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42 KiB
JSON
1093 lines
No EOL
42 KiB
JSON
{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "Settled by Norwegian and Celtic (Scottish and Irish) immigrants during the late 9th and 10th centuries A.D., Iceland boasts the world's oldest functioning legislative assembly, the Althingi, established in 930. Independent for over 300 years, Iceland was subsequently ruled by Norway and Denmark. Fallout from the Askja volcano of 1875 devastated the Icelandic economy and caused widespread famine. Over the next quarter century, 20% of the island's population emigrated, mostly to Canada and the US. Denmark granted limited home rule in 1874 and complete independence in 1944. The second half of the 20th century saw substantial economic growth driven primarily by the fishing industry. The economy diversified greatly after the country joined the European Economic Area in 1994, but Iceland was especially hard hit by the global financial crisis in the years following 2008. The economy is now on an upward trajectory, fueled primarily by a tourism and construction boom. Literacy, longevity, and social cohesion are first rate by world standards."
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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"Location": {
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"text": "Northern Europe, island between the Greenland Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, northwest of the United Kingdom"
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},
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"Geographic coordinates": {
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"text": "65 00 N, 18 00 W"
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},
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"Map references": {
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"text": "Arctic Region"
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},
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"Area": {
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"total": {
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"text": "103,000 sq km"
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},
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"land": {
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"text": "100,250 sq km"
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},
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"water": {
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"text": "2,750 sq km"
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}
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},
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"Area - comparative": {
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"text": "slightly smaller than Pennsylvania; about the same size as Kentucky"
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},
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"Land boundaries": {
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"total": {
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"text": "0 km"
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}
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},
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"Coastline": {
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"text": "4,970 km"
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},
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"Maritime claims": {
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"territorial sea": {
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"text": "12 nm"
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},
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"exclusive economic zone": {
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"text": "200 nm"
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},
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"continental shelf": {
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"text": "200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin"
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}
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},
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"Climate": {
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"text": "temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers"
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},
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"Terrain": {
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"text": "mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields; coast deeply indented by bays and fiords"
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},
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"Elevation": {
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"highest point": {
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"text": "Hvannadalshnukur (at Vatnajokull Glacier) 2,110 m"
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},
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"lowest point": {
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"text": "Atlantic Ocean 0 m"
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},
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"mean elevation": {
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"text": "557 m"
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}
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},
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"Natural resources": {
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"text": "fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomite"
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},
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"Land use": {
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"agricultural land": {
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"text": "18.7% (2018 est.)"
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},
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"agricultural land: arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 1.2% (2018 est.)"
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},
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"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
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||
},
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"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 17.5% (2018 est.)"
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},
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"forest": {
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"text": "0.3% (2018 est.)"
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},
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"other": {
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"text": "81% (2018 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Irrigated land": {
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"text": "NA"
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},
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"Population distribution": {
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"text": "Iceland is almost entirely urban with half of the population located in and around the capital of Reykjavik; smaller clusters are primarily found along the coast in the north and west"
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},
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"Natural hazards": {
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"text": "<p>earthquakes and volcanic activity</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Iceland, situated on top of a hotspot, experiences severe volcanic activity; Eyjafjallajokull (1,666 m) erupted in 2010, sending ash high into the atmosphere and seriously disrupting European air traffic; scientists continue to monitor nearby Katla (1,512 m), which has a high probability of eruption in the very near future, potentially disrupting air traffic; Grimsvoetn and Hekla are Iceland's most active volcanoes; other historically active volcanoes include Askja, Bardarbunga, Brennisteinsfjoll, Esjufjoll, Hengill, Krafla, Krisuvik, Kverkfjoll, Oraefajokull, Reykjanes, Torfajokull, and Vestmannaeyjar</p>"
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},
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"Geography - note": {
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"text": "strategic location between Greenland and Europe; westernmost European country; Reykjavik is the northernmost national capital in the world; more land covered by glaciers than in all of continental Europe"
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}
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},
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"People and Society": {
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"Population": {
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"text": "354,234 (July 2021 est.)"
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},
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"Nationality": {
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"noun": {
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"text": "Icelander(s)"
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},
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"adjective": {
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"text": "Icelandic"
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}
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},
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"Ethnic groups": {
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"text": "Icelandic 81.7%, Polish 5.6%, Danish 1%, other 11.7% (2020 est.)<br><br><strong>note</strong>: data represent population by country of birth",
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"note": "<strong>note</strong>: data represent population by country of birth"
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},
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"Languages": {
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"text": "Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, German"
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},
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"Religions": {
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"text": "Evangelical Lutheran Church of Iceland (official) 62.3%, Roman Catholic 4%, Reykjavik Free Church 2.7%, Hafnarfjordur Free Church 2%, pagan worship 1.4%, Icelandic Ethical Humanist 1.1%, other religions 4% (includes Zuist and Pentecostal), none 7.6%, other or unspecified 15% (2020 est.)"
