factbook.json/middle-east/mu.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>The inhabitants of the area of Oman have long prospered from Indian Ocean trade. In the late 18th century, the nascent sultanate in Muscat signed the first in a series of friendship treaties with Britain. Over time, Oman's dependence on British political and military advisors increased, although the sultanate never became a British colony. In 1970, QABOOS bin Said Al Said overthrew his father, and ruled as sultan for the next five decades. His extensive modernization program opened the country to the outside world. He prioritized strategic ties with the UK and US, and his moderate, independent foreign policy allowed Oman to maintain good relations with its neighbors and to avoid external entanglements.<br><br>Inspired by the popular uprisings that swept the Middle East and North Africa beginning in January 2011, some Omanis staged demonstrations, calling for more jobs and economic benefits and an end to corruption. In response to those protester demands, QABOOS in 2011 pledged to implement economic and political reforms, such as granting Oman’s bicameral legislative body more power and authorizing direct elections for its lower house, which took place in November 2011. Additionally, the sultan increased unemployment benefits, and, in August 2012, issued a royal directive mandating the speedy implementation of a national job creation plan for thousands of public and private sector Omani jobs. As part of the government's efforts to decentralize authority and allow greater citizen participation in local governance, Oman successfully conducted its first municipal council elections in December 2012. Announced by the sultan in 2011, the municipal councils have the power to advise the Royal Court on the needs of local districts across Oman's 11 governorates. Sultan QABOOS, Oman's longest reigning monarch, died on 11 January 2020. His cousin, HAYTHAM bin Tariq Al Said, former Minister of Heritage and Culture, was sworn in as Oman's new sultan the same day.</p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Middle East, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, and Persian Gulf, between Yemen and the UAE"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "21 00 N, 57 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Middle East"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "309,500 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "309,500 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "0 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "twice the size of Georgia"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,561 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Saudi Arabia 658 km; UAE 609 km; Yemen 294 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "2,092 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "central desert plain, rugged mountains in north and south"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Jabal Shams 3,004 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Arabian Sea 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "310 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "petroleum, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum, natural gas"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "4.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 4.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "95.3% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "1,079 sq km (2020)"
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Arabian Aquifer System"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "the vast majority of the population is located in and around the Al Hagar Mountains in the north of the country; another smaller cluster is found around the city of Salalah in the far south; most of the country remains sparsely poplulated"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "summer winds often raise large sandstorms and dust storms in interior; periodic droughts"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "consists of Oman proper and two northern exclaves, Musandam and Al Madhah; the former is a peninsula that occupies a strategic location adjacent to the Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "3,833,465 (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> immigrants make up approximately 46% of the total population (2019)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Omani(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Omani"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Arab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan, Bangladeshi), African"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Swahili, Urdu, Indian dialects"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Muslim 85.9%, Christian 6.4%, Hindu 5.7%, other and unaffiliated 2% (2020 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Omani citizens represent approximately 56.4% of the population and are overwhelming Muslim (Ibadhi and Sunni sects each constitute about 45% and Shia about 5%); Christians, Hindus, and Buddhists account for roughly 5% of Omani citizens"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "29.88% (male 586,608/female 558,770)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "66.17% (male 1,404,289/female 1,132,250)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "3.95% (2023 est.) (male 70,976/female 80,572)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "42"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "38"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "4"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "25.2 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "26.2 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "27.2 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "25.1 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "1.8% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "21.62 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "3.21 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-0.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "the vast majority of the population is located in and around the Al Hagar Mountains in the north of the country; another smaller cluster is found around the city of Salalah in the far south; most of the country remains sparsely poplulated"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "88.4% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "2.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "1.650 million MUSCAT (capital) (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "1.24 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.88 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "1.16 male(s)/female (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "17 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "14.16 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "15.38 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "12.87 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "77.16 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "75.24 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "79.17 years (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "2.67 children born/woman (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "1.3 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "29.7% (2014)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 97.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 2.