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{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "<p>Algeria has known many empires and dynasties starting with the ancient Numidians (3rd century B.C.), Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, over a dozen different Arab and Berber dynasties, Spaniards, and Ottoman Turks. It was under the latter that the Barbary pirates operated from North Africa and preyed on shipping beginning in roughly 1500, peaking in the early to mid-17th century, until finally subdued by the French capture of Algiers in 1830. The French southward conquest of the entirety of Algeria proceeded throughout the 19th century and was marked by many atrocities. The country was heavily colonized by the French in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A bloody eight-year struggle culminated in Algerian independence in 1962. <br /><br />Algeria's primary political party, the National Liberation Front (FLN), was established in 1954 as part of the struggle for independence and has since largely dominated politics. The Government of Algeria in 1988 instituted a multi-party system in response to public unrest, but the surprising first round success of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in the December 1991 legislative elections led the Algerian army to intervene and postpone the second round of elections to prevent what the secular elite feared would be an extremist-led government from assuming power. The army began a crackdown on the FIS that spurred FIS supporters to begin attacking government targets. Fighting escalated into an insurgency, which saw intense violence from 1992-98, resulting in over 100,000 deaths - many attributed to indiscriminate massacres of villagers by extremists. The government gained the upper hand by the late-1990s, and FIS's armed wing, the Islamic Salvation Army, disbanded in January 2000.</p> <p>Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA, with the backing of the military, won the presidency in 1999 in an election that was boycotted by several candidates protesting alleged fraud, and won subsequent elections in 2004, 2009, and 2014. The government in 2011 introduced some political reforms in response to the Arab Spring, including lifting the 19-year-old state of emergency restrictions and increasing women's quotas for elected assemblies, while also increasing subsidies to the populace. Since 2014, Algeria’s reliance on hydrocarbon revenues to fund the government and finance the large subsidies for the population has fallen under stress because of declining oil prices. Protests broke out across the country in late February 2019 against President BOUTEFLIKA’s decision to seek a fifth term. BOUTEFLIKA resigned on 2 April 2019, and the speaker of the upper house of parliament, Abdelkader BENSALAH, became interim head of state on 9 April. BENSALAH remained in office beyond the 90-day constitutional limit until Algerians elected former Prime Minister Abdelmadjid TEBBOUNE as the country's new president in December 2019.</p>"
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"text": "<p>Algeria has known many empires and dynasties starting with the ancient Numidians (3rd century B.C.), Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, over a dozen different Arab and Berber dynasties, Spaniards, and Ottoman Turks. It was under the latter that the Barbary pirates operated from North Africa and preyed on shipping beginning in roughly 1500, peaking in the early to mid-17th century, until finally subdued by the French capture of Algiers in 1830. The French southward conquest of the entirety of Algeria proceeded throughout the 19th century and was marked by many atrocities. The country was heavily colonized by the French in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A bloody eight-year struggle culminated in Algerian independence in 1962. <br><br>Algeria's primary political party, the National Liberation Front (FLN), was established in 1954 as part of the struggle for independence and has since largely dominated politics. The Government of Algeria in 1988 instituted a multi-party system in response to public unrest, but the surprising first round success of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in the December 1991 legislative elections led the Algerian army to intervene and postpone the second round of elections to prevent what the secular elite feared would be an extremist-led government from assuming power. The army began a crackdown on the FIS that spurred FIS supporters to begin attacking government targets. Fighting escalated into an insurgency, which saw intense violence from 1992-98, resulting in over 100,000 deaths - many attributed to indiscriminate massacres of villagers by extremists. The government gained the upper hand by the late-1990s, and FIS's armed wing, the Islamic Salvation Army, disbanded in January 2000.</p> <p>Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA, with the backing of the military, won the presidency in 1999 in an election that was boycotted by several candidates protesting alleged fraud, and won subsequent elections in 2004, 2009, and 2014. The government in 2011 introduced some political reforms in response to the Arab Spring, including lifting the 19-year-old state of emergency restrictions and increasing women's quotas for elected assemblies, while also increasing subsidies to the populace. Since 2014, Algeria’s reliance on hydrocarbon revenues to fund the government and finance the large subsidies for the population has fallen under stress because of declining oil prices. Protests broke out across the country in late February 2019 against President BOUTEFLIKA’s decision to seek a fifth term. BOUTEFLIKA resigned on 2 April 2019, and the speaker of the upper house of parliament, Abdelkader BENSALAH, became interim head of state on 9 April. BENSALAH remained in office beyond the 90-day constitutional limit until Algerians elected former Prime Minister Abdelmadjid TEBBOUNE as the country's new president in December 2019.</p>"
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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"text": "13,600 sq km (2014)"
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},
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"Population distribution": {
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"text": "the vast majority of the populace is found in the extreme northern part of the country along the Mediterranean Coast as shown in this <a href=\"../attachments/images/original/ALGERIA_Population_density.jpg?1554224291\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
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"text": "the vast majority of the populace is found in the extreme northern part of the country along the Mediterranean Coast as shown in this population distribution map"
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},
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"Natural hazards": {
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"text": "mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; mudslides and floods in rainy season; droughts"
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"text": "Arabic (official), French (lingua franca), Berber or Tamazight (official); dialects include Kabyle Berber (Taqbaylit), Shawiya Berber (Tacawit), Mzab Berber, Tuareg Berber (Tamahaq)"
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},
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"printed major-language sample": {
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"text": "<br />كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br /><br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
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"text": "<br>كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
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}
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},
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"Religions": {
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"text": "-0.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
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},
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"Population distribution": {
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"text": "the vast majority of the populace is found in the extreme northern part of the country along the Mediterranean Coast as shown in this <a href=\"../attachments/images/original/ALGERIA_Population_density.jpg?1554224291\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
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"text": "the vast majority of the populace is found in the extreme northern part of the country along the Mediterranean Coast as shown in this population distribution map"
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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"urban population": {
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}
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
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"text": "<.1% (2019 est.)"