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},
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"Age structure": {
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"0-14 years": {
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"text": "20.31% (male 36,394/female 34,837)"
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},
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"15-24 years": {
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"text": "12.85% (male 22,748/female 22,317)"
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},
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"25-54 years": {
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"text": "39.44% (male 70,227/female 68,095)"
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},
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"55-64 years": {
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"text": "11.94% (male 20,762/female 21,111)"
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},
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"65 years and over": {
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"text": "15.47% (male 25,546/female 28,697) (2020 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Dependency ratios": {
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"total dependency ratio": {
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"text": "54"
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},
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"youth dependency ratio": {
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"text": "29.9"
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},
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"elderly dependency ratio": {
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"text": "24.1"
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},
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"potential support ratio": {
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"text": "4.2 (2020 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Median age": {
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"total": {
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"text": "37.1 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "36.6 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "37.7 years (2020 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Population growth rate": {
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"text": "0.97% (2021 est.)"
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},
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"Birth rate": {
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"text": "13.12 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
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},
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"Death rate": {
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"text": "6.56 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
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},
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"Net migration rate": {
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"text": "3.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
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},
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"Population distribution": {
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"text": "Iceland is almost entirely urban with half of the population located in and around the capital of Reykjavik; smaller clusters are primarily found along the coast in the north and west"
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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"urban population": {
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"text": "93.9% of total population (2021)"
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},
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"rate of urbanization": {
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"text": "0.74% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Major urban areas - population": {
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"text": "216,000 REYKJAVIK (capital) (2018)"
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},
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"Sex ratio": {
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"at birth": {
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"text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
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},
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"0-14 years": {
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"text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
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},
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||
"15-24 years": {
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"text": "1.02 male(s)/female"
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||
},
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||
"25-54 years": {
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"text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
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||
},
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"55-64 years": {
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"text": "0.98 male(s)/female"
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||
},
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||
"65 years and over": {
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"text": "0.89 male(s)/female"
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},
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"total population": {
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"text": "1 male(s)/female (2020 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Mother's mean age at first birth": {
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"text": "27.8 years (2017 est.)"
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},
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"Maternal mortality ratio": {
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"text": "4 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)"
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},
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"Infant mortality rate": {
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"total": {
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"text": "1.66 deaths/1,000 live births"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "1.85 deaths/1,000 live births"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "1.47 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)"
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}
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||
},
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"Life expectancy at birth": {
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||
"total population": {
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"text": "83.45 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "81.21 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "85.79 years (2021 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Total fertility rate": {
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"text": "1.96 children born/woman (2021 est.)"
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},
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"Drinking water source": {
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"improved: urban": {
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"text": "urban: 100% of population"
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||
},
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||
"improved: rural": {
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"text": "rural: 100% of population"
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||
},
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"improved: total": {
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||
"text": "total: 100% of population"
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},
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"unimproved: urban": {
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||
"text": "urban: 0% of population"
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||
},
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||
"unimproved: rural": {
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||
"text": "rural: 0% of population"
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||
},
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"unimproved: total": {
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"text": "total: 0% of population (2017 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Current Health Expenditure": {
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"text": "8.5% (2018)"
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},
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"Physicians density": {
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"text": "4.08 physicians/1,000 population (2018)"
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},
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"Hospital bed density": {
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"text": "3.1 beds/1,000 population (2017)"
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},
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"Sanitation facility access": {
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||
"improved: urban": {
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||
"text": "urban: 100% of population"
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||
},
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"improved: rural": {
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||
"text": "rural: 100% of population"
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||
},
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||
"improved: total": {
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||
"text": "total: 100% of population"
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||
},
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||
"unimproved: urban": {
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||
"text": "urban: 0% of population"
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||
},
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||
"unimproved: rural": {
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||
"text": "rural: 0% of population"
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||
},
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||
"unimproved: total": {
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||
"text": "total: 0% of population (2017 est.)"
