" + "text": "Land Forces (Combined Arms Army), Air Forces, Navy Forces; Ministry of Internal Affairs: State Border Service (includes Coast Guard), Internal Security Troops (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1029,25 +1109,25 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Azerbaijan military has approximately 67,000 total active personnel; 56,000 Army; 2,500 Navy; 8,500 Air Force) (2019 est.)" + "text": "estimates for the size of the Azerbaijan military vary; approximately 65,000 total active troops (55,000 Army; 2,000 Navy; 8,000 Air Force); approximately 15,000 Ministry of Internal Affairs troops (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of the Azerbaijan military includes mostly Russian and Soviet-era equipment; since 2010, Russia is the leading supplier of arms to Azerbaijan, followed by Israel and Turkey (2020)" + "text": "the inventory of the Azerbaijan military is comprised mostly of Russian and Soviet-era weapons systems with a smaller mix of equipment from other countries; since 2010, Russia is the leading supplier of arms to Azerbaijan, followed by Israel and Turkey (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "120 Afghanistan (NATO) (2020)" + "text": "120 Afghanistan (NATO) (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-35 years of age for compulsory military service; service obligation 18 months or 12 months for university graduates; 17 years of age for voluntary service; 17 year olds are considered to be on active service at cadet military schools (2012)" + "text": "18-35 years of age for compulsory military service; service obligation 18 months or 12 months for university graduates; 17 years of age for voluntary service; 17 year olds are considered to be on active service at cadet military schools (2020)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "since November 2020, Russia has deployed about 2,000 peacekeeping troops to the area in and around Nagorno-Karabakh as part of a cease-fire agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan; fighting erupted between the two countries over the Nagorno-Karabakh region in September of 2020; Nagorno-Karabakh lies within Azerbaijan but has been under control of ethnic Armenian forces backed by Armenia since a separatist war there ended in 1994 (2020)" + "text": "since November 2020, Russia has deployed about 2,000 peacekeeping troops to the area in and around Nagorno-Karabakh as part of a cease-fire agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan; fighting erupted between the two countries over the Nagorno-Karabakh region in September of 2020; Nagorno-Karabakh lies within Azerbaijan but has been under control of ethnic Armenian forces (the \"Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army\") backed by Armenia since a separatist war there ended in 1994; six weeks of fighting resulted in about 6,000 deaths and ended after Armenia ceded swathes of Nagorno-Karabakh territory" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T

" + "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/middle-east/am.json b/middle-east/am.json index 2103fd19..d5ec5451 100644 --- a/middle-east/am.json +++ b/middle-east/am.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "

Armenia prides itself on being the first nation to formally adopt Christianity (early 4th century). Despite periods of autonomy, over the centuries Armenia came under the sway of various empires including the Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Persian, and Ottoman. During World War I in the western portion of Armenia, the Ottoman Empire instituted a policy of forced resettlement coupled with other harsh practices that resulted in at least 1 million Armenian deaths. The eastern area of Armenia was ceded by the Ottomans to Russia in 1828; this portion declared its independence in 1918, but was conquered by the Soviet Red Army in 1920.

Armenia remains involved in the protracted Nagorno-Karabakh conflict with Azerbaijan. Nagorno-Karabakh was a primarily ethnic Armenian region that Moscow recognized in 1923 as an autonomous oblast within Soviet Azerbaijan. In the late Soviet period, a separatist movement developed which sought to end Azerbaijani control over the region. Fighting over Nagorno-Karabakh began in 1988 and escalated after Armenia and Azerbaijan attained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By the time a ceasefire took effect in May 1994, separatists, with Armenian support, controlled Nagorno‑Karabakh and seven surrounding Azerbaijani territories. The 1994 ceasefire continues to hold, although violence continues along the line of contact separating the opposing forces, as well as the Armenia-Azerbaijan international border. The final status of Nagorno-Karabakh remains the subject of international mediation by the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Minsk Group, which works to help the sides settle the conflict peacefully. The OSCE Minsk Group is co‑chaired by the US, France, and Russia.

Turkey closed the common border with Armenia in 1993 in support of Azerbaijan in its conflict with Armenia over control of Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding areas, further hampering Armenian economic growth. In 2009, Armenia and Turkey signed Protocols normalizing relations between the two countries, but neither country ratified the Protocols, and Armenia officially withdrew from the Protocols in March 2018. In 2015, Armenia joined the Eurasian Economic Union alongside Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. In November 2017, Armenia signed a Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with the EU. In spring 2018, Serzh SARGSIAN of the Republican Party of Armenia (RPA) stepped down and Civil Contract party leader Nikol PASHINYAN became prime minister.

" + "text": "

Armenia prides itself on being the first nation to formally adopt Christianity (early 4th century). Despite periods of autonomy, over the centuries Armenia came under the sway of various empires including the Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Persian, and Ottoman. During World War I in the western portion of Armenia, the Ottoman Empire instituted a policy of forced resettlement coupled with other harsh practices that resulted in at least 1 million Armenian deaths - actions widely recognized as constituting genocide. The eastern area of Armenia was ceded by the Ottomans to Russia in 1828; this portion declared its independence in 1918, but was conquered by the Soviet Red Army in 1920.

Armenia remains involved in the protracted Nagorno-Karabakh struggle with Azerbaijan. Nagorno-Karabakh was a primarily ethnic Armenian region that Moscow recognized in 1923 as an autonomous oblast within Soviet Azerbaijan. In the late Soviet period, a separatist movement developed that sought to end Azerbaijani control over the region. Fighting over Nagorno-Karabakh began in 1988 and escalated after Armenia and Azerbaijan attained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By the time a ceasefire took effect in May 1994, separatists, with Armenian support, controlled Nagorno‑Karabakh and seven surrounding Azerbaijani territories. Following a Second Nagorno-Karabakh War that took place in September-November 2020, Azerbaijan recaptured much of the territory it had lost a quarter century earlier and under the terms of a cease fire agreement, Armenia returned the remaining territories it occupied to Azerbaijan.

Turkey closed the common border with Armenia in 1993 in support of Azerbaijan in its conflict with Armenia over control of Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding areas, further hampering Armenian economic growth. In 2009, Armenia and Turkey signed Protocols normalizing relations between the two countries, but neither country ratified the Protocols, and Armenia officially withdrew from the Protocols in March 2018. In 2015, Armenia joined the Eurasian Economic Union alongside Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. In November 2017, Armenia signed a Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with the EU. In spring 2018, Serzh SARGSIAN of the Republican Party of Armenia (RPA) stepped down and Civil Contract party leader Nikol PASHINYAN became prime minister.

" } }, "Geography": { @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "Armenian Highland with mountains; little forest land; fast flowing rivers; good soil in Aras River valley" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,792 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Aragats Lerrnagagat' 4,090 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Debed River 400 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Aragats Lerrnagagat' 4,090 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,792 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,17 +91,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; deforestation; pollution of Hrazdan and Aras Rivers; the draining of Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan), a result of its use as a source for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies; restart of Metsamor nuclear power plant in spite of its location in a seismically active zone" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains; Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan) is the largest lake in this mountain range" } @@ -122,8 +111,8 @@ "text": "Armenian 98.1%, Yezidi (Kurd) 1.2%, other 0.7% (2011 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Armenian (official) 97.9%, Kurdish (spoken by Yezidi minority) 1%, other 1% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: Russian is widely spoken

" + "text": "Armenian (official) 97.9%, Kurdish (spoken by Yezidi minority) 1%, other 1% (2011 est.)

note: Russian is widely spoken", + "note": "note: Russian is widely spoken" }, "Religions": { "text": "Armenian Apostolic 92.6%, Evangelical 1%, other 2.4%, none 1.1%, unspecified 2.9% (2011 est.)" @@ -187,10 +176,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "63.3% of total population (2020)" + "text": "63.4% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.22% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -315,7 +304,7 @@ "text": "20.2% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "2.6% (2016)" + "text": "2.6% (2015/16)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "2.7% of GDP (2017)" @@ -347,13 +336,97 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "36.3%" + "text": "32.6%" }, "male": { - "text": "29.5%" + "text": "31.2%" }, "female": { - "text": "45.7% (2016 est.)" + "text": "34.4% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; deforestation; pollution of Hrazdan and Aras Rivers; the draining of Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan), a result of its use as a source for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies; restart of Metsamor nuclear power plant in spite of its location in a seismically active zone" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "30.48 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "5.16 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "2.91 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "616.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "122.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "2.127 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "7.769 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "highland continental, hot summers, cold winters" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "59.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 15.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 42% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "9.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "31.2% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.28% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "63.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "492,800 tons (2014 est.)" } } }, @@ -391,7 +464,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: name likely derives from the ancient Urartian fortress of Erebuni established on the current site of Yerevan in 782 B.C. and whose impresive ruins still survive" + "note": "etymology: name likely derives from the ancient Urartian fortress of Erebuni established on the current site of Yerevan in 782 B.C. and whose impresive ruins still survive" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "11 provinces (marzer, singular - marz); Aragatsotn, Ararat, Armavir, Geghark'unik', Kotayk', Lorri, Shirak, Syunik', Tavush, Vayots' Dzor, Yerevan" @@ -407,7 +480,7 @@ "text": "previous 1915, 1978; latest adopted 5 July 1995" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; passage requires approval by the president, by the National Assembly, and by a referendum with at least 25% registered voter participation and more than 50% of votes; constitutional articles on the form of government and democratic procedures are not amendable; amended 2005, 2007, 2008, 2015; note - a constitutional referendum scheduled for 4 May 2020 has been postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic" + "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; passage requires approval by the president, by the National Assembly, and by a referendum with at least 25% registered voter participation and more than 50% of votes; constitutional articles on the form of government and democratic procedures are not amendable; amended 2005, 2015, last in 2020; note - a constitutional referendum was rescheduled  from 4 May 2020 to summer 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -438,7 +511,7 @@ "text": "President Armen SARKISSIAN (since 9 April 2018)" }, "head of government": { - "text": "Prime Minister Nikol PASHINYAN (since 8 May 2018); Deputy Prime Ministers Mher GRIGORYAN and Tigran AVINYAN (since 16 January 2019)" + "text": "Prime Minister (vacant); Deputy Prime Ministers Mher GRIGORYAN and Tigran AVINYAN (since 16 January 2019); note - Prime Minister Nikol PASHINYAN resigned on 25 April 2021" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister" @@ -449,14 +522,14 @@ "election results": { "text": "Armen SARKISSIAN elected president in first round; note - Armen SARKISSIAN ran unopposed and won the Assembly vote 90-10; Nikol PASHINYAN was chosen as prime minister by the parliament automatically after his party won a landslide victory in the December 2018 elections" }, - "note": "

note: After initially winning election on 8 May 2018, Nikol PASHINYAN resigned his post (but stayed on as acting prime minister) on 16 October 2018 to force a snap election (held on 9 December 2018) in which his bloc won more than 70% of the vote; PASHINYAN was reappointed prime minister on 14 January 2019" + "note": "note: After initially winning election on 8 May 2018, Nikol PASHINYAN resigned his post (but stayed on as acting prime minister) on 16 October 2018 to force a snap election (held on 9 December 2018) in which his bloc won more than 70% of the vote; PASHINYAN was reappointed prime minister on 14 January 2019" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { "text": "unicameral National Assembly (Parliament) or Azgayin Zhoghov (minimum 101 seats, currently 132; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)" }, "elections": { - "text": "last held on 9 December 2018 (next elections to be held December 2023)" + "text": "last held on 9 December 2018 (next election, originally scheduled to be held in December 2023, will be held early on 20 June 2021)" }, "election results": { "text": "percent of vote by party - My Step Alliance 70.4%, BHK 8.3%, Bright Armenia 6.4%, RPA 4.7%, ARF 3.9%, other 6.3%; seats by party - My Step Alliance 88, BHK 26, Bright Armenia 18; composition - men 112, women 20, percent of women 15.2%" @@ -526,7 +599,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Mikael NALBANDIAN/Barsegh KANACHYAN" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1991; based on the anthem of the Democratic Republic of Armenia (1918-1922) but with different lyrics

" + "note": "note: adopted 1991; based on the anthem of the Democratic Republic of Armenia (1918-1922) but with different lyrics" } }, "Economy": { @@ -573,7 +646,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$35.676 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$13.694 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -588,7 +661,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$12,115 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -633,7 +706,16 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "74.5 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "96.1 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "91.7 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { "text": "69.7 (2020)" } }, @@ -669,7 +751,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "32% (2013 est.)" + "text": "26.4% (2019 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -729,10 +811,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Russia 24.2%, Bulgaria 12.8%, Switzerland 12%, Georgia 6.9%, Germany 5.9%, China 5.5%, Iraq 5.4%, UAE 4.6%, Netherlands 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "Russia 22%, Switzerland 20%, China 7%, Bulgaria 6%, Iraq 5%, Serbia 5%, Netherlands 5%, Germany 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "unwrought copper, pig iron, nonferrous metals, gold, diamonds, mineral products, foodstuffs, brandy, cigarettes, energy" + "text": "copper ore, gold, tobacco, liquors, iron alloys (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -743,10 +825,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Russia 28%, China 11.5%, Turkey 5.5%, Germany 4.9%, Iran 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "Russia 29%, China 10%, Georgia 8%, Iran 6%, Turkey 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "natural gas, petroleum, tobacco products, foodstuffs, diamonds, pharmaceuticals, cars" + "text": "natural gas, cars, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, diamonds (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -856,9 +938,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "5.501 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -888,7 +967,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 374; Yerevan is connected to the Caucasus Cable System fiber-optic cable through Georgia and Iran to Europe; additional international service is available by microwave radio relay and landline connections to the other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, through the Moscow international switch, and by satellite to the rest of the world; satellite earth stations - 3 (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "

Armenia’s government-run Public Television network operates alongside 100 privately owned TV stations that provide local to near nationwide coverage; three Russian TV companies are broadcast in Armenia under interstate agreements; subscription cable TV services are available in most regions; several major international broadcasters are available, including CNN; Armenian TV completed conversion from analog to digital broadcasting in late 2016; Public Radio of Armenia is a national, state-run broadcast network that operates alongside 18 privately owned radio stations

(2019)" @@ -923,7 +1002,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "EK (2016)" + "text": "EK" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -965,7 +1044,7 @@ "broad gauge": { "text": "780 km 1.520-m gauge (780 km electrified) (2014)" }, - "note": "

note: 726 km operational

" + "note": "note: 726 km operational" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -981,14 +1060,14 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Armenian Armed Forces: Ground Forces (Armenian Army), Air Force, Air Defense; \"Nagorno-Karabakh Republic\": Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army (2019)" + "text": "Armenian Armed Forces: Armenian Army (includes land, air, air defense forces) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "4.9% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "4.3% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "4.9% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "4.3% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "3.8% of GDP (2017)" @@ -1001,19 +1080,19 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Armenian Armed Forces have approximately 45,000 active troops (42,000 Army; 3,000 Air Force/Air Defense) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Armenian Armed Forces have approximately 45,000 active troops (42,000 ground; 3,000 air/defense) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of the Armenian Armed Forces (as well as the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army) includes mostly Russian and Soviet-era equipment; since 2010, almost all of Armenia's imported weapons have come from Russia (2019 )" + "text": "the inventory of the Armenian Armed Forces includes mostly Russian and Soviet-era equipment; since 2010, almost all of Armenia's weapons imports have come from Russia (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "120 Afghanistan (NATO); contributes one motorized rifle regiment (approximately 2,000 personnel) to CSTO's Rapid Reaction Force (2020)" + "text": "120 Afghanistan (NATO); contributes troops to CSTO's Rapid Reaction Force (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-27 years of age for voluntary or compulsory military service; 2-year conscript service obligation, which can be served as an officer upon deferment for university studies if enrolled in officer-producing program; 17 year olds are eligible to become cadets at military higher education institutes, where they are classified as military personnel (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "since November 2020, Russia has deployed about 2,000 peacekeeping troops to the area in and around Nagorno-Karabakh as part of a cease-fire agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan; fighting erupted between the two countries over the Nagorno-Karabakh region in September of 2020; Nagorno-Karabakh lies within Azerbaijan but has been under control of ethnic Armenian forces backed by Armenia since a separatist war there ended in 1994 (2020)" + "text": "since November 2020, Russia has deployed about 2,000 peacekeeping troops to the area in and around Nagorno-Karabakh as part of a cease-fire agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan; fighting erupted between the two countries over the Nagorno-Karabakh region in September of 2020; Nagorno-Karabakh lies within Azerbaijan but has been under control of ethnic Armenian forces (the \"Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army\") backed by Armenia since a separatist war there ended in 1994; six weeks of fighting resulted in about 6,000 deaths and ended after Armenia ceded swathes of Nagorno-Karabakh territory" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/middle-east/ba.json b/middle-east/ba.json index 281ffcba..00333c1a 100644 --- a/middle-east/ba.json +++ b/middle-east/ba.json @@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ "text": "mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Persian Gulf 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Jabal ad Dukhan 135 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Persian Gulf 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -93,25 +93,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "periodic droughts; dust storms" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land, periods of drought, and dust storms; coastal degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, and distribution stations; lack of freshwater resources (groundwater and seawater are the only sources for all water needs); lowered water table leaves aquifers vulnerable to saline contamination; desalinization provides some 90% of the country's freshwater" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "close to primary Middle Eastern petroleum sources; strategic location in Persian Gulf, through which much of the Western world's petroleum must transit to reach open ocean" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "1,526,929 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: immigrants make up approximately 45% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)

" + "text": "1,526,929 (July 2021 est.)

note: immigrants make up approximately 45% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)", + "note": "note: immigrants make up approximately 45% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -189,10 +178,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "89.5% of total population (2020)" + "text": "89.6% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.38% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -326,6 +315,96 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land, periods of drought, and dust storms; coastal degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, and distribution stations; lack of freshwater resources (groundwater and seawater are the only sources for all water needs); lowered water table leaves aquifers vulnerable to saline contamination; desalinization provides some 90% of the country's freshwater" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "69.04 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "31.69 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "15.47 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "275.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "14.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "144.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "116 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "11.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 2.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 3.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 5.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "0.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "88% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "89.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "951,943 tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "76,155 tons (2012 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "8% (2012 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -360,11 +439,11 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: name derives from the Arabic \"al-manama\" meaning \"place of rest\" or \"place of dreams\"" + "note": "etymology: name derives from the Arabic \"al-manama\" meaning \"place of rest\" or \"place of dreams\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "4 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Asimah (Capital), Janubiyah (Southern), Muharraq, Shamaliyah (Northern)", - "note": "

note: each governorate administered by an appointed governor

" + "text": "4 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Asimah (Capital), Janubiyah (Southern), Muharraq, Shamaliyah (Northern)

note: each governorate administered by an appointed governor", + "note": "note: each governorate administered by an appointed governor" }, "Independence": { "text": "15 August 1971 (from the UK)" @@ -438,7 +517,7 @@ "subordinate courts": { "text": "Civil High Courts of Appeal; middle and lower civil courts; High Sharia Court of Appeal; Senior Sharia Court; Administrative Courts of Appeal; military courts" }, - "note": "

note: the judiciary of Bahrain is divided into civil law courts and sharia law courts; sharia courts (involving personal status and family law) are further divided into Sunni Muslim and Shia Muslim; the Courts are supervised by the Supreme Judicial Council.

" + "note": "note: the judiciary of Bahrain is divided into civil law courts and sharia law courts; sharia courts (involving personal status and family law) are further divided into Sunni Muslim and Shia Muslim; the Courts are supervised by the Supreme Judicial Council." }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "

note: political parties are prohibited, but political societies were legalized under a July 2005 law

" @@ -481,8 +560,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "red, the traditional color for flags of Persian Gulf states, with a white serrated band (five white points) on the hoist side; the five points represent the five pillars of Islam", - "note": "

note: until 2002, the flag had eight white points, but this was reduced to five to avoid confusion with the Qatari flag

" + "text": "red, the traditional color for flags of Persian Gulf states, with a white serrated band (five white points) on the hoist side; the five points represent the five pillars of Islam

note: until 2002, the flag had eight white points, but this was reduced to five to avoid confusion with the Qatari flag", + "note": "note: until 2002, the flag had eight white points, but this was reduced to five to avoid confusion with the Qatari flag" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "a red field surmounted by a white serrated band with five white points; national colors: red, white" @@ -494,7 +573,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "unknown" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1971; although Mohamed Sudqi AYYASH wrote the original lyrics, they were changed in 2002 following the transformation of Bahrain from an emirate to a kingdom

" + "note": "note: adopted 1971; although Mohamed Sudqi AYYASH wrote the original lyrics, they were changed in 2002 following the transformation of Bahrain from an emirate to a kingdom" } }, "Economy": { @@ -541,7 +620,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$71.282 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$38.472 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -556,7 +635,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$47,710 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -601,8 +680,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "76.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "76 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "89.6 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "78.7 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "63.8 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -615,8 +703,8 @@ "text": "0.6% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "831,600 (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: excludes unemployed; 44% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national

" + "text": "831,600 (2017 est.)

note: excludes unemployed; 44% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national", + "note": "note: excludes unemployed; 44% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -636,7 +724,7 @@ "Unemployment rate 2016": { "text": "3.7% (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: official estimate; actual rate is higher

" + "note": "note: official estimate; actual rate is higher" }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "NA" @@ -691,10 +779,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "UAE 19.6%, Saudi Arabia 11.7%, US 10.8%, Oman 8.1%, China 6.5%, Qatar 5.7%, Japan 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "United Arab Emirates 31%, Saudi Arabia 12%, Japan 8%, United States 8% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum and petroleum products, aluminum, textiles" + "text": "refined petroleum, aluminum and plating, crude petroleum, iron ore, gold (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { @@ -705,10 +793,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 8.8%, UAE 7.2%, US 7.1%, Australia 5.3%, Japan 4.8% (2017)" + "text": "United Arab Emirates 27%, China 11%, Saudi Arabia 7%, United States 5%, Brazil 5%, Japan 5%, India 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "crude oil, machinery, chemicals" + "text": "cars, iron ore, jewelry, gold, gas turbines (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -818,9 +906,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "92.03 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "37.98 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -850,7 +935,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 973; landing points for the FALCON, Tata TGN-Gulf, GBICS/MENA, and FOG submarine cable network that provides links to Asia, the Middle East, and Africa; tropospheric scatter to Qatar and UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; satellite earth station - 1 (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-run Bahrain Radio and Television Corporation (BRTC) operates 5 terrestrial TV networks and several radio stations; satellite TV systems provide access to international broadcasts; 1 private FM station directs broadcasts to Indian listeners; radio and TV broadcasts from countries in the region are available (2019)" @@ -891,7 +976,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "A9C (2016)" + "text": "A9C" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -942,8 +1027,8 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Bahrain Defense Force (BDF): Royal Bahraini Army (includes the Royal Guard), Royal Bahraini Navy, Royal Bahraini Air Force, Royal Bahraini Air Defense Force; Ministry of Interior security forces: National Guard, Special Security Forces Command (SSFC), Coast Guard
 (2019)", - "note": "

note: the Royal Guard is officially under the command of the Army, but exercises considerable autonomy" + "text": "Bahrain Defense Force (BDF): Royal Bahraini Army (includes the Royal Guard), Royal Bahraini Navy, Royal Bahraini Air Force; Ministry of Interior: National Guard, Special Security Forces Command (SSFC), Coast Guard
 (2021)

note: the Royal Guard is officially under the command of the Army, but exercises considerable autonomy", + "note": "note: the Royal Guard is officially under the command of the Army, but exercises considerable autonomy" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -963,10 +1048,10 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "

size assessments for the Bahrain Defense Force vary; approximately 10,000 active personnel (7,500 Army; 1,000 Navy; 1,500 Air Force); est. 2,500 National Guard

(2019 est.)" + "text": "size assessments for the Bahrain Defense Force vary; approximately 10,000 active personnel (7,500 Army; 1,000 Navy; 1,500 Air Force); est. 3,000 National Guard (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of the Bahrain Defense force is comprised mostly of equipment acquired from the US along with a smaller quantity of material from European suppliers; since 2010, Turkey and the US are the leading suppliers of arms to Bahrain (2019)" + "text": "the inventory of the Bahrain Defense force is comprised mostly of equipment acquired from the US along with a smaller quantity of material from European suppliers; since 2010, the US is the leading supplier of arms to Bahrain (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; 15 years of age for NCOs, technicians, and cadets; no conscription (2019)" @@ -974,8 +1059,8 @@ }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "al-Ashtar Brigades; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T

" + "text": "al-Ashtar Brigades; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/middle-east/gg.json b/middle-east/gg.json index 0f8d6603..6bca48c7 100644 --- a/middle-east/gg.json +++ b/middle-east/gg.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "0 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: approximately 12,560 sq km, or about 18% of Georgia's area, is Russian occupied; the seized area includes all of Abkhazia and the breakaway region of South Ossetia, which consists of the northern part of Shida Kartli, eastern slivers of the Imereti region and Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, and part of western Mtskheta-Mtianeti

" + "note": "note: approximately 12,560 sq km, or about 18% of Georgia's area, is Russian occupied; the seized area includes all of Abkhazia and the breakaway region of South Ossetia, which consists of the northern part of Shida Kartli, eastern slivers of the Imereti region and Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, and part of western Mtskheta-Mtianeti" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly smaller than South Carolina; slightly larger than West Virginia" @@ -55,14 +55,14 @@ "text": "largely mountainous with Great Caucasus Mountains in the north and Lesser Caucasus Mountains in the south; Kolkhet'is Dablobi (Kolkhida Lowland) opens to the Black Sea in the west; Mtkvari River Basin in the east; fertile soils in river valley flood plains and foothills of Kolkhida Lowland" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,432 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mt'a Shkhara 5,193 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Black Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mt'a Shkhara 5,193 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,432 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -97,17 +97,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "earthquakes" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution, particularly in Rust'avi; heavy water pollution of Mtkvari River and the Black Sea; inadequate supplies of potable water; soil pollution from toxic chemicals; land and forest degradation; biodiversity loss; waste management" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "note 1: strategically located east of the Black Sea; Georgia controls much of the Caucasus Mountains and the routes through them

note 2: the world's four deepest caves are all in Georgia, including two that are the only known caves on earth deeper than 2,000 m: Krubera Cave at -2,197 m (-7,208 ft; reached in 2012) and Veryovkina Cave at -2,212 (-7,257 ft; reached in 2018)" } @@ -128,8 +117,8 @@ "text": "Georgian 86.8%, Azeri 6.3%, Armenian 4.5%, other 2.3% (includes Russian, Ossetian, Yazidi, Ukrainian, Kist, Greek) (2014 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Georgian (official) 87.6%, Azeri 6.2%, Armenian 3.9%, Russian 1.2%, other 1% (2014 est.)", - "note": "

note: Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia

" + "text": "Georgian (official) 87.6%, Azeri 6.2%, Armenian 3.9%, Russian 1.2%, other 1% (2014 est.)

note: Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia", + "note": "note: Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia" }, "Religions": { "text": "Orthodox (official) 83.4%, Muslim 10.7%, Armenian Apostolic 2.9%, other 1.2% (includes Catholic, Jehovah's Witness, Yazidi, Protestant, Jewish), none 0.5%, unspecified/no answer 1.2% (2014 est.)" @@ -193,12 +182,12 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "59.5% of total population (2020)" + "text": "59.9% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.42% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.35% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data include Abkhazia and South Ossetia

" + "note": "note: data include Abkhazia and South Ossetia" }, "Major urban areas - population": { "text": "1.079 million TBILISI (capital) (2021)" @@ -227,8 +216,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "25.4 years (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: data do not cover Abkhazia and South Ossetia

" + "text": "25.4 years (2017 est.)

note: data do not cover Abkhazia and South Ossetia", + "note": "note: data do not cover Abkhazia and South Ossetia" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "25 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -323,7 +312,7 @@ "text": "21.7% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "1.1% (2009)" + "text": "2.1% (2018)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "3.5% of GDP (2018)" @@ -355,13 +344,98 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "29.9%" + "text": "30.4%" }, "male": { - "text": "26.7%" + "text": "28.9%" }, "female": { - "text": "35.3% (2018 est.)" + "text": "32.9% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution, particularly in Rust'avi; heavy water pollution of Mtkvari River and the Black Sea; inadequate supplies of potable water; soil pollution from toxic chemicals; land and forest degradation; biodiversity loss; waste management" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "21.2 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "10.13 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "6.05 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "359,974,627.7 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "402,206,287.9 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1,060,819,084.4 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "63.33 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "35.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 5.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 27.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "39.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "25.1% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.07% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "59.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.35% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data include Abkhazia and South Ossetia" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "800,000 tons (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -399,11 +473,11 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name in Georgian means \"warm place,\" referring to the numerous sulfuric hot springs in the area" + "note": "etymology: the name in Georgian means \"warm place,\" referring to the numerous sulfuric hot springs in the area" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "

9 regions (mkharebi, singular - mkhare), 1 city (kalaki), and 2 autonomous republics (avtomnoy respubliki, singular - avtom respublika)

regions: Guria, Imereti, Kakheti, Kvemo Kartli, Mtskheta Mtianeti, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Samegrelo and Zemo Svaneti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Shida Kartli; note - the breakaway region of South Ossetia consists of the northern part of Shida Kartli, eastern slivers of the Imereti region and Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, and part of western Mtskheta-Mtianeti

city: Tbilisi

autonomous republics: Abkhazia or Ap'khazet'is Avtonomiuri Respublika (Sokhumi), Ajaria or Acharis Avtonomiuri Respublika (Bat'umi)

", - "note": "

note 1: the administrative centers of the two autonomous republics are shown in parentheses

\r\n

note 2: the United States recognizes the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia to be part of Georgia

" + "text": "

9 regions (mkharebi, singular - mkhare), 1 city (kalaki), and 2 autonomous republics (avtomnoy respubliki, singular - avtom respublika)

regions: Guria, Imereti, Kakheti, Kvemo Kartli, Mtskheta Mtianeti, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Samegrelo and Zemo Svaneti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Shida Kartli; note - the breakaway region of South Ossetia consists of the northern part of Shida Kartli, eastern slivers of the Imereti region and Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, and part of western Mtskheta-Mtianeti

city: Tbilisi

autonomous republics: Abkhazia or Ap'khazet'is Avtonomiuri Respublika (Sokhumi), Ajaria or Acharis Avtonomiuri Respublika (Bat'umi)



note 1: the administrative centers of the two autonomous republics are shown in parentheses\r\n

note 2: the United States recognizes the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia to be part of Georgia", + "note": "note 1: the administrative centers of the two autonomous republics are shown in parentheses\r\n

note 2: the United States recognizes the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia to be part of Georgia" }, "Independence": { "text": "9 April 1991 (from the Soviet Union); notable earlier date: A.D. 1008 (Georgia unified under King BAGRAT III)" @@ -534,7 +608,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Davit MAGRADSE/Zakaria PALIASHVILI (adapted by Joseb KETSCHAKMADSE)" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 2004; after the Rose Revolution, a new anthem with music based on the operas \"Abesalom da Eteri\" and \"Daisi\" was adopted

" + "note": "note: adopted 2004; after the Rose Revolution, a new anthem with music based on the operas \"Abesalom da Eteri\" and \"Daisi\" was adopted" } }, "Economy": { @@ -584,7 +658,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$50.662 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$17.694 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -599,7 +673,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$13,590 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -644,8 +718,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "83.7 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "99.6 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "90.1 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "75 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -677,7 +760,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "9.2% (2010 est.)" + "text": "19.5% (2019 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -716,7 +799,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "44.4% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities; Georgia does not maintain intragovernmental debt or social funds

" + "note": "note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities; Georgia does not maintain intragovernmental debt or social funds" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -738,10 +821,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Russia 14.5%, Azerbaijan 10%, Turkey 7.9%, Armenia 7.7%, China 7.6%, Bulgaria 6.6%, Ukraine 4.6%, US 4.5% (2017)" + "text": "Russia 12%, Azerbaijan 12%, Armenia 9%, Bulgaria 8%, China 6%, Turkey 6%, Ukraine 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "vehicles, ferro-alloys, fertilizers, nuts, scrap metal, gold, copper ores" + "text": "copper, cars, iron alloys, wine, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -752,10 +835,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Turkey 17.2%, Russia 9.9%, China 9.2%, Azerbaijan 7.6%, Ukraine 5.6%, Germany 5.4% (2017)" + "text": "Turkey 17%, China 11%, Russia 9%, Azerbaijan 6%, United States 6%, Germany 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "fuels, vehicles, machinery and parts, grain and other foods, pharmaceuticals" + "text": "cars, refined petroleum, copper, packaged medicines, natural gas (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -865,9 +948,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "8.495 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "9.912 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -897,7 +977,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 995; landing points for the Georgia-Russia, Diamond Link Global, and Caucasus Cable System fiber-optic submarine cable that provides connectivity to Russia, Romania and Bulgaria; international service is available by microwave, landline, and satellite through the Moscow switch; international electronic mail and telex service are available (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "

The Tbilisi-based Georgian Public Broadcaster (GPB) includes Channel 1, Channel 2 as well as the Batumi-based Adjara TV, and the State Budget funds all three; there are also a number of independent commercial television broadcasters, such as Imedi, Rustavi 2, Pirveli TV, Maestro, Kavkasia, Georgian Dream Studios (GDS), Obiektivi, Mtavari Arkhi, and a small Russian language operator TOK TV; Tabula and Post TV are web-based television outlets; all of these broadcasters and web-based television outlets, except GDS, carry the news; the Georgian Orthodox Church also operates a satellite-based television station called Unanimity; there are 26 regional television broadcasters across Georgia that are members of the Georgian Association of Regional Broadcasters and/or the Alliance of Georgian Broadcasters; the broadcaster organizations seek to strengthen the regional media's capacities and distribution of regional products: a nationwide digital switchover occurred in 2015; there are several dozen private radio stations; GPB operates 2 radio stations

(2019)" @@ -938,7 +1018,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "4L (2016)" + "text": "4L" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1017,14 +1097,14 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Georgian Defense Forces: Land Forces (includes Aviation and Air Defense Forces); Special Operations Forces; National Guard; Ministry of the Interior: Border Police, Coast Guard (includes Georgian naval forces, which were merged with the Coast Guard in 2009) (2020)" + "text": "Georgian Defense Forces: Land Forces (includes Aviation and Air Defense Forces), Special Operations Forces, National Guard; Ministry of the Interior: Border Police, Coast Guard (includes Georgian naval forces, which were merged with the Coast Guard in 2009) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "2% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "2.3% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "2% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "2.1% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "2.1% of GDP (2017)" @@ -1037,16 +1117,16 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "estimates for the size of the Georgian Defense Forces vary; approximately 25,000 active troops, including the National Guard (2019 est.)" + "text": "estimates for the size of the Georgian Defense Forces vary; approximately 25,000 active troops, including National Guard forces (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Georgian Defense Forces are equipped mostly with older Russian and Soviet-era weapons; since 2010, it has received limited quantities of equipment from Bulgaria, France, and the US (2019 )" + "text": "the Georgian Defense Forces are equipped mostly with older Russian and Soviet-era weapons; since 2010, it has received limited quantities of equipment from Bulgaria, France, and the US (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "860 Afghanistan (NATO) (2020)" + "text": "860 Afghanistan (NATO) (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "conscription reinstated in 2017; 18 to 27 years of age for compulsory and voluntary active duty military service; conscript service obligation is 12 months (2019)" + "text": "conscription abolished in 2016, but reinstated in 2017; 18 to 27 years of age for compulsory and voluntary active duty military service; conscript service obligation is 12 months (2019)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "Georgia does not have any military stationed in the separatist territories of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, but large numbers of Russian servicemen have been stationed in these regions since the 2008 Russia-Georgia War (2019)" diff --git a/middle-east/gz.json b/middle-east/gz.json index ef483768..21c65bfa 100644 --- a/middle-east/gz.json +++ b/middle-east/gz.json @@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ "text": "flat to rolling, sand- and dune-covered coastal plain" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Abu 'Awdah (Joz Abu 'Awdah) 105 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -68,9 +68,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "soil degradation; desertification; water pollution from chemicals and pesticides; salination of fresh water; improper sewage treatment; water-borne disease; depletion and contamination of underground water resources" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic strip of land along Mideast-North African trade routes has experienced an incredibly turbulent history; the town of Gaza itself has been besieged countless times in its history; there are no Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip; the Gaza Strip settlements were evacuated in 2005" } @@ -94,8 +91,8 @@ "text": "Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by many Palestinians), English (widely understood)" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Muslim 98.0 - 99.0% (predominantly Sunni), Christian <1.0%, other, unaffiliated, unspecified <1.0% (2012 est.)", - "note": "

note: dismantlement of Israeli settlements was completed in September 2005; Gaza has had no Jewish population since then

" + "text": "Muslim 98.0 - 99.0% (predominantly Sunni), Christian <1.0%, other, unaffiliated, unspecified <1.0% (2012 est.)

note: dismantlement of Israeli settlements was completed in September 2005; Gaza has had no Jewish population since then", + "note": "note: dismantlement of Israeli settlements was completed in September 2005; Gaza has had no Jewish population since then" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -127,7 +124,7 @@ "potential support ratio": { "text": "18.2 (2020 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank

" + "note": "note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank" }, "Median age": { "total": { @@ -157,12 +154,12 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "76.7% of total population (2020)" + "text": "77% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.85% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank

" + "note": "note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank" }, "Sex ratio": { "at birth": { @@ -188,8 +185,8 @@ } }, "Maternal mortality rate": { - "text": "27 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank

" + "text": "27 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank", + "note": "note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank" }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { @@ -217,8 +214,8 @@ "text": "3.54 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { - "text": "57.2% (2014)", - "note": "

note:  includes Gaza Strip and West Bank" + "text": "57.2% (2014)

note:  includes Gaza Strip and West Bank", + "note": "note:  includes Gaza Strip and West Bank" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { @@ -239,7 +236,7 @@ "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 3.2% of population (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank

" + "note": "note: includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank" }, "Physicians density": { "text": "2.77 physicians/1,000 population (2018)" @@ -266,7 +263,7 @@ "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 0.2% of population (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: note includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank

" + "note": "note: note includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank" }, "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "NA" @@ -278,12 +275,12 @@ "text": "NA" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "1.4% (2014)", - "note": "

note: estimate is for Gaza Strip and the West Bank

" + "text": "2.1% (2019/20)

note: estimate is for Gaza Strip and the West Bank", + "note": "note: estimate is for Gaza Strip and the West Bank" }, "Education expenditures": { - "text": "5.3% of GDP (2017)", - "note": "

note: includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank

" + "text": "5.3% of GDP (2017)

note: includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank", + "note": "note: includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank" }, "Literacy": { "definition": { @@ -298,7 +295,7 @@ "female": { "text": "95.7% (2018)" }, - "note": "

note: estimates are for Gaza and the West Bank

" + "note": "note: estimates are for Gaza and the West Bank" }, "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": { "total": { @@ -310,19 +307,75 @@ "female": { "text": "14 years (2013)" }, - "note": "

note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank

" + "note": "note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank" }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "42.2%" + "text": "40.2%" }, "male": { - "text": "37%" + "text": "34.8%" }, "female": { - "text": "69.4% (2018 est.)" + "text": "67.2% (2019 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: includes the West Bank

" + "note": "note: includes the West Bank" + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "soil degradation; desertification; water pollution from chemicals and pesticides; salination of fresh water; improper sewage treatment; water-borne disease; depletion and contamination of underground water resources" + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "3.23 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank." + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "181.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "32 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "162 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank." + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "837 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.", + "note": "note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank." + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers" + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "77% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.85% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1.387 million tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "6,935 tons (2013 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "0.5% (2013 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank." } }, "Government": { @@ -358,7 +411,7 @@ "Real GDP growth rate 2012": { "text": "7% (2012 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: excludes the West Bank

" + "note": "note: excludes the West Bank" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": { "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": { @@ -367,14 +420,14 @@ "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016": { "text": "-0.2% (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: excludes the West Bank

" + "note": "note: excludes the West Bank" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "text": "

see entry for the West Bank

" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { - "text": "$2.938 billion (2014 est.)", - "note": "

note: excludes the West Bank

" + "text": "$2.938 billion (2014 est.)

note: excludes the West Bank", + "note": "note: excludes the West Bank" }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2019": { @@ -386,7 +439,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$6,402 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

see entry for the the West Bank

" + "note": "see entry for the the West Bank" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -406,7 +459,7 @@ "services": { "text": "75% (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data exclude the West Bank

" + "note": "note: data exclude the West Bank" }, "GDP - composition, by end use": { "household consumption": { @@ -427,7 +480,7 @@ "imports of goods and services": { "text": "-55.6% (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data exclude the West Bank

" + "note": "note: data exclude the West Bank" }, "Agricultural products": { "text": "tomatoes, cucumbers, olives, poultry, milk, potatoes, sheep milk, eggplants, gourds" @@ -436,12 +489,12 @@ "text": "textiles, food processing, furniture" }, "Industrial production growth rate": { - "text": "2.2% (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: see entry for the West Bank

" + "text": "2.2% (2017 est.)

note: see entry for the West Bank", + "note": "note: see entry for the West Bank" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "1.24 million (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: excludes the West Bank

" + "text": "1.24 million (2017 est.)

note: excludes the West Bank", + "note": "note: excludes the West Bank" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -453,7 +506,7 @@ "services": { "text": "84.8% (2015 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data exclude the West Bank

" + "note": "note: data exclude the West Bank" }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2017": { @@ -462,11 +515,11 @@ "Unemployment rate 2016": { "text": "27% (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data exclude the West Bank

" + "note": "note: data exclude the West Bank" }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "30% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: data exclude the West Bank

" + "text": "30% (2011 est.)

note: data exclude the West Bank", + "note": "note: data exclude the West Bank" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": { @@ -486,7 +539,7 @@ "Current account balance 2016": { "text": "-$1.348 billion (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: excludes the West Bank

" + "note": "note: excludes the West Bank" }, "Exports": { "Exports 2017": { @@ -506,7 +559,7 @@ "Imports 2017": { "text": "$7.852 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

see entry for the West Bank

" + "note": "see entry for the West Bank" }, "Imports - commodities": { "text": "food, consumer goods, fuel" @@ -531,7 +584,7 @@ "electrification - total population": { "text": "100% (2018)" }, - "note": "

note: data for Gaza Strip and West Bank combined

" + "note": "note: data for Gaza Strip and West Bank combined" }, "Electricity - production": { "text": "51,000 kWh (2011 est.)" @@ -576,7 +629,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code 970 or 972 (2018)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "1 TV station and about 10 radio stations; satellite TV accessible" @@ -599,7 +652,7 @@ "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "14 (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: includes West Bank

" + "note": "note: includes West Bank" } }, "Transportation": { @@ -615,7 +668,7 @@ "under 914 m": { "text": "1" }, - "note": "

note - non-operational" + "note": "note - non-operational" }, "Heliports": { "text": "1 (2013)" @@ -631,19 +684,19 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "HAMAS does not have a conventional military in the Gaza Strip but maintains security forces in addition to its military wing, the 'Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades; the military wing reports to the HAMAS Political Bureau leadership; there are several other militant groups operating in Gaza, most notably the Al-Quds Brigades of Palestine Islamic Jihad, which are usually but not always beholden to HAMAS's authority (2019)" + "text": "HAMAS does not have a conventional military in the Gaza Strip but maintains security forces in addition to its military wing, the 'Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades; the military wing reports to the HAMAS Political Bureau leadership; there are several other militant groups operating in Gaza, most notably the Al-Quds Brigades of Palestine Islamic Jihad, which are usually but not always beholden to HAMAS's authority (2021)" }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the military wing of HAMAS, the Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades, has an estimated 15-25,000 fighters (2019 est.)" + "text": "the military wing of HAMAS has an estimated 20-25,000 fighters (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the military wing of HAMAS is armed with light weapons, including an inventory of improvised rocket, anti-tank missile, and mortar capabilities; HAMAS acquires its weapons through smuggling or local construction; Iran provides military support to HAMAS (2019 est.)" + "text": "the military wing of HAMAS is armed with light weapons, including an inventory of improvised rocket, anti-tank missile, and mortar capabilities; HAMAS acquires its weapons through smuggling or local construction; Iran provides military support to HAMAS (2020)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Army of Islam; Abdallah Azzam Brigades; al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade; HAMAS; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)-Sinai Province; Mujahidin Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem; Palestine Islamic Jihad; Palestine Liberation Front; PFLP-General Command; Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Army of Islam; Abdallah Azzam Brigades; al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade; HAMAS; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)-Sinai Province; Mujahidin Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem; Palestine Islamic Jihad; Palestine Liberation Front; PFLP-General Command; Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (2019)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/middle-east/ir.json b/middle-east/ir.json index 986e9eb3..dfcf4168 100644 --- a/middle-east/ir.json +++ b/middle-east/ir.json @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both coasts" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,305 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Kuh-e Damavand 5,625 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Caspian Sea -28 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Kuh-e Damavand 5,625 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,305 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,17 +102,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakes" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents; deforestation; overgrazing; desertification; oil pollution in the Persian Gulf; wetland losses from drought; soil degradation (salination); inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution from raw sewage and industrial waste; urbanization" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location on the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz, which are vital maritime pathways for crude oil transport" } @@ -197,10 +186,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "75.9% of total population (2020)" + "text": "76.3% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.71% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -328,13 +317,13 @@ "vectorborne diseases": { "text": "Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever" }, - "note": "

note: a new coronavirus is causing sustained community spread of respiratory illness (COVID-19) in Iran; sustained community spread means that people have been infected with the virus, but how or where they became infected is not known, and the spread is ongoing; illness with this virus has ranged from mild to severe with fatalities reported; as of 24 January 2021, Iran has reported a total of 1,367,032 cases of COVID-19 or 1,627.6 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 68.2 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population" + "note": "note: a new coronavirus is causing sustained community spread of respiratory illness (COVID-19) in Iran; sustained community spread means that people have been infected with the virus, but how or where they became infected is not known, and the spread is ongoing; illness with this virus has ranged from mild to severe with fatalities reported; as of 25 April 2021, Iran has reported a total of 2,377,039 cases of COVID-19 or 2,830.0 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 82.3 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, .9% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "25.8% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "4.1% (2011)" + "text": "4.1% (2010/11)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "4% of GDP (2018)" @@ -366,13 +355,115 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "27.6%" + "text": "27.7%" }, "male": { - "text": "24.3%" + "text": "24.4%" }, "female": { - "text": "39.9% (2018 est.)" + "text": "40% (2018 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents; deforestation; overgrazing; desertification; oil pollution in the Persian Gulf; wetland losses from drought; soil degradation (salination); inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution from raw sewage and industrial waste; urbanization" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "35.09 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "661.71 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "158.71 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "6.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "86 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "137.045 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "30.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 10.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 18.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "6.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "63.1% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.01% of GDP (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.01% of GDP (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "76.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "intermediate (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever" + }, + "note": "note: a new coronavirus is causing sustained community spread of respiratory illness (COVID-19) in Iran; sustained community spread means that people have been infected with the virus, but how or where they became infected is not known, and the spread is ongoing; illness with this virus has ranged from mild to severe with fatalities reported; as of 25 April 2021, Iran has reported a total of 2,377,039 cases of COVID-19 or 2,830.0 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 82.3 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, .9% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "17.885 million tons (2017 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "894,250 tons (2017 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "5% (2017 est.)" } } }, @@ -413,7 +504,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins fourth Wednesday in March; ends fourth Friday in September" }, - "note": "

etymology: various explanations of the city's name have been proffered, but the most plausible states that it derives from the Persian words \"tah\" meaning \"end or bottom\" and \"ran\" meaning \"[mountain] slope\" to signify \"bottom of the mountain slope\"; Tehran lies at the bottom slope of the Elburz Mountains" + "note": "etymology: various explanations of the city's name have been proffered, but the most plausible states that it derives from the Persian words \"tah\" meaning \"end or bottom\" and \"ran\" meaning \"[mountain] slope\" to signify \"bottom of the mountain slope\"; Tehran lies at the bottom slope of the Elburz Mountains" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "31 provinces (ostanha, singular - ostan); Alborz, Ardabil, Azarbayjan-e Gharbi (West Azerbaijan), Azarbayjan-e Sharqi (East Azerbaijan), Bushehr, Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman, Kermanshah, Khorasan-e Jonubi (South Khorasan), Khorasan-e Razavi (Razavi Khorasan), Khorasan-e Shomali (North Khorasan), Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh va Bowyer Ahmad, Kordestan, Lorestan, Markazi, Mazandaran, Qazvin, Qom, Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan, Tehran, Yazd, Zanjan" @@ -429,7 +520,7 @@ "text": "previous 1906; latest adopted 24 October 1979, effective 3 December 1979" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the supreme leader – after consultation with the Exigency Council – and submitted as an edict to the \"Council for Revision of the Constitution,\" a body consisting of various executive, legislative, judicial, and academic leaders and members; passage requires absolute majority vote in a referendum and approval of the supreme leader; articles including Iran’s political system, its religious basis, and its form of government cannot be amended; amended 1989" + "text": "proposed by the supreme leader – after consultation with the Exigency Council – and submitted as an edict to the \"Council for Revision of the Constitution,\" a body consisting of various executive, legislative, judicial, and academic leaders and members; passage requires absolute majority vote in a referendum and approval of the supreme leader; articles including Iran’s political system, its religious basis, and its form of government cannot be amended; amended 1989" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -471,7 +562,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "Hasan Fereidun ROHANI reelected president; percent of vote - Hasan Fereidun ROHANI (Moderation and Development Party) 58.8%, Ebrahim RAI'SI (Combat Clergy Association) 39.4% , Mostafa MIR-SALIM Islamic Coalition Party) 1.2%, Mostafa HASHEMITABA(Executives of Construction Party) 0.5%" }, - "note": "

note: 3 oversight bodies are also considered part of the executive branch of government

" + "note": "note: 3 oversight bodies are also considered part of the executive branch of government" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { @@ -524,7 +615,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "multiple authors/Hassan RIAHI" }, - "note": "

note 1: adopted 1990; Iran has had six national anthems; the first, entitled Salam-e Shah (Royal Salute) was in use from 1873-1909; next came Salamati-ye Dowlat-e Elliye-ye Iran (Salute of the Sublime State of Persia, 1909-1933); it was followed by Sorud-e melli (The Imperial Anthem of Iran; 1933-1979), which chronicled the exploits of the Pahlavi Dynasty; Ey Iran (Oh Iran) functioned unofficially as the national anthem for a brief period between the ouster of the Shah in 1979 and the early days of the Islamic Republic in 1980; Payandeh Bada Iran (Long Live Iran) was used between 1980 and 1990 during the time of Ayatollah KHOMEINI

note 2: a recording of the current Iranian national anthem is unavailable since the US Navy Band does not record anthems for countries from which the US does not anticipate official visits; the US does not have diplomatic relations with Iran

" + "note": "note 1: adopted 1990; Iran has had six national anthems; the first, entitled Salam-e Shah (Royal Salute) was in use from 1873-1909; next came Salamati-ye Dowlat-e Elliye-ye Iran (Salute of the Sublime State of Persia, 1909-1933); it was followed by Sorud-e melli (The Imperial Anthem of Iran; 1933-1979), which chronicled the exploits of the Pahlavi Dynasty; Ey Iran (Oh Iran) functioned unofficially as the national anthem for a brief period between the ouster of the Shah in 1979 and the early days of the Islamic Republic in 1980; Payandeh Bada Iran (Long Live Iran) was used between 1980 and 1990 during the time of Ayatollah KHOMEINI

note 2: a recording of the current Iranian national anthem is unavailable since the US Navy Band does not record anthems for countries from which the US does not anticipate official visits; the US does not have diplomatic relations with Iran" } }, "Economy": { @@ -549,7 +640,7 @@ "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016": { "text": "9.1% (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: official Iranian estimate

" + "note": "note: official Iranian estimate" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { @@ -561,7 +652,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$1,172,665,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$581.252 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -576,7 +667,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$14,536 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -621,8 +712,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "58.5 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "67.8 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "66.2 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "58.2 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -635,8 +735,8 @@ "text": "3% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "30.5 million (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: shortage of skilled labor

" + "text": "30.5 million (2017 est.)

note: shortage of skilled labor", + "note": "note: shortage of skilled labor" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -656,7 +756,7 @@ "Unemployment rate 2016": { "text": "12.4% (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are Iranian Government numbers

" + "note": "note: data are Iranian Government numbers" }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "18.7% (2007 est.)" @@ -695,7 +795,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "47.5% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: includes publicly guaranteed debt

" + "note": "note: includes publicly guaranteed debt" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "21 March - 20 March" @@ -717,10 +817,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 27.5%, India 15.1%, South Korea 11.4%, Turkey 11.1%, Italy 5.7%, Japan 5.3% (2017)" + "text": "China 48%, India 12%, South Korea 8%, Turkey 6%, United Arab Emirates 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum 60%, chemical and petrochemical products, fruits and nuts, carpets, cement, ore" + "text": "crude petroleum, polymers, industrial alcohols, iron, pistachios (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -731,10 +831,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "UAE 29.8%, China 12.7%, Turkey 4.4%, South Korea 4%, Germany 4% (2017)" + "text": "China 28%, United Arab Emirates 20%, India 11%, Turkey 7%, Brazil 6%, Germany 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "industrial supplies, capital goods, foodstuffs and other consumer goods, technical services" + "text": "rice, corn, broadcasting equipment, soybean products, beef (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -844,9 +944,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "33.72 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "638.3 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -876,7 +973,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 98; landing points for Kuwait-Iran, GBICS & MENA, FALCON, OMRAN/3PEG Cable System, POI and UAE-Iran submarine fiber-optic cable to the Middle East, Africa and India; (TAE) fiber-optic line runs from Azerbaijan through the northern portion of Iran to Turkmenistan with expansion to Georgia and Azerbaijan; HF radio and microwave radio relay to Turkey, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; satellite earth stations - 13 (9 Intelsat and 4 Inmarsat) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-run broadcast media with no private, independent broadcasters; Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB), the state-run TV broadcaster, operates 19 nationwide channels including a news channel, about 34 provincial channels, and several international channels; about 20 foreign Persian-language TV stations broadcasting on satellite TV are capable of being seen in Iran; satellite dishes are illegal and, while their use is subjectively tolerated, authorities confiscate satellite dishes from time to time; IRIB operates 16 nationwide radio networks, a number of provincial stations, and an external service; most major international broadcasters transmit to Iran (2019)" @@ -917,7 +1014,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "EP (2016)" + "text": "EP" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1014,15 +1111,15 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Islamic Republic of Iran Regular Forces (Artesh): Ground Forces, Navy (includes marines), Air Force, Air Defense Forces; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (Sepah, IRGC): Ground Forces, Navy (includes marines), Aerospace Force (controls strategic missile force), Qods Force (special operations), Cyber Command, Basij Paramilitary Forces (Popular Mobilization Army); Law Enforcement Forces (border and security troops, assigned to the armed forces in wartime) (2020)", - "note": "

note: the Iranian Navy operates Iran’s larger warships and operates in the Gulf of Oman, the Caspian Sea, and deep waters in the region and beyond; the IRGC Navy has responsibility for the closer-in Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz" + "text": "Islamic Republic of Iran Regular Forces (Artesh): Ground Forces, Navy (includes marines), Air Force, Air Defense Forces; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (Sepah, IRGC): Ground Forces, Navy (includes marines), Aerospace Force (controls strategic missile force), Qods Force (special operations), Cyber Command, Basij Paramilitary Forces (Popular Mobilization Army); Law Enforcement Forces (border and security troops, assigned to the armed forces in wartime) (2021)

note: the Iranian Navy operates Iran’s larger warships and operates in the Gulf of Oman, the Caspian Sea, and deep waters in the region and beyond; the IRGC Navy has responsibility for the closer-in Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz", + "note": "note: the Iranian Navy operates Iran’s larger warships and operates in the Gulf of Oman, the Caspian Sea, and deep waters in the region and beyond; the IRGC Navy has responsibility for the closer-in Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "3.8% of GDP (2019 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "6.1% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "6.1% of GDP (2018 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "5.3% of GDP (2017 est.)" @@ -1033,29 +1130,29 @@ "Military Expenditures 2015": { "text": "4.3% of GDP (2015 est.)" }, - "note": "

(Estimates)" + "note": "(Estimates)" }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "

assessments of the size of the armed forces of Iran vary; approximately 600,000 total active personnel including 410,000 Islamic Republic of Iran Regular Forces (350,000 Ground Forces; 18,000 Navy; 45,000 Air Force/Air Defense Forces) and 190,000 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (150,000 Ground Forces; 20,000 Navy; 15,000 Aerospace Force; 5,000 Qods Force); est. 90,000 active Basij Paramilitary Forces; est. 50,000 Law Enforcement Forces

(2019 est.)" + "text": "assessments of the size of the armed forces of Iran vary; approximately 550-600,000 total active personnel; approximately 400,000 Islamic Republic of Iran Regular Forces (350,000 Ground Forces; 18,000 Navy; 40,000 Air Force/Air Defense Forces); approximately 150-190,000 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (100-150,000 Ground Forces; 20,000 Navy; 15,000 Aerospace Force; 5-15,000 Qods Force); est. 90,000 active Basij Paramilitary Forces (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the Iranian military's inventory includes a mix of domestically-produced and mostly older foreign equipment largely of Chinese, Russian, Soviet, and US origin (US equipment acquired prior to the Islamic Revolution in 1979); weapons imports from Western countries are restricted by international sanctions; since 2010, Iran has received equipment from Belarus, China, and Russia; Iran has a defense industry with the capacity to develop, produce, support, and sustain air, land, missile, and naval weapons programs (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "est. 1,000 Syria (2020)", - "note": "

note: Iran has recruited, trained, and funded thousands of Syrian and foreign fighters to support the ASAD regime during the Syrian civil war" + "text": "est. 1,000 Syria (2020)

note: Iran has recruited, trained, and funded thousands of Syrian and foreign fighters to support the ASAD regime during the Syrian civil war", + "note": "note: Iran has recruited, trained, and funded thousands of Syrian and foreign fighters to support the ASAD regime during the Syrian civil war" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18 years of age for compulsory military service; 16 years of age for volunteers; 17 years of age for Law Enforcement Forces; 15 years of age for Basij Forces (Popular Mobilization Army); conscript military service obligation is 18-24 months; women exempt from military service (2019)" }, "Maritime threats": { - "text": "the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2019-012-Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, Red Sea-Threats to US and International Shipping from Iran) effective 7 August 2019, which states in part that \"heightened military activities and increased political tensions in this region continue to present risk to commercial shipping...there is a continued possibility that Iran and/or its regional proxies could take actions against US and partner interests in the region;\" at present, Iran has seized two foreign-flagged tankers in the Persian Gulf; the US and UK navies have established Operation Sentinel to provide escorts for commercial shipping transiting the Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, and Gulf of Oman" + "text": "

the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2021-003A Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, Red Sea-Threats to US and International Shipping from Iran) effective 26 February 2021, which states in part that \"heightened military activities and increased political tensions in this region continue to present risk to commercial shipping...there is a continued possibility that Iran and/or its regional proxies could take actions against US and partner interests in the region;\" Coalition Task Force (CTF) Sentinel has been established to provide escorts for commercial shipping transiting the Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, and Gulf of Oman

" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Jaysh al Adl (Jundallah); Kurdistan Workers' Party; al-Qa’ida (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Jaysh al Adl (Jundallah); Kurdistan Workers' Party; al-Qa’ida (2019)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/middle-east/is.json b/middle-east/is.json index 0ca38741..d8aa87ca 100644 --- a/middle-east/is.json +++ b/middle-east/is.json @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ "text": "Negev desert in the south; low coastal plain; central mountains; Jordan Rift Valley" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "508 m note - does not include elevation data from the Golan Heights" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mitspe Shlagim 2,224 m; note - this is the highest named point, the actual highest point is an unnamed dome slightly to the west of Mitspe Shlagim at 2,236 m; both points are on the northeastern border of Israel, along the southern end of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Dead Sea -431 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mitspe Shlagim 2,224 m; note - this is the highest named point, the actual highest point is an unnamed dome slightly to the west of Mitspe Shlagim at 2,236 m; both points are on the northeastern border of Israel, along the southern end of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "508 m note - does not include elevation data from the Golan Heights" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,25 +96,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; droughts; periodic earthquakes" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "limited arable land and restricted natural freshwater resources; desertification; air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; groundwater pollution from industrial and domestic waste, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Marine Life Conservation" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "note 1: Lake Tiberias (Sea of Galilee) is an important freshwater source; the Dead Sea is the second saltiest body of water in the world (after Lake Assal in Djibouti)

note 2: the Malham Cave in Mount Sodom is the world's longest salt cave at 10 km (6 mi); its survey is not complete and its length will undoubtedly increase; Mount Sodom is actually a hill some 220 m (722 ft) high that is 80% salt (multiple salt layers covered by a veneer of rock)

note 3: in March 2019, there were 380 Israeli settlements,to include 213 settlements and 132 outposts in the West Bank, and 35 settlements in East Jerusalem; there are no Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip, as all were evacuated in 2005 (2019)" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "8,787,045 (includes populations of the Golan Heights or Golan Sub-District and also East Jerusalem, which was annexed by Israel after 1967) (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: approximately 22,900 Israeli settlers live in the Golan Heights (2018); approximately 215,900 Israeli settlers live in East Jerusalem (2017)

" + "text": "8,787,045 (includes populations of the Golan Heights or Golan Sub-District and also East Jerusalem, which was annexed by Israel after 1967) (July 2021 est.)

note: approximately 22,900 Israeli settlers live in the Golan Heights (2018); approximately 215,900 Israeli settlers live in East Jerusalem (2017)", + "note": "note: approximately 22,900 Israeli settlers live in the Golan Heights (2018); approximately 215,900 Israeli settlers live in East Jerusalem (2017)" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -192,10 +181,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "92.6% of total population (2020)" + "text": "92.7% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.64% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.51% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -346,13 +335,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "7.2%" + "text": "6.7%" }, "male": { - "text": "6.9%" + "text": "6.1%" }, "female": { - "text": "7.4% (2018 est.)" + "text": "7.2% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "limited arable land and restricted natural freshwater resources; desertification; air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; groundwater pollution from industrial and domestic waste, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Marine Life Conservation" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "19.46 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "65.17 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "13.02 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "983 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "72 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.249 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "1.78 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "23.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 13.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 3.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 6.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "7.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "69.1% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "92.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.51% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "5.4 million tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "1.35 million tons (2017 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "25% (2017 est.)" } } }, @@ -390,7 +469,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, Friday before the last Sunday in March; ends the last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: Jerusalem's settlement may date back to 2800 B.C.; it is named Urushalim in Egyptian texts of the 14th century B.C.; \"uru-shalim\" likely means \"foundation of [by] the god Shalim\", and derives from Hebrew/Semitic \"yry\", \"to found or lay a cornerstone\", and Shalim, the Canaanite god of dusk and the nether world; Shalim was associated with sunset and peace and the name is based on the same S-L-M root from which Semitic words for \"peace\" are derived (Salam or Shalom in modern Arabic and Hebrew); this confluence has thus led to naming interpretations such as \"The City of Peace\" or \"The Abode of Peace\"" + "note": "etymology: Jerusalem's settlement may date back to 2800 B.C.; it is named Urushalim in Egyptian texts of the 14th century B.C.; \"uru-shalim\" likely means \"foundation of [by] the god Shalim\", and derives from Hebrew/Semitic \"yry\", \"to found or lay a cornerstone\", and Shalim, the Canaanite god of dusk and the nether world; Shalim was associated with sunset and peace and the name is based on the same S-L-M root from which Semitic words for \"peace\" are derived (Salam or Shalom in modern Arabic and Hebrew); this confluence has thus led to naming interpretations such as \"The City of Peace\" or \"The Abode of Peace\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "6 districts (mehozot, singular - mehoz); Central, Haifa, Jerusalem, Northern, Southern, Tel Aviv" @@ -406,7 +485,7 @@ "text": "no formal constitution; some functions of a constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the Basic Laws, and the Law of Return (as amended)" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by Government of Israel ministers or by the Knesset; passage requires a majority vote of Knesset members and subject to Supreme Court judicial review; 11 of the 13 Basic Laws have been amended at least once, latest in 2020" + "text": "proposed by Government of Israel ministers or by the Knesset; passage requires a majority vote of Knesset members and subject to Supreme Court judicial review; 11 of the 13 Basic Laws have been amended at least once, latest in 2020 (Basic Law: the Knesset)" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -428,37 +507,37 @@ "residency requirement for naturalization": { "text": "3 out of the 5 years preceding the application for naturalization" }, - "note": "

note: Israeli law (Law of Return, 5 July 1950) provides for the granting of citizenship to any Jew - defined as a person being born to a Jewish mother or having converted to Judaism while renouncing any other religion - who immigrates to and expresses a desire to settle in Israel on the basis of the Right of aliyah; the 1970 amendment of this act extended the right to family members including the spouse of a Jew, any child or grandchild, and the spouses of children and grandchildren

" + "note": "note: Israeli law (Law of Return, 5 July 1950) provides for the granting of citizenship to any Jew - defined as a person being born to a Jewish mother or having converted to Judaism while renouncing any other religion - who immigrates to and expresses a desire to settle in Israel on the basis of the Right of aliyah; the 1970 amendment of this act extended the right to family members including the spouse of a Jew, any child or grandchild, and the spouses of children and grandchildren" }, "Suffrage": { "text": "18 years of age; universal; 17 years of age for municipal elections" }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { - "text": " President Reuben RIVLIN (since 27 July 2014)" + "text": "President Reuben RIVLIN (since 24 July 2014)" }, "head of government": { - "text": " Prime Minister Binyamin NETANYAHU (since 31 March 2009)" + "text": "Prime Minister Binyamin NETANYAHU (since 31 March 2009); note - NETANYAHU failed to form a new government within the four-week window following the 23 March 2021 Knesset election, and his mandate was returned to President RIVLIN on 4 May" }, "cabinet": { - "text": "Cabinet selected by prime minister and approved by the Knesset " + "text": "Cabinet selected by prime minister and approved by the Knesset" }, "elections/appointments": { - "text": "president indirectly elected by the Knesset for a single 7-year term; election last held on 10 June 2014 (next to be held in 2021); following legislative elections, the president, in consultation with party leaders, tasks a Knesset member (usually the member of the largest party) with forming a government" + "text": "president indirectly elected by the Knesset for a single 7-year term; election last held on 10 June 2014 (next to be held on 5 July 2021); following legislative elections, the president, in consultation with party leaders, tasks a Knesset member (usually the member of the largest party) with forming a new government" }, "election results": { - "text": "Reuven RIVLIN elected president in second round; Knesset vote - Reuven RIVLIN (Likud) 63, Meir SHEETRIT (The Movement) 53, other/invalid 4; note - on 20 May 2020 – after three national elections, each ending in failed bids by Prime Minister Binyamin NETANYAHU and Blue and White party leader Benny GANTZ to form a coalition government, both signed an agreement on the formation of a national emergency government in which NETANYAHU continues as prime minister for 18 months when GANTZ will replace him" + "text": "Reuven RIVLIN elected president in second round; Knesset vote - Reuven RIVLIN (Likud) 63, Meir SHEETRIT (The Movement) 53, other/invalid 4" } }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { - "text": "unicameral Knesset (120 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by closed-list proportional representation vote, with a 3.25% threshold to gain representation; members serve 4-year terms)" + "text": "unicameral Knesset (120 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by closed-list proportional representation vote, with a 3.25% vote threshold to gain representation; members serve 4-year terms)" }, "elections": { - "text": "last held on 2 March 2020 (next to be held on 23 March 2021)" + "text": "last held on 23 March 2021 (next to be held in 2025)" }, "election results": { - "text": "percent by party (preliminary) - Likud 29.2%, Blue and White 26.4%, Joint List 13.1%, Shas 7.7%, United Torah Judaism 6.2%, Yisrael Beiteinu 5.9%, Labor-Gesher-Meretz 5.7%, Yamina 5%, other 0.8%; seats by party (preliminary) - Likud 36, Blue and White 33, Joint List 15, Shas 9, United Torah Judaism 7, Yisrael Beiteinu 7, Labor-Gesher Meretz 7, Yamina 6; composition - NA" + "text": "percent by party - Likud 24.2%, Yesh Atid 13.9%, Shas 7.2%, Blue and White 6.6%, Yamina 6.2%, Labor 6.1%, UTJ 5.6%, Yisrael Beiteinu 5.6%, Religious Zionist Party 5.1%, Joint List 4.8%, New Hope 4.7%, Meretz 4.6%, Ra'am 3.8%, other 0.5%; seats by party - Likud 30, Yesh Atid 17, Shas 9, Blue and White 8, Yamina 7, Labor 7, UTJ 7, Yisrael Beiteinu 7, Religious Zionist Party 6, Joint List 6, New Hope 6, Meretz 6, Ra'am 4 - NA" } }, "Judicial branch": { @@ -473,14 +552,14 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "

Democratic Union [Nitzan HOROWITZ] (alliance includes Democratic Israel, Meretz, Green Movement)
Joint List [Ayman ODEH] (alliance includes Hadash, Ta’al, United Arab List, Balad)
Kahol Lavan [Benny GANTZ] (alliance includes Israeli Resilience, Yesh Atid, Telem)
Labor-Gesher [Amir PERETZ]
Likud [Binyamin NETANYAHU]
Otzma Yehudit [Itamar BEN-GVIR]
SHAS [Arye DERI]
United Torah Judaism, or UTJ [Yaakov LITZMAN] (alliance includes Agudat Israel and Degel HaTorah)
Yamina [Ayelet SHAKED]
Yisrael Beiteinu [Avigdor LIEBERMAN]
Zehut [Moshe FEIGLIN]

" + "text": "

Democratic Union [Nitzan HOROWITZ] (alliance includes Democratic Israel, Meretz, Green Movement)
Joint List [Ayman ODEH] (alliance includes Hadash, Ta’al, United Arab List, Balad)
Kahol Lavan [Benny GANTZ] (alliance includes Israeli Resilience, Yesh Atid, Telem)
Labor-Gesher [Amir PERETZ]
Likud [Binyamin NETANYAHU]
Otzma Yehudit [Itamar BEN-GVIR]
Religous Zionist Party [Belzalel SMOTRICH, chairperson]
SHAS [Arye DERI]
United Torah Judaism, or UTJ [Yaakov LITZMAN] (alliance includes Agudat Israel and Degel HaTorah)
Yamina [Ayelet SHAKED]
Yesh Atid [Yair LAPID]
Yisrael Beiteinu [Avigdor LIEBERMAN]
Zehut [Moshe FEIGLIN]

" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "BIS, BSEC (observer), CE (observer), CERN, CICA, EBRD, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW (signatory), OSCE (partner), Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Ron DERMER (since 3 December 2013)" + "text": "Ambassador Gilad Menashe ERDAN (since 17 February 2021)" }, "chancery": { "text": "3514 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008" @@ -508,11 +587,11 @@ "FAX": { "text": "NA" }, - "note": "

note: on 14 May 2018, the US Embassy relocated to Jerusalem from Tel Aviv; on 4 March 2019, Consulate General Jerusalem merged into US Embassy Jerusalem to form a single diplomatic mission

" + "note": "note: on 14 May 2018, the US Embassy relocated to Jerusalem from Tel Aviv; on 4 March 2019, Consulate General Jerusalem merged into US Embassy Jerusalem to form a single diplomatic mission" }, "Flag description": { - "text": "white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as the Magen David (Star of David or Shield of David) centered between two equal horizontal blue bands near the top and bottom edges of the flag; the basic design resembles a traditional Jewish prayer shawl (tallit), which is white with blue stripes; the hexagram as a Jewish symbol dates back to medieval times", - "note": "

note: the Israeli flag proclamation states that the flag colors are sky blue and white, but the exact shade of blue has never been set and can vary from a light to a dark blue

" + "text": "white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as the Magen David (Star of David or Shield of David) centered between two equal horizontal blue bands near the top and bottom edges of the flag; the basic design resembles a traditional Jewish prayer shawl (tallit), which is white with blue stripes; the hexagram as a Jewish symbol dates back to medieval times

note: the Israeli flag proclamation states that the flag colors are sky blue and white, but the exact shade of blue has never been set and can vary from a light to a dark blue", + "note": "note: the Israeli flag proclamation states that the flag colors are sky blue and white, but the exact shade of blue has never been set and can vary from a light to a dark blue" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "Star of David (Magen David), menorah (seven-branched lampstand); national colors: blue, white" @@ -524,7 +603,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Naftali Herz IMBER/traditional, arranged by Samuel COHEN" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 2004, unofficial since 1948; used as the anthem of the Zionist movement since 1897; the 1888 arrangement by Samuel COHEN is thought to be based on the Romanian folk song \"Carul cu boi\" (The Ox Driven Cart)

" + "note": "note: adopted 2004, unofficial since 1948; used as the anthem of the Zionist movement since 1897; the 1888 arrangement by Samuel COHEN is thought to be based on the Romanian folk song \"Carul cu boi\" (The Ox Driven Cart)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -574,7 +653,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$339.528 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$394.93 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -589,7 +668,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$38,967 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -634,8 +713,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "76.7 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "94.1 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "83.4 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "58.9 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -670,8 +758,8 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "22% (2014 est.) (2014 est.)", - "note": "

note: Israel's poverty line is $7.30 per person per day

" + "text": "22% (2014 est.)

note: Israel's poverty line is $7.30 per person per day", + "note": "note: Israel's poverty line is $7.30 per person per day" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": { @@ -734,10 +822,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 28.8%, UK 8.2%, Hong Kong 7%, China 5.4%, Belgium 4.5% (2017)" + "text": "United States 32%, China 9%, Hong Kong 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, software, cut diamonds, agricultural products, chemicals, textiles and apparel" + "text": "diamonds, packaged medicines, medical instruments, integrated circuits, refined petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -751,10 +839,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 11.7%, China 9.5%, Switzerland 8%, Germany 6.8%, UK 6.2%, Belgium 5.9%, Netherlands 4.2%, Turkey 4.2%, Italy 4% (2017)" + "text": "United States 18%, China 14%, Germany 7%, Turkey 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "raw materials, military equipment, investment goods, rough diamonds, fuels, grain, consumer goods" + "text": "diamonds, cars, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -864,9 +952,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "176 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "73.82 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -896,7 +981,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 972; landing points for the MedNautilus Submarine System, Tameres North, Jonah and Lev Submarine System, submarine cables that provide links to Europe, Cyprus, and parts of the Middle East; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "the Israel Broadcasting Corporation (est 2015) broadcasts on 3 channels, two in Hebrew and the other in Arabic; multi-channel satellite and cable TV packages provide access to foreign channels; the Israeli Broadcasting Corporation broadcasts on 8 radio networks with multiple repeaters and Israel Defense Forces Radio broadcasts over multiple stations; about 15 privately owned radio stations; overall more than 100 stations and repeater stations (2019)" @@ -937,7 +1022,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "4X (2016)" + "text": "4X" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1016,8 +1101,8 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Israel Defense Forces (IDF): Ground Forces, Israel Naval Force (IN, includes commandos), Israel Air Force (IAF, includes air defense); Ministry of Public Security: Border Police (2019)", - "note": "

note: the Border Police is a unit within the Israel Police with its own organizational and command structure; it works both independently as well as in cooperation with or in support of the Israel Police and Israel Defense Force" + "text": "Israel Defense Forces (IDF): Ground Forces, Israel Naval Force (IN, includes commandos), Israel Air Force (IAF, includes air defense); Ministry of Public Security: Border Police (2021)

note: the Border Police is a unit within the Israel Police with its own organizational and command structure; it works both independently as well as in cooperation with or in support of the Israel Police and Israel Defense Force", + "note": "note: the Border Police is a unit within the Israel Police with its own organizational and command structure; it works both independently as well as in cooperation with or in support of the Israel Police and Israel Defense Force" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1037,22 +1122,22 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) have approximately 173,000 active personnel (130,000 Ground Forces; 9,500 Naval; 34,000 Air Force) (2019 )" + "text": "the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) have approximately 173,000 active personnel (130,000 Ground Forces; 9,000 Naval; 34,000 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the majority of the IDF's inventory is comprised of weapons that are domestically-produced or imported from Europe and the US; since 2010, Germany and the US are the leading suppliers of weapons to Israel; Israel has a broad defense industrial base that can develop, produce, support, and sustain a wide variety of weapons systems for both domestic use and export, particularly armored vehicles, unmanned aerial systems, air defense, and guided missiles (2019 est.)" + "text": "the majority of the IDF's inventory is comprised of weapons that are domestically-produced or imported from Europe and the US; since 2010, the US is by far the leading supplier of arms to Israel, followed by Germany; Israel has a broad defense industrial base that can develop, produce, support, and sustain a wide variety of weapons systems for both domestic use and export, particularly armored vehicles, unmanned aerial systems, air defense, and guided missiles (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for compulsory (Jews, Druze) military service; 17 years of age for voluntary (Christians, Muslims, Circassians) military service; both sexes are obligated to military service; conscript service obligation - 32 months for enlisted men and about 24 months for enlisted women (varies based on military occupation), 48 months for officers; pilots commit to 9-year service; reserve obligation to age 41-51 (men), age 24 (women) (2015)" + "text": "18 years of age for compulsory (Jews, Druze) military service; 17 years of age for voluntary (Christians, Muslims, Circassians) military service; both sexes are obligated to military service; conscript service obligation - 32 months for enlisted men and about 24 months for enlisted women (varies based on military occupation), 48 months for officers; pilots commit to 9-year service; reserve obligation to age 41-51 (men), age 24 (women) (2020)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) has operated in the Golan between Israel and Syria since 1974 to monitor the ceasefire following the 1973 Arab-Israeli War and supervise the areas of separation between the two countries; as of March 2020, UNDOF consisted of about 1,000 personnel (2020)" + "text": "the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) has operated in the Golan between Israel and Syria since 1974 to monitor the ceasefire following the 1973 Arab-Israeli War and supervise the areas of separation between the two countries; as of December 2020, UNDOF consisted of about 1,100 military personnel" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Kahane Chai; Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine; Palestinian Islamic Jihad (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Kahane Chai; Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine; Palestinian Islamic Jihad (2019)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/middle-east/iz.json b/middle-east/iz.json index d04d4439..cde82d5c 100644 --- a/middle-east/iz.json +++ b/middle-east/iz.json @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ "text": "mostly broad plains; reedy marshes along Iranian border in south with large flooded areas; mountains along borders with Iran and Turkey" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "312 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Cheekha Dar (Kurdish for \"Black Tent\") 3,611 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Persian Gulf 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Cheekha Dar (Kurdish for \"Black Tent\") 3,611 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "312 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,17 +96,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "dust storms; sandstorms; floods" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "government water control projects drained most of the inhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or diverting the feeder streams and rivers; a once sizable population of Marsh Arabs, who inhabited these areas for thousands of years, has been displaced; furthermore, the destruction of the natural habitat poses serious threats to the area's wildlife populations; inadequate supplies of potable water; soil degradation (salination) and erosion; desertification; military and industrial infrastructure has released heavy metals and other hazardous substances into the air, soil, and groundwater; major sources of environmental damage are effluents from oil refineries, factory and sewage discharges into rivers, fertilizer and chemical contamination of the soil, and industrial air pollution in urban areas" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Environmental Modification" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location on Shatt al Arab waterway and at the head of the Persian Gulf" } @@ -124,15 +113,15 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Arab 75-80%, Kurdish 15-20%, other 5% (includes Turkmen, Yezidi, Shabak, Kaka'i, Bedouin, Romani, Assyrian, Circassian, Sabaean-Mandaean, Persian)", - "note": "

note: data is a 1987 government estimate; no more recent reliable numbers are available

" + "text": "Arab 75-80%, Kurdish 15-20%, other 5% (includes Turkmen, Yezidi, Shabak, Kaka'i, Bedouin, Romani, Assyrian, Circassian, Sabaean-Mandaean, Persian)

note: data is a 1987 government estimate; no more recent reliable numbers are available", + "note": "note: data is a 1987 government estimate; no more recent reliable numbers are available" }, "Languages": { "text": "Arabic (official), Kurdish (official), Turkmen (a Turkish dialect), Syriac (Neo-Aramaic), and Armenian are official in areas where native speakers of these languages constitute a majority of the population" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Muslim (official) 95-98% (Shia 64-69%, Sunni 29-34%), Christian 1% (includes Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Assyrian Church of the East), other 1-4% (2015 est.)", - "note": "

note: while there has been voluntary relocation of many Christian families to northern Iraq, the overall Christian population has decreased at least 50% and perhaps as high as 90% since the fall of the SADDAM Husayn regime in 2003, according to US Embassy estimates, with many fleeing to Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon

" + "text": "Muslim (official) 95-98% (Shia 64-69%, Sunni 29-34%), Christian 1% (includes Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Assyrian Church of the East), other 1-4% (2015 est.)

note: while there has been voluntary relocation of many Christian families to northern Iraq, the overall Christian population has decreased at least 50% and perhaps as high as 90% since the fall of the SADDAM Husayn regime in 2003, according to US Embassy estimates, with many fleeing to Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon", + "note": "note: while there has been voluntary relocation of many Christian families to northern Iraq, the overall Christian population has decreased at least 50% and perhaps as high as 90% since the fall of the SADDAM Husayn regime in 2003, according to US Embassy estimates, with many fleeing to Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -193,10 +182,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "70.9% of total population (2020)" + "text": "71.1% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.06% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.91% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -321,7 +310,7 @@ "food or waterborne diseases": { "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" }, - "note": "

note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Iraq; as of 24 January 2021, Iraq has reported a total of 612,870 cases of COVID-19 or 1,523.7 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 32.3 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population" + "note": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Iraq; as of 25 April 2021, Iraq has reported a total of 1,025,288 cases of COVID-19 or 2,549.0 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 37.8 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, .7% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "30.4% (2016)" @@ -358,6 +347,104 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "government water control projects drained most of the inhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or diverting the feeder streams and rivers; a once sizable population of Marsh Arabs, who inhabited these areas for thousands of years, has been displaced; furthermore, the destruction of the natural habitat poses serious threats to the area's wildlife populations; inadequate supplies of potable water; soil degradation (salination) and erosion; desertification; military and industrial infrastructure has released heavy metals and other hazardous substances into the air, soil, and groundwater; major sources of environmental damage are effluents from oil refineries, factory and sewage discharges into rivers, fertilizer and chemical contamination of the soil, and industrial air pollution in urban areas" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Environmental Modification" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "57.73 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "190.06 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "17.44 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "1.23 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "2.05 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "35.27 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "89.86 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "18.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 8.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 9.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "1.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "80% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "71.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.91% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "intermediate (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "note": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Iraq; as of 25 April 2021, Iraq has reported a total of 1,025,288 cases of COVID-19 or 2,549.0 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 37.8 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, .7% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "severe localized food insecurity": { + "text": "due to civil conflict, low oil prices, and economic slowdown - the 2021 Humanitarian Needs Overview (HNO) for Iraq identified 4.1 million people in need, of which 2.4 million have acute humanitarian needs; while the number of people in need remained similar to the previous year, the severity of those needs increased, largely due to the impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic on top of an existing humanitarian crisis, leading to a 35% increase in the number of people in acute need; more than half of these are concentrated in the governorates of Nineveh and Anbar; the number of severely food insecure people is estimated at about 435,000, while 731,000 are vulnerable to food insecurity (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "13.14 million tons (2015 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -392,7 +479,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

although the origin of the name is disputed, it likely has compound Persian roots with \"bagh\" and \"dad\" meaning \"god\" and \"given\" respectively to create the meaning of \"bestowed by God\"" + "note": "although the origin of the name is disputed, it likely has compound Persian roots with \"bagh\" and \"dad\" meaning \"god\" and \"given\" respectively to create the meaning of \"bestowed by God\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "18 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah (Arabic); parezgakan, singular - parezga (Kurdish)) and 1 region*; Al Anbar; Al Basrah; Al Muthanna; Al Qadisiyah (Ad Diwaniyah); An Najaf; Arbil (Erbil) (Arabic), Hewler (Kurdish); As Sulaymaniyah (Arabic), Slemani (Kurdish); Babil; Baghdad; Dahuk (Arabic), Dihok (Kurdish); Dhi Qar; Diyala; Karbala'; Kirkuk; Kurdistan Regional Government*; Maysan; Ninawa; Salah ad Din; Wasit" @@ -514,8 +601,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the Takbir (Arabic expression meaning \"God is great\") in green Arabic script is centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white); the Council of Representatives approved this flag in 2008 as a compromise replacement for the Ba'thist SADDAM-era flag", - "note": "

note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two stars but no script; Yemen, which has a plain white band; and that of Egypt, which has a golden Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band

" + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the Takbir (Arabic expression meaning \"God is great\") in green Arabic script is centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white); the Council of Representatives approved this flag in 2008 as a compromise replacement for the Ba'thist SADDAM-era flag

note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two stars but no script; Yemen, which has a plain white band; and that of Egypt, which has a golden Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band", + "note": "note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two stars but no script; Yemen, which has a plain white band; and that of Egypt, which has a golden Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "golden eagle; national colors: red, white, black" @@ -527,7 +614,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Ibrahim TOUQAN/Mohammad FLAYFEL" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 2004; following the ouster of SADDAM Husayn, Iraq adopted \"Mawtini,\" a popular folk song throughout the Arab world; also serves as an unofficial anthem of the Palestinian people

" + "note": "note: adopted 2004; following the ouster of SADDAM Husayn, Iraq adopted \"Mawtini,\" a popular folk song throughout the Arab world; also serves as an unofficial anthem of the Palestinian people" } }, "Economy": { @@ -577,7 +664,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$412.027 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$231.994 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -592,7 +679,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$10,972 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -637,8 +724,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "44.7 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "77.3 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "25.3 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "48 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -730,10 +826,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "India 21.2%, China 20.2%, US 15.8%, South Korea 9.4%, Greece 5.3%, Netherlands 4.8%, Italy 4.7% (2017)" + "text": "China 26%, India 24%, South Korea 9%, United States 8%, Italy 6%, Greece 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "crude oil 99%, crude materials excluding fuels, food, live animals" + "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, gold, dates, petroleum coke (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -744,10 +840,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Turkey 27.8%, China 25.7%, South Korea 4.7%, Russia 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "United Arab Emirates 28%, Turkey 21%, China 19% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "food, medicine, manufactures" + "text": "refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, cars, jewelry, cigarettes (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -857,9 +953,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "3.82 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "117.9 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -889,7 +982,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 964; landing points for FALCON, and GBICS/MENA submarine cables providing connections to the Middle East, Africa and India; satellite earth stations - 4 (2 Intelsat - 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean, 1 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocean region, and 1 Arabsat (inoperative)); local microwave radio relay connects border regions to Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "the number of private radio and TV stations has increased rapidly since 2003; government-owned TV and radio stations are operated by the publicly funded Iraqi Media Network; private broadcast media are mostly linked to political, ethnic, or religious groups; satellite TV is available to an estimated 70% of viewers and many of the broadcasters are based abroad; transmissions of multiple international radio broadcasters are accessible (2019)" @@ -930,7 +1023,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "YI (2016)" + "text": "YI" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1018,12 +1111,12 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Ministry of Defense: Iraqi Army, Army Aviation Command, Iraqi Navy, Iraqi Air Force, Iraqi Air Defense Command, Special Forces Command; National-Level Security Forces: Iraqi Counterterrorism Service (CTS; a Special Forces Division aka the \"Golden Division\"), Prime Minister's Special Forces Division, Presidential Brigades; Ministry of Interior: Federal Police Forces Command, Border Guard Forces Command, Federal Intelligence and Investigations Agency, Emergency Response Division, Facilities Protection Directorate, and Energy Police Directorate; Popular Mobilization Commission and Affiliated Forces (PMF); Ministry of Pershmerga (Kurdistan Regional Government) (2020)", - "note": "

note: the PMF is a collection of approximately 50 paramilitary militias of different sizes and with varying political interests" + "text": "Ministry of Defense: Iraqi Army, Army Aviation Command, Iraqi Navy, Iraqi Air Force, Iraqi Air Defense Command, Special Forces Command; National-Level Security Forces: Iraqi Counterterrorism Service (CTS; a Special Forces Division aka the \"Golden Division\"), Prime Minister's Special Forces Division, Presidential Brigades; Ministry of Interior: Federal Police Forces Command, Border Guard Forces Command, Federal Intelligence and Investigations Agency, Emergency Response Division, Facilities Protection Directorate, and Energy Police Directorate; Popular Mobilization Commission and Affiliated Forces (PMF); Ministry of Pershmerga (Kurdistan Regional Government) (2020)

note: the PMF is a collection of approximately 50 paramilitary militias of different sizes and with varying political interests", + "note": "note: the PMF is a collection of approximately 50 paramilitary militias of different sizes and with varying political interests" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "3.5% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "3.9% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "2.9% of GDP (2018)" @@ -1039,23 +1132,22 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "assessments of the size of the Iraqi military, security services, and associated militia forces vary widely; the military and the security services are rebuilding after suffering considerable losses in personnel and equipment fighting the ISIS terrorist group (see note) and are also attempting to incorporate local militia groups; approximately 190,000 active personnel (180,000 Army; 3,000 Navy; 5,000 Air Force); National-Level Security Forces: est. 10,000 Iraqi Counterterrorism Service; est. 10,000 Presidential Brigades; est. 6,000 Prime Minister’s Special Forces Division; other: est. 100-160,000 Popular Mobilization Forces; est. 150,000-200,000 Peshmerga Forces (2019 )", - "note": "

note: Iraqi Army strength reportedly fell from about 200,000 personnel in 2009 to around 50,000 in 2016

" + "text": "assessments of the size of the Iraqi military and militia forces vary; approximately 225,000 active military personnel (190,000 Army; 5,000 Navy; 5,000 Air Force; est. 10,000 Iraqi Counterterrorism Service; est. 10,000 Presidential Brigades; est. 5,000 Prime Minister’s Special Forces Division); 100-160,000 Popular Mobilization Forces; 150,000-200,000 Peshmerga Forces (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Iraqi military inventory is comprised of Russian and Soviet-era equipment combined with newer European- and US-sourced platforms; since 2010, Russia and the US are the leading suppliers of military hardware to Iraq (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Iraqi military inventory is comprised of Russian and Soviet-era equipment combined with newer European- and US-sourced platforms; since 2010, Russia and the US are the leading suppliers of military hardware to Iraq (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-40 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "

as of early 2021, Iraqi military and security forces continued to conduct counterinsurgency and counter-terrorism operations against the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) terrorist group, particularly in northern and western Iraq

Shia militia and paramilitary units from the Popular Mobilization Committee and Affiliated Forces (PMF) have fought alongside the Iraqi military against ISIS since 2014, but the majority of these forces continue to largely ignore the 2016 Law of the Popular Mobilization Authority, which mandated that armed militias must be regulated in a fashion similar to Iraq’s other security forces and act under the Iraqi government’s direct control; the Iraqi prime minister legally commands the PMF, but most of the militia brigades take orders from associated political parties and/or other government officials, such as Hadi al-AMIRI, the Minister of Transportation and commander of the Badr Organization, an Iranian-backed political party and militia with ties to the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps

the Kurdish Peshmerga are formally recognized as a legitimate Iraqi military force under the country’s constitution and have operated jointly with the Iraqi military against ISIS militants, but they also operate outside of Iraqi military command structure; the Peshmerga report to the Kurdistan Regional Government or Kurdistan Democratic Party and Patriotic Union of Kurdistan parties instead of the Iraqi Ministry of Defense

" + "text": "

as of early 2021, Iraqi military and security forces continued to conduct counterinsurgency and counter-terrorism operations against the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) terrorist group, particularly in northern and western Iraq

Shia militia and paramilitary units from the Popular Mobilization Committee and Affiliated Forces (PMF) have fought alongside the Iraqi military against ISIS since 2014, but the majority of these forces continue to largely ignore the 2016 Law of the Popular Mobilization Authority, which mandated that armed militias must be regulated in a fashion similar to Iraq’s other security forces and act under the Iraqi government’s direct control; the Iraqi prime minister legally commands the PMF, but most of the militia brigades take orders from associated political parties and/or other government officials, including some with ties to the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps

the Kurdish Peshmerga are formally recognized as a legitimate Iraqi military force under the country’s constitution and have operated jointly with the Iraqi military against ISIS militants, but they also operate outside of Iraqi military command structure; the Peshmerga report to the Kurdistan Regional Government or Kurdistan Democratic Party and Patriotic Union of Kurdistan parties instead of the Iraqi Ministry of Defense

at the request of the Iraqi government, NATO agreed to establish an advisory, training and capacity-building mission in Iraq in October 2018 to help Iraqi forces in their fight against ISIS; NATO Mission Iraq (NMI) currently has about 500 troops, but in February 2021 NATO announced it would increase the presence to about 4,000, although no timeframe was given

" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Ansar al-Islam; Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham; Jaysh Rijal al-Tariq al-Naqshabandi; Kata'ib Hizballah; Kurdistan Workers' Party (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Ansar al-Islam; Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham; Jaysh Rijal al-Tariq al-Naqshabandi; Kata'ib Hizballah; Kurdistan Workers' Party (2019)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1064,7 +1156,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "15,167 (Turkey), 7,858 (West Bank and Gaza Strip), 5,041 (Iran) (2018); 243,121 (Syria) (2021)" + "text": "15,167 (Turkey), 7,858 (West Bank and Gaza Strip), 5,041 (Iran) (2018); 244,760 (Syria) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "1,389,540 (displacement in central and northern Iraq since January 2014) (2020)" @@ -1072,7 +1164,7 @@ "stateless persons": { "text": "47,253 (2019); note - in the 1970s and 1980s under SADDAM Husayn's regime, thousands of Iraq's Faili Kurds, followers of Shia Islam, were stripped of their Iraqi citizenship, had their property seized by the government, and many were deported; some Faili Kurds had their citizenship reinstated under the 2,006 Iraqi Nationality Law, but others lack the documentation to prove their Iraqi origins; some Palestinian refugees persecuted by the SADDAM regime remain stateless" }, - "note": "

note: estimate revised to reflect the reduction of statelessness in line with Law 26 of 2006, which allows stateless persons to apply for nationality in certain circumstances; more accurate studies of statelessness in Iraq are pending (2015)

" + "note": "note: estimate revised to reflect the reduction of statelessness in line with Law 26 of 2006, which allows stateless persons to apply for nationality in certain circumstances; more accurate studies of statelessness in Iraq are pending (2015)" } } } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/middle-east/jo.json b/middle-east/jo.json index 94a937fd..6f439c15 100644 --- a/middle-east/jo.json +++ b/middle-east/jo.json @@ -51,14 +51,14 @@ "text": "mostly arid desert plateau; a great north-south geological rift along the west of the country is the dominant topographical feature and includes the Jordan River Valley, the Dead Sea, and the Jordanian Highlands" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "812 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Jabal Umm ad Dami 1,854 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Dead Sea -431 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Jabal Umm ad Dami 1,854 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "812 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -93,25 +93,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "droughts; periodic earthquakes; flash floods" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "limited natural freshwater resources; declining water table; salinity; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; biodiversity and ecosystem damage/loss" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba and as the Arab country that shares the longest border with Israel and the occupied West Bank; the Dead Sea, the lowest point in Asia and the second saltiest body of water in the world (after Lac Assal in Djibouti), lies on Jordan's western border with Israel and the West Bank; Jordan is almost landlocked but does have a 26 km southwestern coastline with a single port, Al 'Aqabah (Aqaba)" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "10,909,567 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: increased estimate reflects revised assumptions about the net migration rate due to the increased flow of Syrian refugees

" + "text": "10,909,567 (July 2021 est.)

note: increased estimate reflects revised assumptions about the net migration rate due to the increased flow of Syrian refugees", + "note": "note: increased estimate reflects revised assumptions about the net migration rate due to the increased flow of Syrian refugees" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -122,8 +111,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Jordanian 69.3%, Syrian 13.3%, Palestinian 6.7%, Egyptian 6.7%, Iraqi 1.4%, other 2.6% (includes Armenian, Circassian) (2015 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent population by self-identified nationality

" + "text": "Jordanian 69.3%, Syrian 13.3%, Palestinian 6.7%, Egyptian 6.7%, Iraqi 1.4%, other 2.6% (includes Armenian, Circassian) (2015 est.)

note: data represent population by self-identified nationality", + "note": "note: data represent population by self-identified nationality" }, "Languages": { "text": "Arabic (official), English (widely understood among upper and middle classes)" @@ -190,10 +179,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "91.4% of total population (2020)" + "text": "91.6% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.43% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.98% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -223,8 +212,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "24.8 years (2017/18 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 30-34

" + "text": "24.8 years (2017/18 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 30-34", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 30-34" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "46 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -315,6 +304,9 @@ "HIV/AIDS - deaths": { "text": "<100 (2018 est.)" }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "text": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Jordan; as of 6 April 2021, Jordan has reported a total of 639,444 cases of COVID-19 or 6,267.13 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 71.38 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 7 April 2021, 4% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" + }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "35.5% (2016)" }, @@ -351,13 +343,106 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "35.6%" + "text": "37.3%" }, "male": { - "text": "31.5%" + "text": "34.8%" }, "female": { - "text": "57% (2016 est.)" + "text": "49.4% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "limited natural freshwater resources; declining water table; salinity; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; biodiversity and ecosystem damage/loss" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "32.09 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "25.11 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "6.04 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "456.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "32.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "554.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "937 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "11.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 8.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "1.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "87.5% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "91.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.98% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "text": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Jordan; as of 6 April 2021, Jordan has reported a total of 639,444 cases of COVID-19 or 6,267.13 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 71.38 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 7 April 2021, 4% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "2,529,997 tons (2013 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "177,100 tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "7% (2014 est.)" } } }, @@ -398,7 +483,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Friday in March; ends last Friday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: in the 13th century B.C., the Ammonites named their main city \"Rabbath Ammon\"; \"rabbath\" designated \"capital,\" so the name meant \"The Capital of [the] Ammon[ites]\"; over time, the \"Rabbath\" came to be dropped and the city became known simply as \"Ammon\" and then \"Amman\"" + "note": "etymology: in the 13th century B.C., the Ammonites named their main city \"Rabbath Ammon\"; \"rabbath\" designated \"capital,\" so the name meant \"The Capital of [the] Ammon[ites]\"; over time, the \"Rabbath\" came to be dropped and the city became known simply as \"Ammon\" and then \"Amman\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "12 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); 'Ajlun, Al 'Aqabah, Al Balqa', Al Karak, Al Mafraq, Al ‘Asimah (Amman), At Tafilah, Az Zarqa', Irbid, Jarash, Ma'an, Madaba" @@ -526,7 +611,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Abdul-Mone'm al-RIFAI'/Abdul-Qader al-TANEER" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1946; the shortened version of the anthem is used most commonly, while the full version is reserved for special occasions

" + "note": "note: adopted 1946; the shortened version of the anthem is used most commonly, while the full version is reserved for special occasions" } }, "Economy": { @@ -576,7 +661,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$97.893 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$44.568 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -591,7 +676,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$10,010 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -636,8 +721,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "69 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "84.5 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "79 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "55.6 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -670,10 +764,10 @@ "Unemployment rate 2018": { "text": "18.61% (2018 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: official rate; unofficial rate is approximately 30%

" + "note": "note: official rate; unofficial rate is approximately 30%" }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "14.2% (2002 est.)" + "text": "15.7% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2010": { @@ -712,7 +806,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "95.1% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover central government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

" + "note": "note: data cover central government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -734,10 +828,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 24.9%, Saudi Arabia 12.8%, India 8.2%, Iraq 8.2%, Kuwait 5.4%, UAE 4.6% (2017)" + "text": "United States 21%, Saudi Arabia 13%, India 8%, Iraq 7%, United Arab Emirates 5%, China 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "textiles, fertilizers, potash, phosphates, vegetables, pharmaceuticals" + "text": "fertilizers, calcium phosphates, packaged medicines, clothing and apparel, phosphoric acid (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { @@ -748,10 +842,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 13.6%, Saudi Arabia 13.6%, US 9.9%, UAE 4.9%, Germany 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "China 17%, Saudi Arabia 15%, United States 6%, United Arab Emirates 6%, Egypt 5%, India 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "crude oil, refined petroleum products, machinery, transport equipment, iron, cereals" + "text": "cars, refined petroleum, natural gas, crude petroleum, clothing and apparel (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -861,9 +955,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "6.031 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "27.39 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -893,7 +984,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 962; landing point for the FEA and Taba-Aqaba submarine cable networks providing connectivity to Europe, the Middle East, Southeast Asia and Asia; satellite earth stations - 33 (3 Intelsat, 1 Arabsat, and 29 land and maritime Inmarsat terminals (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "radio and TV dominated by the government-owned Jordan Radio and Television Corporation (JRTV) that operates a main network, a sports network, a film network, and a satellite channel; first independent TV broadcaster aired in 2007; international satellite TV and Israeli and Syrian TV broadcasts are available; roughly 30 radio stations with JRTV operating the main government-owned station; transmissions of multiple international radio broadcasters are available" @@ -934,7 +1025,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "JY (2016)" + "text": "JY" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1024,10 +1115,13 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF) have approximately 101,000 active personnel (87,000 Army; 500 Navy; 14,000 Air Force); est. 15,000 Gendarmerie Forces (2019)" + "text": "the Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF) have approximately 101,000 active personnel (87,000 Army; 500 Navy; 14,000 Air Force); est. 15,000 Gendarmerie Forces (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the JAF inventory is comprised of a wide mix of imported weapons, mostly second-hand equipment from Europe and the US; some of the equipment is received from third-party suppliers such as the United Arab Emirates; since 2010, the Netherlands and the US are the leading suppliers of military hardware to Jordan (2019)" + "text": "the JAF inventory is comprised of a wide mix of imported weapons, mostly second-hand equipment from Europe, the Gulf States, and the US; since 2010, the Netherlands and the US are the leading suppliers of military hardware to Jordan (2020)" + }, + "Military deployments": { + "text": "100 Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "17 years of age for voluntary male military service; initial service term 2 years, with option to reenlist for 18 years; conscription at age 18 suspended in 1999; women are not conscripted, but can volunteer to serve in noncombat military positions in the Royal Jordanian Arab Army Women's Corps and RJAF (2013)" @@ -1039,7 +1133,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "2,272,411 (Palestinian refugees), 66,835 (Iraq), 14,640 (Yemen), 6,098 Sudan (2020); 663,507 (Syria) (2021)" + "text": "2,272,411 (Palestinian refugees) (2020); 665,834 (Syria), 66,760 (Iraq), 13,902 (Yemen), 6,024 Sudan (2021)" } } } diff --git a/middle-east/ku.json b/middle-east/ku.json index a911b5b0..cfcf5800 100644 --- a/middle-east/ku.json +++ b/middle-east/ku.json @@ -51,14 +51,14 @@ "text": "flat to slightly undulating desert plain" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "108 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "3.6 km W. of Al-Salmi Border Post 300 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Persian Gulf 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "3.6 km W. of Al-Salmi Border Post 300 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "108 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -93,25 +93,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "sudden cloudbursts are common from October to April and bring heavy rain, which can damage roads and houses; sandstorms and dust storms occur throughout the year but are most common between March and August" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "limited natural freshwater resources; some of world's largest and most sophisticated desalination facilities provide much of the water; air and water pollution; desertification; loss of biodiversity" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Marine Dumping" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location at head of Persian Gulf" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "3,032,065 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: Kuwait's Public Authority for Civil Information estimates the country's total population to be 4,420,110 for 2019, with non-Kuwaitis accounting for nearly 70% of the population

" + "text": "3,032,065 (July 2021 est.)

note: Kuwait's Public Authority for Civil Information estimates the country's total population to be 4,420,110 for 2019, with non-Kuwaitis accounting for nearly 70% of the population", + "note": "note: Kuwait's Public Authority for Civil Information estimates the country's total population to be 4,420,110 for 2019, with non-Kuwaitis accounting for nearly 70% of the population" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -128,8 +117,8 @@ "text": "Arabic (official), English widely spoken" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Muslim (official) 74.6%, Christian 18.2%, other and unspecified 7.2% (2013 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent the total population; about 69% of the population consists of immigrants

" + "text": "Muslim (official) 74.6%, Christian 18.2%, other and unspecified 7.2% (2013 est.)

note: data represent the total population; about 69% of the population consists of immigrants", + "note": "note: data represent the total population; about 69% of the population consists of immigrants" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -190,10 +179,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "100% of total population (2020)" + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.78% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.35% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -330,6 +319,90 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "limited natural freshwater resources; some of world's largest and most sophisticated desalination facilities provide much of the water; air and water pollution; desertification; loss of biodiversity" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Marine Dumping-London Convention" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "57.17 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "98.73 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "6.21 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "448.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "23.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "778.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "20 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "8.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 0.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 7.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "0.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "91.1% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.35% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1.75 million tons (2010 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -361,7 +434,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name derives from Arabic \"al-Kuwayt\" a diminutive of \"kut\" meaning \"fortress,\" possibly a reference to a small castle built on the current location of Kuwait City by the Beni Khaled tribe in the 17th century" + "note": "etymology: the name derives from Arabic \"al-Kuwayt\" a diminutive of \"kut\" meaning \"fortress,\" possibly a reference to a small castle built on the current location of Kuwait City by the Beni Khaled tribe in the 17th century" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "6 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Ahmadi, Al 'Asimah, Al Farwaniyah, Al Jahra', Hawalli, Mubarak al Kabir" @@ -374,7 +447,7 @@ }, "Constitution": { "history": { - "text": "approved and promulgated 11 November 1962" + "text": "approved and promulgated 11 November 1962; suspended 1976 to 1981 (4 articles); 1986 to 1991; May to July 1999" }, "amendments": { "text": "proposed by the amir or supported by at least one third of the National Assembly; passage requires two-thirds consent of the Assembly membership and promulgation by the amir; constitutional articles on the initiation, approval, and promulgation of general legislation cannot be amended" @@ -427,7 +500,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "all candidates ran as independents, though nearly half were oppositionists; composition - men 50, women 0, percent of women 0%" }, - "note": "

note: seats as of May 2019 -  oppositionists and independents, including populists, Islamists, and liberals 25, pro-government loyalists 25; composition as of May 2019 for elected members only - men 49, women 1, percent of women 2% 

" + "note": "note: seats as of May 2019 -  oppositionists and independents, including populists, Islamists, and liberals 25, pro-government loyalists 25; composition as of May 2019 for elected members only - men 49, women 1, percent of women 2% " }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -496,7 +569,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Ahmad MUSHARI al-Adwani/Ibrahim Nasir al-SOULA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1978; the anthem is only used on formal occasions

" + "note": "note: adopted 1978; the anthem is only used on formal occasions" } }, "Economy": { @@ -543,7 +616,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$206.274 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$134.638 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -558,7 +631,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$50,856 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -603,8 +676,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "67.4 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "88.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "52.6 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "61.4 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -617,8 +699,8 @@ "text": "2.8% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "2.695 million (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: non-Kuwaitis represent about 60% of the labor force

" + "text": "2.695 million (2017 est.)

note: non-Kuwaitis represent about 60% of the labor force", + "note": "note: non-Kuwaitis represent about 60% of the labor force" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -692,10 +774,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "South Korea 18.3%, China 17.4%, Japan 11.5%, India 11.2%, Singapore 6.3%, US 5.7% (2017)" + "text": "China 20%, South Korea 16%, India 15%, Japan 10%, Taiwan 6%, Vietnam 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "oil and refined products, fertilizers" + "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, aircraft, natural gas, industrial hydrocarbon products (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { @@ -706,10 +788,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 13.5%, US 13.3%, UAE 9.5%, Saudi Arabia 5.8%, Germany 5.4%, Japan 5%, India 4.7%, Italy 4.5% (2017)" + "text": "China 14%, United Arab Emirates 12%, United States 10%, Saudi Arabia 6%, Japan 6%, Germany 5%, India 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "food, construction materials, vehicles and parts, clothing" + "text": "cars, broadcasting equipment, natural gas, packaged medicines, jewelry (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -819,9 +901,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "1.784 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "106.5 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -851,7 +930,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 965; landing points for the FOG, GBICS, MENA, Kuwait-Iran, and FALCON submarine cables linking Africa, the Middle East, and Asia; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; satellite earth stations - 6 (3 Intelsat - 1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean, 1 Inmarsat - Atlantic Ocean, and 2 Arabsat) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-owned TV broadcaster operates 4 networks and a satellite channel; several private TV broadcasters have emerged; satellite TV available and pan-Arab TV stations are especially popular; state-owned Radio Kuwait broadcasts on a number of channels in Arabic and English; first private radio station emerged in 2005; transmissions of at least 2 international radio broadcasters are available (2019)" @@ -892,7 +971,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "9K (2016)" + "text": "9K" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -957,10 +1036,13 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Kuwaiti Armed Forces: Kuwaiti Land Forces (KLF), Kuwaiti Navy, Kuwaiti Air Force (Al-Quwwat al-Jawwiya al-Kuwaitiya; includes Kuwaiti Air Defense Force, KADF), 25th Commando Brigade, and the Kuwait Emiri Guard Brigade; Kuwaiti National Guard (KNG); Coast Guard (Ministry of Interior) (2019)", - "note": "

note: the Kuwait Emiri Guard Authority and the 25th Commando Brigade exercise independent command authority within the Kuwaiti Armed Forces, although activities such as training and equipment procurement are often coordinated with the other services; the KNG possesses an independent command structure, equipment inventory, and logistics corps separate from the Ministry of Defense, the regular armed services, and the Ministry of Interior" + "text": "Kuwaiti Armed Forces: Kuwaiti Land Forces (KLF), Kuwaiti Navy, Kuwaiti Air Force (Al-Quwwat al-Jawwiya al-Kuwaitiya; includes Kuwaiti Air Defense Force, KADF), 25th Commando Brigade, and the Kuwait Emiri Guard Brigade; Kuwaiti National Guard (KNG); Coast Guard (Ministry of Interior) (2020)

note: the Kuwait Emiri Guard Authority and the 25th Commando Brigade exercise independent command authority within the Kuwaiti Armed Forces, although activities such as training and equipment procurement are often coordinated with the other services; the KNG possesses an independent command structure, equipment inventory, and logistics corps separate from the Ministry of Defense, the regular armed services, and the Ministry of Interior", + "note": "note: the Kuwait Emiri Guard Authority and the 25th Commando Brigade exercise independent command authority within the Kuwaiti Armed Forces, although activities such as training and equipment procurement are often coordinated with the other services; the KNG possesses an independent command structure, equipment inventory, and logistics corps separate from the Ministry of Defense, the regular armed services, and the Ministry of Interior" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2020": { + "text": "5% of GDP (2020 est.)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "5.6% of GDP (2019)" }, @@ -972,16 +1054,13 @@ }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "5.8% of GDP (2016)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "5% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Kuwaiti Armed Forces have approximately 17,000 active personnel (12,500 Army; 2,000 Navy; 2,500 Air Force); est. 6,500 National Guard; note – Army figures include the Kuwait Emiri Guard Authority (est. 500) and the 25th Commando Brigade (N/A) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Kuwaiti Armed Forces have approximately 17,000 active personnel (12,500 Army; 2,000 Navy; 2,500 Air Force); est. 6,500 National Guard; note – Army figures include the Kuwait Emiri Guard Authority (est. 500) and the 25th Commando Brigade (N/A) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of the Kuwaiti Armed Forces consists of a range of European- and US-sourced weapons systems; the US is the leading supplier of arms to Kuwait since 2010 (2019 est.)" + "text": "the inventory of the Kuwaiti Armed Forces consists of a range of European- and US-sourced weapons systems; the US is the leading supplier of arms to Kuwait since 2010 (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "17-21 years of age for voluntary military service; Kuwait reintroduced one-year mandatory service for men aged 18-35 in May 2017 after having suspended conscription in 2001; service is divided in two phases – four months for training and eight months for military service (2018)" diff --git a/middle-east/le.json b/middle-east/le.json index 7301f348..3aabb7a0 100644 --- a/middle-east/le.json +++ b/middle-east/le.json @@ -51,14 +51,14 @@ "text": "narrow coastal plain; El Beqaa (Bekaa Valley) separates Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon Mountains" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,250 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Qornet es Saouda 3,088 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Qornet es Saouda 3,088 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,250 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -93,17 +93,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "earthquakes; dust storms, sandstorms" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation; soil deterioration, erosion; desertification; species loss; air pollution in Beirut from vehicular traffic and the burning of industrial wastes; pollution of coastal waters from raw sewage and oil spills; waste-water management" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "smallest country in continental Asia; Nahr el Litani is the only major river in Near East not crossing an international boundary; rugged terrain historically helped isolate, protect, and develop numerous factional groups based on religion, clan, and ethnicity" } @@ -121,15 +110,15 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%", - "note": "

note: many Christian Lebanese do not identify themselves as Arab but rather as descendants of the ancient Canaanites and prefer to be called Phoenicians

" + "text": "Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%

note: many Christian Lebanese do not identify themselves as Arab but rather as descendants of the ancient Canaanites and prefer to be called Phoenicians", + "note": "note: many Christian Lebanese do not identify themselves as Arab but rather as descendants of the ancient Canaanites and prefer to be called Phoenicians" }, "Languages": { "text": "Arabic (official), French, English, Armenian" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Muslim 61.1% (30.6% Sunni, 30.5% Shia, smaller percentages of Alawites and Ismailis), Christian 33.7% (Maronite Catholics are the largest Christian group), Druze 5.2%, very small numbers of Jews, Baha'is, Buddhists, and Hindus (2018 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent the religious affiliation of the citizen population (data do not include Lebanon's sizable Syrian and Palestinian refugee populations); 18 religious sects recognized

" + "text": "Muslim 61.1% (30.6% Sunni, 30.5% Shia, smaller percentages of Alawites and Ismailis), Christian 33.7% (Maronite Catholics are the largest Christian group), Druze 5.2%, very small numbers of Jews, Baha'is, Buddhists, and Hindus (2018 est.)

note: data represent the religious affiliation of the citizen population (data do not include Lebanon's sizable Syrian and Palestinian refugee populations); 18 religious sects recognized", + "note": "note: data represent the religious affiliation of the citizen population (data do not include Lebanon's sizable Syrian and Palestinian refugee populations); 18 religious sects recognized" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -190,10 +179,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "88.9% of total population (2020)" + "text": "89.1% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.75% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "-1.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -284,6 +273,9 @@ "HIV/AIDS - deaths": { "text": "<100 (2019 est.)" }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "text": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Lebanon; as of 6 April 2021, Lebanon has reported a total of 480,502 cases of COVID-19 or 7,039.86 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 94.4 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 10 April 2021, 2.5% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" + }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "32% (2016)" }, @@ -314,6 +306,115 @@ "female": { "text": "11 years (2014)" } + }, + "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { + "total": { + "text": "23.4%" + }, + "male": { + "text": "24.5%" + }, + "female": { + "text": "21.4% (2019)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation; soil deterioration, erosion; desertification; species loss; air pollution in Beirut from vehicular traffic and the burning of industrial wastes; pollution of coastal waters from raw sewage and oil spills; waste-water management" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "30.67 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "24.8 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "3.37 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "240 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "900 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "700 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "4.503 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; the Lebanon Mountains experience heavy winter snows" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "63.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 11.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 12.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 39.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "13.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "23.3% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "89.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "-1.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "text": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Lebanon; as of 6 April 2021, Lebanon has reported a total of 480,502 cases of COVID-19 or 7,039.86 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 94.4 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 10 April 2021, 2.5% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "exceptional shortfall in aggregate food production/supplies": { + "text": "

due to the ongoing financial and economic crisis - in August 2020, the UN Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia estimated that more than 55% of the population lived in poverty, up from 28% in 2019; current figures are likely to be higher due to a fall in households' purchasing power; the already worrisome economic conditions, with increasing unemployment, poverty, and skyrocketing inflation rates, have further worsened due to the COVID‑19 pandemic and the measures introduced to contain the spread of the disease

(2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "2.04 million tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "163,200 tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "8% (2014 est.)" + } } }, "Government": { @@ -353,7 +454,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: derived from the Canaanite or Phoenician word \"ber'ot,\" meaning \"the wells\" or \"fountain,\" which referred to the site's accessible water table" + "note": "etymology: derived from the Canaanite or Phoenician word \"ber'ot,\" meaning \"the wells\" or \"fountain,\" which referred to the site's accessible water table" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "8 governorates (mohafazat, singular - mohafazah); Aakkar, Baalbek-Hermel, Beqaa (Bekaa), Beyrouth (Beirut), Liban-Nord (North Lebanon), Liban-Sud (South Lebanon), Mont-Liban (Mount Lebanon), Nabatiye" @@ -369,7 +470,7 @@ "text": "drafted 15 May 1926, adopted 23 May 1926" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the president of the republic and introduced as a government bill to the National Assembly or proposed by at least 10 members of the Assembly and agreed upon by two thirds of its members; if proposed by the National Assembly, review and approval by two-thirds majority of the Cabinet is required; if approved, the proposal is next submitted to the Cabinet for drafting as an amendment; Cabinet approval requires at least two-thirds majority, followed by submission to the National Assembly for discussion and vote; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of a required two-thirds quorum of the Assembly membership and promulgation by the president; amended several times, last in 1989" + "text": "proposed by the president of the republic and introduced as a government bill to the National Assembly or proposed by at least 10 members of the Assembly and agreed upon by two thirds of its members; if proposed by the National Assembly, review and approval by two-thirds majority of the Cabinet is required; if approved, the proposal is next submitted to the Cabinet for drafting as an amendment; Cabinet approval requires at least two-thirds majority, followed by submission to the National Assembly for discussion and vote; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of a required two-thirds quorum of the Assembly membership and promulgation by the president; amended several times, last in 2004" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -397,10 +498,10 @@ }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { - "text": "President Michel AWN (since 31 October 2016)" + "text": "President Michel AWN (since 21 January 2021)" }, "head of government": { - "text": " Prime Minister Saad HARIRI (since 22 October 2020)" + "text": "Prime Minister Hassan DIAB (since 22 October 2020); note - the Lebanese Government is in \"caretaker\" status" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Cabinet chosen by the prime minister in consultation with the president and National Assembly" @@ -409,7 +510,7 @@ "text": "president indirectly elected by the National Assembly with two-thirds majority vote in the first round and if needed absolute majority vote in a second round for a 6-year term (eligible for non-consecutive terms); last held on 31 October 2016 (next to be held in 2022); prime minister appointed by the president in consultation with the National Assembly; deputy prime minister determined during cabinet formation" }, "election results": { - "text": "Michel AWN elected president in second round; National Assembly vote - Michel AWN (FPM) 83; note - in the initial election held on 23 April 2014, no candidate received the required two-thirds vote, and subsequent attempts failed because the Assembly lacked the necessary quorum to hold a vote; the president was finally elected in its 46th attempt on 31 October 2016" + "text": "Michel AWN elected president in second round; National Assembly vote - Michel AWN (FPM) 83 votes; note - in the initial election held on 23 April 2014, no candidate received the required two-thirds vote, and subsequent attempts failed because the Assembly lacked the necessary quorum to hold a vote; the president was finally elected in its 46th attempt on 31 October 2016" } }, "Legislative branch": { @@ -422,7 +523,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "percent of vote by coalition - NA; seats by coalition – Strong Lebanon Bloc (Free Patriotic Movement-led) 25; Future Bloc (Future Movement-led) 20; Development and Liberation Bloc (Amal Movement-led) 16; Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc (Hizballah-led) 15; Strong Republic Bloc (Lebanese Forces-led) 15; Democratic Gathering (Progressive Socialist Party-led) 9; Independent Centre Bloc 4; National Bloc (Marada Movement-led) 3; Syrian Social Nationalist Party 3; Tashnaq 3; Kata’ib 3; other 8; independent 4;  composition - men 122, women 6, percent of women 4.6%" }, - "note": "

note: Lebanon’s constitution states the National Assembly cannot conduct regular business until it elects a president when the position is vacant

" + "note": "note: Lebanon’s constitution states the National Assembly cannot conduct regular business until it elects a president when the position is vacant" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -488,7 +589,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Rachid NAKHLE/Wadih SABRA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1927; chosen following a nationwide competition

" + "note": "note: adopted 1927; chosen following a nationwide competition" } }, "Economy": { @@ -538,7 +639,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$109.025 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$53.253 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -553,7 +654,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$16,005 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -598,8 +699,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "54.3 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "78.2 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "57.9 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "50.8 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -612,8 +722,8 @@ "text": "-21.1% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "2.166 million (2016 est.)", - "note": "

note: excludes as many as 1 million foreign workers and refugees

" + "text": "2.166 million (2016 est.)

note: excludes as many as 1 million foreign workers and refugees", + "note": "note: excludes as many as 1 million foreign workers and refugees" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -632,7 +742,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "28.6% (2004 est.)" + "text": "27.4% (2011 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2011": { @@ -668,7 +778,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "145.5% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover central government debt and exclude debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment

" + "note": "note: data cover central government debt and exclude debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -690,10 +800,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 13%, UAE 9.9%, South Africa 7.5%, Saudi Arabia 6.5%, Syria 6.5%, Iraq 5.8%, Turkey 4.6% (2017)" + "text": "Switzerland 27%, United Arab Emirates 15%, South Korea 11%, Saudi Arabia 7%, Kuwait 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "jewelry, base metals, chemicals, consumer goods, fruit and vegetables, tobacco, construction minerals, electric power machinery and switchgear, textile fibers, paper" + "text": "gold, jewelry, shotguns, diamonds, scrap copper (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -704,10 +814,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 10.2%, Italy 8.9%, Greece 7%, Germany 6.6%, US 6.3%, Turkey 4.5%, Egypt 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "United Arab Emirates 11%, China 10%, Italy 8%, Greece 8%, Turkey 7%, United States 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum products, cars, medicinal products, clothing, meat and live animals, consumer goods, paper, textile fabrics, tobacco, electrical machinery and equipment, chemicals" + "text": "refined petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, jewelry, gold (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -817,9 +927,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "23.36 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -849,7 +956,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 961; landing points for the IMEWE, BERYTAR AND CADMOS submarine cable links to Europe, Africa, the Middle East and Asia; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "7 TV stations, 1 of which is state owned; more than 30 radio stations, 1 of which is state owned; satellite and cable TV services available; transmissions of at least 2 international broadcasters are accessible through partner stations (2019)" @@ -890,7 +997,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "OD (2016)" + "text": "OD" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -941,7 +1048,7 @@ "narrow gauge": { "text": "82 km 1.050-m gauge (2017)" }, - "note": "

note: rail system is still unusable due to damage sustained from fighting in the 1980s and in 2006

" + "note": "note: rail system is still unusable due to damage sustained from fighting in the 1980s and in 2006" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -967,7 +1074,8 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF): Army Command (includes Presidential Guard Brigade, Land Border Regiments), Naval Forces, Air Forces; Lebanese Internal Security Forces Directorate (includes Mobile Gendarmerie); Directorate for General Security (DGS); Directorate General for State Security (2019)" + "text": "Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF): Army Command (includes Presidential Guard Brigade, Land Border Regiments), Naval Forces, Air Forces; Lebanese Internal Security Forces Directorate (includes Mobile Gendarmerie); Directorate for General Security (DGS); Directorate General for State Security (2021)

note - the commander of the LAF is also the commander of the Army", + "note": "note - the commander of the LAF is also the commander of the Army" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -987,7 +1095,7 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) have approximately 58,000 active troops (55,000 Army; 1,500 Navy; 1,500 AF); est. 20,000 Internal Security Forces (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) have approximately 58,000 active troops (55,000 Army; 1,500 Navy; 1,500 AF) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the LAF inventory includes a wide mix of mostly older equipment, largely from the US and European countries, particularly France and Germany; since 2010, the US is the leading supplier of armaments (mostly second hand equipment) to Lebanon (2019 est.)" @@ -996,13 +1104,13 @@ "text": "17-25 years of age for voluntary military service (including women); no conscription (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the United Nations Interim Force In Lebanon (UNIFIL) has operated in the country since 1978, originally under UNSCRs 425 and 426 to confirm Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, restore international peace and security and assist the Lebanese Government in restoring its effective authority in the area; following the July-August 2006 war, the UN Security Council adopted resolution 1701 enhancing UNIFIL and deciding that in addition to the original mandate, it would, among other things, monitor the cessation of hostilities; accompany and support the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) as they deploy throughout the south of Lebanon; and extend its assistance to help ensure humanitarian access to civilian populations and the voluntary and safe return of displaced persons; UNIFIL had about 10,200 personnel deployed in the country as of March 2020 (2020)" + "text": "the United Nations Interim Force In Lebanon (UNIFIL) has operated in the country since 1978, originally under UNSCRs 425 and 426 to confirm Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, restore international peace and security and assist the Lebanese Government in restoring its effective authority in the area; following the July-August 2006 war, the UN Security Council adopted resolution 1701 enhancing UNIFIL and deciding that in addition to the original mandate, it would, among other things, monitor the cessation of hostilities; accompany and support the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) as they deploy throughout the south of Lebanon; and extend its assistance to help ensure humanitarian access to civilian populations and the voluntary and safe return of displaced persons; UNIFIL had about 10,000 military personnel deployed in the country as of December 2020" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Abdallah Azzam Brigades; al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade; Asbat al-Ansar; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Hizballah; al-Nusrah Front (Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham); Palestine Liberation Front; PFLP-General Command; Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Abdallah Azzam Brigades; al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade; Asbat al-Ansar; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Hizballah; al-Nusrah Front (Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham); Palestine Liberation Front; PFLP-General Command; Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (2019)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1011,7 +1119,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "865,531 (Syria), 476,033 (Palestinian refugees) (2020)" + "text": "476,033 (Palestinian refugees) (2020); 855,172 (Syria) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "11,000 (2007 Lebanese security forces' destruction of Palestinian refugee camp) (2019)" diff --git a/middle-east/mu.json b/middle-east/mu.json index 816f7dc0..43af1a9e 100644 --- a/middle-east/mu.json +++ b/middle-east/mu.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "central desert plain, rugged mountains in north and south" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "310 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Jabal Shams 3,004 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Arabian Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Jabal Shams 3,004 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "310 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,25 +99,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "summer winds often raise large sandstorms and dust storms in interior; periodic droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "limited natural freshwater resources; high levels of soil and water salinity in the coastal plains; beach pollution from oil spills; industrial effluents seeping into the water tables and aquifers; desertificaiton due to high winds driving desert sand into arable lands" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "consists of Oman proper and two northern exclaves, Musandam and Al Madhah; the former is a peninsula that occupies a strategic location adjacent to the Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "3,694,755 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: immigrants make up approximately 46% of the total population (2019)

" + "text": "3,694,755 (July 2021 est.)

note: immigrants make up approximately 46% of the total population (2019)", + "note": "note: immigrants make up approximately 46% of the total population (2019)" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -134,8 +123,8 @@ "text": "Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Swahili, Urdu, Indian dialects" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Muslim 85.9%, Christian 6.5%, Hindu 5.5%, Buddhist 0.8%, Jewish <0.1%, other 1%, unaffiliated 0.2% (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: Omani citizens represent approximately 56.4% of the population and are overwhelming Muslim (Ibadhi and Sunni sects each constitute about 45% and Shia about 5%); Christians, Hindus, and Buddhists account for roughly 5% of Omani citizens

" + "text": "Muslim 85.9%, Christian 6.5%, Hindu 5.5%, Buddhist 0.8%, Jewish <0.1%, other 1%, unaffiliated 0.2% (2010 est.)

note: Omani citizens represent approximately 56.4% of the population and are overwhelming Muslim (Ibadhi and Sunni sects each constitute about 45% and Shia about 5%); Christians, Hindus, and Buddhists account for roughly 5% of Omani citizens", + "note": "note: Omani citizens represent approximately 56.4% of the population and are overwhelming Muslim (Ibadhi and Sunni sects each constitute about 45% and Shia about 5%); Christians, Hindus, and Buddhists account for roughly 5% of Omani citizens" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -196,10 +185,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "86.3% of total population (2020)" + "text": "87% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "5.25% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -321,7 +310,7 @@ "text": "27% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "11.2% (2017)" + "text": "11.2% (2016/17)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "6.8% of GDP (2017)" @@ -363,6 +352,90 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "limited natural freshwater resources; high levels of soil and water salinity in the coastal plains; beach pollution from oil spills; industrial effluents seeping into the water tables and aquifers; desertificaiton due to high winds driving desert sand into arable lands" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "38.25 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "63.46 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "5.6 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "130 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "135 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.607 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "1.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "4.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 0.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 4.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "95.3% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "87% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1,734,885 tons (2014 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -397,7 +470,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name, whose meaning is uncertain, traces back almost two millennia; two 2nd century A.D. scholars, the geographer Ptolemy and the historian Arrian, both mention an Arabian Sea coastal town of Moscha, which most likely referred to Muscat" + "note": "etymology: the name, whose meaning is uncertain, traces back almost two millennia; two 2nd century A.D. scholars, the geographer Ptolemy and the historian Arrian, both mention an Arabian Sea coastal town of Moscha, which most likely referred to Muscat" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "11 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafaza); Ad Dakhiliyah, Al Buraymi, Al Wusta, Az Zahirah, Janub al Batinah (Al Batinah South), Janub ash Sharqiyah (Ash Sharqiyah South), Masqat (Muscat), Musandam, Shamal al Batinah (Al Batinah North), Shamal ash Sharqiyah (Ash Sharqiyah North), Zufar (Dhofar)" @@ -410,10 +483,10 @@ }, "Constitution": { "history": { - "text": "promulgated by royal decree 6 November 1996 (the Basic Law of the Sultanate of Oman serves as the constitution)amended by royal decree in 2011" + "text": "promulgated by royal decree 6 November 1996 (the Basic Law of the Sultanate of Oman serves as the constitution); amended by royal decree in 2011" }, "amendments": { - "text": "promulgated by the sultan or proposed by the Council of Oman and drafted by a technical committee as stipulated by royal decree and then promulgated through royal decree; amended by royal decree in 2011" + "text": "promulgated by the sultan or proposed by the Council of Oman and drafted by a technical committee as stipulated by royal decree and then promulgated through royal decree; amended by royal decree 2011, 2021" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -483,7 +556,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Hunaina bint Sultan bin Ahmad al-MUGHAIRI (since 2 December 2005)" + "text": "Ambassador Moosa Hamdan Moosa AL TAI (since 17 February 2021)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2535 Belmont Road, NW, Washington, DC 20008" @@ -525,7 +598,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Rashid bin Uzayyiz al KHUSAIDI/James Frederick MILLS, arranged by Bernard EBBINGHAUS" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1932; new lyrics written after QABOOS bin Said al Said gained power in 1970; first performed by the band of a British ship as a salute to the Sultan during a 1932 visit to Muscat; the bandmaster of the HMS Hawkins was asked to write a salutation to the Sultan on the occasion of his ship visit

" + "note": "note: adopted 1932; new lyrics written after QABOOS bin Said al Said gained power in 1970; first performed by the band of a British ship as a salute to the Sultan during a 1932 visit to Muscat; the bandmaster of the HMS Hawkins was asked to write a salutation to the Sultan on the occasion of his ship visit" } }, "Economy": { @@ -575,7 +648,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$135.696 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$76.883 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -590,7 +663,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$29,082 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -635,8 +708,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "70 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "93.5 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "84.1 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "61.9 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -649,8 +731,8 @@ "text": "-3% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "2.255 million (2016 est.)", - "note": "

note: about 60% of the labor force is non-national

" + "text": "2.255 million (2016 est.)

note: about 60% of the labor force is non-national", + "note": "note: about 60% of the labor force is non-national" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -698,7 +780,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "32.5% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: excludes indebtedness of state-owned enterprises

" + "note": "note: excludes indebtedness of state-owned enterprises" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -720,10 +802,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 43.7%, UAE 11%, South Korea 7.9%, Saudi Arabia 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "China 46%, India 8%, Japan 6%, South Korea 6%, United Arab Emirates 6%, Saudi Arabia 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum, reexports, fish, metals, textiles" + "text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, refined petroleum, iron products, fertilizers (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -734,10 +816,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "UAE 35.5%, US 27.8%, Brazil 4% (2017)" + "text": "United Arab Emirates 36%, China 10%, Japan 7%, India 7%, United States 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, livestock, lubricants" + "text": "cars, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, gold, iron (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -853,9 +935,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "651.3 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "68.94 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -885,7 +964,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 968; landing points for GSA, AAE-1, SeaMeWe-5, Tata TGN-Gulf, FALCON, GBICS/MENA, MENA/Guld Bridge International, TW1, BBG, EIG, OMRAN/EPEG, and POI submarine cables providing connectivity to Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "1 state-run TV broadcaster; TV stations transmitting from Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Iran, and Yemen available via satellite TV; state-run radio operates multiple stations; first private radio station began operating in 2007 and several additional stations now operating (2019)" @@ -926,7 +1005,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "A4O (2016)" + "text": "A4O" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1006,7 +1085,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Sultan's Armed Forces (SAF): Royal Army of Oman (RAO), Royal Navy of Oman (RNO), Royal Air Force of Oman (RAFO), Royal Guard of Oman (RGO); Royal Oman Police Coast Guard; Tribal Home Guard (2020)" + "text": "Sultan's Armed Forces (SAF): Royal Army of Oman (RAO), Royal Navy of Oman (RNO), Royal Air Force of Oman (RAFO), Royal Guard of Oman (RGO); Royal Oman Police Coast Guard (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1016,26 +1095,26 @@ "text": "8.2% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "9.6% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "12.8% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "12% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "16% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "10.9% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "14.6% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Sultan's Armed Forces (SAF) have approximately 40,000 total active troops (25,000 Army, 4,200 Navy; 4,500 Air Force; 6,400 Royal Guard); 400 Coast Guard; 4,000 Tribal Home Guard (2019 )" + "text": "the Sultan's Armed Forces (SAF) have approximately 40,000 total active troops (26,000 Army, 4,000 Navy; 4,000 Air Force; 6,000 Royal Guard) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the SAF's inventory includes a mix of older and some more modern weapons systems from a variety of suppliers; since 2010, the UK and the US are the leading providers of armaments to Oman; other significant suppliers include France, Russia, South Africa, and Turkey (2020)" + "text": "the SAF's inventory includes a mix of older and some more modern weapons systems from a variety of suppliers, particularly Europe and the US; since 2010, the UK is the leading provider of armaments to Oman, followed by the US (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-30 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)" + "text": "18-30 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2019)" }, "Maritime threats": { - "text": "the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2019-012-Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, Red Sea-Threats to US and International Shipping from Iran) effective 7 August 2019, which states in part that \"heightened military activities and increased political tensions in this region continue to present risk to commercial shipping...there is a continued possibility that Iran and/or its regional proxies could take actions against US and partner interests in the region;\" at present, Iran has seized two foreign-flagged tankers in the Persian Gulf; the US and UK navies have established Operation Sentinel to provide escorts for commercial shipping transiting the Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, and Gulf of Oman" + "text": "

the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2021-003A Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, Red Sea-Threats to US and International Shipping from Iran) effective 26 February 2021, which states in part that \"heightened military activities and increased political tensions in this region continue to present risk to commercial shipping...there is a continued possibility that Iran and/or its regional proxies could take actions against US and partner interests in the region\"; Coalition Task Force (CTF) Sentinel has been established to provide escorts for commercial shipping transiting the Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, and Gulf of Oman

" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/middle-east/qa.json b/middle-east/qa.json index 850d5bf8..309c22b8 100644 --- a/middle-east/qa.json +++ b/middle-east/qa.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "mostly flat and barren desert" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "28 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Tuwayyir al Hamir 103 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Persian Gulf 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Tuwayyir al Hamir 103 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "28 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,17 +99,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "haze, dust storms, sandstorms common" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air, land, and water pollution are significant environmental issues; limited natural freshwater resources are increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities; other issues include conservation of oil supplies and preservation of the natural wildlife heritage" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the peninsula occupies a strategic location in the central Persian Gulf near major petroleum deposits" } @@ -194,10 +183,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "99.2% of total population (2020)" + "text": "99.3% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.41% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.66% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -334,6 +323,96 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air, land, and water pollution are significant environmental issues; limited natural freshwater resources are increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities; other issues include conservation of oil supplies and preservation of the natural wildlife heritage" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "90.35 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "103.26 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "8.34 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "477.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "143.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "291.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "58 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "5.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 1.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 4.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "94.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "99.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.66% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1,000,990 tons (2012 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "30,030 tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "3% (2014 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -351,7 +430,7 @@ "etymology": { "text": "the origin of the name is uncertain, but it dates back at least 2,000 years since a term \"Catharrei\" was used to describe the inhabitants of the peninsula by Pliny the Elder (1st century A.D.), and a \"Catara\" peninsula is depicted on a map by Ptolemy (2nd century A.D.)" }, - "note": "

note: closest approximation of the native pronunciation is gattar or cottar

" + "note": "note: closest approximation of the native pronunciation is gattar or cottar" }, "Government type": { "text": "absolute monarchy" @@ -366,7 +445,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: derives from the Arabic term \"dohat,\" meaning \"roundness,\" and refers to the small rounded bays along the area's coastline" + "note": "etymology: derives from the Arabic term \"dohat,\" meaning \"roundness,\" and refers to the small rounded bays along the area's coastline" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "8 municipalities (baladiyat, singular - baladiyah); Ad Dawhah, Al Khawr wa adh Dhakhirah, Al Wakrah, Ar Rayyan, Ash Shamal, Ash Shihaniyah, Az Za'ayin, Umm Salal" @@ -485,8 +564,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist side; maroon represents the blood shed in Qatari wars, white stands for peace; the nine-pointed serrated edge signifies Qatar as the ninth member of the \"reconciled emirates\" in the wake of the Qatari-British treaty of 1916", - "note": "

note: the other eight emirates are the seven that compose the UAE and Bahrain; according to some sources, the dominant color was formerly red, but this darkened to maroon upon exposure to the sun and the new shade was eventually adopted

" + "text": "maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist side; maroon represents the blood shed in Qatari wars, white stands for peace; the nine-pointed serrated edge signifies Qatar as the ninth member of the \"reconciled emirates\" in the wake of the Qatari-British treaty of 1916

note: the other eight emirates are the seven that compose the UAE and Bahrain; according to some sources, the dominant color was formerly red, but this darkened to maroon upon exposure to the sun and the new shade was eventually adopted", + "note": "note: the other eight emirates are the seven that compose the UAE and Bahrain; according to some sources, the dominant color was formerly red, but this darkened to maroon upon exposure to the sun and the new shade was eventually adopted" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "a maroon field surmounted by a white serrated band with nine white points; national colors: maroon, white" @@ -498,7 +577,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Sheikh MUBARAK bin Saif al-Thani/Abdul Aziz Nasser OBAIDAN" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1996; anthem first performed that year at a meeting of the Gulf Cooperative Council hosted by Qatar

" + "note": "note: adopted 1996; anthem first performed that year at a meeting of the Gulf Cooperative Council hosted by Qatar" } }, "Economy": { @@ -548,7 +627,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$249.963 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$191.29 billion (2018 est.)" @@ -563,7 +642,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$91,739 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -608,8 +687,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "68.7 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "86.1 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "71.5 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "54.6 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -690,10 +778,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Japan 17.3%, South Korea 16%, India 12.6%, China 11.2%, Singapore 8.2%, UAE 6.4% (2017)" + "text": "Japan 17%, South Korea 16%, India 14%, China 13%, Singapore 7% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "liquefied natural gas (LNG), petroleum products, fertilizers, steel" + "text": "natural gas, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, ethylene polymers, fertilizers (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -704,10 +792,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 10.9%, US 8.9%, UAE 8.5%, Germany 8.1%, UK 5.5%, India 5.4%, Japan 5.3%, Italy 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "United States 15%, France 13%, United Kingdom 9%, China 9%, Germany 5%, Italy 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and transport equipment, food, chemicals" + "text": "aircraft, gas turbines, cars, jewelry, iron piping (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -817,9 +905,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "24.07 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "114.2 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -849,7 +934,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 974; landing points for the Qatar-UAE Submarine Cable System, AAE-1, FOG, GBICS/East North Africa MENA and the FALCON submarine cable network that provides links to Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Europe and Southeast Asia; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and the UAE; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; retains full ownership of two commercial satellites, Es'hailSat 1 and 2 (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "TV and radio broadcast licensing and access to local media markets are state controlled; home of the satellite TV channel Al-Jazeera, which was originally owned and financed by the Qatari government but has evolved to independent corporate status; Al-Jazeera claims editorial independence in broadcasting; local radio transmissions include state, private, and international broadcasters on FM frequencies in Doha; in August 2013, Qatar's satellite company Es'hailSat launched its first communications satellite Es'hail 1 (manufactured in the US), which entered commercial service in December 2013 to provide improved television broadcasting capability and expand availability of voice and Internet; Es'hailSat launched its second commercial satellite in 2018 with aid of SpaceX (2019)" @@ -890,7 +975,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "A7 (2016)" + "text": "A7" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -949,13 +1034,30 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "

Qatari Amiri Land Force (QALF, includes Emiri Guard), Qatari Amiri Navy (QAN, includes Coast Guard), Qatari Amiri Air Force (QAAF); Internal Security Forces: Mobile Gendarmerie

(2019)" + "text": "Qatari Amiri Land Force (QALF, includes Emiri Guard), Qatari Amiri Navy (QAN, includes Coast Guard), Qatari Amiri Air Force (QAAF); Internal Security Forces: Mobile Gendarmerie (2020)" + }, + "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2017": { + "text": "2.5% of GDP (2017)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2016": { + "text": "3.1% of GDP (2016)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2015": { + "text": "3.2% of GDP (2015)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2014": { + "text": "2.6% of GDP (2014)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2013": { + "text": "2.4% of GDP (2013)" + } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "size assessments for the Qatari Amiri military vary; approximately 14,000 active personnel (10,000 Land Force, including Emiri Guard; 2,000 Navy, including Coast Guard; 2,000 Air Force); est. 5,000 Internal Security Forces (2019)" + "text": "size assessments for the Qatari Amiri military vary; approximately 14,000 active personnel (10,000 Land Force, including Emiri Guard; 2,000 Navy; 2,000 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Qatari military's inventory includes a broad mix of older and modern weapons systems, mostly from the US and Europe; the leading providers of armaments to Qatar since 2010 are Brazil, France, Germany, Turkey, the UK, and US; Qatar is scheduled to receive several ships from Italy beginning in 2021 and a large shipment of fighter aircraft from the UK in 2022 (2020)" + "text": "the Qatari military's inventory includes a broad mix of older and modern weapons systems, mostly from the US and Europe; the leading providers of armaments to Qatar since 2010 include Brazil, France, Germany, Turkey, the UK, and US; Qatar is scheduled to receive several ships from Italy beginning in 2021 and a large shipment of fighter aircraft from the UK in 2022 (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "conscription for males aged 18-35; compulsory service times range from 4 months to up to a year, depending on the cadets educational and professional circumstances; women are permitted to serve in the armed forces, including as uniformed officers and pilots (2019)" diff --git a/middle-east/sa.json b/middle-east/sa.json index 8b776d11..7ffca1eb 100644 --- a/middle-east/sa.json +++ b/middle-east/sa.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "mostly sandy desert" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "665 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "As Sarawat range, 3,000 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Persian Gulf 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "As Sarawat range, 3,000 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "665 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,25 +99,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

frequent sand and dust storms

volcanism: despite many volcanic formations, there has been little activity in the past few centuries; volcanoes include Harrat Rahat, Harrat Khaybar, Harrat Lunayyir, and Jabal Yar

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "desertification; depletion of underground water resources; the lack of perennial rivers or permanent water bodies has prompted the development of extensive seawater desalination facilities; coastal pollution from oil spills; air pollution; waste management" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "Saudi Arabia is the largest country in the world without a river; extensive coastlines on the Persian Gulf and Red Sea allow for considerable shipping (especially of crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and Suez Canal" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "34,783,757 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: immigrants make up 38.3% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)

" + "text": "34,783,757 (July 2021 est.)

note: immigrants make up 38.3% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)", + "note": "note: immigrants make up 38.3% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -134,8 +123,8 @@ "text": "Arabic (official)" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Muslim (official; citizens are 85-90% Sunni and 10-15% Shia), other (includes Eastern Orthodox, Protestant, Roman Catholic, Jewish, Hindu, Buddhist, and Sikh) (2012 est.)", - "note": "

note: despite having a large expatriate community of various faiths (more than 30% of the population), most forms of public religious expression inconsistent with the government-sanctioned interpretation of Sunni Islam are restricted; non-Muslims are not allowed to have Saudi citizenship and non-Muslim places of worship are not permitted (2013)

" + "text": "Muslim (official; citizens are 85-90% Sunni and 10-15% Shia), other (includes Eastern Orthodox, Protestant, Roman Catholic, Jewish, Hindu, Buddhist, and Sikh) (2012 est.)

note: despite having a large expatriate community of various faiths (more than 30% of the population), most forms of public religious expression inconsistent with the government-sanctioned interpretation of Sunni Islam are restricted; non-Muslims are not allowed to have Saudi citizenship and non-Muslim places of worship are not permitted (2013)", + "note": "note: despite having a large expatriate community of various faiths (more than 30% of the population), most forms of public religious expression inconsistent with the government-sanctioned interpretation of Sunni Islam are restricted; non-Muslims are not allowed to have Saudi citizenship and non-Muslim places of worship are not permitted (2013)" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -196,10 +185,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "84.3% of total population (2020)" + "text": "84.5% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.17% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.69% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -293,9 +282,6 @@ "HIV/AIDS - deaths": { "text": "<500 (2016 est.)" }, - "Major infectious diseases": { - "text": "note: sporadic cases of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) are occurring throughout Saudi Arabia; as of 24 January 2021, Saudi Arabia has reported a total of 366,185 cases of COVID-19 or 1,051.8 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 18.2 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population" - }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "35.4% (2016)" }, @@ -339,6 +325,96 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "desertification; depletion of underground water resources; the lack of perennial rivers or permanent water bodies has prompted the development of extensive seawater desalination facilities; coastal pollution from oil spills; air pollution; waste management" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "78.38 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "563.45 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "45.47 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "3.15 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "19.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "2.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "80.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 1.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 79.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "0.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "18.8% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "84.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.69% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "16,125,701 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "2,418,855 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "15% (2015 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -370,7 +446,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name derives from the Arabic word \"riyadh,\" meaning \"gardens,\" and refers to various oasis towns in the area that merged to form the city" + "note": "etymology: the name derives from the Arabic word \"riyadh,\" meaning \"gardens,\" and refers to various oasis towns in the area that merged to form the city" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "13 regions (manatiq, singular - mintaqah); Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah (Northern Border), Al Jawf, Al Madinah al Munawwarah (Medina), Al Qasim, Ar Riyad (Riyadh), Ash Sharqiyah (Eastern), 'Asir, Ha'il, Jazan, Makkah al Mukarramah (Mecca), Najran, Tabuk" @@ -430,7 +506,7 @@ "description": { "text": "unicameral Consultative Council or Majlis al-Shura (150 seats; members appointed by the monarch to serve 4-year terms); note - in early 2013, the monarch granted women 30 seats on the Council" }, - "note": "

note: composition as of 2013 - men 121, women 30, percent of women 19.9%" + "note": "note: composition as of 2013 - men 121, women 30, percent of women 19.9%" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -487,8 +563,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "green, a traditional color in Islamic flags, with the Shahada or Muslim creed in large white Arabic script (translated as \"There is no god but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God\") above a white horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); design dates to the early twentieth century and is closely associated with the Al Saud family, which established the kingdom in 1932; the flag is manufactured with differing obverse and reverse sides so that the Shahada reads - and the sword points - correctly from right to left on both sides", - "note": "

note: the only national flag to display an inscription as its principal design; one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Moldova and Paraguay

" + "text": "green, a traditional color in Islamic flags, with the Shahada or Muslim creed in large white Arabic script (translated as \"There is no god but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God\") above a white horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); design dates to the early twentieth century and is closely associated with the Al Saud family, which established the kingdom in 1932; the flag is manufactured with differing obverse and reverse sides so that the Shahada reads - and the sword points - correctly from right to left on both sides

note: the only national flag to display an inscription as its principal design; one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Moldova and Paraguay", + "note": "note: the only national flag to display an inscription as its principal design; one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Moldova and Paraguay" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "palm tree surmounting two crossed swords; national colors: green, white" @@ -500,7 +576,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Ibrahim KHAFAJI/Abdul Rahman al-KHATEEB" }, - "note": "

note: music adopted 1947, lyrics adopted 1984

" + "note": "note: music adopted 1947, lyrics adopted 1984" } }, "Economy": { @@ -550,7 +626,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$1,565,891,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$792.849 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -565,7 +641,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$47,309 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -610,8 +686,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "76.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "71.6 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "93.1 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "76 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "65.3 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -624,8 +709,8 @@ "text": "-2.4% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "13.8 million (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: comprised of 3.1 million Saudis and 10.7 million non-Saudis

" + "text": "13.8 million (2017 est.)

note: comprised of 3.1 million Saudis and 10.7 million non-Saudis", + "note": "note: comprised of 3.1 million Saudis and 10.7 million non-Saudis" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -645,7 +730,7 @@ "Unemployment rate 2016": { "text": "5.6% (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are for total population; unemployment among Saudi nationals is more than double

" + "note": "note: data are for total population; unemployment among Saudi nationals is more than double" }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "NA" @@ -705,10 +790,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Japan 12.2%, China 11.7%, South Korea 9%, India 8.9%, US 8.3%, UAE 6.7%, Singapore 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "China 20%, India 11%, Japan 11%, South Korea 9%, United States 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum and petroleum products 90% (2012 est.)" + "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, polymers, industrial alcohols, natural gas (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -719,10 +804,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 15.4%, US 13.6%, UAE 6.5%, Germany 5.8%, Japan 4.1%, India 4.1%, South Korea 4% (2017)" + "text": "China 18%, United Arab Emirates 12%, United States 9%, Germany 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, motor vehicles, textiles" + "text": "cars, broadcasting equipment, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, telephones (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -832,9 +917,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "8.619 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "657.1 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -864,7 +946,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 966; landing points for the SeaMeWe-3, -4, -5, AAE-1, EIG, FALCON, FEA, IMEWE, MENA/Gulf Bridge International, SEACOM, SAS-1, -2, GBICS/MENA, and the Tata TGN-Gulf submarine cables providing connectivity to Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, Southeast Asia and Australia; microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "broadcast media are state-controlled; state-run TV operates 4 networks; Saudi Arabia is a major market for pan-Arab satellite TV broadcasters; state-run radio operates several networks; multiple international broadcasters are available" @@ -908,7 +990,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "HZ (2016)" + "text": "HZ" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -996,10 +1078,13 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Ministry of Defense: Royal Saudi Land Forces, Royal Saudi Naval Forces (includes marines, special forces, naval aviation), Royal Saudi Air Force, Royal Saudi Air Defense Forces, Royal Saudi Strategic Missiles Force; Ministry of the National Guard (SANG); Ministry of Interior: Border Guard, Facilities Security Force (2020)", - "note": "

note: SANG (also known as the White Army) is a land force separate from the Ministry of Defense that is responsible for internal security, protecting the royal family, and external defense" + "text": "Ministry of Defense: Royal Saudi Land Forces, Royal Saudi Naval Forces (includes marines, special forces, naval aviation), Royal Saudi Air Force, Royal Saudi Air Defense Forces, Royal Saudi Strategic Missiles Force; Ministry of the National Guard (SANG); Ministry of Interior: Border Guard, Facilities Security Force (2021)

note: SANG (also known as the White Army) is a land force separate from the Ministry of Defense that is responsible for internal security, protecting the royal family, and external defense", + "note": "note: SANG (also known as the White Army) is a land force separate from the Ministry of Defense that is responsible for internal security, protecting the royal family, and external defense" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2020": { + "text": "7% of GDP (2020 est.)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "8% of GDP (2019)" }, @@ -1007,33 +1092,30 @@ "text": "9.5% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "10.2% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "11.1% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "10% of GDP (2016)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "13% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "10.8% of GDP (2016)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Saudi military forces have about 225,000 active troops; approximately 125,000 under the Ministry of Defense (75,000 Land Forces; 13,500 Naval Forces; 35,000 Air Force/Air Defense; 2,500 Strategic Missile Forces) and approximately 100,000 in the Saudi Arabia National Guard (SANG) (2019 )", - "note": "

note: SANG also has an irregular force (Fowj), primarily Bedouin tribal volunteers, with a total strength of approximately 25,000 men" + "text": "the Saudi military forces have about 225,000 active troops; approximately 125,000 under the Ministry of Defense (75,000 Land Forces; 14,000 Naval Forces; 36,000 Air Force/Air Defense/Strategic Missile Forces) and approximately 100,000 in the Saudi Arabia National Guard (SANG) (2020)

note: SANG also has an irregular force (Fowj), primarily Bedouin tribal volunteers, with a total strength of approximately 25,000 men", + "note": "note: SANG also has an irregular force (Fowj), primarily Bedouin tribal volunteers, with a total strength of approximately 25,000 men" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of the Saudi military forces, including the SANG, includes a mix of mostly modern weapons systems from the US and Europe, particularly France and the UK; since 2010, France, the UK, and the US are the leading suppliers of armaments; other major providers include Germany, Spain, and Canada; the Saudi Navy is in the midst of a major modernization/procurement program (2020)" + "text": "the inventory of the Saudi military forces, including the SANG, includes a mix of mostly modern weapons systems from the US and Europe; since 2010, the US is the leading supplier of armaments, followed by France and the UK; Saudi Arabia is the world's largest arms importer (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "est. 2,500-10,000 Yemen (probably varies depending on operations) (April 2020)" + "text": "est. 2,500-5,000 Yemen (varies depending on operations, which continued into 2021) (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "17 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription; in 2018, women were allowed to serve as soldiers in the internal security services under certain requirements (2018)" + "text": "17 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription; in 2018, women were allowed to serve as soldiers in the internal security services under certain requirements; in February 2021, the Saudi Government agreed to allow women to join the military and serve as soldiers up to the rank of non-commissioned officer (2021)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham; al-Qa’ida; al-Qa’ida in the Arabian Peninsula (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham; al-Qa’ida; al-Qa’ida in the Arabian Peninsula (2019)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/middle-east/sy.json b/middle-east/sy.json index 07ac017e..abec6bd9 100644 --- a/middle-east/sy.json +++ b/middle-east/sy.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "1,550 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes 1,295 sq km of Israeli-occupied territory

" + "note": "note: includes 1,295 sq km of Israeli-occupied territory" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Pennsylvania" @@ -55,14 +55,14 @@ "text": "primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain; mountains in west" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "514 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mount Hermon (Jabal a-Shayk) 2,814 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "unnamed location near Lake Tiberias -208 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mount Hermon (Jabal a-Shayk) 2,814 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "514 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -92,31 +92,20 @@ "text": "14,280 sq km (2012)" }, "Population distribution": { - "text": "significant population density along the Mediterranean coast; larger concentrations found in the major cities of Damascus, Aleppo (the country's largest city), and Hims (Homs); more than half of the population lives in the coastal plain, the province of Halab, and the Euphrates River valley", - "note": "

note: the ongoing civil war has altered the population distribution

" + "text": "significant population density along the Mediterranean coast; larger concentrations found in the major cities of Damascus, Aleppo (the country's largest city), and Hims (Homs); more than half of the population lives in the coastal plain, the province of Halab, and the Euphrates River valley

note: the ongoing civil war has altered the population distribution", + "note": "note: the ongoing civil war has altered the population distribution" }, "Natural hazards": { "text": "

dust storms, sandstorms

volcanism: Syria's two historically active volcanoes, Es Safa and an unnamed volcano near the Turkish border have not erupted in centuries

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; depletion of water resources; water pollution from raw sewage and petroleum refining wastes; inadequate potable water" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Environmental Modification" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the capital of Damascus - located at an oasis fed by the Barada River - is thought to be one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities; there are 42 Israeli settlements and civilian land use sites in the Israeli-controlled Golan Heights (2017)" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "20,384,316 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: approximately 22,900 Israeli settlers live in the Golan Heights (2018)

" + "text": "20,384,316 (July 2021 est.)

note: approximately 22,900 Israeli settlers live in the Golan Heights (2018)", + "note": "note: approximately 22,900 Israeli settlers live in the Golan Heights (2018)" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -133,8 +122,8 @@ "text": "Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian, French, English" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Muslim 87% (official; includes Sunni 74% and Alawi, Ismaili, and Shia 13%), Christian 10% (includes Orthodox, Uniate, and Nestorian), Druze 3%, Jewish (few remaining in Damascus and Aleppo)", - "note": "

note:  the Christian population may be considerably smaller as a result of Christians fleeing the country during the ongoing civil war" + "text": "Muslim 87% (official; includes Sunni 74% and Alawi, Ismaili, and Shia 13%), Christian 10% (includes Orthodox, Uniate, and Nestorian), Druze 3%, Jewish (few remaining in Damascus and Aleppo)

note:  the Christian population may be considerably smaller as a result of Christians fleeing the country during the ongoing civil war", + "note": "note:  the Christian population may be considerably smaller as a result of Christians fleeing the country during the ongoing civil war" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { @@ -191,15 +180,15 @@ "text": "34.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population NA (2021 est.)" }, "Population distribution": { - "text": "significant population density along the Mediterranean coast; larger concentrations found in the major cities of Damascus, Aleppo (the country's largest city), and Hims (Homs); more than half of the population lives in the coastal plain, the province of Halab, and the Euphrates River valley", - "note": "

note: the ongoing civil war has altered the population distribution

" + "text": "significant population density along the Mediterranean coast; larger concentrations found in the major cities of Damascus, Aleppo (the country's largest city), and Hims (Homs); more than half of the population lives in the coastal plain, the province of Halab, and the Euphrates River valley

note: the ongoing civil war has altered the population distribution", + "note": "note: the ongoing civil war has altered the population distribution" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "55.5% of total population (2020)" + "text": "56.1% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.43% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "5.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -314,9 +303,6 @@ "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "27.8% (2016)" }, - "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "5.8% (2009/10)" - }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "NA" }, @@ -357,6 +343,91 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; depletion of water resources; water pollution from raw sewage and petroleum refining wastes; inadequate potable water" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Environmental Modification" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "39.43 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "28.83 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "12.93 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "1.475 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "615.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "14.67 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "16.802 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "75.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 25.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 5.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 44.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "2.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "21.5% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "56.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "5.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "exceptional shortfall in aggregate food production/supplies": { + "text": "due to civil conflict and a stagnant economy - a nationwide food security assessment estimates that about 12.4 million people (60% of the overall population) are now food insecure, 5.4 million more than at the end of 2019, mostly due to constrained livelihood opportunities and a rapidly worsening economy; although some international food assistance is being provided, Syrian refugees are also pressuring host communities' resources in neighboring countries (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "4.5 million tons (2009 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "112,500 tons (2010 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "2.5% (2010 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -394,7 +465,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins midnight on the last Friday in March; ends at midnight on the last Friday in October" }, - "note": "

etymology: Damascus is a very old city; its earliest name, Temeseq, first appears in an Egyptian geographical list of the 15th century B.C., but the meaning is uncertain" + "note": "etymology: Damascus is a very old city; its earliest name, Temeseq, first appears in an Egyptian geographical list of the 15th century B.C., but the meaning is uncertain" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "14 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al Ladhiqiyah (Latakia), Al Qunaytirah, Ar Raqqah, As Suwayda', Dar'a, Dayr az Zawr, Dimashq (Damascus), Halab (Aleppo), Hamah, Hims (Homs), Idlib, Rif Dimashq (Damascus Countryside), Tartus" @@ -407,7 +478,7 @@ }, "Constitution": { "history": { - "text": "several previous; latest issued 15 February 2012, passed by referendum and effective 27 February 2012" + "text": "several previous; latest issued 15 February 2012, passed by referendum and effective 27 February 2012; note - in late January 2021, UN-sponsored talks, which began in late 2019 between delegates from government and opposition forces to draft a new constitution, resumed following a delay in mid-2020 because several delegates tested positive for the COVID-19 virus" }, "amendments": { "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by one third of the People’s Assembly members; following review by a special Assembly committee, passage requires at least three-quarters majority vote by the Assembly and approval by the president" @@ -494,7 +565,7 @@ "FAX": { "text": "[1] (202) 234-9548" }, - "note": "

note: Embassy ceased operations and closed on 18 March 2014

" + "note": "note: Embassy ceased operations and closed on 18 March 2014" }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { @@ -514,8 +585,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; two small, green, five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white); identical to the former flag of the United Arab Republic (1958-1961) where the two stars represented the constituent states of Syria and Egypt; the current design dates to 1980", - "note": "

note: similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band, Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band, and that of Egypt, which has a gold Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band

" + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; two small, green, five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white); identical to the former flag of the United Arab Republic (1958-1961) where the two stars represented the constituent states of Syria and Egypt; the current design dates to 1980

note: similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band; Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band; and that of Egypt, which has a gold Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band", + "note": "note: similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band; Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band; and that of Egypt, which has a gold Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "hawk; national colors: red, white, black, green" @@ -527,7 +598,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Khalil Mardam BEY/Mohammad Salim FLAYFEL and Ahmad Salim FLAYFEL" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1936, restored 1961; between 1958 and 1961, while Syria was a member of the United Arab Republic with Egypt, the country had a different anthem

" + "note": "note: adopted 1936, restored 1961; between 1958 and 1961, while Syria was a member of the United Arab Republic with Egypt, the country had a different anthem" } }, "Economy": { @@ -541,7 +612,7 @@ "Real GDP growth rate 2013": { "text": "-30.9% (2013 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2015 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2015 dollars" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": { "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": { @@ -561,7 +632,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2013": { "text": "$61.9 billion (2013 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2015 US dollars
the war-driven deterioration of the economy resulted in a disappearance of quality national level statistics in the 2012-13 period" + "note": "note: data are in 2015 US dollars
the war-driven deterioration of the economy resulted in a disappearance of quality national level statistics in the 2012-13 period" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$24.6 billion (2014 est.)" @@ -576,7 +647,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2013": { "text": "$2,800 (2013 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2015 US dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2015 US dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -621,8 +692,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "42 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "80.1 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "29.8 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "42.6 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -674,7 +754,7 @@ "expenditures": { "text": "3.211 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: government projections for FY2016

" + "note": "note: government projections for FY2016" }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "4.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" @@ -710,10 +790,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Lebanon 31.5%, Iraq 10.3%, Jordan 8.8%, China 7.8%, Turkey 7.5%, Spain 7.3% (2017)" + "text": "Saudi Arabia 23%, Turkey 18%, Egypt 14%, United Arab Emirates 8%, Jordan 7%, Kuwait 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "crude oil, minerals, petroleum products, fruits and vegetables, cotton fiber, textiles, clothing, meat and live animals, wheat" + "text": "olive oil, cumin seeds, pistachios, tomatoes, apples, pears, spices, pitted fruits (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -724,10 +804,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Russia 32.4%, Turkey 16.7%, China 9.5% (2017)" + "text": "Turkey 27%, China 22%, United Arab Emirates 14%, Egypt 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and transport equipment, electric power machinery, food and livestock, metal and metal products, chemicals and chemical products, plastics, yarn, paper" + "text": "cigarettes, broadcasting equipment, wheat flours, sunflower oil, refined petroleum (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -843,9 +923,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "240.7 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "27.51 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -875,7 +952,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 963; landing points for the Aletar, BERYTAR and UGART submarine cable connections to Egypt, Lebanon, and Cyprus; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region); coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey; participant in Medarabtel (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-run TV and radio broadcast networks; state operates 2 TV networks and 5 satellite channels; roughly two-thirds of Syrian homes have a satellite dish providing access to foreign TV broadcasts; 3 state-run radio channels; first private radio station launched in 2005; private radio broadcasters prohibited from transmitting news or political content (2018)" @@ -916,7 +993,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "YK (2016)" + "text": "YK" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1001,26 +1078,26 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Syrian Armed Forces: Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Naval Forces, Syrian Air Forces, Syrian Air Defense Forces, National Defense Forces (pro-government militia and auxiliary forces) (2019)", - "note": "

note: the Syrian government is working to demobilize militias or integrate them into its regular forces" + "text": "Syrian Armed Forces: Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Naval Forces, Syrian Air Forces, Syrian Air Defense Forces, National Defense Forces (pro-government militia and auxiliary forces) (2020)

note: the Syrian government is working to demobilize militias or integrate them into its regular forces", + "note": "note: the Syrian government is working to demobilize militias or integrate them into its regular forces" }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "N/A; the Syrian Armed Forces (SAF) are rebuilding and trying to integrate government-allied militias and auxiliary forces while continuing to engage in a civil war; prior to the start of the civil war in 2011, the SAF had approximately 300,000 active troops, including 200-225,000 Army; by 2018, its estimated size was reportedly less than 100,000 due to casualties and desertions (2019 est.)" + "text": "N/A; since the start of the civil war in 2011, the Syrian Armed Forces (SAF) have taken significant losses in personnel; prior to the civil war, the SAF had approximately 300,000 active troops, including 200-225,000 Army; by 2018, its estimated size was reportedly less than 100,000 due to casualties and desertions; currently, the SAF is trying to rebuild and integrate government-allied militias and auxiliary forces while continuing to engage in active military operations (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the SAF's inventory is comprised mostly of Russian and Soviet-era equipment; since 2010, Russia has supplied nearly all of Syria's imported weapons systems, although China and Iran have also provided military equipment (2019 est.)" + "text": "the SAF's inventory is comprised mostly of Russian and Soviet-era equipment; since 2010, Russia has supplied nearly all of Syria's imported weapons systems, although China and Iran have also provided military equipment (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-42 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation is 18 months; women are not conscripted but may volunteer to serve (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) has operated in the Golan between Israel and Syria since 1974 to monitor the ceasefire following the 1973 Arab-Israeli War and supervise the areas of separation between the two countries; as of October 2019, UNDOF consisted of about 1,140 personnel" + "text": "the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) has operated in the Golan between Israel and Syria since 1974 to monitor the ceasefire following the 1973 Arab-Israeli War and supervise the areas of separation between the two countries; as of late 2020, UNDOF consisted of about 1,100 military personnel" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Abdallah Azzam Brigades; Ansar al-Islam; Asa’ib Ahl Al-Haq; Hizballah; Hurras al-Din; Islamic Jihad Union; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps -- Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham; Kata'ib Hizballah; Kurdistan Workers' Party; Mujahidin Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem; al-Nusrah Front (Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham); al-Qa'ida; Palestine Liberation Front; PFLP-General Command; Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Abdallah Azzam Brigades; Ansar al-Islam; Asa’ib Ahl Al-Haq; Hizballah; Hurras al-Din; Islamic Jihad Union; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps -- Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham; Kata'ib Hizballah; Kurdistan Workers' Party; Mujahidin Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem; al-Nusrah Front (Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham); al-Qa'ida; Palestine Liberation Front; PFLP-General Command; Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1037,7 +1114,7 @@ "stateless persons": { "text": "160,000 (2019); note - Syria's stateless population consists of Kurds and Palestinians; stateless persons are prevented from voting, owning land, holding certain jobs, receiving food subsidies or public healthcare, enrolling in public schools, or being legally married to Syrian citizens; in 1962, some 120,000 Syrian Kurds were stripped of their Syrian citizenship, rendering them and their descendants stateless; in 2011, the Syrian Government granted citizenship to thousands of Syrian Kurds as a means of appeasement; however, resolving the question of statelessness is not a priority given Syria's ongoing civil war" }, - "note": "

note: the ongoing civil war has resulted in more than 5.6 million registered Syrian refugees - dispersed in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey - as of February 2021

" + "note": "note: the ongoing civil war has resulted in nearly 5.6 million registered Syrian refugees - dispersed in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey - as of February 2021" }, "Trafficking in persons": { "current situation": { diff --git a/middle-east/tu.json b/middle-east/tu.json index 239167a1..849c5641 100644 --- a/middle-east/tu.json +++ b/middle-east/tu.json @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ "exclusive economic zone": { "text": "in Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former USSR" }, - "note": "

12 nm in Black Sea and in Mediterranean Sea" + "note": "12 nm in Black Sea and in Mediterranean Sea" }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior" @@ -55,14 +55,14 @@ "text": "high central plateau (Anatolia); narrow coastal plain; several mountain ranges" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,132 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mount Ararat 5,137 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Mediterranean Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mount Ararat 5,137 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,132 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -97,17 +97,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van; landslides; flooding

volcanism: limited volcanic activity; its three historically active volcanoes; Ararat, Nemrut Dagi, and Tendurek Dagi have not erupted since the 19th century or earlier

