factbook.json/middle-east/ir.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>Known as Persia until 1935, Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979 after the ruling monarchy was overthrown and Shah Mohammad Reza PAHLAVI was forced into exile. Conservative clerical forces led by Ayatollah Ruhollah KHOMEINI established a theocratic system of government with ultimate political authority vested in a learned religious scholar referred to commonly as the Supreme Leader who, according to the constitution, is accountable only to the Assembly of Experts - a popularly elected 88-member body of clerics. US-Iranian relations became strained when a group of Iranian students seized the US Embassy in Tehran in November 1979 and held embassy personnel hostage until mid-January 1981. The US cut off diplomatic relations with Iran in April 1980. During the period 1980-88, Iran fought a bloody, indecisive war with Iraq that eventually expanded into the Persian Gulf and led to clashes between US Navy and Iranian military forces. Iran has been designated a state sponsor of terrorism and was subject to US, UN, and EU economic sanctions and export controls because of its continued involvement in terrorism and concerns over possible military dimensions of its nuclear program until Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) Implementation Day in 2016. The US began gradually re-imposing sanctions on Iran after the US withdrawal from JCPOA in May 2018.</p> <p>Following the election of reformer Hojjat ol-Eslam Mohammad KHATAMI as president in 1997 and a reformist Majles (legislature) in 2000, a campaign to foster political reform in response to popular dissatisfaction was initiated. The movement floundered as conservative politicians, supported by the Supreme Leader, unelected institutions of authority like the Guardians Council, and the security services reversed and blocked reform measures while increasing security repression. Starting with nationwide municipal elections in 2003 and continuing through Majles elections in 2004, conservatives reestablished control over Iran's elected government institutions, which culminated with the August 2005 inauguration of hardliner Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD as president. His controversial reelection in June 2009 sparked nationwide protests over allegations of electoral fraud, which persisted until early 2011. President AHMADI-NEJAD's independent streak angered regime establishment figures, including the Supreme Leader, leading to conservative opposition to his agenda for the last year of his presidency, and an alienation of his political supporters. In June 2013, Iranians elected a centrist cleric Dr. Hasan Fereidun RUHANI to the presidency. A longtime senior member in the regime, he made promises of reforming society and Iran's foreign policy. In July 2015, Iran and the five UNSC permanent members, plus Germany (P5+1) finalized the JCPOA under which Iran agreed to restrictions on its nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief; however, the US reimposed sanctions in 2018 dealing a blow to RUHANI's legacy and the Iranian economy. In November 2019, Tehran's decision to increase the price of gasoline overnight sparked nationwide protests, which the regime violently suppressed within a week. Conservatives won the majority of seats in Iranian Majles elections in elections in February 2020 and hardline cleric Ebrahim RAISI - who had a decades-long career in Iran's judiciary - was elected president in June 2021, resulting in a hardline and conservative monopoly across the regime's elected and unelected institutions. <br><br>As president, RAISI has concentrated on deepening Iran's foreign relations with anti-US states - particularly China and Russia - to weather US sanctions and diplomatic pressure, while supporting negotiations to restore a nuclear deal that began in 2021. RAISI contended with nationwide protests that began in September 2022 and persisted for over three months following the death of a Kurdish Iranian woman, Mahsa AMINI, in morality police custody. Young people and women led the protests and in contrast to previous periods of unrest, this latest bout focused on demands for regime change rather than reform within the system or the redressal of economic grievances.</p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "32 00 N, 53 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Middle East"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,648,195 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "1,531,595 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "116,600 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "almost 2.5 times the size of Texas; slightly smaller than Alaska"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5,894 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Afghanistan 921 km; Armenia 44 km; Azerbaijan 689 km; Iraq 1,599 km; Pakistan 959 km; Turkey 534 km; Turkmenistan 1,148 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "2,440 km - note: Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "bilateral agreements or median lines in the Persian Gulf"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "natural prolongation"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both coasts"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Kuh-e Damavand 5,625 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Caspian Sea -28 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "1,305 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulfur"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "30.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 10.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 1.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 18.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "6.