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||
}
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||
},
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"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
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||
"text": "0.1% (2020)"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
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||
"text": "<500 (2020)<br><br><strong>note: </strong>estimate does not include children",
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"note": "<strong>note: </strong>estimate does not include children"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
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"text": "<100 (2020)<br><br><strong>note: </strong>estimate does not include children",
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||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>estimate does not include children"
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},
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"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
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||
"text": "21.9% (2016)"
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},
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"Education expenditures": {
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"text": "7.7% of GDP (2017)"
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},
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"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
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"total": {
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"text": "19 years"
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},
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"male": {
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||
"text": "18 years"
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||
},
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"female": {
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"text": "20 years (2018)"
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||
}
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},
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"Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
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"total": {
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"text": "8.7%"
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||
},
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||
"male": {
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||
"text": "11.8%"
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||
},
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"female": {
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"text": "5.6% (2019 est.)"
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}
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}
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||
},
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"Environment": {
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||
"Environment - current issues": {
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||
"text": "water pollution from fertilizer runoff"
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},
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"Environment - international agreements": {
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"party to": {
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"text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling"
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||
},
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||
"signed, but not ratified": {
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"text": "Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation"
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||
}
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},
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"Air pollutants": {
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||
"particulate matter emissions": {
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"text": "5.94 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
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},
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||
"carbon dioxide emissions": {
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||
"text": "2.06 megatons (2016 est.)"
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||
},
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||
"methane emissions": {
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"text": "0.59 megatons (2020 est.)"
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}
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||
},
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"Total water withdrawal": {
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"municipal": {
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||
"text": "80 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
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},
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||
"industrial": {
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||
"text": "198 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
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||
"agricultural": {
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||
"text": "300,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||
}
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||
},
|
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"Total renewable water resources": {
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||
"text": "170 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
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||
"Climate": {
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||
"text": "temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers"
|
||
},
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||