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; land degradation; concern for oil spills from increasing Bosporus ship traffic; conservation of biodiversity" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Environmental Modification" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link the Black and Aegean Seas; the 3% of Turkish territory north of the Straits lies in Europe and goes by the names of European Turkey, Eastern Thrace, or Turkish Thrace; the 97% of the country in Asia is referred to as Anatolia; Istanbul, which straddles the Bosporus, is the only metropolis in the world located on two continents; Mount Ararat, the legendary landing place of Noah's ark, is in the far eastern portion of the country" } @@ -192,10 +181,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "76.1% of total population (2020)" + "text": "76.6% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.04% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -320,7 +309,7 @@ "respiratory diseases": { "text": "Covid-19 (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Turkey; as of 24 January 2021, Turkey has reported a total of 2,424,328 cases of COVID-19 or 2,874.5 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 29.6 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population" + "note": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Turkey; as of 25 April 2021, Turkey has reported a total of 4,591,416 cases of COVID-19 or 5,444.0 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 45.1 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 16% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "32.1% (2016)" @@ -358,13 +347,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "20.2%" + "text": "25.2%" }, "male": { - "text": "17.5%" + "text": "22.4%" }, "female": { - "text": "25% (2018 est.)" + "text": "30.3% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; land degradation; concern for oil spills from increasing Bosporus ship traffic; conservation of biodiversity" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Environmental Modification" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "41.97 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "372.72 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "57.53 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "6.016 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "2.898 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "50.05 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "211.6 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "49.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 26.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 19% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "14.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "35.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.08% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.05% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "76.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "respiratory diseases": { + "text": "Covid-19 (2020)" + }, + "note": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Turkey; as of 25 April 2021, Turkey has reported a total of 4,591,416 cases of COVID-19 or 5,444.0 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 45.1 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 16% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "31.283 million tons (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -399,7 +478,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: Ankara has been linked with a second millennium B.C. Hittite cult center of Ankuwash, although this connection is uncertain; in classical and medieval times, the city was known as Ankyra (meaning \"anchor\" in Greek and reflecting the city's position as a junction for multiple trade and military routes); by about the 13th century the city began to be referred to as Angora; following the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the city's name became Ankara" + "note": "etymology: Ankara has been linked with a second millennium B.C. Hittite cult center of Ankuwash, although this connection is uncertain; in classical and medieval times, the city was known as Ankyra (meaning \"anchor\" in Greek and reflecting the city's position as a junction for multiple trade and military routes); by about the 13th century the city began to be referred to as Angora; following the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the city's name became Ankara" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "81 provinces (iller, singular - ili); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyonkarahisar, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Igdir, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir (Smyrna), Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mersin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon (Trebizond), Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak" @@ -481,15 +560,15 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Democrat Party or DP [Gultekin UYSAL]
Democratic Regions Party or DBP [Sebahat TUNCEL, Mehmet ARSLAN]
Felicity Party or SP [Temel KARAMOLLAOGLU]
Free Cause Party or HUDAPAR [Ishak SAGLAM]
Good Party or TYIi [Meral AKSENER]
Grand Unity Party or BBP [Mustafa DESTICI]
Justice and Development Party or AKP [Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN]
Nation Alliance (CHP, IYI, SP) (electoral alliance)
Nationalist Movement Party or MHP [Devlet BAHCELI]
People's Alliance (AKP, MHP) (electoral alliance)
Patriotic Party or VP [Dogu PERINCEK]
People's Democratic Party or HDP [Pervin BULDAN, Sezai TEMELLI]
Republican People's Party or CHP [Kemal KILICDAROGLU]", - "note": "

note:  as of December 2018, 83 political parties were legally registered" + "text": "Democrat Party or DP [Gultekin UYSAL]
Democratic Regions Party or DBP [Sebahat TUNCEL, Mehmet ARSLAN]
Felicity Party or SP [Temel KARAMOLLAOGLU]
Free Cause Party or HUDAPAR [Ishak SAGLAM]
Good Party or TYIi [Meral AKSENER]
Grand Unity Party or BBP [Mustafa DESTICI]
Justice and Development Party or AKP [Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN]
Nation Alliance (CHP, IYI, SP) (electoral alliance)
Nationalist Movement Party or MHP [Devlet BAHCELI]
People's Alliance (AKP, MHP) (electoral alliance)
Patriotic Party or VP [Dogu PERINCEK]
Peoples' Democratic Party or HDP [Pervin BULDAN, Sezai TEMELLI]
Republican People's Party or CHP [Kemal KILICDAROGLU]

note:  as of December 2018, 83 political parties were legally registered", + "note": "note:  as of December 2018, 83 political parties were legally registered" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CPLP (associate observer), D-8, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EU (candidate country), FAO, FATF, G-20, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, PIF (partner), SCO (dialogue member), SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Serdar KILIC (since 21 May 2014)" + "text": "Ambassador Hasan MURAT MERCAN (since 20 April 2021)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2525 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008" @@ -540,7 +619,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Mehmet Akif ERSOY/Zeki UNGOR" }, - "note": "

note: lyrics adopted 1921, music adopted 1932; the anthem's original music was adopted in 1924; a new composition was agreed upon in 1932

" + "note": "note: lyrics adopted 1921, music adopted 1932; the anthem's original music was adopted in 1924; a new composition was agreed upon in 1932" } }, "Economy": { @@ -590,7 +669,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$2,282,304,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$760.028 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -605,7 +684,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$28,141 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -650,8 +729,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "76.8 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "88.8 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "91.6 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "71.4 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -664,8 +752,8 @@ "text": "9.1% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "25.677 million (2020 est.)", - "note": "

note: this number is for the domestic labor force only; number does not include about 1.2 million Turks working abroad, nor refugees

" + "text": "25.677 million (2020 est.)

note: this number is for the domestic labor force only; number does not include about 1.2 million Turks working abroad, nor refugees", + "note": "note: this number is for the domestic labor force only; number does not include about 1.2 million Turks working abroad, nor refugees" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -687,7 +775,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "21.9% (2015 est.)" + "text": "14.4% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -750,10 +838,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 9.6%, UK 6.1%, UAE 5.9%, Iraq 5.8%, US 5.5%, Italy 5.4%, France 4.2%, Spain 4% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 9%, United Kingdom 6%, Iraq 5%, Italy 5%, United States 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "apparel, foodstuffs, textiles, metal manufactures, transport equipment" + "text": "cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, delivery trucks, jewelry, clothing and apparel (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -767,10 +855,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 10%, Germany 9.1%, Russia 8.4%, US 5.1%, Italy 4.8% (2017)" + "text": "Germany 11%, China 9%, Russia 9%, United States 5%, Italy 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport equipment" + "text": "gold, refined petroleum, crude petroleum, vehicle parts, scrap iron (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -880,9 +968,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "5.097 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "379.5 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -912,7 +997,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 90; landing points for the SeaMeWe-3 & -5, MedNautilus Submarine System, Turcyos-1 & -2 submarine cables providing connectivity to Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, Southeast Asia and Australia ; satellite earth stations - 12 Intelsat; mobile satellite terminals - 328 in the Inmarsat and Eutelsat systems (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "

Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) operates multiple TV and radio networks and stations; multiple privately owned national television stations and 567 private regional and local television stations; multi-channel cable TV subscriptions available; 1,007 private radio broadcast stations

(2019)" @@ -953,7 +1038,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "TC (2016)" + "text": "TC" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1044,46 +1129,47 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Turkish Armed Forces (TSK): Turkish Land Forces (Turk Kara Kuvvetleri), Turkish Naval Forces (Turk Deniz Kuvvetleri; includes naval air and naval infantry), Turkish Air Forces (Turk Hava Kuvvetleri); Ministry of Interior: Gendarmerie of the Turkish Republic, Turkish Coast Guard Command (2021)" + "text": "Turkish Armed Forces (TSK): Turkish Land Forces (Turk Kara Kuvvetleri), Turkish Naval Forces (Turk Deniz Kuvvetleri; includes naval air and naval infantry), Turkish Air Forces (Turk Hava Kuvvetleri); Ministry of Interior: Gendarmerie of the Turkish Republic, Turkish Coast Guard Command (2021)

note: in wartime, the Gendarmerie and Coast Guard would be placed under the operational control of the Land Forces and Naval Forces, respectively", + "note": "note: in wartime, the Gendarmerie and Coast Guard would be placed under the operational control of the Land Forces and Naval Forces, respectively" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "1.91% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "1.86% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "1.85% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "1.83% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "1.82% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "1.52% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "1.51% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "1.46% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "1.45% of GDP (2016)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "size assessments for the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) vary; approximately 400,000 total active duty personnel (300,000 Army; 45,000 Navy; 50,000 Air Force); approximately 150,000 Gendarmerie (2020)" + "text": "the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) have approximately 400,000 total active duty personnel (300,000 Army; 45,000 Navy; 50,000 Air Force); approximately 150,000 Gendarmerie (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Turkish Armed Forces inventory is mostly comprised of a mix of domestically-produced and Western weapons systems, although in recent years, Turkey has also acquired some Chinese, Russian, and South Korean equipment; since 2010, the US is the leading provider of armaments to Turkey, followed by Italy, South Korea, and Spain; Turkey has a robust defense industry capable of producing a range of weapons systems for both export and internal use, including armored vehicles, naval vessels, and unmanned aerial platforms, although it is heavily dependent on Western technology (2020)" + "text": "the Turkish Armed Forces inventory is mostly comprised of a mix of domestically-produced and Western weapons systems, although in recent years, Turkey has also acquired some Chinese, Russian, and South Korean equipment; since 2010, the US is the leading provider of armaments to Turkey, followed by Italy, South Korea, and Spain; Turkey has a robust defense industry capable of producing a range of weapons systems for both export and internal use, including armored vehicles, naval vessels, and unmanned aerial platforms, although it is heavily dependent on Western technology; Turkey's defense industry also partners with other countries for defense production (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "600 Afghanistan (NATO); est. 200 (Azerbaijan; monitoring cease-fire, clearing mines); 250 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR); est. 25-35,000 Cyprus; 300 Kosovo (NATO); 170 Lebanon (UNIFIL); est. 200 Qatar; est. 200 Somalia (training mission); est. 5-10,000 Syria (2020)", - "note": "

note(s): Turkey has deployed troops into northern Iraq on numerous occasions to combat the Kurdistan Worker's Party (PKK), including operations involving thousands of troops in 2007, 2011, and 2018; its most recent incursions were in February 2021 and June 2020; in 2020, Turkey deployed an undetermined number of Turkish military troops and an estimated 3,500-5,000 Syrian fighters to Libya to support the Libyan Government of National Accord (GNA)" + "text": "600 Afghanistan (NATO); est. 200 (Azerbaijan; monitoring cease-fire, clearing mines); 250 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR); est. 25-35,000 Cyprus; 300 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR); est. 3-5,000 Qatar; est. 200 Somalia (training mission); est. 10-20,000 Syria (2021)

note(s): between 2016 and 2020, Turkey conducted four major military campaigns in northern Syria; Turkey has deployed troops into northern Iraq on numerous occasions to combat the Kurdistan Worker's Party (PKK), including large operations involving thousands of troops in 2007, 2011, and 2018; its most recent incursions were smaller-scale raids in April and February of 2021; in 2020, Turkey deployed an undetermined number of Turkish military troops and an estimated 3,500-5,000 Syrian fighters to Libya to support the Libyan Government of National Accord (GNA)", + "note": "note(s): between 2016 and 2020, Turkey conducted four major military campaigns in northern Syria; Turkey has deployed troops into northern Iraq on numerous occasions to combat the Kurdistan Worker's Party (PKK), including large operations involving thousands of troops in 2007, 2011, and 2018; its most recent incursions were smaller-scale raids in April and February of 2021; in 2020, Turkey deployed an undetermined number of Turkish military troops and an estimated 3,500-5,000 Syrian fighters to Libya to support the Libyan Government of National Accord (GNA)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "President Erdoğan on 25 June 2019 signed a new law cutting the men’s mandatory military service period in half, as well as making paid military service permanent; with the new system, the period of conscription was reduced from 12 months to six months for private and non-commissioned soldiers (the service term for reserve officers chosen among university or college graduates will remain 12 months); after completing six months of service, if a conscripted soldier wants to and is suitable for extending his military service, he may do so for an additional six months in return for a monthly salary; under the new law, all male Turkish citizens over the age of 20 will be required to undergo a one month military training period, but they can obtain an exemption from the remaining five months of their mandatory service by paying 31,000 Turkish Liras (2019)" + "text": "President Erdoğan on 25 June 2019 signed a new law cutting the men’s mandatory military service period in half, as well as making paid military service permanent; with the new system, the period of conscription was reduced from 12 months to six months for privates and non-commissioned soldiers (the service term for reserve officers chosen among university or college graduates will remain 12 months); after completing six months of service, if a conscripted soldier wants to and is suitable for extending his military service, he may do so for an additional six months in return for a monthly salary; under the new law, all male Turkish citizens over the age of 20 will be required to undergo a one month military training period, but they can obtain an exemption from the remaining five months of their mandatory service by paying 31,000 Turkish Liras (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) has actively pursued the goal of asserting civilian control over the military since first taking power in 2002; the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) role in internal security has been significantly reduced; the TSK leadership continues to be an influential institution within Turkey, but plays a much smaller role in politics; the Turkish military remains focused on the threats emanating from the Syrian civil war, Russia's actions in Ukraine, and the PKK insurgency; primary domestic threats are listed as fundamentalism (with the definition in some dispute with the civilian government), separatism (Kurdish discontent), and the extreme left wing; Ankara strongly opposed establishment of an autonomous Kurdish region in Iraq; an overhaul of the Turkish Land Forces Command (TLFC) taking place under the \"Force 2014\" program is to produce 20-30% smaller, more highly trained forces characterized by greater mobility and firepower and capable of joint and combined operations; the TLFC has taken on increasing international peacekeeping responsibilities including in Afghanistan; the Turkish Navy is a regional naval power that wants to develop the capability to project power beyond Turkey's coastal waters; the Navy is heavily involved in NATO, multinational, and UN operations; its roles include control of territorial waters and security for sea lines of communications; the Turkish Air Force adopted an \"Aerospace and Missile Defense Concept\" in 2002 and has initiated project work on an integrated missile defense system; in a controversial move, it purchased the Russian S-400 air defense system for an estimated $2.5 billion in July 2019; Air Force priorities include attaining a modern deployable, survivable, and sustainable force structure, and establishing a sustainable command and control system; Turkey is a NATO ally and hosts NATO's Land Forces Command in Izmir, as well as the AN/TPY-2 radar as part of NATO Missile Defense (2019)" + "text": "the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) has actively pursued the goal of asserting civilian control over the military since first taking power in 2002; the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) role in internal security has been significantly reduced; the TSK leadership continues to be an influential institution within Turkey, but plays a much smaller role in politics; the Turkish military remains focused on the threats emanating from the Syrian civil war, Russia's actions in Ukraine, and the PKK insurgency; primary domestic threats are listed as fundamentalism (with the definition in some dispute with the civilian government), separatism (Kurdish discontent), and the extreme left wing; Ankara strongly opposed establishment of an autonomous Kurdish region in Iraq; an overhaul of the Turkish Land Forces Command (TLFC) taking place under the \"Force 2014\" program is to produce 20-30% smaller, more highly trained forces characterized by greater mobility and firepower and capable of joint and combined operations; the TLFC has taken on increasing international peacekeeping responsibilities including in Afghanistan; the Turkish Navy is a regional naval power that wants to develop the capability to project power beyond Turkey's coastal waters; the Navy is heavily involved in NATO, multinational, and UN operations; its roles include control of territorial waters and security for sea lines of communications; the Turkish Air Force adopted an \"Aerospace and Missile Defense Concept\" in 2002 and has initiated project work on an integrated missile defense system; in a controversial move, it purchased the Russian S-400 air defense system for an estimated $2.5 billion in July 2019; Air Force priorities include attaining a modern deployable, survivable, and sustainable force structure, and establishing a sustainable command and control system; Turkey is a NATO ally and hosts NATO's Land Forces Command in Izmir, as well as the AN/TPY-2 radar as part of NATO Missile Defense" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Turkey; Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Kurdistan Workers' Party; al-Qa'ida; Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Turkey; Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Kurdistan Workers' Party; al-Qa'ida; Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front (2021)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1092,7 +1178,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "3,653,619 (Syria), 170,000 (Afghanistan), 142,000 (Iraq), 39,000 (Iran), 5,700 (Somalia) (2021)" + "text": "3,671,761 (Syria) (2021); 173,250 (Iraq) (asylum seekers), 116,400 (Afghanistan) (asylum seekers), 27,000 (Iran) (asylum seekers) (2020)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "1.099 million (displaced from 1984-2005 because of fighting between the Kurdish PKK and Turkish military; most IDPs are Kurds from eastern and southeastern provinces; no information available on persons displaced by development projects) (2019)" diff --git a/middle-east/we.json b/middle-east/we.json index 7cc7a244..d305a795 100644 --- a/middle-east/we.json +++ b/middle-east/we.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "220 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes West Bank, Latrun Salient, and the northwest quarter of the Dead Sea, but excludes Mt. Scopus; East Jerusalem and Jerusalem No Man's Land are also included only as a means of depicting the entire area occupied by Israel in 1967

" + "note": "note: includes West Bank, Latrun Salient, and the northwest quarter of the Dead Sea, but excludes Mt. Scopus; East Jerusalem and Jerusalem No Man's Land are also included only as a means of depicting the entire area occupied by Israel in 1967" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly smaller than Delaware" @@ -50,11 +50,11 @@ "text": "mostly rugged, dissected upland in west, flat plains descending to Jordan River Valley to the east" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Dead Sea -431 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Khallat al Batrakh 1,020 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Dead Sea -431 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ "other": { "text": "55.2% (2018 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: includes Gaza Strip

" + "note": "note: includes Gaza Strip" }, "Irrigated land": { "text": "240 sq km; note - includes Gaza Strip (2012)" @@ -90,17 +90,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "adequacy of freshwater supply; sewage treatment" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; highlands are main recharge area for Israel's coastal aquifers; there are about 380 Israeli civilian sites, including about 213 settlements and 132 small outpost communities in the West Bank and 35 sites in East Jerusalem (2017)" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "2,949,246 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: approximately 418,600 Israeli settlers live in the West Bank (2018); approximately 215,900 Israeli settlers live in East Jerusalem (2017)

" + "text": "2,949,246 (July 2021 est.)

note: approximately 418,600 Israeli settlers live in the West Bank (2018); approximately 215,900 Israeli settlers live in East Jerusalem (2017)", + "note": "note: approximately 418,600 Israeli settlers live in the West Bank (2018); approximately 215,900 Israeli settlers live in East Jerusalem (2017)" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -149,7 +146,7 @@ "potential support ratio": { "text": "18.2 (2020 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank

" + "note": "note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank" }, "Median age": { "total": { @@ -179,12 +176,12 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "76.7% of total population (2020)" + "text": "77% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.85% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank

" + "note": "note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank" }, "Sex ratio": { "at birth": { @@ -210,8 +207,8 @@ } }, "Maternal mortality rate": { - "text": "27 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank

" + "text": "27 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank", + "note": "note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank" }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { @@ -239,8 +236,8 @@ "text": "3.02 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { - "text": "57.2% (2014)", - "note": "

note: includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank" + "text": "57.2% (2014)

note: includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank", + "note": "note: includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { @@ -261,7 +258,7 @@ "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 3.2% of population (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank

" + "note": "note: includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank" }, "Physicians density": { "text": "1.45 physicians/1,000 population (2017)" @@ -288,7 +285,7 @@ "unimproved: total": { "text": "total: 0.2% of population (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: note includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank

" + "note": "note: note includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank" }, "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "NA" @@ -300,12 +297,12 @@ "text": "NA" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "1.4% (2014)", - "note": "

note: estimate is for Gaza Strip and the West Bank

" + "text": "2.1% (2019/20)

note: estimate is for Gaza Strip and the West Bank", + "note": "note: estimate is for Gaza Strip and the West Bank" }, "Education expenditures": { - "text": "5.3% of GDP (2017)", - "note": "

note: includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank

" + "text": "5.3% of GDP (2017)

note: includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank", + "note": "note: includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank" }, "Literacy": { "definition": { @@ -320,7 +317,7 @@ "female": { "text": "95.7% (2018)" }, - "note": "

note: estimates are for Gaza and the West Bank

" + "note": "note: estimates are for Gaza and the West Bank" }, "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": { "total": { @@ -332,19 +329,96 @@ "female": { "text": "14 years (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank

" + "note": "note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank" }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "42.2%" + "text": "40.2%" }, "male": { - "text": "37%" + "text": "34.8%" }, "female": { - "text": "69.4% (2018 est.)" + "text": "67.2% (2019 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: includes Gaza Strip

" + "note": "note: includes Gaza Strip" + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "adequacy of freshwater supply; sewage treatment" + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "3.23 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank." + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "181.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "32 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "162 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank." + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "837 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.", + "note": "note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank." + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "43.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 7.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 11% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 24.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "1.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "55.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: includes Gaza Strip" + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "77% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.85% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1.387 million tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "6,935 tons (2013 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "0.5% (2013 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank." } }, "Government": { @@ -374,7 +448,7 @@ "Real GDP growth rate 2012": { "text": "6% (2012 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: excludes Gaza Strip

" + "note": "note: excludes Gaza Strip" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": { "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": { @@ -383,7 +457,7 @@ "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016": { "text": "-0.2% (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: excludes Gaza Strip

" + "note": "note: excludes Gaza Strip" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2014": { @@ -395,11 +469,11 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2012": { "text": "$19.95 billion (2012 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2014 US dollars; includes Gaza Strip

" + "note": "note: data are in 2014 US dollars; includes Gaza Strip" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { - "text": "$9.828 billion (2014 est.)", - "note": "

note: excludes Gaza Strip

" + "text": "$9.828 billion (2014 est.)

note: excludes Gaza Strip", + "note": "note: excludes Gaza Strip" }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2019": { @@ -411,7 +485,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$6,402 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: includes Gaza Strip

" + "note": "note: includes Gaza Strip" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -423,7 +497,7 @@ "Gross national saving 2012": { "text": "5% of GDP (2012 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: includes Gaza Strip

" + "note": "note: includes Gaza Strip" }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { @@ -435,7 +509,7 @@ "services": { "text": "77.6% (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: excludes Gaza Strip

" + "note": "note: excludes Gaza Strip" }, "GDP - composition, by end use": { "household consumption": { @@ -456,7 +530,7 @@ "imports of goods and services": { "text": "-61% (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: excludes Gaza Strip

" + "note": "note: excludes Gaza Strip" }, "Agricultural products": { "text": "tomatoes, cucumbers, olives, poultry, milk, potatoes, sheep milk, eggplants, gourds" @@ -465,12 +539,12 @@ "text": "small-scale manufacturing, quarrying, textiles, soap, olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs" }, "Industrial production growth rate": { - "text": "2.2% (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: includes Gaza Strip

" + "text": "2.2% (2017 est.)

note: includes Gaza Strip", + "note": "note: includes Gaza Strip" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "1.24 million (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: excludes Gaza Strip

" + "text": "1.24 million (2017 est.)

note: excludes Gaza Strip", + "note": "note: excludes Gaza Strip" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -482,7 +556,7 @@ "services": { "text": "54.1% (2013 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: excludes Gaza Strip

" + "note": "note: excludes Gaza Strip" }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2017": { @@ -491,7 +565,7 @@ "Unemployment rate 2016": { "text": "27% (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: excludes Gaza Strip

" + "note": "note: excludes Gaza Strip" }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "18% (2011 est.)" @@ -503,7 +577,7 @@ "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2007": { "text": "38.7 (2007 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: includes Gaza Strip

" + "note": "note: includes Gaza Strip" }, "Household income or consumption by percentage share": { "lowest 10%": { @@ -512,7 +586,7 @@ "highest 10%": { "text": "28.2% (2009 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: includes Gaza Strip

" + "note": "note: includes Gaza Strip" }, "Budget": { "revenues": { @@ -521,7 +595,7 @@ "expenditures": { "text": "1.278 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: includes Palestinian Authority expenditures in the Gaza Strip

" + "note": "note: includes Palestinian Authority expenditures in the Gaza Strip" }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "13.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" @@ -555,7 +629,7 @@ "Exports 2016": { "text": "$1.827 billion (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: excludes Gaza Strip

" + "note": "note: excludes Gaza Strip" }, "Exports - commodities": { "text": "stone, olives, fruit, vegetables, limestone" @@ -567,7 +641,7 @@ "Imports 2016": { "text": "$6.207 billion (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data include the Gaza Strip

" + "note": "note: data include the Gaza Strip" }, "Imports - commodities": { "text": "food, consumer goods, construction materials, petroleum, chemicals" @@ -587,7 +661,7 @@ "Debt - external 31 March 2015": { "text": "$1.467 billion (31 March 2015 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data include the Gaza Strip" + "note": "note: data include the Gaza Strip" }, "Exchange rates": { "currency": { @@ -615,7 +689,7 @@ "electrification - total population": { "text": "100% (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: data for West Bank and Gaza Strip combined

" + "note": "note: data for West Bank and Gaza Strip combined" }, "Electricity - production": { "text": "1.093 billion kWh (2016 est.)" @@ -630,8 +704,8 @@ "text": "5.473 billion kWh (2016 est.)" }, "Electricity - installed generating capacity": { - "text": "170,000 kW (2016 est.)", - "note": "

note: includes Gaza Strip

" + "text": "170,000 kW (2016 est.)

note: includes Gaza Strip", + "note": "note: includes Gaza Strip" }, "Electricity - from fossil fuels": { "text": "78% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)" @@ -683,9 +757,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "3.113 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -715,7 +786,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code 970 or 972; 1 international switch in Ramallah" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "the Palestinian Authority operates 1 TV and 1 radio station; about 20 private TV and 40 radio stations; both Jordanian TV and satellite TV are accessible" @@ -738,7 +809,7 @@ "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": { "text": "14 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: includes Gaza Strip

" + "note": "note: includes Gaza Strip" } }, "Transportation": { @@ -768,24 +839,24 @@ "paved": { "text": "4,686 km (2010)" }, - "note": "

note: includes Gaza Strip

" + "note": "note: includes Gaza Strip" } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "per the Oslo Accords, the PA is not permitted a conventional military but maintains security and police forces; PA security personnel have operated almost exclusively in the West Bank since HAMAS seized power in the Gaza Strip in 2007; PA forces include National Security Forces, Presidential Guard, Civil Police, Civil Defense, Preventative Security Organization, the General Intelligence Organization, and the Military Intelligence Organization (2020)" + "text": "per the Oslo Accords, the PA is not permitted a conventional military but maintains security and police forces; PA security personnel have operated almost exclusively in the West Bank since HAMAS seized power in the Gaza Strip in 2007; PA forces include National Security Forces, Presidential Guard, Civil Police, Civil Defense, Preventative Security Service, the General Intelligence Organization, and the Military Intelligence Organization (2020)" }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Palestinian Authority Security Forces have approximately 30,000 active personnel (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Palestinian Authority Security Forces have approximately 30,000 active personnel (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Palestinian Authority Security Forces are armed mostly with small arms and light weapons, although since 2007, they have received limited amounts of heavier equipment from Jordan (armored personnel carriers) and Russia (armored personnel carriers and transport helicopters) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Palestinian Authority Security Forces are armed mostly with small arms and light weapons, although since 2007, they have received limited amounts of heavier equipment from Jordan (armored personnel carriers) and Russia (armored personnel carriers and transport helicopters) (2020)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade; HAMAS; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Kahane Chai; Palestine Islamic Jihad; Palestine Liberation Front; Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade; HAMAS; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Kahane Chai; Palestine Islamic Jihad; Palestine Liberation Front; Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (2019)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/middle-east/ym.json b/middle-east/ym.json index 30ec146f..7362986b 100644 --- a/middle-east/ym.json +++ b/middle-east/ym.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "0 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes Perim, Socotra, the former Yemen Arab Republic (YAR or North Yemen), and the former People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY or South Yemen)

" + "note": "note: includes Perim, Socotra, the former Yemen Arab Republic (YAR or North Yemen), and the former People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY or South Yemen)" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "almost four times the size of Alabama; slightly larger than twice the size of Wyoming" @@ -61,14 +61,14 @@ "text": "narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged mountains; dissected upland desert plains in center slope into the desert interior of the Arabian Peninsula" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "999 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Jabal an Nabi Shu'ayb 3,666 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Arabian Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Jabal an Nabi Shu'ayb 3,666 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "999 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -103,17 +103,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

sandstorms and dust storms in summer

volcanism: limited volcanic activity; Jebel at Tair (Jabal al-Tair, Jebel Teir, Jabal al-Tayr, Jazirat at-Tair) (244 m), which forms an island in the Red Sea, erupted in 2007 after awakening from dormancy; other historically active volcanoes include Harra of Arhab, Harras of Dhamar, Harra es-Sawad, and Jebel Zubair, although many of these have not erupted in over a century

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "limited natural freshwater resources; inadequate supplies of potable water; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location on Bab el Mandeb, the strait linking the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, one of world's most active shipping lanes" } @@ -134,8 +123,8 @@ "text": "predominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asian, European" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Arabic (official)", - "note": "

note: a distinct Socotri language is widely used on Socotra Island and Archipelago; Mahri is still fairly widely spoken in eastern Yemen

" + "text": "Arabic (official)

note: a distinct Socotri language is widely used on Socotra Island and Archipelago; Mahri is still fairly widely spoken in eastern Yemen", + "note": "note: a distinct Socotri language is widely used on Socotra Island and Archipelago; Mahri is still fairly widely spoken in eastern Yemen" }, "Religions": { "text": "Muslim 99.1% (official; virtually all are citizens, an estimated 65% are Sunni and 35% are Shia), other 0.9% (includes Jewish, Baha'i, Hindu, and Christian; many are refugees or temporary foreign residents) (2010 est.)" @@ -199,10 +188,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "37.9% of total population (2020)" + "text": "38.5% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.06% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "3.71% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -232,8 +221,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "21.4 years (2013 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" + "text": "21.4 years (2013 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "164 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -384,6 +373,115 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "limited natural freshwater resources; inadequate supplies of potable water; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "44.96 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "10.61 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "8.03 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "265 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "65 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "3.235 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "2.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "44.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 2.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 41.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "54.5% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.04% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "38.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.71% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever and malaria" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "widespread lack of access": { + "text": "due to conflict, poverty, floods, high food and fuel prices - between January and June 2021, the number of food insecure was projected to increase by nearly 3 million to 16.2 million people; out of these, an estimated 11 million people will likely be in \"Crisis,\" 5 million in \"Emergency,\" and the number of those in \"Catastrophe\" will likely increase to 47,000; internal conflict continues to compromise all economic activities, including agriculture; the conflict is further hampering already constrained livelihood activities and humanitarian access; income earning opportunities have declined due to COVID‑19‑related business disruptions; although no physical shortages of goods are reported, the high prices severely limit households’ access; fuel prices remained over 250% above February 2015 levels; humanitarian funding significantly reduced in 2020 resulting in many operations being scaled down leaving the needs of millions of people unattended (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "4,836,820 tons (2011 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "386,946 tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "8% (2016 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -418,7 +516,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name is reputed to mean \"well-fortified\" in Sabaean, the South Arabian language that went extinct in Yemen in the 6th century A.D." + "note": "etymology: the name is reputed to mean \"well-fortified\" in Sabaean, the South Arabian language that went extinct in Yemen in the 6th century A.D." }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "22 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Abyan, 'Adan (Aden), Ad Dali', Al Bayda', Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf, Al Mahrah, Al Mahwit, Amanat al 'Asimah (Sanaa City), 'Amran, Arkhabil Suqutra (Socotra Archipelago), Dhamar, Hadramawt, Hajjah, Ibb, Lahij, Ma'rib, Raymah, Sa'dah, San'a' (Sanaa), Shabwah, Ta'izz" @@ -500,8 +598,8 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "General People’s Congress or GPC (3 factions: pro-Hadi [Abdrabbi Mansur HADI], pro-Houthi [Sadeq Ameen Abu RAS], pro-Saleh [Ahmed SALEH]
National Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party [Qassem Salam SAID]
Nasserist Unionist People's Organization [Abdulmalik al-MEKHLAFI]
Southern Transitional Council or STC [Aidarus al-ZOUBAIDA]
Yemeni Reform Grouping or Islah [Muhammed Abdallah al-YADUMI]
Yemeni Socialist Party or YSP [Dr. Abd al-Rahman Umar al-SAQQAF]", - "note": "

(" + "text": "General People’s Congress or GPC (3 factions: pro-Hadi [Abdrabbi Mansur HADI], pro-Houthi [Sadeq Ameen Abu RAS], pro-Saleh [Ahmed SALEH]
National Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party [Qassem Salam SAID]
Nasserist Unionist People's Organization [Abdulmalik al-MEKHLAFI]
Southern Transitional Council or STC [Aidarus al-ZOUBAIDA]
Yemeni Reform Grouping or Islah [Muhammed Abdallah al-YADUMI]
Yemeni Socialist Party or YSP [Dr. Abd al-Rahman Umar al-SAQQAF]

(", + "note": "(" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "AFESD, AMF, CAEU, CD, EITI (temporarily suspended), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" @@ -538,8 +636,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white)", - "note": "

note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the white band, and of Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt, which has a heraldic eagle centered in the white band

" + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white)

note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the white band, and of Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt, which has a heraldic eagle centered in the white band", + "note": "note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the white band, and of Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt, which has a heraldic eagle centered in the white band" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "golden eagle; national colors: red, white, black" @@ -551,7 +649,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Abdullah Abdulwahab NOA'MAN/Ayyoab Tarish ABSI" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1990; the music first served as the anthem for South Yemen before unification with North Yemen in 1990

" + "note": "note: adopted 1990; the music first served as the anthem for South Yemen before unification with North Yemen in 1990" } }, "Economy": { @@ -587,7 +685,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015": { "text": "$90.63 billion (2015 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$54.356 billion (2018 est.)" @@ -602,7 +700,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2015": { "text": "$3,200 (2015 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -647,8 +745,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "0.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "31.8 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "76.8 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "0 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "48.5 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -675,7 +782,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "54% (2014 est.)" + "text": "48.6% (2014 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": { @@ -735,10 +842,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Egypt 29.4%, Thailand 16.7%, Belarus 13.5%, Oman 10.5%, UAE 6.5%, Saudi Arabia 5% (2017)" + "text": "China 53%, Saudi Arabia 10%, United Arab Emirates 7%, Australia 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "crude oil, coffee, dried and salted fish, liquefied natural gas" + "text": "crude petroleum, gold, fish, industrial chemical liquids, scrap iron (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -749,10 +856,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "UAE 12.2%, China 12.1%, Turkey 8.7%, Brazil 7.3%, Saudi Arabia 6.5%, Argentina 5.5%, India 4.7% (2017)" + "text": "China 25%, Turkey 10%, United Arab Emirates 9%, Saudi Arabia 8%, India 7% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "food and live animals, machinery and equipment, chemicals" + "text": "wheat, refined petroleum, iron, rice, cars (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -868,9 +975,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "478.5 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "13.68 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -900,7 +1004,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 967; landing points for the FALCON, SeaMeWe-5, Aden-Djibouti, and the AAE-1 international submarine cable connecting Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia and Southeast Asia; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 2 Arabsat; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and Djibouti (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-run TV with 2 stations; state-run radio with 2 national radio stations and 5 local stations; stations from Oman and Saudi Arabia can be accessed" @@ -941,7 +1045,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "7O (2016)" + "text": "7O" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1015,40 +1119,44 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Land Forces (includes seven Military Regional Commands, supported by Strategic Reserve Forces), Naval and Coastal Defense Forces (includes naval infantry/marines and Coast Guard), Air and Air Defense Force (although it still exists in name, in practice many of the officers and soldiers in this branch have been distributed to other military branches and jobs), Border Guards, Strategic Reserve Forces (supports the Land Forces at the discretion of the Armed Forces Commander-in-Chief; includes a Missile Group, Presidential Protection Brigades, and Special Operations Forces) (2018)" + "text": "Government forces are organized as the Yemeni National Army (YNA); the YNA is supported by a variety of ethnically-based and tribal militias

prior to the civil war, Yemen's armed forces consisted of Land Forces, Air/Air Defense Forces, Naval Forces/Coastal Defense, Border Guards, and a Strategic Reserve (Presidential Protective Forces, Missile Defense Command, Special Operations Command) (2020)

note: by some estimates, up to 70 percent of Yemen's military, police, and paramilitary forces joined the Houthi-Saleh alliance at the beginning of the civil war in 2014", + "note": "note: by some estimates, up to 70 percent of Yemen's military, police, and paramilitary forces joined the Houthi-Saleh alliance at the beginning of the civil war in 2014" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2014": { - "text": "3.98% of GDP (2014)" + "text": "4.3% of GDP (2014)" }, "Military Expenditures 2013": { - "text": "4.08% of GDP (2013)" + "text": "4.3% of GDP (2013)" }, "Military Expenditures 2012": { - "text": "4.57% of GDP (2012)" + "text": "4.7% of GDP (2012)" }, "Military Expenditures 2011": { - "text": "4.19% of GDP (2011)" + "text": "5% of GDP (2011)" }, - "note": "

note - no reliable information exists following the start of renewed conflict in 2015

" + "Military Expenditures 2010": { + "text": "4.8% of GDP (2010)" + }, + "note": "note - no reliable information exists following the start of renewed conflict in 2015" }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "N/A; note: prior to the civil war, Yemeni Government armed forces had approximately 70,000 active personnel, including about 60,000 Army (2019 est.)" + "text": "N/A; note: prior to the civil war, Yemeni Government armed forces had approximately 70,000 active personnel (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of the Yemeni Government forces consists primarily of Russian and Soviet-era equipment, although much of it has been lost in the current conflict; since 2010, it has received limited amounts of equipment from a variety of countries, including Belarus, Czechia, Jordan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, UAE, Ukraine, and the US (2019 est.)" + "text": "the inventory of the Yemeni Government forces consists primarily of Russian and Soviet-era equipment, although much of it has been lost in the current conflict; since the start of the civil war in 2014, it has received limited amounts of donated equipment from some Gulf States, including Saudi Arabia and UAE (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription; 2-year service obligation (2018)" + "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2001; 2-year service obligation (note - limited information since the start of the civil war) (2019)" }, "Maritime threats": { - "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports offshore waters in the Gulf of Aden are high risk for piracy; numerous vessels, including commercial shipping and pleasure craft, have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; crew, passengers, and cargo have been held for ransom; the presence of several naval task forces in the Gulf of Aden and additional anti-piracy measures on the part of ship operators reduced the incidence of piracy in that body of water; one attack was reported in 2016 while three ships reported being fired upon in 2017" + "text": "

the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued Maritime Advisory 2020-017 (Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, and Indian Ocean-Violence Due to Regional Conflict and Piracy) effective 14 December 2020, which states in part the \"Conflict in Yemen continues to pose potential risk to US flagged commercial vessels transiting the southern Red Sea, Bab al Mandeb Strait, and Gulf of Aden. Threats may come from a variety of different sources including, but not limited to, missiles, rockets, projectiles, mines, small arms, unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned surface vessels, or waterborne improvised explosive devices. These threat vectors continue to pose a direct or collateral risk to US flagged commercial vessels operating in the region. Additionally, piracy poses a threat in the Gulf of Aden, Western Arabian Sea, and Western Indian Ocean.\"

" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Yemen; al-Qa'ida in the Arabian Peninsula (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Yemen; al-Qa'ida in the Arabian Peninsula (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1057,10 +1165,10 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "14,638 (Ethiopia) (2019); 151,155 (Somalia) (2020)" + "text": "111,970 (Somalia), 16,051 (Ethiopia) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { - "text": "3,635,000 (conflict in Sa'ada Governorate; clashes between al-Qa'ida in the Arabian Peninsula and government forces) (2019)" + "text": "4,002,012 (conflict in Sa'ada Governorate; clashes between al-Qa'ida in the Arabian Peninsula and government forces) (2020)" } }, "Trafficking in persons": { diff --git a/north-america/bd.json b/north-america/bd.json index 910e09ac..7a3f2655 100644 --- a/north-america/bd.json +++ b/north-america/bd.json @@ -40,6 +40,9 @@ "territorial sea": { "text": "12 nm" }, + "exclusive economic zone": { + "text": "200 nm" + }, "exclusive fishing zone": { "text": "200 nm" } @@ -51,11 +54,11 @@ "text": "low hills separated by fertile depressions" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Town Hill 79 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -90,9 +93,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "hurricanes (June to November)" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "dense population and heavy vehicle traffic create serious congestion and air pollution problems; water resources scarce (most obtained as rainwater or from wells); solid waste disposal; hazardous waste disposal; sewage disposal; overfishing; oil spills" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "consists of about 138 coral islands and islets with ample rainfall, but no rivers or freshwater lakes; some land was leased by the US Government from 1941 to 1995" } @@ -163,10 +163,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "100% of total population (2020)" + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-0.44% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "-0.2% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -277,6 +277,58 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "dense population and heavy vehicle traffic create serious congestion and air pollution problems; water resources scarce (most obtained as rainwater or from wells); solid waste disposal; hazardous waste disposal; sewage disposal; overfishing; oil spills" + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.61 megatons (2016 est.)" + } + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "14.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 14.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "20% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "65.2% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "-0.2% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "82,000 tons (2012 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "1,640 tons (2012 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "2% (2012 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -311,7 +363,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November" }, - "note": "

etymology: named after Henry HAMILTON (ca. 1734-1796) who served as governor of Bermuda from 1788-1794" + "note": "etymology: named after Henry HAMILTON (ca. 1734-1796) who served as governor of Bermuda from 1788-1794" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "9 parishes and 2 municipalities*; Devonshire, Hamilton, Hamilton*, Paget, Pembroke, Saint George*, Saint George's, Sandys, Smith's, Southampton, Warwick" @@ -419,8 +471,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "red, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Bermudian coat of arms (a white shield with a red lion standing on a green grassy field holding a scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea Venture off Bermuda in 1609) centered on the outer half of the flag; it was the shipwreck of the vessel, filled with English colonists originally bound for Virginia, that led to the settling of Bermuda", - "note": "

note: the flag is unusual in that it is only British overseas territory that uses a red ensign, all others use blue

" + "text": "red, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Bermudian coat of arms (a white shield with a red lion standing on a green grassy field holding a scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea Venture off Bermuda in 1609) centered on the outer half of the flag; it was the shipwreck of the vessel, filled with English colonists originally bound for Virginia, that led to the settling of Bermuda

note: the flag is unusual in that it is only British overseas territory that uses a red ensign, all others use blue", + "note": "note: the flag is unusual in that it is only British overseas territory that uses a red ensign, all others use blue" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "red lion" @@ -432,7 +484,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Bette JOHNS" }, - "note": "

note: serves as a local anthem; as a territory of the United Kingdom, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)

" + "note": "note: serves as a local anthem; as a territory of the United Kingdom, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -628,10 +680,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 72.1%, South Korea 9.7%, Canada 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "United States 44%, South Korea 17%, Germany 10%, Canada 8% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "clothing, fuels, machinery and transport equipment, construction materials, chemicals, food and live animals" + "text": "ships, refined petroleum, postage stamps, recreational boats, aircraft (2019)" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 2017": { @@ -693,8 +745,8 @@ "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)" }, "Electricity - from other renewable sources": { - "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: the Tynes Bay Waste Treatment Facility turns waste to electric energy

" + "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

note: the Tynes Bay Waste Treatment Facility turns waste to electric energy", + "note": "note: the Tynes Bay Waste Treatment Facility turns waste to electric energy" }, "Crude oil - production": { "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)" @@ -734,9 +786,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "793,700 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -766,7 +815,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 1-441; landing points for the GlobeNet, Gemini Bermuda, CBUS, and the CB-1 submarine cables to the Caribbean, South America and the US; satellite earth stations - 3 (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "3 TV stations; cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; roughly 13 radio stations operating" @@ -785,7 +834,7 @@ }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "VP-B (2016)" + "text": "VP-B" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -807,7 +856,7 @@ "paved": { "text": "447 km (2010)" }, - "note": "

note: 225 km public roads; 222 km private roads

" + "note": "note: 225 km public roads; 222 km private roads" }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { @@ -825,16 +874,17 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Royal Bermuda Regiment (2021)" + "text": "Royal Bermuda Regiment; Bermuda Police Service (2021)

note - the Royal Bermuda Regiment is a reserve multi-role battalion that carries out two primary functions – providing military aid to civil authorities and humanitarian and disaster relief", + "note": "note - the Royal Bermuda Regiment is a reserve multi-role battalion that carries out two primary functions – providing military aid to civil authorities and humanitarian and disaster relief" }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Royal Bermuda Regiment has 340 troops (2021)" + "text": "the Royal Bermuda Regiment has about 350 troops (2021)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the Regiment is equipped with small arms" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-45 years of age for voluntary male or female enlistment in the Bermuda Regiment; males must register at age 18 and may be subject to conscription; term of service is 38 months for volunteers or conscripts (2012)" + "text": "females and males who are Commonwealth citizens and 18-45 years of age for voluntary enlistment in the Bermuda Regiment; service is for a minimum period of three years and two months from the date of enlistment; service can be extended only by volunteering or an executive order from the Governor; annual training commitment is about 30 days a year, which includes a two-week camp, weekends, and drill nights (2021)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "defense is the responsibility of the UK" diff --git a/north-america/ca.json b/north-america/ca.json index 949b9ade..7497a376 100644 --- a/north-america/ca.json +++ b/north-america/ca.json @@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ "border countries": { "text": "US 8893 km (includes 2477 km with Alaska)" }, - "note": "

note: Canada is the world's largest country that borders only one country

" + "note": "note: Canada is the world's largest country that borders only one country" }, "Coastline": { - "text": "202,080 km", - "note": "

note: the Canadian Arctic Archipelago - consisting of 36,563 islands, several of them some of the world's largest - contributes to Canada easily having the longest coastline in the world

" + "text": "202,080 km

note: the Canadian Arctic Archipelago - consisting of 36,563 islands, several of them some of the world's largest - contributes to Canada easily having the longest coastline in the world", + "note": "note: the Canadian Arctic Archipelago - consisting of 36,563 islands, several of them some of the world's largest - contributes to Canada easily having the longest coastline in the world" }, "Maritime claims": { "territorial sea": { @@ -62,18 +62,18 @@ "text": "mostly plains with mountains in west, lowlands in southeast" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "487 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mount Logan 5,959 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic/Pacific/Arctic Oceans 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mount Logan 5,959 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "487 m" } }, "Natural resources": { - "text": "bauxite, iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower" + "text": "bauxite, iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, uranium, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { @@ -104,17 +104,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains

volcanism: the vast majority of volcanoes in Western Canada's Coast Mountains remain dormant

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "metal smelting, coal-burning utilities, and vehicle emissions impacting agricultural and forest productivity; air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting lakes and damaging forests; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Marine Life Conservation" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: second-largest country in world (after Russia) and largest in the Americas; strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route; approximately 90% of the population is concentrated within 160 km (100 mi) of the US border

note 2: Canada has more fresh water than any other country and almost 9% of Canadian territory is water; Canada has at least 2 million and possibly over 3 million lakes - that is more than all other countries combined

" } @@ -132,8 +121,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Canadian 32.3%, English 18.3%, Scottish 13.9%, French 13.6%, Irish 13.4%, German 9.6%, Chinese 5.1%, Italian 4.6%, North American Indian 4.4%, East Indian 4%, other 51.6% (2016 est.)", - "note": "

note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic origin

" + "text": "Canadian 32.3%, English 18.3%, Scottish 13.9%, French 13.6%, Irish 13.4%, German 9.6%, Chinese 5.1%, Italian 4.6%, North American Indian 4.4%, East Indian 4%, other 51.6% (2016 est.)

note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic origin", + "note": "note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic origin" }, "Languages": { "text": "English (official) 58.7%, French (official) 22%, Punjabi 1.4%, Italian 1.3%, Spanish 1.3%, German 1.3%, Cantonese 1.2%, Tagalog 1.2%, Arabic 1.1%, other 10.5% (2011 est.)" @@ -200,10 +189,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "81.6% of total population (2020)" + "text": "81.7% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.97% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.95% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -340,13 +329,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "11.1%" + "text": "20.2%" }, "male": { - "text": "12.5%" + "text": "20.9%" }, "female": { - "text": "9.6% (2018 est.)" + "text": "19.4% (2020 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "metal smelting, coal-burning utilities, and vehicle emissions impacting agricultural and forest productivity; air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting lakes and damaging forests; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Marine Life Conservation" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "6.48 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "544.89 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "101.82 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "4.888 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "28.07 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "2.639 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "2.902 trillion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "6.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 4.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 1.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "34.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "59.1% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.08% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.08% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "81.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.95% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "25,103,034 tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "5,168,715 tons (2008 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "20.6% (2008 est.)" } } }, @@ -378,7 +457,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November" }, - "note": "

note: Canada has six time zones

etymology: the city lies on the south bank of the Ottawa River, from which it derives its name; the river name comes from the Algonquin word \"adawe\" meaning \"to trade\" and refers to the indigenous peoples who used the river as a trade highway


" + "note": "note: Canada has six time zones

etymology: the city lies on the south bank of the Ottawa River, from which it derives its name; the river name comes from the Algonquin word \"adawe\" meaning \"to trade\" and refers to the indigenous peoples who used the river as a trade highway


" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "10 provinces and 3 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Nunavut*, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon*" @@ -433,7 +512,7 @@ "elections/appointments": { "text": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a 5-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Commons generally designated prime minister by the governor general" }, - "note": "

note: the governor general position is largely ceremonial; Julie PAYETTE, Canada's fourth female governor general, resigned on 21 January 2021; Richard WAGNER, chief justice of the Supreme Court, will be Acting Governor General in the interim

" + "note": "note: the governor general position is largely ceremonial; Julie PAYETTE, Canada's fourth female governor general, resigned on 21 January 2021; Richard WAGNER, chief justice of the Supreme Court, will be Acting Governor General in the interim" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { @@ -458,7 +537,7 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Bloc Quebecois [Mario BEAULIEU]
Conservative Party of Canada or CPC [Erin O'TOOLE]
Green Party [Annamie PAUL]
Liberal Party [Justin TRUDEAU]
New Democratic Party or NDP [Jagmeet SINGH]
People's Party of Canada [Maxime BERNIER]" + "text": "Bloc Quebecois [Yves-Francois BLANCHET]
Conservative Party of Canada or CPC [Erin O'TOOLE]
Green Party [Annamie PAUL]
Liberal Party [Justin TRUDEAU]
New Democratic Party or NDP [Jagmeet SINGH]
People's Party of Canada [Maxime BERNIER]" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CDB, CE (observer), EAPC, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAFTA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" @@ -519,7 +598,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Adolphe-Basile ROUTHIER [French], Robert Stanley WEIR [English]/Calixa LAVALLEE" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1980; originally written in 1880, \"O Canada\" served as an unofficial anthem many years before its official adoption; the anthem has French and English versions whose lyrics differ; as a Commonwealth realm, in addition to the national anthem, \"God Save the Queen\" serves as the royal anthem (see United Kingdom)

" + "note": "note: adopted 1980; originally written in 1880, \"O Canada\" served as an unofficial anthem many years before its official adoption; the anthem has French and English versions whose lyrics differ; as a Commonwealth realm, in addition to the national anthem, \"God Save the Queen\" serves as the royal anthem (see United Kingdom)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -569,7 +648,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$1,777,241,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$1,741,865,000,000 (2019 est.)" @@ -584,7 +663,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$48,634 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -629,8 +708,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "79.6 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "98.2 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "88.4 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "57.1 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -671,8 +759,8 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "9.4% (2008 est.)", - "note": "

note: this figure is the Low Income Cut-Off, a calculation that results in higher figures than found in many comparable economies; Canada does not have an official poverty line

" + "text": "9.4% (2008 est.)

note: this figure is the Low Income Cut-Off, a calculation that results in higher figures than found in many comparable economies; Canada does not have an official poverty line", + "note": "note: this figure is the Low Income Cut-Off, a calculation that results in higher figures than found in many comparable economies; Canada does not have an official poverty line" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -711,7 +799,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "91.1% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: figures are for gross general government debt, as opposed to net federal debt; gross general government debt includes both intragovernmental debt and the debt of public entities at the sub-national level

" + "note": "note: figures are for gross general government debt, as opposed to net federal debt; gross general government debt includes both intragovernmental debt and the debt of public entities at the sub-national level" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "1 April - 31 March" @@ -736,10 +824,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 76.4%, China 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "US 73% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "motor vehicles and parts, industrial machinery, aircraft, telecommunications equipment; chemicals, plastics, fertilizers; wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, natural gas, electricity, aluminum" + "text": "crude petroleum, cars and vehicle parts, gold, refined petroleum, natural gas (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -753,10 +841,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 51.5%, China 12.6%, Mexico 6.3% (2017)" + "text": "US 57%, China 11%, Mexico 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, crude oil, chemicals, electricity, durable consumer goods" + "text": "cars and vehicle parts, delivery trucks, crude petroleum, refined petroleum (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -866,9 +954,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "2.056 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "640.6 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -898,7 +983,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 1; landing points for the Nunavut Undersea Fiber Optic Network System, Greenland Connect, Persona, GTT Atlantic, and Express, KetchCan 1 Submarine Fiber Cable system, St Pierre and Miquelon Cable submarine cables providing links to the US and Europe; satellite earth stations - 7 (5 Intelsat - 4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean, and 2 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocean region) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "2 public TV broadcasting networks, 1 in English and 1 in French, each with a large number of network affiliates; several private-commercial networks also with multiple network affiliates; overall, about 150 TV stations; multi-channel satellite and cable systems provide access to a wide range of stations including US stations; mix of public and commercial radio broadcasters with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the public radio broadcaster, operating 4 radio networks, Radio Canada International, and radio services to indigenous populations in the north; roughly 1,119 licensed radio stations (2016)" @@ -939,7 +1024,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "C (2016)" + "text": "C" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1035,20 +1120,20 @@ "dry bulk cargo port(s)": { "text": "Port-Cartier (iron ore and grain)," }, - "note": "

Fraser River Port (Fraser) Hamilton (Lake Ontario)" + "note": "Fraser River Port (Fraser) Hamilton (Lake Ontario)" } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Canadian Forces: Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force, Canadian Joint Operations Command, Canadian Special Operations Forces Command; Primary Reserve (army, air, naval reserves); Coast Guard (Department of Fisheries and Oceans) (2021)", - "note": "

note: the Army reserves include the Canadian Rangers, which provides a limited presence in Canada's northern, coastal, and isolated areas for sovereignty, public safety, and surveillance roles" + "text": "Canadian Forces: Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force, Canadian Joint Operations Command, Canadian Special Operations Forces Command; Primary Reserve (army, air, naval reserves); Coast Guard (Department of Fisheries and Oceans) (2021)

note: the Army reserves include the Canadian Rangers, which provides a limited presence in Canada's northern, coastal, and isolated areas for sovereignty, public safety, and surveillance roles", + "note": "note: the Army reserves include the Canadian Rangers, which provides a limited presence in Canada's northern, coastal, and isolated areas for sovereignty, public safety, and surveillance roles" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "1.45% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "1.42% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { - "text": "1.3% of GDP (2019)" + "text": "1.29% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { "text": "1.31% of GDP (2018)" @@ -1061,22 +1146,22 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Canadian Armed Forces have approximately 66,000 total active personnel (23,000 Army; 8,000 Navy; 12,000 Air Force; 23,000 other uniformed personnel) (2020 est.)" + "text": "the Canadian Armed Forces have approximately 66,000 total active personnel (23,000 Army; 8,000 Navy; 12,000 Air Force; 23,000 other uniformed personnel) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the CAF's inventory is a mix of domestically-produced equipment and imported weapons systems from Australia, Europe, Israel, and the US; since 2010, the leading supplier is the US; Canada's defense industry develops, maintains, and produces a range of equipment, including aircraft, combat vehicles, naval vessels, and associated components (2019 est.)" + "text": "the CAF's inventory is a mix of domestically-produced equipment and imported weapons systems from Australia, Europe, Israel, and the US; since 2010, the leading supplier by far is the US; Canada's defense industry develops, maintains, and produces a range of equipment, including aircraft, combat vehicles, naval vessels, and associated components (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "540 Latvia (NATO); up to 200 Ukraine; up to 850 Middle East (multiple missions, including support to the Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS and NATO assistance mission Iraq; reduced considerably in 2020 because of COVID 19) (2020)" + "text": "540 Latvia (NATO); up to 200 Ukraine; up to 850 Middle East (multiple missions, including support to the Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS and NATO assistance mission Iraq) (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "17 years of age for voluntary male and female military service (with parental consent); 16 years of age for Reserve and Military College applicants; Canadian citizenship or permanent residence status required; maximum 34 years of age; service obligation 3-9 years (2012)" + "text": "17 years of age for voluntary male and female military service (with parental consent); 16 years of age for Reserve and Military College applicants; Canadian citizenship or permanent residence status required; maximum 34 years of age; service obligation 3-9 years (2021)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) (2019)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/north-america/gl.json b/north-america/gl.json index 44c893b9..1f5b330a 100644 --- a/north-america/gl.json +++ b/north-america/gl.json @@ -51,14 +51,14 @@ "text": "flat to gradually sloping icecap covers all but a narrow, mountainous, barren, rocky coast" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,792 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Gunnbjorn Fjeld 3,694 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Gunnbjorn Fjeld 3,694 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,792 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -93,9 +93,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "continuous permafrost over northern two-thirds of the island" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "especially vulnerable to climate change and disruption of the Arctic environment; preservation of the Inuit traditional way of life, including whaling and seal hunting" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "dominates North Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe; sparse population confined to small settlements along coast; close to one-quarter of the population lives in the capital, Nuuk; world's second largest ice sheet after that of Antarctica covering an area of 1.71 million sq km (660,000 sq mi) or about 79% of the island, and containing 2.85 million cu km (684 thousand cu mi) of ice (this is almost 7% of all of the world's fresh water); if all this ice were converted to liquid water, one estimate is that it would be sufficient to raise the height of the world's oceans by 7.2 m (24 ft)" } @@ -113,8 +110,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Greenlandic 89.5%, Danish 7.5%, other Nordic peoples 1.1%, and other 1.9% (2020 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent population by country of birth" + "text": "Greenlandic 89.5%, Danish 7.5%, other Nordic peoples 1.1%, and other 1.9% (2020 est.)

note: data represent population by country of birth", + "note": "note: data represent population by country of birth" }, "Languages": { "text": "Greenlandic (West Greenlandic or Kalaallisut is the official language), Danish, English" @@ -167,10 +164,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "87.3% of total population (2020)" + "text": "87.5% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.42% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -297,6 +294,62 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "especially vulnerable to climate change and disruption of the Arctic environment; preservation of the Inuit traditional way of life, including whaling and seal hunting" + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "0.51 megatons (2016 est.)" + } + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "0.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "99.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "87.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "50,000 tons (2010 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -311,7 +364,7 @@ "local short form": { "text": "Kalaallit Nunaat" }, - "note": "

note: named by Norwegian adventurer Erik THORVALDSSON (Erik the Red) in A.D. 985 in order to entice settlers to the island

" + "note": "note: named by Norwegian adventurer Erik THORVALDSSON (Erik the Red) in A.D. 985 in order to entice settlers to the island" }, "Dependency status": { "text": "part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark since 1979" @@ -332,11 +385,11 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

note: Greenland has four time zones

etymology: \"nuuk\" is the Inuit word for \"cape\" and refers to the city's position at the end of the Nuup Kangerlua fjord

" + "note": "note: Greenland has four time zones

etymology: \"nuuk\" is the Inuit word for \"cape\" and refers to the city's position at the end of the Nuup Kangerlua fjord" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "5 municipalities (kommuner, singular kommune); Avannaata, Kujalleq, Qeqertalik, Qeqqata, Sermersooq", - "note": "

note: Northeast Greenland National Park (Kalaallit Nunaanni Nuna Eqqissisimatitaq) and the Thule Air Base in Pituffik (in northwest Greenland) are two unincorporated areas; the national park's 972,000 sq km - about 46% of the island - makes it the largest national park in the world and also the most northerly

" + "text": "5 municipalities (kommuner, singular kommune); Avannaata, Kujalleq, Qeqertalik, Qeqqata, Sermersooq

note: Northeast Greenland National Park (Kalaallit Nunaanni Nuna Eqqissisimatitaq) and the Thule Air Base in Pituffik (in northwest Greenland) are two unincorporated areas; the national park's 972,000 sq km - about 46% of the island - makes it the largest national park in the world and also the most northerly", + "note": "note: Northeast Greenland National Park (Kalaallit Nunaanni Nuna Eqqissisimatitaq) and the Thule Air Base in Pituffik (in northwest Greenland) are two unincorporated areas; the national park's 972,000 sq km - about 46% of the island - makes it the largest national park in the world and also the most northerly" }, "Independence": { "text": "none (extensive self-rule as part of the Kingdom of Denmark; foreign affairs is the responsibility of Denmark, but Greenland actively participates in international agreements relating to Greenland)" @@ -346,7 +399,7 @@ }, "Constitution": { "history": { - "text": "previous 1953 (Greenland established as a constituency in the Danish constitution), 1979 (Greenland Home Rule Act); latest 21 June 2009 (Greenland Self-Government Act)" + "text": "previous 1953 (Greenland established as a constituency in the Danish constitution), 1979 (Greenland Home Rule Act); latest 21 June 2009 (Greenland Self-Government Act) (2021)" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -363,7 +416,7 @@ "text": "Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Mikaela ENGELL (since April 2011)" }, "head of government": { - "text": "Premier Kim KIELSEN (since 30 September 2014)" + "text": "Premier Mute B. EGEDE (since 23 April 2021)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Self-rule Government (Naalakkersuisut) elected by the Parliament (Inatsisartut) on the basis of the strength of parties" @@ -377,13 +430,13 @@ }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { - "text": "unicameral Parliament or Inatsisartut (31 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)
Greenland elects 2 members to the Danish Parliament to serve 4-year terms" + "text": "unicameral Parliament or Inatsisartut (31 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by party-list proportional representation vote  - using the d'Hondt method - to serve 4-year terms)
Greenland elects 2 members to the Danish Parliament to serve 4-year terms" }, "elections": { - "text": "Greenland Parliament - last held on 24 April 2018 (next - a snap election - to be held on 6 April 2021)
Greenland members to Danish Parliament -  last held on 5 June 2019 (next to be held by 4 June 2023)" + "text": "Greenland Parliament - last held on 6 April 2021 (next to be held in 2025)
Greenland members to Danish Parliament - last held on 5 June 2019 (next to be held by 4 June 2023)" }, "election results": { - "text": "Greenland Parliament percent of vote by party - S 27.2%, IA 25.5%, D 19.5%, PN 13.4%, A 5.9%, SA 4.1%, NQ 3.4% other 1%; seats by party - S 9, IA 8, D 6, PN 4, A 2, SA 1, NQ 1; composition - men 19, women 12, percent of women 38.7%

Greenland members in Danish Parliament - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - IA 1, S 1; composition - 2 women" + "text": "Greenland Parliament percent of vote by party - IA 37.4%, S 30.1%, PN 12.3%, D 9.3%, A 7.1%, other 3.8%; seats by party - IA 12, S 10, PN 4, D 3, A 2; composition - men 21, women 10, percent of women 32.2%

Greenland members in Danish Parliament - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - IA 1, S 1; composition - 2 women" } }, "Judicial branch": { @@ -398,7 +451,7 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Cooperation Party (Suleqatigiissitsisut or Samarbejdspartiet) or SA [Michael ROSING]
Democrats Party (Demokraatit) or D [Niels THOMSEN]
Forward Party (Siumut) or S [Kim KIELSEN]
Inuit Community (Inuit Ataqatigiit) or IA [Sara OLSVIG]
Our Country's Future (Nunatta Qitornai) or NQ [Vittus QUJAUKITSOQ]
Signpost Party (Partii Naleraq) or PN [Hans ENOKSEN]
Fellowship Party (Atassut) or A [Siverth Karl HEILMANN]" + "text": "Democrats Party (Demokraatit) or D [Jens Frederik NIELSEN]
Forward Party (Siumut) or S [Erik JENSEN]
Inuit Community (Inuit Ataqatigiit) or IA [Mute Bourup EGEDE]
Signpost Party (Partii Naleraq) or PN [Hans ENOKSEN]
Fellowship Party (Atassut) or A [Aqqalu JERIMIASSEN]" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "Arctic Council, ICC, NC, NIB, UPU" @@ -426,7 +479,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Henrik LUND/Jonathan PETERSEN" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1916; the government also recognizes \"Nuna asiilasooq\" as a secondary anthem

" + "note": "note: adopted 1916; the government also recognizes \"Nuna asiilasooq\" as a secondary anthem" } }, "Economy": { @@ -462,7 +515,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2013": { "text": "$2.203 billion (2013 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2015 US dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2015 US dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$2.221 billion (2015 est.)" @@ -590,10 +643,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Denmark 82.5%, Iceland 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "Denmark 55%, China 22%, Japan 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "fish and fish products 91% (2015 est.)" + "text": "fish, crustaceans, fishing ships (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2015": { @@ -604,10 +657,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Denmark 69.7%, Sweden 10.6% (2017)" + "text": "Denmark 51%, Spain 23%, Sweden 12%, Iceland 7% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, petroleum products" + "text": "fishing ships, refined petroleum, construction vehicles, crustaceans, delivery trucks (2019)" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 2010": { @@ -709,9 +762,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "613,800 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -741,7 +791,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 299; landing points for Greenland Connect, Greenland Connect North, Nunavut Undersea Fiber System submarine cables to Greenland, Iceland, and Canada; satellite earth stations - 15 (12 Intelsat, 1 Eutelsat, 2 Americom GE-2 (all Atlantic Ocean)) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "the Greenland Broadcasting Company provides public radio and TV services throughout the island with a broadcast station and a series of repeaters; a few private local TV and radio stations; Danish public radio rebroadcasts are available (2019)" @@ -776,7 +826,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "OY-H (2016)" + "text": "OY-H" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -833,10 +883,10 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces or conscription. (2019)" + "text": "no regular military forces or conscription" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "The Danish military’s Joint Arctic Command in Nuuk is responsible for territorial defense of Greenland (2019)" + "text": "the Danish military’s Joint Arctic Command in Nuuk is responsible for the defense of Greenland" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/north-america/ip.json b/north-america/ip.json index 52bf3ffa..af7ea018 100644 --- a/north-america/ip.json +++ b/north-america/ip.json @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ "text": "coral atoll" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Rocher Clipperton 29 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -75,9 +75,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "subject to tropical storms and hurricanes from May to October" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "no natural resources, guano deposits depleted; the ring-shaped atoll encloses a stagnant fresh-water lagoon" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the atoll reef is approximately 12 km (7.5 mi) in circumference; an attempt to colonize the atoll in the early 20th century ended in disaster and was abandoned in 1917" } @@ -87,6 +84,25 @@ "text": "uninhabited" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "no natural resources, guano deposits depleted; the ring-shaped atoll encloses a stagnant fresh-water lagoon" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees Celsius, wet season (May to October)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "100% (2018 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { diff --git a/north-america/mx.json b/north-america/mx.json index 56330e04..c4e36837 100644 --- a/north-america/mx.json +++ b/north-america/mx.json @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "high, rugged mountains; low coastal plains; high plateaus; desert" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,111 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Volcan Pico de Orizaba 5,636 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Laguna Salada -10 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Volcan Pico de Orizaba 5,636 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,111 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,20 +102,8 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

tsunamis along the Pacific coast, volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean coasts

volcanism: volcanic activity in the central-southern part of the country; the volcanoes in Baja California are mostly dormant; Colima (3,850 m), which erupted in 2010, is Mexico's most active volcano and is responsible for causing periodic evacuations of nearby villagers; it has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Popocatepetl (5,426 m) poses a threat to Mexico City; other historically active volcanoes include Barcena, Ceboruco, El Chichon, Michoacan-Guanajuato, Pico de Orizaba, San Martin, Socorro, and Tacana; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\"

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "scarcity of hazardous waste disposal facilities; rural to urban migration; natural freshwater resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in urban areas; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification; deteriorating agricultural lands; serious air and water pollution in the national capital and urban centers along US-Mexico border; land subsidence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater depletion", - "note": "

note: the government considers the lack of clean water and deforestation national security issues

" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { - "text": "

note 1: strategic location on southern border of the US; Mexico is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire

note 2: the \"Three Sisters\" companion plants - winter squash, maize (corn), and climbing beans - served as the main agricultural crops for various North American Indian groups; all three apparently originated in Mexico but then were widely disseminated through much of North America; vanilla, the world's most popular aroma and flavor spice, also emanates from Mexico

note 3: the Sac Actun cave system at 348 km (216 mi) is the longest underwater cave in the world and the second longest cave worldwide, after Mammoth Cave in the United States (see \"Geography - note\" under United States)

note 4: the prominent Yucatan Peninsula that divides the Gulf of Mexico from the Caribbean Sea is shared by Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize; just on the northern coast of Yucatan, near the town of Chicxulub (pronounce cheek-sha-loob), lie the remnants of a massive crater (some 150 km in diameter and extending well out into the Gulf of Mexico); formed by an asteroid or comet when it struck the earth 66 million years ago, the impact is now widely accepted as initiating a worldwide climate disruption that caused a mass extinction of 75% of all the earth's plant and animal species - including the non-avian dinosaurs

" + "text": "

note 1: strategic location on southern border of the US; Mexico is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire

note 2: some of the world's most important food crops were first domesticated in Mexico; the \"Three Sisters\" companion plants - winter squash, maize (corn), and climbing beans - served as the main agricultural crops for various North American Indian groups; all three apparently originated in Mexico but then were widely disseminated through much of North America; avocado, amaranth, and chili peppers also emanate from Mexico, as does vanilla, the world's most popular aroma and flavor spice; although cherry tomatoes originated in Ecuador, their domestication in Mexico transformed them into the larger modern tomato

note 3: the Sac Actun cave system at 348 km (216 mi) is the longest underwater cave in the world and the second longest cave worldwide, after Mammoth Cave in the United States (see \"Geography - note\" under United States)

note 4: the prominent Yucatan Peninsula that divides the Gulf of Mexico from the Caribbean Sea is shared by Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize; just on the northern coast of Yucatan, near the town of Chicxulub (pronounce cheek-sha-loob), lie the remnants of a massive crater (some 150 km in diameter and extending well out into the Gulf of Mexico); formed by an asteroid or comet when it struck the earth 66 million years ago, the impact is now widely accepted as initiating a worldwide climate disruption that caused a mass extinction of 75% of all the earth's plant and animal species - including the non-avian dinosaurs

" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -131,12 +119,12 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 62%, predominantly Amerindian 21%, Amerindian 7%, other 10% (mostly European) (2012 est.)", - "note": "

note: Mexico does not collect census data on ethnicity

" + "text": "Mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 62%, predominantly Amerindian 21%, Amerindian 7%, other 10% (mostly European) (2012 est.)

note: Mexico does not collect census data on ethnicity", + "note": "note: Mexico does not collect census data on ethnicity" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Spanish only 92.7%, Spanish and indigenous languages 5.7%, indigenous only 0.8%, unspecified 0.8% (2005)", - "note": "

note: indigenous languages include various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional languages

" + "text": "Spanish only 92.7%, Spanish and indigenous languages 5.7%, indigenous only 0.8%, unspecified 0.8% (2005)

note: indigenous languages include various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional languages", + "note": "note: indigenous languages include various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional languages" }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 82.7%, Pentecostal 1.6%, Jehovah's Witness 1.4%, other Evangelical Churches 5%, other 1.9%, none 4.7%, unspecified 2.7% (2010 est.)" @@ -200,10 +188,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "80.7% of total population (2020)" + "text": "81% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.59% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -334,13 +322,13 @@ "vectorborne diseases": { "text": "dengue fever" }, - "note": "

note: a new coronavirus is causing sustained community spread of respiratory illness (COVID-19) in Mexico; sustained community spread means that people have been infected with the virus, but how or where they became infected is not known, and the spread is ongoing; illness with this virus has ranged from mild to severe with fatalities reported; as of 24 January 2021, Mexico has reported a total of 1,732,290 cases of COVID-19 or 1,343.6 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 114.5 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population" + "note": "note: a new coronavirus is causing sustained community spread of respiratory illness (COVID-19) in Mexico; sustained community spread means that people have been infected with the virus, but how or where they became infected is not known, and the spread is ongoing; illness with this virus has ranged from mild to severe with fatalities reported; as of 25 April 2021, Mexico has reported a total of 2,323,430 cases of COVID-19 or 1,802.0 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 166.4 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 9.4% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "28.9% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "4.2% (2016)" + "text": "4.7% (2018/19)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "4.5% of GDP (2017)" @@ -372,13 +360,116 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "6.9%" + "text": "7.2%" }, "male": { - "text": "6.5%" + "text": "6.7%" }, "female": { - "text": "7.6% (2018 est.)" + "text": "8% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "scarcity of hazardous waste disposal facilities; rural to urban migration; natural freshwater resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in urban areas; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification; deteriorating agricultural lands; serious air and water pollution in the national capital and urban centers along US-Mexico border; land subsidence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater depletion

note: the government considers the lack of clean water and deforestation national security issues", + "note": "note: the government considers the lack of clean water and deforestation national security issues" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "20.08 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "486.41 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "135.77 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "14.23 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "6.814 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "66.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "461.888 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "varies from tropical to desert" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "54.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 11.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 41.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "33.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "11.8% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.1% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "81% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "intermediate (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever" + }, + "note": "note: a new coronavirus is causing sustained community spread of respiratory illness (COVID-19) in Mexico; sustained community spread means that people have been infected with the virus, but how or where they became infected is not known, and the spread is ongoing; illness with this virus has ranged from mild to severe with fatalities reported; as of 25 April 2021, Mexico has reported a total of 2,323,430 cases of COVID-19 or 1,802.0 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 166.4 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 9.4% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "53.1 million tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "2.655 million tons (2013 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "5% (2013 est.)" } } }, @@ -416,7 +507,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins first Sunday in April; ends last Sunday in October" }, - "note": "

note: Mexico has four time zones

etymology: named after the Mexica, the largest and most powerful branch of the Aztecs; the meaning of the name is uncertain

" + "note": "note: Mexico has four time zones

etymology: named after the Mexica, the largest and most powerful branch of the Aztecs; the meaning of the name is uncertain" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "32 states (estados, singular - estado); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Cuidad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas" @@ -485,7 +576,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "
Senate - percent of vote by party - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MORENA 58, PAN 22, PRI 14, PRD 9, MC 7, PT 7, PES 5, PVEM 5, PNA/PANAL 1; composition - men 65, women 63, percent of women 49.3%
Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MORENA 193, PAN 79, PT 61, PES 58, PRI 42, MC 26, PRD 23, PVEM 17, PNA/PANAL 1; composition - men 259, women 241, percent of women 48.2%; note - total National Congress percent of women 48.4%" }, - "note": "

note: for the 2018 election, senators will be eligible for a second term and deputies up to 4 consecutive terms" + "note": "note: for the 2018 election, senators will be eligible for a second term and deputies up to 4 consecutive terms" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -497,7 +588,7 @@ "subordinate courts": { "text": "federal level includes circuit, collegiate, and unitary courts; state and district level courts" }, - "note": "

Note: in mid-February 2020, the Mexican president endorsed a bill on judicial reform, which proposes changes to 7 articles of the constitution and the issuance of a new Organic Law on the Judicial Branch of the Federation" + "note": "Note: in mid-February 2020, the Mexican president endorsed a bill on judicial reform, which proposes changes to 7 articles of the constitution and the issuance of a new Organic Law on the Judicial Branch of the Federation" }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "Citizen's Movement (Movimiento Ciudadano) or MC [Clemente CASTANEDA]
Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) or PRI [Claudia RUIZ Massieu]
Labor Party (Partido del Trabajo) or PT [Alberto ANAYA Gutierrez]
Mexican Green Ecological Party (Partido Verde Ecologista de Mexico) or PVEM [Carlos Alberto PUENTE Salas]
Movement for National Regeneration (Movimiento Regeneracion Nacional) or MORENA [Andres Manuel LOPEZ Obrador]
National Action Party (Partido Accion Nacional) or PAN [Damian ZEPEDA Vidales]
Party of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revolucion Democratica) or PRD [Manuel GRANADOS]" @@ -507,7 +598,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Martha BARCENA Coqui (since 11 January 2019); note - Ambassador BARCENA Coqui is Mexico'a first-ever female ambassador to the US

 

" + "text": "Ambassador Esteban MOCTEZUMA Barragan (since 20 April 2021)" }, "chancery": { "text": "1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006" @@ -524,11 +615,11 @@ "consulate(s)": { "text": "Albuquerque (NM), Anchorage (AK), Boise (ID), Brownsville (TX), Calexico (CA), Del Rio (TX), Detroit, Douglas (AZ), Eagle Pass (TX), Fresno (CA), Indianapolis (IN), Kansas City (MO), Las Vegas, Little Rock (AR), McAllen (TX), Minneapolis (MN), New Orleans, Omaha (NE), Orlando (FL), Oxnard (CA), Philadelphia, Portland (OR), Presidio (TX), Raleigh (NC), Salt Lake City, San Bernardino (CA), Santa Ana (CA), Seattle, Tucson (AZ), Yuma (AZ); note - Washington DC Consular Section is located in a separate building from the Mexican Embassy and has jurisdiction over DC, parts of Virginia, Maryland, and West Virginia" }, - "note": "

 " + "note": " " }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Christopher LANDAU (since 26 August 2019)" + "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires John S. CREAMER (since 20 January 2021)" }, "telephone": { "text": "(011) [52]-55-5080-2000" @@ -547,8 +638,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; Mexico's coat of arms (an eagle with a snake in its beak perched on a cactus) is centered in the white band; green signifies hope, joy, and love; white represents peace and honesty; red stands for hardiness, bravery, strength, and valor; the coat of arms is derived from a legend that the wandering Aztec people were to settle at a location where they would see an eagle on a cactus eating a snake; the city they founded, Tenochtitlan, is now Mexico City", - "note": "

note: similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter, uses lighter shades of green and red, and does not display anything in its white band

" + "text": "three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; Mexico's coat of arms (an eagle with a snake in its beak perched on a cactus) is centered in the white band; green signifies hope, joy, and love; white represents peace and honesty; red stands for hardiness, bravery, strength, and valor; the coat of arms is derived from a legend that the wandering Aztec people were to settle at a location where they would see an eagle on a cactus eating a snake; the city they founded, Tenochtitlan, is now Mexico City

note: similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter, uses lighter shades of green and red, and does not display anything in its white band", + "note": "note: similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter, uses lighter shades of green and red, and does not display anything in its white band" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "golden eagle; national colors: green, white, red" @@ -560,7 +651,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Francisco Gonzalez BOCANEGRA/Jaime Nuno ROCA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1943, in use since 1854; also known as \"Mexicanos, al grito de Guerra\" (Mexicans, to the War Cry); according to tradition, Francisco Gonzalez BOCANEGRA, an accomplished poet, was uninterested in submitting lyrics to a national anthem contest; his fiancee locked him in a room and refused to release him until the lyrics were completed

" + "note": "note: adopted 1943, in use since 1854; also known as \"Mexicanos, al grito de Guerra\" (Mexicans, to the War Cry); according to tradition, Francisco Gonzalez BOCANEGRA, an accomplished poet, was uninterested in submitting lyrics to a national anthem contest; his fiancee locked him in a room and refused to release him until the lyrics were completed" } }, "Economy": { @@ -610,7 +701,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$2,472,586,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$1,269,956,000,000 (2019 est.)" @@ -625,7 +716,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$19,816 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -670,8 +761,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "72.4 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "86.1 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "82.1 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "67 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -704,11 +804,10 @@ "Unemployment rate 2018": { "text": "3.33% (2018 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: underemployment may be as high as 25%

" + "note": "note: underemployment may be as high as 25%" }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "46.2% (2014 est.)", - "note": "

note: from a food-based definition of poverty; asset-based poverty amounted to more than 47%

" + "text": "41.9% (2018 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -771,10 +870,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 79.9% (2017)" + "text": "United States 75% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "manufactured goods, electronics, vehicles and auto parts, oil and oil products, silver, plastics, fruits, vegetables, coffee, cotton; Mexico is the world's leading producer of silver" + "text": "cars and vehicle parts, computers, delivery trucks, crude petroleum, insulated wiring (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -788,10 +887,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 46.4%, China 17.7%, Japan 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "United States 54%, China 14% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "metalworking machines, steel mill products, agricultural machinery, electrical equipment, automobile parts for assembly and repair, aircraft, aircraft parts, plastics, natural gas and oil products" + "text": "integrated circuits, refined petroleum, cars and vehicle parts, office machinery/parts, telephones (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -800,7 +899,7 @@ "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": { "text": "$178.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: Mexico also maintains access to an $88 million Flexible Credit Line with the IMF

" + "note": "note: Mexico also maintains access to an $88 million Flexible Credit Line with the IMF" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 2019": { @@ -902,9 +1001,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "279.8 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "454.1 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -934,7 +1030,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 52; Columbus-2 fiber-optic submarine cable with access to the US, Virgin Islands, Canary Islands, Spain, and Italy; the ARCOS-1 and the MAYA-1 submarine cable system together provide access to Central America, parts of South America and the Caribbean, and the US; satellite earth stations - 120 (32 Intelsat, 2 Solidaridad (giving Mexico improved access to South America, Central America, and much of the US as well as enhancing domestic communications), 1 Panamsat, numerous Inmarsat mobile earth stations); linked to Central American Microwave System of trunk connections (2016)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable, and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable, and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "telecom reform in 2013 enabled the creation of new broadcast television channels after decades of a quasi-monopoly; Mexico has 821 TV stations and 1,745 radio stations and most are privately owned; the Televisa group once had a virtual monopoly in TV broadcasting, but new broadcasting groups and foreign satellite and cable operators are now available; in 2016, Mexico became the first country in Latin America to complete the transition from analog to digital transmissions, allowing for better image and audio quality and a wider selection of programming from networks" @@ -975,7 +1071,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "XA (2016)" + "text": "XA" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1078,8 +1174,8 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Secretariat of National Defense (Secretaria de Defensa Nacional, SEDENA): Army (Ejercito), Mexican Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Mexicana, FAM); Secretariat of the Navy (Secretaria de Marina, SEMAR): Mexican Navy (Armada de Mexico (ARM), includes Naval Air Force (FAN), Mexican Naval Infantry Corps (Cuerpo de Infanteria de Marina, Mexmar or CIM)); Ministry of Security and Citizen Protection: Federal Police (includes Gendarmerie), National Guard (2020)", - "note": "

note: the National Guard was formed in 2019 and consists of personnel from the Federal Police and military police units of the Army and Navy; while the Guard is part of the civilian-led Ministry of Security and Citizen Protection, the Defense Ministry has day-to-day operational control; in addition, the armed forces provide the commanders and the training" + "text": "Secretariat of National Defense (Secretaria de Defensa Nacional, SEDENA): Army (Ejercito), Mexican Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Mexicana, FAM); Secretariat of the Navy (Secretaria de Marina, SEMAR): Mexican Navy (Armada de Mexico (ARM), includes Naval Air Force (FAN), Mexican Naval Infantry Corps (Cuerpo de Infanteria de Marina, Mexmar or CIM)); Ministry of Security and Citizen Protection: Federal Police (includes Gendarmerie), National Guard (2021)

note: the National Guard was formed in 2019 and consists of personnel from the Federal Police and military police units of the Army and Navy; while the Guard is part of the civilian-led Ministry of Security and Citizen Protection, the Defense Ministry has day-to-day operational control; in addition, the armed forces provide the commanders and the training", + "note": "note: the National Guard was formed in 2019 and consists of personnel from the Federal Police and military police units of the Army and Navy; while the Guard is part of the civilian-led Ministry of Security and Citizen Protection, the Defense Ministry has day-to-day operational control; in addition, the armed forces provide the commanders and the training" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1099,16 +1195,16 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Mexican armed forces have approximately 270,000 active personnel (200,000 Army; 60,000 Navy; 8,000 Air Force); approximately 100,000 National Guard (2020)" + "text": "the Mexican armed forces have approximately 270,000 active personnel (200,000 Army; 60,000 Navy, including about 20,000 naval infantry; 8,000 Air Force); approximately 100,000 National Guard (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Mexican military inventory includes a mix of domestically-produced and imported equipment from a variety of mostly Western suppliers; since 2010, France, Spain, and the US are the leading suppliers of military hardware to Mexico; Mexico's defense industry produces naval vessels and light armored vehicles (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Mexican military inventory includes a mix of domestically-produced and imported equipment from a variety of mostly Western suppliers; since 2010, the US is the leading supplier of military hardware to Mexico; Mexico's defense industry produces naval vessels and light armored vehicles (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for compulsory military service (selection for service determined by lottery), conscript service obligation is 12 months; 16 years of age with consent for voluntary enlistment; cadets enrolled in military schools from the age of 15 are considered members of the armed forces; women are eligible for voluntary military service (2012)" + "text": "18 years of age for compulsory military service for males (selection for service determined by lottery); conscript service obligation is 12 months; conscripts remain in reserve status until the age of 40; 16 years of age with consent for voluntary enlistment; cadets enrolled in military schools from the age of 15 are considered members of the armed forces; women are eligible for voluntary military service (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "

the Mexican military under President LOPEZ OBRADOR has been placed in charge of some infrastructure projects, such as building a new airport for Mexico City and sections of a train line in the country’s southeast; in mid-2020, the armed forces were directed to administer the country’s land and sea ports and customs services in order to fight crime and corruption; the military also runs some 2,700 branches of a state-owned bank