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "63.1% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "79,721 sq km (2020)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "salt water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Caspian Sea (shared with Russia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan) - 374,000 sq km; Lake Urmia - 5,200 sq km; Lake Namak - 750 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Euphrates (shared with Turkey [s], Syria, and Iraq [m]) - 3,596 km; Tigris (shared with Turkey, Syria, and Iraq [m]) - 1,950 km; Helmand (shared with Afghanistan [s]) - 1,130 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: <em>(Persian Gulf)</em> Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population is concentrated in the north, northwest, and west, reflecting the position of the Zagros and Elburz Mountains; the vast dry areas in the center and eastern parts of the country, around the deserts of the Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut, have a much lower population density"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakes"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "strategic location on the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz, which are vital maritime pathways for crude oil transport"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "87,590,873 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Iranian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Iranian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Persian, Azeri, Kurd, Lur, Baloch, Arab, Turkmen, and Turkic tribes"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Persian Farsi&nbsp;(official), Azeri&nbsp;and other&nbsp;Turkic dialects, Kurdish, Gilaki and Mazandarani, Luri, Balochi, Arabic"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>چکیده نامه جهان، منبعی ضروری برای کسب اطلاعات کلی جهان (Persian)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Muslim (official) 99.6% (Shia 90-95%, Sunni 5-10%), other (includes Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian) 0.3%, unspecified 0.2% (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "23.51% (male 10,533,573/female 10,060,225)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "69.82% (male 31,140,117/female 30,014,613)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "6.67% (2023 est.) (male 2,723,298/female 3,119,047)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "45.3"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "34.6"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "10.7"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "9.3 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "31.7 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "31.5 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "32 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.93% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "14.79 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "5.2 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population is concentrated in the north, northwest, and west, reflecting the position of the Zagros and Elburz Mountains; the vast dry areas in the center and eastern parts of the country, around the deserts of the Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut, have a much lower population density"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "77.3% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "1.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "9.500 million TEHRAN (capital), 3.368 million Mashhad, 2.258 million Esfahan, 1.721 million Shiraz, 1.661 million Tabriz, 1.594 million Karaj (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.87 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "22 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "14.58 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "15.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "13.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "75.44 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "74.07 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "76.87 years (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.92 children born/woman (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.94 (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.8% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 98.1% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.4% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.2% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 1.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.6% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "5.3% of GDP (2020)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "1.58 physicians/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "1.6 beds/1,000 population (2017)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population (2015 est.)"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "intermediate (2023)"
      },
      "food or waterborne diseases": {
        "text": "bacterial diarrhea"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "25.8% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "13.6% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "24.1% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "3.1% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "4.1% (2010/11)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "70.3% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "3.6% of GDP (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "88.7%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "92.4%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "88.7% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "15 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "15 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "15 years (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "27.2%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "24%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "41.7% (2021 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents; deforestation; overgrazing; desertification; oil pollution in the Persian Gulf; wetland losses from drought; soil degradation (salination); inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution from raw sewage and industrial waste; urbanization"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation"
      }
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "35.09 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "661.71 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "158.71 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "30.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 10.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 1.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 18.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "6.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "63.1% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "77.3% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "1.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0.01% of GDP (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0.01% of GDP (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "17.885 million tons (2017 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "894,250 tons (2017 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "5% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "salt water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Caspian Sea (shared with Russia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan) - 374,000 sq km; Lake Urmia - 5,200 sq km; Lake Namak - 750 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Euphrates (shared with Turkey [s], Syria, and Iraq [m]) - 3,596 km; Tigris (shared with Turkey, Syria, and Iraq [m]) - 1,950 km; Helmand (shared with Afghanistan [s]) - 1,130 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: <em>(Persian Gulf)</em> Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "6.2 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "1.1 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "86 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "137.05 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Islamic Republic of Iran"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Iran"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Iran"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Persia"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "name derives from the Avestan term \"aryanam\" meaning \"Land of the Noble [Ones]\""