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.3% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "5.3% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "1.77 physicians/1,000 population (2020)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "1.5 beds/1,000 population (2017)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "27% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0.47 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "0.17 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.29 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "8% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "15.5% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "0.4% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "11.2% (2016/17)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "56.4% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "5.4% of GDP (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "95.7%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "97%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "92.7% (2018)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "15 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "15 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "15 years (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "14.6%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "11.6%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "29.6% (2021 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "limited natural freshwater resources; high levels of soil and water salinity in the coastal plains; beach pollution from oil spills; industrial effluents seeping into the water tables and aquifers; desertificaiton due to high winds driving desert sand into arable lands"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "38.25 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "63.46 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "5.6 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "4.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 4.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "95.3% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "88.4% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "2.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "1,734,885 tons (2014 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major aquifers": {
      "text": "Arabian Aquifer System"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "130 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "240 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "1.55 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "1.4 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Sultanate of Oman"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Oman"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Saltanat Uman"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Uman"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Sultanate of Muscat and Oman"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the origin of the name is uncertain, but it apparently dates back at least 2,000 years since an \"Omana\" is mentioned by Pliny the Elder (1st century A.D.) and an \"Omanon\" by Ptolemy (2nd century A.D.)"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "absolute monarchy"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Muscat"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "23 37 N, 58 35 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the name, whose meaning is uncertain, traces back almost two millennia; two 2nd century A.D. scholars, the geographer PTOLEMY and the historian ARRIAN, both mention an Arabian Sea coastal town of Moscha, which most likely referred to Muscat"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "11 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafaza); Ad Dakhiliyah, Al Buraymi, Al Wusta, Az Zahirah, Janub al Batinah (Al Batinah South), Janub ash Sharqiyah (Ash Sharqiyah South), Masqat (Muscat), Musandam, Shamal al Batinah (Al Batinah North), Shamal ash Sharqiyah (Ash Sharqiyah North), Zufar (Dhofar)"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "1650 (expulsion of the Portuguese)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "National Day, 18 November; note - celebrates Oman's independence from Portugal in 1650 and the birthday of Sultan QABOOS bin Said al Said, who reigned from 1970 to 2020"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "promulgated by royal decree 6 November 1996 (the Basic Law of the Sultanate of Oman serves as the constitution); amended by royal decree in 2011"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "promulgated by the sultan or proposed by the Council of Oman and drafted by a technical committee as stipulated by royal decree and then promulgated through royal decree; amended by royal decree 2011, 2021"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "mixed legal system of Anglo-Saxon law and Islamic law"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "the father must be a citizen of Oman"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "unknown"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "21 years of age; universal; note - members of the military and security forces by law cannot vote"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "Sultan and Prime Minister HAYTHAM bin Tariq Al Said (since 11 January 2020); note - the monarch is both chief of state and head of government"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Sultan and Prime Minister HAYTHAM bin Tariq Al Said (since 11 January 2020)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet appointed by the monarch"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "bicameral Council of Oman or Majlis Oman consists of:<br>Council of State or Majlis al-Dawla (85 seats including the chairman; members appointed by the sultan from among former government officials and prominent educators, businessmen, and citizens)<br>Consultative Council or Majlis al-Shura (86 seats; members directly elected in single- and 2-seat constituencies by simple majority popular vote to serve renewable 4-year terms); note - since political reforms in 2011, legislation from the Consultative Council is submitted to the Council of State for review by the Royal Court"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "Council of State - last appointments on 11 July 2019 (next to be held in November 2023)<br>Consultative Assembly - last held on 27 October 2019 (next to be held in October 2023)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<br>Council of State - composition - men 70, women 15, percent of women 17.6%<br>Consultative Council percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA (organized political parties in Oman are legally banned); composition men 84, women 2, percent of women 2.3%; note - total Council of Oman percent of women 9.9%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court (consists of 5 judges)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "judges nominated by the 9-member Supreme Judicial Council (chaired by the monarch) and appointed by the monarch; judges appointed for life"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Courts of Appeal; Administrative Court; Courts of First Instance; sharia courts; magistrates' courts; military courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "none; note - organized political parties are legally banned in Oman, and loyalties tend to form around tribal affiliations"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Moosa Hamdan Moosa AL TAI (since 17 February 2021)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2535 Belmont Road, NW, Washington, DC 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 387-1980"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 745-4933"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>washington@fm.gov.om<br><br>https://www.culturaloffice.info/aboutomaniembassy"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Leslie M. TSOU (since 19 January 2020)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "P.C. 115, Madinat Al Sultan Qaboos, Muscat"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "6220 Muscat Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[968] 2464-3400"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[968] 2464-3740"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>ConsularMuscat@state.gov<br><br>https://om.