" + "text": "the Mexican military under President LOPEZ OBRADOR has expanded its role in public security duties and other tasks; as of early 2021, Mexican military operations were focused primarily on internal security duties, particularly in countering drug cartels and organized crime groups, as well as border control and immigration enforcement; in addition, the military has been placed in charge of some infrastructure projects, such as building a new airport for Mexico City and sections of a train line in the country’s southeast; in mid-2020, the armed forces were directed to administer the country’s land and sea ports and customs services in order to fight crime and corruption; the military also runs some 2,700 branches of a state-owned bank" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1117,7 +1213,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "9,257 (Honduras) (2019); 73,494 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2020)" + "text": "9,257 (Honduras) (2019); 62,044 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2020)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "345,000 (government's quashing of Zapatista uprising in 1994 in eastern Chiapas Region; drug cartel violence and government's military response since 2007; violence between and within indigenous groups) (2019)" diff --git a/north-america/sb.json b/north-america/sb.json index ec3343e0..d93e807c 100644 --- a/north-america/sb.json +++ b/north-america/sb.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "0 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes eight small islands in the Saint Pierre and the Miquelon groups

" + "note": "note: includes eight small islands in the Saint Pierre and the Miquelon groups" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "one and half times the size of Washington, DC" @@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ "text": "mostly barren rock" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Morne de la Grande Montagne 240 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,9 +91,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "persistent fog throughout the year can be a maritime hazard" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "overfishing; recent test drilling for oil in waters around Saint Pierre and Miquelon may bring future development that would impact the environment" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "vegetation scanty; the islands are actually part of the northern Appalachians along with Newfoundland" } @@ -164,10 +161,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "90% of total population (2020)" + "text": "90% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.36% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.75% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -242,6 +239,42 @@ "text": "NA" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "overfishing; recent test drilling for oil in waters around Saint Pierre and Miquelon may bring future development that would impact the environment" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "cold and wet, with considerable mist and fog; spring and autumn are often windy" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "8.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 8.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "12.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "78.8% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "90% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.75% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -279,7 +312,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November" }, - "note": "

etymology: named after Saint Peter, the patron saint of fisherman" + "note": "etymology: named after Saint Peter, the patron saint of fisherman" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "none (territorial overseas collectivity of France); note - there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 2 communes at the second order - Saint Pierre, Miquelon" @@ -358,8 +391,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "a yellow three-masted sailing ship facing the hoist side rides on a blue background with scattered, white, wavy lines under the ship; a continuous black-over-white wavy line divides the ship from the white wavy lines; on the hoist side, a vertical band is divided into three parts: the top part (called ikkurina) is red with a green diagonal cross extending to the corners overlaid by a white cross dividing the rectangle into four sections; the middle part has a white background with an ermine pattern; the third part has a red background with two stylized yellow lions outlined in black, one above the other; these three heraldic arms represent settlement by colonists from the Basque Country (top), Brittany, and Normandy; the blue on the main portion of the flag symbolizes the Atlantic Ocean and the stylized ship represents the Grande Hermine in which Jacques Cartier \"discovered\" the islands in 1536", - "note": "

note: the flag of France used for official occasions

" + "text": "a yellow three-masted sailing ship facing the hoist side rides on a blue background with scattered, white, wavy lines under the ship; a continuous black-over-white wavy line divides the ship from the white wavy lines; on the hoist side, a vertical band is divided into three parts: the top part (called ikkurina) is red with a green diagonal cross extending to the corners overlaid by a white cross dividing the rectangle into four sections; the middle part has a white background with an ermine pattern; the third part has a red background with two stylized yellow lions outlined in black, one above the other; these three heraldic arms represent settlement by colonists from the Basque Country (top), Brittany, and Normandy; the blue on the main portion of the flag symbolizes the Atlantic Ocean and the stylized ship represents the Grande Hermine in which Jacques Cartier \"discovered\" the islands in 1536

note: the flag of France used for official occasions", + "note": "note: the flag of France used for official occasions" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "16th-century sailing ship" @@ -390,7 +423,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2006": { "text": "$215.3 million (2006 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: supplemented by annual payments from France of about $60 million

" + "note": "note: supplemented by annual payments from France of about $60 million" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$261.3 million (2015 est.)" @@ -481,8 +514,11 @@ "text": "$5.5 million (2005 est.)" } }, + "Exports - partners": { + "text": "Canada 79%, France 8%, Belgium 6% (2019)" + }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "fish and fish products, soybeans, animal feed, mollusks and crustaceans, fox and mink pelts" + "text": "crustaceans, fish, medical instruments, electrical parts, pasta (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2010": { @@ -492,8 +528,11 @@ "text": "$68.2 million (2005 est.)" } }, + "Imports - partners": { + "text": "France 69%, Canada 22% (2019)" + }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "meat, clothing, fuel, electrical equipment, machinery, building materials" + "text": "food preparation, packaged medicines, low-voltage protection equipment, cars, computers, iron structures (2019)" }, "Debt - external": { "text": "

NA

" @@ -585,9 +624,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "100,200 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -609,7 +645,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 508; landing point for the St Pierre and Miquelon Cable connecting Saint Pierre & Miquelon and Canada; radiotelephone communication with most countries in the world; satellite earth station - 1 in French domestic satellite system (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "2 TV stations with a third repeater station, all part of the French Overseas Network; radio stations on St. Pierre and on Miquelon are part of the French Overseas Network" diff --git a/north-america/us.json b/north-america/us.json index d3c75054..64e43006 100644 --- a/north-america/us.json +++ b/north-america/us.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "685,924 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes only the 50 states and District of Columbia, no overseas territories

" + "note": "note: includes only the 50 states and District of Columbia, no overseas territories" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "about half the size of Russia; about three-tenths the size of Africa; about half the size of South America (or slightly larger than Brazil); slightly larger than China; more than twice the size of the European Union" @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ "border countries": { "text": "Canada 8893 km (including 2477 km with Alaska), Mexico 3155 km" }, - "note": "

note: US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba is leased by the US and is part of Cuba; the base boundary is 28.5 km

" + "note": "note: US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba is leased by the US and is part of Cuba; the base boundary is 28.5 km" }, "Coastline": { "text": "19,924 km" @@ -56,26 +56,27 @@ } }, "Climate": { - "text": "mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains", - "note": "

note: many consider Denali, the highest peak in the US, to be the world’s coldest mountain because of its combination of high elevation and its subarctic location at 63 degrees north latitude; permanent snow and ice cover over 75 percent of the mountain, and enormous glaciers, up to 45 miles long and 3,700 feet thick, spider out from its base in every direction; it is home to some of the world’s coldest and most violent weather, where winds of over 150 miles per hour and temperatures of -93˚F have been recorded.  " + "text": "mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains

note: many consider Denali, the highest peak in the US, to be the world’s coldest mountain because of its combination of high elevation and its subarctic location at 63 degrees north latitude; permanent snow and ice cover over 75 percent of the mountain, and enormous glaciers, up to 45 miles long and 3,700 feet thick, spider out from its base in every direction; it is home to some of the world’s coldest and most violent weather, where winds of over 150 miles per hour and temperatures of -93˚F have been recorded.  ", + "note": "note: many consider Denali, the highest peak in the US, to be the world’s coldest mountain because of its combination of high elevation and its subarctic location at 63 degrees north latitude; permanent snow and ice cover over 75 percent of the mountain, and enormous glaciers, up to 45 miles long and 3,700 feet thick, spider out from its base in every direction; it is home to some of the world’s coldest and most violent weather, where winds of over 150 miles per hour and temperatures of -93˚F have been recorded.  " }, "Terrain": { "text": "vast central plain, mountains in west, hills and low mountains in east; rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska; rugged, volcanic topography in Hawaii" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "760 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Denali 6,190 m (Mount McKinley) (highest point in North America)" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Death Valley (lowest point in North America) -86 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Denali 6,190 m (Mount McKinley) (highest point in North America)" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "760 m" }, - "note": "

note: Denali is one of the most striking features on the entire planet; at 20,310 feet, it is the crowning peak of the Alaska Range and the highest mountain on North America; it towers three and one-half vertical miles above its base, making it a mile taller from base to summit than Mt. Everest; Denali's base sits at about 2,000 feet above sea level and rises over three and one-half miles to its 20,310 foot summit; Everest begins on a 14,000-foot high plain, then summits at 29,028 feet.
note: the peak of Mauna Kea (4,207 m above sea level) on the island of Hawaii rises about 10,200 m above the Pacific Ocean floor; by this measurement, it is the world's tallest mountain - higher than Mount Everest (8,850 m), which is recognized as the tallest mountain above sea level" + "note": "note: Denali is one of the most striking features on the entire planet; at 20,310 feet, it is the crowning peak of the Alaska Range and the highest mountain on North America; it towers three and one-half vertical miles above its base, making it a mile taller from base to summit than Mt. Everest; Denali's base sits at about 2,000 feet above sea level and rises over three and one-half miles to its 20,310 foot summit; Everest begins on a 14,000-foot high plain, then summits at 29,028 feet.
note: the peak of Mauna Kea (4,207 m above sea level) on the island of Hawaii rises about 10,200 m above the Pacific Ocean floor; by this measurement, it is the world's tallest mountain - higher than Mount Everest (8,850 m), which is recognized as the tallest mountain above sea level" }, "Natural resources": { - "text": "coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, rare earth elements, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, petroleum, natural gas, timber, arable land, note, the US has the world's largest coal reserves with 491 billion short tons accounting for 27% of the world's total" + "text": "coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, rare earth elements, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, petroleum, natural gas, timber, arable land;

note 1: the US has the world's largest coal reserves with 491 billion short tons accounting for 27% of the world's total

note 2: the US is reliant on foreign imports for 100% of its needs for the following strategic resources - Arsenic, Cesium, Fluorspar, Gallium, Graphite, Indium, Manganese, Niobium, Rare Earths, Rubidium, Scandium, Tantalum, Yttrium; see Appendix H: Strategic Materials for further details", + "note": "note 1: the US has the world's largest coal reserves with 491 billion short tons accounting for 27% of the world's total

note 2: the US is reliant on foreign imports for 100% of its needs for the following strategic resources - Arsenic, Cesium, Fluorspar, Gallium, Graphite, Indium, Manganese, Niobium, Rare Earths, Rubidium, Scandium, Tantalum, Yttrium; see Appendix H: Strategic Materials for further details" }, "Land use": { "agricultural land": { @@ -106,24 +107,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

tsunamis; volcanoes; earthquake activity around Pacific Basin; hurricanes along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts; tornadoes in the Midwest and Southeast; mud slides in California; forest fires in the west; flooding; permafrost in northern Alaska, a major impediment to development

volcanism: volcanic activity in the Hawaiian Islands, Western Alaska, the Pacific Northwest, and in the Northern Mariana Islands; both Mauna Loa (4,170 m) in Hawaii and Mount Rainier (4,392 m) in Washington have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Pavlof (2,519 m) is the most active volcano in Alaska's Aleutian Arc and poses a significant threat to air travel since the area constitutes a major flight path between North America and East Asia; St. Helens (2,549 m), famous for the devastating 1980 eruption, remains active today; numerous other historically active volcanoes exist, mostly concentrated in the Aleutian arc and Hawaii; they include: in Alaska: Aniakchak, Augustine, Chiginagak, Fourpeaked, Iliamna, Katmai, Kupreanof, Martin, Novarupta, Redoubt, Spurr, Wrangell, Trident, Ugashik-Peulik, Ukinrek Maars, Veniaminof; in Hawaii: Haleakala, Kilauea, Loihi; in the Northern Mariana Islands: Anatahan; and in the Pacific Northwest: Mount Baker, Mount Hood; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\"

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution; large emitter of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels; water pollution from runoff of pesticides and fertilizers; limited natural freshwater resources in much of the western part of the country require careful management; deforestation; mining; desertification; species conservation; invasive species (the Hawaiian Islands are particularly vulnerable)" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Hazardous Wastes" - } - }, "Geography - note": { - "text": "

note 1: world's third-largest country by size (after Russia and Canada) and by population (after China and India); Denali (Mt. McKinley) is the highest point in North America and Death Valley the lowest point on the continent

note 2: the western coast of the United States and southern coast of Alaska lie along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire

note 3: the Aleutian Islands are a chain of volcanic islands that divide the Bering Sea (north) from the main Pacific Ocean (south); they extend about 1,800 km westward from the Alaskan Peninsula; the archipelago consists of 14 larger islands, 55 smaller islands, and hundreds of islets; there are 41 active volcanoes on the islands, which together form a large northern section of the Ring of Fire

note 4: Mammoth Cave, in west-central Kentucky, is the world's longest known cave system with more than 650 km (405 miles) of surveyed passageways, which is nearly twice as long as the second-longest cave system, the Sac Actun underwater cave in Mexico - the world's longest underwater cave system (see \"Geography - note\" under Mexico);

note 5: Kazumura Cave on the island of Hawaii is the world's longest and deepest lava tube cave; it has been surveyed at 66 km (41 mi) long and 1,102 m (3,614 ft) deep

note 6: Bracken Cave outside of San Antonio, Texas is the world's largest bat cave; it is the summer home to the largest colony of bats in the world; an estimated 20 million Mexican free-tailed bats roost in the cave from March to October making it the world's largest known concentration of mammals

" + "text": "

note 1: world's third-largest country by size (after Russia and Canada) and by population (after China and India); Denali (Mt. McKinley) is the highest point (6,190 m) in North America and Death Valley the lowest point (-86 m) on the continent

note 2: the western coast of the United States and southern coast of Alaska lie along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire

note 3: the Aleutian Islands are a chain of volcanic islands that divide the Bering Sea (north) from the main Pacific Ocean (south); they extend about 1,800 km westward from the Alaskan Peninsula; the archipelago consists of 14 larger islands, 55 smaller islands, and hundreds of islets; there are 41 active volcanoes on the islands, which together form a large northern section of the Ring of Fire

note 4: Mammoth Cave, in west-central Kentucky, is the world's longest known cave system with more than 650 km (405 miles) of surveyed passageways, which is nearly twice as long as the second-longest cave system, the Sac Actun underwater cave in Mexico - the world's longest underwater cave system (see \"Geography - note\" under Mexico);

note 5: Kazumura Cave on the island of Hawaii is the world's longest and deepest lava tube cave; it has been surveyed at 66 km (41 mi) long and 1,102 m (3,614 ft) deep

note 6: Bracken Cave outside of San Antonio, Texas is the world's largest bat cave; it is the summer home to the largest colony of bats in the world; an estimated 20 million Mexican free-tailed bats roost in the cave from March to October making it the world's largest known concentration of mammals

note 7: the US is reliant on foreign imports for 100% of its needs for the following strategic resources - Arsenic, Cesium, Fluorspar, Gallium, Graphite, Indium, Manganese, Niobium, Rare Earths, Rubidium, Scandium, Tantalum, Yttrium; see Appendix H: Strategic Materials for further details

note 8: three food crops are generally acknowledged to be native to areas of what is now the United States: cranberries, pecans, and sunflowers

" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "334,998,398 (July 2021 est.)" + "text": "334,998,398 (July 2021 est.)

note: the US Census Bureau's 2020 census results show the US population as 331,449,281 as of 1 April 2020", + "note": "note: the US Census Bureau's 2020 census results show the US population as 331,449,281 as of 1 April 2020" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -134,12 +125,12 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "White 72.4%, Black 12.6%, Asian 4.8%, Amerindian and Alaska native 0.9%, native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander 0.2%, other 6.2%, two or more races 2.9% (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the US Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean persons of Spanish/Hispanic/Latino origin including those of Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican, Dominican Republic, Spanish, and Central or South American origin living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group (White, Black, Asian, etc.); an estimated 16.3% of the total US population is Hispanic as of 2010

" + "text": "White 72.4%, Black 12.6%, Asian 4.8%, Amerindian and Alaska native 0.9%, native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander 0.2%, other 6.2%, two or more races 2.9% (2010 est.)

note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the US Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean persons of Spanish/Hispanic/Latino origin including those of Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican, Dominican Republic, Spanish, and Central or South American origin living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group (White, Black, Asian, etc.); an estimated 16.3% of the total US population is Hispanic as of 2010", + "note": "note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the US Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean persons of Spanish/Hispanic/Latino origin including those of Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican, Dominican Republic, Spanish, and Central or South American origin living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group (White, Black, Asian, etc.); an estimated 16.3% of the total US population is Hispanic as of 2010" }, "Languages": { - "text": "English only 78.2%, Spanish 13.4%, Chinese 1.1%, other 7.3% (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent the language spoken at home; the US has no official national language, but English has acquired official status in 32 of the 50 states; Hawaiian is an official language in the state of Hawaii, and 20 indigenous languages are official in Alaska

" + "text": "English only 78.2%, Spanish 13.4%, Chinese 1.1%, other 7.3% (2017 est.)

note: data represent the language spoken at home; the US has no official national language, but English has acquired official status in 32 of the 50 states; Hawaiian is an official language in the state of Hawaii, and 20 indigenous languages are official in Alaska", + "note": "note: data represent the language spoken at home; the US has no official national language, but English has acquired official status in 32 of the 50 states; Hawaiian is an official language in the state of Hawaii, and 20 indigenous languages are official in Alaska" }, "Religions": { "text": "Protestant 46.5%, Roman Catholic 20.8%, Jewish 1.9%, Mormon 1.6%, other Christian 0.9%, Muslim 0.9%, Jehovah's Witness 0.8%, Buddhist 0.7%, Hindu 0.7%, other 1.8%, unaffiliated 22.8%, don't know/refused 0.6% (2014 est.)" @@ -203,10 +194,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "82.7% of total population (2020)" + "text": "82.9% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.95% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.96% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -328,7 +319,7 @@ "text": "36.2% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "0.5% (2012)" + "text": "0.4% (2017/18)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "5% of GDP (2014)" @@ -346,13 +337,104 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "8.6%" + "text": "14.9%" }, "male": { - "text": "9.5%" + "text": "15%" }, "female": { - "text": "7.7% (2018 est.)" + "text": "14.8% (2020 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution; large emitter of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels; water pollution from runoff of pesticides and fertilizers; limited natural freshwater resources in much of the western part of the country require careful management; deforestation; mining; desertification; species conservation; invasive species (the Hawaiian Islands are particularly vulnerable)" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Climate Change, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping-London Protocol" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "7.4 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "5,006.3 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "685.74 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "58.39 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "209.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "176.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "3.069 trillion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains

note: many consider Denali, the highest peak in the US, to be the world’s coldest mountain because of its combination of high elevation and its subarctic location at 63 degrees north latitude; permanent snow and ice cover over 75 percent of the mountain, and enormous glaciers, up to 45 miles long and 3,700 feet thick, spider out from its base in every direction; it is home to some of the world’s coldest and most violent weather, where winds of over 150 miles per hour and temperatures of -93˚F have been recorded.  ", + "note": "note: many consider Denali, the highest peak in the US, to be the world’s coldest mountain because of its combination of high elevation and its subarctic location at 63 degrees north latitude; permanent snow and ice cover over 75 percent of the mountain, and enormous glaciers, up to 45 miles long and 3,700 feet thick, spider out from its base in every direction; it is home to some of the world’s coldest and most violent weather, where winds of over 150 miles per hour and temperatures of -93˚F have been recorded.  " + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "44.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 16.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 27.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "33.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "22.2% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.04% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.2% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "82.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.96% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "258 million tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "89.268 million tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "34.6% (2014 est.)" } } }, @@ -387,14 +469,14 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November" }, - "note": "

note: the 50 United States cover six time zones

etymology: named after George Washington (1732-1799), the first president of the United States

" + "note": "note: the 50 United States cover six time zones

etymology: named after George Washington (1732-1799), the first president of the United States" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "50 states and 1 district*; Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia*, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming" }, "Dependent areas": { - "text": "American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island", - "note": "

note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; it entered into a political relationship with all four political entities: the Northern Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21 October 1986); the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1 October 1994)

" + "text": "American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island

note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; it entered into a political relationship with all four political entities: the Northern Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21 October 1986); the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1 October 1994)", + "note": "note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; it entered into a political relationship with all four political entities: the Northern Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21 October 1986); the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1 October 1994)" }, "Independence": { "text": "4 July 1776 (declared independence from Great Britain); 3 September 1783 (recognized by Great Britain)" @@ -460,7 +542,7 @@ "election results": { "text": "
Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Republican Party 50, Democratic Party 50; composition - men 76, women 24, percent of women 24%
House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Democratic Party 221, Republican Party 211, 3 seats vacant; composition - men 312, women 120, percent of women 27.8%; note - total US Congress percent of women 27.1%" }, - "note": "

note: in addition to the regular members of the House of Representatives there are 6 non-voting delegates elected from the District of Columbia and the US territories of American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands; these are single seat constituencies directly elected by simple majority vote to serve a 2-year term (except for the resident commissioner of Puerto Rico who serves a 4-year term); the delegate can vote when serving on a committee and when the House meets as the Committee of the Whole House, but not when legislation is submitted for a “full floor” House vote; election of delegates last held on 3 November 2020 (next to be held on 8 November 2022)" + "note": "note: in addition to the regular members of the House of Representatives there are 6 non-voting delegates elected from the District of Columbia and the US territories of American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands; these are single seat constituencies directly elected by simple majority vote to serve a 2-year term (except for the resident commissioner of Puerto Rico who serves a 4-year term); the delegate can vote when serving on a committee and when the House meets as the Committee of the Whole House, but not when legislation is submitted for a “full floor” House vote; election of delegates last held on 3 November 2020 (next to be held on 8 November 2022)" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -472,7 +554,7 @@ "subordinate courts": { "text": "Courts of Appeal (includes the US Court of Appeal for the Federal District and 12 regional appeals courts); 94 federal district courts in 50 states and territories" }, - "note": "

note: the US court system consists of the federal court system and the state court systems; although each court system is responsible for hearing certain types of cases, neither is completely independent of the other, and the systems often interact

" + "note": "note: the US court system consists of the federal court system and the state court systems; although each court system is responsible for hearing certain types of cases, neither is completely independent of the other, and the systems often interact" }, "Political parties and leaders": { "text": "Democratic Party [Tom PEREZ]
Green Party [collective leadership]
Libertarian Party [Nicholas SARWARK]
Republican Party [Ronna Romney MCDANIEL]" @@ -481,8 +563,8 @@ "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), ANZUS, APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CE (observer), CERN (observer), CICA (observer), CP, EAPC, EAS, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAFTA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNITAR, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNRWA, UN Security Council (permanent), UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" }, "Flag description": { - "text": "13 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies; blue stands for loyalty, devotion, truth, justice, and friendship, red symbolizes courage, zeal, and fervency, while white denotes purity and rectitude of conduct; commonly referred to by its nickname of Old Glory", - "note": "

note: the design and colors have been the basis for a number of other flags, including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico

" + "text": "13 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies; blue stands for loyalty, devotion, truth, justice, and friendship, red symbolizes courage, zeal, and fervency, while white denotes purity and rectitude of conduct; commonly referred to by its nickname of Old Glory

note: the design and colors have been the basis for a number of other flags, including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico", + "note": "note: the design and colors have been the basis for a number of other flags, including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "bald eagle; national colors: red, white, blue" @@ -494,12 +576,12 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Francis Scott KEY/John Stafford SMITH" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1931; during the War of 1812, after witnessing the successful American defense of Fort McHenry in Baltimore following British naval bombardment, Francis Scott KEY wrote the lyrics to what would become the national anthem; the lyrics were set to the tune of \"The Anacreontic Song\"; only the first verse is sung

" + "note": "note: adopted 1931; during the War of 1812, after witnessing the successful American defense of Fort McHenry in Baltimore following British naval bombardment, Francis Scott KEY wrote the lyrics to what would become the national anthem; the lyrics were set to the tune of \"The Anacreontic Song\"; only the first verse is sung" } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { - "text": "

The US has the most technologically powerful economy in the world, with a per capita GDP of $59,500. US firms are at or near the forefront in technological advances, especially in computers, pharmaceuticals, and medical, aerospace, and military equipment; however, their advantage has narrowed since the end of World War II. Based on a comparison of GDP measured at purchasing power parity conversion rates, the US economy in 2014, having stood as the largest in the world for more than a century, slipped into second place behind China, which has more than tripled the US growth rate for each year of the past four decades.

 

In the US, private individuals and business firms make most of the decisions, and the federal and state governments buy needed goods and services predominantly in the private marketplace. US business firms enjoy greater flexibility than their counterparts in Western Europe and Japan in decisions to expand capital plant, to lay off surplus workers, and to develop new products. At the same time, businesses face higher barriers to enter their rivals' home markets than foreign firms face entering US markets.

 

Long-term problems for the US include stagnation of wages for lower-income families, inadequate investment in deteriorating infrastructure, rapidly rising medical and pension costs of an aging population, energy shortages, and sizable current account and budget deficits.

 

The onrush of technology has been a driving factor in the gradual development of a \"two-tier\" labor market in which those at the bottom lack the education and the professional/technical skills of those at the top and, more and more, fail to get comparable pay raises, health insurance coverage, and other benefits. But the globalization of trade, and especially the rise of low-wage producers such as China, has put additional downward pressure on wages and upward pressure on the return to capital. Since 1975, practically all the gains in household income have gone to the top 20% of households. Since 1996, dividends and capital gains have grown faster than wages or any other category of after-tax income.

 

Imported oil accounts for more than 50% of US consumption and oil has a major impact on the overall health of the economy. Crude oil prices doubled between 2001 and 2006, the year home prices peaked; higher gasoline prices ate into consumers' budgets and many individuals fell behind in their mortgage payments. Oil prices climbed another 50% between 2006 and 2008, and bank foreclosures more than doubled in the same period. Besides dampening the housing market, soaring oil prices caused a drop in the value of the dollar and a deterioration in the US merchandise trade deficit, which peaked at $840 billion in 2008. Because the US economy is energy-intensive, falling oil prices since 2013 have alleviated many of the problems the earlier increases had created.

 

The sub-prime mortgage crisis, falling home prices, investment bank failures, tight credit, and the global economic downturn pushed the US into a recession by mid-2008. GDP contracted until the third quarter of 2009, the deepest and longest downturn since the Great Depression. To help stabilize financial markets, the US Congress established a $700 billion Troubled Asset Relief Program in October 2008. The government used some of these funds to purchase equity in US banks and industrial corporations, much of which had been returned to the government by early 2011. In January 2009, Congress passed and former President Barack OBAMA signed a bill providing an additional $787 billion fiscal stimulus to be used over 10 years - two-thirds on additional spending and one-third on tax cuts - to create jobs and to help the economy recover. In 2010 and 2011, the federal budget deficit reached nearly 9% of GDP. In 2012, the Federal Government reduced the growth of spending and the deficit shrank to 7.6% of GDP. US revenues from taxes and other sources are lower, as a percentage of GDP, than those of most other countries.

 

Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan required major shifts in national resources from civilian to military purposes and contributed to the growth of the budget deficit and public debt. Through FY 2018, the direct costs of the wars will have totaled more than $1.9 trillion, according to US Government figures.

 

In March 2010, former President OBAMA signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), a health insurance reform that was designed to extend coverage to an additional 32 million Americans by 2016, through private health insurance for the general population and Medicaid for the impoverished. Total spending on healthcare - public plus private - rose from 9.0% of GDP in 1980 to 17.9% in 2010.

 

In July 2010, the former president signed the DODD-FRANK Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, a law designed to promote financial stability by protecting consumers from financial abuses, ending taxpayer bailouts of financial firms, dealing with troubled banks that are \"too big to fail,\" and improving accountability and transparency in the financial system - in particular, by requiring certain financial derivatives to be traded in markets that are subject to government regulation and oversight.

 

The Federal Reserve Board (Fed) announced plans in December 2012 to purchase $85 billion per month of mortgage-backed and Treasury securities in an effort to hold down long-term interest rates, and to keep short-term rates near zero until unemployment dropped below 6.5% or inflation rose above 2.5%. The Fed ended its purchases during the summer of 2014, after the unemployment rate dropped to 6.2%, inflation stood at 1.7%, and public debt fell below 74% of GDP. In December 2015, the Fed raised its target for the benchmark federal funds rate by 0.25%, the first increase since the recession began. With continued low growth, the Fed opted to raise rates several times since then, and in December 2017, the target rate stood at 1.5%.

 

In December 2017, Congress passed and former President Donald TRUMP signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which, among its various provisions, reduces the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%; lowers the individual tax rate for those with the highest incomes from 39.6% to 37%, and by lesser percentages for those at lower income levels; changes many deductions and credits used to calculate taxable income; and eliminates in 2019 the penalty imposed on taxpayers who do not obtain the minimum amount of health insurance required under the ACA. The new taxes took effect on 1 January 2018; the tax cut for corporations are permanent, but those for individuals are scheduled to expire after 2025. The Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT) under the Congressional Budget Office estimates that the new law will reduce tax revenues and increase the federal deficit by about $1.45 trillion over the 2018-2027 period. This amount would decline if economic growth were to exceed the JCT’s estimate.

" + "text": "

The US has the most technologically powerful economy in the world, with a per capita GDP of $59,500. US firms are at or near the forefront in technological advances, especially in computers, pharmaceuticals, and medical, aerospace, and military equipment; however, their advantage has narrowed since the end of World War II. Based on a comparison of GDP measured at purchasing power parity conversion rates, the US economy in 2014, having stood as the largest in the world for more than a century, slipped into second place behind China, which has more than tripled the US growth rate for each year of the past four decades.

In the US, private individuals and business firms make most of the decisions, and the federal and state governments buy needed goods and services predominantly in the private marketplace. US business firms enjoy greater flexibility than their counterparts in Western Europe and Japan in decisions to expand capital plant, to lay off surplus workers, and to develop new products. At the same time, businesses face higher barriers to enter their rivals' home markets than foreign firms face entering US markets.

Long-term problems for the US include stagnation of wages for lower-income families, inadequate investment in deteriorating infrastructure, rapidly rising medical and pension costs of an aging population, energy shortages, and sizable current account and budget deficits.

The onrush of technology has been a driving factor in the gradual development of a \"two-tier\" labor market in which those at the bottom lack the education and the professional/technical skills of those at the top and, more and more, fail to get comparable pay raises, health insurance coverage, and other benefits. But the globalization of trade, and especially the rise of low-wage producers such as China, has put additional downward pressure on wages and upward pressure on the return to capital. Since 1975, practically all the gains in household income have gone to the top 20% of households. Since 1996, dividends and capital gains have grown faster than wages or any other category of after-tax income.

Imported oil accounts for more than 50% of US consumption and oil has a major impact on the overall health of the economy. Crude oil prices doubled between 2001 and 2006, the year home prices peaked; higher gasoline prices ate into consumers' budgets and many individuals fell behind in their mortgage payments. Oil prices climbed another 50% between 2006 and 2008, and bank foreclosures more than doubled in the same period. Besides dampening the housing market, soaring oil prices caused a drop in the value of the dollar and a deterioration in the US merchandise trade deficit, which peaked at $840 billion in 2008. Because the US economy is energy-intensive, falling oil prices since 2013 have alleviated many of the problems the earlier increases had created.

The sub-prime mortgage crisis, falling home prices, investment bank failures, tight credit, and the global economic downturn pushed the US into a recession by mid-2008. GDP contracted until the third quarter of 2009, the deepest and longest downturn since the Great Depression. To help stabilize financial markets, the US Congress established a $700 billion Troubled Asset Relief Program in October 2008. The government used some of these funds to purchase equity in US banks and industrial corporations, much of which had been returned to the government by early 2011. In January 2009, Congress passed and former President Barack OBAMA signed a bill providing an additional $787 billion fiscal stimulus to be used over 10 years - two-thirds on additional spending and one-third on tax cuts - to create jobs and to help the economy recover. In 2010 and 2011, the federal budget deficit reached nearly 9% of GDP. In 2012, the Federal Government reduced the growth of spending and the deficit shrank to 7.6% of GDP. US revenues from taxes and other sources are lower, as a percentage of GDP, than those of most other countries.

Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan required major shifts in national resources from civilian to military purposes and contributed to the growth of the budget deficit and public debt. Through FY 2018, the direct costs of the wars will have totaled more than $1.9 trillion, according to US Government figures.

In March 2010, former President OBAMA signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), a health insurance reform that was designed to extend coverage to an additional 32 million Americans by 2016, through private health insurance for the general population and Medicaid for the impoverished. Total spending on healthcare - public plus private - rose from 9.0% of GDP in 1980 to 17.9% in 2010.

In July 2010, the former president signed the DODD-FRANK Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, a law designed to promote financial stability by protecting consumers from financial abuses, ending taxpayer bailouts of financial firms, dealing with troubled banks that are \"too big to fail,\" and improving accountability and transparency in the financial system - in particular, by requiring certain financial derivatives to be traded in markets that are subject to government regulation and oversight.

The Federal Reserve Board (Fed) announced plans in December 2012 to purchase $85 billion per month of mortgage-backed and Treasury securities in an effort to hold down long-term interest rates, and to keep short-term rates near zero until unemployment dropped below 6.5% or inflation rose above 2.5%. The Fed ended its purchases during the summer of 2014, after the unemployment rate dropped to 6.2%, inflation stood at 1.7%, and public debt fell below 74% of GDP. In December 2015, the Fed raised its target for the benchmark federal funds rate by 0.25%, the first increase since the recession began. With continued low growth, the Fed opted to raise rates several times since then, and in December 2017, the target rate stood at 1.5%.

In December 2017, Congress passed and former President Donald TRUMP signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which, among its various provisions, reduces the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%; lowers the individual tax rate for those with the highest incomes from 39.6% to 37%, and by lesser percentages for those at lower income levels; changes many deductions and credits used to calculate taxable income; and eliminates in 2019 the penalty imposed on taxpayers who do not obtain the minimum amount of health insurance required under the ACA. The new taxes took effect on 1 January 2018; the tax cut for corporations are permanent, but those for individuals are scheduled to expire after 2025. The Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT) under the Congressional Budget Office estimates that the new law will reduce tax revenues and increase the federal deficit by about $1.45 trillion over the 2018-2027 period. This amount would decline if economic growth were to exceed the JCT’s estimate.

" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2019": { @@ -544,7 +626,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$19,519,353,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$21,433,228,000,000 (2019 est.)" @@ -559,7 +641,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$60,062 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -604,8 +686,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "92.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "84 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "91.6 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "92 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "73.4 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -618,8 +709,8 @@ "text": "2.3% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "146.128 million (2020 est.)", - "note": "

note: includes unemployed

" + "text": "146.128 million (2020 est.)

note: includes unemployed", + "note": "note: includes unemployed" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -652,7 +743,7 @@ "other services": { "text": "17.6% (2009)" }, - "note": "

note: figures exclude the unemployed

" + "note": "note: figures exclude the unemployed" }, "Unemployment rate": { "Unemployment rate 2018": { @@ -688,11 +779,11 @@ "expenditures": { "text": "3.981 trillion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: revenues exclude social contributions of approximately $1.0 trillion; expenditures exclude social benefits of approximately $2.3 trillion

" + "note": "note: revenues exclude social contributions of approximately $1.0 trillion; expenditures exclude social benefits of approximately $2.3 trillion" }, "Taxes and other revenues": { - "text": "17% (of GDP) (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: excludes contributions for social security and other programs; if social contributions were added, taxes and other revenues would amount to approximately 22% of GDP

" + "text": "17% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

note: excludes contributions for social security and other programs; if social contributions were added, taxes and other revenues would amount to approximately 22% of GDP", + "note": "note: excludes contributions for social security and other programs; if social contributions were added, taxes and other revenues would amount to approximately 22% of GDP" }, "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": { "text": "-3.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" @@ -704,7 +795,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "81.2% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover only what the United States Treasury denotes as \"Debt Held by the Public,\" which includes all debt instruments issued by the Treasury that are owned by non-US Government entities; the data include Treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by individual US states, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of Treasury borrowings from surpluses in the trusts for Federal Social Security, Federal Employees, Hospital and Supplemental Medical Insurance (Medicare), Disability and Unemployment, and several other smaller trusts; if data for intragovernment debt were added, \"gross debt\" would increase by about one-third of GDP

" + "note": "note: data cover only what the United States Treasury denotes as \"Debt Held by the Public,\" which includes all debt instruments issued by the Treasury that are owned by non-US Government entities; the data include Treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by individual US states, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of Treasury borrowings from surpluses in the trusts for Federal Social Security, Federal Employees, Hospital and Supplemental Medical Insurance (Medicare), Disability and Unemployment, and several other smaller trusts; if data for intragovernment debt were added, \"gross debt\" would increase by about one-third of GDP" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "1 October - 30 September" @@ -729,10 +820,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Canada 18.3%, Mexico 15.7%, China 8.4%, Japan 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "Canada 17%, Mexico 16%, China 7%, Japan 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "agricultural products (soybeans, fruit, corn) 9.2%, industrial supplies (organic chemicals) 26.8%, capital goods (transistors, aircraft, motor vehicle parts, computers, telecommunications equipment) 49.0%, consumer goods (automobiles, medicines) 15.0% (2008 est.)" + "text": "refined petroleum, crude petroleum, cars and vehicle parts, integrated circuits, aircraft (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -746,10 +837,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 21.6%, Mexico 13.4%, Canada 12.8%, Japan 5.8%, Germany 5% (2017)" + "text": "China 18%, Mexico 15%, Canada 13%, Japan 6%, Germany 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "agricultural products 4.9%, industrial supplies 32.9% (crude oil 8.2%), capital goods 30.4% (computers, telecommunications equipment, motor vehicle parts, office machines, electric power machinery), consumer goods 31.8% (automobiles, clothing, medicines, furniture, toys) (2008 est.)" + "text": "cars, crude petroleum, computers, broadcasting equipment, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -766,10 +857,10 @@ "Debt - external 2018": { "text": "$19,452,478,000,000 (2018 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: approximately 4/5ths of US external debt is denominated in US dollars; foreign lenders have been willing to hold US dollar denominated debt instruments because they view the dollar as the world's reserve currency" + "note": "note: approximately 4/5ths of US external debt is denominated in US dollars; foreign lenders have been willing to hold US dollar denominated debt instruments because they view the dollar as the world's reserve currency" }, "Exchange rates": { - "text": "British pounds per US dollar: 0.7836 (2017 est.), 0.738 (2016 est.), 0.738 (2015 est.), 0.607 (2014 est), 0.6391 (2013 est.)
Canadian dollars per US dollar: 1, 1.308 (2017 est.), 1.3256 (2016 est.), 1.3256 (2015 est.), 1.2788 (2014 est.), 1.0298 (2013 est.)
Chinese yuan per US dollar: 1, 6.7588 (2017 est.), 6.6445 (2016 est.), 6.2275 (2015 est.), 6.1434 (2014 est.), 6.1958 (2013 est.)
euros per US dollar: 0.885 (2017 est.), 0.903 (2016 est.), 0.9214(2015 est.), 0.885 (2014 est.), 0.7634 (2013 est.)
Japanese yen per US dollar: 111.10 (2017 est.), 108.76 (2016 est.), 108.76 (2015 est.), 121.02 (2014 est.), 97.44 (2013 est.)" + "text": "British pounds per US dollar: 0.7836 (2017 est.), 0.738 (2016 est.), 0.738 (2015 est.), 0.607 (2014 est), 0.6391 (2013 est.)
Canadian dollars per US dollar: 1, 1.308 (2017 est.), 1.3256 (2016 est.), 1.3256 (2015 est.), 1.2788 (2014 est.), 1.0298 (2013 est.)
Chinese yuan per US dollar: 1, 6.7588 (2017 est.), 6.6445 (2016 est.), 6.2275 (2015 est.), 6.1434 (2014 est.), 6.1958 (2013 est.)
euros per US dollar: 0.885 (2017 est.), 0.903 (2016 est.), 0.9214(2015 est.), 0.885 (2014 est.), 0.7634 (2013 est.)
Japanese yen per US dollar: 111.10 (2017 est.), 108.76 (2016 est.), 108.76 (2015 est.), 121.02 (2014 est.), 97.44 (2013 est.)

note 1: the following countries and territories use the US dollar officially as their legal tender: British Virgin Islands, Ecuador, El Salvador, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, Timor Leste, Turks and Caicos, and islands of the Caribbean Netherlands (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba)

note 2: the following countries and territories use the US dollar as official legal tender alongside local currency: Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, and Panama

note 3: the following countries and territories widely accept the US dollar as a dominant currency but have yet to declare it as legal tender: Bermuda, Burma, Cambodia, Cayman Islands, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Somalia" } }, "Energy": { @@ -843,9 +934,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2017 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "5.242 billion Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -875,7 +963,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 1; landing points for the Quintillion Subsea Cable Network, TERRA SW, AU-Aleutian, KKFL, AKORN, Alaska United -West, & -East & -Southeast, North Star, Lynn Canal Fiber, KetchCar 1, PC-1, SCCN, Tat TGN-Pacific & -Atlantic, Jupiter, Hawaiki, NCP, FASTER, HKA, JUS, AAG, BtoBE, Currie, Southern Cross NEXT, SxS, PLCN, Utility EAC-Pacific, SEA-US, Paniolo Cable Network, HICS, HIFN, ASH, Telstra Endeavor, Honotua, AURORA, ARCOS, AMX-1, Americas -I & -II, Columbus IIb & -III, Maya-1, MAC, GTMO-1, BICS, CFX-1, GlobeNet, Monet, SAm-1, Bahamas 2, PCCS, BRUSA, Dunant, MAREA, SAE x1, TAT 14, Apollo, Gemini Bermuda, Havfrue/AEC-2, Seabras-1, WALL-LI, NYNJ-1, FLAG Atalantic-1, Yellow, Atlantic Crossing-1, AE Connect -1, sea2shore, Challenger Bermuda-1, and GTT Atlantic submarine cable systems providing international connectivity to Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Pacific, & Atlantic, and Indian Ocean Islands, Central and South America, Caribbean, Canada and US; satellite earth stations - 61 Intelsat (45 Atlantic Ocean and 16 Pacific Ocean), 5 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 4 Inmarsat (Pacific and Atlantic Ocean regions) (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "4 major terrestrial TV networks with affiliate stations throughout the country, plus cable and satellite networks, independent stations, and a limited public broadcasting sector that is largely supported by private grants; overall, thousands of TV stations broadcasting; multiple national radio networks with many affiliate stations; while most stations are commercial, National Public Radio (NPR) has a network of some 900 member stations; satellite radio available; in total, over 15,000 radio stations operating (2018)" @@ -919,7 +1007,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "N (2016)" + "text": "N" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1025,44 +1113,44 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "United States Armed Forces: US Army, US Navy (includes Marine Corps), US Air Force, US Space Force; US Coast Guard (administered in peacetime by the Department of Homeland Security, but in wartime reports to the Department of the Navy); National Guard (Army National Guard and Air National Guard) (2021)", - "note": "

note: the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard are reserve components of their services and operate in part under state authority" + "text": "United States Armed Forces: US Army, US Navy (includes Marine Corps), US Air Force, US Space Force; US Coast Guard (administered in peacetime by the Department of Homeland Security, but in wartime reports to the Department of the Navy); National Guard (Army National Guard and Air National Guard) (2021)

note: the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard are reserve components of their services and operate in part under state authority", + "note": "note: the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard are reserve components of their services and operate in part under state authority" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { - "text": "3.87% of GDP (2020 est.)" + "text": "3.73% of GDP (2020 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "3.51% of GDP (2019)" }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "3.28% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "3.27% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "3.3% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "3.52% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "3.51% of GDP (2016)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { "text": "the US Armed Forces have approximately 1.385 million active duty personnel (482,000 Army; 347,000 Navy; 334,000 Air Force; 181,000 Marine Corps; 41,000 Coast Guard); 336,000 Army National Guard; 106,000 Air National Guard (Dec 2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the US military's inventory is comprised almost entirely of domestically-produced weapons systems (some assembled with foreign components) along with a smaller mix of imported equipment from a variety of Western countries; since 2010, Germany and the UK are the leading suppliers, followed by Australia, Canada, France, the Netherlands, and Norway; the US defense industry is capable of designing, developing, maintaining, and producing the full spectrum of weapons systems (2019 est.)" + "text": "the US military's inventory is comprised almost entirely of domestically-produced weapons systems (some assembled with foreign components) along with a smaller mix of imported equipment from a variety of Western countries; since 2010, Germany and the UK are the leading suppliers of military hardware; the US defense industry is capable of designing, developing, maintaining, and producing the full spectrum of weapons systems; the US is the world's leading arms exporter (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "2,500 Afghanistan (NATO); 5,000 Africa (mostly in Djibouti, with approximately 700-1,000 in other countries of East Africa and about 700 in West Africa); 1,000 Australia; 1,150 Belgium; 150 Bulgaria; 250 Diego Garcia; 150 Canada; 750 Cuba; 270 Egypt (MFO); 34,000 Germany (note - in July 2020, the US pledged to reduce the number of troops in Germany by about 12,000); 400 Greece; 150 Greenland; 6,000 Guam; 380 Honduras; 12,000 Italy; 54,000 Japan; 660 Kosovo (KFOR); approximately 10-15,000 assigned with an additional estimated 20-30,000 deployed in the Middle East (Bahrain/Iraq/Israel/Jordan/Kuwait/Oman/Qatar/Saudi Arabia/Syria/United Arab Emirates); 400 Netherlands; 700 Norway; 200 Philippines; 4,500 Poland; 250 Portugal; 26,500 Republic of Korea; 1,100 Romania; 200 Singapore; 3,200 Spain; 100 Thailand; 1,700 Turkey; 9,300 United Kingdom (2020)", - "note": "

US military rotational policies affect deployed numbers; for example, the US deploys ground and air units to select countries for 6-12 month rotational assignments on a continuous basis; in South Korea, for example, the US continuously rotates combat brigades (3,000-4,000 personnel) for 9 months at a time; contingencies also affect US troop deployments; for example, in 2019, the US deployed more than 15,000 additional military personnel to the Middle East for an extended period of time; in addition, some overseas US naval bases, such as the headquarters of US Naval Forces Central Command (USNAVCENT) in Manama, Bahrain, are frequented by the crews of US ships on 6-9 month deployments; a US carrier strike group with an air wing and supporting ships typically includes over 6-7,000 personnel

" + "text": "approximately 2,500 Afghanistan (NATO); 5,000 Africa (mostly in Djibouti, with approximately 700-1,000 in other countries of East Africa and about 700 in West Africa); 1,000 Australia; 1,150 Belgium; 150 Bulgaria; 250 Diego Garcia; 150 Canada; 750 Cuba; 270 Egypt (MFO); 34,000 Germany; 400 Greece; 150 Greenland; 6,000 Guam; 380 Honduras; 12,000 Italy; 54,000 Japan; 630 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR); approximately 10-15,000 assigned with an additional estimated 20-30,000 deployed in the Middle East (Bahrain/Iraq/Israel/Jordan/Kuwait/Oman/Qatar/Saudi Arabia/Syria/United Arab Emirates); 400 Netherlands; 700 Norway; 200 Philippines; 4,500 Poland; 250 Portugal; 26,500 Republic of Korea; 1,100 Romania; 200 Singapore; 3,200 Spain; 100 Thailand; 1,700 Turkey; 9,300 United Kingdom (2020)

US military rotational policies affect deployed numbers; for example, the US deploys ground and air units to select countries for 6-12 month rotational assignments on a continuous basis; in South Korea, for example, the US continuously rotates combat brigades (3,000-4,000 personnel) for 9 months at a time; contingencies also affect US troop deployments; for example, in 2019, the US deployed more than 15,000 additional military personnel to the Middle East for an extended period of time; in addition, some overseas US naval bases, such as the headquarters of US Naval Forces Central Command (USNAVCENT) in Manama, Bahrain, are frequented by the crews of US ships on 6-9 month deployments; a US carrier strike group with an air wing and supporting ships typically includes over 6-7,000 personnel", + "note": "US military rotational policies affect deployed numbers; for example, the US deploys ground and air units to select countries for 6-12 month rotational assignments on a continuous basis; in South Korea, for example, the US continuously rotates combat brigades (3,000-4,000 personnel) for 9 months at a time; contingencies also affect US troop deployments; for example, in 2019, the US deployed more than 15,000 additional military personnel to the Middle East for an extended period of time; in addition, some overseas US naval bases, such as the headquarters of US Naval Forces Central Command (USNAVCENT) in Manama, Bahrain, are frequented by the crews of US ships on 6-9 month deployments; a US carrier strike group with an air wing and supporting ships typically includes over 6-7,000 personnel" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age (17 years of age with parental consent) for male and female voluntary service; no conscription; maximum enlistment age 34 (Army), 39 (Air Force), 39 (Navy), 28 (Marines), 31 (Coast Guard); 8-year service obligation, including 2-5 years active duty (Army), 2 years active (Navy), 4 years active (Air Force, Marines, Coast Guard); all military occupations and positions open to women (2019)" + "text": "18 years of age (17 years of age with parental consent) for male and female voluntary service; no conscription; maximum enlistment age 34 (Army), 39 (Air Force), 39 (Navy), 28 (Marines), 31 (Coast Guard); 8-year service obligation, including 2-5 years active duty (Army), 2 years active (Navy), 4 years active (Air Force, Marines, Coast Guard); all military occupations and positions open to women (2020)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham; al-Qa'ida (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham; al-Qa'ida (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1073,7 +1161,7 @@ "refugees (country of origin)": { "text": "the US admitted 11,814 refugees during FY2020 including: 2,868 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 2,115 (Burma), 1,927 (Ukraine), 604 (Afghanistan), 537 (Iraq)" }, - "note": "

note: 72,722 Venezuelans have claimed asylum since 2014 because of the economic and political crisis (2018)

" + "note": "note: 72,722 Venezuelans have claimed asylum since 2014 because of the economic and political crisis (2018)" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "world's largest consumer of cocaine (shipped from Colombia through Mexico and the Caribbean), Colombian heroin, and Mexican heroin and marijuana; major consumer of ecstasy and Mexican methamphetamine; minor consumer of high-quality Southeast Asian heroin; illicit producer of cannabis, marijuana, depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and methamphetamine; money-laundering center" diff --git a/oceans/oo.json b/oceans/oo.json index 44a63dd2..04accd39 100644 --- a/oceans/oo.json +++ b/oceans/oo.json @@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ }, "Area": { "total": { - "text": "20.327 million sq km" + "text": "21.960 million sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes Amundsen Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, part of the Drake Passage, Ross Sea, a small part of the Scotia Sea, Weddell Sea, and other tributary water bodies

" + "note": "note: includes Amundsen Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, part of the Drake Passage, Ross Sea, a small part of the Scotia Sea, Weddell Sea, and other tributary water bodies" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly more than twice the size of the US" @@ -33,14 +33,14 @@ "text": "

the Southern Ocean is 4,000 to 5,000-m deep over most of its extent with only limited areas of shallow water; the Antarctic continental shelf is generally narrow and unusually deep, its edge lying at depths of 400 to 800 m (the global mean is 133 m); the Antarctic icepack grows from an average minimum of 2.6 million sq km in March to about 18.8 million sq km in September, better than a sixfold increase in area

major surface currents: the cold, clockwise-flowing Antarctic Circumpolar Current (West Wind Drift; 21,000 km long) moves perpetually eastward around the continent and is the world's largest and strongest ocean current, transporting 130 million cubic meters of water per second - 100 times the flow of all the world's rivers; it is also the only current that flows all the way around the planet and connects the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans; the cold Antarctic Coastal Current (East Wind Drift) is the southernmost current in the world, flowing westward and parallel to the Antarctic coastline

" }, "Elevation": { - "mean depth": { - "text": "-3,270 m" - }, - "lowest point": { - "text": "southern end of the South Sandwich Trench -7,235 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "sea level" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "southern end of the South Sandwich Trench -7,434 m unnamed deep" + }, + "mean depth": { + "text": "-3,270 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -49,14 +49,22 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "huge icebergs with drafts up to several hundred meters; smaller bergs and iceberg fragments; sea ice (generally 0.5 to 1 m thick) with sometimes dynamic short-term variations and with large annual and interannual variations; deep continental shelf floored by glacial deposits varying widely over short distances; high winds and large waves much of the year; ship icing, especially May-October; most of region is remote from sources of search and rescue" }, + "Geography - note": { + "text": "the major chokepoint is the Drake Passage between South America and Antarctica; the Polar Front (Antarctic Convergence) is the best natural definition of the northern extent of the Southern Ocean; it is a distinct region at the middle of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that separates the cold polar surface waters to the south from the warmer waters to the north; the Front and the Current extend entirely around Antarctica, reaching south of 60 degrees south near New Zealand and near 48 degrees south in the far South Atlantic coinciding with the path of the maximum westerly winds" + } + }, + "Environment": { "Environment - current issues": { "text": "changes to the ocean's physical, chemical, and biological systems have taken place because of climate change, ocean acidification, and commercial exploitation" }, "Environment - international agreements": { "text": "the Southern Ocean is subject to all international agreements regarding the world's oceans; in addition, it is subject to these agreements specific to the Antarctic region: International Whaling Commission (prohibits commercial whaling south of 40 degrees south [south of 60 degrees south between 50 degrees and 130 degrees west]); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (limits sealing); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (regulates fishing)

note: many nations (including the US) prohibit mineral resource exploration and exploitation south of the fluctuating Polar Front (Antarctic Convergence), which is in the middle of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and serves as the dividing line between the cold polar surface waters to the south and the warmer waters to the north

" }, - "Geography - note": { - "text": "the major chokepoint is the Drake Passage between South America and Antarctica; the Polar Front (Antarctic Convergence) is the best natural definition of the northern extent of the Southern Ocean; it is a distinct region at the middle of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that separates the cold polar surface waters to the south from the warmer waters to the north; the Front and the Current extend entirely around Antarctica, reaching south of 60 degrees south near New Zealand and near 48 degrees south in the far South Atlantic coinciding with the path of the maximum westerly winds" + "Marine fisheries": { + "text": "the Southern Ocean fishery is relatively small with a total catch of 330,502 mt in 2018; the Food and Agriculture Organization has delineated three regions in the Southern Ocean (Regions 48, 58, 88) that generally encompass the waters south of 40° to 60° South latitude; the most important producers in these regions include Norway (207,121 mt), China (40,497 mt), and South Korea (36,005 mt); Antarctic Krill made up 94.6% of the total catch in 2018, while other important species include Patagonian and Antarctic toothfish" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius to -2 degrees Celsius; cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean; the ocean area from about latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth; in winter the ocean freezes outward to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Celsius; at some coastal points intense persistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice-free throughout the winter" } }, "Government": { @@ -69,9 +77,6 @@ "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "Fisheries in 2013-14 landed 302,960 metric tons, of which 96% (291,370 tons-the highest reported catch since 1991) was krill and 4% (11,590 tons) Patagonian toothfish (also known as Chilean sea bass), compared to 15,330 tons in 2012-13 (estimated fishing from the area covered by the Convention of the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, which extends slightly beyond the Southern Ocean area). International agreements were adopted in late 1999 to reduce illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, which in the 2000-01 season landed, by one estimate, 8,376 metric tons of Patagonian and Antarctic toothfish. In the 2014-15 Antarctic summer, 36,702 tourists visited the Southern Ocean, slightly lower than the 37,405 visitors in 2013-14 (estimates provided to the Antarctic Treaty by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators, and does not include passengers on overflights and those flying directly in and out of Antarctica)." - }, - "Marine fisheries": { - "text": "the Southern Ocean fishery is relatively small with a total catch of 257,278 mt in 2017; the Food and Agriculture Organization has delineated three regions in the Southern Ocean (Regions 48, 58, 88) that generally encompass the waters south of 40° to 60° South latitude; the most important producers in these regions include Norway (156,884 mt), China (38,112 mt), and South Korea (34,506 mt); Antarctic Krill made up 92% of the total catch in 2017, while other important species include Patagonian and Antarctic toothfish" } }, "Transportation": { @@ -79,7 +84,7 @@ "major seaport(s)": { "text": "McMurdo, Palmer, and offshore anchorages in Antarctica" }, - "note": "

note: few ports or harbors exist on the southern side of the Southern Ocean; ice conditions limit use of most to short periods in midsummer; even then some cannot be entered without icebreaker escort; most Antarctic ports are operated by government research stations and, except in an emergency, are not open to commercial or private vessels

" + "note": "note: few ports or harbors exist on the southern side of the Southern Ocean; ice conditions limit use of most to short periods in midsummer; even then some cannot be entered without icebreaker escort; most Antarctic ports are operated by government research stations and, except in an emergency, are not open to commercial or private vessels" }, "Transportation - note": { "text": "Drake Passage offers alternative to transit through the Panama Canal" diff --git a/oceans/xo.json b/oceans/xo.json index 272ee42e..00025e01 100644 --- a/oceans/xo.json +++ b/oceans/xo.json @@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ }, "Area": { "total": { - "text": "68.556 million sq km" + "text": "70.560 million sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Flores Sea, Great Australian Bight, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Java Sea, Mozambique Channel, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Savu Sea, Strait of Malacca, Timor Sea, and other tributary water bodies

" + "note": "note: includes Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Flores Sea, Great Australian Bight, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Java Sea, Mozambique Channel, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Savu Sea, Strait of Malacca, Timor Sea, and other tributary water bodies" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "almost 7 times the size of the US" @@ -33,14 +33,14 @@ "text": "

surface dominated by a major gyre (broad, circular system of currents) in the southern Indian Ocean and a unique reversal of surface currents in the northern Indian Ocean; ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge and subdivided by the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge, Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge, and Ninetyeast Ridge

major surface currents: the counterclockwise Indian Ocean Gyre comprised of the southward flowing warm Agulhas and East Madagascar Currents in the west, the eastward flowing South Indian Current in the south, the northward flowing cold West Australian Current in the east, and the westward flowing South Equatorial Current in the north; a distinctive annual reversal of surface currents occurs in the northern Indian Ocean; low atmospheric pressure over southwest Asia from hot, rising, summer air results in the southwest monsoon and southwest-to-northeast winds and clockwise currents, while high pressure over northern Asia from cold, falling, winter air results in the northeast monsoon and northeast-to-southwest winds and counterclockwise currents

" }, "Elevation": { - "mean depth": { - "text": "-3,741 m" - }, - "lowest point": { - "text": "Java Trench -7,258 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "sea level" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Java Trench -7,192 m unnamed deep" + }, + "mean depth": { + "text": "-3,741 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -49,11 +49,19 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "occasional icebergs pose navigational hazard in southern reaches" }, + "Geography - note": { + "text": "major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, Strait of Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok Strait" + } + }, + "Environment": { "Environment - current issues": { "text": "marine pollution caused by ocean dumping, waste disposal, and oil spills; deep sea mining; oil pollution in Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea; coral reefs threatened due climate change, direct human pressures, and inadequate governance, awareness, and political will; loss of biodiversity; endangered marine species include the dugong, seals, turtles, and whales" }, - "Geography - note": { - "text": "major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, Strait of Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok Strait" + "Marine fisheries": { + "text": "

the Indian Ocean fisheries are the third most important in the world accounting for 14.6%, or 12,283,403 mt of the global catch in 2018; tuna, small pelagic fish, and shrimp are important species in these regions; the Food and Agriculture Organization delineated two fishing regions in the Indian Ocean:

Eastern Indian Ocean region (Region 57) is the most important region and the fifth largest producing region in the world with 8%, or 6,769,644 mt, of the global catch in 2018; the region encompasses the waters north of 55º South latitude and east of 80º East longitude including the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea with the major producers including Indonesia (1,854,700 mt), India (1,384,415 mt), Burma (1,144,000 mt), Bangladesh (654,687 mt), and Sri Lanka (395,175 mt); the principal catches include shad, Skipjack tuna, mackerel, shrimp, and sardinellas

Western Indian Ocean region (Region 51) is the world’s sixth largest producing region with more than 6.5% or 5,513,759 mt of the global catch in 2018; this region encompasses the waters north of 40º South latitude and west of 80º East longitude including the western Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea as well as the waters along the east coast of Africa and Madagascar, the south coast of the Arabian Peninsula, and the west coast of India with major producers including India (2,235,730 mt), Oman (553,445 mt), Pakistan (363,578 mt), and Mozambique (231,256 mt); the principal catches include Skipjack and Yellowfin tuna, mackerel, sardines, shrimp, and cephalopods" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February in the southern Indian Ocean" } }, "Government": { @@ -66,9 +74,6 @@ "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "The Indian Ocean provides major sea routes connecting the Middle East, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. It carries a particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum products from the oilfields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. Its fish are of great and growing importance to the bordering countries for domestic consumption and export. Fishing fleets from Russia, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly for shrimp and tuna. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being tapped in the offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and western Australia. An estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil production comes from the Indian Ocean. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals and offshore placer deposits are actively exploited by bordering countries, particularly India, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand." - }, - "Marine fisheries": { - "text": "

the Indian Ocean fisheries are the third most important in the world accounting for 15%, or 12,311,688 mt of the global catch in 2017; tuna, small pelagic fish, and shrimp are important species in these regions; the Food and Agriculture Organization delineated two fishing regions in the Indian Ocean:

Eastern Indian Ocean region (Region 57) is the most important region and the fifth largest producing region in the world with more than 8%, or 6,966,875 mt, of the global catch in 2017; the region encompasses the waters north of 55º South latitude and east of 80º East longitude including the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea with the major producers including Indonesia (1,940,190 mt), India (1,431,700 mt), Burma (1,263,080 mt), Bangladesh (637,476 mt), and Sri Lanka (422,842 mt); the principal catches include shad, Skipjack tuna, mackerel, shrimp, and sardinellas

Western Indian Ocean region (Region 51) is the world’s sixth largest producing region with more than 6% or 5,344,813 mt of the global catch in 2017; this region encompasses the waters north of 40º South latitude and west of 80º East longitude including the western Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea as well as the waters along the east coast of Africa and Madagascar, the south coast of the Arabian Peninsula, and the west coast of India with major producers including India (2,402,878 mt), Pakistan (382,768 mt), Oman (347,539 mt), and Mozambique (232,299 mt); the principal catches include Skipjack and Yellowfin tuna, mackerel, sardines, shrimp, and cephalopods" } }, "Transportation": { @@ -80,7 +85,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Maritime threats": { - "text": "the International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial waters of littoral states and offshore waters as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships, particularly in the Gulf of Aden, along the east coast of Africa, the Bay of Bengal, and the Strait of Malacca; the presence of several naval task forces in the Gulf of Aden and additional anti-piracy measures on the part of ship operators, including the use of on-board armed security teams, have reduced incidents of piracy; in response, Somali-based pirates, using hijacked fishing trawlers as \"mother ships\" to extend their range, shifted operations as far south as the Mozambique Channel, eastward to the vicinity of the Maldives, and northeastward to the Strait of Hormuz; 2018 saw a slight decrease in attacks over 2017, with one incident in the Gulf of Aden, none in the Red Sea, and two off the coast of Somalia; Operation Ocean Shield, the NATO naval task force established in 2009 to combat Somali piracy, concluded its operations in December 2016 as a result of the drop in reported incidents over the last few years; the EU naval mission, Operation ATALANTA, continues its operations in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean through 2020; naval units from Japan, India, and China also operate in conjunction with EU forces; China has established a logistical base in Djibouti to support its deployed naval units in the Horn of Africa

the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2019-012-Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, Red Sea-Threats to US and International Shipping from Iran) effective 7 August 2019, which states in part that \"heightened military activities and increased political tensions in this region continue to present risk to commercial shipping...there is a continued possibility that Iran and/or its regional proxies could take actions against US and partner interests in the region;\" at present, Iran has seized two foreign-flagged tankers in the Persian Gulf; the US and UK navies have established Operation Sentinel to provide escorts for commercial shipping transiting the Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, and Gulf of Oman" + "text": "the International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial waters of littoral states and offshore waters as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships, particularly in the Gulf of Aden, along the east coast of Africa, the Bay of Bengal, and the Strait of Malacca; the presence of several naval task forces in the Gulf of Aden and additional anti-piracy measures on the part of ship operators, including the use of on-board armed security teams, have reduced incidents of piracy; 2020 saw no incidents in the region of the Horn of Africa; the EU naval mission, Operation ATALANTA, continues its operations in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean through 2022; naval units from Japan, India, and China also operate in conjunction with EU forces; China has established a logistical base in Djibouti to support its deployed naval units in the Horn of Africa

the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2021-003A Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, Red Sea-Threats to US and International Shipping from Iran) effective 26 February 2021, which states in part that \"heightened military activities and increased political tensions in this region continue to present risk to commercial shipping...there is a continued possibility that Iran and/or its regional proxies could take actions against US and partner interests in the region;\" Coalition Task Force (CTF) Sentinel has been established to provide escorts for commercial shipping transiting the Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, and Gulf of Oman" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/oceans/xq.json b/oceans/xq.json index 98572241..b259d9c0 100644 --- a/oceans/xq.json +++ b/oceans/xq.json @@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ }, "Area": { "total": { - "text": "14.056 million sq km" + "text": "15.558 million sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, Northwest Passage, and other tributary water bodies

" + "note": "note: includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, Northwest Passage, and other tributary water bodies" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US" @@ -33,14 +33,14 @@ "text": "

central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack that, on average, is about 3 m thick, although pressure ridges may be three times that thickness; the icepack is surrounded by open seas during the summer, but more than doubles in size during the winter and extends to the encircling landmasses; the ocean floor is about 50% continental shelf (highest percentage of any ocean) with the remainder a central basin interrupted by three submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera, Nansen Cordillera, and Lomonosov Ridge)

major surface currents: two major, slow-moving, wind-driven currents (drift streams) dominate: a clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyre in the western part of the Arctic Ocean and a nearly straight line Transpolar Drift Stream that moves eastward across the ocean from the New Siberian Islands (Russia) to the Fram Strait (between Greenland and Svalbard); sea ice that lies close to the center of the gyre can complete a 360 degree circle in about 2 years, while ice on the gyre periphery will complete the same circle in about 7-8 years; sea ice in the Transpolar Drift crosses the ocean in about 3 years

" }, "Elevation": { - "mean depth": { - "text": "-1,205 m" - }, - "lowest point": { - "text": "Molloy Deep -5,607 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "sea level" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Molloy Deep -5,577 m" + }, + "mean depth": { + "text": "-1,205 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -49,15 +49,23 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "ice islands occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; permafrost in islands; virtually ice locked from October to June; ships subject to superstructure icing from October to May" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "climate change; changes in biodiversity; use of toxic chemicals; endangered marine species include walruses and whales; fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from disruptions or damage; thinning polar icepack" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern access to the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait); strategic location between North America and Russia; shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and western Russia; floating research stations operated by the US and Russia; maximum snow cover in March or April about 20 to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean; snow cover lasts about 10 months" } }, "People and Society": { }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "climate change; changes in biodiversity; use of toxic chemicals; endangered marine species include walruses and whales; fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from disruptions or damage; thinning polar icepack" + }, + "Marine fisheries": { + "text": "the Arctic fishery region (Region 18) is the smallest in the world with a catch of only 113 mt in 2018, although the Food and Agriculture Organization assesses that some Arctic catches are reported in adjacent regions; Russia and Canada were historically the major producers; in 2017, the five littoral states including Canada, Denmark (Greenland), Norway, Russia, and the US agreed to a 16 year ban on fishing in the Central Arctic Ocean to allow for time to study the ecological system of these waters" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature range; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow" + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "etymology": { @@ -68,9 +76,6 @@ "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "Economic activity is limited to the exploitation of natural resources, including petroleum, natural gas, fish, and seals." - }, - "Marine fisheries": { - "text": "the Arctic fishery region (Region 18) is the smallest in the world with a catch of only 418 mt in 2017, although the Food and Agriculture Organization assesses that some Arctic catches are reported in adjacent regions; Russia and Canada were historically the major producers; in 2017, the five littoral states including Canada, Denmark (Greenland), Norway, Russia, and the US agreed to a 16 year ban on fishing in the Central Arctic Ocean to allow for time to study the ecological system of these waters" } }, "Transportation": { diff --git a/oceans/zh.json b/oceans/zh.json index 7bf6ab51..98a4842d 100644 --- a/oceans/zh.json +++ b/oceans/zh.json @@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ }, "Area": { "total": { - "text": "76.762 million sq km" + "text": "85.133 million sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, part of the Drake Passage, Gulf of Mexico, Labrador Sea, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Norwegian Sea, almost all of the Scotia Sea, and other tributary water bodies

" + "note": "note: includes Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, part of the Drake Passage, Gulf of Mexico, Labrador Sea, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Norwegian Sea, almost all of the Scotia Sea, and other tributary water bodies" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "about 7.5 times the size of the US" @@ -33,14 +33,14 @@ "text": "

surface usually covered with sea ice in Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and coastal portions of the Baltic Sea from October to June; surface dominated by two large gyres (broad, circular systems of currents), one in the northern Atlantic and another in the southern Atlantic; the ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a rugged north-south centerline for the entire Atlantic basin

major surface currents: clockwise North Atlantic Gyre consists of the northward flowing, warm Gulf Stream in the west, the eastward flowing North Atlantic Current in the north, the southward flowing cold Canary Current in the east, and the westward flowing North Equatorial Current in the south; the counterclockwise South Atlantic Gyre composed of the southward flowing warm Brazil Current in the west, the eastward flowing South Atlantic Current in the south, the northward flowing cold Benguela Current in the east, and the westward flowing South Equatorial Current in the north

" }, "Elevation": { - "mean depth": { - "text": "-3,646 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "sea level" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Milwaukee Deep in the Puerto Rico Trench -8,605 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "sea level" + "mean depth": { + "text": "-3,646 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -49,11 +49,19 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "icebergs common in Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the northwestern Atlantic Ocean from February to August and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and the Madeira Islands; ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme northern Atlantic from October to May; persistent fog can be a maritime hazard from May to September; hurricanes (May to December)" }, + "Geography - note": { + "text": "major chokepoints include the Dardanelles, Strait of Gibraltar, access to the Panama and Suez Canals; strategic straits include the Strait of Dover, Straits of Florida, Mona Passage, The Sound (Oresund), and Windward Passage; the Equator divides the Atlantic Ocean into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean" + } + }, + "Environment": { "Environment - current issues": { "text": "endangered marine species include the manatee, seals, sea lions, turtles, and whales; unsustainable exploitation of fisheries (over fishing, bottom trawling, drift net fishing, discards, catch of non-target species); pollution (maritime transport, discharges, offshore drilling, oil spills); municipal sludge pollution off eastern US, southern Brazil, and eastern Argentina; oil pollution in Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Lake Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea; industrial waste and municipal sewage pollution in Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea" }, - "Geography - note": { - "text": "major chokepoints include the Dardanelles, Strait of Gibraltar, access to the Panama and Suez Canals; strategic straits include the Strait of Dover, Straits of Florida, Mona Passage, The Sound (Oresund), and Windward Passage; the Equator divides the Atlantic Ocean into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean" + "Marine fisheries": { + "text": "

the Atlantic Ocean fisheries are the second most important in the world accounting for 26.8%, or 22,636,307 mt, of the global catch in 2018; of the seven regions delineated by the Food and Agriculture Organization in the Atlantic basin, the most important include the following:

Northeast Atlantic region (Region 27) is the fourth most important in the world producing 11% of the global catch or 9,316,499 mt in 2018; the region encompasses the waters north of 36º North latitude and east of 40º West longitude with the major producers including Norway (2,278,806 mt), Iceland (1,259,169 mt), Russia (1,051,377 mt), Denmark (787,051 mt), and UK (689,851 mt); the region includes the historically important fishing grounds of the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, and the Atlantic waters between Greenland, Iceland, and the British Isles; the principal catches include Atlantic cod, haddock, saithe (pollock), Blue Whiting, herring, and mackerel; not all fish caught are for human consumption, half of fish catches in the North Sea are processed as fish oil or fish meal, which are used in animal fodder

Eastern Central Atlantic region (Region 34) is the second most important Atlantic fishery, and sixth largest in the world producing more than 6.5% of the global catch or 5,497,048 mt in 2018; the region encompasses the waters between 36º North and 6º South latitude and east of 40º West longitude off the west coast of Africa with the major producers including Morocco (1,330,204 mt), Mauritania (952,707 mt), Nigeria (485,967 mt), Senegal (452,747 mt), Ghana (286,767 mt), Cameroon (251,309 mt), and Sierra Leone (200,000 mt); the principal catches include pilchard, sardinellas, shad, and mackerel

Northwest Atlantic region (Region 21) is the third most important Atlantic fishery and eighth in the world producing 2% of the global catch and 1,682,461 mt in 2018; it encompasses the waters north of 35º North latitude and west of 42º West longitude including the important fishing grounds over the continental shelf of North America such as the Grand Banks, the Georges Bank, and the Flemish Cap, as well as Baffin Bay with the major producers including the US (850,088 mt), Canada (593,375 mt), and Greenland (167,548 mt); the principal catches include sea scallops, prawns, lobster, herring, and menhaden

Mediterranean and Black Sea region (Region 37) is a minor fishing region representing 1.5% or 1,307,260 mt of the world’s total capture in 2018; the region encompasses all waters east of the Strait of Gibraltar with the major producers including Turkey (283,956 mt), Italy (192,500 mt), Tunisia (105,543 mt), Russia (73,224 mt), and Spain (91,333 mt); the principal catches include European anchovy, European pilchard, Gobies, and clams

" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cabo Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from May to December but are most frequent from August to November" } }, "Government": { @@ -66,9 +74,6 @@ "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "The Atlantic Ocean provides some of the world's most heavily trafficked sea routes, between and within the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. Other economic activity includes the exploitation of natural resources, e.g., fishing, dredging of aragonite sands (The Bahamas), and production of crude oil and natural gas (Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and North Sea)." - }, - "Marine fisheries": { - "text": "

the Atlantic Ocean fisheries are the second most important in the world accounting for 28%, or 22,434,652 mt, of the global catch in 2017; of the seven regions delineated by the Food and Agriculture Organization in the Atlantic basin, the most important include the following:

Northeast Atlantic region (Region 27) is the third most important in the world producing more than 11% of the global catch or 9,309,821 mt in 2017; the region encompasses the waters north of 36º North latitude and east of 40º West longitude with the major producers including Norway (2,208,175 mt), Iceland (1,163,166 mt), Russia (1,105,548 mt), UK (717,545 mt), and Denmark (901,939 mt); the region includes the historically important fishing grounds of the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, and the Atlantic waters between Greenland, Iceland, and the British Isles; the principal catches include Atlantic cod, haddock, saithe (pollock), Blue Whiting, herring, and mackerel; not all fish caught are for human consumption, half of fish catches in the North Sea are processed as fish oil or fish meal, which are used in animal fodder

Eastern Central Atlantic region (Region 34) is the second most important Atlantic fishery, and seventh largest in the world producing more than 6% of the global catch or 5,085,264 mt in 2017; the region encompasses the waters between 36º North and 6º South latitude and east of 40º West longitude off the west coast of Africa with the major producers including Morocco (1,336,787 mt), Mauritania (779,580 mt), Nigeria (496,206 mt), Senegal (464,199 mt), Ghana (291,904 mt), Cameroon (205,190 mt), and Sierra Leone (200,000 mt); the principal catches include pilchard, sardinellas, shad, and mackerel

Northwest Atlantic region (Region 21) is the third most important Atlantic fishery and ninth in the world producing a little more than 2% of the global catch and 1,755,861 mt in 2017; it encompasses the waters north of 35º North latitude and west of 42º West longitude including the important fishing grounds over the continental shelf of North America such as the Grand Banks, the Georges Bank, and the Flemish Cap, as well as Baffin Bay with the major producers including the US (889,668 mt), Canada (624,747 mt), and Greenland (169,830 mt); the principal catches include sea scallops, prawns, lobster, herring, and menhaden

Mediterranean and Black Sea region (Region 37) is a minor fishing region representing 1.6% or 1,348,299 mt of the world’s total capture in 2017; the region encompasses all waters east of the Strait of Gibraltar with the major producers including Turkey (322,175 mt), Italy (185,067 mt), Tunisia (109,636 mt), Russia (90,883 mt), and Spain (86,342 mt); the principal catches include European anchovy, European pilchard, Gobies, and clams

" } }, "Transportation": { @@ -83,7 +88,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Maritime threats": { - "text": "West African piracy more than doubled in 2018 totaling 85 attacks, including all of the six ships highjacked during the year; 13 of the 18 vessels fired upon world-wide occurred in West African waters; Nigerian pirates are very aggresive, operating as far as 200 nm offshore and boarded 29 ships in 2018; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2019-010-Gulf of Guinea-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Kidnapping for Ransom) effective 19 July 2019, which states in part \"Piracy, armed robbery, and kidnapping for ransom (KFR) continue to serve as significant threats to U.S. flagged vessels transiting or operating in the Gulf of Guinea (GoG). ...According to the Office of Naval Intelligence’s “Weekly Piracy Reports” 72 reported incidents of piracy and armed robbery at sea occurred in the GoG region this year as of July 9, 2019. Attacks, kidnappings for ransom (KFR), and boardings to steal valuables from the ships and crews are the most common types of incidents with approximately 75 percent of all incidents taking place off Nigeria. During the first six months of 2019, there were 15 kidnapping and 3 hijackings in the GoG.\"" + "text": "

the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Niger Delta and Gulf of Guinea remain a very high risk for piracy and armed robbery of ships; in 2020, there were 98 reported incidents of piracy and armed robbery at sea in the Gulf of Guinea region; although a 24% decrease from the total number of incidents in 2019, it included all three hijackings and 9 of 11 ships fired upon worldwide; while boarding and attempted boarding to steal valuables from ships and crews are the most common types of incidents, almost a third of all incidents involve a hijacking and/or kidnapping; in 2020, a record 130 crew members were kidnapped in 22 separate incidents in the Gulf of Guinea, representing 95% of kidnappings worldwide; approximately 51% of all incidents of piracy and armed robbery are taking place off Nigeria, which is a decrease from the 71% in 2019 and an indication pirates are traveling further to target vessels; Nigerian pirates are well armed and very aggressive, operating as far as 200 nm offshore; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2021-002 - Gulf of Guinea-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Kidnapping for Ransom) effective 9 January 2021, which states in part, \"Piracy, armed robbery, and kidnapping for ransom continue to serve as significant threats to US-flagged vessels transiting or operating in the Gulf of Guinea.”

" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/oceans/zn.json b/oceans/zn.json index d6f05f9d..d25263a5 100644 --- a/oceans/zn.json +++ b/oceans/zn.json @@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ }, "Area": { "total": { - "text": "155.557 million sq km" + "text": "161.760 million sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes Bali Sea, Bering Sea, Bering Strait, Coral Sea, East China Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Gulf of Tonkin, Philippine Sea, Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, South China Sea, Tasman Sea, and other tributary water bodies

" + "note": "note: includes Bali Sea, Bering Sea, Bering Strait, Coral Sea, East China Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Gulf of Tonkin, Philippine Sea, Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, South China Sea, Tasman Sea, and other tributary water bodies" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "about 15 times the size of the US; covers about 28% of the global surface; almost equal to the total land area of the world" @@ -33,14 +33,14 @@ "text": "

surface dominated by two large gyres (broad, circular systems of currents), one in the northern Pacific and another in the southern Pacific; in the northern Pacific, sea ice forms in the Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk in winter; in the southern Pacific, sea ice from Antarctica reaches its northernmost extent in October; the ocean floor in the eastern Pacific is dominated by the East Pacific Rise, while the western Pacific is dissected by deep trenches, including the Mariana Trench, which is the world's deepest at 10,924 m

major surface currents: clockwise North Pacific Gyre formed by the warm northward flowing Kuroshio Current in the west, the eastward flowing North Pacific Current in the north, the southward flowing cold California Current in the east, and the westward flowing North Equatorial Current in the south; the counterclockwise South Pacific Gyre composed of the southward flowing warm East Australian Current in the west, the eastward flowing South Pacific Current in the south, the northward flowing cold Peru (Humbolt) Current in the east, and the westward flowing South Equatorial Current in the north

" }, "Elevation": { - "mean depth": { - "text": "-2,970 m" - }, - "lowest point": { - "text": "Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench -10,924 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "sea level" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench -10,924 m
note - the Pacific Ocean is the deepest ocean basin" + }, + "mean depth": { + "text": "-4,080 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -49,11 +49,19 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "surrounded by a zone of violent volcanic and earthquake activity sometimes referred to as the \"Pacific Ring of Fire\"; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire; 80% of tsunamis, caused by volcanic or seismic events, occur within the \"Pacific Ring of Fire\"; subject to tropical cyclones (typhoons) in southeast and east Asia from May to December (most frequent from July to October); tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico and strike Central America and Mexico from June to October (most common in August and September); cyclical El Nino/La Nina phenomenon occurs in the equatorial Pacific, influencing weather in the Western Hemisphere and the western Pacific; ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme north from October to May; persistent fog in the northern Pacific can be a maritime hazard from June to December" }, + "Geography - note": { + "text": "the major chokepoints are the Bering Strait, Panama Canal, Luzon Strait, and the Singapore Strait; the Equator divides the Pacific Ocean into the North Pacific Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean; dotted with low coral islands and rugged volcanic islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean; much of the Pacific Ocean's rim lies along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters that accounts for up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes; the Pacific Ocean is the deepest ocean basin averaging 4,000 m in depth" + } + }, + "Environment": { "Environment - current issues": { "text": "pollution (such as sewage, runoff from land and toxic waste); habitat destruction; over-fishing; climate change leading to sea level rise, ocean acidification, and warming; endangered marine species include the dugong, sea lion, sea otter, seals, turtles, and whales; oil pollution in Philippine Sea and South China Sea" }, - "Geography - note": { - "text": "the major chokepoints are the Bering Strait, Panama Canal, Luzon Strait, and the Singapore Strait; the Equator divides the Pacific Ocean into the North Pacific Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean; dotted with low coral islands and rugged volcanic islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean; much of the Pacific Ocean's rim lies along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters that accounts for up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes" + "Marine fisheries": { + "text": "

the Pacific Ocean fisheries are the most important in the world accounting for 58.2%, or 49,162,169 mt, of the global marine capture in 2018; of the six regions delineated by the Food and Agriculture Organization in the Pacific Ocean, the following are the most important:

Northwest Pacific region (Region 61) is the world’s most important fishery producing 23.7% of the global catch or 20,058,661 mt in 2018; it encompasses the waters north of 20º north latitude and west of 175º west longitude with the major producers including China (12,055,144 mt), Japan (2,851,305 mt), South Korea (942,667 mt), and Taiwan (416,150 mt); the principal catches include Alaska Pollock, Japanese anchovy, chub mackerel, and scads

Western Central Pacific region (Region 71) is the world’s second most important fishing region producing 16%, or 13,540,458 mt, of the global catch in 2018; tuna is the most important species in this region; the region includes the waters between 20º North and 25º South latitude and west of 175º West longitude with the major producers including Indonesia (4,851,803 mt), Vietnam (3,190,749 mt), Philippines (1,886,599 mt), Thailand (1,104,352 mt), and Malaysia (696,935 mt); the principal catches include Skipjack and Yellowfin tuna, sardinellas, and cephalopods

Southeast Pacific region (Region 87) is the third major Pacific fishery and third largest in the world producing 12.2%, or 10,269,885 mt, of the global catch in 2018; this region includes the nutrient rich upwelling waters off the west coast of South America between 5º North and 60º South latitude and east of 120º West longitude with the major producers including Peru (7,150,340 mt), Chile (2,107,933 mt), and Ecuador (481,934 mt); the principal catches include Peruvian anchovy (68.5% of the catch), Jumbo flying squid, and Chilean jack mackerel

Pacific Northeast region (Region 67) is the fourth largest Pacific Ocean fishery and seventh largest in the world producing 3.6% of the global catch or 3,090,706 mt in 2018; this region encompasses the waters north of 40º North latitude and east of 175º West longitude including the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea with the major producers including the US (2,891,750 mt), Canada (191,228 mt), and Russia (7,728 mt); the principal catches include Alaska pollock, Pacific cod, and North Pacific hake" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike southeast and east Asia from May to December" } }, "Government": { @@ -66,9 +74,6 @@ "Economy": { "Economic overview": { "text": "The Pacific Ocean is a major contributor to the world economy and particularly to those nations its waters directly touch. It provides low-cost sea transportation between East and West, extensive fishing grounds, offshore oil and gas fields, minerals, and sand and gravel for the construction industry. In 1996, over 60% of the world's fish catch came from the Pacific Ocean. Exploitation of offshore oil and gas reserves is playing an ever-increasing role in the energy supplies of the US, Australia, NZ, China, and Peru. The high cost of recovering offshore oil and gas, combined with the wide swings in world prices for oil since 1985, has led to fluctuations in new drillings." - }, - "Marine fisheries": { - "text": "

the Pacific Ocean fisheries are the most important in the world accounting for 56.6%, or 45,580,140 mt, of the global marine capture in 2017; of the six regions delineated by the Food and Agriculture Organization in the Pacific Ocean, the following are the most important:

Northwest Pacific region (Region 61) is the world’s most important fishery producing 25% of the global catch or 20,234,899 mt in 2017; it encompasses the waters north of 20º north latitude and west of 175º west longitude with the major producers including China (12,589,877 mt), Japan (2,917,663 mt), South Korea (948,670 mt), and Taiwan (341,260 mt); the principal catches include Alaska Pollock, Japanese anchovy, chub mackerel, and scads

Western Central Pacific region (Region 71) is the world’s second most important fishing region producing 15%, or 12,530,652 mt, of the global catch in 2017; tuna is the most important species in this region; the region includes the waters between 20º North and 25º South latitude and west of 175º West longitude with the major producers including Indonesia (4,281,018 mt), Vietnam (3,118,696 mt), Philippines (1,724,272 mt), Thailand (912,863 mt), and Malaysia (741,561 mt); the principal catches include Skipjack and Yellowfin tuna, sardinellas, and cephalopods

Southeast Pacific region (Region 87) is the third major Pacific fishery and fourth largest in the world producing 9%, or 7,223,740 mt, of the global catch in 2017; this region includes the nutrient rich upwelling waters off the west coast of South America between 5º North and 60º South latitude and east of 120º West longitude with the major producers including Peru (4,128,760 mt), Chile (1,918,611 mt), and Ecuador (554,961 mt); the principal catches include Peruvian anchovy (50% of the catch), Jumbo flying squid, and Chilean jack mackerel

Pacific Northeast region (Region 67) is the fourth largest Pacific Ocean fishery and eighth largest in the world producing 4% of the global catch or 3,379,432 mt in 2017; this region encompasses the waters north of 40º North latitude and east of 175º West longitude including the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea with the major producers including the US (3,186,515 mt), Canada (180,929 mt), and Russia (11,988 mt); the principal catches include Alaska pollock, Pacific cod, and North Pacific hake" } }, "Transportation": { @@ -80,7 +85,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Maritime threats": { - "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial waters of littoral states and offshore waters in the South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; an emerging threat area lies in the Celebes and Sulu Seas between the Philippines and Malaysia where three crew were kidnapped or taken hostage in 2018; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargoes stolen; crew and passengers are often held for ransom, murdered, or cast adrift; the Maritime Administration (MARAD) of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2019-011-Sulu and Celebes Seas-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Terrorism) which states in part \"In 2018, there were at least 12 reported boardings, attempted boardings, attacks, hijackings, and kidnappings in the Sulu and Celebes Seas. Recent kidnapping incidents in this area were reportedly linked to the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), a violent Islamic separatist group operating in the southern Philippines...\" and advises ships to adhere to counter-piracy practices to minimize risk" + "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial waters of littoral states and offshore waters in the South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; an emerging threat area lies in the Celebes and Sulu Seas between the Philippines and Malaysia where three ships were attacked in 2020; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargoes stolen" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/south-america/ar.json b/south-america/ar.json index 2d129d78..e0a194ad 100644 --- a/south-america/ar.json +++ b/south-america/ar.json @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling plateau of Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western border" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "595 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Cerro Aconcagua (located in the northwestern corner of the province of Mendoza; highest point in South America) 6,962 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Laguna del Carbon (located between Puerto San Julian and Comandante Luis Piedra Buena in the province of Santa Cruz) -105 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Cerro Aconcagua (located in the northwestern corner of the province of Mendoza; highest point in South America) 6,962 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "595 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,20 +102,8 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

San Miguel de Tucuman and Mendoza areas in the Andes subject to earthquakes; pamperos are violent windstorms that can strike the pampas and northeast; heavy flooding in some areas

volcanism: volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains along the Chilean border; Copahue (2,997 m) last erupted in 2000; other historically active volcanoes include Llullaillaco, Maipo, Planchon-Peteroa, San Jose, Tromen, Tupungatito, and Viedma

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "environmental problems (urban and rural) typical of an industrializing economy such as deforestation, soil degradation (erosion, salinization), desertification, air pollution, and water pollution", - "note": "

note: Argentina is a world leader in setting voluntary greenhouse gas targets

" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Marine Life Conservation" - } - }, "Geography - note": { - "text": "second-largest country in South America (after Brazil); strategic location relative to sea lanes between the South Atlantic and the South Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage); diverse geophysical landscapes range from tropical climates in the north to tundra in the far south; Cerro Aconcagua is the Western Hemisphere's tallest mountain, while Laguna del Carbon is the lowest point in the Western Hemisphere; shares Iguazu Falls, the world's largest waterfalls system, with Brazil" + "text": "note 1: second-largest country in South America (after Brazil); strategic location relative to sea lanes between the South Atlantic and the South Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage); diverse geophysical landscapes range from tropical climates in the north to tundra in the far south; Cerro Aconcagua is the Western Hemisphere's tallest mountain, while Laguna del Carbon is the lowest point in the Western Hemisphere; shares Iguazu Falls, the world's largest waterfalls system, with Brazil

note 2: southeast Bolivia and northwest Argentina seem to be the original development site for peanuts" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -201,10 +189,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "92.1% of total population (2020)" + "text": "92.2% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.07% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.97% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -311,7 +299,7 @@ "text": "1,400 (2019 est.)" }, "Major infectious diseases": { - "text": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Argentina; as of 24 January 2021, Argentina has reported a total of 1,853,830 cases of COVID-19 or 4,101.8 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 103.1 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population" + "text": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Argentina; as of 25 April 2021, Argentina has reported a total of 2,824,652 cases of COVID-19 or 6,249.8 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 135.4 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 14.7% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "28.3% (2016)" @@ -349,13 +337,106 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "23.7%" + "text": "25.9%" }, "male": { - "text": "20.8%" + "text": "23.9%" }, "female": { - "text": "27.8% (2018 est.)" + "text": "28.8% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "environmental problems (urban and rural) typical of an industrializing economy such as deforestation, soil degradation (erosion, salinization), desertification, air pollution, and water pollution" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "11.83 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "201.35 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "120.66 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "5.85 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "27.93 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "876.24 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "53.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 13.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 39.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "10.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "35.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.09% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "92.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.97% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "text": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Argentina; as of 25 April 2021, Argentina has reported a total of 2,824,652 cases of COVID-19 or 6,249.8 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 135.4 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 14.7% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "17,910,550 tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "1,074,633 tons (2010 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "6% (2010 est.)" } } }, @@ -390,11 +471,11 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name translates as \"fair winds\" in Spanish and derives from the original designation of the settlement that would become the present-day city, \"Santa Maria del Buen Aire\" (Saint Mary of the Fair Winds)" + "note": "etymology: the name translates as \"fair winds\" in Spanish and derives from the original designation of the settlement that would become the present-day city, \"Santa Maria del Buen Aire\" (Saint Mary of the Fair Winds)" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "23 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 autonomous city*; Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Chubut, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires*, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego - Antartida e Islas del Atlantico Sur (Tierra del Fuego - Antarctica and the South Atlantic Islands), Tucuman", - "note": "

note: the US does not recognize any claims to Antarctica

" + "text": "23 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 autonomous city*; Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Chubut, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires*, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego - Antartida e Islas del Atlantico Sur (Tierra del Fuego - Antarctica and the South Atlantic Islands), Tucuman

note: the US does not recognize any claims to Antarctica", + "note": "note: the US does not recognize any claims to Antarctica" }, "Independence": { "text": "9 July 1816 (from Spain)" @@ -525,7 +606,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Vicente LOPEZ y PLANES/Jose Blas PARERA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1813; Vicente LOPEZ was inspired to write the anthem after watching a play about the 1810 May Revolution against Spain

" + "note": "note: adopted 1813; Vicente LOPEZ was inspired to write the anthem after watching a play about the 1810 May Revolution against Spain" } }, "Economy": { @@ -550,7 +631,7 @@ "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016": { "text": "26.5% (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are derived from private estimates

" + "note": "note: data are derived from private estimates" }, "Credit ratings": { "Fitch rating": { @@ -573,7 +654,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$1,039,330,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$447.467 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -588,7 +669,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$23,597 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -633,7 +714,16 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "59 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "80.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "67.1 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { "text": "57.5 (2020)" } }, @@ -644,12 +734,12 @@ "text": "food processing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals and petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, steel" }, "Industrial production growth rate": { - "text": "2.7% (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: based on private sector estimates

" + "text": "2.7% (2017 est.)

note: based on private sector estimates", + "note": "note: based on private sector estimates" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "18 million (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: urban areas only

" + "text": "18 million (2017 est.)

note: urban areas only", + "note": "note: urban areas only" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -671,8 +761,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "25.7% (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: data are based on private estimates

" + "text": "35.5% (2019 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -735,10 +824,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Brazil 16.1%, US 7.9%, China 7.5%, Chile 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "Brazil 16%, China 11%, United States 7%, Chile 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "soybeans and derivatives, petroleum and gas, vehicles, corn, wheat" + "text": "soybean products, corn, delivery trucks, wheat, frozen meat, gold (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -752,10 +841,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Brazil 26.9%, China 18.5%, US 11.3%, Germany 4.9% (2017)" + "text": "Brazil 21%, China 18%, US 14%, Germany 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery, motor vehicles, petroleum and natural gas, organic chemicals, plastics" + "text": "cars, refined petroleum, vehicle parts, natural gas, soybeans (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -871,9 +960,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "336.6 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "203.7 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -903,7 +989,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 54; landing points for the UNISUR, Bicentenario, Atlantis-2, SAm-1, and SAC, Tannat, Malbec and ARBR submarine cable systems that provide links to Europe, Africa, South and Central America, and US; satellite earth stations - 112 (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "government owns a TV station and radio network; more than 2 dozen TV stations and hundreds of privately owned radio stations; high rate of cable TV subscription usage" @@ -944,7 +1030,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "LV (2016)" + "text": "LV" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1010,7 +1096,7 @@ "broad gauge": { "text": "26,391 km 1.676-m gauge (149 km electrified) (2014)" }, - "note": "

258 km 0.750-m gauge" + "note": "258 km 0.750-m gauge" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1051,7 +1137,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic (Fuerzas Armadas de la República Argentina): Argentine Army (Ejercito Argentino), Navy of the Argentine Republic (Armada Republica; includes naval aviation and naval infantry), Argentine Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Argentina, FAA); Ministry of Security: Gendarmerie, Prefectura Naval (coast guard) (2020)" + "text": "Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic (Fuerzas Armadas de la República Argentina): Argentine Army (Ejercito Argentino), Navy of the Argentine Republic (Armada Republica; includes naval aviation and naval infantry), Argentine Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Argentina, FAA); Ministry of Security: Gendarmería Nacional Argentina (National Gendarmerie), Prefectura Naval (Coast Guard) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1071,19 +1157,19 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "Argentina's armed forces have approximately 75,000 (45,000 Army; 17,000 Navy; 13,000 Air Force); est. 18,000 Gendarmerie (2019 est.)" + "text": "assessments for the size of Argentina's armed forces vary; approximately 84,000 total personnel (50,000 Army; 19,000 Navy (includes about 3,000 marines); 15,000 Air Force); est. 25,000 Gendarmerie (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the inventory of Argentina's armed forces is a mix of domestically-produced and mostly older imported weapons, largely from Europe and the US; since 2010, France and the US are the leading suppliers of equipment; Argentina has an indigenous defense industry that can produce air, land, and sea systems (2019 est.)" + "text": "the inventory of Argentina's armed forces is a mix of domestically-produced and mostly older imported weapons, largely from Europe and the US; since 2010, France and the US are the leading suppliers of equipment; Argentina has an indigenous defense industry that can produce air, land, and sea systems (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "250 Cyprus (UNFICYP) (2020)" + "text": "250 Cyprus (UNFICYP) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-24 years of age for voluntary military service (18-21 requires parental consent); no conscription; if the number of volunteers fails to meet the quota of recruits for a particular year, Congress can authorize the conscription of citizens turning 18 that year for a period not exceeding one year (2012)" + "text": "18-24 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription suspended in 1995; Argentinians can still be drafted in times of crisis, national emergency, or war, or if the Defense Ministry is unable to fill all vacancies to keep the military functional (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the Argentine military focuses primarily on border security and counter-narcotics operations; in 2018, the government approved a decree allowing greater latitude for the military in internal security missions, with a focus on logistics support in border areas (2019)" + "text": "the Argentine military focuses primarily on border security and counter-narcotics operations; in 2018, the government approved a decree allowing greater latitude for the military in internal security missions, with a focus on logistics support in border areas" } }, "Terrorism": { @@ -1094,7 +1180,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "213,769 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2020)" + "text": "226,484 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2021)" } }, "Illicit drugs": { diff --git a/south-america/bl.json b/south-america/bl.json index 60e4ce6e..765af98a 100644 --- a/south-america/bl.json +++ b/south-america/bl.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano), hills, lowland plains of the Amazon Basin" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,192 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Nevado Sajama 6,542 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Rio Paraguay 90 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Nevado Sajama 6,542 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,192 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,19 +91,8 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

flooding in the northeast (March to April)

volcanism: volcanic activity in Andes Mountains on the border with Chile; historically active volcanoes in this region are Irruputuncu (5,163 m), which last erupted in 1995, and the Olca-Paruma volcanic complex (5,762 m to 5,167 m)

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "the clearing of land for agricultural purposes and the international demand for tropical timber are contributing to deforestation; soil erosion from overgrazing and poor cultivation methods (including slash-and-burn agriculture); desertification; loss of biodiversity; industrial pollution of water supplies used for drinking and irrigation" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation" - } - }, "Geography - note": { - "text": "note 1: landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake (elevation 3,805 m), with Peru

note 2: the southern regions of Peru and the extreme northwestern part of Bolivia are considered to be the place of origin for the common potato" + "text": "note 1: landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake (elevation 3,805 m), with Peru

note 2: the southern regions of Peru and the extreme northwestern part of Bolivia are considered to be the place of origin for the common potato, while southeast Bolivia and northwest Argentina seem to be the original development site for peanuts" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -119,12 +108,12 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Mestizo (mixed White and Amerindian ancestry) 68%, Indigenous 20%, White 5%, Cholo/Chola 2%, Black 1%, other 1%, unspecified 3%; 44% of respondents indicated feeling part of some indigenous group, predominantly Quechua or Aymara (2009 est.)", - "note": "

note: results among surveys vary based on the wording of the ethnicity question and the available response choices; the 2001 national census did not provide \"Mestizo\" as a response choice, resulting in a much higher proportion of respondents identifying themselves as belonging to one of the available indigenous ethnicity choices; the use of \"Mestizo\" and \"Cholo\" varies among response choices in surveys, with surveys using the terms interchangeably, providing one or the other as a response choice, or providing the two as separate response choices

" + "text": "Mestizo (mixed White and Amerindian ancestry) 68%, Indigenous 20%, White 5%, Cholo/Chola 2%, Black 1%, other 1%, unspecified 3%; 44% of respondents indicated feeling part of some indigenous group, predominantly Quechua or Aymara (2009 est.)

note: results among surveys vary based on the wording of the ethnicity question and the available response choices; the 2001 national census did not provide \"Mestizo\" as a response choice, resulting in a much higher proportion of respondents identifying themselves as belonging to one of the available indigenous ethnicity choices; the use of \"Mestizo\" and \"Cholo\" varies among response choices in surveys, with surveys using the terms interchangeably, providing one or the other as a response choice, or providing the two as separate response choices", + "note": "note: results among surveys vary based on the wording of the ethnicity question and the available response choices; the 2001 national census did not provide \"Mestizo\" as a response choice, resulting in a much higher proportion of respondents identifying themselves as belonging to one of the available indigenous ethnicity choices; the use of \"Mestizo\" and \"Cholo\" varies among response choices in surveys, with surveys using the terms interchangeably, providing one or the other as a response choice, or providing the two as separate response choices" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Spanish (official) 60.7%, Quechua (official) 21.2%, Aymara (official) 14.6%, Guarani (official) 0.6%, other native languages 0.4%, foreign languages 2.4%, none 0.1% (2001 est.)", - "note": "

note: Bolivia's 2009 constitution designates Spanish and all indigenous languages as official; 36 indigenous languages are specified, including a few that are extinct

" + "text": "Spanish (official) 60.7%, Quechua (official) 21.2%, Aymara (official) 14.6%, Guarani (official) 0.6%, other native languages 0.4%, foreign languages 2.4%, none 0.1% (2001 est.)

note: Bolivia's 2009 constitution designates Spanish and all indigenous languages as official; 36 indigenous languages are specified, including a few that are extinct", + "note": "note: Bolivia's 2009 constitution designates Spanish and all indigenous languages as official; 36 indigenous languages are specified, including a few that are extinct" }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 76.8%, Evangelical and Pentecostal 8.1%, Protestant 7.9%, other 1.7%, none 5.5% (2012 est.)" @@ -191,10 +180,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "70.1% of total population (2020)" + "text": "70.5% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.97% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.87% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -224,8 +213,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "21.2 years (2008 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "21.2 years (2008 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "155 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -352,13 +341,114 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "6.9%" + "text": "8.8%" }, "male": { - "text": "6.8%" + "text": "8.2%" }, "female": { - "text": "7.1% (2018 est.)" + "text": "9.7% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "the clearing of land for agricultural purposes and the international demand for tropical timber are contributing to deforestation; soil erosion from overgrazing and poor cultivation methods (including slash-and-burn agriculture); desertification; loss of biodiversity; industrial pollution of water supplies used for drinking and irrigation" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands," + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "20.24 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "21.61 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "21.01 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "136 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "32 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.92 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "574 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "34.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 3.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 30.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "52.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "13.2% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.33% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "70.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.87% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever and malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "2,219,052 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "268,727 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "12.1% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -393,7 +483,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: La Paz is a shortening of the original name of the city, Nuestra Senora de La Paz (Our Lady of Peace); Sucre is named after Antonio Jose de Sucre (1795-1830), military hero in the independence struggle from Spain and the second president of Bolivia

note: at approximately 3,630 m above sea level, La Paz's elevation makes it the highest capital city in the world" + "note": "etymology: La Paz is a shortening of the original name of the city, Nuestra Senora de La Paz (Our Lady of Peace); Sucre is named after Antonio Jose de Sucre (1795-1830), military hero in the independence struggle from Spain and the second president of Bolivia

note: at approximately 3,630 m above sea level, La Paz's elevation makes it the highest capital city in the world" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "9 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Beni, Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, La Paz, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija" @@ -406,7 +496,7 @@ }, "Constitution": { "history": { - "text": "many previous; latest drafted 6 August 2006 to 9 December 2008, approved by referendum 25 January 2009, effective 7 February 2009; note - in late 2017, the Constitutional Tribunal declared inapplicable provisions of the constitution that prohibit elected officials, including the president, from serving more than 2 consecutive terms" + "text": "many previous; latest drafted 6 August 2006 to 9 December 2008, approved by referendum 25 January 2009, effective 7 February 2009" }, "amendments": { "text": "proposed through public petition by at least 20% of voters or by the Plurinational Legislative Assembly; passage requires approval by at least two-thirds majority vote of the total membership of the Assembly and approval in a referendum; amended 2013" @@ -475,8 +565,8 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramirez]
Community Citizen Alliance or ACC [Carlos Diego MESA Gisbert]
Movement Toward Socialism or MAS [Juan Evo MORALES Ayma]
National Unity or UN [Samuel DORIA MEDINA Arana]
Social Democrat Movement or MDS [Ruben COSTAS Aguilera]
We Believe or Creemos [Luis Fernando CAMACHO Vaca]", - "note": "

note: the Democrat Unity Coalition or UD [Samuel DORIA MEDINA Arana] was a coalition comprised of several of the largest opposition parties participating in the 2014 election, which included the Democrats (MDS), National Unity Front (UN), and Without Fear Movement" + "text": "Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramirez]
Community Citizen Alliance or ACC [Carlos Diego MESA Gisbert]
Movement Toward Socialism or MAS [Juan Evo MORALES Ayma]
National Unity or UN [Samuel DORIA MEDINA Arana]
Social Democrat Movement or MDS [Ruben COSTAS Aguilera]
We Believe or Creemos [Luis Fernando CAMACHO Vaca]

note: the Democrat Unity Coalition or UD [Samuel DORIA MEDINA Arana] was a coalition comprised of several of the largest opposition parties participating in the 2014 election, which included the Democrats (MDS), National Unity Front (UN), and Without Fear Movement", + "note": "note: the Democrat Unity Coalition or UD [Samuel DORIA MEDINA Arana] was a coalition comprised of several of the largest opposition parties participating in the 2014 election, which included the Democrats (MDS), National Unity Front (UN), and Without Fear Movement" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "CAN, CD, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNAMID, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" @@ -497,7 +587,7 @@ "consulate(s) general": { "text": "Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Washington, DC" }, - "note": "

note: in September 2008, the US expelled the Bolivian ambassador to the US in reciprocity for Bolivia expelling the US ambassador to Bolivia; in November 2019, the interim Bolivian Government names Oscar SERRATE Cuellar as its temporary special representative to the US

" + "note": "note: in September 2008, the US expelled the Bolivian ambassador to the US in reciprocity for Bolivia expelling the US ambassador to Bolivia; in November 2019, the interim Bolivian Government names Oscar SERRATE Cuellar as its temporary special representative to the US" }, "Diplomatic representation from the US": { "chief of mission": { @@ -515,11 +605,11 @@ "FAX": { "text": "[591] (2) 216-8111" }, - "note": "

note: in September 2008, the Bolivian Government expelled the US Ambassador to Bolivia, Philip GOLDBERG, and both countries have yet to reinstate their ambassadors

" + "note": "note: in September 2008, the Bolivian Government expelled the US Ambassador to Bolivia, Philip GOLDBERG, and both countries have yet to reinstate their ambassadors" }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band; red stands for bravery and the blood of national heroes, yellow for the nation's mineral resources, and green for the fertility of the land", - "note": "

note: similar to the flag of Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; in 2009, a presidential decree made it mandatory for a so-called wiphala - a square, multi-colored flag representing the country's indigenous peoples - to be used alongside the traditional flag

" + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band; red stands for bravery and the blood of national heroes, yellow for the nation's mineral resources, and green for the fertility of the land

note: similar to the flag of Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; in 2009, a presidential decree made it mandatory for a so-called wiphala - a square, multi-colored flag representing the country's indigenous peoples - to be used alongside the traditional flag", + "note": "note: similar to the flag of Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; in 2009, a presidential decree made it mandatory for a so-called wiphala - a square, multi-colored flag representing the country's indigenous peoples - to be used alongside the traditional flag" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "llama, Andean condor, two national flowers: the cantuta and the patuju; national colors: red, yellow, green" @@ -531,7 +621,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Jose Ignacio de SANJINES/Leopoldo Benedetto VINCENTI" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1852

" + "note": "note: adopted 1852" } }, "Economy": { @@ -581,7 +671,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$94.285 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$40.822 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -596,7 +686,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$8,424 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -641,8 +731,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "51.7 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "69.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "71.6 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "55.6 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -675,11 +774,10 @@ "Unemployment rate 2016": { "text": "4% (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are for urban areas; widespread underemployment

" + "note": "note: data are for urban areas; widespread underemployment" }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "38.6% (2015 est.)", - "note": "

note: based on percent of population living on less than the international standard of $2/day

" + "text": "37.2% (2019 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -718,7 +816,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "44.9% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover general government debt and includes debt instruments issued by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities

" + "note": "note: data cover general government debt and includes debt instruments issued by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -743,10 +841,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Brazil 17.9%, Argentina 16%, US 7.8%, Japan 7.3%, India 6.6%, South Korea 6.3%, Colombia 5.8%, China 5.1%, UAE 4.7% (2017)" + "text": "Argentina 16%, Brazil 15%, United Arab Emirates 12%, India 10%, United States 6%, South Korea 5%, Peru 5%, Colombia 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "natural gas, silver, zinc, lead, tin, gold, quinoa, soybeans and soy products" + "text": "natural gas, gold, zinc, soybean oil and soy products, tin, silver, lead (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -760,10 +858,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 21.7%, Brazil 16.8%, Argentina 12.6%, US 8.4%, Peru 6.5% (2017)" + "text": "Brazil 22%, Chile 15%, China 13%, Peru 11%, Argentina 8%, United States 7% (2017)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery, petroleum products, vehicles, iron and steel, plastics" + "text": "cars, refined petroleum, delivery trucks, iron, buses (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -879,9 +977,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "295.9 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "17.66 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -911,7 +1006,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 591; Bolivia has no direct access to submarine cable networks and must therefore connect to the rest of the world either via satellite or through terrestrial links across neighboring countries; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "large number of radio and TV stations broadcasting with private media outlets dominating; state-owned and private radio and TV stations generally operating freely, although both pro-government and anti-government groups have attacked media outlets in response to their reporting" @@ -952,7 +1047,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "CP (2016)" + "text": "CP" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1033,12 +1128,12 @@ "river port(s)": { "text": "Puerto Aguirre (Paraguay/Parana)" }, - "note": "

note: Bolivia has free port privileges in maritime ports in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay

" + "note": "note: Bolivia has free port privileges in maritime ports in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay" } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Bolivian Armed Forces: Bolivian Army (Ejercito Boliviano, EB), Bolivian Naval Force (Fuerza Naval Boliviana, FNB, includes Marines), Bolivian Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Boliviana, FAB); Ministry of Interior: National Police (Policía Nacional de Bolivia, PNB; includes Anti-Narcotics Special Forces (Fuerza Especial de Lucha Contra el Narcotráfico, FELCN) and other paramilitary units (2020)" + "text": "Bolivian Armed Forces: Bolivian Army (Ejercito de Boliviano, EB), Bolivian Naval Force (Fuerza Naval Boliviana, FNB, includes Marines), Bolivian Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Boliviana, FAB); Ministry of Interior: National Police (Policía Nacional de Bolivia, PNB; includes Anti-Narcotics Special Forces (Fuerza Especial de Lucha Contra el Narcotráfico, FELCN) and other paramilitary units (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1054,17 +1149,17 @@ "text": "1.6% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "1.7% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "1.6% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "size assessments for the Bolivian Armed Forces vary; approximately 39,000 total active troops (26,000 Army; 5,500 Navy; 7,500 Air Force) (2019 est.)" + "text": "size assessments for the Bolivian Armed Forces vary; approximately 40,000 active troops, including conscripts (27,000 Army; 5,000 Navy; 8,000 Air Force); note - a considerable portion of the Navy personnel are marines and naval police (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Bolivian Armed Forces are equipped with a mix of mostly Brazilian, Chinese, European, and US equipment; since 2010, China and France are the leading suppliers of military hardware to Bolivia (2019)" + "text": "the Bolivian Armed Forces are equipped with a mix of mostly older Brazilian, Chinese, European, and US equipment; since 2010, China and France are the leading suppliers of military hardware to Bolivia (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "16-49 years of age for 12-month voluntary male and female military service; Bolivian citizenship required; minimum age for combat duty is 18; when annual number of volunteers falls short of goal, compulsory recruitment is effected, including conscription of boys as young as 14; 15-19 years of age for voluntary premilitary service, provides exemption from further military service (2017)" + "text": "compulsory for all men between the ages of 18 and 22; men can volunteer from the age of 16, women from 18; service is for one year; Search and Rescue service can be substituted for citizens who have reached the age of compulsory military service; duration of this service is 2 years (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/south-america/br.json b/south-america/br.json index 745fd5d5..ded4ca45 100644 --- a/south-america/br.json +++ b/south-america/br.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "157,630 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo

" + "note": "note: includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly smaller than the US" @@ -61,14 +61,14 @@ "text": "mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and narrow coastal belt" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "320 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Pico da Neblina 2,994 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Pico da Neblina 2,994 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "320 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -103,19 +103,8 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "recurring droughts in northeast; floods and occasional frost in south" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation in Amazon Basin destroys the habitat and endangers a multitude of plant and animal species indigenous to the area; illegal wildlife trade; illegal poaching; air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and several other large cities; land degradation and water pollution caused by improper mining activities; wetland degradation; severe oil spills" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { - "text": "largest country in South America and in the Southern Hemisphere; shares common boundaries with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador; most of the Pantanal, the world's largest tropical wetland, extends through the west central part of the country; shares Iguazu Falls, the world's largest waterfalls system, with Argentina" + "text": "note 1: largest country in South America and in the Southern Hemisphere; shares common boundaries with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador; most of the Pantanal, the world's largest tropical wetland, extends through the west central part of the country; shares Iguazu Falls, the world's largest waterfalls system, with Argentina

note 2: cassava (manioc) the sixth most important food crop in the world - after maize, rice, wheat, potatoes, and soybeans - seems to have originated in the west-central part of Brazil; pineapples are probably indigenous to the southern Brazil-Paraguay region" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -134,8 +123,8 @@ "text": "White 47.7%, Mulatto (mixed White and Black) 43.1%, Black 7.6%, Asian 1.1%, Indigenous 0.4% (2010 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Portuguese (official and most widely spoken language)", - "note": "

note: less common languages include Spanish (border areas and schools), German, Italian, Japanese, English, and a large number of minor Amerindian languages

" + "text": "Portuguese (official and most widely spoken language)

note: less common languages include Spanish (border areas and schools), German, Italian, Japanese, English, and a large number of minor Amerindian languages", + "note": "note: less common languages include Spanish (border areas and schools), German, Italian, Japanese, English, and a large number of minor Amerindian languages" }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 64.6%, other Catholic 0.4%, Protestant 22.2% (includes Adventist 6.5%, Assembly of God 2.0%, Christian Congregation of Brazil 1.2%, Universal Kingdom of God 1.0%, other Protestant 11.5%), other Christian 0.7%, Spiritist 2.2%, other 1.4%, none 8%, unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.)" @@ -202,10 +191,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "87.1% of total population (2020)" + "text": "87.3% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.05% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.87% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -336,7 +325,7 @@ "water contact diseases": { "text": "schistosomiasis" }, - "note": "

note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Brazil; as of 24 January 2021, Brazil has reported a total of 8,753,920 cases of COVID-19 or 4,118.3 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 101.3 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; the Department of Homeland Security has issued instructions requiring US passengers who have been in Brazil to travel through select airports where the US Government has implemented enhanced screening procedures" + "note": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Brazil; as of 6 April 2021, Brazil has reported a total of 12,984,956 cases of COVID-19 or 6,108.86 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 155.92 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 13.3% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "22.1% (2016)" @@ -371,13 +360,118 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "28.5%" + "text": "27.8%" }, "male": { - "text": "25.3%" + "text": "24.1%" }, "female": { - "text": "32.8% (2018 est.)" + "text": "32.6% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation in Amazon Basin destroys the habitat and endangers a multitude of plant and animal species indigenous to the area; illegal wildlife trade; illegal poaching; air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and several other large cities; land degradation and water pollution caused by improper mining activities; wetland degradation; severe oil spills" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Marine Dumping-London Protocol" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "11.49 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "462.3 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "401.83 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "16.74 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "9.511 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "39.43 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "8.647 trillion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "mostly tropical, but temperate in south" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "32.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 8.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 23.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "61.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "5.2% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.62% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "87.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.87% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever and malaria" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "schistosomiasis" + }, + "note": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Brazil; as of 6 April 2021, Brazil has reported a total of 12,984,956 cases of COVID-19 or 6,108.86 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 155.92 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 13.3% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "79,889,010 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "1,118,446 tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "1.4% (2014 est.)" } } }, @@ -415,7 +509,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins third Sunday in October; ends third Sunday in February" }, - "note": "

note: Brazil has four time zones, including one for the Fernando de Noronha Islands

etymology: name bestowed on the new capital of Brazil upon its inauguration in 1960; previous Brazilian capitals had been Salvador from 1549 to 1763 and Rio de Janeiro from 1763 to 1960


" + "note": "note: Brazil has four time zones, including one for the Fernando de Noronha Islands

etymology: name bestowed on the new capital of Brazil upon its inauguration in 1960; previous Brazilian capitals had been Salvador from 1549 to 1763 and Rio de Janeiro from 1763 to 1960


" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "26 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito federal); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal*, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins" @@ -431,7 +525,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest ratified 5 October 1988" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by at least one third of either house of the National Congress, by the president of the republic, or by simple majority vote by more than half of the state legislative assemblies; passage requires at least three-fifths majority vote by both houses in each of two readings; constitutional provisions affecting the federal form of government, separation of powers, suffrage, or individual rights and guarantees cannot be amended; amended many times, last in 2020" + "text": "proposed by at least one third of either house of the National Congress, by the president of the republic, or by simple majority vote by more than half of the state legislative assemblies; passage requires at least three-fifths majority vote by both houses in each of two readings; constitutional provisions affecting the federal form of government, separation of powers, suffrage, or individual rights and guarantees cannot be amended; amended many times, last in 2020 (2021)" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -504,7 +598,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Nestor Jose FORSTER (since 11 July 2019)" + "text": "Ambassador Nestor Jose FORSTER (since 23 December 2020)" }, "chancery": { "text": "3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008" @@ -540,8 +634,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress); the current flag was inspired by the banner of the former Empire of Brazil (1822-1889); on the imperial flag, the green represented the House of Braganza of Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil, while the yellow stood for the Habsburg Family of his wife; on the modern flag the green represents the forests of the country and the yellow rhombus its mineral wealth (the diamond shape roughly mirrors that of the country); the blue circle and stars, which replaced the coat of arms of the original flag, depict the sky over Rio de Janeiro on the morning of 15 November 1889 - the day the Republic of Brazil was declared; the number of stars has changed with the creation of new states and has risen from an original 21 to the current 27 (one for each state and the Federal District)", - "note": "

note: one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Eritrea, and Vanuatu

" + "text": "green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress); the current flag was inspired by the banner of the former Empire of Brazil (1822-1889); on the imperial flag, the green represented the House of Braganza of Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil, while the yellow stood for the Habsburg Family of his wife; on the modern flag the green represents the forests of the country and the yellow rhombus its mineral wealth (the diamond shape roughly mirrors that of the country); the blue circle and stars, which replaced the coat of arms of the original flag, depict the sky over Rio de Janeiro on the morning of 15 November 1889 - the day the Republic of Brazil was declared; the number of stars has changed with the creation of new states and has risen from an original 21 to the current 27 (one for each state and the Federal District)

note: one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Eritrea, and Vanuatu", + "note": "note: one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Eritrea, and Vanuatu" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "Southern Cross constellation; national colors: green, yellow, blue" @@ -553,7 +647,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Joaquim Osorio Duque ESTRADA/Francisco Manoel DA SILVA" }, - "note": "

note: music adopted 1890, lyrics adopted 1922; the anthem's music, composed in 1822, was used unofficially for many years before it was adopted

" + "note": "note: music adopted 1890, lyrics adopted 1922; the anthem's music, composed in 1822, was used unofficially for many years before it was adopted" } }, "Economy": { @@ -603,7 +697,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$3,017,715,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$1,877,942,000,000 (2019 est.)" @@ -618,7 +712,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$14,520 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -663,8 +757,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "59.1 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "81.3 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "69.9 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "64.1 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -699,8 +802,8 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "4.2% (2016 est.)", - "note": "

note: approximately 4% of the population are below the \"extreme\" poverty line

" + "text": "4.2% (2016 est.)

note: approximately 4% of the population are below the \"extreme\" poverty line", + "note": "note: approximately 4% of the population are below the \"extreme\" poverty line" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -763,10 +866,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 21.8%, US 12.5%, Argentina 8.1%, Netherlands 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "China 28%, United States 13% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "transport equipment, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee, automobiles" + "text": "soybeans, crude petroleum, iron, corn, wood pulp products (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -780,10 +883,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 18.1%, US 16.7%, Argentina 6.3%, Germany 6.1% (2017)" + "text": "China 21%, United States 18%, Germany 6%, Argentina 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery, electrical and transport equipment, chemical products, oil, automotive parts, electronics" + "text": "refined petroleum, vehicle parts, crude petroleum, integrated circuits, pesticides (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -893,9 +996,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "377.4 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "513.8 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -925,7 +1025,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 55; landing points for a number of submarine cables, including Malbec, ARBR, Tamnat, SAC, SAm-1, Atlantis -2, Seabras-1, Monet, EllaLink, BRUSA, GlobeNet, AMX-1, Brazilian Festoon, Bicentenario, Unisur, Junior, Americas -II, SAE x1, SAIL, SACS and SABR that provide direct connectivity to South and Central America, the Caribbean, the US, Africa, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region east), connected by microwave relay system to Mercosur Brazilsat B3 satellite earth station; satellites is a major communication platform, as it is almost impossible to lay fiber optic cable in the thick vegetation (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-run Radiobras operates a radio and a TV network; more than 1,000 radio stations and more than 100 TV channels operating - mostly privately owned; private media ownership highly concentrated" @@ -966,7 +1066,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "PP (2016)" + "text": "PP" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1075,7 +1175,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Brazilian Armed Forces: Brazilian Army (Exercito Brasileiro, EB), Brazilian Navy (Marinha do Brasil, MB, includes Naval Aviation and Marine Corps (Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais)), Brazilian Air Force (Forca Aerea Brasileira, FAB); Public Security Forces (2020)" + "text": "Brazilian Armed Forces: Brazilian Army (Exercito Brasileiro, EB), Brazilian Navy (Marinha do Brasil, MB, includes Naval Aviation and Marine Corps (Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais)), Brazilian Air Force (Forca Aerea Brasileira, FAB); Public Security Forces (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1088,23 +1188,20 @@ "text": "1.4% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "1.4% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "1.3% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { "text": "1.4% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "size assessments for the Brazilian Armed Forces vary; approximately 360,000 active personnel (215,000 Army; 75,000 Navy; 70,000 Air Force) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Brazilian Armed Forces have approximately 360,000 active personnel (215,000 Army; 75,000 Navy; 70,000 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Brazilian military's inventory consists of a mix of domestically-produced and imported weapons, largely from Europe and the US; since 2010, France, Germany, the UK, and the US are the leading suppliers of military equipment to Brazil; Brazil's defense industry is capable of designing and manufacturing equipment for all three military services and for export; it also jointly produces equipment with other countries (2019 )" - }, - "Military deployments": { - "text": "220 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2020)" + "text": "the Brazilian military's inventory consists of a mix of domestically-produced and imported weapons, largely from Europe and the US; since 2010, France, Germany, the UK, and the US are the leading suppliers of military equipment to Brazil; Brazil's defense industry is capable of designing and manufacturing equipment for all three military services and for export; it also jointly produces equipment with other countries (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-45 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation is 10-12 months; 17-45 years of age for voluntary service; an increasing percentage of the ranks are \"long-service\" volunteer professionals; women were allowed to serve in the armed forces beginning in early 1980s, when the Brazilian Army became the first army in South America to accept women into career ranks; women serve in Navy and Air Force only in Women's Reserve Corps (2012)" + "text": "18-45 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation is 10-12 months; 17-45 years of age for voluntary service; an increasing percentage of the ranks are \"long-service\" volunteer professionals; women were allowed to serve in the armed forces beginning in early 1980s, when the Brazilian Army became the first army in South America to accept women into career ranks; women serve in Navy and Air Force only in Women's Reserve Corps (2019)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "the military's primary role is enforcing border security, particularly in the Amazon states; it also assists with internal security operations with a focus on organized crime

Brazilian police forces are divided into Federal Police (around 15,000 personnel), Military Police (approximately 400,000 personnel), and Civil Police (approximately 125,000 personnel); the Federal Police serve under the Ministry of Justice, while the Military and Civil police are subordinate to the state governments; the National Public Security Force (Forca Nacional de Seguranca Publica or SENASP) is a national police force made up of Military Police from various states; article 144 of the Brazilian constitution states that all state Military Police are classified as reserve troops and ancillary forces of the Brazilian Army" @@ -1116,7 +1213,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "251,832 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or received alternative legal stay) (2020)" + "text": "288,361 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or received alternative legal stay) (2020)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "7 (2019)" diff --git a/south-america/ci.json b/south-america/ci.json index 915c6973..80993910 100644 --- a/south-america/ci.json +++ b/south-america/ci.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "12,290 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) and Isla Sala y Gomez

" + "note": "note: includes Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) and Isla Sala y Gomez" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly smaller than twice the size of Montana" @@ -61,14 +61,14 @@ "text": "low coastal mountains, fertile central valley, rugged Andes in east" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,871 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Nevado Ojos del Salado 6,893 m (highest volcano in the world)" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Nevado Ojos del Salado 6,893 m (highest volcano in the world)" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,871 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -103,17 +103,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

severe earthquakes; active volcanism; tsunamis

volcanism: significant volcanic activity due to more than three-dozen active volcanoes along the Andes Mountains; Lascar (5,592 m), which last erupted in 2007, is the most active volcano in the northern Chilean Andes; Llaima (3,125 m) in central Chile, which last erupted in 2009, is another of the country's most active; Chaiten's 2008 eruption forced major evacuations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Cerro Hudson, Calbuco, Copahue, Guallatiri, Llullaillaco, Nevados de Chillan, Puyehue, San Pedro, and Villarrica; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\"

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage; noise pollution; improper garbage disposal; soil degradation; widespread deforestation and mining threaten the environment; wildlife conservation" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: the longest north-south trending country in the world, extending across 39 degrees of latitude; strategic location relative to sea lanes between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage)

note 2: Chile is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire

note 3: the Atacama Desert - the driest desert in the world - spreads across the northern part of the country; Ojos del Salado (6,893 m) in the Atacama Desert is the highest active volcano in the world, Chile's tallest mountain, and the second highest in the Western Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere - its small crater lake (at 6,390 m) is the world's highest lake

" } @@ -134,8 +123,8 @@ "text": "White and non-Indigenous 88.9%, Mapuche 9.1%, Aymara 0.7%, other indigenous groups 1% (includes Rapa Nui, Likan Antai, Quechua, Colla, Diaguita, Kawesqar, Yagan or Yamana), unspecified 0.3% (2012 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Spanish 99.5% (official), English 10.2%, indigenous 1% (includes Mapudungun, Aymara, Quechua, Rapa Nui), other 2.3%, unspecified 0.2% (2012 est.)", - "note": "

note: shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census

" + "text": "Spanish 99.5% (official), English 10.2%, indigenous 1% (includes Mapudungun, Aymara, Quechua, Rapa Nui), other 2.3%, unspecified 0.2% (2012 est.)

note: shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census", + "note": "note: shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census" }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 66.7%, Evangelical or Protestant 16.4%, Jehovah's Witness 1%, other 3.4%, none 11.5%, unspecified 1.1% (2012 est.)" @@ -202,10 +191,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "87.7% of total population (2020)" + "text": "87.8% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.87% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.78% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -359,13 +348,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "18.1%" + "text": "19.6%" }, "male": { - "text": "16.7%" + "text": "19.1%" }, "female": { - "text": "20.2% (2018 est.)" + "text": "20.3% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage; noise pollution; improper garbage disposal; soil degradation; widespread deforestation and mining threaten the environment; wildlife conservation" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "21.03 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "85.82 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "15.97 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "1.267 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "4.744 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "29.42 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "923.06 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "21.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 1.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 18.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "21.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "57% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.49% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "87.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.78% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "6.517 million tons (2009 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "24,113 tons (2009 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "0.4% (2009 est.)" } } }, @@ -403,11 +482,11 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins second Sunday in August; ends second Sunday in May; note - Punta Arenas observes DST throughout the year" }, - "note": "

note: Chile has three time zones: the continental portion at UTC-3; the southern Magallanes region, which does not use daylight savings time and remains at UTC-3 for the summer months; and Easter Island at UTC-5

etymology: Santiago is named after the biblical figure Saint James (ca. A.D. 3-44), patron saint of Spain, but especially revered in Galicia; \"Santiago\" derives from the local Galician evolution of the Vulgar Latin \"Sanctu Iacobu\"; Valparaiso derives from the Spanish \"Valle Paraiso\" meaning \"Paradise Valley\"


" + "note": "note: Chile has three time zones: the continental portion at UTC-3; the southern Magallanes region, which does not use daylight savings time and remains at UTC-3 for the summer months; and Easter Island at UTC-5

etymology: Santiago is named after the biblical figure Saint James (ca. A.D. 3-44), patron saint of Spain, but especially revered in Galicia; \"Santiago\" derives from the local Galician evolution of the Vulgar Latin \"Sanctu Iacobu\"; Valparaiso derives from the Spanish \"Valle Paraiso\" meaning \"Paradise Valley\"


" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "16 regions (regiones, singular - region); Aysen, Antofagasta, Araucania, Arica y Parinacota, Atacama, Biobio, Coquimbo, Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins, Los Lagos, Los Rios, Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena (Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica), Maule, Nuble, Region Metropolitana (Santiago), Tarapaca, Valparaiso", - "note": "

note: the US does not recognize any claims to Antarctica

" + "text": "16 regions (regiones, singular - region); Aysen, Antofagasta, Araucania, Arica y Parinacota, Atacama, Biobio, Coquimbo, Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins, Los Lagos, Los Rios, Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena (Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica), Maule, Nuble, Region Metropolitana (Santiago), Tarapaca, Valparaiso

note: the US does not recognize any claims to Antarctica", + "note": "note: the US does not recognize any claims to Antarctica" }, "Independence": { "text": "18 September 1810 (from Spain)" @@ -417,10 +496,10 @@ }, "Constitution": { "history": { - "text": "many previous; latest adopted 11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; a referendum held in late October 2020 approved a referendum on forming a convention to draft a new constittion" + "text": "many previous; latest adopted 11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; a referendum held in late October 2020 approved forming a convention to draft a new constitution" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by members of either house of the National Congress or by the president of the republic; passage requires at least three-fifths majority vote of the membership in both houses and approval by the president; passage of amendments to constitutional articles, such as the republican form of government, basic rights and freedoms, the Constitutional Tribunal, electoral justice, the Council of National Security, or the constitutional amendment process, requires at least two-third majority vote by both houses of Congress and approval by the president; the president can opt to hold a referendum when Congress and the president disagree on an amendment; amended many times, last in 2020; note - a referendum on a new constitution scheduled for 26 April 2020 has been postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic" + "text": "proposed by members of either house of the National Congress or by the president of the republic; passage requires at least three-fifths majority vote of the membership in both houses and approval by the president; passage of amendments to constitutional articles, such as the republican form of government, basic rights and freedoms, the Constitutional Tribunal, electoral justice, the Council of National Security, or the constitutional amendment process, requires at least two-third majority vote by both houses of Congress and approval by the president; the president can opt to hold a referendum when Congress and the president disagree on an amendment; amended many times, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -468,7 +547,7 @@ "text": "bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of:
Senate or Senado (43 seats following the 2017 election; to increase to 50 in 2021); members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by open party-list proportional representation vote to serve 8-year terms with one-half of the membership renewed every 4 years)
Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (155 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by oen party-list proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)" }, "elections": { - "text": "
Senate - last held on 19 November 2017 (next to be held in 2021)
Chamber of Deputies - last held on 19 November 2017 (next to be held on 21 November 2021)" + "text": "
Senate - last held on 19 November 2017 (next to be held on 21 November 2021)
Chamber of Deputies - last held on 19 November 2017 (next to be held on 21 November 2021)" }, "election results": { "text": "
Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - New Majority Coalition (formerly known as Concertacion) 19 (PDC 6, PS 6, PPD 6, MAS 1), Let's Go Chile Coalition (formerly known as the Coalition for Change and the Alianza coalition) 15 (RN 6, UDI 8, Amplitude Party 1), independent 4; composition - men 33, women 10, percent of women 23.3%
Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - New Majority 68 (PDC 21, PS 16, PPD 14, PC 6, PRSD 6, Citizen Left 1, independent 4), Coalition for Change 47 (UDI 29, RN 14, independent 3, EP 1), Liberal Party 1, independent 4; composition -men 120, women 35, percent of women 22.6%; note - total National Congress percent of women 22.7%" @@ -526,8 +605,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes the sky, white is for the snow-covered Andes, and red represents the blood spilled to achieve independence", - "note": "

note: design influenced by the US flag

" + "text": "two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes the sky, white is for the snow-covered Andes, and red represents the blood spilled to achieve independence

note: design influenced by the US flag", + "note": "note: design influenced by the US flag" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "huemul (mountain deer), Andean condor; national colors: red, white, blue" @@ -539,7 +618,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Eusebio LILLO Robles and Bernardo DE VERA y Pintado/Ramon CARNICER y Battle" }, - "note": "

note: music adopted 1828, original lyrics adopted 1818, adapted lyrics adopted 1847; under Augusto PINOCHET's military rule, a verse glorifying the army was added; however, as a protest, some citizens refused to sing this verse; it was removed when democracy was restored in 1990

" + "note": "note: music adopted 1828, original lyrics adopted 1818, adapted lyrics adopted 1847; under Augusto PINOCHET's military rule, a verse glorifying the army was added; however, as a protest, some citizens refused to sing this verse; it was removed when democracy was restored in 1990" } }, "Economy": { @@ -589,7 +668,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$437.082 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$282.655 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -604,7 +683,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$23,664 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -649,8 +728,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "72.6 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "91.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "80.6 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "64.7 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -685,7 +773,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "14.4% (2013)" + "text": "8.6% (2017 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -748,10 +836,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 27.5%, US 14.5%, Japan 9.3%, South Korea 6.2%, Brazil 5% (2017)" + "text": "China 32%, United States 14%, Japan 9%, South Korea 7% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "copper, fruit, fish products, paper and pulp, chemicals, wine" + "text": "copper, wood pulp, fish fillets, pitted fruits, wine (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -765,10 +853,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 23.9%, US 18.1%, Brazil 8.6%, Argentina 4.5%, Germany 4% (2017)" + "text": "China 24%, United States 20%, Brazil 8%, Germany 5%, Argentina 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, electrical and telecommunications equipment, industrial machinery, vehicles, natural gas" + "text": "refined petroleum, crude petroleum, cars, broadcasting equipment, delivery trucks (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -878,9 +966,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "97.97 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "88.23 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -910,7 +995,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 56; landing points for the Pan-Am, Prat, SAm-1, American Movil-Telxius West Coast Cable, FOS Quellon-Chacabuco, Fibra Optical Austral, SAC and Curie submarine cables providing links to the US, Caribbean and to Central and South America; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "national and local terrestrial TV channels, coupled with extensive cable TV networks; the state-owned Television Nacional de Chile (TVN) network is self-financed through commercial advertising revenues and is not under direct government control; large number of privately owned TV stations; about 250 radio stations" @@ -951,7 +1036,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "CC (2016)" + "text": "CC" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1039,8 +1124,8 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Armed Forces of Chile (Fuerzas Armadas de Chile):  Chilean Army, Chilean Navy (Armada de Chile, includes Naval Aviation, Marine Corps, and Maritime Territory and Merchant Marine Directorate (Directemar)), Chilean Air Force (Fuerza Aerea de Chile, FACh); Carabineros de Chile (National Police Force) (2020)", - "note": "

note: Carabineros de Chile are responsible to both the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Interior" + "text": "Armed Forces of Chile (Fuerzas Armadas de Chile):  Chilean Army (Ejército de Chile), Chilean Navy (Armada de Chile, includes marine units and coast guard or Maritime Territory and Merchant Marine Directorate (Directemar)), Chilean Air Force (Fuerza Aerea de Chile, FACh); Ministry of Interior: Carabineros de Chile (National Police Force) (2021)

note: Carabineros de Chile are responsible to both the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Interior", + "note": "note: Carabineros de Chile are responsible to both the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Interior" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1050,23 +1135,23 @@ "text": "1.9% of GDP (2018)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "1.9% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "2% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "1.9% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "2% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "1.9% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "2% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Armed Forces of Chile have approximately 80,000 active personnel (45,000 Army; 22,000 Navy; 13,000 Air Force); approximately 45,000 Carabineros (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Armed Forces of Chile have approximately 80,000 active personnel (45,000 Army; 22,000 Navy; 13,000 Air Force); approximately 50,000 Carabineros (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Chilean military inventory is comprised of a mix of mostly European and US equipment and a limited number of domestically-produced systems; since 2010, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the US are the leading suppliers; Chile's defense industry produces some military vehicles and naval craft (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Chilean military inventory is comprised of a wide mix of mostly Western equipment and some domestically-produced systems; since 2010, it has received military hardware from nearly 15 countries, with Australia, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the US as the leading suppliers; Chile's defense industry has capabilities in military aircraft, ships, and vehicles (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-45 years of age for voluntary male and female military service, although the right to compulsory recruitment of males 18-45 is retained; service obligation is 12 months for Army and 22 months for Navy and Air Force (2015)" + "text": "18-45 years of age for voluntary male and female military service, although the right to compulsory recruitment of males 18-45 is retained; service obligation is 12 months for Army and 22 months for Navy and Air Force (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1075,7 +1160,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "475,688 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum or have received alternative legal stay) (2020)" + "text": "612,009 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum or have received alternative legal stay) (2021)" } }, "Illicit drugs": { diff --git a/south-america/co.json b/south-america/co.json index 0820a42c..5bb53013 100644 --- a/south-america/co.json +++ b/south-america/co.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "100,210 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes Isla de Malpelo, Roncador Cay, and Serrana Bank

" + "note": "note: includes Isla de Malpelo, Roncador Cay, and Serrana Bank" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly less than twice the size of Texas" @@ -58,14 +58,14 @@ "text": "flat coastal lowlands, central highlands, high Andes Mountains, eastern lowland plains (Llanos)" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "593 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Pico Cristobal Colon 5,730 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Pico Cristobal Colon 5,730 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "593 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -100,17 +100,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; occasional earthquakes; periodic droughts

volcanism: Galeras (4,276 m) is one of Colombia's most active volcanoes, having erupted in 2009 and 2010 causing major evacuations; it has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Nevado del Ruiz (5,321 m), 129 km (80 mi) west of Bogota, erupted in 1985 producing lahars (mudflows) that killed 23,000 people; the volcano last erupted in 1991; additionally, after 500 years of dormancy, Nevado del Huila reawakened in 2007 and has experienced frequent eruptions since then; other historically active volcanoes include Cumbal, Dona Juana, Nevado del Tolima, and Purace

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation resulting from timber exploitation in the jungles of the Amazon and the region of Chocó; illicit drug crops grown by peasants in the national parks; soil erosion; soil and water quality damage from overuse of pesticides; air pollution, especially in Bogota, from vehicle emissions" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Law of the Sea" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "only South American country with coastlines on both the North Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea" } @@ -198,10 +187,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "81.4% of total population (2020)" + "text": "81.7% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.22% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.01% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -231,8 +220,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "21.7 years (2015 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "21.7 years (2015 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "83 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -333,7 +322,7 @@ "vectorborne diseases": { "text": "dengue fever, malaria, and yellow fever" }, - "note": "

note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Colombia; as of 24 January 2021, Columbia has reported a total of 1,987,418 cases of COVID-19 or 3,905.9 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 99.4 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population" + "note": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Colombia; as of 25 April 2021, Columbia has reported a total of 2,740,544 cases of COVID-19 or 5,386.0 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with  138.4 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 6.3% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "22.3% (2016)" @@ -371,13 +360,115 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "18.5%" + "text": "20%" }, "male": { - "text": "14.4%" + "text": "15.9%" }, "female": { - "text": "24% (2018 est.)" + "text": "25.4% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation resulting from timber exploitation in the jungles of the Amazon and the region of Chocó; illicit drug crops grown by peasants in the national parks; soil erosion; soil and water quality damage from overuse of pesticides; air pollution, especially in Bogota, from vehicle emissions" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Law of the Sea" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "15.24 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "97.81 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "81.52 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "3.49 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "3.73 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "6.391 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "2.36 trillion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "37.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 1.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 34.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "54.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "8.1% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.1% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.75% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "81.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.01% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever, malaria, and yellow fever" + }, + "note": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Colombia; as of 25 April 2021, Columbia has reported a total of 2,740,544 cases of COVID-19 or 5,386.0 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with  138.4 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 6.3% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "12,150,120 tons (2011 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "2,089,821 tons (2013 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "17.2% (2013 est.)" } } }, @@ -412,7 +503,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: originally referred to as \"Bacata,\" meaning \"enclosure outside of the farm fields,\" by the indigenous Muisca" + "note": "etymology: originally referred to as \"Bacata,\" meaning \"enclosure outside of the farm fields,\" by the indigenous Muisca" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "32 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 capital district* (distrito capital); Amazonas, Antioquia, Arauca, Atlantico, Bogota*, Bolivar, Boyaca, Caldas, Caqueta, Casanare, Cauca, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba, Cundinamarca, Guainia, Guaviare, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, Narino, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Quindio, Risaralda, Archipielago de San Andres, Providencia y Santa Catalina (colloquially San Andres y Providencia), Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Vaupes, Vichada" @@ -494,8 +585,8 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Alternative Democratic Pole or PDA [Jorge Enrique ROBLEDO]
Citizens Option (Opcion Ciudadana) or OC [Angel ALIRIO Moreno] (formerly known as the National Integration Party or PIN)
Conservative Party or PC [Hernan ANDRADE]
Democratic Center Party or CD [Alvaro URIBE Velez]
Green Alliance [Claudia LOPEZ Hernandez]
Humane Colombia [Gustavo PETRO]
Liberal Party or PL [Cesar GAVIRIA]
People's Alternative Revolutionary Force or FARC [Rodrigo LONDONO Echeverry]
Radical Change or CR [Rodrigo LARA Restrepo]
Social National Unity Party or U Party [Roy BARRERAS]", - "note": "

note: Colombia has numerous smaller political movements

" + "text": "Alternative Democratic Pole or PDA [Jorge Enrique ROBLEDO]
Citizens Option (Opcion Ciudadana) or OC [Angel ALIRIO Moreno] (formerly known as the National Integration Party or PIN)
Conservative Party or PC [Hernan ANDRADE]
Democratic Center Party or CD [Alvaro URIBE Velez]
Green Alliance [Claudia LOPEZ Hernandez]
Humane Colombia [Gustavo PETRO]
Liberal Party or PL [Cesar GAVIRIA]
People's Alternative Revolutionary Force or FARC [Rodrigo LONDONO Echeverry]
Radical Change or CR [Rodrigo LARA Restrepo]
Social National Unity Party or U Party [Roy BARRERAS]

note: Colombia has numerous smaller political movements", + "note": "note: Colombia has numerous smaller political movements" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "BCIE, BIS, CAN, Caricom (observer), CD, CDB, CELAC, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-3, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, PCA, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" @@ -538,8 +629,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red; the flag retains the three main colors of the banner of Gran Colombia, the short-lived South American republic that broke up in 1830; various interpretations of the colors exist and include: yellow for the gold in Colombia's land, blue for the seas on its shores, and red for the blood spilled in attaining freedom; alternatively, the colors have been described as representing more elemental concepts such as sovereignty and justice (yellow), loyalty and vigilance (blue), and valor and generosity (red); or simply the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity", - "note": "

note: similar to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of arms superimposed in the center

" + "text": "three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red; the flag retains the three main colors of the banner of Gran Colombia, the short-lived South American republic that broke up in 1830; various interpretations of the colors exist and include: yellow for the gold in Colombia's land, blue for the seas on its shores, and red for the blood spilled in attaining freedom; alternatively, the colors have been described as representing more elemental concepts such as sovereignty and justice (yellow), loyalty and vigilance (blue), and valor and generosity (red); or simply the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity

note: similar to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of arms superimposed in the center", + "note": "note: similar to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of arms superimposed in the center" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "Andean condor; national colors: yellow, blue, red" @@ -551,7 +642,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Rafael NUNEZ/Oreste SINDICI" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1920; the anthem was created from an inspirational poem written by President Rafael NUNEZ

" + "note": "note: adopted 1920; the anthem was created from an inspirational poem written by President Rafael NUNEZ" } }, "Economy": { @@ -601,7 +692,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$700.091 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$323.255 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -616,7 +707,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$14,314 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -661,8 +752,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "70.1 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "87 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "62.7 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "34.3 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -697,7 +797,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "28% (2017 est.)" + "text": "35.7% (2019 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -736,7 +836,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "49.8% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities

" + "note": "note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -761,10 +861,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 28.5%, Panama 8.6%, China 5.1% (2017)" + "text": "United States 31%, China 11%, Panama 6%, Ecuador 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum, coal, emeralds, coffee, nickel, cut flowers, bananas, apparel" + "text": "crude petroleum, coal, refined petroleum, coffee, gold (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -778,10 +878,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 26.3%, China 19.3%, Mexico 7.5%, Brazil 5%, Germany 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "United States 27%, China 20%, Mexico 7%, Brazil 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "industrial equipment, transportation equipment, consumer goods, chemicals, paper products, fuels, electricity" + "text": "refined petroleum, cars, broadcasting equipment, packaged medicines, corn (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -897,9 +997,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "113.9 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "95.59 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -929,7 +1026,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 57; landing points for the SAC, Maya-1, SAIT, ACROS, AMX-1, CFX-1, PCCS, Deep Blue Cable, Globe Net, PAN-AM, SAm-1 submarine cable systems providing links to the US, parts of the Caribbean, and Central and South America; satellite earth stations - 10 (6 Intelsat, 1 Inmarsat, 3 fully digitalized international switching centers) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "combination of state-owned and privately owned broadcast media provide service; more than 500 radio stations and many national, regional, and local TV stations (2019)" @@ -970,7 +1067,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "HJ, HK (2016)" + "text": "HJ, HK" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1063,12 +1160,12 @@ "dry bulk cargo port(s)": { "text": "Puerto Bolivar (coal)" }, - "note": "

Pacific Ocean - Buenaventura" + "note": "Pacific Ocean - Buenaventura" } }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Military Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Militares de Colombia): National Army (Ejercito Nacional), Republic of Colombia Navy (Armada Republica de Colombia, ARC; includes Coast Guard), Colombian Air Force (Fuerza Aerea de Colombia, FAC); Colombian National Police (civilian force that is part of the Ministry of Defense) (2020)" + "text": "Military Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Militares de Colombia): National Army (Ejercito Nacional), Republic of Colombia Navy (Armada Republica de Colombia, ARC; includes Coast Guard), Colombian Air Force (Fuerza Aerea de Colombia, FAC); Colombian National Police (civilian force that is part of the Ministry of Defense) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1088,25 +1185,25 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "size estimates for the Military Forces of Colombia (FMC) vary; approximately 295,000 total active troops (235,000 Army; 45,000 Navy, including about 22,000 marines; 14,000 Air Force) (2019 )" + "text": "the Military Forces of Colombia (FMC) have approximately 295,000 total active troops (235,000 Army; 45,000 Navy, including about 22,000 marines; 14,000 Air Force); approximately 185,000 Colombian National Police (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the Colombian military inventory includes a wide mix of equipment from a variety of suppliers, including Brazil, Canada, Europe, Israel, South Korea, and the US; Germany, Israel, and the US are the leading suppliers of military hardware since 2010; Colombia's defense industry is active in producing air, land, and naval platforms (2019 est.)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "275 Egypt (MFO) (Dec. 2019)" + "text": "275 Egypt (MFO) (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-24 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; service obligation is 18 months (2012)" + "text": "18-24 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation is 18 months (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the Colombian Armed Forces are primarily focused on internal security, particularly counter-narcotics, counter-terrorism, and counterinsurgency operations against drug traffickers, militants from the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and National Liberation Army (ELN) terrorist/guerrilla organizations, and other illegal armed groups; the Colombian Government signed a peace agreement with the FARC in 2016, but some former members (known as dissidents) have returned to fighting; the Colombian military resumed operations against FARC dissidents and their successor paramilitary groups in late 2019; in 2017, the Colombian Government initiated formal peace talks with the ELN, but in January 2019, the government ended the peace talks shortly after the ELN exploded a car bomb at the National Police Academy in Bogotá and resumed counter-terrorism/counterinsurgency operations against the group; operations against both the FARC and ELN continued into 2021; the military is also focused on the security challenges posed by its neighbor, Venezuela (2021)" + "text": "the Colombian Armed Forces are primarily focused on internal security, particularly counter-narcotics, counter-terrorism, and counterinsurgency operations against drug traffickers, militants from the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and National Liberation Army (ELN) terrorist/guerrilla organizations, and other illegal armed groups; the Colombian Government signed a peace agreement with the FARC in 2016, but some former members (known as dissidents) have returned to fighting; the Colombian military resumed operations against FARC dissidents and their successor paramilitary groups in late 2019; in 2017, the Colombian Government initiated formal peace talks with the ELN, but in January 2019, the government ended the peace talks shortly after the ELN exploded a car bomb at the National Police Academy in Bogotá and resumed counter-terrorism/counterinsurgency operations against the group; operations against both the FARC and ELN continued into 2021; the military is also focused on the security challenges posed by its neighbor, Venezuela" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "National Liberation Army; Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "National Liberation Army (ELN); Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) (2021)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1115,7 +1212,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "768,714 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or received alternative legal stay) (2020)" + "text": "729,361 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or received alternative legal stay) (2020)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "7,967,965 (conflict between government and illegal armed groups and drug traffickers since 1985; about 300,000 new IDPs each year since 2000) (2020)" diff --git a/south-america/ec.json b/south-america/ec.json index 9c6bd0d8..c526806a 100644 --- a/south-america/ec.json +++ b/south-america/ec.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "What is now Ecuador formed part of the northern Inca Empire until the Spanish conquest in 1533. Quito became a seat of Spanish colonial government in 1563 and part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717. The territories of the Viceroyalty - New Granada (Colombia), Venezuela, and Quito - gained their independence between 1819 and 1822 and formed a federation known as Gran Colombia. When Quito withdrew in 1830, the traditional name was changed in favor of the \"Republic of the Equator.\" Between 1904 and 1942, Ecuador lost territories in a series of conflicts with its neighbors. A border war with Peru that flared in 1995 was resolved in 1999. Although Ecuador marked 30 years of civilian governance in 2004, the period was marred by political instability. Protests in Quito contributed to the mid-term ouster of three of Ecuador's last four democratically elected presidents. In late 2008, voters approved a new constitution, Ecuador's 20th since gaining independence. General elections were held in April 2017, and voters elected President Lenin MORENO." + "text": "What is now Ecuador formed part of the northern Inca Empire until the Spanish conquest in 1533. Quito became a seat of Spanish colonial government in 1563 and part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717. The territories of the Viceroyalty - New Granada (Colombia), Venezuela, and Quito - gained their independence between 1819 and 1822 and formed a federation known as Gran Colombia. When Quito withdrew in 1830, the traditional name was changed in favor of the \"Republic of the Equator.\" Between 1904 and 1942, Ecuador lost territories in a series of conflicts with its neighbors. A border war with Peru that flared in 1995 was resolved in 1999. Although Ecuador marked 30 years of civilian governance in 2004, the period was marred by political instability. Protests in Quito contributed to the mid-term ouster of three of Ecuador's last four democratically elected presidents. In late 2008, voters approved a new constitution, Ecuador's 20th since gaining independence. General elections were held in April 2021, and voters elected Guillermo LASSO president; he will take office on 24 May 2021." } }, "Geography": { @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "6,720 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes Galapagos Islands

" + "note": "note: includes Galapagos Islands" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly smaller than Nevada" @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ "continental shelf": { "text": "200 nm" }, - "note": "

note: Ecuador has declared its right to extend its continental shelf to 350 nm measured from the baselines of the Galapagos Archipelago

" + "note": "note: Ecuador has declared its right to extend its continental shelf to 350 nm measured from the baselines of the Galapagos Archipelago" }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands" @@ -59,16 +59,16 @@ "text": "coastal plain (costa), inter-Andean central highlands (sierra), and flat to rolling eastern jungle (oriente)" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,117 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Chimborazo 6,267" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Chimborazo 6,267" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,117 m" }, - "note": "

note: because the earth is not a perfect sphere and has an equatorial bulge, the highest point on the planet farthest from its center is Mount Chimborazo not Mount Everest, which is merely the highest peak above sea level" + "note": "note: because the earth is not a perfect sphere and has an equatorial bulge, the highest point on the planet farthest from its center is Mount Chimborazo not Mount Everest, which is merely the highest peak above sea level" }, "Natural resources": { "text": "petroleum, fish, timber, hydropower" @@ -102,19 +102,8 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

frequent earthquakes; landslides; volcanic activity; floods; periodic droughts

volcanism: volcanic activity concentrated along the Andes Mountains; Sangay (5,230 m), which erupted in 2010, is mainland Ecuador's most active volcano; other historically active volcanoes in the Andes include Antisana, Cayambe, Chacana, Cotopaxi, Guagua Pichincha, Reventador, Sumaco, and Tungurahua; Fernandina (1,476 m), a shield volcano that last erupted in 2009, is the most active of the many Galapagos volcanoes; other historically active Galapagos volcanoes include Wolf, Sierra Negra, Cerro Azul, Pinta, Marchena, and Santiago

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; water pollution; pollution from oil production wastes in ecologically sensitive areas of the Amazon Basin and Galapagos Islands" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { - "text": "note 1: Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world

note 2: according to the latest archeological research, the cacao tree, whose seeds are used to make chocolate and which was long thought to have originated in Mesoamerica, was first domesticated in the upper Amazon region of northwest South America - present-day Ecuador - about 3,300 B.C. (2020)" + "text": "note 1: Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world

note 2: genetic research indicates that the cherry-sized tomato originated in Ecuador without any human domestication; later domestication in Mexico transformed the plant into the large modern tomato; archeological research indicates that the cacao tree, whose seeds are used to make chocolate and which was long thought to have originated in Mesoamerica, was first domesticated in the upper Amazon region of northwest South America - present-day Ecuador - about 3,300 B.C." } }, "People and Society": { @@ -133,12 +122,12 @@ "text": "Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and White) 71.9%, Montubio 7.4%, Amerindian 7%, White 6.1%, Afroecuadorian 4.3%, Mulatto 1.9%, Black 1%, other 0.4% (2010 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Spanish (Castilian) 93% (official), Quechua 4.1%, other indigenous 0.7%, foreign 2.2% (2010 est.)", - "note": "

note: (Quechua and Shuar are official languages of intercultural relations; other indigenous languages are in official use by indigenous peoples in the areas they inhabit)

" + "text": "Spanish (Castilian) 93% (official), Quechua 4.1%, other indigenous 0.7%, foreign 2.2% (2010 est.)

note: (Quechua and Shuar are official languages of intercultural relations; other indigenous languages are in official use by indigenous peoples in the areas they inhabit)", + "note": "note: (Quechua and Shuar are official languages of intercultural relations; other indigenous languages are in official use by indigenous peoples in the areas they inhabit)" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Roman Catholic 74%, Evangelical 10.4%, Jehovah's Witness 1.2%, other 6.4% (includes Mormon, Buddhist, Jewish, Spiritualist, Muslim, Hindu, indigenous, African American, Pentecostal), atheist 7.9%, agnostic 0.1% (2012 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent persons at least 16 years of age from five Ecuadoran cities

" + "text": "Roman Catholic 74%, Evangelical 10.4%, Jehovah's Witness 1.2%, other 6.4% (includes Mormon, Buddhist, Jewish, Spiritualist, Muslim, Hindu, indigenous, African American, Pentecostal), atheist 7.9%, agnostic 0.1% (2012 est.)

note: data represent persons at least 16 years of age from five Ecuadoran cities", + "note": "note: data represent persons at least 16 years of age from five Ecuadoran cities" }, "Demographic profile": { "text": "

Ecuador's high poverty and income inequality most affect indigenous, mixed race, and rural populations. The government has increased its social spending to ameliorate these problems, but critics question the efficiency and implementation of its national development plan. Nevertheless, the conditional cash transfer program, which requires participants' children to attend school and have medical check-ups, has helped improve educational attainment and healthcare among poor children. Ecuador is stalled at above replacement level fertility and the population most likely will keep growing rather than stabilize.

An estimated 2 to 3 million Ecuadorians live abroad, but increased unemployment in key receiving countries - Spain, the United States, and Italy - is slowing emigration and increasing the likelihood of returnees to Ecuador. The first large-scale emigration of Ecuadorians occurred between 1980 and 2000, when an economic crisis drove Ecuadorians from southern provinces to New York City, where they had trade contacts. A second, nationwide wave of emigration in the late 1990s was caused by another economic downturn, political instability, and a currency crisis. Spain was the logical destination because of its shared language and the wide availability of low-skilled, informal jobs at a time when increased border surveillance made illegal migration to the US difficult. Ecuador has a small but growing immigrant population and is Latin America's top recipient of refugees; 98% are neighboring Colombians fleeing violence in their country.