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "theocratic republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Tehran"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "35 42 N, 51 25 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+3.5 (8.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins fourth Wednesday in March; ends fourth Friday in September"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "various explanations of the city's name have been proffered, but the most plausible states that it derives from the Persian words <em>tah</em> meaning \"end or bottom\" and <em>ran</em> meaning \"[mountain] slope\" to signify \"bottom of the mountain slope\"; Tehran lies at the bottom slope of the Elburz Mountains"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "31 provinces (ostanha, singular - ostan); Alborz, Ardabil, Azarbayjan-e Gharbi (West Azerbaijan), Azarbayjan-e Sharqi (East Azerbaijan), Bushehr, Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman, Kermanshah, Khorasan-e Jonubi (South Khorasan), Khorasan-e Razavi (Razavi Khorasan), Khorasan-e Shomali (North Khorasan), Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh va Bowyer Ahmad, Kordestan, Lorestan, Markazi, Mazandaran, Qazvin, Qom, Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan, Tehran, Yazd, Zanjan"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "1 April 1979 (Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed); notable earlier dates: ca. 550 B.C. (Achaemenid (Persian) Empire established); A.D. 1501 (Iran reunified under the Safavid Dynasty); 1794 (beginning of Qajar Dynasty); 12 December 1925 (modern Iran established under the PAHLAVI Dynasty)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Republic Day, 1 April (1979)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "previous 1906; latest adopted 24 October 1979, effective 3 December 1979"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the supreme leader &ndash; after consultation with the Exigency Council &ndash; and submitted as an edict to the \"Council for Revision of the Constitution,\" a body consisting of various executive, legislative, judicial, and academic leaders and members; passage requires absolute majority vote in a referendum and approval of the supreme leader; articles including Iran&rsquo;s political system, its religious basis, and its form of government cannot be amended; amended 1989"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "religious legal system based on secular and Islamic law"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "the father must be a citizen of Iran"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "Supreme Leader Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI (since 4 June 1989)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "President Ebrahim RAISI (since 18 June 2021); First Vice President Mohammad MOKHBER (since 8 August 2021)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers selected by the president with legislative approval; the supreme leader has some control over appointments to several ministries"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "supreme leader appointed for life by Assembly of Experts; president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term and an additional nonconsecutive term); election last held on 18 June 2021 (next to be held in June 2025)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em>2021:</em> Ebrahim RAISI elected president; percent of vote - Ebrahim RAISI (independent) 72.4%, Mohsen REZAI (RFII) 13.8%, Abbdolnaser HEMATI (ECP) 9.8%, Amir-Hosein Qazizadeh-HASHEMI (Islamic Law Party) 4%<br><br><em>2017:</em> Hasan Fereidun RUHANI reelected president; percent of vote - Hasan Fereidun RUHANI (Moderation and Development Party) 58.8%, Ebrahim RAISI (Combat Clergy Association) 39.4% , Mostafa Mir-SALIM Islamic Coalition Party) 1.2%, Mostafa HASHEMI-TABA (Executives of Construction Party) 0.5%"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly or Majles-e Shura-ye Eslami or Majles (290 seats; 285 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by 2-round vote, and 1 seat each for Zoroastrians, Jews, Assyrian and Chaldean Christians, Armenians in the north of the country and Armenians in the south; members serve 4-year terms); note - all candidates to the Majles must be approved by the Council of Guardians, a 12-member group of which 6 are appointed by the supreme leader and 6 are jurists nominated by the judiciary and elected by the Majles"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "first round held on 21 February 2020 and second round for 11 remaining seats held on 11 September 2020 (next full Majles election to be held in 2024)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote by coalition (first round) - NA; seats by coalition (first round) - conservatives and hardliners 226, reformists 19, independents 40, religious minorities 5; as of June 2021 by-elections; composition - men 274, women 16, percent of women 5.6%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and organized into 42 two-bench branches, each with a justice and a judge)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court president appointed by the head of the High Judicial Council (HJC), a 5-member body to include the Supreme Court chief justice, the prosecutor general, and 3 clergy, in consultation with judges of the Supreme Court; president appointed for a single, renewable 5-year term; other judges appointed by the HJC; judge tenure NA"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Penal Courts I and II; Islamic Revolutionary Courts; Courts of Peace; Special Clerical Court (functions outside the judicial system and handles cases involving clerics); military courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Combatant Clergy Association [Mostafa PURMOHAMMADI] (an active political