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three horizontal bands of white (top), red, and green of equal width with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords in scabbards) in white is centered near the top of the vertical band; white represents peace and prosperity, red recalls battles against foreign invaders, and green symbolizes the Jebel al Akhdar (Green Mountains) and fertility"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "khanjar dagger superimposed on two crossed swords; national colors: red, white, green"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Nashid as-Salaam as-Sultani\" (The Sultan's Anthem)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Rashid bin Uzayyiz al KHUSAIDI/James Frederick MILLS, arranged by Bernard EBBINGHAUS"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1932; new lyrics written after QABOOS bin Said al Said gained power in 1970; first performed by the band of a British ship as a salute to the Sultan during a 1932 visit to Muscat; the bandmaster of the HMS Hawkins was asked to write a salutation to the Sultan on the occasion of his ship visit"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "5 (all cultural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Bahla Fort; Archaeological Sites of Bat; Land of Frankincense; Aflaj Irrigation Systems of Oman; Ancient Qalhat"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "high-income, oil-based economy; large welfare system; growing government debt; citizenship-based labor force growth policy; US free trade agreement; diversifying portfolio; high female labor force participation"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$155.028 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$150.378 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$155.639 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "3.09% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
        "text": "-3.38% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "-1.13% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$34,300 (2021 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$33,100 (2020 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$33,800 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$76.883 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "1.55% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "-0.9% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "0.13% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "BB- (2020)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Ba3 (2020)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "B+ (2020)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "1.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "46.4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "51.8% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "36.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "26.2% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "27.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "51.5% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-46.6% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "dates, tomatoes, vegetables, goat milk, milk, cucumbers, green chillies/peppers, watermelons, sorghum, melons"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "crude oil production and refining, natural and liquefied natural gas production; construction, cement, copper, steel, chemicals, optic fiber"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "1.05% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "2.259 million (2021 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> about 60% of the labor force is non-national"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "4.7% NA"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "49.6% NA"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "45% (2016 est.) NA"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "3.12% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2020": {
        "text": "2.94% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "1.85% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "NA"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "14.6%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "11.6%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "29.6% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "22.7% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "0.1% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$29.334 billion (2018 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$35.984 billion (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-13.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "46.9% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "32.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> excludes indebtedness of state-owned enterprises"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "31.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$4.288 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2020": {
        "text": "-$12.307 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "-$4.02 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$46.324 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$35.72 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$43.584 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "China 46%, India 8%, Japan 6%, South Korea 6%, United Arab Emirates 6%, Saudi Arabia 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, refined petroleum, fertilizers, iron&nbsp; (2021)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$36.502 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$34.022 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$32.569 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "United Arab Emirates 36%, China 10%, Japan 7%, India 7%, United States 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "cars, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, gold, iron (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
        "text": "$19.731 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
        "text": "$15.007 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
        "text": "$16.662 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$46.27 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$27.05 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Omani rials (OMR) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "0.385 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "0.385 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "0.385 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "0.385 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "0.385 (2017 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "99% (2019)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "100% (2019)"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "92% (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "8.601 million kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "32,320,020,000 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "3.717 billion kWh (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "100% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "115,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "115,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "978,800 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "234,200 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "779,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "5.373 