factbook.json/east-n-southeast-asia/mc.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "Colonized by the Portuguese in the 16th century, Macau was the first European settlement in the Far East. Pursuant to an agreement signed by China and Portugal on 13 April 1987, Macau became the Macau Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China on 20 December 1999. In this agreement, China promised that, under its \"one country, two systems\" formula, China's political and economic system would not be imposed on Macau, and that Macau would enjoy a \"high degree of autonomy\" in all matters except foreign affairs and defense for the subsequent 50 years. However, following a multi-year crackdown by China against a pro-democracy movement in nearby Hong Kong, the governments of China and the Macao Special Administrative Region similarly worked to limit Macao's political autonomy by suppressing opposition activity in the 2021 legislative elections."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Eastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and China"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "22 10 N, 113 33 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Southeast Asia"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "28 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "28.2 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "0 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "less than one-sixth the size of Washington, DC"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3 km"
      },
      "regional borders": {
        "text": "China 3 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "41 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "text": "not specified"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "generally flat"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Alto Coloane 172 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "South China Sea 0 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "NEGL"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "100% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "0 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population fairly equally distributed"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "typhoons"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "essentially urban; an area of land reclaimed from the sea measuring 5.2 sq km and known as Cotai now connects the islands of Coloane and Taipa; the island area is connected to the mainland peninsula by three bridges"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "639,971 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Chinese"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Chinese"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Chinese 88.7%, Portuguese 1.1%, mixed 1.1%, other 9.2% (includes Macanese - mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry) (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Cantonese 80.1%, Mandarin 5.5%, other Chinese dialects 5.3%, Tagalog 3%, English 2.8%, Portuguese 0.6%, other 2.8%; note - Chinese and Portuguese are official languages; Macanese, a Portuguese-based Creole, is also spoken (2016 est.)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br> <p>世界概况, 必須擁有的基本資料参考书 (Cantonese)</p> <br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "folk religion 58.9%, Buddhist 17.3%, Christian 7.2%, other 1.2%, none 15.4% (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "14.42% (male 47,202/female 45,056)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "70.73% (male 211,278/female 241,366)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "14.86% (2023 est.) (male 44,657/female 50,412)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "36.9"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "20"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "16.9"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "5.9 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "40.8 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "40.7 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "40.9 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.71% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "8.82 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "4.81 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "3.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population fairly equally distributed"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "100% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "1.46% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "682,000 Macau (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.88 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.89 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.9 male(s)/female (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "4.59 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "4.41 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "85.16 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "82.28 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "88.18 years (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.23 children born/woman (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.6 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "53.5% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "6.3% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "97.1%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "98.5%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "95.9% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "18 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "17 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "19 years (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9.2%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "11.7%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "6.6% (2021 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "air pollution; coastal waters pollution; insufficient policies in reducing and recycling solid wastes; increasing population density worsening noise pollution"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "100% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "100% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "1.46% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "2.07 megatons (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "377,942 tons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "75,588 tons (2014 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "20% (2014 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Macau Special Administrative Region"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Macau"
      },
      "official long form": {
        "text": "Aomen Tebie Xingzhengqu (Chinese)/ Regiao Administrativa Especial de Macau (Portuguese)"
      },
      "official short form": {
        "text": "Aomen (Chinese)/ Macau (Portuguese)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "name is thought to derive from the A-Ma Temple - built in 1488 and dedicated to Mazu, the goddess of seafarers and fishermen - which is referred to locally as \"Maa Gok\" - and in Portuguese became \"Macau\"; the Chinese name Aomen means \"inlet gates\""
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "executive-led limited democracy; a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China"
    },
    "Dependency status": {
      "text": "special administrative region of the People's Republic of China"
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "none (special administrative region of the People's Republic of China)"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "none (special administrative region of China)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "National Day (anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of China), 1 October (1949); note - 20 December (1999) is celebrated as Macau Special Administrative Region Establishment Day"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "previous 1976 (Organic Statute of Macau, under Portuguese authority); latest adopted 31 March 1993, effective 20 December 1999 (Basic Law of the Macau Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China serves as Macau's constitution)"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the Standing Committee of the National People&rsquo;s Congress (NPC), the People&rsquo;s Republic of China State Council, and the Macau Special Administrative Region; submittal of proposals to the NPC requires two-thirds majority vote by the Legislative Assembly of Macau, approval by two thirds of Macau's deputies to the NPC, and consent of the Macau chief executive; final passage requires approval by the NPC; amended 2005, 2012"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system based on the Portuguese model"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "text": "see China"