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"text": "<.1% (2020 est.)"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
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"text": "22,000 (2019 est.)"
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"text": "18,000 (2020 est.)"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
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"text": "<200 (2019 est.)"
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"text": "<200 (2020 est.)"
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},
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"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
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"text": "27.4% (2016)"
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"text": "President Abdelmadjid TEBBOUNE (since 12 December 2019)"
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},
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"head of government": {
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"text": "Prime Minister Ayman BENABDERRAHMANE (since 7 July 2021); note - President TEBBOUNE appointed BENABDERRAHMANE as prime minister following the resignation of Prime Minister Abdelaziz DJERAD on 24 June <h1> </h1> <h1> </h1> Abdelaziz DJERAD (since 28 December 2019)"
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"text": "Prime Minister Ayman BENABDERRAHMANE (since 7 July 2021); note - President TEBBOUNE appointed BENABDERRAHMANE as prime minister following the resignation of Prime Minister Abdelaziz DJERAD on 24 June <h1> </h1> <h1> </h1> Abdelaziz DJERAD (since 28 December 2019)"
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},
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"cabinet": {
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"text": "Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president"
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},
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"Legislative branch": {
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"description": {
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"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br />Council of the Nation (upper house with 144 seats; one-third of members appointed by the president, two-thirds indirectly elected by simple majority vote by an electoral college composed of local council members; members serve 6-year terms with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years)<br />National People's Assembly (lower house with 407 seats including 8 seats for Algerian diaspora); members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by open-list proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms); note - in March 2021, President TEBBOUNE ordered the number of Assembly seats be reduced to 407 from 462"
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"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br>Council of the Nation (upper house with 144 seats; one-third of members appointed by the president, two-thirds indirectly elected by simple majority vote by an electoral college composed of local council members; members serve 6-year terms with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years)<br>National People's Assembly (lower house with 407 seats including 8 seats for Algerian diaspora); members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by open-list proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms); note - in March 2021, President TEBBOUNE ordered the number of Assembly seats be reduced to 407 from 462"
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},
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"elections": {
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"text": "<br />Council of the Nation - last held on 29 December 2018 (next to be held in December 2021)<br />National People's Assembly - snap election held on 12 June 2021 (next to be held on 12 June 2026)"
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"text": "<br>Council of the Nation - last held on 29 December 2018 (next to be held in December 2021)<br>National People's Assembly - snap election held on 12 June 2021 (next to be held on 12 June 2026)"
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},
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"election results": {
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"text": "<br />Council of the Nation - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 137, women 7, percent of women 5%,<br />National People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - FLN 98, MSP 65, RND 58, EL Mostakbel 48, Movement of National Construction 39, other 15, independent 84; composition - men 373, women 34, percent of women 8.4%; note - total Parliament percent of women 7.4%"
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"text": "<br>Council of the Nation - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 137, women 7, percent of women 5%,<br>National People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - FLN 98, MSP 65, RND 58, EL Mostakbel 48, Movement of National Construction 39, other 15, independent 84; composition - men 373, women 34, percent of women 8.4%; note - total Parliament percent of women 7.4%"
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}
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},
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"Judicial branch": {
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}
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},
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"Political parties and leaders": {