group)<br>Executives of Construction Party [Hossein MARASHI]<br>Front of Islamic Revolutionary Stability [Sadegh MAHSULI, secretary general]<br>Islamic Coalition Party [Asadollah BADAMCHIAN]<br>Militant Clerics Society (Majma-e Ruhaniyoun-e Mobarez) or MRM [Mohammad Mousavi KHOEINIHA]<br>Moderation and Development Party [Hassan RUHANI] <br>National Trust Party (Hezb-e E'temad-eMelli) or HEM [Elias HAZRATI]<br>Progress and Justice Society [Mohammad Saeed AHADIAN]<br>Union of Islamic Iran People's Party (Hezb-e Ettehad-e Iran-e Eslami) [Azar MANSURI]"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "CICA, CP, D-8, ECO, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, SAARC (observer), SCO (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "none; Iran has an Interests Section in the Pakistani Embassy; address: Iranian Interests Section, Embassy of Pakistan, 1250 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20037; telephone: [1] (202) 965-4990; FAX [1] (202) 965-1073; info@daftar.org"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "embassy": {
        "text": "none; the US Interests Section is located in the Embassy of Switzerland; US Foreign Interests Section, Embassy of Switzerland, Pasdaran, Shahid Mousavi Street (Golestan 5th), Corner of Paydarfard Street, No. 55, Tehran"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the national emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah in the shape of a tulip, a symbol of martyrdom) in red is centered in the white band; ALLAH AKBAR (God is Great) in white Arabic script is repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along the top edge of the red band; green is the color of Islam and also represents growth, white symbolizes honesty and peace, red stands for bravery and martyrdom"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "lion; national colors: green, white, red"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Soroud-e Melli-ye Jomhouri-ye Eslami-ye Iran\" (National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "multiple authors/Hassan RIAHI"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> adopted 1990; Iran has had six national anthems; the first, entitled \"Salam-e Shah\" (Royal Salute) was in use from 1873-1909; next came \"Salamati-ye Dowlat-e Elliye-ye Iran\" (Salute of the Sublime State of Persia, 1909-1933); it was followed by \"Sorud-e melli\" (The Imperial Anthem of Iran; 1933-1979), which chronicled the exploits of the Pahlavi Dynasty; \"Ey Iran\" (Oh Iran) functioned unofficially as the national anthem for a brief period between the ouster of the Shah in 1979 and the early days of the Islamic Republic in 1980; \"Payandeh Bada Iran\" (Long Live Iran) was used between 1980 and 1990 during the time of Ayatollah KHOMEINI<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> a recording of the current Iranian national anthem is unavailable since the US Navy Band does not record anthems for countries from which the US does not anticipate official visits; the US does not have diplomatic relations with Iran"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "26 (24 cultural, 2 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Persepolis (c); Tchogha Zanbil (c); Bam and its Cultural Landscape (c); Golestan Palace (c); Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System (c); Pasargadae (c); Hyrcanian Forests (n); Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex (c); Meidan Emam, Esfahan (c); Bisotun (c)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "traditionally state-controlled economy but reforming state-owned financial entities; strong oil/gas, agricultural, and service sectors; recent massive inflation due to exchange rate depreciation, international sanctions, and investor uncertainty; increasing poverty"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$1.319 trillion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$1.26 trillion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$1.219 trillion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "4.72% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
        "text": "3.33% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "-2.66% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$15,000 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$14,400 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$14,100 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$581.252 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "43.39% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
        "text": "30.59% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "39.91% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> official Iranian estimate"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "9.6% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "35.3% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "55% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "49.7% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "14% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "20.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "14.5% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "26% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-24.9% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "wheat, sugar cane, milk, sugar beet, tomatoes, barley, potatoes, oranges, poultry, apples"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "petroleum, petrochemicals, gas, fertilizer, caustic soda, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), ferrous and nonferrous metal fabrication, armaments"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "3.21% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "27.682 million (2021 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> shortage of skilled labor"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "16.3%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "35.1%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "48.6% (2013 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "11.46% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2020": {
        "text": "12.17% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "10.74% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are Iranian Government numbers"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "27.2%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "24%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "41.7% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "18.7% (2007 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019": {
        "text": "40.9 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Average household expenditures": {
      "on food": {
        "text": "27.9% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      },