billion barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "229,600 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "33,700 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "6,041 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "36,596,746,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "24,279,419,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "13,798,040,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "1,605,959,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "651.286 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "76.321 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "191,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "29.682 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "46.447 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "292.022 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "572,166 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "13 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "6,115,537 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "135 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Oman has a modern mobile sector which comprises substantial coverage of both 3G and LTE networks; in February 2021 commercial 5G services were launched; the Covid-19 pandemic has caused a spike in mobile data traffic; while Oman&rsquo;s fixed broadband infrastructure penetration is considered low, it is being improved with the building of fiber-based networks as part of Oman&rsquo;s Vision 2040 program; Oman has also established itself as an important communications hub in the Middle East, with access to numerous submarine cables including the 2Africa submarine cable, which should become available during 2023-2024; the 9,800km Oman Australia Cable running from Muscat to Perth, with the potential for a branch line to Djibouti, is making progress and is expected to be completed in December 2021; this additional infrastructure will provide considerable additional bandwidth (2021)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line is 13 per 100 and mobile-cellular is 135 per 100 (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 968;&nbsp;landing points for GSA, AAE-1,&nbsp;SeaMeWe-5, Tata TGN-Gulf,&nbsp;FALCON, GBICS/MENA, MENA/Guld Bridge International, TW1, BBG, EIG, OMRAN/EPEG, and POI&nbsp;submarine cables providing connectivity to Asia,&nbsp;Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia&nbsp;and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "1 state-run TV broadcaster; TV stations transmitting from Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Iran, and Yemen available via satellite TV; state-run radio operates multiple stations; first private radio station began operating in 2007 and several additional stations now operating (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".om"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4.32 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "96% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "508,949 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "11 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "2 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "57"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "10,438,241 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "510.43 million (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "A4O"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "132 (2021)"
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "13"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)"
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "119"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "3 (2021)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "106 km condensate, 4,224 km gas, 3,558 km oil, 33 km oil/gas/water, 264 km refined products (2013)"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "60,230 km (2012)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "29,685 km (2012) (includes 1,943 km of expressways)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "30,545 km (2012)"
      }
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "57"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 11, other 46 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Mina' Qabus, Salalah, Suhar"
      },
      "container port(s) (TEUs)": {
        "text": "Salalah (4,510,000) (2021)"
      },
      "LNG terminal(s) (export)": {
        "text": "Qalhat"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Sultan's Armed Forces (SAF): Royal Army of Oman (RAO), Royal Navy of Oman (RNO), Royal Air Force of Oman (RAFO), Royal Guard of Oman (RGO), Sultan's Special Forces; Royal Oman Police (ROP): Civil Defense, Immigration, Customs, Royal Oman Police Coast Guard (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>the Sultan’s Special Forces and the ROP Special Task Force are Oman’s primary tactical counterterrorism response forces<strong><br><br>note 2:</strong> in addition to its policing duties, the ROP conducts many administrative functions similar to the responsibilities of a Ministry of Interior in other countries"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "5.5% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "8% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "11% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "11.8% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "11.2% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 40,000 active duty troops (25,000 Army, 5,000 Navy; 5,000 Air Force; 5,000 Royal Guard) (2022)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the SAF's inventory includes a mix of older and some more modern weapons systems from a variety of suppliers, particularly Europe and the US; in recent years, the UK and the US have been the leading suppliers of arms to Oman (2022)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-30 years of age for voluntary military service (women have been allowed to serve since 2011); no conscription (2022)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the SAF has a longstanding security relationship with the British military going back to the 18th century; as of 2022, the SAF and the British maintained a joint training base in Oman and exercised together regularly; in 2017, Oman and the British signed an agreement allowing the British military the use of facilities at Al Duqm Port; in 2019, the US obtained access to the port (2023)"
    },
    "Maritime threats": {
      "text": "<p>the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2023-003 - Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, Bab al Mandeb Strait, Red Sea, and Somali Basin-Threats to Commercial Vessels) effective 23 February 2023, which states in part that \"Regional conflict, military activity, and political tensions pose threats to commercial vessels operating in the above listed geographic areas\"; Coalition Task Force (CTF) Sentinel has been established to provide escorts for commercial shipping transiting the Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, and Gulf of Oman</p>"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p><em>Oman-Saudi Arabia</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Oman-UAE</em>: boundary agreement reportedly signed and ratified with UAE in 2003 for entire border, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al Madhah exclave, but details of the alignment have not been made public; Oman and UAE signed the final demarcation of their land border in 2008</p> <p><em>Oman-Yemen</em>: Oman and Yemen signed a border agreement in 1992; demarcation of their border was completed in 1995</p> <p> </p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "5,000 (Yemen) (2017)"
      }
    }
  }
}