factbook.json/europe/mj.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "The use of the name Crna Gora or Black Mountain (Montenegro) began in the 13th century in reference to a highland region in the Serbian province of Zeta. The later medieval state of Zeta maintained its existence until 1496 when Montenegro finally fell under Ottoman rule. Over subsequent centuries, Montenegro managed to maintain a level of autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro was a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it transformed into a secular principality. Montenegro was recognized as an independent sovereign principality at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. After World War I, during which Montenegro fought on the side of the Allies, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. At the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro joined with Serbia, creating the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, shifting to a looser State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the two-state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia barely exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally restore its independence on 3 June 2006. In 2017, Montenegro joined NATO and is currently completing its EU accession process, having officially applied to join the EU in December 2008."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "42 30 N, 19 18 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Europe"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "13,812 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "13,452 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "360 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly smaller than Connecticut; slightly larger than twice the size of Delaware"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "680 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Albania 186 km; Bosnia and Herzegovina 242 km; Croatia 19 km; Kosovo 76 km; Serbia 157 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "293.5 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "defined by treaty"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Zia Kolata 2,534 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Adriatic Sea 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "1,086 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "bauxite, hydroelectricity"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "38.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 12.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 1.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 24.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "40.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "21.4% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "24 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Scutari (shared with Albania) - 400 sq km<br>note - largest lake in the Balkans"
      }
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "highest population density is concentrated in the south, southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "destructive earthquakes"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "strategic location along the Adriatic coast"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "602,445 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Montenegrin(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Montenegrin"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Montenegrin 45%, Serbian 28.7%, Bosniak 8.7%, Albanian 4.9%, Muslim 3.3%, Romani 1%, Croat 1%, other 2.6%, unspecified 4.9% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Serbian 42.9%, Montenegrin (official) 37%, Bosnian 5.3%, Albanian 5.3%, Serbo-Croat 2%, other 3.5%, unspecified 4% (2011 est.)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>Knjiga svetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Serbian) <br><br>Knjiga svjetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Montenegrin/Bosnian)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Orthodox 72.1%, Muslim 19.1%, Catholic 3.4%, atheist 1.2%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.6% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "17.93% (male 55,690/female 52,340)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "64.65% (male 194,334/female 195,127)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "17.42% (2023 est.) (male 45,993/female 58,961)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "52.5"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "27.7"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "24.8"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "4 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "39.6 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "38.1 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "41.1 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "-0.43% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "11.04 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "10.3 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-4.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "highest population density is concentrated in the south, southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "68.5% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "177,000 PODGORICA (capital) (2018)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "1 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.78 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.97 male(s)/female (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "26.3 years (2010 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "6 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3.2 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "2.69 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "3.73 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "77.99 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "75.57 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "80.5 years (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.81 children born/woman (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.89 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "20.7% (2018)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 98.2% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 1.8% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.6% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "11.4% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "2.74 physicians/1,000 population (2020)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "3.9 beds/1,000 population (2017)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 93.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 98% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 6.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 2% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "intermediate (2023)"
      },
      "food or waterborne diseases": {
        "text": "bacterial diarrhea"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "23.3% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9.91 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "3.83 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "2.68 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "3.22 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "31.4% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "31.6% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "31.1% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "3.7% (2018/19)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "57.1% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Child marriage": {
      "women married by age 15": {
        "text": "1.9%"
      },
      "women married by age 18": {
        "text": "5.8%"
      },
      "men married by age 18": {