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age in direct elections for some legislative positions, universal for permanent residents living in Macau for the past 7 years; note - indirect elections are limited to organizations registered as \"corporate voters\" and an election committee for the chief executive drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, central government bodies, and elected Macau officials"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President of China XI Jinping (since 14 March 2013)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Chief Executive HO lat Seng (since 20 December 2019)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Executive Council appointed by the chief executive"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president indirectly elected by National People's Congress for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 10 March 2023 (next to be held in March 2028); chief executive chosen by a 400-member Election Committee for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 24 August 2019 (next to be held in 2024)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em>2019</em>: HO Iat Seng (unopposed; received 392 out of 400 votes) <br><br><em>2014</em>: Fernando CHUI Sai (unopposed; received 380 of 396 votes)"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral Legislative Assembly or Regiao Administrativa Especial de Macau (33 seats; 14 members directly elected by proportional representation vote, 12 indirectly elected by an electoral college of professional and commercial interest groups, and 7 appointed by the chief executive; members serve 4-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on 12 September 2021 (next to be held in September 2025)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote - ACUM 20.1%, UPD 18%, NE 13.8%, UMG 12.7%, UPP 11.4%, ABL 10.8%, PS 6.6%, other 6.6%; seats by political group - ACUM 3, UPD 2, UMG 2, UPP 2, ABL 2, NE 2, PS 1; composition NA"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Court of Final Appeal of Macau Special Administrative Region (consists of the court president and 2 associate justices)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "justices appointed by the Macau chief executive upon the recommendation of an independent commission of judges, lawyers, and \"eminent\" persons; judge tenure NA"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Court of Second Instance; Court of First instance; Lower Court; Administrative Court"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Alliance for Change or APM [Melinda CHAN Mei-yi]<br>Alliance for a Happy Home or ABL [WONG Kit-cheng] (an electoral list of UPP)<br>Macau Civic Power [Agnes LAM Iok-fong]<br>Macau-Guangdong Union or UMG [MAK Soi-kun]<br>Macau Citizens' Development Association or ACDM [Becky SONG Pek-kei] <br>New Hope or NE [Jose Maria Pereira COUTINHO]<br>New Macau Association (New Macau Progressives) or AMN or ANPM [Sulu SOU Ka-hou]<br>New Union for Macau's Development or NUDM [Angela LEONG On-kei]<br>Union for Development or UPD [HO Sut Heng]<br>Union for Promoting Progress or UPP [HO Ion-sang]<br>United Citizens Association of Macau or ACUM [CHAN Meng-kam]",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> there is no political party ordinance, so there are no registered political parties; politically active groups register as societies or companies"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ICC (national committees), IHO, IMF, IMO (associate), Interpol (subbureau), ISO (correspondent), UNESCO (associate), UNWTO (associate), UPU, WCO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "text": "none (Special Administrative Region of China)"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "embassy": {
        "text": "the US has no offices in Macau; US Consulate General in Hong Kong is accredited to Macau"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "green with a lotus flower above a stylized bridge and water in white, beneath an arc of five gold, five-pointed stars: one large in the center of the arc and two smaller on either side; the lotus is the floral emblem of Macau, the three petals represent the peninsula and two islands that make up Macau; the five stars echo those on the flag of China"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "lotus blossom; national colors: green, white, yellow"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "text": "<p><strong>note:</strong> as a Special Administrative Region of China, \"Yiyongjun Jinxingqu\" is the official anthem (see China)</p>"
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "high-income, Chinese special administrative region economy; known for apparel exports and gambling tourism; currency pegged to Hong Kong dollar; significant recession due to 2015 Chinese anticorruption campaign; COVID-19 further halved economic activity"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$44.49 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$37.303 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$81.511 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "19.27% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
        "text": "-54.24% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "-2.51% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$64,800 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$55,200 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$122,800 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$53.841 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "0.81% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "2.75% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
        "text": "3% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "AA (2018)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Aa3 (2016)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "0% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "6.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "93.7% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "24.2% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "9.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "18.5% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "79.4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-32% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "pork, poultry, beef, pig fat, pig offals, eggs, pepper, cattle offals, cattle hides, goose/guinea fowl meat"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "tourism, gambling, clothing, textiles, electronics, footwear, toys"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "5.17% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "404,500 (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "2.5%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "9.8%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "4.4%"
      },
      "industry and services": {
        "text": "12.4%"
      },
      "agriculture/fishing/forestry/mining": {
        "text": "15%"
      },
      "manufacturing": {
        "text": "25.9%"
      },
      "construction": {
        "text": "7.1%"
      },
      "transportation and utilities": {
        "text": "2.6%"
      },
      "commerce": {
        "text": "20.3% (2013 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "3.01% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2020": {
        "text": "2.57% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "1.75% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9.2%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "11.7%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "6.6% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2013": {
        "text": "35 (2013 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$18.119 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$10.165 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "10% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "0% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "0% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "21.73% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "$2.956 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2020": {
