factbook.json/australia-oceania/ws.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "The first Austronesian settlers arrived in Samoa around 1000 B.C., and early Samoans traded and intermarried with Fijian and Tongan nobility. The fa’amatai system of titles and nobility developed, which dominates Samoan politics to this day; all but two seats in the legislature are reserved for matai, or heads of families. Dutch explorer Jacob ROGGEVEEN was the first European to spot the islands in 1722. Christian missionaries arrived in the 1830s, converting most of the population. In the 1850s, Apia became a center for Pacific trading and hosted an American commercial agent and British and German consuls. In 1892, American traders convinced the Samoan king to align his country’s date with the US, moving to the east of the International Date Line.<br><br>Following the death of the Samoan king in 1841, rival families competed for his titles, devolving into civil war in 1886 with factions getting support from either Germany, the UK, or the US. All three countries sent warships to Apia in 1889, presaging a larger war, but a cyclone destroyed the ships and Malietoa LAUPEPA was installed as king. Upon LAUPEPA’s death in 1898, a second civil war over succession broke out. The war ended in 1899 and the Western powers abolished the monarchy, giving the western Samoan islands to Germany and the eastern Samoan islands to the US. The UK abandoned claims in Samoa and received former German territory in the Solomon Islands.<br><br>The Mau, a non-violent popular movement to advocate for Samoan independence, formed in 1908. New Zealand annexed Samoa in 1914 after the outbreak of World War I. Opposition to New Zealand’s rule quickly grew. In 1918, a New Zealand ship introduced the Spanish flu, infecting 90% of the population and killing more than 20%. In 1929, New Zealand police shot into a crowd of peaceful protestors, killing 11, in an event known as Black Sunday. In 1962, Samoa became the first Polynesian nation to reestablish its independence as Western Samoa but dropped the “Western” from its name in 1997. The Human Rights Protection Party dominated politics from 1982 until current Prime Minister FIAME Naomi Mata'afa's Fa'atuatua i le Atua Samoa ua Tasi or FAST party gained a majority in elections in 2021.<br><br>In the late 2000s, Samoa began making efforts to align more closely with Australia and New Zealand. In 2009, Samoa changed its driving orientation to the left side of the road, in line with other Commonwealth countries. In 2011, Samoa jumped forward one day - skipping December 30 - by moving to the west side of the International Date Line so that it was one hour ahead of New Zealand and three hours ahead of the east coast of Australia, rather than 23 and 21 hours behind, respectively."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "13 35 S, 172 20 W"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Oceania"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,831 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "2,821 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "10 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly smaller than Rhode Island"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "403 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October)"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "two main islands (Savaii, Upolu) and several smaller islands and uninhabited islets; narrow coastal plain with volcanic, rugged mountains in interior"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Mount Silisili 1,857 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Pacific Ocean 0 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "hardwood forests, fish, hydropower"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "12.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 2.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 7.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 1.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "60.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "27.2% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "0 sq km (2022)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "about three-quarters of the population lives on the island of Upolu"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "<p>occasional cyclones; active volcanism</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Savai'I Island (1,858 m), which last erupted in 1911, is historically active</p>"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "occupies an almost central position within Polynesia"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "207,501 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Samoan(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Samoan"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Samoan 96%, Samoan/New Zealander 2%, other 1.9% (2011 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represent the population by country of citizenship"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "Samoan (Polynesian) (official) 91.1%, Samoan/English 6.7%, English (official) 0.5%, other 0.2%, unspecified 1.6% (2006 est.)"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Protestant 54.9% (Congregationalist 29%, Methodist 12.4%, Assembly of God 6.8%, Seventh Day Adventist 4.4%, other Protestant 2.3%), Roman Catholic 18.8%, Church of Jesus Christ 16.9%, Worship Centre 2.8%, other Christian 3.6%, other 2.9% (includes Baha'i, Muslim), none 0.2% (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "27.33% (male 29,259/female 27,452)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "65.72% (male 69,635/female 66,745)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "6.94% (2023 est.) (male 6,415/female 7,995)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "74.9"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "66"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "8.9"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "11.2 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "25.6 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "25.3 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "26 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.65% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "19.03 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "5.38 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-7.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "about three-quarters of the population lives on the island of Upolu"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "17.5% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "-0.03% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "36,000 APIA (capital) (2018)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.8 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "59 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "17.76 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "21.29 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "14.06 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "75.46 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "72.58 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "78.48 years (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "2.37 children born/woman (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "1.16 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "16.6% (2019/20)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 98% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 98.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 2% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 1.6% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "5.3% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "0.6 physicians/1,000 population (2020)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.5% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 99.5% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.5% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "47.3% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "2.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.17 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "25.3% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "36.1% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "14.5% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "3.4% (2019/20)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "61.7% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Child marriage": {
      "women married by age 15": {
        "text": "0.9%"
      },
      "women married by age 18": {
        "text": "7.4%"
      },
      "men married by age 18": {