      "on alcohol and tobacco": {
        "text": "0.6% of household expenditures (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "2.6%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "29.6% (2005)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$60.714 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$90.238 billion (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-2.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "39.5% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "47.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> includes publicly guaranteed debt"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "17.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "21 March - 20 March"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2017": {
        "text": "$9.491 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2016": {
        "text": "$16.28 billion (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2017": {
        "text": "$101.4 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2016": {
        "text": "$83.98 billion (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "China 48%, India 12%, South Korea 8%, Turkey 6%, United Arab Emirates 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "ethylene polymers, pistachios, iron, copper, industrial alcohols, aluminum (2021)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2017": {
        "text": "$76.39 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2016": {
        "text": "$63.14 billion (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 28%, United Arab Emirates 20%, India 11%, Turkey 7%, Brazil 6%, Germany 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "rice, corn, broadcasting equipment, soybean products, beef (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$120.6 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$133.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$7.995 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$8.196 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "42,000 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "42,000 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "42,000 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "40,864.329 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "33,226.298 (2017 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "80.553 million kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "279,826,390,000 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "6.365 billion kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "2.738 billion kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "34.303 billion kWh (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "88.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "1.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "0.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "9.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "2.783 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "2.794 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "76,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "87,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "1.203 billion metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "3,450,300 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "1.934 million bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "2,230,900 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "33,500 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "208.6 billion barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "1.764 million bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "397,200 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "64,160 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "237,561,415,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "220,704,282,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "17,607,046,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "1,153,457,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "33,987,296,000,000 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "646.038 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "5.142 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "204.21 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "436.687 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "145.54 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "29,306,782 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "33 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "135,899,424 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "155 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Iran&rsquo;s telecom infrastructure has suffered from sanctions in recent years, which prevented the import of equipment and devices and encouraged widespread smuggling, with a consequent loss of tax revenue; to address this, the government introduced a device registration scheme, and bolstered the capacity for domestically manufactured mobile phones; companies have invested in broadening the reach of their LTE networks, which has increased network capacity and improved the quality of mobile broadband services; the country is also looking to 5G; the sector is still limited by low frequency bands; the government is addressing this with plans to reallocate the 3.5GHz band for 5G use; Iran is keen to grow its digital economy; Iran offers significant opportunities for growth in the telecoms sector; the country has one of the largest populations in the Middle East, and there is a high proportion of youthful, tech savvy users having considerable demand for both fixed and mobile telecom services; companies are offering national roaming to improve services in rural areas (2022)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "approximately 33 per 100 for fixed-line and 155 per 100 for mobile-cellular subscriptions (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 98; landing points for Kuwait-Iran, GBICS &amp;&nbsp;MENA, FALCON, OMRAN/3PEG Cable System, POI and UAE-Iran submarine fiber-optic cable to&nbsp;the&nbsp;Middle East, Africa and India;&nbsp;(TAE) fiber-optic line runs from Azerbaijan through the northern portion of Iran to Turkmenistan with expansion to Georgia and Azerbaijan; HF radio and microwave radio relay to Turkey, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; satellite earth stations - 13 (9 Intelsat and 4 Inmarsat) (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "state-run broadcast media with no private, independent broadcasters; Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB), the state-run TV broadcaster, operates 19 nationwide channels including a news channel, about 34 provincial channels, and several international channels; about 20 