        "text": "3.2% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "99%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "99.4%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "98.5% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "15 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "15 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "16 years (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "31.6%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "28.3%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "36.7% (2021 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; serious air pollution in Podgorica, Pljevlja and Niksie; air pollution in Pljevlja is caused by the nearby lignite power plant and the domestic use of coal and wood for household heating"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "38.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 12.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 1.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 24.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "40.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "21.4% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "68.5% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.43% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0.12% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "20.17 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "2.02 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "0.75 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "332,000 tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "17,994 tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "5.4% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Scutari (shared with Albania) - 400 sq km<br>note - largest lake in the Balkans"
      }
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "100 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "60 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "1.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Montenegro"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Crna Gora"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the country's name locally as well as in most Western European languages means \"black mountain\" and refers to the dark coniferous forests on Mount Lovcen and the surrounding area"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Podgorica; note - Cetinje retains the status of \"Old Royal Capital\""
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "42 26 N, 19 16 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the name translates as \"beneath Gorica\"; the meaning of Gorica is \"hillock\"; the reference is to the small hill named Gorica that the city is built around"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "25 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Gusinje, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Petnjica, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Tuzi, Ulcinj, Zabljak, Zeta"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "3 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro); notable earlier dates: 13 March 1852 (Principality of Montenegro established); 13 July 1878 (Congress of Berlin recognizes Montenegrin independence); 28 August 1910 (Kingdom of Montenegro established)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Statehood Day, 13 July (1878, the day the Berlin Congress recognized Montenegro as the 27th independent state in the world, and 1941, the day the Montenegrins staged an uprising against fascist occupiers and sided with the partisan communist movement)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous; latest adopted 22 October 2007"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the president of Montenegro, by the government, or by at least 25 members of the Assembly; passage of draft proposals requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, followed by a public hearing; passage of draft amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; changes to certain constitutional articles, such as sovereignty, state symbols, citizenship, and constitutional change procedures, require three-fifths majority vote in a referendum; amended 2013"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Montenegro"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "10 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Jakov MILATOVIC (since 20 May 2023)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Dritan ABAZOVIC (since 28 April 2022)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Ministers act as cabinet"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 19 March 2023 with a runoff on 2 April 2023 (next to be held in 2028); prime minister nominated by the president, approved by the Assembly"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em><br>2023: </em>Jakov MILATOVIC elected president in the second round; percent of vote in first round - Milo DUKANOVIC (DPS) 35.4%, Jakov MILATOVIC (Europe Now!) 28.9%, Andrija MANDIC (DF) 19.3%, Aleksa BECIC (DCG) 11.1%, other 5.3%; percent of vote in second round - Jakov MILATOVIC 58.9%, Milo DUKANOVIC 41.1%<em><br><br>2018:</em> Milo DJUKANOVIC elected president in the first round; percent of vote - Milo DJUKANOVIC (DPS) 53.9%, Mladen BOJANIC (independent) 33.4%, Draginja VUKSANOVIC (SDP) 8.2%, Marko MILACIC (PRAVA) 2.8%, other 1.7%"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral Assembly or Skupstina (81 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on 30 August 2020 (next to be held on 11 June 2023)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote by party/coalition - DPS 35.1%, ZBCG 32.6%, MNIM 12.5%, URA 5.5%, SD 4.1%, BS 3.9%, SDP 3.1%, AL 1.6%, Albanian Coalition 1.1%, other 0.4%; seats by party/coalition - DPS 30, ZBCG 27, MNIM 10, URA 4, BS 3, SD 3, SDP 2, AL 1, Albanian Coalition 1.; composition as of July 2022 - men 59, women 22, percent of women 27.2%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court or Vrhovni Sud (consists of the court president, deputy president, and 15 judges); Constitutional Court or Ustavni Sud (consists of the court president and 7 judges)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court president proposed by general session of the Supreme Court and elected by the Judicial Council, a 9-member body consisting of judges, lawyers designated by the Assembly, and the minister of judicial affairs; Supreme Court president elected for a single renewable, 5-year term; other judges elected by the Judicial Council for life; Constitutional Court judges - 2 proposed by the president of Montenegro and 5 by the Assembly, and elected by the Assembly; court president elected from among the court members; court president elected for a 3-year term, other judges serve 9-year terms"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Administrative Courts; Appellate Court; Commercial Courts; High Courts; basic courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Albanian Alternative or AA [Nik DELJOSAJ]<br>Albanian Coalition (includes DP, DSCG, DUA for 2020 election)<br>Albanian Coalition Perspective or AKP<br>Albanian List or AL [Nik DELJOSAJ and Nazif CUNGU] (coalition includes AA, Forca, AKP, DSA)<br>Bosniak Party or BS [Ervin IBRAHIMOVIC]<br>Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI [Adrian VUKSANOVIC]<br>Croatian Reform Party [Marija VUCINOVIC]<br>Democratic Alliance or DEMOS [Miodrag LEKIC]<br>Democratic Front or DF [collective leadership] (coalition includes NOVA, PZP, DNP, RP)<br>Democratic League in Montenegro or DSCG [Mehmet BARDHI]<br>Democratic League of Albanians or DSA<br>Democratic Montenegro or DCG [Aleksa BECIC]<br>Democratic Party or DP [Fatmir GJEKA]<br>Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Danijel ZIVKOVIC, acting]<br>Democratic Party of Unity or DSJ [Nebojsa JUSKOVIC]<br>Democratic People's Party or DNP [Milan KNEZEVIC]<br>Democratic Serb Party or DSS [Dragica PEROVIC]<br>Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Mehmet ZENKA]<br>Europe Now! [Milojko SPAJIC]<br>For the Future of Montenegro or ZBCG [Zdravko KRIVOKAPIC] (electoral coalition includes SNP and 2 alliances - DF, NP) (dissolved in September 2020)<br>In Black and White [Dritan ABAZOVIC] (electoral list)<br>Liberal Party or LP [Andrija POPOVIC]<br>Movement for Changes or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC]<br>New Democratic Power or FORCA [Nazif CUNGU]<br>New Serb Democracy or NSD or NOVA [Andrija MANDIC]<br>Party of Pensioners, Disabled, and Restitution or PUPI [Momir JOKSIMOVIC]<br>Peace is Our Nation or MNIM [Aleksa BECIC] (coalition includes Democrats, DEMOS, New Left, PUPI)<br>Popular Movement or NP [Miodrag DAVIDOVIC] (coalition includes DEMOS, RP, UCG, and several minor parties)<br>Social Democratic Party or SDP [Rasko KONJEVIC]<br>Social Democrats or SD [Damir SEHOVIC]<br>Socialist People's Party or SNP [Vladimir JOKOVIC]<br>True Montenegro or PRAVA or PCG [Marko MILACIC]<br>United Montenegro or UCG [Goran DANILOVIC] (split from DEMOS)<br>United Reform Action or URA [Dritan ABAZOVIC]<br>Workers' Party or RP [Maksim VUCINIC]"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO",