        "text": "2% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "4.8% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "99.1%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "99%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "99.3% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "19.7%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "16.7%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "24.5% (2021 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "soil erosion, deforestation, invasive species, overfishing"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October)"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "12.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 2.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 7.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 1.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "60.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "27.2% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "17.5% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "-0.03% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.27% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "10.56 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "0.25 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "0.27 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "27,399 tons (2011 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "9,864 tons (2013 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "36% (2013 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Independent State of Samoa"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Samoa"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Malo Sa'oloto Tuto'atasi o Samoa"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Samoa"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Western Samoa"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the meaning of Samoa is disputed; some modern explanations are that the \"sa\" connotes&nbsp; \"sacred\" and \"moa\" indicates \"center,\" so the name can mean \"Holy Center\"; alternatively, some assertions state that it can mean \"place of the sacred moa bird\" of Polynesian mythology; the name, however, may go back to Proto-Polynesian (PPn) times (before 1000 B.C.); a plausible PPn reconstruction has the first syllable as \"sa'a\" meaning \"tribe or people\" and \"moa\" meaning \"deep sea or ocean\" to convey the meaning \"people of the deep sea\""
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Apia"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "13 49 S, 171 46 W"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+13 (18 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "name derives from the native village around which the capital was constructed in the 1850s; the village still exists within the larger modern capital"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "11 districts; A'ana, Aiga-i-le-Tai, Atua, Fa'asaleleaga, Gaga'emauga, Gagaifomauga, Palauli, Satupa'itea, Tuamasaga, Va'a-o-Fonoti, Vaisigano"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "1 January 1962 (from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day Celebration, 1 June (1962); note - 1 January 1962 is the date of independence from the New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship, but it is observed in June"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous (preindependence); latest 1 January 1962"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed as an act by the Legislative Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly membership in the third reading - provided at least 90 days have elapsed since the second reading, and assent of the chief of state; passage of amendments affecting constitutional articles on customary land or constitutional amendment procedures also requires at least two-thirds majority approval in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2020"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "mixed legal system of English common law and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Samoa"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "21 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "TUIMALEALI'IFANO Va&rsquo;aletoa Sualauvi II (since 21 July 2017)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister FIAME Naomi Mata&rsquo;afa (since 24 May 2021)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet appointed by the chief of state on the prime minister's advice"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "chief of state indirectly elected by the Legislative Assembly to serve a 5-year term (2-term limit); election last held on 23 August 2022 (next to be held in 2027); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party is usually appointed prime minister by the chief of state, approved by the Legislative Assembly"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "TUIMALEALI'IFANO Va&rsquo;aletoa Sualauvi unanimously reelected by the Legislative Assembly on 23 August 2022"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fono (53 seats for 2021-2026 term); members from 51 single-seat constituencies directly elected by simple majority vote, with a minimum 10% representation of women in the Assembly required; members serve 5-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "election last held on 9 April 2021 (next election to be held in 2026)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote by party - HRPP 55%, FAST 37%, TSP 3%, independents 5%; seats by party – FAST 30, HRPP 22, independents 1; composition - men 47, women 6, percent of women 11.3% <br><strong>note:</strong> on 29 November 2021, the Election Commissioner added two women seats to parliament, bringing the HRPP’s total from 20 to 22 seats"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Court of Appeal (consists of the chief justice and 2 Supreme Court judges and meets once or twice a year); Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and several judges)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "chief justice appointed by the chief of state upon the advice of the prime minister; other Supreme Court judges appointed by the Judicial Service Commission, a 3-member body chaired by the chief justice and includes the attorney general and an appointee of the Minister of Justice; judges normally serve until retirement at age 68"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "District Court; Magistrates' Courts; Land and Titles Courts; village fono or village chief councils"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Fa'atuatua i le Atua Samoa ua Tasi or FAST [FIAME Naomi Mata'afa]<br>Human Rights Protection Party or HRPP [TUILA'EPA Sailele Malielegaoi]<br>Tautua Samoa Party or TSP [Afualo Wood Uti SALELE]"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACP, ADB, AOSIS, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Pa’olelei LUTERU (since 7 July 2021)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "685 Third Avenue, 44th Street, 11th Floor, Suite 1102, New York, NY 10017"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (212) 599-6196"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (212) 599-0797"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>samoa@samoanymission.ws<br><br>https://www.un.int/samoa/samoa/embassy-independent-state-samoa-united-states-america"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Pago Pago (American Samoa)"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "the US Ambassador to New Zealand is accredited to Samoa"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "5th Floor, Accident Corporation Building, Matafele Apia"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "4400 Apia Place, Washington DC 20521-4400"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[685] 21-436"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[685] 22-030"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>ApiaConsular@state.gov<br><br>https://ws.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing five white, five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross constellation; red stands for courage, blue represents freedom, and white signifies purity",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> similar to the flag of Taiwan"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "Southern Cross constellation (five, five-pointed stars); national colors: red, white, blue"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"O le Fu'a o le Sa'olotoga o Samoa\" (The Banner of Freedom)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Sauni Liga KURESA"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1962; also known as \"Samoa Tula'i\" (Samoa Arise)"
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "ower middle-income Pacific island economy; enormous fishing and agriculture industries; significant remittances; growing offshore financial hub; recently hosted Pacific Games to drive tourism and infrastructure growth"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$1.211 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$1.303 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$1.345 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "-7.08% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