"Land use": {
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||
"agricultural land": {
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||
"text": "18.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||
"text": "arable land: 1.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||
"text": "permanent pasture: 17.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"forest": {
|
||
"text": "0.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"other": {
|
||
"text": "81% (2018 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Revenue from forest resources": {
|
||
"forest revenues": {
|
||
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Revenue from coal": {
|
||
"coal revenues": {
|
||
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Urbanization": {
|
||
"urban population": {
|
||
"text": "93.9% of total population (2021)"
|
||
},
|
||
"rate of urbanization": {
|
||
"text": "0.74% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Waste and recycling": {
|
||
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
|
||
"text": "525,000 tons (2015 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
|
||
"text": "293,003 tons (2013 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
|
||
"text": "55.8% (2013 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Government": {
|
||
"Country name": {
|
||
"conventional long form": {
|
||
"text": "Republic of Iceland"
|
||
},
|
||
"conventional short form": {
|
||
"text": "Iceland"
|
||
},
|
||
"local long form": {
|
||
"text": "Lydveldid Island"
|
||
},
|
||
"local short form": {
|
||
"text": "Island"
|
||
},
|
||
"etymology": {
|
||
"text": "Floki VILGERDARSON, an early explorer of the island (9th century), applied the name \"Land of Ice\" after spotting a fjord full of drift ice to the north and spending a bitter winter on the island; he eventually settled on the island, however, after he saw how it greened up in the summer and that it was, in fact, habitable"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Government type": {
|
||
"text": "unitary parliamentary republic"
|
||
},
|
||
"Capital": {
|
||
"name": {
|
||
"text": "Reykjavik"
|
||
},
|
||
"geographic coordinates": {
|
||
"text": "64 09 N, 21 57 W"
|
||
},
|
||
"time difference": {
|
||
"text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
|
||
},
|
||
"note": "<strong>etymology:</strong> the name means \"smoky bay\" in Icelandic and refers to the steamy, smoke-like vapors discharged by hot springs in the area"
|
||
},
|
||
"Administrative divisions": {
|
||
"text": "69 municipalities (sveitarfelog, singular - sveitarfelagidh); Akrahreppur, Akranes, Akureyri, Arneshreppur, Asahreppur, Blaskogabyggdh, Blonduosbaer, Bolungarvik, Borgarbyggdh, Dalabyggdh, Dalvikurbyggdh, Eyjafjardharsveit, Eyja-og Miklaholtshreppur, Fjallabyggdh, Fjardhabyggdh, Fljotsdalshreppur, Floahreppur, Gardhabaer, Grimsnes-og Grafningshreppur, Grindavikurbaer, Grundarfjardharbaer, Grytubakkahreppur, Hafnarfjordhur, Helgafellssveit, Horgarsveit, Hrunamannahreppur, Hunathing Vestra, Hunavatnshreppur, Hvalfjardharsveit, Hveragerdhi, Isafjardharbaer, Kaldrananeshreppur, Kjosarhreppur, Kopavogur, Langanesbyggdh, Mosfellsbaer, Mulathing, Myrdalshreppur, Nordhurthing, Rangarthing Eystra, Rangarthing Ytra, Reykholahreppur, Reykjanesbaer, Reykjavik, Seltjarnarnes, Skaftarhreppur, Skagabyggdh, Skeidha-og Gnupverjahreppur, Skorradalshreppur, Skutustadhahreppur, Snaefellsbaer, Strandabyggdh, Stykkisholmur, Sudhavikurhreppur, Sudhurnesjabaer, Svalbardhshreppur, Svalbardhsstrandarhreppur, Sveitarfelagidh Arborg, Sveitarfelagidh Hornafjordhur, Sveitarfelagidh Olfus, Sveitarfelagidh Skagafjordhur, Sveitarfelagidh Skagastrond, Sveitarfelagidh Vogar, Talknafjardharhreppur, Thingeyjarsveit, Tjorneshreppur, Vestmannaeyjar, Vesturbyggdh, Vopnafjardharhreppur"
|
||
},
|
||
"Independence": {
|
||
"text": "1 December 1918 (became a sovereign state under the Danish Crown); 17 June 1944 (from Denmark; birthday of Jon SIGURDSSON, leader of Iceland's 19th Century independence movement)"
|
||
},
|
||
"National holiday": {
|
||
"text": "Independence Day, 17 June (1944)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Constitution": {
|
||
"history": {
|
||
"text": "several previous; latest ratified 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944 (at independence)"
|
||
},
|
||
"amendments": {
|
||
"text": "proposed by the Althingi; passage requires approval by the Althingi and by the next elected Althingi, and confirmation by the president of the republic; proposed amendments to Article 62 of the constitution – that the Evangelical Lutheran Church shall be the state church of Iceland – also require passage by referendum; amended many times, last in 2013"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Legal system": {
|
||
"text": "civil law system influenced by the Danish model"
|
||
},
|
||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
|
||
},
|
||
"Citizenship": {
|
||
"citizenship by birth": {
|
||
"text": "no"
|
||
},
|
||
"citizenship by descent only": {
|
||
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Iceland"
|
||
},
|
||
"dual citizenship recognized": {
|
||
"text": "yes"
|
||
},
|
||
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
|
||
"text": "3 to 7 years"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Suffrage": {
|
||
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
|
||
},
|
||
"Executive branch": {
|
||
"chief of state": {
|
||
"text": "President Gudni Thorlacius JOHANNESSON (since 1 August 2016)"
|
||
},
|
||
"head of government": {
|
||
"text": "Prime Minister Katrin JAKOBSDOTTIR (since 30 November 2017)"
|
||
},
|
||
"cabinet": {
|
||
"text": "Cabinet appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the prime minister "
|
||
},
|
||
"elections/appointments": {
|
||
"text": "president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (no term limits); election last held on 27 June 2020 (next to be held in 2024); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition becomes prime minister"
|
||
},
|
||
"election results": {
|