" @@ -202,10 +191,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "64.2% of total population (2020)" + "text": "64.4% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.66% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.62% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -338,7 +327,7 @@ "text": "19.9% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "5.1% (2014)" + "text": "5.2% (2018/19)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "5% of GDP (2015)" @@ -370,13 +359,114 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "7.9%" + "text": "8.8%" }, "male": { - "text": "6.4%" + "text": "6.9%" }, "female": { - "text": "10.6% (2018 est.)" + "text": "12% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; water pollution; pollution from oil production wastes in ecologically sensitive areas of the Amazon Basin and Galapagos Islands" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "14.91 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "41.15 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "23.51 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "1.293 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "549 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "8.076 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "442.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "29.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 4.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 5.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 19.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "38.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "31.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.27% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "64.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.62% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever and malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "5,297,211 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "683,340 tons (2015 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "12.9% (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -411,7 +501,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

note: Ecuador has two time zones, including the Galapagos Islands (UTC-6)

etymology: named after the Quitus, a Pre-Columbian indigenous people credited with founding the city

" + "note": "note: Ecuador has two time zones, including the Galapagos Islands (UTC-6)

etymology: named after the Quitus, a Pre-Columbian indigenous people credited with founding the city" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "24 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Azuay, Bolivar, Canar, Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Galapagos, Guayas, Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios, Manabi, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Orellana, Pastaza, Pichincha, Santa Elena, Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Sucumbios, Tungurahua, Zamora-Chinchipe" @@ -427,7 +517,7 @@ "text": "many previous; latest approved 20 October 2008" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by the president of the republic through a referendum, by public petition of at least 1% of registered voters, or by agreement of at least one-third membership of the National Assembly; passage requires two separate readings a year apart and approval by at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, and approval by absolute majority in a referendum; amendments such as changes to the structure of the state, constraints on personal rights and guarantees, or constitutional amendment procedures are not allowed; amended 2011, 2015, 2018; note - a 2015 constitutional amendment lifting presidential term limits was overturned by a February 2018 referendum" + "text": "proposed by the president of the republic through a referendum, by public petition of at least 1% of registered voters, or by agreement of at least one-third membership of the National Assembly; passage requires two separate readings a year apart and approval by at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, and approval by absolute majority in a referendum; amendments such as changes to the structure of the state, constraints on personal rights and guarantees, or constitutional amendment procedures are not allowed; amended 2011, 2015, 2018" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -467,7 +557,7 @@ "text": "president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 7 February 2021 with a runoff on 11 April 2021 (next to be held in February 2025)" }, "election results": { - "text": "first round election results: percent of vote - Andres ARAUZ (UNES) 32.72%, Guillermo LASSO Mendoza (CREO) 19.74%, Yaku PEREZ Guartambel (MUPP) 19.38%, Xavier HERVAS Mora (Independent) 15.68%, other 12.48%; note - a runoff election will take place on 11 April 2021 between ARAUZ and LASSO" + "text": "

Guillermo LASSO Mendoza elected president; first round election results: percent of vote - Andres ARAUZ (UNES) 32.72%, Guillermo LASSO Mendoza (CREO) 19.74%, Yaku PEREZ Guartambel (MUPP) 19.38%, Xavier HERVAS Mora (Independent) 15.68%, other 12.48%; second round election results: percent of vote - Guillermo LASSO Mendoza (CREO) 52.5%, Andres ARAUZ (UNES) 47.5%; note – LASSO is scheduled to take office on 24 May 2021

" } }, "Legislative branch": { @@ -536,8 +626,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with the coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag; the flag retains the three main colors of the banner of Gran Colombia, the South American republic that broke up in 1830; the yellow color represents sunshine, grain, and mineral wealth, blue the sky, sea, and rivers, and red the blood of patriots spilled in the struggle for freedom and justice", - "note": "

note: similar to the flag of Colombia, which is shorter and does not bear a coat of arms

" + "text": "three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with the coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag; the flag retains the three main colors of the banner of Gran Colombia, the South American republic that broke up in 1830; the yellow color represents sunshine, grain, and mineral wealth, blue the sky, sea, and rivers, and red the blood of patriots spilled in the struggle for freedom and justice

note: similar to the flag of Colombia, which is shorter and does not bear a coat of arms", + "note": "note: similar to the flag of Colombia, which is shorter and does not bear a coat of arms" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "Andean condor; national colors: yellow, blue, red" @@ -549,7 +639,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Juan Leon MERA/Antonio NEUMANE" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1948; Juan Leon MERA wrote the lyrics in 1865; only the chorus and second verse are sung

" + "note": "note: adopted 1948; Juan Leon MERA wrote the lyrics in 1865; only the chorus and second verse are sung" } }, "Economy": { @@ -599,7 +689,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$195.01 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$107.436 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -614,7 +704,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$11,618 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -659,8 +749,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "57.7 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "69.1 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "71.2 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "57.5 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -670,8 +769,8 @@ "text": "petroleum, food processing, textiles, wood products, chemicals" }, "Industrial production growth rate": { - "text": "-0.6% (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: excludes oil refining

" + "text": "-0.6% (2017 est.)

note: excludes oil refining", + "note": "note: excludes oil refining" }, "Labor force": { "text": "8.086 million (2017 est.)" @@ -696,7 +795,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "21.5% (December 2017 est.)" + "text": "25% (2019 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -705,7 +804,7 @@ "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income December 2017": { "text": "48.5 (December 2017)" }, - "note": "

note: data are for urban households only

" + "note": "note: data are for urban households only" }, "Household income or consumption by percentage share": { "lowest 10%": { @@ -714,7 +813,7 @@ "highest 10%": { "text": "35.4% (2012 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are for urban households only

" + "note": "note: data are for urban households only" }, "Budget": { "revenues": { @@ -761,10 +860,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 31.5%, Vietnam 7.6%, Peru 6.7%, Chile 6.5%, Panama 4.9%, Russia 4.4%, China 4% (2017)" + "text": "United States 30%, China 13%, Panama 8%, Chile 7% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum, bananas, cut flowers, shrimp, cacao, coffee, wood, fish" + "text": "crude petroleum, crustaceans, bananas, fish, refined petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -778,10 +877,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 22.8%, China 15.4%, Colombia 8.7%, Panama 6.4%, Brazil 4.4%, Peru 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "United States 22%, China 18%, Colombia 9%, Panama 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "industrial materials, fuels and lubricants, nondurable consumer goods" + "text": "refined petroleum, coal tar oil, cars, packaged medicines, soybean products (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -809,7 +908,7 @@ "Exchange rates 2018": { "text": "25,000 (2018 est.)" }, - "note": "

the US dollar became Ecuador's currency in 2001

" + "note": "the US dollar became Ecuador's currency in 2001" } }, "Energy": { @@ -889,9 +988,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "10.9 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "37.54 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -921,7 +1017,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 593; landing points for the PAN-AM, PCCS, America Movil-Telxius West Coast Cable and SAm-1 submarine cables that provide links to South and Central America, and extending onward to the Caribbean and the US; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "about 60 media outlets are recognized as national; the Ecuadorian Government controls 12 national outlets and multiple radio stations; there are multiple TV networks and many local channels, as well as more than 300 radio stations; many TV and radio stations are privately owned; broadcast media is required by law to give the government free airtime to broadcast programs produced by the state; the Ecuadorian Government is the biggest advertiser and grants advertising contracts to outlets that provide favorable coverage; an antimonopoly law and communication law limit ownership and investment in the media by non-media businesses (2019)" @@ -962,7 +1058,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "HC (2016)" + "text": "HC" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1013,7 +1109,7 @@ "narrow gauge": { "text": "965 km 1.067-m gauge (2017)" }, - "note": "

note: passenger service limited to certain sections of track, mostly for tourist trains

" + "note": "note: passenger service limited to certain sections of track, mostly for tourist trains" }, "Roadways": { "total": { @@ -1051,7 +1147,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Ecuadorian Armed Forces: Ecuadorian Land Force (Fuerza Terrestre Ecuatoriana, FTE), Ecuadorian Navy (Fuerza Naval del Ecuador, FNE, includes naval infantry, naval aviation, coast guard), Ecuadorian Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Ecuatoriana, FAE) (2020)" + "text": "Ecuadorian Armed Forces: the Ecuadorian Army (El Ejército Ecuatoriano), Ecuadorian Navy (Fuerza Naval del Ecuador, FNE, includes naval infantry, naval aviation, coast guard), Ecuadorian Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Ecuatoriana, FAE); Ministry of Interior: National Police (Policía Nacional del Ecuador) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1071,16 +1167,16 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Ecuadorian Armed Forces have approximately 40,000 active personnel (25,000 Army; 9,000 Navy; 6,000 Air Force) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Ecuadorian Armed Forces have approximately 40,000 active personnel (25,000 Army; 9,000 Navy; 6,000 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the military's equipment inventory is mostly older and derived from a wide variety of sources; since 2010, the leading suppliers of military hardware are Brazil, the Netherlands, South Africa, and Spain (2019 est.)" + "text": "the military's equipment inventory is mostly older and derived from a wide variety of sources; since 2010, Ecuador has received limited amounts of military equipment from more than 15 countries with Brazil, South Africa, and Spain as the leading suppliers (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for selective conscript military service; conscription has been suspended; 18 years of age for voluntary military service; Air Force 18-22 years of age, Ecuadorian birth requirement; 1-year service obligation (2013)" + "text": "18 years of age for selective conscript military service; conscription has been suspended; 18 years of age for voluntary military service; Ecuadorian birth requirement; 1-year service obligation; females have been allowed to serve in all branches since 2012 (2019)" }, "Maritime threats": { - "text": "the International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial and offshore waters as at risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; vessels, including commercial shipping and pleasure craft, have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; crews have been robbed and stores or cargoes stolen; after several years with no incidents, there has been an increase over the last two years with four attacks reported in 2018" + "text": "the International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial and offshore waters as at risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; vessels, including commercial shipping and pleasure craft, have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; crews have been robbed and stores or cargoes stolen; there has been a slight increase with three attacks reported in 2019 and four in 2020" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/south-america/fk.json b/south-america/fk.json index 307f3cd8..2b99bf74 100644 --- a/south-america/fk.json +++ b/south-america/fk.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "0 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes the two main islands of East and West Falkland and about 200 small islands

" + "note": "note: includes the two main islands of East and West Falkland and about 200 small islands" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly smaller than Connecticut" @@ -55,11 +55,11 @@ "text": "rocky, hilly, mountainous with some boggy, undulating plains" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Mount Usborne 705 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -94,17 +94,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "strong winds persist throughout the year" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "overfishing by unlicensed vessels is a problem; reindeer - introduced to the islands in 2001 from South Georgia - are part of a farming effort to produce specialty meat and diversify the islands' economy; this is the only commercial reindeer herd in the world unaffected by the 1986 Chornobyl disaster; grazing threatens important habitats including tussac grass and its ecosystem with penguins and sea lions; soil erosion from fires" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "deeply indented coast provides good natural harbors; short growing season" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "3,198 (2016 est.)", - "note": "

note: data include all persons usually resident in the islands at the time of the 2016 census

" + "text": "3,198 (2016 est.)

note: data include all persons usually resident in the islands at the time of the 2016 census", + "note": "note: data include all persons usually resident in the islands at the time of the 2016 census" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -140,10 +137,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "78.5% of total population (2020)" + "text": "78.9% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.76% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.53% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -153,7 +150,7 @@ "total population": { "text": "1.12 male(s)/female (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: sex ratio is somewhat skewed by the high proportion of males at the Royal Air Force station, Mount Pleasant Airport (MPA); excluding MPA, the sex ratio of the total population would be 1.04

" + "note": "note: sex ratio is somewhat skewed by the high proportion of males at the Royal Air Force station, Mount Pleasant Airport (MPA); excluding MPA, the sex ratio of the total population would be 1.04" }, "Infant mortality rate": { "total": { @@ -230,6 +227,42 @@ "text": "NA" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "overfishing by unlicensed vessels is a problem; reindeer - introduced to the islands in 2001 from South Georgia - are part of a farming effort to produce specialty meat and diversify the islands' economy; this is the only commercial reindeer herd in the world unaffected by the 1986 Chornobyl disaster; grazing threatens important habitats including tussac grass and its ecosystem with penguins and sea lions; soil erosion from fires" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; average annual rainfall is 60 cm in Stanley; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but typically does not accumulate" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "92.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 92.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "7.6% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "78.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.53% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -258,7 +291,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: named after Edward SMITH-STANLEY (1799-1869), the 14th Earl of Derby, a British statesman and three-time prime minister of the UK who never visited the islands" + "note": "etymology: named after Edward SMITH-STANLEY (1799-1869), the 14th Earl of Derby, a British statesman and three-time prime minister of the UK who never visited the islands" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "none (overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina)" @@ -272,9 +305,6 @@ "Constitution": { "history": { "text": "previous 1985; latest entered into force 1 January 2009 (The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008)" - }, - "amendments": { - "text": "NA" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -349,7 +379,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Christopher LANHAM" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1930s; the song is the local unofficial anthem; as a territory of the United Kingdom, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)

" + "note": "note: adopted 1930s; the song is the local unofficial anthem; as a territory of the United Kingdom, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -480,10 +510,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Spain 74.4%, Namibia 10.4%, US 5% (2017)" + "text": "Spain 78%, United States 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "wool, hides, meat, venison, fish, squid" + "text": "mollusks, fish, wool, sheep/goat meats, engine parts (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2004": { @@ -491,10 +521,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "UK 47.8%, Spain 28.4%, Greece 10.2%, Netherlands 5.7%, Cote d'Ivoire 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "United Kingdom 79%, Netherlands 16% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "fuel, food and drink, building materials, clothing" + "text": "refined petroleum, spark-ignition engines, stone processing machinery, construction vehicles, cars (2019)" }, "Debt - external": { "Debt - external 2017": { @@ -591,9 +621,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "44,070 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -657,7 +684,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "VP-F (2016)" + "text": "VP-F" }, "Airports": { "total": { diff --git a/south-america/gy.json b/south-america/gy.json index 7ed7db19..38e23d29 100644 --- a/south-america/gy.json +++ b/south-america/gy.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "mostly rolling highlands; low coastal plain; savanna in south" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "207 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Laberintos del Norte on Mount Roraima 2,775 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Laberintos del Norte on Mount Roraima 2,775 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "207 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,25 +99,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "flash flood threat during rainy seasons" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water pollution from sewage and agricultural and industrial chemicals; deforestation" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the third-smallest country in South America after Suriname and Uruguay; substantial portions of its western and eastern territories are claimed by Venezuela and Suriname respectively; contains some of the largest unspoiled rainforests on the continent" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "787,971 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected

" + "text": "787,971 (July 2021 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected", + "note": "note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -198,10 +187,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "26.8% of total population (2020)" + "text": "26.9% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.83% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.01% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -231,8 +220,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "20.8 years (2009 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "20.8 years (2009 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "667 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -370,13 +359,114 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "21.5%" + "text": "26.5%" }, "male": { - "text": "17.3%" + "text": "20.7%" }, "female": { - "text": "27.7% (2017 est.)" + "text": "34.6% (2018 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water pollution from sewage and agricultural and industrial chemicals; deforestation" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "20.46 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "2.38 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "1.81 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "61.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "20.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.363 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "271 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons (May to August, November to January)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "8.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 2.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 6.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "77.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "14.2% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "4.56% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "26.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.01% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever and malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "179,252 tons (2010 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "968 tons (2010 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "0.5% (2010 est.)" } } }, @@ -408,7 +498,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: when the British took possession of the town from the Dutch in 1812, they renamed it Georgetown in honor of King George III (1738-1820)" + "note": "etymology: when the British took possession of the town from the Dutch in 1812, they renamed it Georgetown in honor of King George III (1738-1820)" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "10 regions; Barima-Waini, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Demerara-Mahaica, East Berbice-Corentyne, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Mahaica-Berbice, Pomeroon-Supenaam, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Demerara-Berbice, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo" @@ -542,7 +632,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Archibald Leonard LUKERL/Robert Cyril Gladstone POTTER" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1966

" + "note": "note: adopted 1966" } }, "Economy": { @@ -578,7 +668,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$9.306 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$3.561 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -593,7 +683,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$12,005 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -638,8 +728,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "55.5 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "85.6 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "58.3 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "57.9 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -734,10 +833,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Canada 24.9%, US 16.5%, Panama 9.6%, UK 7.7%, Jamaica 5.1%, Trinidad and Tobago 5% (2017)" + "text": "Trinidad and Tobago 31%, Canada 11%, Portugal 11%, Ghana 8%, Norway 6%, United Arab Emirates 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "sugar, gold, bauxite, alumina, rice, shrimp, molasses, rum, timber" + "text": "ships, gold, shipping containers, excavation machinery, aluminum ores, rice (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -748,10 +847,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "Trinidad and Tobago 27.5%, US 26.5%, China 8.9%, Suriname 6.1% (2017)" + "text": "United States 26%, Trinidad and Tobago 16%, Singapore 18%, Liberia 11%, China 5%, Norway 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "manufactures, machinery, petroleum, food" + "text": "ships, refined petroleum, excavation machinery, shipping containers, aircraft (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -867,9 +966,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "2.131 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -899,7 +995,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 592; landing point for the SG-SCS submarine cable to Suriname, and the Caribbean; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "government-dominated broadcast media; the National Communications Network (NCN) TV is state-owned; a few private TV stations relay satellite services; the state owns and operates 2 radio stations broadcasting on multiple frequencies capable of reaching the entire country; government limits on licensing of new private radio stations has constrained competition in broadcast media" @@ -926,7 +1022,7 @@ }, "Transportation": { "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "8R (2016)" + "text": "8R" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -991,7 +1087,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Guyana Defense Force: Army, Air Corps, Coast Guard (2019)" + "text": "the Guyana Defense Force is a unified service with an Army, Air Corps, Coast Guard, Guyana People's Militia (reserves) (2020)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1007,23 +1103,28 @@ "text": "1.5% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "1.5% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "1.4% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Guyana Defense Force has approximately 3,000 active personnel (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Guyana Defense Force has approximately 3,000 active personnel (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Guyana Defense Force's limited inventory is mostly comprised of second-hand platforms from a variety of foreign suppliers, including Brazil, China, the former Soviet Union, the UK, and the US; since 2000, Guyana has received limited amounts of military equipment from Brazil, China, Costa Rica, and the UK (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Guyana Defense Force's limited inventory is mostly comprised of second-hand platforms from a variety of foreign suppliers, including Brazil, China, the former Soviet Union, the UK, and the US; since 2000, Guyana has received small amounts of military equipment from Brazil, China, and the UK (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age or older for voluntary military service; no conscription (2014)" + "text": "limited information; 18 years of age or older for voluntary military service; no conscription (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { "Disputes - international": { "text": "

all of the area west of the Essequibo River is claimed by Venezuela preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana has expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims before UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with Venezuela extends into their waters; Suriname claims a triangle of land between the New and Kutari/Koetari Rivers in a historic dispute over the headwaters of the Courantyne

" }, + "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { + "refugees (country of origin)": { + "text": "11,881 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or received alternative legal stay) (2019)" + } + }, "Trafficking in persons": { "current situation": { "text": "Guyana is a source and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor – children are particularly vulnerable; women and girls from Guyana, Venezuela, Suriname, Brazil, and the Dominican Republic are forced into prostitution in Guyana’s interior mining communities and urban areas; forced labor is reported in mining, agriculture, forestry, domestic service, and shops; Guyanese nationals are also trafficked to Suriname, Jamaica, and other Caribbean countries for sexual exploitation and forced labor" diff --git a/south-america/ns.json b/south-america/ns.json index a0b7dd63..3005fd14 100644 --- a/south-america/ns.json +++ b/south-america/ns.json @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ "text": "mostly rolling hills; narrow coastal plain with swamps" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "246 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Juliana Top 1,230 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "unnamed location in the coastal plain -2 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Juliana Top 1,230 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "246 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -96,17 +96,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "flooding" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation as timber is cut for export; pollution of inland waterways by small-scale mining activities" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "smallest independent country on South American continent; mostly tropical rain forest; great diversity of flora and fauna that, for the most part, is increasingly threatened by new development; relatively small population, mostly along the coast" } @@ -194,10 +183,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "66.1% of total population (2020)" + "text": "66.2% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.9% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.88% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -330,7 +319,7 @@ "text": "26.4% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "5.8% (2010)" + "text": "6.7% (2018)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "NA" @@ -351,13 +340,108 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "13.4%" + "text": "26.5%" }, "male": { - "text": "9%" + "text": "18.7%" }, "female": { - "text": "21.9% (2015 est.)" + "text": "39.9% (2016 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation as timber is cut for export; pollution of inland waterways by small-scale mining activities" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "23.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "1.74 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "2.28 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "49.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "135.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "431.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "99 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; moderated by trade winds" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "0.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 0.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "94.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "4.9% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "2.36% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "66.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.88% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever and malaria" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "78,620 tons (2010 est.)" } } }, @@ -395,7 +479,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name may be the corruption of a Carib (Kalina) village or tribe named Parmirbo" + "note": "etymology: the name may be the corruption of a Carib (Kalina) village or tribe named Parmirbo" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "10 districts (distrikten, singular - distrikt); Brokopondo, Commewijne, Coronie, Marowijne, Nickerie, Para, Paramaribo, Saramacca, Sipaliwini, Wanica" @@ -529,7 +613,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Cornelis Atses HOEKSTRA and Henry DE ZIEL/Johannes Corstianus DE PUY" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1959; originally adapted from a Sunday school song written in 1893 and contains lyrics in both Dutch and Sranang Tongo

" + "note": "note: adopted 1959; originally adapted from a Sunday school song written in 1893 and contains lyrics in both Dutch and Sranang Tongo" } }, "Economy": { @@ -576,7 +660,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$9.34 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$3.419 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -591,7 +675,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$16,373 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -636,8 +720,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "75.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "47.5 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "61.6 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "75 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "25.9 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -724,10 +817,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Switzerland 38%, Hong Kong 21.9%, Belgium 10.1%, UAE 7.2%, Guyana 6.1% (2017)" + "text": "Switzerland 39%, United Arab Emirates 31%, Belgium 10% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "alumina, gold, crude oil, lumber, shrimp and fish, rice, bananas" + "text": "gold, lumber, refined petroleum, fish, cigarettes (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -738,10 +831,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 30.6%, Netherlands 14.8%, Trinidad and Tobago 11.4%, China 7.6% (2017)" + "text": "United States 22%, Netherlands 14%, China 13%, Trinidad and Tobago 7%, Antigua and Barbuda 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumer goods" + "text": "refined petroleum, delivery trucks, excavation machinery, cars, construction vehicles (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -857,9 +950,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2011 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "2.075 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -889,7 +979,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 597; landing point for the SG-SCS submarine cable linking South America with the Caribbean; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "2 state-owned TV stations; 1 state-owned radio station; multiple private radio and TV stations (2019)" @@ -930,7 +1020,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "PZ (2016)" + "text": "PZ" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -992,13 +1082,30 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Suriname Army (National Leger, NL): Army, Navy, Air Force, Military Police (2020)" + "text": "Suriname Army (National Leger, NL): Army, Navy, Air Force, Military Police (2021)" + }, + "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2017": { + "text": "1.1% of GDP (2017 est.)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2016": { + "text": "1.2% of GDP (2016 est.)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2015": { + "text": "1.4% of GDP (2015 est.)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2014": { + "text": "1.3% of GDP (2014 est.)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2013": { + "text": "1.3% of GDP (2013 est.)" + } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Suriname Army is comprised of approximately 1,800 active personnel (ground, air, naval, and military police) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Suriname Army is comprised of approximately 1,800 active personnel (ground, air, naval, and military police) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Suriname Army inventory includes a mix of equipment from several foreign suppliers, including Brazil, China, India, and the US; since 2010, Suriname has received small quantities of military hardware from Colombia, France, India, and the US (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Suriname Army has a limited inventory comprised of a mix of older, foreign-supplied equipment; since 2010, Suriname has received small quantities of military hardware from Colombia, France, India, and the US (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2019)" diff --git a/south-america/pa.json b/south-america/pa.json index d56e3248..af87dcb3 100644 --- a/south-america/pa.json +++ b/south-america/pa.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay; Gran Chaco region west of Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the river, and dry forest and thorny scrub elsewhere" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "178 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Cerro Pero 842 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "junction of Rio Paraguay and Rio Parana 46 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Cerro Pero 842 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "178 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,19 +91,8 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "local flooding in southeast (early September to June); poorly drained plains may become boggy (early October to June)" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation; water pollution; rivers suffer from toxic dumping; tanneries release mercury and chromium into rivers and streams; loss of wetlands; inadequate means for waste disposal pose health risks for many urban residents" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { - "text": "landlocked; lies between Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil; population concentrated in eastern and southern part of country" + "text": "note 1: landlocked; lies between Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil; population concentrated in eastern and southern part of country

note 2: pineapples are probably indigenous to the southern Brazil-Paraguay region " } }, "People and Society": { @@ -122,8 +111,8 @@ "text": "Mestizo (mixed Spanish and Amerindian) 95%, other 5%" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Spanish (official) and Guarani (official) 46.3%, only Guarani 34%, only Spanish 15.2%, other (includes Portuguese, German, other indigenous languages) 4.1% , no response .4% (2012 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent predominant household language" + "text": "Spanish (official) and Guarani (official) 46.3%, only Guarani 34%, only Spanish 15.2%, other (includes Portuguese, German, other indigenous languages) 4.1% , no response .4% (2012 est.)

note: data represent predominant household language", + "note": "note: data represent predominant household language" }, "Religions": { "text": "Roman Catholic 89.6%, Protestant 6.2%, other Christian 1.1%, other or unspecified 1.9%, none 1.1% (2002 census)" @@ -190,10 +179,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "62.2% of total population (2020)" + "text": "62.5% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.71% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.64% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -223,8 +212,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "22.9 years (2008 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "22.9 years (2008 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "84 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -362,13 +351,108 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "14.5%" + "text": "15.3%" }, "male": { - "text": "11.8%" + "text": "12.1%" }, "female": { - "text": "18.7% (2018 est.)" + "text": "20.1% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation; water pollution; rivers suffer from toxic dumping; tanneries release mercury and chromium into rivers and streams; loss of wetlands; inadequate means for waste disposal pose health risks for many urban residents" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Nuclear Test Ban, Tropical Timber 2006" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "11.16 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "7.41 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "27.65 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "362 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "154 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.897 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "387.77 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "53.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 10.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 42.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "43.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "2.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "1.21% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "62.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.64% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "intermediate (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1,818,501 tons (2015 est.)" } } }, @@ -406,7 +490,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "+1hr, begins first Sunday in October; ends last Sunday in March" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name means \"assumption\" and derives from the original name given to the city at its founding in 1537, Nuestra Senora Santa Maria de la Asuncion (Our Lady Saint Mary of the Assumption)" + "note": "etymology: the name means \"assumption\" and derives from the original name given to the city at its founding in 1537, Nuestra Senora Santa Maria de la Asuncion (Our Lady Saint Mary of the Assumption)" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "17 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 capital city*; Alto Paraguay, Alto Parana, Amambay, Asuncion*, Boqueron, Caaguazu, Caazapa, Canindeyu, Central, Concepcion, Cordillera, Guaira, Itapua, Misiones, Neembucu, Paraguari, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro" @@ -422,7 +506,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest approved and promulgated 20 June 1992" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed at the initiative of at least one quarter of either chamber of the National Congress, by the president of the republic, or by petition of at least 30,000 voters; passage requires absolute majority vote by both chambers and approval in a referendum; amended 2011, 2014; note - in April 2017, a proposed amendment to extend presidential term limits was defeated by the lower house of the National Congress" + "text": "proposed at the initiative of at least one quarter of either chamber of the National Congress, by the president of the republic, or by petition of at least 30,000 voters; passage requires absolute majority vote by both chambers and approval in a referendum; amended 2011" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -528,8 +612,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an emblem centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem is different on each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the national coat of arms (a yellow five-pointed star within a green wreath capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side at the right) bears a circular seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of Liberty and the words PAZ Y JUSTICIA (Peace and Justice)); red symbolizes bravery and patriotism, white represents integrity and peace, and blue denotes liberty and generosity", - "note": "

note: the three color bands resemble those on the flag of the Netherlands; one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Moldova and Saudi Arabia

" + "text": "three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an emblem centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem is different on each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the national coat of arms (a yellow five-pointed star within a green wreath capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side at the right) bears a circular seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of Liberty and the words PAZ Y JUSTICIA (Peace and Justice)); red symbolizes bravery and patriotism, white represents integrity and peace, and blue denotes liberty and generosity

note: the three color bands resemble those on the flag of the Netherlands; one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Moldova and Saudi Arabia", + "note": "note: the three color bands resemble those on the flag of the Netherlands; one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Moldova and Saudi Arabia" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "lion; national colors: red, white, blue" @@ -541,7 +625,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Francisco Esteban ACUNA de Figueroa/disputed" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1934, in use since 1846; officially adopted following its re-arrangement in 1934

" + "note": "note: adopted 1934, in use since 1846; officially adopted following its re-arrangement in 1934" } }, "Economy": { @@ -588,7 +672,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$86.486 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$38.94 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -603,7 +687,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$12,594 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -648,8 +732,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "76.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "59.1 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "76 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "65.1 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "61.6 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -684,7 +777,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "22.2% (2015 est.)" + "text": "23.5% (2019 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -744,10 +837,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Brazil 31.9%, Argentina 15.9%, Chile 6.9%, Russia 5.9% (2017)" + "text": "Brazil 32%, Argentina 22%, Chile 8%, Russia 8% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "soybeans, livestock feed, cotton, meat, edible oils, wood, leather, gold" + "text": "soybeans and soybean products, electricity, beef, corn, insulated wiring (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -758,10 +851,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 31.3%, Brazil 23.4%, Argentina 12.9%, US 7.4% (2017)" + "text": "Brazil 24%, United States 22%, China 17%, Argentina 10%, Chile 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "road vehicles, consumer goods, tobacco, petroleum products, electrical machinery, tractors, chemicals, vehicle parts" + "text": "broadcasting equipment, cars, pesticides, refined petroleum, tires (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -871,9 +964,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "7.74 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -903,7 +993,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 595; Paraguay's landlocked position means they must depend on neighbors for interconnection with submarine cable networks, making it cost more for broadband services; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "6 privately owned TV stations; about 75 commercial and community radio stations; 1 state-owned radio network (2019)" @@ -944,7 +1034,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "ZP (2016)" + "text": "ZP" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1008,7 +1098,7 @@ "by type": { "text": "container ship 3, general cargo 25, oil tanker 5, other 77 (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: as of 2017, Paraguay registered 2,012 fluvial vessels of which 1,741 were commercial barges

" + "note": "note: as of 2017, Paraguay registered 2,012 fluvial vessels of which 1,741 were commercial barges" }, "Ports and terminals": { "river port(s)": { @@ -1018,7 +1108,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Armed Forces Command (Commando de las Fuerzas Militares): Army, National Navy (Armada Nacional, includes marines), Paraguayan Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Paraguay, FAP) (2020)" + "text": "Armed Forces Command (Commando de las Fuerzas Militares): Army (Ejercito), Navy (Armada, includes marines), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1038,13 +1128,16 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Armed Forces of Paraguay have approximately 14,000 active personnel (8,500 Army; 3,000 Navy; 2,500 Air Force) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Armed Forces of Paraguay have approximately 14,000 active personnel (9,000 Army; 3,000 Navy; 2,000 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Paraguayan military forces inventory is comprised of mostly older equipment from a variety of foreign suppliers, particularly Brazil and the US; since 2010, Paraguay has acquired limited quantities of mostly second-hand military equipment from Argentina, Brazil, Israel, Spain, Taiwan, and the US (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Paraguayan military forces inventory is comprised of mostly older equipment from a variety of foreign suppliers, particularly Brazil and the US; since 2010, Paraguay has acquired small quantities of mostly second-hand military equipment from Argentina, Brazil, Israel, Taiwan, and the US (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation is 12 months for Army, 24 months for Navy; volunteers for the Air Force must be younger than 22 years of age with a secondary school diploma (2016)" + }, + "Military - note": { + "text": "as of late 2020, the armed forces were principally focused on the Paraguayan People's Army (Ejército del Pueblo Paraguayo, EPP), a Marxist-nationalist insurgent group operating in the rural northern part of the country" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/south-america/pe.json b/south-america/pe.json index 779f1f3b..6c61474c 100644 --- a/south-america/pe.json +++ b/south-america/pe.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,555 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Nevado Huascaran 6,746 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Nevado Huascaran 6,746 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,555 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,17 +99,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity

volcanism: volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains; Ubinas (5,672 m), which last erupted in 2009, is the country's most active volcano; other historically active volcanoes include El Misti, Huaynaputina, Sabancaya, and Yucamane; see note 2 under \"Geography - note\"

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes; overfishing" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia; a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River

note 2: Peru is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire

note 3: on 19 February 1600, Mount Huaynaputina in the southern Peruvian Andes erupted in the largest volcanic explosion in South America in historical times; intermittent eruptions lasted until 5 March 1600 and pumped an estimated 16 to 32 million metric tons of particulates into the atmosphere reducing the amount of sunlight reaching the earth's surface and affecting weather worldwide; over the next two and a half years, millions died around the globe in famines from bitterly cold winters, cool summers, and the loss of crops and animals

note 4: the southern regions of Peru and the extreme northwestern part of Bolivia are considered to be the place of origin for the common potato

" } @@ -200,7 +189,7 @@ "text": "78.3% of total population (2020)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.44% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -230,8 +219,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "22.2 years (2013 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "22.2 years (2013 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "88 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -332,13 +321,13 @@ "vectorborne diseases": { "text": "dengue fever, malaria, and Bartonellosis (Oroya fever)" }, - "note": "

note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Peru; as of 24 January 2021, Peru has reported a total of 1,088,096 cases of COVID-19 or 3,300.1 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 119.6 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; at this time, there are no specific limitations or quarantine requirements for US citizens and Lawful Permanent Residents entering the US from Peru; on 3 June 2020, Peruvian President Martín VIZCARRA signed a supreme decree extending Peru’s Health State of Emergency for 90 days beginning Wednesday, 10 June 2020; this is not an extension of the national quarantine, although social distancing and the use of facemasks will be required for the foreseeable future" + "note": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Peru; as of 25 April 2021, Peru has reported a total of 1,745,655 cases of COVID-19 or 5,294.4 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 179.0 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 2.7% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "19.7% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "2.6% (2018)" + "text": "2.4% (2019)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "3.8% of GDP (2019)" @@ -370,13 +359,115 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "14.7%" + "text": "7.3%" }, "male": { - "text": "14.3%" + "text": "6.9%" }, "female": { - "text": "15% (2018 est.)" + "text": "7.9% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes; overfishing" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "24.27 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "57.41 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "30.17 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "2.797 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "206.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "13.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "1,879,800,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "18.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 3.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 14.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "53% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "28.2% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.12% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "78.3% of total population (2020)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever, malaria, and Bartonellosis (Oroya fever)" + }, + "note": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Peru; as of 25 April 2021, Peru has reported a total of 1,745,655 cases of COVID-19 or 5,294.4 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 179.0 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 2.7% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "8,356,711 tons (2014 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "334,268 tons (2012 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "4% (2012 est.)" } } }, @@ -411,11 +502,11 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the word \"Lima\" derives from the Spanish pronunciation of \"Limaq,\" the native name for the valley in which the city was founded in 1535; \"limaq\" means \"talker\" in coastal Quechua and referred to an oracle that was situated in the valley but which was eventually destroyed by the Spanish and replaced with a church" + "note": "etymology: the word \"Lima\" derives from the Spanish pronunciation of \"Limaq,\" the native name for the valley in which the city was founded in 1535; \"limaq\" means \"talker\" in coastal Quechua and referred to an oracle that was situated in the valley but which was eventually destroyed by the Spanish and replaced with a church" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "25 regions (regiones, singular - region) and 1 province* (provincia); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali", - "note": "

note: Callao, the largest port in Peru, is also referred to as a constitutional province, the only province of the Callao region

" + "text": "25 regions (regiones, singular - region) and 1 province* (provincia); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali

note: Callao, the largest port in Peru, is also referred to as a constitutional province, the only province of the Callao region", + "note": "note: Callao, the largest port in Peru, is also referred to as a constitutional province, the only province of the Callao region" }, "Independence": { "text": "28 July 1821 (from Spain)" @@ -428,7 +519,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest promulgated 29 December 1993, enacted 31 December 1993" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by Congress, by the president of the republic with the approval of the \"Cabinet, \" or by petition of at least 0.3% of voters; passage requires absolute majority approval by the Congress membership, followed by approval in a referendum; a referendum is not required if Congress approves the amendment by greater than two-thirds majority vote in each of two successive sessions; amended many times, last in 2018" + "text": "proposed by Congress, by the president of the republic with the approval of the \"Cabinet, \" or by petition of at least 0.3% of voters; passage requires absolute majority approval by the Congress membership, followed by approval in a referendum; a referendum is not required if Congress approves the amendment by greater than two-thirds majority vote in each of two successive sessions; amended many times, last in 2021" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -456,7 +547,7 @@ }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { - "text": "President Francisco Rafael SAGASTI Hochhausler (since 17 November 2020); First Vice President (vacant); Second Vice President (vacant); note - President Martin Alberto VIZCARRA was impeached and removed from office on 9 November 2020; after the resignation of his successor, Manuel Arturo MERINO, President SAGASTI assumed the office and will serve as president until 28 July 2021; new elections are slated for April 2021; the president is both chief of state and head of government" + "text": "President Francisco Rafael SAGASTI Hochhausler (since 17 November 2020); First Vice President (vacant); Second Vice President (vacant); note - President Martin Alberto VIZCARRA was impeached and removed from office on 9 November 2020; after the resignation of his successor, Manuel Arturo MERINO, President SAGASTI assumed the office and will serve as president until 28 July 2021; new elections took place in April 2021, with a runoff slated for 6 June 2021; the president is both chief of state and head of government" }, "head of government": { "text": "President Francisco Rafael SAGASTI Hochhausler (since 17 November 2020); First Vice President (vacant); Second Vice President (vacant)" @@ -465,22 +556,22 @@ "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president" }, "elections/appointments": { - "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive terms); election last held on 10 April 2016 with a runoff on 5 June 2016 (next to be held on 11 April 2021 and a runoff if needed on 6 June)" + "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive terms); election last held on 11 April 2021 with a runoff on 6 June 2021 (next to be held on 12 April 2021 and a runoff if needed on 8 June)" }, "election results": { - "text": "Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi (Fuerza Popular) 39.9%, Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard (Peruanos Por el Kambio) 21.1%, Veronika MENDOZA (Broad Front) 18.7%, Alfredo BARNECHEA (Popular Action) 7%, Alan GARCIA (APRA) 5.8%, other 7.5%; percent of vote in second round - Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard 50.1%, Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi 49.9%" + "text": "
2016 election results:  Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi (Popular Force) 39.9%, Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard (PPK) 21.1%, Veronika MENDOZA (Broad Front) 18.7%, Alfredo BARNECHEA (Popular Action) 7%, Alan GARCIA (APRA) 5.8%, other 7.5%; percent of vote in second round - Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard 50.1%, Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi 49.9%

2021 election results: percent of vote in first round - Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones (Free Peru) 19.1%, Keiko Sofia FUJIMORI Higuchi (Popular Force) 13.4%, Rafael LOPEZ ALIAGA (Popular Renewal) 11.7%, Hernando DE SOTO (Social Integration Party) 11.6%, Yonhy LESCANO (Popular Action) 9.1% Veronika MENDOZA (JP) 7.9%; note - CASTILLO and FUJIMORI will participate in a runoff election on 6 June 2021" }, - "note": "

note: President Martin Alberto VIZCARRA Cornejo assumed office after President Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard resigned from office on 21 March 2018; after VIZCARRA was impeached on 9 November 2020, the constitutional line of succession led to the inauguration of the President of the Peruvian Congress, Manuel Arturo MERINO, as President of Peru on 10 November 2020; following his resignation only days later on 15 November 2020, Francisco Rafael SAGASTI Hochhausler - who had been elected by the legislature to be the new President of Congress on 16 November 2020 - was then sworn in as President of Peru on 17 November 2020 by line of succession

\r\n

note: Prime Minister Violeta BERMUDEZ (since 18 November 2020) does not exercise executive power; this power rests with the president

" + "note": "note: President Martin Alberto VIZCARRA Cornejo assumed office after President Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard resigned from office on 21 March 2018; after VIZCARRA was impeached on 9 November 2020, the constitutional line of succession led to the inauguration of the President of the Peruvian Congress, Manuel Arturo MERINO, as President of Peru on 10 November 2020; following his resignation only days later on 15 November 2020, Francisco Rafael SAGASTI Hochhausler - who had been elected by the legislature to be the new President of Congress on 16 November 2020 - was then sworn in as President of Peru on 17 November 2020 by line of succession\r\n

note: Prime Minister Violeta BERMUDEZ (since 18 November 2020) does not exercise executive power; this power rests with the president

" }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { "text": "unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congreso de la Republica del Peru (130 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed party-list proportional representation vote to serve single 5-year terms); note - a referendum held in December 2018 banned congressional reelection, holding members to a single consecutive term" }, "elections": { - "text": "last held on 10 April 2016 with run-off election on 6 June 2016 (next to be held in April 2021); note - President VIZCARRA dissolved the Congress on 30 September 2019 and called new congressional elections for 26 January 2020; the new Congress will serve an abbreviated term, with the next regular election to be held on 11 April 2021" + "text": "last held on 11 April 2021 (next to be held in April 2026)" }, "election results": { - "text": "percent of vote by party/coalition - Fuerza Popular 36.3%, PPK 16.5%, Frente Amplio 13.9%, APP 9.2%; APRA 8.3%; AP 7.2%, other 8.6%; seats by party/coalition - Fuerza Popular 73, Frente Amplio 20, PPK 18, APP 9; APRA 5; AP 5; composition - men 94, women 36, percent of women 27.7%" + "text": "percent of vote by party/coalition - Free Peru 14.02%, Popular Force 11.17%, AP 9.22%, Popular Renewal 9.13%, APP 7.61%, Avanza Pais 7.40%, JP 6.63%, We Are Peru 6.02%, We Can Peru 5.73%, Purple Party 5.31%; seats by party/coalition - Free Peru 37, Popular Force 24, AP 16, APP 15, Popular Renewal 13, Avanza Pais 7, We Are Peru 5, We Can Peru 5, JP 4, Purple Party 4" } }, "Judicial branch": { @@ -495,7 +586,7 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Alliance for Progress (Alianza para el Progreso) or APP [Cesar ACUNA Peralta]American Popular Revolutionary Alliance or APRA
Broad Front (Frente Amplio; also known as El Frente Amplio por Justicia, Vida y Libertad) (coalition includes Nuevo Peru [Veronika Mendoza], Tierra y Libertad [Marco ARANA Zegarra], and Fuerza Social [Susana VILLARAN de la Puente]
Fuerza Popular (formerly Fuerza 2011) [Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi]
National Solidarity (Solidaridad Nacional) or SN [Luis CASTANEDA Lossio]
Peru Posible or PP (coalition includes Accion Popular and Somos Peru) [Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique]
Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano) or PAP [Javier VELASQUEZ Quesquen] (also referred to by its original name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana or APRA)
Peruvian Nationalist Party [Ollanta HUMALA]
Peruvians for Change (Peruanos Por el Kambio) or PPK [Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI]
Popular Action (Accion Popular) or AP [Mesias GUEVARA Amasifuen]
Popular Christian Party (Partido Popular Cristiano) or PPC [Lourdes FLORES Nano]" + "text": "

Alliance for Progress (Alianza para el Progreso) or APP [Cesar ACUNA Peralta]
American Popular Revolutionary Alliance or APRA [Cesar TRELLES Lara]
Broad Front (Frente Amplio; also known as El Frente Amplio por Justicia, Vida y Libertad) (coalition includes Nuevo Peru [Veronika MENDOZA], Tierra y Libertad [Marco ARANA Zegarra], and Fuerza Social [Susana VILLARAN de la Puente]
Free Peru (Peru Libre) [Vladimir CERRON Rojas]
National Solidarity (Solidaridad Nacional) or SN [Luis CASTANEDA Lossio]
Peru Posible or PP (coalition includes Accion Popular and Somos Peru) [Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique]
Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano) or PAP [Javier VELASQUEZ Quesquen] (also referred to by its original name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana or APRA)
Peruvian Nationalist Party [Ollanta HUMALA]
Peruvians for Change (Peruanos Por el Kambio) or PPK [Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI]
Popular Action (Accion Popular) or AP [Mesias GUEVARA Amasifuen]
Popular Christian Party (Partido Popular Cristiano) or PPC [Lourdes FLORES Nano]
Popular Force (Fuerza Popular; formerly Fuerza 2011) [Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi]
Popular Renewal (Renovacion Popular) [Rafael LOPEZ ALIAGA]
Purple Party (Partido Morado) [Julio Armando GUZMAN Caceres]
Social Integration Party (Avanza Pais - Partido de Integracion Social) [Pedro CENAS Casamayor]
Together For Peru (Juntos por el Peru) or JP [Robert SANCHEZ Palomino]
We Are Peru (Somos Peru) [Patricia LI]
We Can Peru (Podemos Peru) [Jose Leon LUNA Galvez]

" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "APEC, BIS, CAN, CD, CELAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNOCI, UN Security Council (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" @@ -547,7 +638,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Jose DE LA TORRE Ugarte/Jose Bernardo ALZEDO" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1822; the song won a national anthem contest

" + "note": "note: adopted 1822; the song won a national anthem contest" } }, "Economy": { @@ -575,7 +666,7 @@ "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": { "text": "2.8% (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are for metropolitan Lima, annual average

" + "note": "note: data are for metropolitan Lima, annual average" }, "Credit ratings": { "Fitch rating": { @@ -598,7 +689,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$393.259 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$230.707 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -613,7 +704,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$12,507 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2018": { @@ -658,8 +749,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "68.7 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "82.1 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "71.3 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "59.1 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -672,8 +772,8 @@ "text": "2.7% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "3.421 million (2020 est.)", - "note": "

note: individuals older than 14 years of age

" + "text": "3.421 million (2020 est.)

note: individuals older than 14 years of age", + "note": "note: individuals older than 14 years of age" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -693,10 +793,10 @@ "Unemployment rate 2018": { "text": "6.73% (2018 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are for metropolitan Lima; widespread underemployment

" + "note": "note: data are for metropolitan Lima; widespread underemployment" }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "22.7% (2014 est.)" + "text": "20.2% (2019 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -735,7 +835,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "24.5% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued by government entities other than the treasury; the data exclude treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities

" + "note": "note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued by government entities other than the treasury; the data exclude treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -760,10 +860,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 26.5%, US 15.2%, Switzerland 5.2%, South Korea 4.4%, Spain 4.1%, India 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "China 29%, United States 12%, Canada 5%, South Korea 5%, Switzerland 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "copper, gold, lead, zinc, tin, iron ore, molybdenum, silver; crude petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas; coffee, asparagus and other vegetables, fruit, apparel and textiles, fishmeal, fish, chemicals, fabricated metal products and machinery, alloys" + "text": "copper, gold, refined petroleum, zinc, fishmeal, tropical fruits, lead, iron, molybdenum (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -777,10 +877,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 22.3%, US 20.1%, Brazil 6%, Mexico 4.4% (2017)" + "text": "China 24%, United States 22%, Brazil 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, plastics, machinery, vehicles, TV sets, power shovels, front-end loaders, telephones and telecommunication equipment, iron and steel, wheat, corn, soybean products, paper, cotton, vaccines and medicines" + "text": "refined petroleum, crude petroleum, cars, broadcasting equipment, delivery trucks (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -896,9 +996,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "455.9 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "55.94 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -928,7 +1025,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 51; landing points for the SAM-1, IGW, American Movil-Telxius, SAC and PAN-AM submarine cable systems that provide links to parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "10 major TV networks of which only one, Television Nacional de Peru, is state owned; multi-channel cable TV services are available; in excess of 2,000 radio stations including a substantial number of indigenous language stations (2019)" @@ -969,7 +1066,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "OB (2016)" + "text": "OB" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1034,7 +1131,7 @@ "total": { "text": "140,672 km (18,699 km paved) (2012)" }, - "note": "

note: includes 24,593 km of national roads (14,748 km paved), 24,235 km of departmental roads (2,340 km paved), and 91,844 km of local roads (1,611 km paved)

" + "note": "note: includes 24,593 km of national roads (14,748 km paved), 24,235 km of departmental roads (2,340 km paved), and 91,844 km of local roads (1,611 km paved)" }, "Waterways": { "text": "8,808 km (8,600 km of navigable tributaries on the Amazon River system and 208 km on Lago Titicaca) (2011)" @@ -1064,7 +1161,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru: Peruvian Army (Ejercito del Peru), Peruvian Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru, MGP, includes naval air, naval infantry, and Coast Guard), Air Force of Peru (Fuerza Aerea del Peru, FAP); Ministry of the Interior (Ministerio del Interior): Peruvian National Police (Policía Nacional del Perú, PNP) (2020)" + "text": "Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru: Peruvian Army (Ejercito del Peru), Peruvian Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru, MGP, includes naval infantry and Coast Guard), Air Force of Peru (Fuerza Aerea del Peru, FAP); Ministry of the Interior (Ministerio del Interior): Peruvian National Police (Policía Nacional del Perú, PNP) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1080,29 +1177,29 @@ "text": "1.3% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "1.7% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "1.6% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "Peruvian military size estimates vary widely; approximately 95,000 active personnel (55,000 Army; 25,000 Navy; 15,000 Air Force) (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Peruvian military has approximately 95,000 active personnel (55,000 Army; 25,000 Navy, including about 4,000 naval infantry and 1,000 Coast Guard; 15,000 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Peruvian military's inventory is a mix of mostly older equipment from a wide variety of suppliers, including Brazil, Europe, the former Soviet Union, and the US; the leading suppliers of military equipment since 2010 are Italy, Russia, and South Korea (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Peruvian military's inventory is a mix of mostly older equipment from a wide variety of suppliers, including Brazil, Europe, the former Soviet Union, and the US; since 2010, Peru has received military equipment from more than a dozen countries, led by Russia and South Korea (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "200 Central African Republic (MINUSCA) (2020)" + "text": "200 Central African Republic (MINUSCA) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-50 years of age for male and 18-45 years of age for female voluntary military service; no conscription (2013)" + "text": "18-50 years of age for male and 18-45 years of age for female voluntary military service; no conscription (2019)" }, "Maritime threats": { - "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial waters of Peru are a risk for armed robbery against ships; in 2018, four attacks against commercial vessels were reported, a slight increase from the two reported in 2017; most of these occured in the main port of Callao" + "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial waters of Peru are a risk for armed robbery against ships; in 2020, eight attacks against a commercial vessels were reported, down from 10 attacks in 2019; all of these occurred in the main port of Callao" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) (2021)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1111,7 +1208,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "959,631 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2020)" + "text": "961,953 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "60,000 (civil war from 1980-2000; most IDPs are indigenous peasants in Andean and Amazonian regions; as of 2011, no new information on the situation of these IDPs) (2019)" diff --git a/south-america/sx.json b/south-america/sx.json index fb7e1807..6352e828 100644 --- a/south-america/sx.json +++ b/south-america/sx.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "0 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes Shag Rocks, Black Rock, Clerke Rocks, South Georgia Island, Bird Island, and the South Sandwich Islands, which consist of 11 islands

" + "note": "note: includes Shag Rocks, Black Rock, Clerke Rocks, South Georgia Island, Bird Island, and the South Sandwich Islands, which consist of 11 islands" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "slightly larger than Rhode Island" @@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ "text": "most of the islands are rugged and mountainous rising steeply from the sea; South Georgia is largely barren with steep, glacier-covered mountains; the South Sandwich Islands are of volcanic origin with some active volcanoes" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "Mount Paget (South Georgia) 2,934 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -73,22 +73,32 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "the South Sandwich Islands have prevailing weather conditions that generally make them difficult to approach by ship; they are also subject to active volcanism" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "reindeer - introduced to the islands in the 20th century - devastated the native flora and bird species; some reindeer were translocated to the Falkland Islands in 2001, the rest were exterminated (2013-14); a parallel effort (2010-15) eradicated rats and mice that came to the islands as stowaways on ships as early as the late 18th century" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the north coast of South Georgia has several large bays, which provide good anchorage" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "no indigenous inhabitants (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: the small military garrison on South Georgia withdrew in March 2001, replaced by a permanent group of scientists of the British Antarctic Survey, which also has a biological station on Bird Island; the South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited

" + "text": "no indigenous inhabitants (July 2021 est.)

note: the small military garrison on South Georgia withdrew in March 2001, replaced by a permanent group of scientists of the British Antarctic Survey, which also has a biological station on Bird Island; the South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited", + "note": "note: the small military garrison on South Georgia withdrew in March 2001, replaced by a permanent group of scientists of the British Antarctic Survey, which also has a biological station on Bird Island; the South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited" }, "Net migration rate": { "text": "5.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)" } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "reindeer - introduced to the islands in the 20th century - devastated the native flora and bird species; some reindeer were translocated to the Falkland Islands in 2001, the rest were exterminated (2013-14); a parallel effort (2010-15) eradicated rats and mice that came to the islands as stowaways on ships as early as the late 18th century" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow" + }, + "Land use": { + "other": { + "text": "100% (2018 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { diff --git a/south-america/uy.json b/south-america/uy.json index 69664234..2090601f 100644 --- a/south-america/uy.json +++ b/south-america/uy.json @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowland" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "109 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Cerro Catedral 514 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Cerro Catedral 514 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "109 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,17 +102,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "seasonally high winds (the pampero is a chilly and occasional violent wind that blows north from the Argentine pampas), droughts, floods; because of the absence of mountains, which act as weather barriers, all locations are particularly vulnerable to rapid changes from weather fronts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water pollution from meat packing/tannery industry; heavy metal pollution; inadequate solid/hazardous waste disposal; deforestation" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "second-smallest South American country (after Suriname); most of the low-lying landscape (three-quarters of the country) is grassland, ideal for cattle and sheep raising" } @@ -130,8 +119,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "White 87.7%, Black 4.6%, Indigenous 2.4%, other 0.3%, none or unspecified 5% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent primary ethnic identity

" + "text": "White 87.7%, Black 4.6%, Indigenous 2.4%, other 0.3%, none or unspecified 5% (2011 est.)

note: data represent primary ethnic identity", + "note": "note: data represent primary ethnic identity" }, "Languages": { "text": "Spanish (official)" @@ -201,10 +190,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "95.5% of total population (2020)" + "text": "95.6% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.46% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "0.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -262,8 +251,8 @@ "text": "1.76 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { - "text": "79.6% (2015)", - "note": "

note: percent of women aged 15-44

" + "text": "79.6% (2015)

note: percent of women aged 15-44", + "note": "note: percent of women aged 15-44" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { @@ -327,7 +316,7 @@ "text": "27.9% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "4% (2011)" + "text": "1.8% (2018)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "5% of GDP (2018)" @@ -359,13 +348,103 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "25.9%" + "text": "28.7%" }, "male": { - "text": "22.4%" + "text": "24.8%" }, "female": { - "text": "30.7% (2018 est.)" + "text": "33.9% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water pollution from meat packing/tannery industry; heavy metal pollution; inadequate solid/hazardous waste disposal; deforestation" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "8.63 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "6.77 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "25.59 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "410 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "80 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "3.17 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "172.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "87.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 10.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 76.9% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "10.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "2.6% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "1.56% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "95.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1,260,140 tons (2012 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "100,811 tons (2011 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "8% (2011 est.)" } } }, @@ -403,7 +482,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the name \"Montevidi\" was originally applied to the hill that overlooked the bay upon which the city of Montevideo was founded; the earliest meaning may have been \"[the place where we] saw the hill\"" + "note": "etymology: the name \"Montevidi\" was originally applied to the hill that overlooked the bay upon which the city of Montevideo was founded; the earliest meaning may have been \"[the place where we] saw the hill\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Artigas, Canelones, Cerro Largo, Colonia, Durazno, Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Maldonado, Montevideo, Paysandu, Rio Negro, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano, Tacuarembo, Treinta y Tres" @@ -419,7 +498,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest approved by plebiscite 27 November 1966, effective 15 February 1967" }, "amendments": { - "text": "initiated by public petition of at least 10% of qualified voters, proposed by agreement of at least two fifths of the General Assembly membership, or by existing \"constitutional laws\" sanctioned by at least two thirds of the membership in both houses of the Assembly; proposals can also be submitted by senators, representatives, or by the executive power and require the formation of and approval in a national constituent convention; final passage by either method requires approval by absolute majority of votes cast in a referendum; amended many times, last in 2004" + "text": "initiated by public petition of at least 10% of qualified voters, proposed by agreement of at least two fifths of the General Assembly membership, or by existing \"constitutional laws\" sanctioned by at least two thirds of the membership in both houses of the Assembly; proposals can also be submitted by senators, representatives, or by the executive power and require the formation of and approval in a national constituent convention; final passage by either method requires approval by absolute majority of votes cast in a referendum; amended many times, last in 2009" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -492,7 +571,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Charge d'Affaires Alejandro Ramon RODRIGUEZ COTRO (since 15 July 2020)" + "text": "Ambassador Andres Augusto DURAN HAREAU (since 23 December 2020)" }, "chancery": { "text": "1913 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20006" @@ -525,8 +604,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating with blue; a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow sun bearing a human face (delineated in black) known as the Sun of May with 16 rays that alternate between triangular and wavy; the stripes represent the nine original departments of Uruguay; the sun symbol evokes the legend of the sun breaking through the clouds on 25 May 1810 as independence was first declared from Spain (Uruguay subsequently won its independence from Brazil); the sun features are said to represent those of Inti, the Inca god of the sun", - "note": "

note: the banner was inspired by the national colors of Argentina and by the design of the US flag

" + "text": "nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating with blue; a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow sun bearing a human face (delineated in black) known as the Sun of May with 16 rays that alternate between triangular and wavy; the stripes represent the nine original departments of Uruguay; the sun symbol evokes the legend of the sun breaking through the clouds on 25 May 1810 as independence was first declared from Spain (Uruguay subsequently won its independence from Brazil); the sun features are said to represent those of Inti, the Inca god of the sun

note: the banner was inspired by the national colors of Argentina and by the design of the US flag", + "note": "note: the banner was inspired by the national colors of Argentina and by the design of the US flag" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "Sun of May (a sun-with-face symbol); national colors: blue, white, yellow" @@ -538,7 +617,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Francisco Esteban ACUNA de Figueroa/Francisco Jose DEBALI" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1848; the anthem is also known as \"Orientales, la Patria o la tumba!\" (\"Uruguayans, the Fatherland or Death!\"); it is the world's longest national anthem in terms of music (105 bars; almost five minutes); generally only the first verse and chorus are sung

" + "note": "note: adopted 1848; the anthem is also known as \"Orientales, la Patria o la tumba!\" (\"Uruguayans, the Fatherland or Death!\"); it is the world's longest national anthem in terms of music (105 bars; almost five minutes); generally only the first verse and chorus are sung" } }, "Economy": { @@ -588,7 +667,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$73.285 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$56.108 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -603,7 +682,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$21,325 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -648,8 +727,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "61.5 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "89.6 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "58.4 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "56.3 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -684,7 +772,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "9.7% (2015 est.)" + "text": "8.8% (2019 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": { @@ -723,7 +811,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "61.6% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions.

" + "note": "note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions." }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -745,10 +833,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "China 19%, Brazil 16.1%, US 5.7%, Argentina 5.4% (2017)" + "text": "China 29%, Brazil 12%, United States 5%, Netherlands 5%, Argentina 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "beef, soybeans, cellulose, rice, wheat, wood, dairy products, wool" + "text": "sulfate wood pulp, beef, soybeans, concentrated milk, rice (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -759,10 +847,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 20%, Brazil 19.5%, Argentina 12.6%, US 10.9% (2017)" + "text": "Brazil 25%, China 15%, United States 11%, Argentina 11% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "refined oil, crude oil, passenger and other transportation vehicles, vehicle parts, cellular phones" + "text": "crude petroleum, packaged medicines, cars, broadcasting equipment, delivery trucks (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -872,9 +960,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "7.554 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -904,7 +989,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 598; landing points for the Unisor, Tannat, and Bicentenario submarine cable system providing direct connectivity to Brazil and Argentina; Bicentenario 2012 and Tannat 2017 cables helped end-users with Internet bandwidth; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "mixture of privately owned and state-run broadcast media; more than 100 commercial radio stations and about 20 TV channels; cable TV is available; many community radio and TV stations; adopted the hybrid Japanese/Brazilian HDTV standard (ISDB-T) in December 2010 (2019)" @@ -939,7 +1024,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "CX (2016)" + "text": "CX" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1018,7 +1103,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Armed Forces of Uruguay (Fuerzas Armadas del Uruguay): National Army (Ejercito Nacional), National Navy (Armada Nacional, includes Maritime National Prefecture (Coast Guard)), Uruguayan Air Force (Fuerza Aerea); Guardia Nacional Republicana (paramilitary regiment of the National Police) (2020)" + "text": "Armed Forces of Uruguay (Fuerzas Armadas del Uruguay): National Army (Ejercito Nacional), National Navy (Armada Nacional, includes Maritime National Prefecture (Coast Guard)), Uruguayan Air Force (Fuerza Aerea); Guardia Nacional Republicana (paramilitary regiment of the National Police) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1038,16 +1123,16 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Armed Forces of Uruguay have approximately 22,000 active personnel (14,500 Army; 5,000 Navy; 2,500 Air Force); est. 1,400 Guardia Nacional Republicana (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Armed Forces of Uruguay have approximately 22,000 active personnel (14,500 Army; 5,000 Navy; 2,500 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Armed Forces of Uruguay inventory includes a wide variety of older or second-hand equipment imported from a range of suppliers, including Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Russia, Spain, and the US (2019 est.)" + "text": "the inventory of the Armed Forces of Uruguay includes a wide variety of older or second-hand equipment; since 2010, it has imported limited amounts of military hardware from about 10 countries with Spain as the leading supplier (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "900 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MINUSCO); 210 Golan Heights (UNDOF) (2020)" + "text": "925 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MINUSCO); 210 Golan Heights (UNDOF) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18-30 years of age (18-22 years of age for Navy) for male or female voluntary military service; up to 40 years of age for specialists; enlistment is voluntary in peacetime, but the government has the authority to conscript in emergencies (2013)" + "text": "18-30 years of age (18-22 years of age for Navy) for male or female voluntary military service; up to 40 years of age for specialists; enlistment is voluntary in peacetime, but the government has the authority to conscript in emergencies (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -1056,7 +1141,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "19,738 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum or have received alternative legal stay) (2020)" + "text": "20,016 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum or have received alternative legal stay) (2021)" } }, "Illicit drugs": { diff --git a/south-america/ve.json b/south-america/ve.json index 7bee4aa6..ae88f146 100644 --- a/south-america/ve.json +++ b/south-america/ve.json @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "Andes Mountains and Maracaibo Lowlands in northwest; central plains (llanos); Guiana Highlands in southeast" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "450 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Pico Bolivar 4,978 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Caribbean Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Pico Bolivar 4,978 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "450 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,17 +102,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "sewage pollution of Lago de Valencia; oil and urban pollution of Lago de Maracaibo; deforestation; soil degradation; urban and industrial pollution, especially along the Caribbean coast; threat to the rainforest ecosystem from irresponsible mining operations" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: the country lies on major sea and air routes linking North and South America

note 2: Venezuela has some of the most unique geology in the world; tepuis are massive table-top mountains of the western Guiana Highlands that tend to be isolated and thus support unique endemic plant and animal species; their sheer cliffsides account for some of the most spectacular waterfalls in the world including Angel Falls, the world's highest (979 m) that drops off Auyan Tepui

" } @@ -200,10 +189,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "88.3% of total population (2020)" + "text": "88.3% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.28% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.16% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -303,14 +292,12 @@ }, "vectorborne diseases": { "text": "dengue fever and malaria" - } + }, + "note": "Note: as of 1 March 2021, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that travelers avoid all nonessential travel to Venezuela; the country is experiencing outbreaks of infectious diseases, and adequate health care is currently not available in most of the country" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "25.6% (2016)" }, - "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "2.9% (2009)" - }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "NA" }, @@ -330,13 +317,104 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "14.6%" + "text": "12.1%" }, "male": { - "text": "NA" + "text": "10.5% NA" }, "female": { - "text": "NA (2015 est.)" + "text": "14.9% NA (2017 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "sewage pollution of Lago de Valencia; oil and urban pollution of Lago de Maracaibo; deforestation; soil degradation; urban and industrial pollution, especially along the Caribbean coast; threat to the rainforest ecosystem from irresponsible mining operations" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "15.82 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "164.18 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "68.66 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "5.123 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "793.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "16.71 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "1.325 trillion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "24.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 3.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 20.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "52.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "23.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "88.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.16% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever and malaria" + }, + "note": "Note: as of 1 March 2021, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that travelers avoid all nonessential travel to Venezuela; the country is experiencing outbreaks of infectious diseases, and adequate health care is currently not available in most of the country" + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "widespread lack of access": { + "text": "due to severe economic crisis - the total number of refugees and migrants from the country is estimated at 5.4 million, with the largest populations located in Colombia, Peru, and Chile; humanitarian needs for refugees and migrants are significant; food insecurity situations of migrants reportedly worsened in 2020 due to losses of income-generating opportunities in the host countries amid the COVID‑19 pandemic; the expected slow recovery of the host countries’ economies is likely to only marginally restore livelihoods of migrants; according to World Food Program’s food security assessment, conducted in the third quarter of 2019, about 2.3 million people in the country (8% of the total population) were severely food insecure, mainly as a result of high food prices (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "9,779,093 tons (2010 est.)" } } }, @@ -374,11 +452,11 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: named for the native Caracas tribe that originally settled in the city's valley site near the Caribbean coast" + "note": "etymology: named for the native Caracas tribe that originally settled in the city's valley site near the Caribbean coast" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "23 states (estados, singular - estado), 1 capital district* (distrito capital), and 1 federal dependency** (dependencia federal); Amazonas, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias Federales (Federal Dependencies)**, Distrito Capital (Capital District)*, Falcon, Guarico, La Guaira, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia", - "note": "

note: the federal dependency consists of 11 federally controlled island groups with a total of 72 individual islands

" + "text": "23 states (estados, singular - estado), 1 capital district* (distrito capital), and 1 federal dependency** (dependencia federal); Amazonas, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias Federales (Federal Dependencies)**, Distrito Capital (Capital District)*, Falcon, Guarico, La Guaira, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia

note: the federal dependency consists of 11 federally controlled island groups with a total of 72 individual islands", + "note": "note: the federal dependency consists of 11 federally controlled island groups with a total of 72 individual islands" }, "Independence": { "text": "5 July 1811 (from Spain)" @@ -436,13 +514,13 @@ }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { - "text": "unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (167 seats; 113 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 51 directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed, party-list proportional representation vote, and 3 seats reserved for indigenous peoples of Venezuela; members serve 5-year terms)" + "text": "unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (277 seats; 3 seats reserved for indigenous peoples of Venezuela; members serve 5-year terms); note - in 2020, the chief of the National Electoral Council announced that the number of seats in the National Assembly would increase by two-thirds from 167 to 277 for the 2021-2026 term" }, "elections": { - "text": "last held on 6 December 2015 (next to be held on 6 December 2020)" + "text": "last held on 6 December 2020 (next to be held December 2025)" }, "election results": { - "text": "percent of vote by party - MUD (opposition coalition) 56.2%, PSUV (pro-government) 40.9%, other 2.9%; seats by party - MUD 109, PSUV 55, indigenous peoples 3; composition - men 143, women 24, percent of women 14.4%" + "text": "percent of vote by party - GPP (pro-government) 69.32%, Democratic Alliance (opposition coalition) 17.68%, other 13%; seats by party - GPP 253, Democratic Alliance 18, indigenous peoples 3, other 3" } }, "Judicial branch": { @@ -457,7 +535,7 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "A New Era or UNT [Manuel ROSALES]
Brave People's Alliance or ABP [Richard BLANCO]
Christian Democrats or COPEI [Roberto ENRIQUEZ]
Clear Accounts or CC [Enzo SCARENO]
Coalition of parties loyal to Hugo CHAVEZ -- Great Patriotic Pole or GPP [Nicolas MADURO]
Coalition of opposition parties -- The Democratic Unity Table or MUD [Jose Luis CARTAYA]
Come On Venezuela or VV [Maria MACHADO]
Communist Party of Venezuela or PCV [Oscar FIGUERA]
Democratic Action or AD [Henry RAMOS ALLUP]
Justice First or PJ [Julio BORGES]
Popular Will or VP [Leopoldo LOPEZ]
Progressive Wave or AP [Henri FALCON]
The Radical Cause or La Causa R [Andres VELAZQUEZ]
United Socialist Party of Venezuela or PSUV [Nicolas MADURO]
Venezuelan Progressive Movement or MPV [Simon CALZADILLA]
Venezuela Project or PV [Henrique Fernando SALAS FEO]" + "text": "

A New Era or UNT [Manuel ROSALES]
Brave People's Alliance or ABP [Richard BLANCO]
Cambiemos Movimiento Ciudadano or CMC [Timoteo ZAMBRANO]
Christian Democrats or COPEI [Miguel SALAZAR]
Clear Accounts or CC [Enzo SCARENO]
Coalition of parties loyal to Nicolas MADURO -- Great Patriotic Pole or GPP [Nicolas MADURO]
Coalition of opposition parties -- Democratic Alliance (Alianza Democratica) (comprised of AD, EL CAMBIO, COPEI, CMC, and AP)
Come Venezuela (Vente Venezuela) or VV [Maria MACHADO]
Communist Party of Venezuela or PCV [Oscar FIGUERA]
Democratic Action or AD [Jose Bernabe GUTIERREZ Parra]
EL CAMBIO (The Change) [Javier Alejandro BERTUCCI Carrero]
Justice First or PJ [Julio BORGES]
Popular Will or VP [Leopoldo LOPEZ]
Progressive Wave or AP [Henri FALCON]
The Radical Cause or La Causa R [Andres VELAZQUEZ]
United Socialist Party of Venezuela or PSUV [Nicolas MADURO]
Venezuelan Progressive Movement or MPV [Simon CALZADILLA]
Venezuela Project or PV [Henrique Fernando SALAS FEO]

" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "Caricom (observer), CD, CDB, CELAC, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, LAS (observer), MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, Petrocaribe, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" @@ -509,7 +587,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Vicente SALIAS/Juan Jose LANDAETA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1881; lyrics written in 1810, the music some years later; both SALIAS and LANDAETA were executed in 1814 during Venezuela's struggle for independence

" + "note": "note: adopted 1881; lyrics written in 1810, the music some years later; both SALIAS and LANDAETA were executed in 1814 during Venezuela's struggle for independence" } }, "Economy": { @@ -553,7 +631,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$334.751 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$210.1 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -565,7 +643,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$9,417 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -610,8 +688,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "0.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "30.2 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "25 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "0 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "46.9 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -646,7 +733,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "19.7% (2015 est.)" + "text": "33.1% (2015 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2011": { @@ -685,7 +772,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "31.3% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover central government debt, as well as the debt of state-owned oil company PDVSA; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include some debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; some debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions

" + "note": "note: data cover central government debt, as well as the debt of state-owned oil company PDVSA; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include some debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; some debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -707,10 +794,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 34.8%, India 17.2%, China 16%, Netherlands Antilles 8.2%, Singapore 6.3%, Cuba 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "India 34%, China 28%, United States 12%, Spain 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum and petroleum products, bauxite and aluminum, minerals, chemicals, agricultural products" + "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, industrial alcohols, gold, iron (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { @@ -721,10 +808,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "US 24.8%, China 14.2%, Mexico 9.5% (2017)" + "text": "China 28%, United States 22%, Brazil 8%, Spain 6%, Mexico 6%  (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "agricultural products, livestock, raw materials, machinery and equipment, transport equipment, construction materials, medical equipment, petroleum products, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, iron and steel products" + "text": "refined petroleum, rice, corn, tires, soybean meal, wheat (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -840,9 +927,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "5.739 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "129.9 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -872,7 +956,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 58; landing points for the Venezuela Festoon, ARCOS, PAN-AM, SAC, GlobeNet, ALBA-1 and Americas II submarine cable system providing connectivity to the Caribbean, Central and South America, and US; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 PanAmSat (2020)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "government supervises a mixture of state-run and private broadcast media; 13 public service networks, 61 privately owned TV networks, a privately owned news channel with limited national coverage, and a government-backed Pan-American channel; state-run radio network includes roughly 65 news stations and another 30 stations targeted at specific audiences; state-sponsored community broadcasters include 235 radio stations and 44 TV stations; the number of private broadcast radio stations has been declining, but many still remain in operation" @@ -913,7 +997,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "YV (2016)" + "text": "YV" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -998,43 +1082,47 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Bolivarian National Armed Forces (Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana, FANB): Bolivarian Army (Ejercito Bolivariano, EB), Bolivarian Navy (Armada Bolivariana, AB; includes Marines, Coast Guard), Bolivarian Military Aviation (Aviacion Militar Bolivariana, AMB), Integral Aerospace Defense Command (Comando de Defensa Aeroespacial Integral, CODAI), Bolivarian National Guard (Guardia Nacional Bolivaria, GNB); Bolivarian Militia (Milicia Bolivariana, NMB) (2019)", - "note": "

note: the CODAI is a joint service command with personnel drawn from other services

" + "text": "Bolivarian National Armed Forces (Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana, FANB): Bolivarian Army (Ejercito Bolivariano, EB), Bolivarian Navy (Armada Bolivariana, AB; includes marines, Coast Guard), Bolivarian Military Aviation (Aviacion Militar Bolivariana, AMB; includes a joint-service Aerospace Defense Command (Comando de Defensa Aeroespacial Integral, CODAI); Bolivarian National Guard (Guardia Nacional Bolivaria, GNB); Bolivarian Militia (Milicia Bolivariana, NMB)

Bolivarian National Police: Special Action Forces (Fuerzas de Acciones Especiales, FAES) (2020)

note(s): the CODAI is a joint service command with personnel drawn from other services; the FAES police paramilitary unit was created by President MADURO after the 2017 anti-government protests to fight crime; it has been accused of multiple human rights abuses", + "note": "note(s): the CODAI is a joint service command with personnel drawn from other services; the FAES police paramilitary unit was created by President MADURO after the 2017 anti-government protests to fight crime; it has been accused of multiple human rights abuses" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "0.5% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "0.4% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "0.5% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "1% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "0.9% of GDP (2015)" }, "Military Expenditures 2014": { - "text": "1.2% of GDP (2014)" + "text": "1.1% of GDP (2014)" }, "Military Expenditures 2013": { - "text": "1.7% of GDP (2013)" + "text": "1.6% of GDP (2013)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Bolivarian National Armed Forces (FANB) have approximately 125,000 active personnel (62,000 Army; 25,000 Navy; 11,000 Air Force; 27,000 National Guard) (2019 est.)" + "text": "estimates for the size of the Bolivarian National Armed Forces (FANB) vary; approximately 150,000 personnel (60,000 Army; 30,000 Navy, including marines and Coast Guard; 10,000 Air Force; est. 50,000 National Guard); est. 100-150,000 Bolivarian Militia (2020)

note - at the end of 2018, the Venezuelan Government claimed the Bolivarian Militia had 1.6 million members, but most reportedly have little to no military training", + "note": "note - at the end of 2018, the Venezuelan Government claimed the Bolivarian Militia had 1.6 million members, but most reportedly have little to no military training" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the FANB inventory is mainly of Chinese and Russian origin with a smaller mix of equipment from Western countries such as France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, the UK, and the US; since 2010, China and Russia are the top suppliers of military hardware to Venezuela (2019 est.)" + "text": "the FANB inventory is mainly of Chinese and Russian origin with a smaller mix of equipment from Western countries such as France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, the UK, and the US; since 2010, Russia is by far the top supplier of military hardware to Venezuela, followed by China, Spain, and Ukraine (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "all citizens of military service age (18-60 years old) are obligated to register for military service and subject to military training, though mandatory recruitment is forbidden; the minimum service obligation is 24-30 months (2016)" + "text": "18-30 (25 for women) for voluntary service; the minimum service obligation is 24-30 months; all citizens of military service age (18-50 years old) are obligated to register for military service and subject to military training, although “forcible recruitment” is forbidden (2019)" }, "Maritime threats": { - "text": "The International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial and offshore waters in the Caribbean Sea as at risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; numerous vessels, including commercial shipping and pleasure craft, have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; crews have been robbed and stores or cargoes stolen; in 2018, 11 attacks were reported which was a slight decrease from the 12 attacks in 2017.  Nevertheless, the waters off Venezuela continue to be the fourth most dangerous area for mariners in the world. (2018)" + "text": "The International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial and offshore waters in the Caribbean Sea as at risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; numerous vessels, including commercial shipping and pleasure craft, have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; crews have been robbed and stores or cargoes stolen; in 2020, no attacks were reported which was a decrease from the six attacks in 2019" + }, + "Military - note": { + "text": "between 2013 and 2017, Venezuela established at least a dozen military-led firms in a variety of economic sectors, such as agriculture, banking, construction, insurance, the media, mining, oil, and tourism; as of mid-2019, military officers reportedly led at least 60 state-owned companies" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "National Liberation Army; Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "National Liberation Army; Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (2019)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/south-asia/af.json b/south-asia/af.json index ac33c5e5..1a984f34 100644 --- a/south-asia/af.json +++ b/south-asia/af.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwest" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "1,884 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Noshak 7,492 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Amu Darya 258 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Noshak 7,492 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "1,884 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,17 +91,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; flooding; droughts" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "limited natural freshwater resources; inadequate supplies of potable water; soil degradation; overgrazing; deforestation (much of the remaining forests are being cut down for fuel and building materials); desertification; air and water pollution in overcrowded urban areas" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; the Hindu Kush mountains that run northeast to southwest divide the northern provinces from the rest of the country; the highest peaks are in the northern Vakhan (Wakhan Corridor)" } @@ -119,12 +108,12 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, other (includes smaller numbers of Baloch, Turkmen, Nuristani, Pamiri, Arab, Gujar, Brahui, Qizilbash, Aimaq, Pashai, and Kyrghyz) (2015)", - "note": "

note: current statistical data on the sensitive subject of ethnicity in Afghanistan are not available, and ethnicity data from small samples of respondents to opinion polls are not a reliable alternative; Afghanistan's 2004 constitution recognizes 14 ethnic groups: Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, Baloch, Turkmen, Nuristani, Pamiri, Arab, Gujar, Brahui, Qizilbash, Aimaq, and Pashai

" + "text": "Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, other (includes smaller numbers of Baloch, Turkmen, Nuristani, Pamiri, Arab, Gujar, Brahui, Qizilbash, Aimaq, Pashai, and Kyrghyz) (2015)

note: current statistical data on the sensitive subject of ethnicity in Afghanistan are not available, and ethnicity data from small samples of respondents to opinion polls are not a reliable alternative; Afghanistan's 2004 constitution recognizes 14 ethnic groups: Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, Baloch, Turkmen, Nuristani, Pamiri, Arab, Gujar, Brahui, Qizilbash, Aimaq, and Pashai", + "note": "note: current statistical data on the sensitive subject of ethnicity in Afghanistan are not available, and ethnicity data from small samples of respondents to opinion polls are not a reliable alternative; Afghanistan's 2004 constitution recognizes 14 ethnic groups: Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, Baloch, Turkmen, Nuristani, Pamiri, Arab, Gujar, Brahui, Qizilbash, Aimaq, and Pashai" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Afghan Persian or Dari (official) 77% (Dari functions as the lingua franca), Pashto (official) 48%, Uzbek 11%, English 6%, Turkmen 3%, Urdu 3%, Pashayi 1%, Nuristani 1%, Arabic 1%, Balochi 1% (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent most widely spoken languages; shares sum to more than 100% because there is much bilingualism in the country and because respondents were allowed to select more than one language

\r\n

note: the Turkic languages Uzbek and Turkmen, as well as Balochi, Pashayi, Nuristani, and Pamiri are the third official languages in areas where the majority speaks them

" + "text": "Afghan Persian or Dari (official) 78% (Dari functions as the lingua franca), Pashto (official) 50%, Uzbek 10%, English 5%, Turkmen 2%, Urdu 2%, Pashayi 1%, Nuristani 1%, Arabic 1%, Balochi 1%, other <1% (2017 est.)

note: data represent most widely spoken languages; shares sum to more than 100% because there is much bilingualism in the country and because respondents were allowed to select more than one language\r\n

note: the Turkic languages Uzbek and Turkmen, as well as Balochi, Pashayi, Nuristani, and Pamiri are the third official languages in areas where the majority speaks them", + "note": "note: data represent most widely spoken languages; shares sum to more than 100% because there is much bilingualism in the country and because respondents were allowed to select more than one language\r\n

note: the Turkic languages Uzbek and Turkmen, as well as Balochi, Pashayi, Nuristani, and Pamiri are the third official languages in areas where the majority speaks them" }, "Religions": { "text": "Muslim 99.7% (Sunni 84.7 - 89.7%, Shia 10 - 15%), other 0.3% (2009 est.)" @@ -188,10 +177,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "26% of total population (2020)" + "text": "26.3% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.37% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "3.34% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -221,8 +210,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "19.9 years (2015 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "19.9 years (2015 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "638 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -253,8 +242,8 @@ "text": "4.72 children born/woman (2021 est.)" }, "Contraceptive prevalence rate": { - "text": "18.9% (2018)", - "note": "

note:  percent of women aged 12-49" + "text": "18.9% (2018)

note:  percent of women aged 12-49", + "note": "note:  percent of women aged 12-49" }, "Drinking water source": { "improved: urban": { @@ -371,6 +360,106 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "limited natural freshwater resources; inadequate supplies of potable water; soil degradation; overgrazing; deforestation (much of the remaining forests are being cut down for fuel and building materials); desertification; air and water pollution in overcrowded urban areas" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "53.17 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "8.67 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "90.98 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "203.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "169.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "20 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "65.33 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "58.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 11.8% (2018)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 46% (2018)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "1.85% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "40.1% (2018)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.2% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.45% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "26.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.34% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "intermediate (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "Crimea-Congo hemorrhagic fever, malaria" + } + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "severe localized food insecurity": { + "text": "due to civil conflict, population displacement, and economic slowdown - the food security situation worsened in recent months due to the impact of COVID‑19 as informal labor opportunities and remittances declined; between November 2020 and March 2021, about 13.15 million people were estimated to be in severe acute food insecurity and to require urgent humanitarian assistance, including 8.52 million people in \"Crisis\" and 4.3 million people in \"Emergency\"; the food security of the vulnerable populations, including IDPs and the urban poor, is likely to deteriorate as curfews and restrictions on movements to contain the COVID‑19 outbreak limit the employment opportunities for casual laborers (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "5,628,525 tons (2016 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -408,7 +497,7 @@ "daylight saving time": { "text": "does not observe daylight savings time" }, - "note": "

etymology: named for the Kabul River, but the river's name is of unknown origin" + "note": "etymology: named for the Kabul River, but the river's name is of unknown origin" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "34 provinces (welayat, singular - welayat); Badakhshan, Badghis, Baghlan, Balkh, Bamyan, Daykundi, Farah, Faryab, Ghazni, Ghor, Helmand, Herat, Jowzjan, Kabul, Kandahar, Kapisa, Khost, Kunar, Kunduz, Laghman, Logar, Nangarhar, Nimroz, Nuristan, Paktika, Paktiya, Panjshir, Parwan, Samangan, Sar-e Pul, Takhar, Uruzgan, Wardak, Zabul" @@ -452,10 +541,10 @@ }, "Executive branch": { "chief of state": { - "text": "

President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Ashraf GHANI (since 29 September 2014); CEO Abdullah ABDULLAH, Dr. (since 29 September 2014); First Vice President Abdul Rashid DOSTAM (since 29 September 2014); Second Vice President Sarwar DANESH (since 29 September 2014); First Deputy CEO Khyal Mohammad KHAN; Second Deputy CEO Mohammad MOHAQQEQ; note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

" + "text": "President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Ashraf GHANI (since 29 September 2014); CEO Abdullah ABDULLAH, Dr. (since 29 September 2014); First Vice President Abdul Rashid DOSTAM (since 29 September 2014); Second Vice President Sarwar DANESH (since 29 September 2014); First Deputy CEO Khyal Mohammad KHAN; Second Deputy CEO Mohammad MOHAQQEQ; note - the president is both chief of state and head of government" }, "head of government": { - "text": "

President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Ashraf GHANI (since 29 September 2014); CEO Abdullah ABDULLAH, Dr. (since 29 September 2014); First Vice President Abdul Rashid DOSTAM (since 29 September 2014); Second Vice President Sarwar DANESH (since 29 September 2014); First Deputy CEO Khyal Mohammad KHAN; Second Deputy CEO Mohammad MOHAQQEQ

" + "text": "President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Ashraf GHANI (since 29 September 2014); CEO Abdullah ABDULLAH, Dr. (since 29 September 2014); First Vice President Abdul Rashid DOSTAM (since 29 September 2014); Second Vice President Sarwar DANESH (since 29 September 2014); First Deputy CEO Khyal Mohammad KHAN; Second Deputy CEO Mohammad MOHAQQEQ" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Cabinet consists of 25 ministers appointed by the president, approved by the National Assembly" @@ -469,15 +558,15 @@ }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { - "text": "bicameral National Assembly consists of:
Meshrano Jirga or House of Elders (102 seats; 34 members indirectly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed by district councils to serve 3-year terms, 34 indirectly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed by provincial councils to serve 4-year terms, and 34 appointed by the president from nominations by civic groups, political parties, and the public, of which 17 must be women, 2 must represent the disabled, and 2 must be Kuchi nomads; presidential appointees serve 5-year terms)

Wolesi Jirga or House of People (250 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)

" + "text": "bicameral National Assembly consists of:
Meshrano Jirga or House of Elders (102 seats; 34 members indirectly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed by district councils to serve 3-year terms, 34 indirectly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed by provincial councils to serve 4-year terms, and 34 appointed by the president from nominations by civic groups, political parties, and the public, of which 17 must be women, 2 must represent the disabled, and 2 must be Kuchi nomads; presidential appointees serve 5-year terms)
Wolesi Jirga or House of People (250 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)" }, "elections": { - "text": "
Meshrano Jirga - district councils - within 5 days of installation; provincial councils - within 15 days of installation; presidential appointees - within 2 weeks after the presidential inauguration
Wolesi Jirga - last held on 20 October 2018) (next to be held in 2023)" + "text": "Meshrano Jirga - district councils - within 5 days of installation; provincial councils - within 15 days of installation; presidential appointees - within 2 weeks after the presidential inauguration
Wolesi Jirga - last held on 20 October 2018) (next to be held in 2023)" }, "election results": { "text": "
Meshrano Jirga - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 84, women 18, percent of women 17.6%
Wolesi Jirga - percent of vote by party NA; seats by party - NA; composition - NA" }, - "note": "

note: the constitution allows the government to convene a constitutional Loya Jirga (Grand Council) on issues of independence, national sovereignty, and territorial integrity; it consists of members of the National Assembly and chairpersons of the provincial and district councils; a Loya Jirga can amend provisions of the constitution and prosecute the president; no constitutional Loya Jirga has ever been held, and district councils have never been elected; the president appointed 34 members of the Meshrano Jirga that the district councils should have indirectly elected" + "note": "note: the constitution allows the government to convene a constitutional Loya Jirga (Grand Council) on issues of independence, national sovereignty, and territorial integrity; it consists of members of the National Assembly and chairpersons of the provincial and district councils; a Loya Jirga can amend provisions of the constitution and prosecute the president; no constitutional Loya Jirga has ever been held, and district councils have never been elected; the president appointed 34 members of the Meshrano Jirga that the district councils should have indirectly elected" }, "Judicial branch": { "highest courts": { @@ -531,8 +620,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), red, and green, with the national emblem in white centered on the red band and slightly overlapping the other 2 bands; the center of the emblem features a mosque with pulpit and flags on either side, below the mosque are Eastern Arabic numerals for the solar year 1298 (1919 in the Gregorian calendar, the year of Afghan independence from the UK); this central image is circled by a border consisting of sheaves of wheat on the left and right, in the upper-center is an Arabic inscription of the Shahada (Muslim creed) below which are rays of the rising sun over the Takbir (Arabic expression meaning \"God is great\"), and at bottom center is a scroll bearing the name Afghanistan; black signifies the past, red is for the blood shed for independence, and green can represent either hope for the future, agricultural prosperity, or Islam", - "note": "

note: Afghanistan had more changes to its national flag in the 20th century - 19 by one count - than any other country; the colors black, red, and green appeared on most of them

" + "text": "three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), red, and green, with the national emblem in white centered on the red band and slightly overlapping the other 2 bands; the center of the emblem features a mosque with pulpit and flags on either side, below the mosque are Eastern Arabic numerals for the solar year 1298 (1919 in the Gregorian calendar, the year of Afghan independence from the UK); this central image is circled by a border consisting of sheaves of wheat on the left and right, in the upper-center is an Arabic inscription of the Shahada (Muslim creed) below which are rays of the rising sun over the Takbir (Arabic expression meaning \"God is great\"), and at bottom center is a scroll bearing the name Afghanistan; black signifies the past, red is for the blood shed for independence, and green can represent either hope for the future, agricultural prosperity, or Islam

note: Afghanistan had more changes to its national flag in the 20th century - 19 by one count - than any other country; the colors black, red, and green appeared on most of them", + "note": "note: Afghanistan had more changes to its national flag in the 20th century - 19 by one count - than any other country; the colors black, red, and green appeared on most of them" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "lion; national colors: red, green, black" @@ -544,12 +633,12 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Abdul Bari JAHANI/Babrak WASA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 2006; the 2004 constitution of the post-Taliban government mandated that a new national anthem should be written containing the phrase \"Allahu Akbar\" (God is Greatest) and mentioning the names of Afghanistan's ethnic groups

" + "note": "note: adopted 2006; the 2004 constitution of the post-Taliban government mandated that a new national anthem should be written containing the phrase \"Allahu Akbar\" (God is Greatest) and mentioning the names of Afghanistan's ethnic groups" } }, "Economy": { "Economic overview": { - "text": "

Prior to 2001, Afghanistan was an extremely poor, landlocked, and foreign aid-dependent country. Increased domestic economic activity occurred following the U.S.-led invasion, as well as significant international economic development assistance. This increased activity expanded access to water, electricity, sanitation, education, and health services, and fostered consistent growth in government revenues since 2014. While international security forces have been drawing down since 2012, with much higher U.S. forces’ drawdowns occurring since 2017, economic progress continues, albeit uneven across sectors and key economic indicators. After recovering from the 2018 drought and growing 3.9% in 2019, political instability, expiring international financial commitments, and the COVID-19 pandemic have wrought significant adversity on the Afghan economy, with a projected 5% contraction.

Current political parties’ power-sharing agreement following the September 2019 presidential elections as well as ongoing Taliban attacks and peace talks have led to Afghan economic instability. This instability, coupled with expiring international grant and assistance, endangers recent fiscal gains and has led to more internally displaced persons. In November 2020, Afghanistan secured $12 billion in additional international aid for 2021-2025, much of which is conditional upon Taliban peace progress. Additionally, Afghanistan continues to experience influxes of repatriating Afghanis, mostly from Iran, significantly straining economic and security institutions.

Afghanistan’s trade deficit remains at approximately 31% of GDP and is highly dependent on financing through grants and aid. While Afghan agricultural growth remains consistent, recent industrial and services growth have been enormously impacted by COVID-19 lockdowns and trade cessations. While trade with the People’s Republic of China has rapidly expanded in recent years, Afghanistan still relies heavily upon India and Pakistan as export partners but is more diverse in its import partners. Furthermore, Afghanistan still struggles to effectively enforce business contracts, facilitate easy tax collection, and enable greater international trade for domestic enterprises.

Current Afghan priorities focus on the following goals:

" + "text": "

Prior to 2001, Afghanistan was an extremely poor, landlocked, and foreign aid-dependent country. Increased domestic economic activity occurred following the US-led invasion, as well as significant international economic development assistance. This increased activity expanded access to water, electricity, sanitation, education, and health services, and fostered consistent growth in government revenues since 2014. While international security forces have been drawing down since 2012, with much higher U.S. forces’ drawdowns occurring since 2017, economic progress continues, albeit uneven across sectors and key economic indicators. After recovering from the 2018 drought and growing 3.9% in 2019, political instability, expiring international financial commitments, and the COVID-19 pandemic have wrought significant adversity on the Afghan economy, with a projected 5% contraction.

Current political parties’ power-sharing agreement following the September 2019 presidential elections as well as ongoing Taliban attacks and peace talks have led to Afghan economic instability. This instability, coupled with expiring international grant and assistance, endangers recent fiscal gains and has led to more internally displaced persons. In November 2020, Afghanistan secured $12 billion in additional international aid for 2021-2025, much of which is conditional upon Taliban peace progress. Additionally, Afghanistan continues to experience influxes of repatriating Afghanis, mostly from Iran, significantly straining economic and security institutions.

Afghanistan’s trade deficit remains at approximately 31% of GDP and is highly dependent on financing through grants and aid. While Afghan agricultural growth remains consistent, recent industrial and services growth have been enormously impacted by COVID-19 lockdowns and trade cessations. While trade with the People’s Republic of China has rapidly expanded in recent years, Afghanistan still relies heavily upon India and Pakistan as export partners but is more diverse in its import partners. Furthermore, Afghanistan still struggles to effectively enforce business contracts, facilitate easy tax collection, and enable greater international trade for domestic enterprises.