        "text": "-3.11% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "4.45% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$5,500 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$6,100 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$6,300 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$841 million (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "3.13% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "-1.57% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "0.98% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "10.4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "23.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "66% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "27.2% (2015 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-50.5% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "coconuts, taro, bananas, yams, tropical fruit, pineapples, mangoes/guavas, papayas, roots/tubers, pork"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "food processing, building materials, auto parts"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "-9.65% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "58,400 (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "65%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "6%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "29% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "9.84% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2020": {
        "text": "9.15% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "8.41% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "NA"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "19.7%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "16.7%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "24.5% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "20.3% (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2013": {
        "text": "38.7 (2013 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$313 million (2020 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$263 million (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-4.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "49.1% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "52.6% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "24.42% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "June 1 - May 31"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$118.081 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2020": {
        "text": "-$79.68 million (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "$34.073 million (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$97.774 million (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$116.519 million (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$336.782 million (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "US 20%, New Zealand 16%, American Samoa 11%, Brazil 8%, Australia 7% (2021)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "coconut oil, insulated wiring, refined petroleum, integrated circuits, sardines, air pumps, tuna, lemons, beer (2021)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$430.011 million (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$376.791 million (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$456.707 million (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "New Zealand 24%, China 19%, Singapore 11%, US 8%, Australia 7% (2021)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, poultry meats, iron, lumber, processed fish, cars (2021)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
        "text": "$294.682 million (31 December 2021 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
        "text": "$277.056 million (31 December 2020 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
        "text": "$177.244 million (31 December 2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 31 December 2013": {
        "text": "$447.2 million (31 December 2013 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "tala (SAT) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "2.556 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "2.665 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "2.649 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "2.587 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "2.554 (2017 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "98.3% (2021)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "100% (2021)"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "97.9% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "50,000 kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "120.13 million kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "15 million kWh (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "72.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "0.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "27.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "2,500 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "0 barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "2,363 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "355,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "355,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "27.111 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "6,000 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "3 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "69,000 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "32 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Samoa was one of the first Pacific Island countries to establish a regulatory infrastructure and to liberalize its telecom market; the advent of competition in the mobile market saw prices fall by around 50% and network coverage increase to more than 90% of the population; Samoa also boasts one of the highest rates of mobile phone coverage in the Pacific region; the growth of fixed-line internet has been impeded by factors including the high costs for bandwidth, under investment in fixed-line infrastructure; Samoa&rsquo;s telecoms sector has been inhibited by a lack of international connectivity; Samoa has had access to the Samoa-America-Samoa (SAS) cable laid in 2009, this cable has insufficient capacity to meet the country&rsquo;s future bandwidth needs; this issue was addressed with two new submarine cables that became available in 2018 and 2019; combined with the Samoa National Broadband Highway (SNBH), have improved internet data rates and reliability, and have helped to reduce the high costs previously associated with internet access in Samoa; in April 2022, the Samoan government announced its decision to take over control of the Samoa Submarine Cable Company, looking to the cable to generate additional revenue for the state (2022)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line is 3 per 100 and mobile-cellular teledensity&nbsp; 32 telephones per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 685; landing points for the Tui-Samo, Manatua, SAS, and Southern Cross NEXT submarine cables providing connectivity to Samoa, Fiji,&nbsp;Wallis&nbsp;&amp; Futuna, Cook Islands, Niue, French Polynesia, American Samoa, Australia, New Zealand, Kiribati, Los Angeles (US), and Tokelau;&nbsp;satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "state-owned TV station privatized in 2008; 4 privately owned television broadcast stations; about a half-dozen privately owned radio stations and one state-owned radio station; TV and radio broadcasts of several stations from American Samoa are available (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".ws"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "171,600 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "78% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,692 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "1 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "4"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "137,770 (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "5W"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "4 (2021)"
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "text": "1",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)"
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "text": "3",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,150 km (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "15"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 3, oil tanker 5, other 7 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Apia"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "no regular military forces; Samoa Police Force (Ministry of Police, Prisons, and Correction Services) (2023)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "informal defense ties exist with NZ, which is required to consider any Samoan request for assistance under the 1962 Treaty of Friendship <br><br>Samoa has a \"shiprider\" agreement with the US, which allows local maritime law enforcement officers to embark on US Coast Guard (USCG) and US Navy (USN) vessels, including to board and search vessels suspected of violating laws or regulations within Somoa's designated exclusive economic zone (EEZ) or on the high seas; \"shiprider\" agreements also enable USCG personnel and USN vessels with embarked USCG law enforcement personnel to work with host nations to protect critical regional resources (2023)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>none identified</p>"
    }
  }
}