||
"text": "Gudni Thorlacius JOHANNESSON reelected president; percent of vote - Gudni Thorlacius JOHANNESSON (independent) 92.2%, Gudmundur Franklin JONSSON (independent) 7.8%"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||
"description": {
|
||
"text": "unicameral Althingi or Parliament (63 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)"
|
||
},
|
||
"elections": {
|
||
"text": "last held on 28 October 2017 (next to be held in 2021)"
|
||
},
|
||
"election results": {
|
||
"text": "percent of vote by party - IP 25.2%, LGM 16.9%, SDA 12.1%, CP 10.9%, PP 10.7%, Pirate Party 9.2%, People's Party 6.9%, Reform Party 6.7%. other 1.5%; seats by party - IP 16, LGM 11, SDA 7, CP 7, PP 8, Pirate Party 6, Reform Party 4, People's Party 4"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||
"highest courts": {
|
||
"text": "Supreme Court or Haestirettur (consists of 9 judges)"
|
||
},
|
||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||
"text": "judges proposed by Ministry of Interior selection committee and appointed by the president; judges appointed for an indefinite period"
|
||
},
|
||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||
"text": "Appellate Court or Landsrettur; 8 district courts; Labor Court"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||
"text": "Centrist Party (Midflokkurinn) or CP [Sigmundur David GUNNLAUGSSON]<br>Independence Party (Sjalfstaedisflokkurinn) or IP [Bjarni BENEDIKTSSON]<br>Left-Green Movement (Vinstrihreyfingin-graent frambod) or LGM [Katrin JAKOBSDOTTIR]<br>People's Party (Flokkur Folksins) [Inga SAELAND]<br>Pirate Party (Piratar) [rotating leadership]<br>Progressive Party (Framsoknarflokkurinn) or PP [Sigurdur Ingi JOHANNSSON]<br>Reform Party (Vidreisn) [Thorgerdur Katrin GUNNARSDOTTIR]<br>Social Democratic Alliance (Samfylkingin) or SDA [Logi Mar EINARSSON]"
|
||
},
|
||
"International organization participation": {
|
||
"text": "Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EFTA, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||
},
|
||
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
|
||
"chief of mission": {
|
||
"text": "Ambassador Geir Hilmar HAARDE (since 23 February 2015)"
|
||
},
|
||
"chancery": {
|
||
"text": "House of Sweden, 2900 K Street NW, #509, Washington, DC 20007"
|
||
},
|
||
"telephone": {
|
||
"text": "[1] (202) 265-6653"
|
||
},
|
||
"FAX": {
|
||
"text": "[1] (202) 265-6656"
|
||
},
|
||
"consulate(s) general": {
|
||
"text": "New York"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
|
||
"chief of mission": {
|
||
"text": "Ambassador Jeffrey Ross GUNTER (since 2 July 2019)"
|
||
},
|
||
"telephone": {
|
||
"text": "[354] 595-2200"
|
||
},
|
||
"embassy": {
|
||
"text": "Laufasvegur 21, 101 Reykjavik"
|
||
},
|
||
"mailing address": {
|
||
"text": "US Department of State, 5640 Reykjavik Place, Washington, D.C. 20521-5640"
|
||
},
|
||
"FAX": {
|
||
"text": "[354] 562-9118"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Flag description": {
|
||
"text": "blue with a red cross outlined in white extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors represent three of the elements that make up the island: red is for the island's volcanic fires, white recalls the snow and ice fields of the island, and blue is for the surrounding ocean"
|
||
},
|
||
"National symbol(s)": {
|
||
"text": "gyrfalcon; national colors: blue, white, red"
|
||
},
|
||
"National anthem": {
|
||
"name": {
|
||
"text": "\"Lofsongur\" (Song of Praise)"
|
||
},
|
||
"lyrics/music": {
|
||
"text": "Matthias JOCHUMSSON/Sveinbjorn SVEINBJORNSSON"
|
||
},
|
||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1944; also known as \"O, Gud vors lands\" (O, God of Our Land), the anthem was originally written and performed in 1874"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Economy": {
|
||
"Economic overview": {
|
||
"text": "<p>Iceland's economy combines a capitalist structure and free-market principles with an extensive welfare system. Except for a brief period during the 2008 crisis, Iceland has in recent years achieved high growth, low unemployment, and a remarkably even distribution of income. Iceland's economy has been diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in the last decade, particularly within the fields of tourism, software production, and biotechnology. Abundant geothermal and hydropower sources have attracted substantial foreign investment in the aluminum sector, boosted economic growth, and sparked some interest from high-tech firms looking to establish data centers using cheap green energy.</p><p></p><p>Tourism, aluminum smelting, and fishing are the pillars of the economy. For decades the Icelandic economy depended heavily on fisheries, but tourism has now surpassed fishing and aluminum as Iceland’s main export industry. Tourism accounted for 8.6% of Iceland’s GDP in 2016, and 39% of total exports of merchandise and services. From 2010 to 2017, the number of tourists visiting Iceland increased by nearly 400%. Since 2010, tourism has become a main driver of Icelandic economic growth, with the number of tourists reaching 4.5 times the Icelandic population in 2016. Iceland remains sensitive to fluctuations in world prices for its main exports, and to fluctuations in the exchange rate of the Icelandic Krona.</p><p></p><p>Following the privatization of the banking sector in the early 2000s, domestic banks expanded aggressively in foreign markets, and consumers and businesses borrowed heavily in foreign currencies. Worsening global financial conditions throughout 2008 resulted in a sharp depreciation of the krona vis-a-vis other major currencies. The foreign exposure of Icelandic banks, whose loans and other assets totaled nearly nine times the country's GDP, became unsustainable. Iceland's three largest banks collapsed in late 2008. GDP fell 6.8% in 2009, and unemployment peaked at 9.4% in February 2009. Three new banks were established to take over the domestic assets of the collapsed banks. Two of them have majority ownership by the state, which intends to re-privatize them.</p><p></p><p>Since the collapse of Iceland's financial sector, government economic priorities have included stabilizing the krona, implementing capital controls, reducing Iceland's high budget deficit, containing inflation, addressing high household debt, restructuring the financial sector, and diversifying the economy. Capital controls were lifted in March 2017, but some financial protections, such as reserve requirements for specified investments connected to new inflows of foreign currency, remain in place.</p>"