foreign Persian-language TV stations broadcasting on satellite TV are capable of being seen in Iran; satellite dishes are illegal and, while their use is subjectively tolerated, authorities confiscate satellite dishes from time to time; IRIB operates 16 nationwide radio networks, a number of provincial stations, and an external service; most major international broadcasters transmit to Iran (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".ir"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "69.52 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "79% (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9,564,195 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "11 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "22 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "237"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "25,604,871 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "290.74 million (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "EP"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "319 (2021)"
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "140"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)"
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "179"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "26 (2021)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "7 km condensate, 973 km condensate/gas, 20,794 km gas, 570 km liquid petroleum gas, 8,625 km oil, 7,937 km refined products (2013)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "8,483.5 km (2014)"
      },
      "standard gauge": {
        "text": "8,389.5 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (189.5 km electrified)"
      },
      "broad gauge": {
        "text": "94 km (2014) 1.676-m gauge"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "223,485 km (2018)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "195,485 km (2018)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "28,000 km (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "850 km (2012) (on Karun River; some navigation on Lake Urmia)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "942"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 32, container ship 31, general cargo 393, oil tanker 83, other 403 (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Bandar-e Asaluyeh, Bandar Abbas, Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni"
      },
      "container port(s) (TEUs)": {
        "text": "Bandar Abbas"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "the military forces of Iran are divided between the Islamic Republic of Iran Regular Forces (Artesh) and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (Sepah)<br><br>Islamic Republic of Iran Regular Forces or Islamic Republic of Iran Army (Artesh): Ground Forces, Navy (includes marines), Air Force, Air Defense Forces; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC or Sepah): Ground Forces, Navy (includes marines), Aerospace Force (controls strategic missile force), Qods Force (aka Quds Force; special operations), Cyber Electronic Command, Basij Paramilitary Forces; Ministry of Interior: Law Enforcement Command; Ministry of Intelligence and Security (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> the Artesh Navy operates Iran’s larger warships and operates in the Gulf of Oman, the Caspian Sea, and deep waters in the region and beyond; the IRGC Navy has responsibility for the closer-in Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the Basij is a volunteer paramilitary group under the IRGC with local organizations across the country, which sometimes acts as an auxiliary law enforcement unit for the IRGC; it is formally known as the Organization for the Mobilization of the Oppressed; it is also known as the Popular Mobilization Army<br><br><strong>note 3: </strong>the Ministry of Intelligence and Security and law enforcement forces under the Interior Ministry, which report to the president, and the IRGC, which reports to the supreme leader, share responsibility for law enforcement and maintaining order<br><br><strong>note 4:</strong> the Law Enforcement Command (FARAJA) is the uniformed police of Iran and includes branches for public security, traffic control, anti-narcotics, special forces (riot control, counterterrorism, hostage rescue, etc), intelligence, and criminal investigations; it has responsibility for border security (Border Guard Command)"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "2.5% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "2.3% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "2.1% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "2.5% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "3.4% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "information varies; approximately 550-600,000 active armed forces personnel; approximately 400,000 Islamic Republic of Iran Regular Forces (350,000 Ground Forces; 18,000 Navy; 40,000 Air Force/Air Defense Forces); approximately 150-190,000 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (100-150,000 Ground Forces; 20,000 Navy; 15,000 Aerospace Force; 5-15,000 Qods Force); estimated 90,000 active Basij Paramilitary Forces (2022)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the Iranian military's inventory includes a mix of domestically produced and mostly older foreign equipment largely of Chinese, Russian, Soviet, and US origin (US equipment acquired prior to the Islamic Revolution in 1979); Iran has also received some military equipment from North Korea, including midget submarines and ballistic missiles; Iran has a defense industry with the capacity to develop, produce, support, and sustain air, land, missile, and naval weapons programs (2022)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "military service is compulsory for all Iranian males 18/19 to approximately age 40; 16 for voluntary military service (may be as low as 15 for the Basij); conscript military service obligation is 18-24 months, depending on the location of service (soldiers serving in places of high security risk and deprived areas serve shorter terms); women exempt from military service (2023)",