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"text": "Algerian National Front or FNA [Moussa TOUATI]<br />Algerian Popular Movement or MPA [Amara BENYOUNES]<br />Algerian Rally or RA [Ali ZAGHDOUD]<br />Algeria's Hope Rally or TAJ [Amar GHOUL]<br />Democratic and Social Movement or MDS [Hamid FERHI]<br />Dignity or El Karama [Aymene HARKATI]<br />Ennour El Djazairi Party (Algerian Radiance Party) or PED [Badreddine BELBAZ]<br />Front for Justice and Development or El Adala [Abdallah DJABALLAH]<br />Future Front or El Mostakbel [Abdelaziz BELAID]<br />Islamic Renaissance Movement or Ennahda Movement [Mohamed DOUIBI]<br />Justice and Development Front or FJD [Abdellah DJABALLAH]<br />Movement of National Construction (Harakat El-Binaa El-Watani) [Abdelkader BENGRINA]<br />Movement of National Understanding or MEN<br />Movement for National Reform or Islah [Filali GHOUINI]<br />Movement of Society for Peace or MSP [Abderrazak MAKRI]<br />National Democratic Rally (Rassemblement National Democratique) or RND [Ahmed OUYAHIA]<br />National Front for Social Justice or FNJS [Khaled BOUNEDJEMA]<br />National Liberation Front or FLN [Mohamed DJEMAI]<br />National Party for Solidarity and Development or PNSD [Dalila YALAQUI]<br />National Reform Movement or Islah [Djahid YOUNSI]<br />National Republican Alliance or ANR [Belkacem SAHLI]<br />New Dawn Party or PFJ [Tahar BENBAIBECHE]<br />New Generation or Jil Jadid [Soufiane DJILALI]<br />Oath of 1954 or Ahd 54 [Ali Fawzi REBAINE]<br />Party of Justice and Liberty [Mohammed SAID]<br />Rally for Culture and Democracy or RCD [Mohcine BELABBAS]<br />Socialist Forces Front or FFS [Hakim BELAHCEL]<br />Union for Change and Progress or UCP [Zoubida Assoul]<br />Union of Democratic and Social Forces or UFDS [Noureddine BAHBOUH]<br />Vanguard of Freedoms (Talaie El Houriat) [Ali BENFLIS]<br />Youth Party or PJ [Hamana BOUCHARMA]<br />Workers Party or PT [Louisa HANOUNE]<br><br><strong>note:</strong> a law banning political parties based on religion was enacted in March 1997",
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"text": "Algerian National Front or FNA [Moussa TOUATI]<br>Algerian Popular Movement or MPA [Amara BENYOUNES]<br>Algerian Rally or RA [Ali ZAGHDOUD]<br>Algeria's Hope Rally or TAJ [Amar GHOUL]<br>Democratic and Social Movement or MDS [Hamid FERHI]<br>Dignity or El Karama [Aymene HARKATI]<br>Ennour El Djazairi Party (Algerian Radiance Party) or PED [Badreddine BELBAZ]<br>Front for Justice and Development or El Adala [Abdallah DJABALLAH]<br>Future Front or El Mostakbel [Abdelaziz BELAID]<br>Islamic Renaissance Movement or Ennahda Movement [Mohamed DOUIBI]<br>Justice and Development Front or FJD [Abdellah DJABALLAH]<br>Movement of National Construction (Harakat El-Binaa El-Watani) [Abdelkader BENGRINA]<br>Movement of National Understanding or MEN<br>Movement for National Reform or Islah [Filali GHOUINI]<br>Movement of Society for Peace or MSP [Abderrazak MAKRI]<br>National Democratic Rally (Rassemblement National Democratique) or RND [Ahmed OUYAHIA]<br>National Front for Social Justice or FNJS [Khaled BOUNEDJEMA]<br>National Liberation Front or FLN [Mohamed DJEMAI]<br>National Party for Solidarity and Development or PNSD [Dalila YALAQUI]<br>National Reform Movement or Islah [Djahid YOUNSI]<br>National Republican Alliance or ANR [Belkacem SAHLI]<br>New Dawn Party or PFJ [Tahar BENBAIBECHE]<br>New Generation or Jil Jadid [Soufiane DJILALI]<br>Oath of 1954 or Ahd 54 [Ali Fawzi REBAINE]<br>Party of Justice and Liberty [Mohammed SAID]<br>Rally for Culture and Democracy or RCD [Mohcine BELABBAS]<br>Socialist Forces Front or FFS [Hakim BELAHCEL]<br>Union for Change and Progress or UCP [Zoubida Assoul]<br>Union of Democratic and Social Forces or UFDS [Noureddine BAHBOUH]<br>Vanguard of Freedoms (Talaie El Houriat) [Ali BENFLIS]<br>Youth Party or PJ [Hamana BOUCHARMA]<br>Workers Party or PT [Louisa HANOUNE]<br><br><strong>note:</strong> a law banning political parties based on religion was enacted in March 1997",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> a law banning political parties based on religion was enacted in March 1997"
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},
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"International organization participation": {
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},
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"Terrorism": {
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"Terrorist group(s)": {
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"text": "al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) – Algeria; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix T</a>",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix T</a>"
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"text": "al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) – Algeria; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T"
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}
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},
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"Transnational Issues": {
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"Disputes - international": {
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"text": "<p>Algeria and many other states reject Moroccan administration of Western Sahara; the Polisario Front, exiled in Algeria, represents the \"Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic\" which Algeria recognizes; the Algerian-Moroccan land border remains closed; dormant disputes include Libyan claims of about 32,000 sq km of southeastern Algeria and the National Liberation Front's (FLN) assertions of a claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco.</p> <p> </p>"
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"text": "<p>Algeria and many other states reject Moroccan administration of Western Sahara; the Polisario Front, exiled in Algeria, represents the \"Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic\" which Algeria recognizes; the Algerian-Moroccan land border remains closed; dormant disputes include Libyan claims of about 32,000 sq km of southeastern Algeria and the National Liberation Front's (FLN) assertions of a claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco.</p> <p> </p>"
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},
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"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
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"refugees (country of origin)": {