|
||
},
|
||
"Real GDP growth rate": {
|
||
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
|
||
"text": "1.94% (2019 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
|
||
"text": "3.88% (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
|
||
"text": "4.57% (2017 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
|
||
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
|
||
"text": "3% (2019 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
|
||
"text": "2.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
|
||
"text": "1.7% (2017 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Credit ratings": {
|
||
"Fitch rating": {
|
||
"text": "A (2017)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Moody's rating": {
|
||
"text": "A2 (2019)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Standard & Poors rating": {
|
||
"text": "A (2017)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
|
||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
|
||
"text": "$20.187 billion (2019 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
|
||
"text": "$19.807 billion (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
|
||
"text": "$19.08 billion (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
|
||
},
|
||
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
|
||
"text": "$24.614 billion (2019 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Real GDP per capita": {
|
||
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
|
||
"text": "$55,874 (2019 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
|
||
"text": "$56,158 (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
|
||
"text": "$55,562 (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
|
||
},
|
||
"Gross national saving": {
|
||
"Gross national saving 2019": {
|
||
"text": "26% of GDP (2019 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Gross national saving 2018": {
|
||
"text": "21% of GDP (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Gross national saving 2017": {
|
||
"text": "23.3% of GDP (2017 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
|
||
"agriculture": {
|
||
"text": "5.8% (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"industry": {
|
||
"text": "19.7% (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"services": {
|
||
"text": "74.6% (2017 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
|
||
"household consumption": {
|
||
"text": "50.4% (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"government consumption": {
|
||
"text": "23.3% (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"investment in fixed capital": {
|
||
"text": "22.1% (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"investment in inventories": {
|
||
"text": "0% (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"exports of goods and services": {
|
||
"text": "47% (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"imports of goods and services": {
|
||
"text": "-42.8% (2017 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Ease of Doing Business Index scores": {
|
||
"Overall score": {
|
||
"text": "79 (2020)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Starting a Business score": {
|
||
"text": "90.6 (2020)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Trading score": {
|
||
"text": "86.7 (2020)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Enforcement score": {
|
||
"text": "69.1 (2020)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Agricultural products": {
|
||
"text": "milk, mutton, poultry, potatoes, barley, pork, eggs, beef, other meat, sheep skins"
|
||
},
|
||
"Industries": {
|
||
"text": "tourism, fish processing; aluminum smelting;; geothermal power, hydropower; medical/pharmaceutical products"
|
||
},
|
||
"Industrial production growth rate": {
|
||
"text": "2.4% (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Labor force": {
|
||
"text": "200,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Labor force - by occupation": {
|
||
"agriculture": {
|
||
"text": "4.8%"
|
||
},
|
||
"industry": {
|
||
"text": "22.2%"
|
||
},
|
||
"services": {
|
||
"text": "73% (2008)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Unemployment rate": {
|
||
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
|
||
"text": "3.62% (2019 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
|
||
"text": "2.73% (2018 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Population below poverty line": {
|
||
"text": "8.8% (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
|
||
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015": {
|
||
"text": "26.8 (2015 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2005": {
|
||
"text": "25 (2005)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
|
||
"lowest 10%": {
|
||
"text": "NA"
|
||
},
|
||
"highest 10%": {
|
||
"text": "NA"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Budget": {
|
||
"revenues": {
|
||
"text": "10.39 billion (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"expenditures": {
|
||
"text": "10.02 billion (2017 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Taxes and other revenues": {
|
||
"text": "42.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
|
||
"text": "1.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Public debt": {
|
||
"Public debt 2017": {
|
||
"text": "40% of GDP (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Public debt 2016": {
|
||
"text": "51.7% of GDP (2016 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Fiscal year": {
|
||
"text": "calendar year"
|
||
},
|
||
"Current account balance": {
|
||