      "note": "<strong><strong>note: </strong></strong>Montenegro is an EU candidate country whose satisfactory completion of accession criteria is required before being granted full EU membership"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d'Affaires Nebojsa TODOROVIC (since 7 December 2022)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 234-6108"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 234-6109"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>usa@mfa.gov.me"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "New York"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Judy Rising REINKE (since 20 December 2018)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Dzona Dzeksona 2, 81000 Podgorica"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "5570 Podgorica Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-5570"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "+382 (0)20-410-500"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[382]&nbsp; (0)20-241-358"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>PodgoricaACS@state.gov<br><br>https://me.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky; the lion is a symbol of episcopal authority and harkens back to the three and a half centuries when Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "double-headed eagle; national colors: red, gold"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Oj, svijetla majska zoro\" (Oh, Bright Dawn of May)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Sekula DRLJEVIC/unknown, arranged by Zarko MIKOVIC"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 2004; music based on a Montenegrin folk song"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "4 (3 cultural, 1 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor (c); Durmitor National Park (n); Stećci Medieval Tombstones Graveyards (c); Fortified City of Kotor Venetian Defense Works (c)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "upper middle-income Balkan economy; unsanctioned euro user; controversial religious property ownership law; persistent corruption; major infrastructure investments and high expenditures; growing offshore banking destination"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$12.757 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$11.346 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$13.397 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "12.43% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
        "text": "-15.31% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "4.06% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$20,600 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$18,300 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$21,500 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$5.486 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "2.41% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "-0.26% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "0.36% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "B1 (2016)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "B+ (2014)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "7.5% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "15.9% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "76.6% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "76.8% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "19.6% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "23.2% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "2.9% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "40.5% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-63% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "milk, potatoes, grapes, vegetables, tomatoes, watermelons, wheat, apples, cabbages, barley"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "1.39% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "277,400 (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "7.9%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "17.1%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "75% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "18.49% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2020": {
        "text": "17.9% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "15.12% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "31.6%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "28.3%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "36.7% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "24.5% (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": {
        "text": "36.8 (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "27.5% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "6.8% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "3.5%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "25.7% (2014 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$2.051 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$2.568 billion (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-5.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "67.2% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "66.4% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "37.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$540.073 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2020": {
        "text": "-$1.237 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "-$796.134 million (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$2.502 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$1.247 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$2.424 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Serbia 17%, Hungary 15%, China 11%, Russia 7%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 6%, Germany 6%, Italy 5%, Poland 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "copper ore, aluminum, electricity, dried legumes, packaged medicines, lead, scrap iron, lumber (2021)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$3.637 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$2.917 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$3.6 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Serbia 30%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 8%, Croatia 8%, Italy 6%, Greece 6%, Germany 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, recreational boats, cigarettes (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
        "text": "$1.982 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
        "text": "$2.135 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