Current Afghan priorities focus on the following goals:

" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2017": { @@ -580,7 +669,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$74.711 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$20.24 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -595,7 +684,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$2,058 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -618,7 +707,7 @@ "services": { "text": "55.9% (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data exclude opium production

" + "note": "note: data exclude opium production" }, "GDP - composition, by end use": { "household consumption": { @@ -641,16 +730,16 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { "text": "44.1 (2020)" }, - "Starting a Business score 2020": { - "text": "92.0 (2020)" + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "92 (2020)" }, - "Trading Across Borders score 2020": { + "Trading score": { "text": "30.6 (2020)" }, - "Enforcing Contracts score 2020": { + "Enforcement score": { "text": "31.8 (2020)" } }, @@ -686,7 +775,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "54.5% (2017 est.)" + "text": "54.5% (2016 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2008": { @@ -741,13 +830,13 @@ "Exports 2016": { "text": "$614.2 million (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: not including illicit exports or reexports

" + "note": "note: not including illicit exports or reexports" }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "India 56.5%, Pakistan 29.6% (2017)" + "text": "United Arab Emirates 45%, Pakistan 24%, India 22%, China 1% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "opium, fruits and nuts, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton, hides and pelts, precious and semi-precious gems, and medical herbs" + "text": "gold, grapes, opium, fruits and nuts, insect resins, cotton, handwoven carpets, soapstone, scrap metal (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -758,10 +847,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 21%, Iran 20.5%, Pakistan 11.8%, Kazakhstan 11%, Uzbekistan 6.8%, Malaysia 5.3% (2017)" + "text": "United Arab Emirates 23%, Pakistan 17%, India 13%, China 9%, United States 9%, Uzbekistan 7%, Kazakhstan 6% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "machinery and other capital goods, food, textiles, petroleum products" + "text": "wheat flours, broadcasting equipment, refined petroleum, rolled tobacco, aircraft parts, synthetic fabrics (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -874,9 +963,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "49.55 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "9.067 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -906,7 +992,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 93; multiple VSAT's provide international and domestic voice and data connectivity (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-owned broadcaster, Radio Television Afghanistan (RTA), operates a series of radio and television stations in Kabul and the provinces; an estimated 174 private radio stations, 83 TV stations, and about a dozen international broadcasters are available (2019)" @@ -947,7 +1033,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "YA (2016)" + "text": "YA" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1019,7 +1105,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Afghan National Defense and Security Forces (ANDSF) are comprised of military, police, and other security elements:

Ministry of Defense: Afghan National Army ((ANA), Afghan Air Force, Afghan Army Special Security Forces (includes ANA Special Operations Command), Afghanistan National Army Territorial Forces (ANA-TF)); Afghan Border Force (ABF); Afghan National Civil Order Force (ANCOF)

Ministry of Interior: Afghan Uniform (National) Police (AUP); Public Security Police (PSP); Afghan Border Police (ABP); Afghan Anti-Crime Police; Afghan Local Police; Afghan Public Protection Force; Special Security Forces

National Directorate of Security ((NDS), intelligence service) (2020)" + "text": "Afghan National Defense and Security Forces (ANDSF) are comprised of military, police, and other security elements:

Ministry of Defense: Afghan National Army ((ANA), Afghan Air Force, Afghan Army Special Security Forces (ASSF; includes ANA Special Operations Command, General Command Police Special Units (GCPSU), and the Special Mission Wing (SMW)), Afghanistan National Army Territorial Forces (ANA-TF, lightly-armed local security forces); Afghan Border Force (ABF); Afghan National Civil Order Force (ANCOF)

Ministry of Interior: Afghan Uniform (National) Police (AUP); Public Security Police (PSP); Afghan Border Police (ABP); Afghan Anti-Crime Police; Afghan Local Police; Afghan Public Protection Force; Special Security Forces

National Directorate of Security ((NDS), intelligence service) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1039,23 +1125,23 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "Afghan National Defense and Security Forces (ANDSF) have approximately 290,000 active personnel; Ministry of Defense: 185,000; Ministry of Interior: 105,000 (2020)", - "note": "

note: the authorized strength of the ANDSF, the force level that the international community is willing to fund, is 352,000 personnel" + "text": "Afghan National Defense and Security Forces (ANDSF) have approximately 307,000 active personnel; Ministry of Defense: 186,000; Ministry of Interior: 121,000 (Jan 2021)

note: the authorized strength of the ANDSF, the force level that the international community is willing to fund, is 352,000 personnel", + "note": "note: the authorized strength of the ANDSF, the force level that the international community is willing to fund, is 352,000 personnel" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the Afghan Army and Air Force inventory is mostly a mix of Soviet-era and more modern US equipment; since 2010, the US is the leading supplier of arms to Afghanistan, followed by Russia (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2017)" + "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "

the Afghan military focuses on internal security threats from several armed groups, particularly the Taliban and militants from the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS), al-Qa’ida, and Haqqani Network terrorist groups (see the Terrorist Organizations Appendix); the primary threat to the Afghan Government and its security forces is the Taliban, which has conducted an insurgency since the early 2000s; the Taliban calls itself the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan; its political and military decisions are made by a leadership council (Rahbari Shura), currently led by HAIBATULLAH Akhundzada; as of mid-2020, the group had an estimated 60,000 full-time fighters; in addition to their strongholds in the provinces of Helmond and Kandahar, the Taliban has conducted attacks in nearly every Afghanistan province; in late 2020, it was threatening Lashkargah, the capital of Helmand province; in 2018, it briefly seized the capitals of Farah and Ghazni provinces; the Taliban has close ties to al-Qaida and the Haqqani Network

since early 2015, the NATO-led mission in Afghanistan known as Resolute Support Mission (RSM) has focused on training, advising, and assisting Afghan government forces; as of January 2021, RSM included about 10,000 troops from 38 countries" + "text": "

the Afghan military focuses on internal security threats from several armed groups, particularly the Taliban and militants from the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS), al-Qa’ida, and Haqqani Network terrorist groups (see the Terrorist Organizations Appendix); the primary threat to the Afghan Government and its security forces is the Taliban, which has conducted an insurgency since the early 2000s; the Taliban calls itself the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan; its political and military decisions are made by a leadership council (Rahbari Shura) currently led by HAIBATULLAH Akhundzada; as of mid-2020, the group had an estimated 60-80,000 full-time fighters; in addition to their strongholds in the provinces of Helmond and Kandahar, the Taliban has conducted attacks in nearly every Afghanistan province; in late 2020, it was threatening Lashkargah, the capital of Helmand province; in 2018, it briefly seized the capitals of Farah and Ghazni provinces; the Taliban has close ties to al-Qaida and the Haqqani Network

since early 2015, the NATO-led mission in Afghanistan known as Resolute Support Mission (RSM) has focused on training, advising, and assisting Afghan government forces; as of February 2021, RSM included about 9,500 troops from 36 countries; NATO forces intend to withdraw from Afghanistan by September of 2021 (along with the scheduled US withdrawal)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Haqqani Taliban Network; Harakat ul-Mujahidin; Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami; Islamic Jihad Union; Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham-Khorasan Province; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Jaish-e-Mohammed; Jaysh al Adl (Jundallah); Lashkar i Jhangvi; Lashkar-e Tayyiba; al-Qa’ida; al-Qa'ida in the Indian Subcontinent; Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T" + "text": "Haqqani Taliban Network; Harakat ul-Mujahidin; Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami; Islamic Jihad Union; Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham-Khorasan Province; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Jaish-e-Mohammed; Jaysh al Adl (Jundallah); Lashkar i Jhangvi; Lashkar-e Tayyiba; al-Qa’ida; al-Qa'ida in the Indian Subcontinent; Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/south-asia/bg.json b/south-asia/bg.json index f2001ea0..e6cef4fc 100644 --- a/south-asia/bg.json +++ b/south-asia/bg.json @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "85 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Keokradong 1,230 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Keokradong 1,230 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "85 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,17 +99,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "droughts; cyclones; much of the country routinely inundated during the summer monsoon season" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "many people are landless and forced to live on and cultivate flood-prone land; waterborne diseases prevalent in surface water; water pollution, especially of fishing areas, results from the use of commercial pesticides; ground water contaminated by naturally occurring arsenic; intermittent water shortages because of falling water tables in the northern and central parts of the country; soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; destruction of wetlands; severe overpopulation with noise pollution" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "most of the country is situated on deltas of large rivers flowing from the Himalayas: the Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of the Brahmaputra) and later joins the Meghna to eventually empty into the Bay of Bengal" } @@ -127,8 +116,8 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Bengali at least 98%, other indigenous ethnic groups 1.1% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: Bangladesh's government recognizes 27 indigenous ethnic groups under the 2010 Cultural Institution for Small Anthropological Groups Act; other sources estimate there are about 75 ethnic groups; critics of the 2011 census claim that it underestimates the size of Bangladesh's ethnic population

" + "text": "Bengali at least 98%, other indigenous ethnic groups 1.1% (2011 est.)

note: Bangladesh's government recognizes 27 indigenous ethnic groups under the 2010 Cultural Institution for Small Anthropological Groups Act; other sources estimate there are about 75 ethnic groups; critics of the 2011 census claim that it underestimates the size of Bangladesh's ethnic population", + "note": "note: Bangladesh's government recognizes 27 indigenous ethnic groups under the 2010 Cultural Institution for Small Anthropological Groups Act; other sources estimate there are about 75 ethnic groups; critics of the 2011 census claim that it underestimates the size of Bangladesh's ethnic population" }, "Languages": { "text": "Bangla 98.8% (official, also known as Bengali), other 1.2% (2011 est.)" @@ -192,10 +181,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "38.2% of total population (2020)" + "text": "38.9% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.17% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.88% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -225,8 +214,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "18.5 years (2014 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "18.5 years (2014 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "173 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -333,13 +322,13 @@ "animal contact diseases": { "text": "rabies" }, - "note": "

note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Bangladesh; as of 24 January 2021, Bangladesh has reported a total of 531,326 cases of COVID-19 or 322.6 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 4.9 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population" + "note": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Bangladesh; as of 25 April 2021, Bangladesh has reported a total of 742,400 cases of COVID-19 or 450.8 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with  6.7 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 3.5% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "3.6% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "21.9% (2017/18)" + "text": "22.6% (2019)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "1.3% of GDP (2019)" @@ -381,6 +370,113 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "many people are landless and forced to live on and cultivate flood-prone land; waterborne diseases prevalent in surface water; water pollution, especially of fishing areas, results from the use of commercial pesticides; ground water contaminated by naturally occurring arsenic; intermittent water shortages because of falling water tables in the northern and central parts of the country; soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; destruction of wetlands; severe overpopulation with noise pollution" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "58.33 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "84.25 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "59.3 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "3.6 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "770 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "31.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "1,227,032,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "70.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 59% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 6.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 4.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "11.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "18.8% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.08% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "38.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.88% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever and malaria are high risks in some locations" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "leptospirosis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + }, + "note": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Bangladesh; as of 25 April 2021, Bangladesh has reported a total of 742,400 cases of COVID-19 or 450.8 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with  6.7 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, 3.5% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "severe localized food insecurity": { + "text": "due to economic constraints, monsoon floods, and high prices of the main staple food - food insecurity poverty levels have increased due to income losses and a decline in remittances caused by the effects of the COVID‑19 pandemic; recurrent floods throughout 2020 caused damage to the agricultural sector and destroyed houses and infrastructure, further aggravating food insecurity conditions; prices of rice, the country's main staple, reached near-record levels in most markets in January 2021, constraining access to food (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "14,778,497 tons (2012 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -415,7 +511,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the origins of the name are unclear, but some sources state that the city's site was originally called \"dhakka,\" meaning \"watchtower,\" and that the area served as a watch-station for Bengal rulers" + "note": "etymology: the origins of the name are unclear, but some sources state that the city's site was originally called \"dhakka,\" meaning \"watchtower,\" and that the area served as a watch-station for Bengal rulers" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "8 divisions; Barishal, Chattogram, Dhaka, Khulna, Mymensingh, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Sylhet" @@ -504,7 +600,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Mohammad ZIAUDDIN (since 18 September 2014)" + "text": "Ambassador M Shahidul ISLAM (since 17 February 2021)" }, "chancery": { "text": "3510 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008" @@ -549,7 +645,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Rabindranath TAGORE" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1971; Rabindranath TAGORE, a Nobel laureate, also wrote India's national anthem

" + "note": "note: adopted 1971; Rabindranath TAGORE, a Nobel laureate, also wrote India's national anthem" } }, "Economy": { @@ -599,7 +695,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$664.403 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$329.545 billion (2020 est.)" @@ -614,7 +710,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$4,161 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -659,8 +755,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "45.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "45 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "82.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "31.8 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "22.2 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -673,8 +778,8 @@ "text": "10.2% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "66.64 million (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: extensive migration of labor to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Qatar, and Malaysia

" + "text": "66.64 million (2017 est.)

note: extensive migration of labor to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Qatar, and Malaysia", + "note": "note: extensive migration of labor to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Qatar, and Malaysia" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -694,7 +799,7 @@ "Unemployment rate 2016": { "text": "4.4% (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: about 40% of the population is underemployed; many persons counted as employed work only a few hours a week and at low wages

" + "note": "note: about 40% of the population is underemployed; many persons counted as employed work only a few hours a week and at low wages" }, "Population below poverty line": { "text": "24.3% (2016 est.)" @@ -760,10 +865,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Germany 12.9%, US 12.2%, UK 8.7%, Spain 5.3%, France 5.1%, Italy 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "United States 15%, Germany 14%, United Kingdom 8%, Spain 7%, France 7% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "garments, knitwear, agricultural products, frozen food (fish and seafood), jute and jute goods, leather" + "text": "clothing, knitwear, leather footwear (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -777,10 +882,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 21.9%, India 15.3%, Singapore 5.7% (2017)" + "text": "China 31%, India 15%, Singapore 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "cotton, machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and steel, foodstuffs" + "text": "refined petroleum, cotton, natural gas, scrap iron, wheat (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -896,9 +1001,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "185.8 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "79.97 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -928,7 +1030,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 880; landing points for the SeaMeWe-4 and SeaMeWe-5 fiber-optic submarine cable system that provides links to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; satellite earth stations - 6; international radiotelephone communications and landline service to neighboring countries (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-owned Bangladesh Television (BTV) broadcasts throughout the country. Some channels, such as BTV World, operate via satellite. The government also owns a medium wave radio channel and some private FM radio broadcast news channels. Of the 41 Bangladesh approved TV stations, 26 are currently being used to broadcast. Of those, 23 operate under private management via cable distribution. Collectively, TV channels can reach more than 50 million people across the country." @@ -969,7 +1071,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "S2 (2016)" + "text": "S2" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1048,10 +1150,10 @@ }, "Ports and terminals": { "major seaport(s)": { - "text": "Chittagong" + "text": "Chattogram" }, "container port(s) (TEUs)": { - "text": "Chittagong (2,566,597) (2017)" + "text": "Chattogram (2,566,597) (2017)" }, "river port(s)": { "text": "Mongla Port (Sela River)" @@ -1060,8 +1162,8 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Bangladesh Defense Force: Bangladesh Army, Bangladesh Navy, Bangladesh Air Force; Ministry of Home Affairs: Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB), Bangladesh Coast Guard, Rapid Action Battalion, Ansars, Village Defense Party (VDP) (2020)", - "note": "

note: the Rapid Action Battalion, Ansars, and VDP are paramilitary organizations for internal security" + "text": "Bangladesh Defense Force: Bangladesh Army, Bangladesh Navy, Bangladesh Air Force; Ministry of Home Affairs: Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB), Bangladesh Coast Guard, Rapid Action Battalion, Ansars, Village Defense Party (VDP) (2021)

note: the Rapid Action Battalion, Ansars, and VDP are paramilitary organizations for internal security", + "note": "note: the Rapid Action Battalion, Ansars, and VDP are paramilitary organizations for internal security" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1081,25 +1183,25 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "estimates of the size of the Bangladesh Defense Force vary; approximately 165,000 total active personnel (135,000 Army; 16,000 Navy; 14,000 Air Force); approximately 38,000 Border Guards; approximately 12,000 Rapid Action Battalion (2020 est.)" + "text": "information on the size of the Bangladesh Defense Force vary; approximately 165,000 total active personnel (135,000 Army; 15,000 Navy; 15,000 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the Bangladesh Defense Force inventory is comprised of mostly Chinese and Russian equipment; since 2010, China is the leading supplier of arms to Bangladesh; Bangladesh is currently undertaking a significant defense modernization program, with a focus on naval acquisitions (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "1,300 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,650 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 115 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 1,300 Mali (MINUSMA); 1,600 South Sudan (UNMISS) (2020)" + "text": "1,300 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,675 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 115 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 1,350 Mali (MINUSMA); 1,550 South Sudan (UNMISS) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "16-21 years of age for voluntary military service; Bangladeshi nationality and 10th grade education required; officers: 17-21 years of age, Bangladeshi nationality, and 12th grade education required (2018)" }, "Maritime threats": { - "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial waters of Bangladesh remain a risk for armed robbery against ships; in 2018, the number of attacks against commercial vessels increased to 12 over the 11 such incidents in 2017" + "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial waters of Bangladesh remain a risk for armed robbery against ships; attacks increased in 2020 when four ships were boarded as opposed to no attacks in 2019" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami/Bangladesh; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in Bangladesh; al-Qa'ida; al-Qa'ida in the Indian Subcontinent (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T

" + "text": "Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami/Bangladesh; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in Bangladesh; al-Qa'ida; al-Qa'ida in the Indian Subcontinent (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/south-asia/bt.json b/south-asia/bt.json index 8d82625e..8a5e3e60 100644 --- a/south-asia/bt.json +++ b/south-asia/bt.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "2,220 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Gangkar Puensum 7,570 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Drangeme Chhu 97 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Gangkar Puensum 7,570 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "2,220 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -88,17 +88,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "violent storms from the Himalayas are the source of the country's Bhutanese name, which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon; frequent landslides during the rainy season" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "soil erosion; limited access to potable water; wildlife conservation; industrial pollution; waste disposal" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Law of the Sea" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; strategic location between China and India; controls several key Himalayan mountain passes" } @@ -180,10 +169,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "42.3% of total population (2020)" + "text": "43% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.98% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.52% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -304,9 +293,6 @@ "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "6.4% (2016)" }, - "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "12.7% (2010)" - }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "6.9% of GDP (2018)" }, @@ -347,6 +333,96 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "soil erosion; limited access to potable water; wildlife conservation; industrial pollution; waste disposal" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Law of the Sea" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "35.32 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "1.26 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "1.11 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "17 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "318 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "78 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "13.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 2.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 10.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "85.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "0.9% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "1.89% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "43% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.52% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "111,314 tons (2007 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "957 tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "0.9% (2016 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -378,7 +454,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the origins of the name are unclear; the traditional explanation, dating to the 14th century, is that \"thim\" means \"dissolve\" and \"phu\" denotes \"high ground\" to express the meaning of \"dissolving high ground,\" in reference to a local deity that dissolved before a traveler's eyes, becoming a part of the rock on which the present city stands" + "note": "etymology: the origins of the name are unclear; the traditional explanation, dating to the 14th century, is that \"thim\" means \"dissolve\" and \"phu\" denotes \"high ground\" to express the meaning of \"dissolving high ground,\" in reference to a local deity that dissolved before a traveler's eyes, becoming a part of the rock on which the present city stands" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "20 districts (dzongkhag, singular and plural); Bumthang, Chhukha, Dagana, Gasa, Haa, Lhuentse, Mongar, Paro, Pemagatshel, Punakha, Samdrup Jongkhar, Samtse, Sarpang, Thimphu, Trashigang, Trashi Yangtse, Trongsa, Tsirang, Wangdue Phodrang, Zhemgang" @@ -488,7 +564,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Gyaldun Dasho Thinley DORJI/Aku TONGMI" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1953

" + "note": "note: adopted 1953" } }, "Economy": { @@ -524,7 +600,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$8.307 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$2.405 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -539,7 +615,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$11,142 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -584,8 +660,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "66.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "66 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "86.4 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "94.2 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "70 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -598,8 +683,8 @@ "text": "6.3% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "397,900 (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: major shortage of skilled labor

" + "text": "397,900 (2017 est.)

note: major shortage of skilled labor", + "note": "note: major shortage of skilled labor" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -621,7 +706,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "12% (2012 est.)" + "text": "8.2% (2017 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": { @@ -646,7 +731,7 @@ "expenditures": { "text": "737.4 million (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: the Government of India finances nearly one-quarter of Bhutan's budget expenditures

" + "note": "note: the Government of India finances nearly one-quarter of Bhutan's budget expenditures" }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "27.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" @@ -682,10 +767,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "India 95.3% (2017)" + "text": "India 94% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "electricity (to India), ferrosilicon, cement, cardamom, calcium carbide, steel rods/bars, dolomite, gypsum" + "text": "iron alloys, dolomite, refined iron, cement, silicon carbides (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -696,10 +781,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "India 89.5% (2017)" + "text": "India 85%, Thailand 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "fuel and lubricants, airplanes, machinery and parts, rice, motor vehicles" + "text": "refined petroleum, iron products, delivery trucks, cars, wood charcoal (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -809,9 +894,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (2016 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "604,900 Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -841,7 +923,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 975; international telephone and telegraph service via landline and microwave relay through India; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-owned TV station established in 1999; cable TV service offers dozens of Indian and other international channels; first radio station, privately launched in 1973, is now state-owned; 5 private radio stations are currently broadcasting (2012)" @@ -882,7 +964,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "A5 (2016)" + "text": "A5" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -919,17 +1001,17 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Royal Bhutan Army (includes Royal Bodyguard, plus militia); Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs: Royal Bhutan Police (2019)", - "note": "

note: Bhutan does not have an air force; India is responsible for military training, arms supplies, and the air defense of Bhutan" + "text": "Royal Bhutan Army (includes Royal Bodyguard, an air wing); National Militia; Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs: Royal Bhutan Police (2020)

note - the Royal Bhutan Army is a lightly armed infantry force focused on border protection and internal security; India is responsible for military training, arms supplies, and the air defense of Bhutan", + "note": "note - the Royal Bhutan Army is a lightly armed infantry force focused on border protection and internal security; India is responsible for military training, arms supplies, and the air defense of Bhutan" }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Royal Bhutan Army has approximately 8,000 personnel (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Royal Bhutan Army has an estimated 8,000 personnel (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "India has provided most of the Royal Bhutan Army's equipment (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; militia training is compulsory for males aged 20-25, over a 3-year period (2012)" + "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; militia training is compulsory for males aged 20-25, over a 3-year period (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/south-asia/ce.json b/south-asia/ce.json index bcdfc01a..ee1b28d0 100644 --- a/south-asia/ce.json +++ b/south-asia/ce.json @@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ "text": "mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central interior" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "228 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Pidurutalagala 2,524 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Pidurutalagala 2,524 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "228 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -99,17 +99,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "occasional cyclones and tornadoes" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations threatened by poaching and urbanization; coastal degradation from mining activities and increased pollution; coral reef destruction; freshwater resources being polluted by industrial wastes and sewage runoff; waste disposal; air pollution in Colombo" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Marine Life Conservation" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location near major Indian Ocean sea lanes; Adam's Bridge is a chain of limestone shoals between the southeastern coast of India and the northwestern coast of Sri Lanka; geological evidence suggests that this 50-km long Bridge once connected India and Sri Lanka; ancient records seem to indicate that a foot passage was possible between the two land masses until the 15th century when the land bridge broke up in a cyclone" } @@ -130,8 +119,8 @@ "text": "Sinhalese 74.9%, Sri Lankan Tamil 11.2%, Sri Lankan Moors 9.2%, Indian Tamil 4.2%, other 0.5% (2012 est.)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Sinhala (official and national language) 87%, Tamil (official and national language) 28.5%, English 23.8% (2012 est.)", - "note": "

note: data represent main languages spoken by the population aged 10 years and older; shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; English is commonly used in government and is referred to as the \"link language\" in the constitution

" + "text": "Sinhala (official and national language) 87%, Tamil (official and national language) 28.5%, English 23.8% (2012 est.)

note: data represent main languages spoken by the population aged 10 years and older; shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; English is commonly used in government and is referred to as the \"link language\" in the constitution", + "note": "note: data represent main languages spoken by the population aged 10 years and older; shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; English is commonly used in government and is referred to as the \"link language\" in the constitution" }, "Religions": { "text": "Buddhist (official) 70.2%, Hindu 12.6%, Muslim 9.7%, Roman Catholic 6.1%, other Christian 1.3%, other 0.05% (2012 est.)" @@ -195,10 +184,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "18.7% of total population (2020)" + "text": "18.9% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.85% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.22% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -228,8 +217,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "25.6 years (2016 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 30-34

" + "text": "25.6 years (2016 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 30-34", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 30-34" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "36 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -370,13 +359,117 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "21%" + "text": "21.1%" }, "male": { - "text": "16.8%" + "text": "16.6%" }, "female": { - "text": "28.4% (2016 est.)" + "text": "29.4% (2018 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations threatened by poaching and urbanization; coastal degradation from mining activities and increased pollution; coral reef destruction; freshwater resources being polluted by industrial wastes and sewage runoff; waste disposal; air pollution in Colombo" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Marine Life Conservation" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "15.25 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "23.36 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "10.95 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "805 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "831 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "11.31 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "52.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "43.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 20.7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 15.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 7% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "29.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "27.1% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.06% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "18.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.22% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "

intermediate

(2020)" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "leptospirosis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "2,631,650 tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "336,588 tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "12.8% (2016 est.)" } } }, @@ -414,7 +507,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+5.5 (10.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: Colombo may derive from the Sinhala \"kolon thota,\" meaning \"port on the river\" (referring to the Kelani River that empties into the Indian Ocean at Colombo); alternatively, the name may derive from the Sinhala \"kola amba thota\" meaning \"harbor with mango trees\"; it is also possible that the Portuguese named the city after Christopher COLUMBUS, who lived in Portugal for many years (as Cristovao COLOMBO) before discovering the Americas for the Spanish crown in 1492 - not long before the Portuguese made their way to Sri Lanka in 1505; Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte translates as \"Resplendent City of Growing Victory\" in Sinhala" + "note": "etymology: Colombo may derive from the Sinhala \"kolon thota,\" meaning \"port on the river\" (referring to the Kelani River that empties into the Indian Ocean at Colombo); alternatively, the name may derive from the Sinhala \"kola amba thota\" meaning \"harbor with mango trees\"; it is also possible that the Portuguese named the city after Christopher COLUMBUS, who lived in Portugal for many years (as Cristovao COLOMBO) before discovering the Americas for the Spanish crown in 1492 - not long before the Portuguese made their way to Sri Lanka in 1505; Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte translates as \"Resplendent City of Growing Victory\" in Sinhala" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "9 provinces; Central, Eastern, North Central, Northern, North Western, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, Western" @@ -503,7 +596,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador E. Rodney M. PERERA (since 8 July 2019)" + "text": "Ambassador Ravinatha ARYASINHA (since 23 December 2020)" }, "chancery": { "text": "3025 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008" @@ -548,7 +641,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Ananda SAMARKONE" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1951

" + "note": "note: adopted 1951" } }, "Economy": { @@ -598,7 +691,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$269.853 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$84.016 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -613,7 +706,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$12,584 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -658,8 +751,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "61.8 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "88.2 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { "text": "73.3 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "41.2 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -694,7 +796,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "6.7% (2012 est.)" + "text": "4.1% (2016 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": { @@ -733,7 +835,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "79.6% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: covers central government debt and excludes debt instruments directly owned by government entities other than the treasury (e.g. commercial bank borrowings of a government corporation); the data includes treasury debt held by foreign entities as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement; sub-national entities are usually not permitted to sell debt instruments

" + "note": "note: covers central government debt and excludes debt instruments directly owned by government entities other than the treasury (e.g. commercial bank borrowings of a government corporation); the data includes treasury debt held by foreign entities as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement; sub-national entities are usually not permitted to sell debt instruments" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "calendar year" @@ -758,10 +860,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 24.6%, UK 9%, India 5.8%, Singapore 4.5%, Germany 4.3%, Italy 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "United States 24%, India 8%, United Kingdom 7%, Germany 7% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "textiles and apparel, tea and spices; rubber manufactures; precious stones; coconut products, fish" + "text": "clothing and apparel, tea, used tires, rubber products, precious stones, cinnamon (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -775,10 +877,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "India 22%, China 19.9%, Singapore 6.9%, UAE 5.7%, Japan 4.9% (2017)" + "text": "India 24%, China 23%, Singapore 7%, United Arab Emirates 6%, Malaysia 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum, textiles, machinery and transportation equipment, building materials, mineral products, foodstuffs" + "text": "refined petroleum, textiles, gold, cars, broadcasting equipment (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -888,9 +990,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "25.19 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -920,7 +1019,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 94; landing points for the SeaMeWe -3,-5,  Dhiraagu-SLT Submarine Cable Network, WARF Submarine Cable, Bharat Lanka Cable System and the Bay of Bengal Gateway submarine cables providing connectivity to Asia, Africa, Southeast Asia, Australia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "government operates 5 TV channels and 19 radio channels; multi-channel satellite and cable TV subscription services available; 25 private TV stations and about 43 radio stations; 6 non-profit TV stations and 4 radio stations" @@ -961,7 +1060,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "4R (2016)" + "text": "4R" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1043,7 +1142,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Sri Lanka Army (includes National Guard and the Volunteer Force), Sri Lanka Navy (includes Marine Corps), Sri Lanka Air Force, Sri Lanka Coast Guard; Civil Security Department (Home Guard); Sri Lanka National Police: Special Task Force (counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency) (2019)" + "text": "Sri Lanka Army (includes National Guard and the Volunteer Force), Sri Lanka Navy (includes Marine Corps), Sri Lanka Air Force, Sri Lanka Coast Guard; Civil Security Department (Home Guard); Sri Lanka National Police: Special Task Force (counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1056,20 +1155,20 @@ "text": "2.1% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "2.1% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "2.2% of GDP (2016)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "2.6% of GDP (2015)" + "text": "2.5% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Sri Lankan military has approximately 250,000 total personnel (180,000 Army; 40,000 Navy; 30,000 Air Force) (2019)" + "text": "the Sri Lankan military has approximately 250,000 total personnel (180,000 Army; 40,000 Navy; 30,000 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Sri Lankan military inventory consists mostly of Chinese and Russian-origin equipment; since 2010, China and India have been the leading suppliers of arms to Sri Lanka (2019)" + "text": "the Sri Lankan military inventory consists mostly of Chinese and Russian-origin equipment; since 2010, China, India, and the US have been the leading suppliers of arms to Sri Lanka (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "110 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 140 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 240 Mali (MINUSMA); 170 South Sudan (UNMISS) (2020)" + "text": "110 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 125 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 240 Mali (MINUSMA); 170 South Sudan (UNMISS) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-22 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2019)" @@ -1077,8 +1176,8 @@ }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (2019)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/south-asia/in.json b/south-asia/in.json index 463b3b38..45627dd8 100644 --- a/south-asia/in.json +++ b/south-asia/in.json @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "160 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Kanchenjunga 8,586 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Kanchenjunga 8,586 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "160 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,17 +102,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread and destructive flooding from monsoonal rains; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes

volcanism: Barren Island (354 m) in the Andaman Sea has been active in recent years

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification; air pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides; tap water is not potable throughout the country; huge and growing population is overstraining natural resources; preservation and quality of forests; biodiversity loss" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean trade routes; Kanchenjunga, third tallest mountain in the world, lies on the border with Nepal" } @@ -133,8 +122,8 @@ "text": "Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Hindi 43.6%, Bengali 8%, Marathi 6.9%, Telugu 6.7%, Tamil 5.7%, Gujarati 4.6%, Urdu 4.2%, Kannada 3.6%, Odia 3.1%, Malayalam 2.9%, Punjabi 2.7%, Assamese 1.3%, Maithili 1.1%, other 5.6% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: English enjoys the status of subsidiary official language but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; there are 22 other officially recognized languages: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language

" + "text": "Hindi 43.6%, Bengali 8%, Marathi 6.9%, Telugu 6.7%, Tamil 5.7%, Gujarati 4.6%, Urdu 4.2%, Kannada 3.6%, Odia 3.1%, Malayalam 2.9%, Punjabi 2.7%, Assamese 1.3%, Maithili 1.1%, other 5.6% (2011 est.)

note: English enjoys the status of subsidiary official language but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; there are 22 other officially recognized languages: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language", + "note": "note: English enjoys the status of subsidiary official language but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; there are 22 other officially recognized languages: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language" }, "Religions": { "text": "Hindu 79.8%, Muslim 14.2%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.7%, other and unspecified 2% (2011 est.)" @@ -198,10 +187,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "34.9% of total population (2020)" + "text": "35.4% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.37% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -335,7 +324,7 @@ "animal contact diseases": { "text": "rabies" }, - "note": "

note: clusters of cases of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) are being reported across 27 States and Union Territories in India; as of 24 January 2021, India has reported a total of 10,654,533 cases of COVID-19 or 772.1 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 11.1 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; on 16 March 2020, the government proposed extensive social distancing measures, including closure of all schools, museums, and cultural and social centers; prohibited gatherings of more than 50 people; and called on the public to avoid all non-essential travel; international commercial passenger flights remain suspended" + "note": "note: clusters of cases of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) are being reported across 27 States and Union Territories in India; as of 11 May 2021, India has reported a total of 22,992,517 cases of COVID-19 and 249,992 cumulative deaths; as of 28 April 2021, 8.9% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine; effective 4 May 2021, the US has banned most travel from India to the US" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "3.9% (2016)" @@ -373,13 +362,121 @@ }, "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": { "total": { - "text": "22.5%" + "text": "22.3%" }, "male": { - "text": "22.2%" + "text": "21.9%" }, "female": { - "text": "24.2% (2018 est.)" + "text": "23.8% (2019 est.)" + } + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification; air pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides; tap water is not potable throughout the country; huge and growing population is overstraining natural resources; preservation and quality of forests; biodiversity loss" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "65.2 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "2,407.67 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "559.11 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "56 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "17 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "688 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "1,910,900,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "60.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 52.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 4.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 3.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "23.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "16.4% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.14% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "1.15% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "35.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "very high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Japanese encephalitis, and malaria" + }, + "water contact diseases": { + "text": "leptospirosis" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + }, + "note": "note: clusters of cases of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) are being reported across 27 States and Union Territories in India; as of 11 May 2021, India has reported a total of 22,992,517 cases of COVID-19 and 249,992 cumulative deaths; as of 28 April 2021, 8.9% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine; effective 4 May 2021, the US has banned most travel from India to the US" + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "168,403,240 tons (2001 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "8,420,162 tons (2013 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "5% (2013 est.)" } } }, @@ -414,11 +511,11 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+5.5 (10.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: the city's name is associated with various myths and legends; the original name for the city may have been Dhilli or Dhillika; alternatively, the name could be a corruption of the Hindustani words \"dehleez\" or \"dehali\" - both terms meaning \"threshold\" or \"gateway\" - and indicative of the city as a gateway to the Gangetic Plain; after the British decided to move the capital of their Indian Empire from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911, they created a new governmental district south of the latter designated as New Delhi; the new capital was not formally inaugurated until 1931" + "note": "etymology: the city's name is associated with various myths and legends; the original name for the city may have been Dhilli or Dhillika; alternatively, the name could be a corruption of the Hindustani words \"dehleez\" or \"dehali\" - both terms meaning \"threshold\" or \"gateway\" - and indicative of the city as a gateway to the Gangetic Plain; after the British decided to move the capital of their Indian Empire from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911, they created a new governmental district south of the latter designated as New Delhi; the new capital was not formally inaugurated until 1931" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "28 states and 8 union territories*; Andaman and Nicobar Islands*, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*, Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir*, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Ladakh*, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Puducherry*, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal", - "note": "

note: although its status is that of a union territory, the official name of Delhi is National Capital Territory of Delhi

" + "text": "28 states and 8 union territories*; Andaman and Nicobar Islands*, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*, Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir*, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Ladakh*, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Puducherry*, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal

note: although its status is that of a union territory, the official name of Delhi is National Capital Territory of Delhi", + "note": "note: although its status is that of a union territory, the official name of Delhi is National Capital Territory of Delhi" }, "Independence": { "text": "15 August 1947 (from the UK)" @@ -431,7 +528,7 @@ "text": "previous 1935 (preindependence); latest draft completed 4 November 1949, adopted 26 November 1949, effective 26 January 1950" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed by either the Council of States or the House of the People; passage requires majority participation of the total membership in each house and at least two-thirds majority of voting members of each house, followed by assent of the president of India; proposed amendments to the constitutional amendment procedures also must be ratified by at least one half of the India state legislatures before presidential assent; amended many times, last in 2019" + "text": "proposed by either the Council of States or the House of the People; passage requires majority participation of the total membership in each house and at least two-thirds majority of voting members of each house, followed by assent of the president of India; proposed amendments to the constitutional amendment procedures also must be ratified by at least one half of the India state legislatures before presidential assent; amended many times, last in 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -495,11 +592,11 @@ "subordinate courts": { "text": "High Courts; District Courts; Labour Court" }, - "note": "

note: in mid-2011, India’s Cabinet approved the \"National Mission for Justice Delivery and Legal Reform\" to eliminate judicial corruption and reduce the backlog of cases

" + "note": "note: in mid-2011, India’s Cabinet approved the \"National Mission for Justice Delivery and Legal Reform\" to eliminate judicial corruption and reduce the backlog of cases" }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Aam Aadmi Party or AAP [Arvind KEJRIWAL]
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or AIADMK [Edappadi PALANISWAMY, Occhaathevar PANNEERSELVAM]
All India Trinamool Congress or AITC [Mamata BANERJEE]
Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP [MAYAWATI]
Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP [Amit SHAH]
Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK]
Communist Party of India-Marxist or CPI(M) [Sitaram YECHURY]
Indian National Congress or INC
Lok Janshakti Party (LJP) [Ram Vilas PASWAN]
Nationalist Congress Party or NCP [Sharad PAWAR]
Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Lalu Prasad YADAV]
Samajwadi Party or SP [Akhilesh YADAV]
Shiromani Akali Dal or SAD [Sukhbir Singh BADAL]
Shiv Sena or SS [Uddhav THACKERAY]
Telegana Rashtra Samithi or TRS [K. Chandrashekar RAO]
Telugu Desam Party or TDP [Chandrababu NAIDU]
YSR Congress or YSRC [Jagan Mohan REDDY]", - "note": "

note: India has dozens of national and regional political parties

" + "text": "Aam Aadmi Party or AAP [Arvind KEJRIWAL]
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or AIADMK [Edappadi PALANISWAMY, Occhaathevar PANNEERSELVAM]
All India Trinamool Congress or AITC [Mamata BANERJEE]
Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP [MAYAWATI]
Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP [Amit SHAH]
Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK]
Communist Party of India-Marxist or CPI(M) [Sitaram YECHURY]
Indian National Congress or INC
Lok Janshakti Party (LJP) [Ram Vilas PASWAN]
Nationalist Congress Party or NCP [Sharad PAWAR]
Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Lalu Prasad YADAV]
Samajwadi Party or SP [Akhilesh YADAV]
Shiromani Akali Dal or SAD [Sukhbir Singh BADAL]
Shiv Sena or SS [Uddhav THACKERAY]
Telegana Rashtra Samithi or TRS [K. Chandrashekar RAO]
Telugu Desam Party or TDP [Chandrababu NAIDU]
YSR Congress or YSRC [Jagan Mohan REDDY]

note: India has dozens of national and regional political parties", + "note": "note: India has dozens of national and regional political parties" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ADB, AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIMSTEC, BIS, BRICS, C, CD, CERN (observer), CICA, CP, EAS, FAO, FATF, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-5, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNITAR, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" @@ -542,8 +639,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "three equal horizontal bands of saffron (subdued orange) (top), white, and green, with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; saffron represents courage, sacrifice, and the spirit of renunciation; white signifies purity and truth; green stands for faith and fertility; the blue chakra symbolizes the wheel of life in movement and death in stagnation", - "note": "

note: similar to the flag of Niger, which has a small orange disk centered in the white band

" + "text": "three equal horizontal bands of saffron (subdued orange) (top), white, and green, with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; saffron represents courage, sacrifice, and the spirit of renunciation; white signifies purity and truth; green stands for faith and fertility; the blue chakra symbolizes the wheel of life in movement and death in stagnation

note: similar to the flag of Niger, which has a small orange disk centered in the white band", + "note": "note: similar to the flag of Niger, which has a small orange disk centered in the white band" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "the Lion Capital of Ashoka, which depicts four Asiatic lions standing back to back mounted on a circular abacus, is the official emblem; Bengal tiger; lotus flower; national colors: saffron, white, green" @@ -555,7 +652,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Rabindranath TAGORE" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1950; Rabindranath TAGORE, a Nobel laureate, also wrote Bangladesh's national anthem

" + "note": "note: adopted 1950; Rabindranath TAGORE, a Nobel laureate, also wrote Bangladesh's national anthem" } }, "Economy": { @@ -605,7 +702,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$8,280,935,000,000 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$2,835,927,000,000 (2019 est.)" @@ -620,7 +717,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$6,186 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -665,8 +762,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { - "text": "71.0 (2020)" + "Overall score": { + "text": "71 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { + "text": "81.6 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "82.5 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "41.2 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -740,7 +846,7 @@ "Public debt 2016": { "text": "69.5% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data cover central government debt, and exclude debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

" + "note": "note: data cover central government debt, and exclude debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions" }, "Fiscal year": { "text": "1 April - 31 March" @@ -765,10 +871,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 15.6%, UAE 10.2%, Hong Kong 4.9%, China 4.3% (2017)" + "text": "United States 17%, United Arab Emirates 9%, China 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum products, precious stones, vehicles, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, pharmaceutical products, cereals, apparel" + "text": "refined petroleum, diamonds, packaged medicines, jewelry, cars (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -782,10 +888,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 16.3%, US 5.5%, UAE 5.2%, Saudi Arabia 4.8%, Switzerland 4.7% (2017)" + "text": "China 15%, United States 7%, United Arab Emirates 6%, Saudi Arabia 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "crude oil, precious stones, machinery, chemicals, fertilizer, plastics, iron and steel" + "text": "crude petroleum, gold, coal, diamonds, natural gas (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -901,9 +1007,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "1.29 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "2.383 billion Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -933,7 +1036,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 91; a number of major international submarine cable systems, including SEA-ME-WE-3 & 4, AAE-1, BBG, EIG, FALCON, FEA, GBICS, MENA, IMEWE, SEACOM/ Tata TGN-Eurasia, SAFE, WARF, Bharat Lanka Cable System, IOX, Chennai-Andaman & Nicobar Island Cable, SAEx2, Tata TGN-Tata Indicom and i2icn that provide connectivity to Europe, Africa, Asia, the Middle East, South East Asia, numerous Indian Ocean islands including Australia ; satellite earth stations - 8 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "Doordarshan, India's public TV network, has a monopoly on terrestrial broadcasting and operates about 20 national, regional, and local services; a large and increasing number of privately owned TV stations are distributed by cable and satellite service providers; in 2015, more than 230 million homes had access to cable and satellite TV offering more than 700 TV channels; government controls AM radio with All India Radio operating domestic and external networks; news broadcasts via radio are limited to the All India Radio Network; since 2000, privately owned FM stations have been permitted and their numbers have increased rapidly" @@ -974,7 +1077,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "VT (2016)" + "text": "VT" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1037,13 +1140,13 @@ "broad gauge": { "text": "58,404 km 1.676-m gauge (23,654 electrified) (2014)" }, - "note": "

622 0.762-m gauge" + "note": "622 0.762-m gauge" }, "Roadways": { "total": { "text": "4,699,024 km (2015)" }, - "note": "

note: includes 96,214 km of national highways and expressways, 147,800 km of state highways, and 4,455,010 km of other roads

" + "note": "note: includes 96,214 km of national highways and expressways, 147,800 km of state highways, and 4,455,010 km of other roads" }, "Waterways": { "text": "14,500 km (5,200 km on major rivers and 485 km on canals suitable for mechanized vessels) (2012)" @@ -1070,9 +1173,13 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Indian Armed Forces: Army, Navy (includes marines), Air Force, Coast Guard; Defense Security Corps (paramilitary forces); Ministry of Home Affairs paramilitary forces: Central Armed Police Force (includes Assam Rifles, Border Security Force, Central Industrial Security Force, Central Reserve Police Force, Indo-Tibetan Border Police, National Security Guards, Sashastra Seema Bal) (2019)" + "text": "Indian Armed Forces: Army, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard; Defense Security Corps (provides security for Ministry of Defense sites); Ministry of Home Affairs paramilitary forces: Central Armed Police Forces (includes Assam Rifles, Border Security Force, Central Industrial Security Force, Central Reserve Police Force, Indo-Tibetan Border Police, National Security Guards, Sashastra Seema Bal) (2021)

note - the Assam Rifles are under the administrative control of the Ministry of Home Affairs, while operational control falls under the Ministry of Defense (Indian Army)", + "note": "note - the Assam Rifles are under the administrative control of the Ministry of Home Affairs, while operational control falls under the Ministry of Defense (Indian Army)" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2020": { + "text": "2.3% of GDP (2020 est.)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "2.4% of GDP (2019)" }, @@ -1084,28 +1191,25 @@ }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "2.5% of GDP (2016)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "2.4% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "assessments of the size of the Indian Armed Forces vary; approximately 1.45 million active personnel (est. 1.25 million Army; 66,000 Navy; 140,000 Air Force; 11,000 Coast Guard); est. 1.5 million paramilitary forces (Ministry of Defense and Ministry of Home Affairs) (2019)" + "text": "assessments of the size of the Indian Armed Forces vary; approximately 1.45 million active personnel (est. 1.25 million Army; 65,000 Navy; 140,000 Air Force; 11,000 Coast Guard) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the inventory of the Indian Armed Forces consists mostly of Russian-origin equipment, along with a smaller mix of Western and domestically-produced arms; since 2010, Russia is the leading supplier of arms to India; other major suppliers include France, Israel, the UK, and the US; India's defense industry is capable of producing a range of air, land, missile, and naval weapons systems for both indigenous use and export (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "1,900 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 190 Golan Heights (UNDOF); 780 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 2,350 South Sudan (UNMISS) (2020)" + "text": "1,900 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 200 Golan Heights (UNDOF); 780 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 2,350 South Sudan (UNMISS) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "16-18 years of age for voluntary military service (Army 17 1/2, Air Force 17, Navy 16 1/2); no conscription; women may join as officers, currently serve in combat roles as pilots, and under consideration for Army combat roles (2019)" + "text": "16-18 years of age for voluntary military service (Army 17 1/2, Air Force 17, Navy 16 1/2); no conscription; women may join as officers, currently serve in combat roles as Air Force pilots, and under consideration for Army and Navy combat roles (currently can fly naval reconnaissance aircraft) (2020)" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Harakat ul-Mujahidin; Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami; Hizbul Mujahideen; Indian Mujahedeen; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – India; Jaish-e-Mohammed; Lashkar-e Tayyiba; al-Qa’ida; al-Qa’ida in the Indian Subcontinent (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Harakat ul-Mujahidin; Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami; Hizbul Mujahideen; Indian Mujahedeen; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – India; Jaish-e-Mohammed; Lashkar-e Tayyiba; al-Qa’ida; al-Qa’ida in the Indian Subcontinent; IRGC/Qods Force (2021)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/south-asia/io.json b/south-asia/io.json index 12152765..7a0ba09a 100644 --- a/south-asia/io.json +++ b/south-asia/io.json @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ "water": { "text": "54,340 sq km" }, - "note": "

note: includes the entire Chagos Archipelago of 55 islands" + "note": "note: includes the entire Chagos Archipelago of 55 islands" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "land area is about one-third the size of Washington, DC" @@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ "text": "flat and low (most areas do not exceed two m in elevation)" }, "Elevation": { - "lowest point": { - "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" - }, "highest point": { "text": "ocean-side dunes on Diego Garcia 9 m" + }, + "lowest point": { + "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -85,17 +85,42 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "none; located outside routes of Indian Ocean cyclones" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "wastewater discharge into the lagoon on Diego Garcia" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: archipelago of 55 islands; Diego Garcia, the largest and southernmost island, occupies a strategic location in the central Indian Ocean; the island is the site of a joint US-UK military facility

note 2: Diego Garcia is the only inhabited island of the BIOT and one of only two British territories where traffic drives on the right, the other being Gibraltar

" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "no indigenous inhabitants", - "note": "

note: approximately 1,200 former agricultural workers resident in the Chagos Archipelago, often referred to as Chagossians or Ilois, were relocated to Mauritius and the Seychelles in the 1960s and 1970s; approximately 3,000 UK and US military personnel and civilian contractors living on the island of Diego Garcia (2018)

" + "text": "no indigenous inhabitants

note: approximately 1,200 former agricultural workers resident in the Chagos Archipelago, often referred to as Chagossians or Ilois, were relocated to Mauritius and the Seychelles in the 1960s and 1970s; approximately 3,000 UK and US military personnel and civilian contractors living on the island of Diego Garcia (2018)", + "note": "note: approximately 1,200 former agricultural workers resident in the Chagos Archipelago, often referred to as Chagossians or Ilois, were relocated to Mauritius and the Seychelles in the 1960s and 1970s; approximately 3,000 UK and US military personnel and civilian contractors living on the island of Diego Garcia (2018)" + } + }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "wastewater discharge into the lagoon on Diego Garcia" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "0% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "100% (2018 est.)" + } } }, "Government": { @@ -124,7 +149,7 @@ "text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)" }, "head of government": { - "text": "Commissioner Dr. Peter HAYES (since 17 October 2012); Administrator John MCMANUS (since April 2011); note - both reside in the UK and are represented by the officer commanding British Forces on Diego Garcia" + "text": "Commissioner Ben MERRICK (since August 2017); Administrator Kit PYMAN; note - both reside in the UK and are represented by Commander Steven R. DRYSDALE, RN, commanding British Forces on Diego Garcia (since 19 February 2021)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "NA" @@ -203,10 +228,10 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces (2014)" + "text": "no regular military forces" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "defense is the responsibility of the UK; in November 2016, the UK extended the US lease on Diego Garcia for 20 years; the lease now expires in December 2036 (2016)" + "text": "defense is the responsibility of the UK; in November 2016, the UK extended the US lease on Diego Garcia for 20 years; the lease now expires in December 2036" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/south-asia/mv.json b/south-asia/mv.json index 7536b0bc..909d08ef 100644 --- a/south-asia/mv.json +++ b/south-asia/mv.json @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ "exclusive economic zone": { "text": "200 nm" }, - "note": "

measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines" + "note": "measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines" }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)" @@ -55,14 +55,14 @@ "text": "flat, with white sandy beaches" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "2 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "8th tee, golf course, Villingi Island 5 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "8th tee, golf course, Villingi Island 5 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "2 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -97,17 +97,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "tsunamis; low elevation of islands makes them sensitive to sea level rise" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "depletion of freshwater aquifers threatens water supplies; inadequate sewage treatment; coral reef bleaching" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "none of the selected agreements" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "smallest Asian country; archipelago of 1,190 coral islands grouped into 26 atolls (200 inhabited islands, plus 80 islands with tourist resorts); strategic location astride and along major sea lanes in Indian Ocean" } @@ -192,10 +181,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "40.7% of total population (2020)" + "text": "41.1% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.93% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.34% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -225,8 +214,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "24.5 years (2009 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "24.5 years (2009 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "53 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -321,7 +310,7 @@ "text": "8.6% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "17.7% (2009)" + "text": "14.8% (2016/17)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "4.1% of GDP (2016)" @@ -352,6 +341,90 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "depletion of freshwater aquifers threatens water supplies; inadequate sewage treatment; coral reef bleaching" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "none of the selected agreements" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "7.63 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "1.44 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "0.14 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "5.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "300,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "30 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "23.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 10% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 10% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 3.3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "3% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "73.7% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "41.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.34% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "211,506 tons (2015 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -383,7 +456,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: derived from the Sanskrit word \"mahaalay\" meaning \"big house\"" + "note": "etymology: derived from the Sanskrit word \"mahaalay\" meaning \"big house\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "21 administrative atolls (atholhuthah, singular - atholhu); Addu (Addu City), Ariatholhu Dhekunuburi (South Ari Atoll), Ariatholhu Uthuruburi (North Ari Atoll), Faadhippolhu, Felidhuatholhu (Felidhu Atoll), Fuvammulah, Hahdhunmathi, Huvadhuatholhu Dhekunuburi (South Huvadhu Atoll), Huvadhuatholhu Uthuruburi (North Huvadhu Atoll), Kolhumadulu, Maale (Male), Maaleatholhu (Male Atoll), Maalhosmadulu Dhekunuburi (South Maalhosmadulu), Maalhosmadulu Uthuruburi (North Maalhosmadulu), Miladhunmadulu Dhekunuburi (South Miladhunmadulu), Miladhunmadulu Uthuruburi (North Miladhunmadulu), Mulakatholhu (Mulaku Atoll), Nilandheatholhu Dhekunuburi (South Nilandhe Atoll), Nilandheatholhu Uthuruburi (North Nilandhe Atoll), Thiladhunmathee Dhekunuburi (South Thiladhunmathi), Thiladhunmathee Uthuruburi (North Thiladhunmathi)" @@ -502,7 +575,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Mohamed Jameel DIDI/Wannakuwattawaduge DON AMARADEVA" }, - "note": "

note: lyrics adopted 1948, music adopted 1972; between 1948 and 1972, the lyrics were sung to the tune of \"Auld Lang Syne\"

" + "note": "note: lyrics adopted 1948, music adopted 1972; between 1948 and 1972, the lyrics were sung to the tune of \"Auld Lang Syne\"" } }, "Economy": { @@ -546,7 +619,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$8.964 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$4.505 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -561,7 +634,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$18,058 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -606,8 +679,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "53.3 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "89.2 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "55.9 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "52.5 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -642,7 +724,7 @@ } }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "15% (2009 est.)" + "text": "8.2% (2016 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": { @@ -702,10 +784,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "Thailand 42.8%, Sri Lanka 8.7%, Bangladesh 6.4%, France 6.2%, US 6.1%, Germany 5%, Ireland 4.6% (2017)" + "text": "Thailand 24%, United States 13%, China 12%, France 11%, Germany 11%, Italy 5%, United Kingdom 5% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "fish" + "text": "fish products, natural gas, scrap iron, jewelry, liquid pumps (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2016": { @@ -716,10 +798,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "UAE 17.1%, India 13.5%, Singapore 13.3%, China 10.8%, Sri Lanka 6.7%, Malaysia 6%, Thailand 4.5% (2017)" + "text": "United Arab Emirates 24%, China 16%, Singapore 14%, India 11%, Malaysia 6%, Thailand 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum products, clothing, intermediate and capital goods" + "text": "refined petroleum, fruits, furniture, broadcasting equipment, lumber (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": { @@ -820,9 +902,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2016 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "1.648 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -852,7 +931,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 960; landing points for Dhiraagu Cable Network, NaSCOM, Dhiraagu-SLT Submarine Cable Networks and WARF submarine cables providing connections to 8 points in Maldives, India, and Sri Lanka; satellite earth station - 3 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state-owned radio and TV monopoly until recently; 4 state-operated and 7 privately owned TV stations and 4 state-operated and 7 privately owned radio stations (2019)" @@ -893,7 +972,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "8Q (2016)" + "text": "8Q" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -932,7 +1011,7 @@ "paved": { "text": "93 km - 60 km in Male; 16 km on Addu Atolis; 17 km on Laamu (2018)" }, - "note": "

note: island roads are mainly compacted coral

" + "note": "note: island roads are mainly compacted coral" }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { @@ -950,8 +1029,8 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "the Republic of Maldives has no distinct army, navy, or air force but a single security unit called the Maldives National Defence Force (MNDF) comprised of ground forces, an air element, a coastguard, a presidential security division, and a special protection group (2020)", - "note": "

note: the MNDF is primarily tasked to reinforce the Maldives Police Service (MPS) and ensure security in the country's exclusive economic zone" + "text": "the Republic of Maldives has no distinct army, navy, or air force but a single security unit called the Maldives National Defence Force (MNDF) comprised of ground forces, an air element, a coastguard, a presidential security division, and a special protection group (2020)

note: the MNDF is primarily tasked to reinforce the Maldives Police Service (MPS) and ensure security in the country's exclusive economic zone", + "note": "note: the MNDF is primarily tasked to reinforce the Maldives Police Service (MPS) and ensure security in the country's exclusive economic zone" }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { "text": "the Maldives National Defense Force (MNDF) has approximately 2,500 personnel (2019 est.)" @@ -965,8 +1044,8 @@ }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) (2020)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) (2020)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/south-asia/np.json b/south-asia/np.json index 05a56c9d..e14d8e59 100644 --- a/south-asia/np.json +++ b/south-asia/np.json @@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ "text": "Tarai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south; central hill region with rugged Himalayas in north" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "2,565 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mount Everest (highest peak in Asia and highest point on earth above sea level) 8,849 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Kanchan Kalan 70 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mount Everest (highest peak in Asia and highest point on earth above sea level) 8,849 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "2,565 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -91,17 +91,6 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "severe thunderstorms; flooding; landslides; drought and famine depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the summer monsoons" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "deforestation (overuse of wood for fuel and lack of alternatives); forest degradation; soil erosion; contaminated water (with human and animal wastes, agricultural runoff, and industrial effluents); unmanaged solid-waste; wildlife conservation; vehicular emissions" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Marine Life Conservation" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; strategic location between China and India; contains eight of world's 10 highest peaks, including Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga - the world's tallest and third tallest mountains - on the borders with China and India respectively" } @@ -119,12 +108,12 @@ } }, "Ethnic groups": { - "text": "Chhettri 16.6%, Brahman-Hill 12.2%, Magar 7.1%, Tharu 6.6%, Tamang 5.8%, Newar 5%, Kami 4.8%, Muslim 4.4%, Yadav 4%, Rai 2.3%, Gurung 2%, Damai/Dholii 1.8%, Thakuri 1.6%, Limbu 1.5%, Sarki 1.4%, Teli 1.4%, Chamar/Harijan/Ram 1.3%, Koiri/Kushwaha 1.2%, other 19% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: 125 caste/ethnic groups were reported in the 2011 national census

" + "text": "Chhettri 16.6%, Brahman-Hill 12.2%, Magar 7.1%, Tharu 6.6%, Tamang 5.8%, Newar 5%, Kami 4.8%, Muslim 4.4%, Yadav 4%, Rai 2.3%, Gurung 2%, Damai/Dholii 1.8%, Thakuri 1.6%, Limbu 1.5%, Sarki 1.4%, Teli 1.4%, Chamar/Harijan/Ram 1.3%, Koiri/Kushwaha 1.2%, other 19% (2011 est.)

note: 125 caste/ethnic groups were reported in the 2011 national census", + "note": "note: 125 caste/ethnic groups were reported in the 2011 national census" }, "Languages": { - "text": "Nepali (official) 44.6%, Maithali 11.7%, Bhojpuri 6%, Tharu 5.8%, Tamang 5.1%, Newar 3.2%, Bajjika 3%, Magar 3%, Doteli 3%, Urdu 2.6%, Avadhi 1.9%, Limbu 1.3%, Gurung 1.2%, Baitadeli 1%, other 6.4%, unspecified 0.2% (2011 est.)", - "note": "

note: 123 languages reported as mother tongue in 2011 national census; many in government and business also speak English

" + "text": "Nepali (official) 44.6%, Maithali 11.7%, Bhojpuri 6%, Tharu 5.8%, Tamang 5.1%, Newar 3.2%, Bajjika 3%, Magar 3%, Doteli 3%, Urdu 2.6%, Avadhi 1.9%, Limbu 1.3%, Gurung 1.2%, Baitadeli 1%, other 6.4%, unspecified 0.2% (2011 est.)

note: 123 languages reported as mother tongue in 2011 national census; many in government and business also speak English", + "note": "note: 123 languages reported as mother tongue in 2011 national census; many in government and business also speak English" }, "Religions": { "text": "Hindu 81.3%, Buddhist 9%, Muslim 4.4%, Kirant 3.1%, Christian 1.4%, other 0.5%, unspecified 0.2% (2011 est.)" @@ -188,10 +177,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "20.6% of total population (2020)" + "text": "21% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.15% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "3.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -221,8 +210,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "20.8 years (2016 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "20.8 years (2016 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "186 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -328,7 +317,7 @@ "text": "4.1% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "27.2% (2016)" + "text": "24.4% (2019)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "5.1% of GDP (2018)" @@ -370,6 +359,101 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "deforestation (overuse of wood for fuel and lack of alternatives); forest degradation; soil erosion; contaminated water (with human and animal wastes, agricultural runoff, and industrial effluents); unmanaged solid-waste; wildlife conservation; vehicular emissions" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Marine Life Conservation" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "94.33 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "9.11 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "41.15 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "147.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "29.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "9.32 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "210.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "28.8% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 15.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 12.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "25.4% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "45.8% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.45% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "21% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "Japanese encephalitis, malaria, and dengue fever" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1,768,977 tons (2016 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -401,10 +485,10 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+5.75 (10.75 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: name derives from the Kasthamandap temple that stood in Durbar Square; in Sanskrit, \"kastha\" means \"wood\" and \"mandapa\" means \"pavilion\"; the three-story structure was made entirely of wood, without iron nails or supports, and dated to the late 16th century; it collapsed during a 2015 earthquake" + "note": "etymology: name derives from the Kasthamandap temple that stood in Durbar Square; in Sanskrit, \"kastha\" means \"wood\" and \"mandapa\" means \"pavilion\"; the three-story structure was made entirely of wood, without iron nails or supports, and dated to the late 16th century; it collapsed during a 2015 earthquake" }, "Administrative divisions": { - "text": "7 provinces; Gandaki Pradesh, Karnali Pradesh, Province No. One, Province No. Two, Province No. Three, Province No. Five, Sudurpashchim Pradesh" + "text": "7 provinces (pradesh, singular - pradesh); Bagmati, Gandaki, Karnali, Lumbini, Province No. One, Province No. Two, Sudurpashchim" }, "Independence": { "text": "1768 (unified by Prithvi Narayan SHAH)" @@ -417,7 +501,7 @@ "text": "several previous; latest approved by the Second Constituent Assembly 16 September 2015, signed by the president and effective 20 September 2015" }, "amendments": { - "text": "proposed as a bill by either house of the Federal Parliament; bills affecting a state border or powers delegated to a state must be submitted to the affected state assembly; passage of such bills requires a majority vote of that state assembly membership; bills not requiring state assembly consent require at least two-thirds majority vote by the membership of both houses of the Federal Parliament; parts of the constitution on the sovereignty, territorial integrity, independence, and sovereignty vested in the people cannot be amended; last amended 2016" + "text": "proposed as a bill by either house of the Federal Parliament; bills affecting a state border or powers delegated to a state must be submitted to the affected state assembly; passage of such bills requires a majority vote of that state assembly membership; bills not requiring state assembly consent require at least two-thirds majority vote by the membership of both houses of the Federal Parliament; parts of the constitution on the sovereignty, territorial integrity, independence, and sovereignty vested in the people cannot be amended; amended 2016, 2020" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -493,7 +577,7 @@ }, "Diplomatic representation in the US": { "chief of mission": { - "text": "Ambassador Arjun Kumar KARKI (since 18 May 2015)" + "text": "Ambassador Yuba Raj KHATIWADA (since 17 February 2021)" }, "chancery": { "text": "2730 34th Place NW, Washington, DC 20007" @@ -526,8 +610,8 @@ } }, "Flag description": { - "text": "crimson red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping right triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized moon and the larger, lower triangle displays a white 12-pointed sun; the color red represents the rhododendron (Nepal's national flower) and is a sign of victory and bravery, the blue border signifies peace and harmony; the two right triangles are a combination of two single pennons (pennants) that originally symbolized the Himalaya Mountains while their charges represented the families of the king (upper) and the prime minister, but today they are understood to denote Hinduism and Buddhism, the country's two main religions; the moon represents the serenity of the Nepalese people and the shade and cool weather in the Himalayas, while the sun depicts the heat and higher temperatures of the lower parts of Nepal; the moon and the sun are also said to express the hope that the nation will endure as long as these heavenly bodies", - "note": "

note: Nepal is the only country in the world whose flag is not rectangular or square

" + "text": "crimson red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping right triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized moon and the larger, lower triangle displays a white 12-pointed sun; the color red represents the rhododendron (Nepal's national flower) and is a sign of victory and bravery, the blue border signifies peace and harmony; the two right triangles are a combination of two single pennons (pennants) that originally symbolized the Himalaya Mountains while their charges represented the families of the king (upper) and the prime minister, but today they are understood to denote Hinduism and Buddhism, the country's two main religions; the moon represents the serenity of the Nepalese people and the shade and cool weather in the Himalayas, while the sun depicts the heat and higher temperatures of the lower parts of Nepal; the moon and the sun are also said to express the hope that the nation will endure as long as these heavenly bodies

note: Nepal is the only country in the world whose flag is not rectangular or square", + "note": "note: Nepal is the only country in the world whose flag is not rectangular or square" }, "National symbol(s)": { "text": "rhododendron blossom; national color: red" @@ -539,7 +623,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Pradeep Kumar RAI/Ambar GURUNG" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 2007; after the abolition of the monarchy in 2006, a new anthem was required because of the previous anthem's praise for the king

" + "note": "note: adopted 2007; after the abolition of the monarchy in 2006, a new anthem was required because of the previous anthem's praise for the king" } }, "Economy": { @@ -575,7 +659,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$85.624 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$24.88 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -590,7 +674,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$3,099 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -635,8 +719,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "63.2 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "81.7 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "85.1 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "46 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -649,8 +742,8 @@ "text": "12.4% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "16.81 million (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: severe lack of skilled labor

" + "text": "16.81 million (2017 est.)

note: severe lack of skilled labor", + "note": "note: severe lack of skilled labor" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -732,10 +825,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "India 53.1%, US 11.8%, Turkey 7.2% (2017)" + "text": "India 68%, United States 10% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "clothing, pulses, carpets, textiles, juice, jute goods" + "text": "palm oil, clothing and apparel, carpets, soybean oil, flavored water (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2017": { @@ -746,10 +839,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "India 70.2%, China 7.5% (2017)" + "text": "India 70%, China 15% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum products, machinery and equipment, gold, electrical goods, medicine" + "text": "refined petroleum, iron, broadcasting equipment, natural gas, rice (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -865,9 +958,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "8.396 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -897,7 +987,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 977; Nepal, China and Tibet connected across borders with underground and all-dielectric self-supporting (ADSS) fiber-optic cables; radiotelephone communications; microwave and fiber landlines to India; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "state operates 3 TV stations, as well as national and regional radio stations; 117 television channels are licensed, among those 71 are cable television channels, three are distributed through Direct-To-Home (DTH) system, and four are digital terrestrial; 736 FM radio stations are licensed and at least 314 of those radio stations are community radio stations (2019)" @@ -938,7 +1028,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "9N (2016)" + "text": "9N" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -998,7 +1088,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Nepal Army (includes Air Wing); Nepal Armed Police Force (under the Ministry of Home Affairs; paramilitary force responsible for border and internal security, including counter-insurgency, and assisting the Army in the event of an external invasion) (2019)" + "text": "Nepal Army (includes Air Wing); Nepal Armed Police Force (under the Ministry of Home Affairs; paramilitary force responsible for border and internal security, including counter-insurgency, and assisting the Army in the event of an external invasion) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1018,13 +1108,13 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Nepal Army has approximately 95,000 active troops (including a small air wing of about 500 personnel); approximately 15,000 Nepal Armed Police (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Nepal Army has approximately 95,000 active troops (including a small air wing of about 500 personnel) (2021)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Army's inventory includes a mix of older equipment largely of British, Chinese, Indian, Russian, and South African origin; since 2010, China, Italy, and Russia are the top suppliers of military hardware to Nepal (2019 est.)" + "text": "the Army's inventory includes a mix of older equipment largely of British, Chinese, Indian, Russian, and South African origin; since 2010, Nepal has received limited amounts of newer hardware from several countries, including China, Italy, and Russia (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "720 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 880 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 400 Golan Heights (UNDOF); 870 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 230 Liberia (UNSMIL); 150 Mali (MINUSMA); 1,700 South Sudan (UNMISS) (2020)" + "text": "725 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 880 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 400 Golan Heights (UNDOF); 870 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 230 Liberia (UNSMIL); 150 Mali (MINUSMA); 1,725 South Sudan (UNMISS) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service (including women); no conscription (2019)" @@ -1032,8 +1122,8 @@ }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Indian Mujahedeen (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Indian Mujahedeen (2019)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/south-asia/pk.json b/south-asia/pk.json index b8404b93..e3b4aae5 100644 --- a/south-asia/pk.json +++ b/south-asia/pk.json @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ "text": "divided into three major geographic areas: the northern highlands, the Indus River plain in the center and east, and the Balochistan Plateau in the south and west" }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "900 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Arabian Sea 0 m" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "900 m" } }, "Natural resources": { @@ -102,25 +102,14 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August)" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural freshwater resources; most of the population does not have access to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution and noise pollution in urban areas" - }, - "Environment - international agreements": { - "party to": { - "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" - }, - "signed, but not ratified": { - "text": "Marine Life Conservation" - } - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "controls Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass, traditional invasion routes between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "238,181,034 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

note: provisional results of Pakistan's 2017 national census estimate the country's total population to be 207,774,000

" + "text": "238,181,034 (July 2021 est.)

note: provisional results of Pakistan's 2017 national census estimate the country's total population to be 207,774,000", + "note": "note: provisional results of Pakistan's 2017 national census estimate the country's total population to be 207,774,000" }, "Nationality": { "noun": { @@ -198,10 +187,10 @@ }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "37.2% of total population (2020)" + "text": "37.4% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.53% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "2.1% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { @@ -231,8 +220,8 @@ } }, "Mother's mean age at first birth": { - "text": "23.6 years (2017/18 est.)", - "note": "

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

" + "text": "23.6 years (2017/18 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29", + "note": "note: median age at first birth among women 25-29" }, "Maternal mortality rate": { "text": "140 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)" @@ -336,13 +325,13 @@ "animal contact diseases": { "text": "rabies" }, - "note": "

note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Pakistan; as of 24 January 2021, Pakistan has reported a total of 530,818 cases of COVID-19 or 240.3 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 5.1 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; the Government of Pakistan will permit commercial outbound passenger flights from all international airports except Gwadar and Turbat effective 30 May 2020, but inbound passenger flights remain suspended; limited domestic flight operations from five major airports – Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, and Quetta are available; on 7 May 2020, the Government of Pakistan announced an ease in some of the nationwide lockdown restrictions; additionally, the Islamabad Capital Territory and Sindh, Punjab, Balochistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces have varying degrees of lockdowns" + "note": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Pakistan; as of 25 April 2021, Pakistan has reported a total of 790,016 cases of COVID-19 or 357.6 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 7.7 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, .9% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" }, "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": { "text": "8.6% (2016)" }, "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": { - "text": "23.1% (2018)" + "text": "23.1% (2017/18)" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "2.9% of GDP (2017)" @@ -384,6 +373,116 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural freshwater resources; most of the population does not have access to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution and noise pollution in urban areas" + }, + "Environment - international agreements": { + "party to": { + "text": "Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands" + }, + "signed, but not ratified": { + "text": "Marine Life Conservation" + } + }, + "Air pollutants": { + "particulate matter emissions": { + "text": "55.21 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" + }, + "carbon dioxide emissions": { + "text": "201.15 megatons (2016 est.)" + }, + "methane emissions": { + "text": "142.12 megatons (2020 est.)" + } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "9.65 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "172.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "246.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "Climate": { + "text": "mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north" + }, + "Land use": { + "agricultural land": { + "text": "35.2% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: arable land": { + "text": "arable land: 27.6% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent crops": { + "text": "permanent crops: 1.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "agricultural land: permanent pasture": { + "text": "permanent pasture: 6.5% (2018 est.)" + }, + "forest": { + "text": "2.1% (2018 est.)" + }, + "other": { + "text": "62.7% (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.1% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "0.06% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "37.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.1% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "degree of risk": { + "text": "high (2020)" + }, + "food or waterborne diseases": { + "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever" + }, + "vectorborne diseases": { + "text": "dengue fever and malaria" + }, + "animal contact diseases": { + "text": "rabies" + }, + "note": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Pakistan; as of 25 April 2021, Pakistan has reported a total of 790,016 cases of COVID-19 or 357.6 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 7.7 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 28 April 2021, .9% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" + }, + "Food insecurity": { + "severe localized food insecurity": { + "text": "due to population displacements, economic constraints - the main causes of food insecurity in the country are limited livelihood opportunities, high food prices, and recurrent natural disasters, amplified by the COVID‑19 pandemic; severe floods in August 2020 in Sindh Province affected the livelihoods of about 2 million people and caused severe damage to housing and infrastructure; in addition, the prices of wheat flour and other important food items, such as milk, onion, and chicken meat, have been at high levels since the beginning of 2020, constraining access to food of the most vulnerable households; Pakistan hosts large numbers of registered and unregistered Afghan refugees; most of these people are in need of humanitarian assistance and are straining the already limited resources of the host communities; poverty levels have increased due to losses of income-generating opportunities (2021)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "30.76 million tons (2017 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "2,460,800 tons (2017 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "8% (2017 est.)" + } + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "conventional long form": { @@ -418,7 +517,7 @@ "time difference": { "text": "UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)" }, - "note": "

etymology: derived from two words: \"Islam,\" an Urdu word referring to the religion of Islam, and \"-abad,\" a Persian suffix indicating an \"inhabited place\" or \"city,\" to render the meaning \"City of Islam\"" + "note": "etymology: derived from two words: \"Islam,\" an Urdu word referring to the religion of Islam, and \"-abad,\" a Persian suffix indicating an \"inhabited place\" or \"city,\" to render the meaning \"City of Islam\"" }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "4 provinces, 2 Pakistan-administered areas*, and 1 capital territory**; Azad Kashmir*, Balochistan, Gilgit-Baltistan*, Islamabad Capital Territory**, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, Sindh" @@ -500,8 +599,8 @@ } }, "Political parties and leaders": { - "text": "Awami National Party or ANP [Asfandyar Wali KHAN]
Awami Muslim League or AML [Sheikh Rashid AHMED]
Balochistan National Party-Awami or BNP-A [Mir Israr Ullah ZEHRI]
Balochistan National Party-Mengal or BNP-M [Sardar Akhtar Jan MENGAL]
Grand Democratic Alliance or GDA (alliance of several parties)
Jamhoori Wattan Party or JWP [Shahzain BUGTI]
Jamaat-i Islami or JI [Sirajul HAQ]
Jamiat-i Ulema-i Islam Fazl-ur Rehman or JUI-F [Fazlur REHMAN]
Muttahida Quami Movement-London or MQM-L [Altaf HUSSAIN] (MQM split into two factions in 2016)
Muttahida Quami Movement-Pakistan or MQM-P [Dr. Khalid Maqbool SIDDIQUI] (MQM split into two factions in 2016)
Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal or MMA [Fazl-ur- REHMAN] (alliance of several parties)
National Party or NP [Mir Hasil Khan BIZENJO]
Pakhtunkhwa Milli Awami Party or PMAP or PkMAP [Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI]
Pakistan Muslim League-Functional or PML-F [Pir PAGARO or Syed Shah Mardan SHAH-II]
Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz or PML-N [Shehbaz SHARIF]
Pakistan Muslim League – Quaid-e-Azam Group or PML-Q [Chaudhry Shujaat HUSSAIN]
Pakistan Peoples Party or PPP [Bilawal BHUTTO ZARDARI, Asif Ali ZARDARI]
Pakistan Tehrik-e Insaaf or PTI (Pakistan Movement for Justice) [Imran KHAN]Pak Sarzameen Party or PSP [Mustafa KAMAL]
Quami Watan Party or QWP [Aftab Ahmed Khan SHERPAO]", - "note": "

note: political alliances in Pakistan shift frequently

" + "text": "Awami National Party or ANP [Asfandyar Wali KHAN]
Awami Muslim League or AML [Sheikh Rashid AHMED]
Balochistan National Party-Awami or BNP-A [Mir Israr Ullah ZEHRI]
Balochistan National Party-Mengal or BNP-M [Sardar Akhtar Jan MENGAL]
Grand Democratic Alliance or GDA (alliance of several parties)
Jamhoori Wattan Party or JWP [Shahzain BUGTI]
Jamaat-i Islami or JI [Sirajul HAQ]
Jamiat-i Ulema-i Islam Fazl-ur Rehman or JUI-F [Fazlur REHMAN]
Muttahida Quami Movement-London or MQM-L [Altaf HUSSAIN] (MQM split into two factions in 2016)
Muttahida Quami Movement-Pakistan or MQM-P [Dr. Khalid Maqbool SIDDIQUI] (MQM split into two factions in 2016)
Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal or MMA [Fazl-ur- REHMAN] (alliance of several parties)
National Party or NP [Mir Hasil Khan BIZENJO]
Pakhtunkhwa Milli Awami Party or PMAP or PkMAP [Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI]
Pakistan Muslim League-Functional or PML-F [Pir PAGARO or Syed Shah Mardan SHAH-II]
Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz or PML-N [Shehbaz SHARIF]
Pakistan Muslim League – Quaid-e-Azam Group or PML-Q [Chaudhry Shujaat HUSSAIN]
Pakistan Peoples Party or PPP [Bilawal BHUTTO ZARDARI, Asif Ali ZARDARI]
Pakistan Tehrik-e Insaaf or PTI (Pakistan Movement for Justice) [Imran KHAN]Pak Sarzameen Party or PSP [Mustafa KAMAL]
Quami Watan Party or QWP [Aftab Ahmed Khan SHERPAO]

note: political alliances in Pakistan shift frequently", + "note": "note: political alliances in Pakistan shift frequently" }, "International organization participation": { "text": "ADB, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), C, CICA, CP, D-8, ECO, FAO, G-11, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO" @@ -559,7 +658,7 @@ "lyrics/music": { "text": "Abu-Al-Asar Hafeez JULLANDHURI/Ahmed Ghulamali CHAGLA" }, - "note": "

note: adopted 1954; also known as \"Pak sarzamin shad bad\" (Blessed Be the Sacred Land)

" + "note": "note: adopted 1954; also known as \"Pak sarzamin shad bad\" (Blessed Be the Sacred Land)" } }, "Economy": { @@ -576,7 +675,7 @@ "Real GDP growth rate 2015": { "text": "4.1% (2015 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are for fiscal years

" + "note": "note: data are for fiscal years" }, "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": { "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": { @@ -610,7 +709,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$950.381 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars
data are for fiscal years" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars
data are for fiscal years" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$253.183 billion (2019 est.)" @@ -625,7 +724,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$4,571 (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2010 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2019": { @@ -637,7 +736,7 @@ "Gross national saving 2017": { "text": "13% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are for fiscal years

" + "note": "note: data are for fiscal years" }, "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": { "agriculture": { @@ -671,8 +770,17 @@ } }, "Ease of Doing Business Index scores": { - "Overall Ease of Doing Business score 2020": { + "Overall score": { + "text": "61 (2020)" + }, + "Starting a Business score": { "text": "89.3 (2020)" + }, + "Trading score": { + "text": "68.8 (2020)" + }, + "Enforcement score": { + "text": "43.5 (2020)" } }, "Agricultural products": { @@ -685,8 +793,8 @@ "text": "5.4% (2017 est.)" }, "Labor force": { - "text": "61.71 million (2017 est.)", - "note": "

note: extensive export of labor, mostly to the Middle East, and use of child labor

" + "text": "61.71 million (2017 est.)

note: extensive export of labor, mostly to the Middle East, and use of child labor", + "note": "note: extensive export of labor, mostly to the Middle East, and use of child labor" }, "Labor force - by occupation": { "agriculture": { @@ -706,10 +814,10 @@ "Unemployment rate 2016": { "text": "6% (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: Pakistan has substantial underemployment

" + "note": "note: Pakistan has substantial underemployment" }, "Population below poverty line": { - "text": "29.5% (FY2013 est.)" + "text": "24.3% (2015 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015": { @@ -734,7 +842,7 @@ "expenditures": { "text": "64.49 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are for fiscal years

" + "note": "note: data are for fiscal years" }, "Taxes and other revenues": { "text": "15.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)" @@ -773,10 +881,10 @@ } }, "Exports - partners": { - "text": "US 17.7%, UK 7.7%, China 6%, Germany 5.8%, Afghanistan 5.2%, UAE 4.5%, Spain 4.1% (2017)" + "text": "United States 14%, China 8%, Germany 7%, United Kingdom 6% (2019)" }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "textiles (garments, bed linen, cotton cloth, yarn), rice, leather goods, sporting goods, chemicals, manufactures, surgical instruments, carpets and rugs" + "text": "textiles, clothing and apparel, rice, leather goods, surgical instruments (2019)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { @@ -790,10 +898,10 @@ } }, "Imports - partners": { - "text": "China 27.4%, UAE 13.7%, US 4.9%, Indonesia 4.3%, Saudi Arabia 4.2% (2017)" + "text": "China 28%, United Arab Emirates 11%, United States 5% (2019)" }, "Imports - commodities": { - "text": "petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and paperboard, iron and steel, tea" + "text": "refined petroleum, crude petroleum, natural gas, palm oil, scrap iron (2019)" }, "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": { "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": { @@ -909,9 +1017,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "588.8 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "179.5 million Mt (2017 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -941,7 +1046,7 @@ "international": { "text": "country code - 92; landing points for the SEA-ME-WE-3, -4, -5, AAE-1, IMEWE, Orient Express, PEACE Cable, and TW1 submarine cable systems that provide links to Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, Southeast Asia, and Australia; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); 3 operational international gateway exchanges (1 at Karachi and 2 at Islamabad); microwave radio relay to neighboring countries (2019)" }, - "note": "

note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" + "note": "note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic's effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry - mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite - has moderated" }, "Broadcast media": { "text": "media is government regulated; 1 dominant state-owned TV broadcaster, Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV), operates a network consisting of 8 channels; private TV broadcasters are permitted; to date 69 foreign satellite channels are operational; the state-owned radio network operates more than 30 stations; nearly 200 commercially licensed, privately owned radio stations provide programming mostly limited to music and talk shows (2019)" @@ -982,7 +1087,7 @@ } }, "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": { - "text": "AP (2016)" + "text": "AP" }, "Airports": { "total": { @@ -1076,8 +1181,8 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Pakistan Army (includes National Guard), Pakistan Navy (includes marines, Maritime Security Agency), Pakistan Air Force (Pakistan Fizaia); Ministry of Interior paramilitary forces: Frontier Corps, Pakistan Rangers (2019)", - "note": "

note:  the National Guard is a paramilitary force and one of the Army's reserve forces, along with the Pakistan Army Reserve, the Frontier Corps, and the Pakistan Rangers" + "text": "Pakistan Army (includes National Guard), Pakistan Navy (includes marines, Maritime Security Agency), Pakistan Air Force (Pakistan Fizaia); Ministry of Interior paramilitary forces: Frontier Corps, Pakistan Rangers (2021)

note:  the National Guard is a paramilitary force and one of the Army's reserve forces, along with the Pakistan Army Reserve, the Frontier Corps, and the Pakistan Rangers", + "note": "note:  the National Guard is a paramilitary force and one of the Army's reserve forces, along with the Pakistan Army Reserve, the Frontier Corps, and the Pakistan Rangers" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2019": { @@ -1097,22 +1202,25 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "estimates of the size of the Pakistan military’s active force vary; approximately 650,000 active personnel (560,000 Army; 30,000 Navy; 60,000 Air Force); est. 70,000 Frontier Corps; est. 25,000 Pakistan Rangers (2019)" + "text": "estimates of the size of the Pakistan military’s active force vary; approximately 650,000 active personnel (560,000 Army; 30,000 Navy; 60,000 Air Force) (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Pakistan military inventory includes a broad mix of equipment, primarily from China, France, Ukraine, the UK, and the US; since 2010, China and the US are the leading suppliers of arms to Pakistan; Pakistan also has a large domestic defense industry capable of upgrading existing air, land, and sea weapons systems (2019)" + "text": "the Pakistan military inventory includes a broad mix of equipment, primarily from China, France, Ukraine, the UK, and the US; since 2010, China and the US are the leading suppliers of arms to Pakistan; Pakistan also has a large domestic defense industry (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "1,230 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,950 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 140 Mali (MINUSMA); 900 Sudan (UNAMID) (2020)" + "text": "1,240 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,950 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 150 Mali (MINUSMA); 900 Sudan (UNAMID) (Jan 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "16-23 years of age for voluntary military service; soldiers cannot be deployed for combat until age 18; women serve in all three armed forces; reserve obligation to age 45 for enlisted men, age 50 for officers (2019)" + }, + "Military - note": { + "text": "the military has carried out three coups since Pakistan's independence in 1947 and remains politically active" } }, "Terrorism": { "Terrorist group(s)": { - "text": "Haqqani Network; Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami; Harakat ul-Mujahidin; Hizbul Mujahideen; Indian Mujahedeen; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham-Khorasan; Islamic State of ash-Sham – India; Islamic State of ash-Sham – Pakistan; Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan; Jaish-e-Mohammed; Jaysh al Adl (Jundallah); Lashkar i Jhangvi; Lashkar-e Tayyiba; Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan; al-Qa’ida; al-Qa’ida in the Indian Subcontinent (2019)", - "note": "

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" + "text": "Haqqani Network; Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami; Harakat ul-Mujahidin; Hizbul Mujahideen; Indian Mujahedeen; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham-Khorasan; Islamic State of ash-Sham – India; Islamic State of ash-Sham – Pakistan; Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan; Jaish-e-Mohammed; Jaysh al Adl (Jundallah); Lashkar i Jhangvi; Lashkar-e Tayyiba; Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan; al-Qa’ida; al-Qa’ida in the Indian Subcontinent (2019)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T", + "note": "note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/world/xx.json b/world/xx.json index a24c5dd9..fd674e0b 100644 --- a/world/xx.json +++ b/world/xx.json @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ }, "Geography": { "Geographic overview": { - "text": "

The surface of the Earth is approximately 70.9% water and 29.1% land. The former portion is divided into large bodies termed oceans. The World Factbook recognizes and describes five oceans, which are in decreasing order of size: the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean. Because of their immense size, the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans are generally divided at the equator into the North and South Pacific Oceans and the North and South Atlantic Oceans, thus creating seven major water bodies - the so-called \"Seven Seas.\"

Some 97.5% of the Earth's water is saltwater. Of the 2.5% that is fresh, about two-thirds is frozen mostly locked up in the Antarctic ice sheets and mountain glaciers worldwide. If all the surface ice on earth fully melted, the sea level would rise about 70 m (230 ft).