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>conscripts serve in the Artesh, IRGC, and Law Enforcement; approximately 80% of Artesh ground forces personnel are conscripts, while Navy and Air/Air Defense Force personnel are primarily volunteers; conscripts reportedly comprise more than 50% of the IRGC"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "estimated to have up to 3,000 military personnel in Syria (2022)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Iran has recruited, trained, and funded thousands of Syrian and foreign fighters to support the ASAD regime during the Syrian civil war"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) was formed in May 1979 in the immediate aftermath of Shah Mohammad Reza PAHLAVI’s fall, as leftists, nationalists, and Islamists jockeyed for power; while the interim prime minister controlled the government and state institutions, such as the Army, followers of Ayatollah Ruhollah KHOMEINI organized counterweights, including the IRGC, to protect the Islamic revolution; the IRGC’s command structure bypassed the elected president and went directly to KHOMEINI; the IRGC played a critical role in helping KHOMEINI consolidate power in the aftermath of the 1979 revolution, and it ensured that KHOMEINI's Islamic revolutionary vision prevailed against domestic challenges from nationalists and leftist factions in the scramble for control after the Shah's departure; the Iran-Iraq War (1980–88) transformed the IRGC into more of a conventional fighting force with its own ground, air, naval, and special forces, plus control over Iran’s strategic missile and rocket forces; today, the IRGC is a highly institutionalized and parallel military force to Iran’s regular armed forces (Artesh); it is heavily involved in internal security and has significant influence in the political and economic spheres of Iranian society, as well as Iran’s foreign policy; on the economic front, it owns factories and corporations and subsidiaries in banking, infrastructure, housing, airlines, tourism and other sectors; its special operations forces, known as the Qods/Quds Force, specialize in foreign missions and have provided advice, funding, guidance, material support, training, and weapons to militants in countries such as Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, and Yemen, as well as extremist groups, including HAMAS, Hizballah, Kata’ib Hizballah, and Palestine Islamic Jihad (see Appendix T for additional details on the IRGC and Qods Force); the Qods Force also conducts intelligence and reconnaissance operations <br><br>the Supreme Council for National Security (SCNS) is the senior-most body for formulating Iran’s foreign and security policy; it is formally chaired by the president, who also appoints the SCNS secretary; its members include the speaker of the Majles, the head of the judiciary, the chief of the Armed Forces General Staff (chief of defense or CHOD), the commanders of the Artesh (regular forces) and IRGC, and the ministers of defense, foreign affairs, interior, and intelligence; the SCNS reports to the supreme leader; the supreme leader is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces (2023)"
    },
    "Maritime threats": {
      "text": "<p>the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2023-003 - Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, Bab al Mandeb Strait, Red Sea, and Somali Basin-Threats to Commercial Vessels) effective 23 February 2023, which states in part that \"Regional conflict, military activity, and political tensions pose threats to commercial vessels operating in the above listed geographic areas;\" Coalition Task Force (CTF) Sentinel has been established to provide escorts for commercial shipping transiting the Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, and Gulf of Oman</p>"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Jaysh al Adl (Jundallah); Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK); al-Qa’ida",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p><em>Iran-Afghanistan</em>: Iran protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed Helmand River tributaries during drought; Afghan and Iranian commissioners have discussed boundary monument densification and resurvey</p> <p><em>Iran-Azerbaijan-Kazakhstan-Russia</em>: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified a Caspian seabed delimitation treaty in 2018 based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea</p> <p><em>Iran-Iraq</em>: Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf</p> <p><em>Iran-UAE</em>: Iran and UAE dispute Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island, which are occupied by Iran; the dispute was rehashed at the September 2021 UN General Assembly meeting; Iran’s Islamic Revolution Guards Corp opened an airport on Greater Tunb in February 2022</p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "500,000 undocumented Afghans, 750,000 Afghan refugee card holders, 12,000 Iraqi refugee card holders (2022)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "34 (mid-year 2021)"
      }
    },
    "Trafficking in persons": {
      "tier rating": {
        "text": "Tier 3 &mdash; Iran does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; therefore, Iran remained in Tier 3; the government took some steps to address trafficking, including forming an anti-trafficking committee to develop strategies and programs to combat trafficking; however, the government continued a policy of recruiting and using child soldiers and coercing adults to fight for Iranian-led militias in Syria; officials continued to perpetrate and condone trafficking crimes; authorities failed to identify and protect trafficking victims among vulnerable populations and continued to treat trafficking victims as criminals; victims continued to face severe punishment or death for unlawful acts traffickers compelled them to commit (2022)"
      },
      "trafficking profile": {
        "text": "human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Iran, and Iranians are exploited abroad; the continuing decline of the Iranian economy has significantly exacerbated human trafficking, particularly for vulnerable and marginalized groups such as ethnic minorities, refugee and migrants, women, and children; women and girls, as well as some men, are highly vulnerable to sex trafficking in Iran; Iranian and Afghan boys and girls are forced into prostitution domestically; Iranian women, boys, and girls are vulnerable to sex trafficking in Afghanistan, Armenia, Georgia, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates; Iranian and Afghan refugee and migrant children, orphans, and homeless children increasingly are vulnerable to forced labor in Iran; criminal groups reportedly play a significant role in human trafficking in Iran, including kidnaping or purchasing Iranian and migrant children for forced labor and sexual exploitation; Afghan refugees and migrants, as well as Pakistani migrants, are vulnerable to abuse and labor exploitation (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>significant transit and destination country for opiates and cannabis products mainly from Afghanistan; produces and consumes methamphetamine and traffics it to  international markets; one of the primary transshipment routes for Southwest Asian heroin to Europe</p>"
    }
  }
}