        "text": "$1.529 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$2.516 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$2.224 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "0.877 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "0.893 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "0.847 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "99.7% (2021)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "100% (2021)"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "99.3% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "1.007 million kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "3,246,760,000 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "943 million kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "1.196 billion kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "493 million kWh (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "42.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "10.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "47.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "1.456 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "1.351 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "96,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "1,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "142 million metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "7,600 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "0 barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "357 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "6,448 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "2.447 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "1.333 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "1.114 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "77.286 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "189,519 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "30 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "1,120,074 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "178 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "a small telecom market supported by a population of only 623,000; fixed broadband services are available via a variety of technology platforms, though fiber is the dominant platform, accounting for almost 40% of connections; the growth of fiber has largely been at the expense of DSL as customers are migrated to fiber networks as these are built out progressively; mobile penetration is particularly high, though this is partly due to the significant number of tourists visiting the country seasonally, as also to the popularity of subscribers having multiple prepaid cards; in the wake of the pandemic and associated restrictions on travel, the number of mobile subscribers fell in 2020, as also in the first quarter of 2021, year-on-year; networks support a vibrant mobile broadband services sector, largely based on LTE; two of the MNOs began trialing 5G in May 2021, though commercial services will not gain traction until after the multi-spectrum auction is completed at the end of 2021; spectrum is available in the 694-790MHz and 3400-3800MHz ranges, as well as in the 26.5-27.5GHz range (2021)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line over 30 per 100 and mobile-cellular 178 per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 382; 2 international switches connect the national system"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "state-funded national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial TV networks, 1 satellite TV channel, and 2 radio networks;&nbsp;4 local public TV stations and 14 private TV stations; 14 local public radio stations, 35 private radio stations, and&nbsp;several on-line media (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".me"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "516,600 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "82% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "184,176 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "29 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "4"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "565,522 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "130,000 (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "4O"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "5 (2021)"
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "text": "5",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "1 (2021)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "250 km (2017)"
      },
      "standard gauge": {
        "text": "250 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (224 km electrified)"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7,762 km (2010)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "7,141 km (2010)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "621 km (2010)"
      }
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "18"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 4, other 14 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Bar"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Army of Montenegro (Vojska Crne Gore or VCG): Ground Forces (Kopnene snage), Air Force (Vazduhoplovstvo), Navy (Mornarica) (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the National Police Force, which includes Border Police, is responsible for maintaining internal security; it is organized under the Police Administration within the Ministry of Interior and reports to the police director and, through the director, to the minister of interior and prime minister"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2023": {
        "text": "1.9% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "1.4% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "1.6% of GDP (2021)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "1.7% of GDP (2020)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "1.3% of GDP (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 2,000 active duty troops (2022)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the military's inventory is small and consists mostly of Soviet-era equipment inherited from the former Yugoslavia military, with a limited mix of other imported systems from such countries as Austria, Turkey, and the US&nbsp; (2022)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2006 (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> as of 2021, women made up about 10% of the military's full-time personnel"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "Montenegro became a member of NATO in 2017"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p><em>Montenegro-Albania</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Montenegro-Bosnia and Herzegovina</em>: the two countries signed a border agreement in August 2015; sovereignty of the disputed Sutorina territory was given to Montenegro</p> <p><em>Montenegro-Croatia</em>: the two countries in 2002 reached a temporary agreement designating the Prevlaka Peninsula as part of Croatia, in October 2020, a Montenegrin official resurrected the dormant dispute over the Prevlaka Peninsula by stating that Montenegro had a good chance of winning it through international arbitration</p> <p><em>Montenegro-Kosovo</em>: a 2015 border agreement was ratified by Montenegro in 2015 and by Kosovo in 2018, but the actual demarcation has not been completed</p> <p><em>Montenegro-Serbia</em>: The former republic boundary – when the two countries were one and called the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia – serves as the boundary until a line is formally delimited and demarcated</p> <p> </p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "38,540 (Ukraine) (as of 26 June 2023)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "468 (2022)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> 31,515 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-July 2023)"
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>drug trafficking groups are major players in the procurement and transportation of of large quantities of cocaine destined for European markets</p>"
    }
  }
}