"Current account balance 2019": {
|
||
"text": "$1.496 billion (2019 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Current account balance 2018": {
|
||
"text": "$814 million (2018 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Exports": {
|
||
"Exports 2019": {
|
||
"text": "$10.415 billion (2019 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Exports 2018": {
|
||
"text": "$10.923 billion (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Exports 2017": {
|
||
"text": "$10.742 billion (2017 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Exports - partners": {
|
||
"text": "Netherlands 23%, United Kingdom 9%, Germany 9%, Spain 8%, United States 7%, France 7%, Canada 5% (2019)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Exports - commodities": {
|
||
"text": "aluminum and aluminum products, fish products, aircraft, iron alloys, animal meal (2019)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Imports": {
|
||
"Imports 2019": {
|
||
"text": "$9.399 billion (2019 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Imports 2018": {
|
||
"text": "$10.364 billion (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Imports 2017": {
|
||
"text": "$10.314 billion (2017 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Imports - partners": {
|
||
"text": "Norway 11%, Netherlands 10%, Germany 8%, Denmark 8%, United States 7%, United Kingdom 6%, China 6%, Sweden 5% (2019)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Imports - commodities": {
|
||
"text": "refined petroleum, aluminum oxide, carbon/graphite electronics, cars, packaged medicines (2019)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
|
||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
|
||
"text": "$6.567 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
|
||
"text": "$7.226 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Debt - external": {
|
||
"Debt - external 2019": {
|
||
"text": "$19.422 billion (2019 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Debt - external 2018": {
|
||
"text": "$22.055 billion (2018 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Exchange rates": {
|
||
"currency": {
|
||
"text": "Icelandic kronur (ISK) per US dollar -"
|
||
},
|
||
"Exchange rates 2020": {
|
||
"text": "127.05 (2020 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Exchange rates 2019": {
|
||
"text": "121.68 (2019 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Exchange rates 2018": {
|
||
"text": "121.86 (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Exchange rates 2014": {
|
||
"text": "131.92 (2014 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Exchange rates 2013": {
|
||
"text": "116.77 (2013 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Energy": {
|
||
"Electricity access": {
|
||
"electrification - total population": {
|
||
"text": "100% (2020)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Electricity - production": {
|
||
"text": "18.17 billion kWh (2016 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Electricity - consumption": {
|
||
"text": "17.68 billion kWh (2016 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Electricity - exports": {
|
||
"text": "0 kWh (2016 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Electricity - imports": {
|
||
"text": "0 kWh (2016 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
|
||
"text": "2.772 million kW (2016 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
|
||
"text": "4% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
|
||
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
|
||
"text": "71% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
|
||
"text": "25% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Crude oil - production": {
|
||
"text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Crude oil - exports": {
|
||
"text": "0 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Crude oil - imports": {
|
||
"text": "0 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Crude oil - proved reserves": {
|
||
"text": "0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Refined petroleum products - production": {
|
||
"text": "0 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Refined petroleum products - consumption": {
|
||
"text": "20,850 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Refined petroleum products - exports": {
|
||
"text": "2,530 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Refined petroleum products - imports": {
|
||
"text": "20,220 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Natural gas - production": {
|
||
"text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Natural gas - consumption": {
|
||
"text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Natural gas - exports": {
|
||
"text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Natural gas - imports": {
|
||
"text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Natural gas - proved reserves": {
|
||
"text": "0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Communications": {
|
||
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
|
||
"total subscriptions": {
|
||
"text": "125,567"
|
||
},
|
||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||
"text": "36.16 (2019 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
|
||
"total subscriptions": {
|
||
"text": "413,446"
|
||
},
|
||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||
"text": "119.08 (2019 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||
"general assessment": {
|
||
"text": "<p>small but most progressive telecom market in Europe; telecom infrastructure is modern and fully digitized, with satellite-earth stations, fiber-optic cables, and an extensive broadband network; near universal fixed broadband service of at least 100Mb/s by the end of 2021; operator aims for national 5G coverage by end of 2022; good competition among mobile and broadband markets; investment by operators and government in support of NGN, particularly in rural areas; submarine cable to Ireland; importer of broadcasting equipment from Vietnam and China (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||