        "text": "$3.926 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "$18.714 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$26.625 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$15.807 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$45.557 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> includes reexports"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Hong Kong 66%, China 9% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "jewelry, broadcasting equipment, watches, telephones, clothing and apparel (2021)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$22.788 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$15.216 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$17.594 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 33%, Hong Kong 31%, France 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "jewelry, watches, electricity, aircraft, cars (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
        "text": "$26.665 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
        "text": "$25.145 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
        "text": "$22.215 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Fiscal Reserves Act that came into force on 1 January 2012 requires the fiscal reserves to be separated from the foreign exchange reserves and to be managed separately; the transfer of assets took place in February 2012"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 31 December 2013": {
        "text": "$0 (31 December 2013)"
      },
      "Debt - external 31 December 2012": {
        "text": "$0 (31 December 2012)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "patacas (MOP) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "8.006 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "7.989 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "8.07 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "8.073 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "8.026 (2017 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "478,000 kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "5,278,600,000 kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "4,852,600,000 kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "136 million kWh (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "66.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "33.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "14,300 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "0 barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "14,180 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "136.714 million cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "133.712 million cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "2.012 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "1.744 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "268,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "81.407 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "110,000 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "16 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "2.8 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "410 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Macau&rsquo;s economy and GDP have been on a roller coaster ride since the start of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020; the Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China is heavily dependent on tourists coming from the mainland and Hong Kong to play in Macau&rsquo;s many casinos, but the ensuing lock downs contributed to a dramatic fall in visitor numbers as well as income; this too, has had a major effect on the telecom sector (particularly in the mobile segment) with short-stay visitors as well as foreign workers on temporary-stay visas being forced to stay away.; total mobile subscription numbers are estimated to have dropped from a high of 2.8 million in 2019 (representing a whopping 442% penetration rate in a region with a population of just 700,000) to less than half that by the end of 2021: 1.3 million subscribers; Macau had almost the highest mobile penetration rate in the world; it is now sitting at a more &lsquo;reasonable&rsquo; level of 200%; a significant bounce back can be expected to follow the easing of travel restrictions, although perhaps not up to the same lofty heights achieved in 2019; asecond factor behind the steep fall in 2020 was the introduction of a Cyber Security Law that required all prepaid SIM cards to become registered or face being deactivated in October 2020; the combined effect of the pandemic and the new restrictions meant that prepaid subscriber numbers fell by more than 80%; postpaid accounts, largely the domain of Macau&rsquo;s permanent residents, were barely affected by the external upheaval; they continued to increase in number, year-on-year, and provided better returns to the operators thanks to substantially increased data usage during the lock downs; the mobile broadband market has experienced the same dramatic fluctuations as the broader mobile segment over the last two years, at least in terms of subscriber numbers; but this is largely because mobile broadband uptake is inextricably tied to the base mobile offering in Macau; with total mobile broadband data traffic going up, not down, between 2019 and 2021, that again points to the strength of the contract segment helping to drive future growth in Macau&rsquo;s telecom sector (2022)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line nearly 16 per 100 and mobile-cellular roughly 410 per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 853; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 submarine cable network that provides links to Asia, Africa, Australia, the Middle East, and Europe; HF radiotelephone communication facility; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "local government dominates broadcast media; 2 television stations operated by the government with one broadcasting in Portuguese and the other in Cantonese and Mandarin; 1 cable TV and 4 satellite TV services available; 3 radio stations broadcasting, of which 2 are government-operated (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".mo"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "607,200 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "88% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "208,000 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "32 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1 (2020) (registered in China)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "21 (registered in China)"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "3,157,724 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "31.84 million (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "B-M"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "1 (2021)"
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "text": "1",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "2 (2021)"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "428 km (2017)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "428 km (2017)"
      }
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "other 1 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Macau"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "no regular indigenous military forces; Macau Public Security Police Force (includes the Police Intervention Tactical Unit or UTIP for counterterrorism operations)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "defense is the responsibility of China; the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) maintains a garrison in Macau"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>none identified</p>"
    },
    "Trafficking in persons": {
      "tier rating": {
        "text": "Tier 3 &mdash; Macau does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so, therefore Macau was downgraded to Tier 3; the government took some steps to address trafficking, including investigating one potential case, disseminating awareness-raising materials, and maintaining guidelines for identifying and referring victims to services; however, for the third consecutive year officials did not identify or provide services to any victims, nor initiate any prosecutions; Macau has not convicted a trafficker since 2019 and has never identified a victim of forced labor (2022)"
      },
      "trafficking profile": {
        "text": "human traffickers exploit foreign victims in Macau; traffickers recruit most victims from mainland China, Russia, and Southeast Asia using false job offers; adult and child victims are forced into commercial sex in casinos, hotels, and private homes, and sometimes have their documents confiscated; Casinos and other establishments reportedly allow staff to partner with criminal networks to facilitate sex trafficking; migrant construction and domestic workers, primarily from mainland China, Indonesia, and the Philippines may be vulnerable to forced labor in Macau (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>Asian organized crime groups involved in drug trafficking and money laundering</p> <p> </p>"
    }
  }
}