In a 100-year period, a water molecule spends 98 years in the ocean, 20 months as ice, about two weeks in lakes and rivers, and less than a week in the atmosphere. Groundwater can take 50 years to just traverse 1 km (0.6 mi).

Earth's land portion is generally divided into several, large, discrete landmasses termed continents. Depending on the convention used, the number of continents can vary from five to seven. The most common classification recognizes seven, which are (from largest to smallest): Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. Asia and Europe are sometimes lumped together into a Eurasian continent resulting in six continents. Alternatively, North and South America are sometimes grouped as simply the Americas, resulting in a continent total of six (or five, if the Eurasia designation is used).

North America is commonly understood to include the island of Greenland, the isles of the Caribbean, and to extend south all the way to the Isthmus of Panama. The easternmost extent of Europe is generally defined as being the Ural Mountains and the Ural River; on the southeast the Caspian Sea; and on the south the Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea, and the Mediterranean. Portions of five countries - Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkey - fall within both Europe and Asia, but in every instance the larger section is in Asia. These countries are considered part of both continents. Armenia and Cyprus, which lie completely in Western Asia, are geopolitically European countries.

Asia usually incorporates all the islands of the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The islands of the Pacific are often lumped with Australia into a \"land mass\" termed Oceania or Australasia. Africa's northeast extremity is frequently delimited at the Isthmus of Suez, but for geopolitical purposes, the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula is often included as part of Africa.

Although the above groupings are the most common, different continental dispositions are recognized or taught in certain parts of the world, with some arrangements more heavily based on cultural spheres rather than physical geographic considerations.

Based on the seven-continent model, and grouping islands with adjacent continents, Africa has the most countries with 54. Europe contains 49 countries and Asia 48, but these two continents share five countries: Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkey. North America consists of 23 sovereign states, Oceania has 14, and South America 12.

countries by continent: Africa (54): Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe;

Europe (49): Albania, Andorra, Austria, Azerbaijan*, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia*, Germany, Greece, Holy See (Vatican City), Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan*, Kosovo, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia*, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey*, Ukraine, United Kingdom (* indicates part of the country is also in Asia);

Asia (48): Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan*, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, China, Cyprus, Georgia*, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan*, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Russia*, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Turkey*, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen (* indicates part of the country is also in Europe);

North America (23): Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United States;

Oceania (14): Australia, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, New Zealand, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu;

South America (12): Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela

the world from space: Earth is the only planet in the Solar System to have water in its three states of matter: liquid (oceans, lakes, and rivers), solid (ice), and gas (water vapor in clouds); from a distance, Earth would be the brightest  of the eight planets in the Solar System; this luminous effect would be because of the sunlight reflected by the planet's water

Earth is also the only planet in the Solar System known to be active with earthquakes and volcanoes; these events form the landscape, replenish carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, and erase impact craters caused by meteors

" + "text": "

The surface of the Earth is approximately 70.9% water and 29.1% land. The former portion is divided into large bodies termed oceans. The World Factbook recognizes and describes five oceans, which are in decreasing order of size: the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean. Because of their immense size, the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans are generally divided at the equator into the North and South Pacific Oceans and the North and South Atlantic Oceans, thus creating seven major water bodies - the so-called \"Seven Seas.\"

Some 97.5% of the Earth's water is saltwater. Of the 2.5% that is fresh, about two-thirds is frozen mostly locked up in the Antarctic ice sheets and mountain glaciers worldwide. If all the surface ice on earth fully melted, the sea level would rise about 70 m (230 ft).

In a 100-year period, a water molecule spends 98 years in the ocean, 20 months as ice, about two weeks in lakes and rivers, and less than a week in the atmosphere. Groundwater can take 50 years to just traverse 1 km (0.6 mi).

Earth's land portion is generally divided into several, large, discrete landmasses termed continents. Depending on the convention used, the number of continents can vary from five to seven. The most common classification recognizes seven, which are (from largest to smallest): Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. Asia and Europe are sometimes lumped together into a Eurasian continent resulting in six continents. Alternatively, North and South America are sometimes grouped as simply the Americas, resulting in a continent total of six (or five, if the Eurasia designation is used).

North America is commonly understood to include the island of Greenland, the isles of the Caribbean, and to extend south all the way to the Isthmus of Panama. The easternmost extent of Europe is generally defined as being the Ural Mountains and the Ural River; on the southeast the Caspian Sea; and on the south the Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea, and the Mediterranean. Portions of five countries - Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkey - fall within both Europe and Asia, but in every instance the larger section is in Asia. These countries are considered part of both continents. Armenia and Cyprus, which lie completely in Western Asia, are geopolitically European countries.

Asia usually incorporates all the islands of the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The islands of the Pacific are often lumped with Australia into a \"land mass\" termed Oceania or Australasia. Africa's northeast extremity is frequently delimited at the Isthmus of Suez, but for geopolitical purposes, the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula is often included as part of Africa.

Although the above groupings are the most common, different continental dispositions are recognized or taught in certain parts of the world, with some arrangements more heavily based on cultural spheres rather than physical geographic considerations.

Based on the seven-continent model, and grouping islands with adjacent continents, Africa has the most countries with 54. Europe contains 49 countries and Asia 48, but these two continents share five countries: Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkey. North America consists of 23 sovereign states, Oceania has 14, and South America 12.

countries by continent: Africa (54): Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe;

Europe (49): Albania, Andorra, Austria, Azerbaijan*, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia*, Germany, Greece, Holy See (Vatican City), Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan*, Kosovo, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia*, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey*, Ukraine, United Kingdom (* indicates part of the country is also in Asia);

Asia (48): Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan*, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, China, Cyprus, Georgia*, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan*, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Russia*, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Turkey*, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen (* indicates part of the country is also in Europe);

North America (23): Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United States;

Oceania (14): Australia, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, New Zealand, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu;

South America (12): Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela

the world from space: Earth is the only planet in the Solar System to have water in its three states of matter: liquid (oceans, lakes, and rivers), solid (ice), and gas (water vapor in clouds); from a distance, Earth would be the brightest of the eight planets in the Solar System; this luminous effect would be because of the sunlight reflected by the planet's water

Earth is also the only planet in the Solar System known to be active with earthquakes and volcanoes; these events form the landscape, replenish carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, and erase impact craters caused by meteors

" }, "Map references": { "text": "Physical Map of the World" @@ -19,22 +19,22 @@ "text": "148.94 million sq km" }, "water": { - "text": "361.132 million sq km" + "text": "361.9 million sq km" }, - "note": "

note: 70.9% of the world's surface is water, 29.1% is land

" + "note": "note: 70.9% of the world's surface is water, 29.1% is land" }, "Area - comparative": { "text": "

land area about 16 times the size of the US

" }, "Area - rankings": { - "text": "

top fifteen World Factbook entities ranked by size: Pacific Ocean 155,557,000 sq km; Atlantic Ocean 76,762,000 sq km; Indian Ocean 68,556,000 sq km; Southern Ocean 20,327,000 sq km; Russia 17,098,242 sq km; Antarctica 14,200,000 sq km; Arctic Ocean 14,056,000 sq km; Canada 9,984,670 sq km; United States 9,826,675 sq km; China 9,596,960 sq km; Brazil 8,515,770 sq km; Australia 7,741,220 sq km; European Union 4,324,782 sq km; India 3,287,263 sq km; Argentina 2,780,400 sq km

top ten largest water bodies: Pacific Ocean 155,557,000 sq km; Atlantic Ocean 76,762,000 sq km; Indian Ocean 68,556,000 sq km; Southern Ocean 20,327,000 sq km; Arctic Ocean 14,056,000 sq km; Coral Sea 4,184,100 sq km; South China Sea 3,595,900 sq km; Caribbean Sea 2,834,000 sq km; Bering Sea 2,520,000 sq km; Mediterranean Sea 2,469,000 sq km

top ten largest landmasses: Asia 44,568,500 sq km; Africa 30,065,000 sq km; North America 24,473,000 sq km; South America 17,819,000 sq km; Antarctica 14,200,000 sq km; Europe 9,948,000 sq km; Australia 7,741,220 sq km; Greenland 2,166,086 sq km; New Guinea 785,753 sq km; Borneo 751,929 sq km

top ten largest islands: Greenland 2,166,086 sq km; New Guinea (Indonesia, Papua New Guinea) 785,753 sq km; Borneo (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia) 751,929 sq km; Madagascar 587,713 sq km; Baffin Island (Canada) 507,451 sq km; Sumatra (Indonesia) 472,784 sq km; Honshu (Japan) 227,963 sq km; Victoria Island (Canada) 217,291 sq km; Great Britain (United Kingdom) 209,331 sq km; Ellesmere Island (Canada) 196,236 sq km

top ten longest mountain ranges (land-based): Andes (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina) 7,000 km; Rocky Mountains (Canada, US) 4,830 km; Great Dividing Range (Australia) 3,700 km; Transantarctic Mountains (Antarctica) 3,500 km; Kunlun Mountains (China) 3,000 km; Ural Mountains (Russia, Kazakhstan) 2,640 km; Atlas Mountains (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia) 2,500 km; Appalachian Mountains (Canada, US) 2,400 km; Himalayas (Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, China, Nepal, Bhutan) 2,300 km; Altai Mountains (Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia) 2,000 km; note - lengths are approximate; if oceans are included, the Mid-Ocean Ridge is by far the longest mountain range at 40,389 km 

top ten largest forested countries (sq km and percent of land): Russia 8,149,310 (49.8%); Brazil 4,935,380 (58.9%); Canada 3,470,690 (38.2%); United States 3,103,700 (33.9%); China 2,098,640 (22.3%); Democratic Republic of the Congo 1,522,670 (67.2%); Australia 1,250,590 (16.3%);  Indonesia 903,250 (49.9%); Peru 738,054 (57.7%); India 708,600 (23.8%) (2016 est.)

top ten most densely forested countries (percent of land): Suriname (98.3%), Federated States of Micronesia (91.9%), Gabon (90%), Seychelles (88.4%), Palau (87.6%), Guyana (83.9%), Laos (82.1%), Solomon Islands (77.9%), Papua New Guinea (74.1%), Finland (73.1%) (2016 est.)

top ten largest (non-polar) deserts: Sahara (Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Western Sahara, Sudan, Tunisia) 9,200,000 sq km; Arabian (Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Yemen) 2,330,000 sq km; Gobi (China, Mongolia) 1,295,000 sq km; Kalahari (Botswana, Namibia, South Africa) 900,000 sq km; Patagonian (Argentina) 673,000 sq km; Syrian (Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia) 500,000 sq km; Chihuahuan (Mexico) 362,000 sq km; Kara-Kum (Turkmenistan) 350,000 sq km; Great Victoria (Australia) 348,750 sq km; Great Basin (United States) 343,169 sq km; note - if the two polar deserts are included, they would rank first and second: Antarctic Desert 14,200,000 sq km and Arctic Desert 13,900,000 sq km

ten smallest independent countries: Holy See (Vatican City) 0.44 sq km; Monaco 2 sq km; Nauru 21 sq km; Tuvalu 26 sq km; San Marino 61 sq km; Liechtenstein 160 sq km; Marshall Islands 181 sq km; Saint Kitts and Nevis 261 sq km; Maldives 298 sq km; Malta 316 sq km

" + "text": "

top fifteen World Factbook entities ranked by size: Pacific Ocean 155,557,000 sq km; Atlantic Ocean 76,762,000 sq km; Indian Ocean 68,556,000 sq km; Southern Ocean 20,327,000 sq km; Russia 17,098,242 sq km; Antarctica 14,200,000 sq km; Arctic Ocean 14,056,000 sq km; Canada 9,984,670 sq km; United States 9,826,675 sq km; China 9,596,960 sq km; Brazil 8,515,770 sq km; Australia 7,741,220 sq km; European Union 4,324,782 sq km; India 3,287,263 sq km; Argentina 2,780,400 sq km

top ten largest water bodies: Pacific Ocean 155,557,000 sq km; Atlantic Ocean 76,762,000 sq km; Indian Ocean 68,556,000 sq km; Southern Ocean 20,327,000 sq km; Arctic Ocean 14,056,000 sq km; Coral Sea 4,184,100 sq km; South China Sea 3,595,900 sq km; Caribbean Sea 2,834,000 sq km; Bering Sea 2,520,000 sq km; Mediterranean Sea 2,469,000 sq km

top ten largest landmasses: Asia 44,568,500 sq km; Africa 30,065,000 sq km; North America 24,473,000 sq km; South America 17,819,000 sq km; Antarctica 14,200,000 sq km; Europe 9,948,000 sq km; Australia 7,741,220 sq km; Greenland 2,166,086 sq km; New Guinea 785,753 sq km; Borneo 751,929 sq km

top ten largest islands: Greenland 2,166,086 sq km; New Guinea (Indonesia, Papua New Guinea) 785,753 sq km; Borneo (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia) 751,929 sq km; Madagascar 587,713 sq km; Baffin Island (Canada) 507,451 sq km; Sumatra (Indonesia) 472,784 sq km; Honshu (Japan) 227,963 sq km; Victoria Island (Canada) 217,291 sq km; Great Britain (United Kingdom) 209,331 sq km; Ellesmere Island (Canada) 196,236 sq km

top ten longest mountain ranges (land-based): Andes (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina) 7,000 km; Rocky Mountains (Canada, US) 4,830 km; Great Dividing Range (Australia) 3,700 km; Transantarctic Mountains (Antarctica) 3,500 km; Kunlun Mountains (China) 3,000 km; Ural Mountains (Russia, Kazakhstan) 2,640 km; Atlas Mountains (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia) 2,500 km; Appalachian Mountains (Canada, US) 2,400 km; Himalayas (Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, China, Nepal, Bhutan) 2,300 km; Altai Mountains (Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia) 2,000 km; note - lengths are approximate; if oceans are included, the Mid-Ocean Ridge is by far the longest mountain range at 40,389 km

top ten largest forested countries (sq km and percent of land): Russia 8,149,310 (49.8%); Brazil 4,935,380 (58.9%); Canada 3,470,690 (38.2%); United States 3,103,700 (33.9%); China 2,098,640 (22.3%); Democratic Republic of the Congo 1,522,670 (67.2%); Australia 1,250,590 (16.3%); Indonesia 903,250 (49.9%); Peru 738,054 (57.7%); India 708,600 (23.8%) (2016 est.)

top ten most densely forested countries (percent of land): Suriname (98.3%), Federated States of Micronesia (91.9%), Gabon (90%), Seychelles (88.4%), Palau (87.6%), Guyana (83.9%), Laos (82.1%), Solomon Islands (77.9%), Papua New Guinea (74.1%), Finland (73.1%) (2016 est.)

top ten largest (non-polar) deserts: Sahara (Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Western Sahara, Sudan, Tunisia) 9,200,000 sq km; Arabian (Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Yemen) 2,330,000 sq km; Gobi (China, Mongolia) 1,295,000 sq km; Kalahari (Botswana, Namibia, South Africa) 900,000 sq km; Patagonian (Argentina) 673,000 sq km; Syrian (Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia) 500,000 sq km; Chihuahuan (Mexico) 362,000 sq km; Kara-Kum (Turkmenistan) 350,000 sq km; Great Victoria (Australia) 348,750 sq km; Great Basin (United States) 343,169 sq km; note - if the two polar deserts are included, they would rank first and second: Antarctic Desert 14,200,000 sq km and Arctic Desert 13,900,000 sq km

ten smallest independent countries: Holy See (Vatican City) 0.44 sq km; Monaco 2 sq km; Nauru 21 sq km; Tuvalu 26 sq km; San Marino 61 sq km; Liechtenstein 160 sq km; Marshall Islands 181 sq km; Saint Kitts and Nevis 261 sq km; Maldives 298 sq km; Malta 316 sq km

" }, "Land boundaries": { "text": "

the land boundaries in the world total 251,060 km (not counting shared boundaries twice); two nations, China and Russia, each border 14 other countries

note: 46 nations and other areas are landlocked, these include: Afghanistan, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Czechia, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Holy See (Vatican City), Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malawi, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, Paraguay, Rwanda, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, South Sudan, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan, West Bank, Zambia, Zimbabwe; two of these, Liechtenstein and Uzbekistan, are doubly landlocked

" }, "Coastline": { - "text": "356,000 km", - "note": "

note: 95 nations and other entities are islands that border no other countries, they include: American Samoa, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Baker Island, Barbados, Bermuda, Bouvet Island, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cabo Verde, Cayman Islands, Christmas Island, Clipperton Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Comoros, Cook Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus, Dominica, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Faroe Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Greenland, Grenada, Guam, Guernsey, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Howland Island, Iceland, Isle of Man, Jamaica, Jan Mayen, Japan, Jarvis Island, Jersey, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Kiribati, Madagascar, Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mayotte, Federated States of Micronesia, Midway Islands, Montserrat, Nauru, Navassa Island, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Palmyra Atoll, Paracel Islands, Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Singapore, Sint Maarten, Solomon Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Spratly Islands, Sri Lanka, Svalbard, Taiwan, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Virgin Islands, Wake Island, Wallis and Futuna

" + "text": "356,000 km

note: 95 nations and other entities are islands that border no other countries, they include: American Samoa, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Baker Island, Barbados, Bermuda, Bouvet Island, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cabo Verde, Cayman Islands, Christmas Island, Clipperton Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Comoros, Cook Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus, Dominica, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Faroe Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Greenland, Grenada, Guam, Guernsey, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Howland Island, Iceland, Isle of Man, Jamaica, Jan Mayen, Japan, Jarvis Island, Jersey, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Kiribati, Madagascar, Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mayotte, Federated States of Micronesia, Midway Islands, Montserrat, Nauru, Navassa Island, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Palmyra Atoll, Paracel Islands, Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Singapore, Sint Maarten, Solomon Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Spratly Islands, Sri Lanka, Svalbard, Taiwan, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Virgin Islands, Wake Island, Wallis and Futuna", + "note": "note: 95 nations and other entities are islands that border no other countries, they include: American Samoa, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Baker Island, Barbados, Bermuda, Bouvet Island, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cabo Verde, Cayman Islands, Christmas Island, Clipperton Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Comoros, Cook Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus, Dominica, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Faroe Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Greenland, Grenada, Guam, Guernsey, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Howland Island, Iceland, Isle of Man, Jamaica, Jan Mayen, Japan, Jarvis Island, Jersey, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Kiribati, Madagascar, Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mayotte, Federated States of Micronesia, Midway Islands, Montserrat, Nauru, Navassa Island, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Palmyra Atoll, Paracel Islands, Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Singapore, Sint Maarten, Solomon Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Spratly Islands, Sri Lanka, Svalbard, Taiwan, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Virgin Islands, Wake Island, Wallis and Futuna" }, "Maritime claims": { "text": "

a variety of situations exist, but in general, most countries make the following claims measured from the mean low-tide baseline as described in the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea: territorial sea - 12 nm, contiguous zone - 24 nm, and exclusive economic zone - 200 nm; additional zones provide for exploitation of continental shelf resources and an exclusive fishing zone; boundary situations with neighboring states prevent many countries from extending their fishing or economic zones to a full 200 nm

" @@ -44,16 +44,16 @@ "text": "a wide equatorial band of hot and humid tropical climates, bordered north and south by subtropical temperate zones that separate two large areas of cold and dry polar climates" }, "Ten Driest Places on Earth (Average Annual Precipitation)": { - "text": "

McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica 0 mm (0 in)
Arica, Chile 0.76 mm (0.03 in)
Al Kufrah, Libya 0.86 mm (0.03 in)
Aswan, Egypt 0.86 mm (0.03 in)
Luxor, Egypt 0.86 mm (0.03 in)
Ica, Peru 2.29 mm (0.09 in)
Wadi Halfa, Sudan 2.45 mm (0.1 in)
Iquique, Chile 5.08 mm (0.2 in)
Pelican Point, Namibia 8.13 mm (0.32 in)
El Arab (Aoulef), Algeria 12.19 mm (0.48 in)

" + "text": "McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica 0 mm (0 in)
Arica, Chile 0.76 mm (0.03 in)
Al Kufrah, Libya 0.86 mm (0.03 in)
Aswan, Egypt 0.86 mm (0.03 in)
Luxor, Egypt 0.86 mm (0.03 in)
Ica, Peru 2.29 mm (0.09 in)
Wadi Halfa, Sudan 2.45 mm (0.1 in)
Iquique, Chile 5.08 mm (0.2 in)
Pelican Point, Namibia 8.13 mm (0.32 in)
El Arab (Aoulef), Algeria 12.19 mm (0.48 in)" }, "Ten Wettest Places on Earth (Average Annual Precipitation)": { - "text": "

Mawsynram, India 11,871 mm (467.4 in)
Cherrapunji, India 11,777 mm (463.7 in)
Tutunendo, Colombia 11,770 mm (463.4 in)
Cropp River, New Zealand 11,516 mm (453.4 in)
San Antonia de Ureca, Equatorial Guinea 10,450 mm (411.4 in)
Debundsha, Cameroon 10,299 mm (405.5 in)
Big Bog, US (Hawaii) 10,272 mm (404.4 in)
Mt Waialeale, US (Hawaii) 9,763 mm (384.4 in)
Kukui, US (Hawaii) 9,293 mm (365.9 in)
Emeishan, China 8,169 mm (321.6 in)

" + "text": "Mawsynram, India 11,871 mm (467.4 in)
Cherrapunji, India 11,777 mm (463.7 in)
Tutunendo, Colombia 11,770 mm (463.4 in)
Cropp River, New Zealand 11,516 mm (453.4 in)
San Antonia de Ureca, Equatorial Guinea 10,450 mm (411.4 in)
Debundsha, Cameroon 10,299 mm (405.5 in)
Big Bog, US (Hawaii) 10,272 mm (404.4 in)
Mt Waialeale, US (Hawaii) 9,763 mm (384.4 in)
Kukui, US (Hawaii) 9,293 mm (365.9 in)
Emeishan, China 8,169 mm (321.6 in)" }, "Ten Coldest Places on Earth (Lowest Average Monthly Temperature)": { - "text": "

Verkhoyansk, Russia (Siberia) -47°C (-53°F) January
Oymyakon, Russia (Siberia) -46°C (-52°F) January
Eureka, Canada -38.4°C (-37.1°F) February
Isachsen, Canada -36°C (-32.8°F) February
Alert, Canada -34°C (-28°F) February
Kap Morris Jesup, Greenland -34°C (-29°F) March
Cornwallis Island, Canada -33.5°C (-28.3°F) February
Cambridge Bay, Canada -33.5°C (28.3°F) February
Ilirnej, Russia -33°C (-28°F) January
Resolute, Canada -33°C (-27.4°F) February

" + "text": "Verkhoyansk, Russia (Siberia) -47°C (-53°F) January
Oymyakon, Russia (Siberia) -46°C (-52°F) January
Eureka, Canada -38.4°C (-37.1°F) February
Isachsen, Canada -36°C (-32.8°F) February
Alert, Canada -34°C (-28°F) February
Kap Morris Jesup, Greenland -34°C (-29°F) March
Cornwallis Island, Canada -33.5°C (-28.3°F) February
Cambridge Bay, Canada -33.5°C (28.3°F) February
Ilirnej, Russia -33°C (-28°F) January
Resolute, Canada -33°C (-27.4°F) February" }, "Ten Hottest Places on Earth (Highest Average Monthly Temperature)": { - "text": "

Death Valley, US (California) 39°C (101°F) July
Iranshahr, Iran 38.3°C (100.9°F) June
Ouallene, Algeria 38°C (100.4°F) July
Kuwait City, Kuwait 37.7°C (100°F) July
Medina, Saudi Arabia 36°C (97°F) July
Buckeye, US (Arizona) 34°C (93°F) July
Jazan, Saudi Arabia 33°C (91°F) June
Al Kufrah, Libya 31°C (87°F) July
Alice Springs, Australia 29°C (84°F) January
Tamanrasset, Algeria 29°C (84°F) June

" + "text": "Death Valley, US (California) 39°C (101°F) July
Iranshahr, Iran 38.3°C (100.9°F) June
Ouallene, Algeria 38°C (100.4°F) July
Kuwait City, Kuwait 37.7°C (100°F) July
Medina, Saudi Arabia 36°C (97°F) July
Buckeye, US (Arizona) 34°C (93°F) July
Jazan, Saudi Arabia 33°C (91°F) June
Al Kufrah, Libya 31°C (87°F) July
Alice Springs, Australia 29°C (84°F) January
Tamanrasset, Algeria 29°C (84°F) June" } }, "Terrain": { @@ -65,16 +65,16 @@ } }, "Elevation": { - "mean elevation": { - "text": "840 m" + "highest point": { + "text": "Mount Everest 8,849 m" }, "lowest point": { "text": "Denman Glacier (Antarctica) more than -3,500 m (in the oceanic realm, Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench is the lowest point, lying -10,924 m below the surface of the Pacific Ocean)" }, - "highest point": { - "text": "Mount Everest 8,849 m" + "mean elevation": { + "text": "840 m" }, - "note": "

top ten highest mountains (measured from sea level): Mount Everest (China-Nepal) 8,849 m; K2 (Pakistan) 8,611 m; Kanchenjunga (India-Nepal) 8,598 m; Lhotse (Nepal) 8,516 m; Makalu (China-Nepal) 8,463 m; Cho Oyu (China-Nepal) 8,201 m; Dhaulagiri (Nepal) 8,167 m; Manaslu (Nepal) 8,163 m; Nanga Parbat (Pakistan) 8,125 m; Anapurna (Nepal) 8,091 m; note - Mauna Kea (United States) is the world's tallest mountain as measured from base to summit; the peak of this volcanic colossus lies on the island of Hawaii, but its base begins more than 70 km offshore and at a depth of about 6,000 m; total height estimates range from 9,966 m to 10,203 m

top ten highest island peaks: Puncak Jaya (New Guinea) 4,884 m (Indonesia)*; Mauna Kea (Hawaii) 4,207 m (United States); Gunung Kinabalu (Borneo) 4,095 m (Malaysia)*; Yu Shan (Taiwan) 3,952 (Taiwan)*; Mount Kerinci (Sumatra) 3,805 m (Indonesia); Mount Erebus (Ross Island) 3,794 (Antarctica); Mount Fuji (Honshu) 3,776 m (Japan)*; Mount Rinjani (Lombok) 3,726 m (Indonesia); Aoraki-Mount Cook (South Island) 3,724 m (New Zealand)*; Pico de Teide (Tenerife) 3,718 m (Spain)*; note - * indicates the highest peak for that Factbook entry

highest point on each continent: Asia - Mount Everest (China-Nepal) 8,849 m; South America - Cerro Aconcagua (Argentina) 6,960 m; North America - Denali (Mount McKinley) (United States) 6,190 m; Africa - Kilimanjaro (Tanzania) 5,895 m; Europe - El'brus (Russia) 5,633 m; Antarctica - Vinson Massif 4,897 m; Australia - Mount Kosciuszko 2,229 m

highest capital on each continent: South America - La Paz (Bolivia) 3,640 m; Africa - Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) 2,355 m; Asia - Thimphu (Bhutan) 2,334 m; North America - Mexico City (Mexico) 2,240 m; Europe - Andorra la Vella (Andorra) 1,023 m; Australia - Canberra (Australia) 605 m

lowest point on each continent: Antarctica - Denman Glacier more than -3,500 m; Asia - Dead Sea (Israel-Jordan) -431 m; Africa - Lac Assal (Djibouti) -155 m; South America - Laguna del Carbon (Argentina) -105 m; North America - Death Valley (United States) -86 m; Europe - Caspian Sea (Azerbaijan-Kazakhstan-Russia) -28 m; Australia - Lake Eyre -15 m

lowest capital on each continent: Asia - Baku (Azerbaijan) -28 m; Europe - Amsterdam (Netherlands) -2 m; Africa - Banjul (Gambia); Bissau (Guinea-Bissau), Conakry (Guinea), Djibouti (Djibouti), Libreville (Gabon), Male (Maldives), Monrovia (Liberia), Tunis (Tunisia), Victoria (Seychelles) 0 m; North America - Basseterre (Saint Kitts and Nevis), Kingstown (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines), Panama City (Panama), Port of Spain (Trinidad and Tobago), Roseau (Dominica), Saint John's (Antigua and Barbuda), Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic) 0 m; South America - Georgetown (Guyana) 0 m; Australia - Canberra (Australia) 605 m" + "note": "top ten highest mountains (measured from sea level): Mount Everest (China-Nepal) 8,849 m; K2 (Pakistan) 8,611 m; Kanchenjunga (India-Nepal) 8,598 m; Lhotse (Nepal) 8,516 m; Makalu (China-Nepal) 8,463 m; Cho Oyu (China-Nepal) 8,201 m; Dhaulagiri (Nepal) 8,167 m; Manaslu (Nepal) 8,163 m; Nanga Parbat (Pakistan) 8,125 m; Anapurna (Nepal) 8,091 m; note - Mauna Kea (United States) is the world's tallest mountain as measured from base to summit; the peak of this volcanic colossus lies on the island of Hawaii, but its base begins more than 70 km offshore and at a depth of about 6,000 m; total height estimates range from 9,966 m to 10,203 m\r\n

top ten highest island peaks: Puncak Jaya (New Guinea) 4,884 m (Indonesia)*; Mauna Kea (Hawaii) 4,207 m (United States); Gunung Kinabalu (Borneo) 4,095 m (Malaysia)*; Yu Shan (Taiwan) 3,952 (Taiwan)*; Mount Kerinci (Sumatra) 3,805 m (Indonesia); Mount Erebus (Ross Island) 3,794 (Antarctica); Mount Fuji (Honshu) 3,776 m (Japan)*; Mount Rinjani (Lombok) 3,726 m (Indonesia); Aoraki-Mount Cook (South Island) 3,724 m (New Zealand)*; Pico de Teide (Tenerife) 3,718 m (Spain)*; note - * indicates the highest peak for that Factbook entry\r\n

highest point on each continent: Asia - Mount Everest (China-Nepal) 8,849 m; South America - Cerro Aconcagua (Argentina) 6,960 m; North America - Denali (Mount McKinley) (United States) 6,190 m; Africa - Kilimanjaro (Tanzania) 5,895 m; Europe - El'brus (Russia) 5,633 m; Antarctica - Vinson Massif 4,897 m; Australia - Mount Kosciuszko 2,229 m\r\n

highest capital on each continent: South America - La Paz (Bolivia) 3,640 m; Africa - Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) 2,355 m; Asia - Thimphu (Bhutan) 2,334 m; North America - Mexico City (Mexico) 2,240 m; Europe - Andorra la Vella (Andorra) 1,023 m; Australia - Canberra (Australia) 605 m\r\n

lowest point on each continent: Antarctica - Denman Glacier more than -3,500 m; Asia - Dead Sea (Israel-Jordan) -431 m; Africa - Lac Assal (Djibouti) -155 m; South America - Laguna del Carbon (Argentina) -105 m; North America - Death Valley (United States) -86 m; Europe - Caspian Sea (Azerbaijan-Kazakhstan-Russia) -28 m; Australia - Lake Eyre -15\r\n

lowest capital on each continent: Asia - Baku (Azerbaijan) -28 m; Europe - Amsterdam (Netherlands) -2 m; Africa - Banjul (Gambia); Bissau (Guinea-Bissau), Conakry (Guinea), Djibouti (Djibouti), Libreville (Gabon), Male (Maldives), Monrovia (Liberia), Tunis (Tunisia), Victoria (Seychelles) 0 m; North America - Basseterre (Saint Kitts and Nevis), Kingstown (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines), Panama City (Panama), Port of Spain (Trinidad and Tobago), Roseau (Dominica), Saint John's (Antigua and Barbuda), Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic) 0 m; South America - Georgetown (Guyana) 0 m; Australia - Canberra (Australia) 605 m" }, "Natural resources": { "text": "the rapid depletion of nonrenewable mineral resources, the depletion of forest areas and wetlands, the extinction of animal and plant species, and the deterioration in air and water quality pose serious long-term problems" @@ -88,39 +88,36 @@ "Natural hazards": { "text": "

large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones); natural disasters (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions)

volcanism: volcanism is a fundamental driver and consequence of plate tectonics, the physical process reshaping the Earth's lithosphere; the world is home to more than 1,500 potentially active volcanoes, with over 500 of these having erupted in historical times; an estimated 500 million people live near these volcanoes; associated dangers include lava flows, lahars (mudflows), pyroclastic flows, ash clouds, ash fall, ballistic projectiles, gas emissions, landslides, earthquakes, and tsunamis; in the 1990s, the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, created a list of 16 Decade Volcanoes worthy of special study because of their great potential for destruction: Avachinsky-Koryaksky (Russia), Colima (Mexico), Etna (Italy), Galeras (Colombia), Mauna Loa (United States), Merapi (Indonesia), Nyiragongo (Democratic Republic of the Congo), Rainier (United States), Sakurajima (Japan), Santa Maria (Guatemala), Santorini (Greece), Taal (Philippines), Teide (Spain), Ulawun (Papua New Guinea), Unzen (Japan), Vesuvius (Italy); see second note under \"Geography - note\"

" }, - "Environment - current issues": { - "text": "large areas subject to overpopulation, industrial disasters, pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances), loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of biodiversity; soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion; ozone layer depletion; waste disposal; global warming becoming a greater concern" - }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: the world is now thought to be about 4.55 billion years old, just about one-third of the 13.8-billion-year age estimated for the universe; the earliest widely accepted date for life appearing on earth is 3.48 billion years ago, but this date is conservative and may get pushed back further

note 2: although earthquakes can strike anywhere at any time, the vast majority occur in three large zones of the earth; the world's greatest earthquake belt, the Circum-Pacific Belt (popularly referred to as the Ring of Fire), is the zone of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; about 90% of the world's earthquakes (81% of the largest earthquakes) and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire; the belt extends northward from Chile, along the South American coast, through Central America, Mexico, the western US, southern Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, to Japan, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, island groups in the southwestern Pacific, and New Zealand

the second prominent belt, the Alpide, extends from Java to Sumatra, northward along the mountains of Burma, then eastward through the Himalayas, the Mediterranean, and out into the Atlantic Ocean; it accounts for about 17% of the world's largest earthquakes; the third important belt follows the long Mid-Atlantic Ridge

" } }, "People and Society": { "Population": { - "text": "7,771,630,763 (July 2021 est.)", - "note": "

top ten most populous countries (in millions): China 1397.89; India 1339.33; United States 334.99; Indonesia 275.12; Pakistan 238.18; Nigeria 219.47; Brazil 213.45; Bangladesh 164.1; Russia 142.32; Japan 124.69

\r\n

ten least populous countries: Holy See (Vatican City) 1,000; Saint Pierre and Miquelon 5,321; Montserrat 5,387; Saint Barthelemy 7,116; Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan de Cunha 7,915; Cook Islands 8,327; Nauru 9,770; Tuvalu 11,448; Wallis and Futuna 15,851; Anguilla 18,403

\r\n

ten most densely populated countries (population per sq km): Macau 22,514; Monaco 15,611; Singapore 8,273; Hong Kong 6,769; Gaza Strip 5,436; Gibraltar 4,216; Bahrain 2,009; Malta 1,458; Bermuda 1,335; Maldives 1,311

\r\n

ten least densely populated countries (population per sq km): Greenland .027; Falkland Islands .26; Mongolia 2.1; Namibia 3.3; Australia 3.4; Iceland 3.5; Suriname 3.9; Mauritania 4; Libya 4; Guyana 4

" + "text": "7,772,850,805 (July 2021 est.)

top ten most populous countries (in millions): China 1397.89; India 1339.33; United States 334.99; Indonesia 275.12; Pakistan 238.18; Nigeria 219.47; Brazil 213.45; Bangladesh 164.1; Russia 142.32; Japan 124.69\r\n

ten least populous countries: Holy See (Vatican City) 1,000; Saint Pierre and Miquelon 5,321; Montserrat 5,387; Saint Barthelemy 7,116; Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan de Cunha 7,915; Cook Islands 8,327; Nauru 9,770; Tuvalu 11,448; Wallis and Futuna 15,851; Anguilla 18,403\r\n

ten most densely populated countries (population per sq km): Macau 22,514; Monaco 15,611; Singapore 8,273; Hong Kong 6,769; Gaza Strip 5,436; Gibraltar 4,216; Bahrain 2,009; Malta 1,458; Bermuda 1,335; Maldives 1,311\r\n

ten least densely populated countries (population per sq km): Greenland .027; Falkland Islands .26; Mongolia 2.1; Namibia 3.3; Australia 3.4; Iceland 3.5; Suriname 3.9; Mauritania 4; Libya 4; Guyana 4", + "note": "top ten most populous countries (in millions): China 1397.89; India 1339.33; United States 334.99; Indonesia 275.12; Pakistan 238.18; Nigeria 219.47; Brazil 213.45; Bangladesh 164.1; Russia 142.32; Japan 124.69\r\n

ten least populous countries: Holy See (Vatican City) 1,000; Saint Pierre and Miquelon 5,321; Montserrat 5,387; Saint Barthelemy 7,116; Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan de Cunha 7,915; Cook Islands 8,327; Nauru 9,770; Tuvalu 11,448; Wallis and Futuna 15,851; Anguilla 18,403\r\n

ten most densely populated countries (population per sq km): Macau 22,514; Monaco 15,611; Singapore 8,273; Hong Kong 6,769; Gaza Strip 5,436; Gibraltar 4,216; Bahrain 2,009; Malta 1,458; Bermuda 1,335; Maldives 1,311\r\n

ten least densely populated countries (population per sq km): Greenland .027; Falkland Islands .26; Mongolia 2.1; Namibia 3.3; Australia 3.4; Iceland 3.5; Suriname 3.9; Mauritania 4; Libya 4; Guyana 4" }, "Languages": { "text": "

most-spoken language: English 16.5%, Mandarin Chinese 14.6%, Hindi 8.3%, Spanish 7%, French 3.6%, Arabic 3.6%, Bengali 3.4%, Russian 3.4%, Portuguese 3.3%, Indonesian 2.6% (2020 est.)

most-spoken first language: Mandarin Chinese 12.3%, Spanish 6%, English 5.1%, Arabic 5.1%, Hindi 3.5%, Bengali 3.3%, Portuguese 3%, Russian 2.1%, Japanese 1.7%, Punjabi, Western 1.3%, Javanese 1.1% (2018 est.)

note 1: the six UN languages - Arabic, Chinese (Mandarin), English, French, Russian, and Spanish (Castilian) - are the mother tongue or second language of about 45% of the world's population, and are the official languages in more than half the states in the world; some 400 languages have more than a million first-language speakers (2018)

note 2: all told, there are estimated to be just over 7,115 languages spoken in the world (2020); approximately 80% of these languages are spoken by less than 100,000 people; about 150 languages are spoken by fewer than 10 people; communities that are isolated from each other in mountainous regions often develop multiple languages; Papua New Guinea, for example, boasts about 840 separate languages (2018)

note 3: approximately 2,300 languages are spoken in Asia, 2,140, in Africa, 1,310 in the Pacific, 1,060 in the Americas, and 290 in Europe (2020)

" }, "Religions": { - "text": "Christian 31.2%, Muslim 24.1%, Hindu 15.1%, Buddhist 6.9%, folk religions 5.7%, Jewish 0.2%, other 0.8%, unaffiliated 16% (2015 est.)" + "text": "Christian 31.1%, Muslim 24.9%, Hindu 15.2%, Buddhist 6.6%, folk religions 5.6%, Jewish <1%, other <1%, unaffiliated 15.6% (2015 est.)" }, "Age structure": { "0-14 years": { - "text": "25.33% (male 1,005,229,963/female 941,107,507)\t\r\n" + "text": "25.18% (male 1,010,373,278/female 946,624,579)\t\r\n" }, "15-24 years": { - "text": "15.42% (male 612,094,887/female 572,892,123) \t\r\n" + "text": "15.29% (male 614,046,344/female 574,513,854) \t\r\n" }, "25-54 years": { - "text": "40.67% (male 1,582,759,769/female 1,542,167,537) \t\r\n" + "text": "40.6% (male 1,597,805,095/female 1,557,807,873) \t\r\n" }, "55-64 years": { - "text": "9.09% (male 341,634,893/female 357,176,983) \t\r\n" + "text": "9.23% (male 351,094,945/female 366,240,730) \t\r\n" }, "65 years and over": { - "text": "9.49% (male 326,234,036/female 402,994,685) \t\r\n (2020 est.)" + "text": "9.69% male 337,244,947/female 415,884,753) \t\r\n (2021 est.)" } }, "Dependency ratios": { @@ -149,31 +146,31 @@ } }, "Population growth rate": { - "text": "1.03% (2020 est.)", - "note": "

note: this rate results in about 149 net additions to the worldwide population every minute or 2.5 every second

" + "text": "1.03% (2021 est.)

note: this rate results in about 154 net additions to the worldwide population every minute or 2.6 every second", + "note": "note: this rate results in about 154 net additions to the worldwide population every minute or 2.6 every second" }, "Birth rate": { - "text": "18.1 births/1,000 population (2020 est.)", - "note": "

note: this rate results in about 259 worldwide births per minute or 4.3 births every second

" + "text": "18.1 births/1,000 population (2020 est.)

note: this rate results in about 259 worldwide births per minute or 4.3 births every second", + "note": "note: this rate results in about 259 worldwide births per minute or 4.3 births every second" }, "Death rate": { - "text": "7.7 deaths/1,000 population (2020 est.)", - "note": "

note: this rate results in about 108 worldwide deaths per minute or 1.8 deaths every second

" + "text": "7.7 deaths/1,000 population (2020 est.)

note: this rate results in about 108 worldwide deaths per minute or 1.8 deaths every second", + "note": "note: this rate results in about 108 worldwide deaths per minute or 1.8 deaths every second" }, "Population distribution": { "text": "six of the world's seven continents are widely and permanently inhabited; Asia is easily the most populous continent with about 60% of the world's population (China and India together account for over 35%); Africa comes in second with over 15% of the earth's populace, Europe has about 10%, North America 8%, South America almost 6%, and Oceania less than 1%; the harsh conditions on Antarctica prevent any permanent habitation" }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { - "text": "56.2% of total population (2020)" + "text": "56.6% of total population (2021)" }, "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.9% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + "text": "1.73% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, "Major urban areas - population": { - "text": "ten largest urban agglomerations: Tokyo (Japan) - 37,393,000; New Delhi (India) - 30,291,000; Shanghai (China) - 27,058,000; Sao Paulo (Brazil) - 22,043,000; Mexico City (Mexico) - 21,782,000; Dhaka (Bangladesh) - 21,006,000; Cairo (Egypt) - 20,901,000; Beijing (China) - 20,463,000; Mumbai (India) - 20,411,000;  Osaka (Japan) - 19,165,000 (2020)", - "note": "

ten largest urban agglomerations, by continent:
Africa - Cairo (Egypt) - 20,485,000; Lagos (Nigeria) - 13,904,000; Kinshasha (DRC) - 13,743,000; Luanda (Angola) - 8,045,000; Dar Es Salaam (Tanzania) - 6,368,000; Khartoum (Sudan) - 5,678,000; Johannesburg (South Africa) - 5,635,000; Alexandria (Egypt) - 5,182,000; Abidjan (Cote d'Ivoire) - 5,059,000; Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) - 4,592,000

Asia - Tokyo (Japan) - 37,435,000; New Delhi (India) - 29,399,000; Shanghai (China) - 26,317,000; Dhaka (Bangladesh) - 20,284,000; Mumbai (India) - 20,185,000; Beijing (China) - 20,035,000; Osaka (Japan) - 19,223,000; Karachi (Pakistan) - 15,741,000; Chongqing (China) - 15,354,000; Istanbul (Turkey) - 14,968,000

Europe - Moscow (Russia) - 12,476,000; Paris (France) - 10,958,000; London (United Kingdom) - 9,177,000; Madrid (Spain) - 6,559,000; Barcelona (Spain) - 5,541,000, Saint Petersburg (Russia) -  5,427,000; Rome (Italy) - 4,234,000; Berlin (Germany) - 3,557,000; Athens (Greece) - 3,154,000; Milan (Italy) - 3,136,000

North America - Mexico City (Mexico) - 21,672,000; New York-Newark (United States) - 18,805,000; Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana (United States) - 12,448,000; Chicago (United States) - 8,862,000; Houston (United States) - 6,245,000; Dallas-Fort Worth (United States) - 6,201,000; Toronto (Canada) - 6,139,000; Miami (United States) - 6,079,000; Philadelphia (United States) - 5,705,000; Atlanta (United States) - 5,689,000

Oceania - Melbourne (Australia) - 4,870,000, Sydney (Australia) - 4,859,000; Brisbane (Australia) - 2,372,000; Perth (Australia) - 2,016,000; Auckland (New Zealand) - 1,582,000; Adelaide (Australia) - 1,328,000; Gold Coast-Tweed Head (Australia) - 687,000; Canberra (Australia) - 452,000; Newcastle-Maitland (Australia) - 447,000; Wellington (New Zealand) - 413,000

South America - Sao Paulo (Brazil) - 21,847,000; Buenos Aires (Argentina) - 15,057,000; Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) - 13,374,000; Bogota (Colombia) - 10,779,000; Lima (Peru) - 10,555,000; Santiago (Chile) - 6,724,000; Belo Horizonte (Brazil) - 6,028,000; Brasilia (Brazil) - 4,559,000; Porto Alegre (Brazil) - 4,115,000; Recife (Brazil) - 4,078,000 (2019)" + "text": "ten largest urban agglomerations: Tokyo (Japan) - 37,393,000; New Delhi (India) - 30,291,000; Shanghai (China) - 27,058,000; Sao Paulo (Brazil) - 22,043,000; Mexico City (Mexico) - 21,782,000; Dhaka (Bangladesh) - 21,006,000; Cairo (Egypt) - 20,901,000; Beijing (China) - 20,463,000; Mumbai (India) - 20,411,000;  Osaka (Japan) - 19,165,000 (2020)

ten largest urban agglomerations, by continent:
Africa - Cairo (Egypt) - 20,485,000; Lagos (Nigeria) - 13,904,000; Kinshasha (DRC) - 13,743,000; Luanda (Angola) - 8,045,000; Dar Es Salaam (Tanzania) - 6,368,000; Khartoum (Sudan) - 5,678,000; Johannesburg (South Africa) - 5,635,000; Alexandria (Egypt) - 5,182,000; Abidjan (Cote d'Ivoire) - 5,059,000; Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) - 4,592,000

Asia - Tokyo (Japan) - 37,435,000; New Delhi (India) - 29,399,000; Shanghai (China) - 26,317,000; Dhaka (Bangladesh) - 20,284,000; Mumbai (India) - 20,185,000; Beijing (China) - 20,035,000; Osaka (Japan) - 19,223,000; Karachi (Pakistan) - 15,741,000; Chongqing (China) - 15,354,000; Istanbul (Turkey) - 14,968,000

Europe - Moscow (Russia) - 12,476,000; Paris (France) - 10,958,000; London (United Kingdom) - 9,177,000; Madrid (Spain) - 6,559,000; Barcelona (Spain) - 5,541,000, Saint Petersburg (Russia) -  5,427,000; Rome (Italy) - 4,234,000; Berlin (Germany) - 3,557,000; Athens (Greece) - 3,154,000; Milan (Italy) - 3,136,000

North America - Mexico City (Mexico) - 21,672,000; New York-Newark (United States) - 18,805,000; Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana (United States) - 12,448,000; Chicago (United States) - 8,862,000; Houston (United States) - 6,245,000; Dallas-Fort Worth (United States) - 6,201,000; Toronto (Canada) - 6,139,000; Miami (United States) - 6,079,000; Philadelphia (United States) - 5,705,000; Atlanta (United States) - 5,689,000

Oceania - Melbourne (Australia) - 4,870,000, Sydney (Australia) - 4,859,000; Brisbane (Australia) - 2,372,000; Perth (Australia) - 2,016,000; Auckland (New Zealand) - 1,582,000; Adelaide (Australia) - 1,328,000; Gold Coast-Tweed Head (Australia) - 687,000; Canberra (Australia) - 452,000; Newcastle-Maitland (Australia) - 447,000; Wellington (New Zealand) - 413,000

South America - Sao Paulo (Brazil) - 21,847,000; Buenos Aires (Argentina) - 15,057,000; Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) - 13,374,000; Bogota (Colombia) - 10,779,000; Lima (Peru) - 10,555,000; Santiago (Chile) - 6,724,000; Belo Horizonte (Brazil) - 6,028,000; Brasilia (Brazil) - 4,559,000; Porto Alegre (Brazil) - 4,115,000; Recife (Brazil) - 4,078,000 (2019)", + "note": "ten largest urban agglomerations, by continent:
Africa - Cairo (Egypt) - 20,485,000; Lagos (Nigeria) - 13,904,000; Kinshasha (DRC) - 13,743,000; Luanda (Angola) - 8,045,000; Dar Es Salaam (Tanzania) - 6,368,000; Khartoum (Sudan) - 5,678,000; Johannesburg (South Africa) - 5,635,000; Alexandria (Egypt) - 5,182,000; Abidjan (Cote d'Ivoire) - 5,059,000; Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) - 4,592,000

Asia - Tokyo (Japan) - 37,435,000; New Delhi (India) - 29,399,000; Shanghai (China) - 26,317,000; Dhaka (Bangladesh) - 20,284,000; Mumbai (India) - 20,185,000; Beijing (China) - 20,035,000; Osaka (Japan) - 19,223,000; Karachi (Pakistan) - 15,741,000; Chongqing (China) - 15,354,000; Istanbul (Turkey) - 14,968,000

Europe - Moscow (Russia) - 12,476,000; Paris (France) - 10,958,000; London (United Kingdom) - 9,177,000; Madrid (Spain) - 6,559,000; Barcelona (Spain) - 5,541,000, Saint Petersburg (Russia) -  5,427,000; Rome (Italy) - 4,234,000; Berlin (Germany) - 3,557,000; Athens (Greece) - 3,154,000; Milan (Italy) - 3,136,000

North America - Mexico City (Mexico) - 21,672,000; New York-Newark (United States) - 18,805,000; Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana (United States) - 12,448,000; Chicago (United States) - 8,862,000; Houston (United States) - 6,245,000; Dallas-Fort Worth (United States) - 6,201,000; Toronto (Canada) - 6,139,000; Miami (United States) - 6,079,000; Philadelphia (United States) - 5,705,000; Atlanta (United States) - 5,689,000

Oceania - Melbourne (Australia) - 4,870,000, Sydney (Australia) - 4,859,000; Brisbane (Australia) - 2,372,000; Perth (Australia) - 2,016,000; Auckland (New Zealand) - 1,582,000; Adelaide (Australia) - 1,328,000; Gold Coast-Tweed Head (Australia) - 687,000; Canberra (Australia) - 452,000; Newcastle-Maitland (Australia) - 447,000; Wellington (New Zealand) - 413,000

South America - Sao Paulo (Brazil) - 21,847,000; Buenos Aires (Argentina) - 15,057,000; Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) - 13,374,000; Bogota (Colombia) - 10,779,000; Lima (Peru) - 10,555,000; Santiago (Chile) - 6,724,000; Belo Horizonte (Brazil) - 6,028,000; Brasilia (Brazil) - 4,559,000; Porto Alegre (Brazil) - 4,115,000; Recife (Brazil) - 4,078,000 (2019)" }, "Sex ratio": { "at birth": { @@ -279,7 +276,7 @@ "text": "690,000 (2019 est.)" }, "Major infectious diseases": { - "text": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring globally; older adults and people of any age with serious chronic medical conditions are at increased risk for severe disease; some health care systems are becoming overwhelmed and there may be limited access to adequate medical care in affected areas; many countries are implementing travel restrictions and mandatory quarantines, closing borders, and prohibiting non-citizens from entry with little advance notice; US residents may have difficulty returning to the United States; as of 24 January 2021, 98,280,844 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 2,112,759 deaths have been reported to the World Health Organization" + "text": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring globally; older adults and people of any age with serious chronic medical conditions are at increased risk for severe disease; some health care systems are becoming overwhelmed and there may be limited access to adequate medical care in affected areas; many countries are implementing travel restrictions and mandatory quarantines, closing borders, and prohibiting non-citizens from entry with little advance notice; US residents may have difficulty returning to the United States; as of 25 April 2021, 146,067,511 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 3,092,497 deaths have been reported to the World Health Organization; as of 28 April 2021, 7.4% of the World population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" }, "Education expenditures": { "text": "NA" @@ -297,7 +294,7 @@ "female": { "text": "82.8% (2018)" }, - "note": "

note: more than three-quarters of the world's 750 million illiterate adults are found in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa; of all the illiterate adults in the world, almost two-thirds are women (2016)

" + "note": "note: more than three-quarters of the world's 750 million illiterate adults are found in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa; of all the illiterate adults in the world, almost two-thirds are women (2016)" }, "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": { "total": { @@ -311,18 +308,53 @@ } } }, + "Environment": { + "Environment - current issues": { + "text": "large areas subject to overpopulation, industrial disasters, pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances), loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of biodiversity; soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion; ozone layer depletion; waste disposal; global warming becoming a greater concern" + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "53,789.29 cubic meters (2011)" + }, + "Climate": { + "Climate": { + "text": "a wide equatorial band of hot and humid tropical climates, bordered north and south by subtropical temperate zones that separate two large areas of cold and dry polar climates" + }, + "Ten Driest Places on Earth (Average Annual Precipitation)": { + "text": "McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica 0 mm (0 in)
Arica, Chile 0.76 mm (0.03 in)
Al Kufrah, Libya 0.86 mm (0.03 in)
Aswan, Egypt 0.86 mm (0.03 in)
Luxor, Egypt 0.86 mm (0.03 in)
Ica, Peru 2.29 mm (0.09 in)
Wadi Halfa, Sudan 2.45 mm (0.1 in)
Iquique, Chile 5.08 mm (0.2 in)
Pelican Point, Namibia 8.13 mm (0.32 in)
El Arab (Aoulef), Algeria 12.19 mm (0.48 in)" + }, + "Ten Wettest Places on Earth (Average Annual Precipitation)": { + "text": "Mawsynram, India 11,871 mm (467.4 in)
Cherrapunji, India 11,777 mm (463.7 in)
Tutunendo, Colombia 11,770 mm (463.4 in)
Cropp River, New Zealand 11,516 mm (453.4 in)
San Antonia de Ureca, Equatorial Guinea 10,450 mm (411.4 in)
Debundsha, Cameroon 10,299 mm (405.5 in)
Big Bog, US (Hawaii) 10,272 mm (404.4 in)
Mt Waialeale, US (Hawaii) 9,763 mm (384.4 in)
Kukui, US (Hawaii) 9,293 mm (365.9 in)
Emeishan, China 8,169 mm (321.6 in)" + }, + "Ten Coldest Places on Earth (Lowest Average Monthly Temperature)": { + "text": "Verkhoyansk, Russia (Siberia) -47°C (-53°F) January
Oymyakon, Russia (Siberia) -46°C (-52°F) January
Eureka, Canada -38.4°C (-37.1°F) February
Isachsen, Canada -36°C (-32.8°F) February
Alert, Canada -34°C (-28°F) February
Kap Morris Jesup, Greenland -34°C (-29°F) March
Cornwallis Island, Canada -33.5°C (-28.3°F) February
Cambridge Bay, Canada -33.5°C (28.3°F) February
Ilirnej, Russia -33°C (-28°F) January
Resolute, Canada -33°C (-27.4°F) February" + }, + "Ten Hottest Places on Earth (Highest Average Monthly Temperature)": { + "text": "Death Valley, US (California) 39°C (101°F) July
Iranshahr, Iran 38.3°C (100.9°F) June
Ouallene, Algeria 38°C (100.4°F) July
Kuwait City, Kuwait 37.7°C (100°F) July
Medina, Saudi Arabia 36°C (97°F) July
Buckeye, US (Arizona) 34°C (93°F) July
Jazan, Saudi Arabia 33°C (91°F) June
Al Kufrah, Libya 31°C (87°F) July
Alice Springs, Australia 29°C (84°F) January
Tamanrasset, Algeria 29°C (84°F) June" + } + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "56.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.73% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, + "Major infectious diseases": { + "text": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring globally; older adults and people of any age with serious chronic medical conditions are at increased risk for severe disease; some health care systems are becoming overwhelmed and there may be limited access to adequate medical care in affected areas; many countries are implementing travel restrictions and mandatory quarantines, closing borders, and prohibiting non-citizens from entry with little advance notice; US residents may have difficulty returning to the United States; as of 25 April 2021, 146,067,511 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 3,092,497 deaths have been reported to the World Health Organization; as of 28 April 2021, 7.4% of the World population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" + } + }, "Government": { "Country name": { "text": "note: countries with names connected to animals include: Albania \"Land of the Eagles,\" Anguilla (the name means \"eel\"), Bhutan \"Land of the Thunder Dragon,\" Cameroon (the name derives from \"prawns\"), Cayman Islands (named after the caiman, a marine crocodile), Faroe Islands (from Old Norse meaning \"sheep\"), Georgia \"Land of the Wolves,\" Italy \"Land of Young Cattle,\" Kosovo \"Field of Blackbirds,\" Sierra Leone \"Lion Mountains,\" Singapore \"Lion City\"" }, "Capital": { "time difference": { - "text": "there are 21 World entities (20 countries and 1 dependency) with multiple time zones: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ecuador, France, Greenland (part of the Danish Kingdom), Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Mexico, Micronesia, Mongolia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Portugal, Russia, Spain, United States

note 1: in some instances, the time zones pertain to portions of a country that lie overseas

note 2: in 1851, the British set their prime meridian (0° longitude) through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England; this meridian became the international standard in 1884 and thus the basis for the standard time zones of the world; today, GMT is officially known as Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and is also referred to as \"Zulu time\"; UTC is the basis for all civil time, with the world divided into time zones expressed as positive or negative differences from UTC

note 3: each time zone is based on 15° starting from the prime meridian; in theory, there are 24 time zones based on the solar day, but there are now upward of 40 because of fractional hour offsets that adjust for various political and physical geographic realities; see the Standard Time Zones of the World map included with the Reference Maps" + "text": "there are 21 World entities (20 countries and 1 dependency) with multiple time zones: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ecuador, France, Greenland (part of the Danish Kingdom), Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Mexico, Micronesia, Mongolia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Portugal, Russia, Spain, United States

note 1: in some instances, the time zones pertain to portions of a country that lie overseas

note 2: in 1851, the British set their prime meridian (0° longitude) through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England; this meridian became the international standard in 1884 and thus the basis for the standard time zones of the world; today, GMT is officially known as Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and is also referred to as \"Zulu time\"; UTC is the basis for all civil time, with the world divided into time zones expressed as positive or negative differences from UTC

note 3: each time zone is based on 15° starting from the prime meridian; in theory, there are 24 time zones based on the solar day, but there are now upward of 40 because of fractional hour offsets that adjust for various political and physical geographic realities; see the Standard Time Zones of the World map included with the Reference Maps" }, "daylight saving time": { "text": "some 67 countries - including most of the world's leading industrialized nations - use daylight savings time (DST) in at least a portion of the country; China, Japan, India, and Russia are major industrialized countries that do not use DST; Asia and Africa generally do not observe DST and it is generally not observed near the equator, where sunrise and sunset times do not vary enough to justify it; some countries observe DST only in certain regions; for example, only southeastern Australia observes it; in fact, only a minority of the world's population - about 20% - uses DST" - }, - "note": "

 
" + } }, "Administrative divisions": { "text": "195 countries, 71 dependent areas and other entities" @@ -342,8 +374,14 @@ "text": "

there are 230 political entities with legislative bodies; of these 144 are unicameral (a single “house”) and 86 are bicameral (both upper and lower houses); note - while there are 195 countries in the world, 35 territories, possessions, or other special administrative units also have their own governing bodies

" }, "Flag description": { - "text": "while a \"World\" flag does not exist, the flag of the United Nations (UN) - adopted on 7 December 1946 - has been used on occasion to represent the entire planet; technically, however, it only represents the international organization itself; the flag displays the official emblem of the UN in white on a blue background; the emblem design shows a map of the world in an azimuthal equidistant projection centered on the North Pole, the image is flanked by two olive branches crossed below; blue was selected as the color to represent peace, in contrast to red usually associated with war; the map projection chosen includes all of the continents except Antarctica", - "note": "

note: the flags of 12 nations: Austria, Botswana, Georgia, Jamaica, Japan, Laos, Latvia, Micronesia, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Switzerland, and Thailand have no top or bottom and may be flown with either long edge on top without any notice being taken

" + "text": "while a \"World\" flag does not exist, the flag of the United Nations (UN) - adopted on 7 December 1946 - has been used on occasion to represent the entire planet; technically, however, it only represents the international organization itself; the flag displays the official emblem of the UN in white on a blue background; the emblem design shows a map of the world in an azimuthal equidistant projection centered on the North Pole, the image is flanked by two olive branches crossed below; blue was selected as the color to represent peace, in contrast to red usually associated with war; the map projection chosen includes all of the continents except Antarctica


note: the flags of 12 nations: Austria, Botswana, Georgia, Jamaica, Japan, Laos, Latvia, Micronesia, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Switzerland, and Thailand have no top or bottom and may be flown with either long edge on top without any notice being taken", + "note": "note: the flags of 12 nations: Austria, Botswana, Georgia, Jamaica, Japan, Laos, Latvia, Micronesia, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Switzerland, and Thailand have no top or bottom and may be flown with either long edge on top without any notice being taken" + }, + "National anthem": { + "name": { + "text": "virtually every country has a national anthem; most (but not all) anthems have lyrics, which are usually in the national or most common language of the country; states with more than one national language may offer several versions of their anthem" + }, + "note": "note: the world's oldest national anthem is the \"Het Wilhelmus\" (The William) of the Netherlands, which dates to the 17th century; the first national anthem to be officially adopted (1795) was \"La Marseillaise\" (The Song of Marseille) of France; Japan claims to have the world's shortest national anthem, entitled \"Kimigayo\" (The Emperor's Reign), it consists of 11 measures of music (the lyrics are also the world's oldest, dating to the 10th century or earlier); the world's longest national anthem is that of Greece, \"Ymnos eis tin Eleftherian\" (Hymn to Liberty) with 158 stanzas - only two of which are used; both Denmark and New Zealand have two official national anthems" } }, "Economy": { @@ -368,7 +406,7 @@ "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016": { "text": "3.7% (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

developed countries: 1.9% (2017 est.) 0.9% (2016 est.)
developing countries: 8.8% (2017 est.) 3.7% (2016 est.)
note: the above estimates are weighted averages; inflation in developed countries is 0% to 4% typically, in developing countries, 4% to 10% typically; national inflation rates vary widely in individual cases; inflation rates have declined for most countries for the last several years, held in check by increasing international competition from several low wage countries and by soft demand due to the world financial crisis" + "note": "developed countries: 1.9% (2017 est.) 0.9% (2016 est.)

developing countries: 8.8% (2017 est.) 3.7% (2016 est.)

note: the above estimates are weighted averages; inflation in developed countries is 0% to 4% typically, in developing countries, 4% to 10% typically; national inflation rates vary widely in individual cases; inflation rates have declined for most countries for the last several years, held in check by increasing international competition from several low wage countries and by soft demand due to the world financial crisis" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { @@ -380,7 +418,7 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015": { "text": "$119.5 trillion (2015 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$80.27 trillion SGWP (gross world product) (2017 est.)" @@ -395,7 +433,7 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2015": { "text": "$16,800 (2015 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: data are in 2017 dollars

" + "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, "Gross national saving": { "Gross national saving 2017": { @@ -466,7 +504,7 @@ "Unemployment rate 2016": { "text": "7.5% (2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: combined unemployment and underemployment in many non-industrialized countries; developed countries typically 4%-12% unemployment (2007 est.)

" + "note": "note: combined unemployment and underemployment in many non-industrialized countries; developed countries typically 4%-12% unemployment (2007 est.)" }, "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": { "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2012": { @@ -515,7 +553,7 @@ } }, "Exports - commodities": { - "text": "

the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services

top ten - share of world trade: 14.8 electrical machinery, including computers; 14.4 mineral fuels, including oil, coal, gas, and refined products; 14.2 nuclear reactors, boilers, and parts; 8.9 cars, trucks, and buses; 3.5 scientific and precision instruments; 3.4 plastics; 2.7 iron and steel; 2.6 organic chemicals; 2.6 pharmaceutical products; 1.9 diamonds, pearls, and precious stones

(2007 est.)" + "text": "the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services

top ten - share of world trade: 14.8 electrical machinery, including computers; 14.4 mineral fuels, including oil, coal, gas, and refined products; 14.2 nuclear reactors, boilers, and parts; 8.9 cars, trucks, and buses; 3.5 scientific and precision instruments; 3.4 plastics; 2.7 iron and steel; 2.6 organic chemicals; 2.6 pharmaceutical products; 1.9 diamonds, pearls, and precious stones (2007 est.)" }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { @@ -535,7 +573,7 @@ "Debt - external 31 December 2016": { "text": "$75.09 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)" }, - "note": "

note: this figure is the sum total of all countries' external debt, both public and private" + "note": "note: this figure is the sum total of all countries' external debt, both public and private" } }, "Energy": { @@ -615,9 +653,6 @@ }, "Natural gas - proved reserves": { "text": "196.1 trillion cu m (1 January 2016 est.)" - }, - "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": { - "text": "33.62 billion Mt (2013 est.)" } }, "Communications": { @@ -644,7 +679,7 @@ "percent of population": { "text": "53.9% (2019)" }, - "note": "

top ten countries by Internet usage (in millions): 730.7 China; 374.3 India; 246.8 United States; 122.8 Brazil; 116.6 Japan; 108.8 Russia; 73.3 Mexico; 72.3 Germany; 65.5 Indonesia; 61 United Kingdom (2017)

" + "note": "top ten countries by Internet usage (in millions): 730.7 China; 374.3 India; 246.8 United States; 122.8 Brazil; 116.6 Japan; 108.8 Russia; 73.3 Mexico; 72.3 Germany; 65.5 Indonesia; 61 United Kingdom (2017)" }, "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": { "total": { @@ -655,7 +690,7 @@ } }, "Communications - note": { - "text": "

note 1: three major data centers - which provide colocation, telecommunications, cloud services, and content ecosystems - compete to be called the world's biggest in terms of physical space occupied:

no. 1. - a data farm in Langfang, Hebei Province, China, identified as the Range International Information Group, claims to be the largest with 585,000 sq m (6.3 million sq ft),

no. 2. - a data farm in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, known as the Switch SuperNAP data center, comes in second with over 325,000 sq m (3.5 million sq ft); it intends to expand to over 1.615 million sq m (17.4 million sq ft) by 2020,

no. 3. - a data farm in Ashburn, Virginia, USA, referred to as the DFT Data Center, is a transit point for 70% of the world's Internet traffic; it includes 150,000 sq m (1.6 million sq ft) spread out over six separate buildings

note 2: estimates are that by the end of 2019, 53.9% of the global population (4.1 billion people) were using the Internet

" + "text": "note 1: three major data centers - which provide colocation, telecommunications, cloud services, and content ecosystems - compete to be called the world's biggest in terms of physical space occupied:

no. 1. - a data farm in Langfang, Hebei Province, China, identified as the Range International Information Group, claims to be the largest with 585,000 sq m (6.3 million sq ft),

no. 2. - a data farm in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, known as the Switch SuperNAP data center, comes in second with over 325,000 sq m (3.5 million sq ft); it intends to expand to over 1.615 million sq m (17.4 million sq ft) by 2020,

no. 3. - a data farm in Ashburn, Virginia, USA, referred to as the DFT Data Center, is a transit point for 70% of the world's Internet traffic; it includes 150,000 sq m (1.6 million sq ft) spread out over six separate buildings

note 2: estimates are that by the end of 2019, 53.9% of the global population (4.1 billion people) were using the Internet" } }, "Transportation": { @@ -663,7 +698,7 @@ "total": { "text": "41,820 (2016)" }, - "note": "

top ten by passengers: Atlanta (ATL) - 103,902,992; Beijing (PEK) - 95,786,442; Dubai (DXB) - 88,242,099; Tokyo (HND) - 85,408,975; Los Angeles (LAX) - 84,557,968; Chicago (ORD) - 79,828,183; London (LHR) - 78,014,598; Hong Kong (HKG) 72,664,075; Shanghai (PVG) 70,001,237; Paris (CDG) - 69,471,442 (2017)

\r\n

top ten by cargo (metric tons): Hong Kong (HKG) - 5,049,898; Memphis, TN (MEM) - 4,336,752; Shanghai (PVG) - 3,824,280; Incheon (ICN) - 2,921,691; Anchorage, AK (ANC) - 2,713,230; Dubai (DXB) - 2,654,494; Louisville, KY (SDF) - 2,602,695; Tokyo (NRT) - 2,336,427; Taipei (TPE) - 2,269,585; Paris (CDG) - 2,195,229 (2017)

" + "note": "top ten by passengers (2020 preliminary): Guangzhou (CAN) 43,767,558; Atlanta (ATL) - 42,918,685; Chengdu (CTU) 40,741,509; Dallas/Fort Worth, TX (DFW) 39,364,990; Shenzhen (SZX) 37,916,054; Beijing (PEK) - 34,513,827; Denver, CO (DEN) 33,741,129; Kunming (KMG) 32,990,805; Shanghai (PVG) 31,165,641; Xi'an (XIY)  31,073,924 (2020 preliminary)

top ten by passengers (2019): Atlanta (ATL) 110,531,300; Beijing (PEK) - 100,011,438; Los Angeles, CA (LAX) 88,068,013; Dubai, UAE (DXB) 86,396,757; Tokyo (HND) 85,505,054; Chicago (ORD) 84,649,115; London (LHR) 80,888,305; Shanghai (PVG) 76,153,455; Paris (CDG) 76,150,009; Dallas/Fort Worth, TX (DFW) 75,066,956; note - 2019 numbers included to allow for a comparison with the effects of COVID-19 restrictions on international air travel in 2020\r\n

top ten by cargo (metric tons): Memphis, TN (MEM) - 4,613,431; Hong Kong (HKG) - 4,468,089; Shanghai (PVG) - 3,686,627; Anchorage, AK (ANC) - 3,157,682; Louisville, KY (SDF) - 2,917,243; Incheon (ICN) - 2,822,370; Taipei (TPE) - 2,342,714; Los Angeles, CA (LAX) 2,229,476; Doha, Qatar (DOH) 2,175,292; Miami, FL (MIA) 2,137,699 (2020 preliminary)" }, "Heliports": { "text": "6,524 (2013)" @@ -679,41 +714,41 @@ } }, "Waterways": { - "text": "2,293,412 km (2017)", - "note": "

top ten longest rivers: Nile (Africa) 6,693 km; Amazon (South America) 6,436 km; Mississippi-Missouri (North America) 6,238 km; Yenisey-Angara (Asia) 5,981 km; Ob-Irtysh (Asia) 5,569 km; Yangtze (Asia) 5,525 km; Yellow (Asia) 4,671 km; Amur (Asia) 4,352 km; Lena (Asia) 4,345 km; Congo (Africa) 4,344 km\r\n

note: rivers are not necessarily navigable along the entire length; if measured by volume, the Amazon is the largest river in the world, responsible for about 20% of the Earth's freshwater entering the ocean

\r\n

top ten largest natural lakes (by surface area): Caspian Sea (Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan) 372,960 sq km; Lake Superior (Canada, United States) 82,414 sq km; Lake Victoria (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda) 69,490 sq km; Lake Huron (Canada, United States) 59,596 sq km; Lake Michigan (United States) 57,441 sq km; Lake Tanganyika (Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Zambia) 32,890 sq km; Great Bear Lake (Canada) 31,800 sq km; Lake Baikal (Russia) 31,494 sq km; Lake Nyasa (Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania) 30,044 sq km; Great Slave Lake (Canada) 28,400 sq km

\r\n

note 1: the areas of the lakes are subject to seasonal variation; only the Caspian Sea is saline, the rest are fresh water

\r\n

note 2: Lakes Huron and Michigan are technically a single lake because the flow of water between the Straits of Mackinac that connects the two lakes keeps their water levels at near-equilibrium; combined, Lake Huron-Michigan is the largest freshwater lake by surface area in the world

note 3: the deepest lake in the world (1,620 m), and also the largest freshwater lake by volume (23,600 cu km), is Lake Baikal in Russia.

" + "text": "2,293,412 km (2017)

top ten longest rivers: Nile (Africa) 6,693 km; Amazon (South America) 6,436 km; Mississippi-Missouri (North America) 6,238 km; Yenisey-Angara (Asia) 5,981 km; Ob-Irtysh (Asia) 5,569 km; Yangtze (Asia) 5,525 km; Yellow (Asia) 4,671 km; Amur (Asia) 4,352 km; Lena (Asia) 4,345 km; Congo (Africa) 4,344 km

note: rivers are not necessarily navigable along the entire length; if measured by volume, the Amazon is the largest river in the world, responsible for about 20% of the Earth's freshwater entering the ocean

top ten largest natural lakes (by surface area): Caspian Sea (Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan) 372,960 sq km; Lake Superior (Canada, United States) 82,414 sq km; Lake Victoria (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda) 69,490 sq km; Lake Huron (Canada, United States) 59,596 sq km; Lake Michigan (United States) 57,441 sq km; Lake Tanganyika (Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Zambia) 32,890 sq km; Great Bear Lake (Canada) 31,800 sq km; Lake Baikal (Russia) 31,494 sq km; Lake Nyasa (Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania) 30,044 sq km; Great Slave Lake (Canada) 28,400 sq km

note 1: the areas of the lakes are subject to seasonal variation; only the Caspian Sea is saline, the rest are fresh water

note 2: Lakes Huron and Michigan are technically a single lake because the flow of water between the Straits of Mackinac that connects the two lakes keeps their water levels at near-equilibrium; combined, Lake Huron-Michigan is the largest freshwater lake by surface area in the world

note 3: the deepest lake in the world (1,620 m), and also the largest freshwater lake by volume (23,600 cu km), is Lake Baikal in Russia.", + "note": "top ten longest rivers: Nile (Africa) 6,693 km; Amazon (South America) 6,436 km; Mississippi-Missouri (North America) 6,238 km; Yenisey-Angara (Asia) 5,981 km; Ob-Irtysh (Asia) 5,569 km; Yangtze (Asia) 5,525 km; Yellow (Asia) 4,671 km; Amur (Asia) 4,352 km; Lena (Asia) 4,345 km; Congo (Africa) 4,344 km

note: rivers are not necessarily navigable along the entire length; if measured by volume, the Amazon is the largest river in the world, responsible for about 20% of the Earth's freshwater entering the ocean

top ten largest natural lakes (by surface area): Caspian Sea (Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan) 372,960 sq km; Lake Superior (Canada, United States) 82,414 sq km; Lake Victoria (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda) 69,490 sq km; Lake Huron (Canada, United States) 59,596 sq km; Lake Michigan (United States) 57,441 sq km; Lake Tanganyika (Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Zambia) 32,890 sq km; Great Bear Lake (Canada) 31,800 sq km; Lake Baikal (Russia) 31,494 sq km; Lake Nyasa (Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania) 30,044 sq km; Great Slave Lake (Canada) 28,400 sq km

note 1: the areas of the lakes are subject to seasonal variation; only the Caspian Sea is saline, the rest are fresh water

note 2: Lakes Huron and Michigan are technically a single lake because the flow of water between the Straits of Mackinac that connects the two lakes keeps their water levels at near-equilibrium; combined, Lake Huron-Michigan is the largest freshwater lake by surface area in the world

note 3: the deepest lake in the world (1,620 m), and also the largest freshwater lake by volume (23,600 cu km), is Lake Baikal in Russia." }, "Merchant marine": { "total": { - "text": "2,068,970" + "text": "98,140" }, "by type": { - "text": "bulk carrier 879,330, container ship 274,856, general cargo 76,140, oil tanker 601,544, other 237,100 (2020)" + "text": "bulk carrier 11,965, container ship 5,371, general cargo 19,116, oil tanker 11,201, other 50,487 (2020)" } }, "Ports and terminals": { - "text": "

top twenty container ports as measured by Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units (TEUs) throughput: Shanghai (China) - 40,233,000; Singapore (Singapore) - 33,666,000; Shenzhen (China) - 25,208,000; Ningbo (China) - 24,607,000; Hong Kong (China) - 20,770,000; Busan (South Korea) - 20,493,000; Guangzhou (China) - 18,858,000; Qingdao (China) - 18,262,000; Dubai (UAE) - 15,368,000; - Tianjin (China) - 15,040,000; Rotterdam (Netherlands) - 13,734,000; Port Kelang (Malaysia) - 11,978,000; Antwerp (Belgium) - 10,450,000; Xiamen (China) - 10,380,000; Kaohsiung (Taiwan) - 10,271,000; Dalian (China) - 9,707,000; Los Angeles (US) - 9,343,000; Hamburg (Germany) - 8,860,000; Tanjung Pelepas (Malaysia) - 8,260,000; Laem Chabang (Thailand) - 7,227,000 (2017)
note - it was estimated that in 2017 60% of global sea-borne trade by value moved by container

" + "text": "top twenty container ports as measured by Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units (TEUs) throughput: Shanghai (China) - 40,233,000; Singapore (Singapore) - 33,666,000; Shenzhen (China) - 25,208,000; Ningbo (China) - 24,607,000; Hong Kong (China) - 20,770,000; Busan (South Korea) - 20,493,000; Guangzhou (China) - 18,858,000; Qingdao (China) - 18,262,000; Dubai (UAE) - 15,368,000; - Tianjin (China) - 15,040,000; Rotterdam (Netherlands) - 13,734,000; Port Kelang (Malaysia) - 11,978,000; Antwerp (Belgium) - 10,450,000; Xiamen (China) - 10,380,000; Kaohsiung (Taiwan) - 10,271,000; Dalian (China) - 9,707,000; Los Angeles (US) - 9,343,000; Hamburg (Germany) - 8,860,000; Tanjung Pelepas (Malaysia) - 8,260,000; Laem Chabang (Thailand) - 7,227,000 (2017)

note - it was estimated that in 2017 60% of global sea-borne trade by value moved by container" } }, "Military and Security": { "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2019": { + "text": "2.21% of GDP (2019 est.)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2018": { - "text": "2.14% of GDP (2018)" + "text": "2.17% of GDP (2018 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { - "text": "2.16% of GDP (2017)" + "text": "2.19% of GDP (2017 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { - "text": "2.2% of GDP (2016)" + "text": "2.24% of GDP (2016 est.)" }, "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "2.25% of GDP (2015)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2014": { - "text": "2.24% of GDP (2014)" + "text": "2.27% of GDP (2015 est.)" } }, "Maritime threats": { - "text": "

The International Maritime Bureau (IMB) reports that 2018 saw an increase in global pirate activities; in 2018, pirates attacked a total of 201 ships worldwide including boarding 143 ships, hijacking six ships, and firing on 18; this activity is an increase from 180 incidents in 2017; in 2018, the number of hostages increased to 141, however, the number of seafarers kidnapped for ransom increased to 83 compared with 75 in 2017, with nearly all taken off West Africa

Operation Ocean Shield, the NATO naval task force established in 2009 to combat Somali piracy, concluded its operations in December 2016 as a result of the drop in reported incidents over the last few years; the EU naval mission, Operation ATALANTA, continues its operations in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean through 2020; naval units from Japan, India, and China also operate in conjunction with EU forces; China has established a logistical base in Djibouti to support its deployed naval units in the Horn of Africa

The Horn of Africa continued to see pirate activities with three incidents in 2018, a slight decrease over 2017; the decrease in successful pirate attacks off the Horn of Africa since the peak in 2007 was due, in part, to anti-piracy operations by international naval forces, the hardening of vessels, and the increased use of armed security teams aboard merchant ships; despite these preventative measures, the assessed risk remains high

West African piracy more than doubled in 2018 to become the most dangerous area in the world with 85 attacks in 2018 compared to 33 in 2017; Nigerian pirates are very aggressive, operating as far as 200 nm offshore and boarding 29 ships in 2018; attacks in South Asian waters remain at low levels with 12 attacks off Bangladesh in 2018, up from 11 in 2017; Peru reported four incidents in 2018, up from two in 2017; attacks in Vietnam rose from two in 2017 to four in 2018; the majority of global attacks against shipping have occurred in the offshore waters of five countries - Nigeria, Indonesia, Philippines, Venezuela, and Bangladesh.

(2018)" + "text": "the International Maritime Bureau (IMB) reports that 2020 saw an increase in global pirate activities; in 2020, pirates attacked a total of 195 ships worldwide including boarding 161 ships, hijacking three ships, and firing on 11; this activity is an increase from 162 incidents in 2019; in 2020, the number of hostages taken was 34, however, the number of seafarers kidnapped for ransom increased to 135 compared with 44 in 2019, with nearly all taken off West Africa

the EU naval mission, Operation ATALANTA, continues its operations in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean through 2022; naval units from Japan, India, and China also operate in conjunction with EU forces; China has established a logistical base in Djibouti to support its deployed naval units in the Horn of Africa

the Horn of Africa saw no pirate activities in 2020, down from two attacks in 2019; the decrease in successful pirate attacks off the Horn of Africa since the peak in 2007 was due, in part, to anti-piracy operations by international naval forces, the hardening of vessels, and the increased use of armed security teams aboard merchant ships; despite these preventative measures, the assessed risk remains high

West Africa remains the most dangerous area for piracy in the world with 98 attacks in 2020 compared to 132 in 2019, including all three hijackings and 9 of 11 ships fired upon; Nigerian pirates are very aggressive, operating as far as 200 nm offshore and kidnapping 130 mariners in 22 incidents accounting for over 95% of crew kidnappings world-wide; attacks against ships underway in the Singapore Straits continued to increase to 23 incidents in 2020; there were 26 attacks in Indonesian waters in 2020 compared to 25 in 2019, primarily to ships anchored or berthed; the majority of global attacks against shipping have occurred in the offshore waters of five countries - Nigeria, Indonesia, Philippines, Venezuela, and Bangladesh (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { @@ -730,10 +765,10 @@ "tier rating": { "text": "  (2015)" }, - "note": "

Tier 2 Watch List: countries that do not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but are making significant efforts to do so; (44 countries) Antigua and Barbuda, Bolivia, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Cambodia, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritius, Namibia, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Timor-Leste, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan\r\n

Tier 3: countries that neither satisfy the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking nor demonstrate a significant effort to do so; (23 countries) Algeria, Belarus, Belize, Burundi, Central African Republic, Comoros, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Iran, North Korea, Kuwait, Libya, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Russia, South Sudan, Syria, Thailand, Venezuela, Yemen, Zimbabwe

" + "note": "Tier 2 Watch List: countries that do not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but are making significant efforts to do so; (44 countries) Antigua and Barbuda, Bolivia, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Cambodia, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritius, Namibia, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Timor-Leste, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan

Tier 3: countries that neither satisfy the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking nor demonstrate a significant effort to do so; (23 countries) Algeria, Belarus, Belize, Burundi, Central African Republic, Comoros, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Iran, North Korea, Kuwait, Libya, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Russia, South Sudan, Syria, Thailand, Venezuela, Yemen, Zimbabwe" }, "Illicit drugs": { - "text": "

cocaine: worldwide coca leaf cultivation in 2013 likely amounted to 165,000 hectares, assuming a stable crop in Bolivia; Colombia produced slightly less than half of the worldwide crop, followed by Peru and Bolivia; potential pure cocaine production increased 7% to 640 metric tons in 2013; Colombia conducts an aggressive coca eradication campaign, Peru has increased its eradication efforts, but remains hesitant to eradicate coca in key growing areas;

opiates: worldwide illicit opium poppy cultivation increased in 2013, with potential opium production reaching 6,800 metric tons; Afghanistan is world's primary opium producer, accounting for 82% of the global supply; Southeast Asia was responsible for 12% of global opium; Pakistan produced 3% of global opium; Latin America produced 4% of global opium, and most was refined into heroin destined for the US market

(2015)" + "text": "cocaine: worldwide coca leaf cultivation in 2013 likely amounted to 165,000 hectares, assuming a stable crop in Bolivia; Colombia produced slightly less than half of the worldwide crop, followed by Peru and Bolivia; potential pure cocaine production increased 7% to 640 metric tons in 2013; Colombia conducts an aggressive coca eradication campaign, Peru has increased its eradication efforts, but remains hesitant to eradicate coca in key growing areas;

opiates: worldwide illicit opium poppy cultivation increased in 2013, with potential opium production reaching 6,800 metric tons; Afghanistan is world's primary opium producer, accounting for 82% of the global supply; Southeast Asia was responsible for 12% of global opium; Pakistan produced 3% of global opium; Latin America produced 4% of global opium, and most was refined into heroin destined for the US market (2015)" } } } \ No newline at end of file