},
|
||
"domestic": {
|
||
"text": "liberalization of the telecommunications sector beginning in the late 1990s has led to increased competition especially in the mobile services segment of the market; 37 per 100 for fixed line and 122 per 100 for mobile-cellular subscriptions (2019)"
|
||
},
|
||
"international": {
|
||
"text": "country code - 354; landing points for the CANTAT-3, FARICE-1, Greenland Connect and DANICE submarine cable system that provides connectivity to Canada, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, UK, Denmark, and Germany; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Iceland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden) (2019)"
|
||
},
|
||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments"
|
||
},
|
||
"Broadcast media": {
|
||
"text": "<p>state-owned public TV broadcaster (RUV) operates 21 TV channels nationally (RUV and RUV 2, though RUV 2 is used less frequently); RUV broadcasts nationally, every household in Iceland is required to have RUV as it doubles as the emergency broadcast network; RUV also operates stringer offices in the north (Akureyri) and the east (Egilsstadir) but operations are all run out of RUV headquarters in Reykjavik; there are 3 privately owned TV stations; Stod 2 (Channel 2) is owned by Syn, following 365 Media and Vodafone merger, and is headquartered in Reykjavik; Syn also operates 4 sports channels under Stod 2; N4 is the only television station headquartered outside of Reykjavik, in Akureyri, with local programming for the north, south, and east of Iceland; Hringbraut is the newest station and is headquartered in Reykjavik; all of these television stations have nationwide penetration as 100% of households have multi-channel services though digital and/or fiber-optic connections</p> <p>RUV operates 3 radio stations (RAS 1, RAS2, and Rondo) as well as 4 regional stations (but they mostly act as range extenders for RUV radio broadcasts nationwide); there is 1 privately owned radio conglomerate, Syn (4 stations), that broadcasts nationwide, and 3 other radio stations that broadcast to the most densely populated regions of the country. In addition there are upwards of 20 radio stations that operate regionally</p> (2019)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Internet country code": {
|
||
"text": ".is"
|
||
},
|
||
"Internet users": {
|
||
"total": {
|
||
"text": "340,117"
|
||
},
|
||
"percent of population": {
|
||
"text": "99.01% (July 2018 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
|
||
"total": {
|
||
"text": "139,241"
|
||
},
|
||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||
"text": "40.1 (2019 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Transportation": {
|
||
"National air transport system": {
|
||
"number of registered air carriers": {
|
||
"text": "6 (2020)"
|
||
},
|
||
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
|
||
"text": "63"
|
||
},
|
||
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||
"text": "7,819,740 (2018)"
|
||
},
|
||
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||
"text": "163.65 million mt-km (2018)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
|
||
"text": "TF"
|
||
},
|
||
"Airports": {
|
||
"total": {
|
||
"text": "96 (2013)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Airports - with paved runways": {
|
||
"total": {
|
||
"text": "7 (2017)"
|
||
},
|
||
"over 3,047 m": {
|
||
"text": "1 (2017)"
|
||
},
|
||
"1,524 to 2,437 m": {
|
||
"text": "3 (2017)"
|
||
},
|
||
"914 to 1,523 m": {
|
||
"text": "3 (2017)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Airports - with unpaved runways": {
|
||
"total": {
|
||
"text": "89 (2013)"
|
||
},
|
||
"1,524 to 2,437 m": {
|
||
"text": "3 (2013)"
|
||
},
|
||
"914 to 1,523 m": {
|
||
"text": "26 (2013)"
|
||
},
|
||
"under 914 m": {
|
||
"text": "60 (2013)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Roadways": {
|
||
"total": {
|
||
"text": "12,898 km (2012)"
|
||
},
|
||
"paved/oiled gravel": {
|
||
"text": "5,647 km (excludes urban roads) (2012)"
|
||
},
|
||
"unpaved": {
|
||
"text": "7,251 km (2012)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Merchant marine": {
|
||
"total": {
|
||
"text": "40"
|
||
},
|
||
"by type": {
|
||
"text": "general cargo 5, oil tanker 2, other 33 (2020)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Ports and terminals": {
|
||
"major seaport(s)": {
|
||
"text": "Grundartangi, Hafnarfjordur, Reykjavik"
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Military and Security": {
|
||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||
"text": "no regular military forces; Ministry of Interior: Icelandic Coast Guard (includes both air and maritime elements); Icelandic National Police (2021)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
|
||
"text": "the Icelandic Coast Guard has approximately 250 personnel (2021)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
|
||
"text": "the Icelandic Coast Guard's inventory consists of equipment from European suppliers (2020)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Military - note": {
|
||
"text": "Iceland was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) in 1949; Iceland is the only NATO member that has no standing military force; defense of Iceland remains a NATO commitment and NATO maintains an air policing presence in Icelandic airspace; Iceland participates in international peacekeeping missions with the civilian-manned Icelandic Crisis Response Unit (ICRU)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||
"Disputes - international": {
|
||
"text": "<p>Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm; the European Free Trade Association Surveillance Authority filed a suit against Iceland, claiming the country violated the Agreement on the European Economic Area in failing to pay minimum compensation to Icesave depositors</p>"
|
||
},
|
||
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
|
||
"stateless persons": {
|
||
"text": "65 (2020)"
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
} |