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{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "From the late 14th to the mid 19th century a Kingdom of Kongo stretched across central Africa from present-day northern Angola into the current Congo republics. It traded heavily with the Portuguese who, beginning in the 16th century, established coastal colonies and trading posts and introduced Christianity. By the 19th century, Portuguese settlement had spread to the interior; in 1914, Portugal abolished the last vestiges of the Kongo Kingdom and Angola became a Portuguese colony. <br /><br />Angola scores low on human development indexes despite using its large oil reserves to rebuild since the end of a 27-year civil war in 2002. Fighting between the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS, and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas SAVIMBI, followed independence from Portugal in 1975. Peace seemed imminent in 1992 when Angola held national elections, but fighting picked up again in 1993. Up to 1.5 million lives may have been lost - and 4 million people displaced - during the more than a quarter century of fighting. SAVIMBI's death in 2002 ended UNITA's insurgency and cemented the MPLA's hold on power. DOS SANTOS stepped down from the presidency in 2017, having led the country since 1979. He pushed through a new constitution in 2010. Joao LOURENCO was elected president in August 2017 and became president of the MPLA in September 2018."
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"text": "From the late 14th to the mid 19th century a Kingdom of Kongo stretched across central Africa from present-day northern Angola into the current Congo republics. It traded heavily with the Portuguese who, beginning in the 16th century, established coastal colonies and trading posts and introduced Christianity. By the 19th century, Portuguese settlement had spread to the interior; in 1914, Portugal abolished the last vestiges of the Kongo Kingdom and Angola became a Portuguese colony. <br><br>Angola scores low on human development indexes despite using its large oil reserves to rebuild since the end of a 27-year civil war in 2002. Fighting between the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS, and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas SAVIMBI, followed independence from Portugal in 1975. Peace seemed imminent in 1992 when Angola held national elections, but fighting picked up again in 1993. Up to 1.5 million lives may have been lost - and 4 million people displaced - during the more than a quarter century of fighting. SAVIMBI's death in 2002 ended UNITA's insurgency and cemented the MPLA's hold on power. DOS SANTOS stepped down from the presidency in 2017, having led the country since 1979. He pushed through a new constitution in 2010. Joao LOURENCO was elected president in August 2017 and became president of the MPLA in September 2018."
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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"text": "860 sq km (2014)"
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},
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"Population distribution": {
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"text": "most people live in the western half of the country; urban areas account for the highest concentrations of people, particularly the capital of Luanda as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/cdd4d2bb0cc5f37be72cd83a8f90a5e9/ANGOLA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
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"text": "most people live in the western half of the country; urban areas account for the highest concentrations of people, particularly the capital of Luanda as shown in this population distribution map"
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},
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"Natural hazards": {
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"text": "locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on the plateau"
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"text": "-0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
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},
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"Population distribution": {
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"text": "most people live in the western half of the country; urban areas account for the highest concentrations of people, particularly the capital of Luanda as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/cdd4d2bb0cc5f37be72cd83a8f90a5e9/ANGOLA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
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"text": "most people live in the western half of the country; urban areas account for the highest concentrations of people, particularly the capital of Luanda as shown in this population distribution map"
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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"urban population": {
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}
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
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"text": "1.8% (2019 est.)"
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"text": "1.8% (2020 est.)"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
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"text": "340,000 (2019 est.)"
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"text": "340,000 (2020 est.)"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
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"text": "13,000 (2019 est.)"
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"text": "16,000 (2020 est.)"
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},
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"Major infectious diseases": {
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"degree of risk": {
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}
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},
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"Political parties and leaders": {
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"text": "Broad Convergence for the Salvation of Angola Electoral Coalition or CASA-CE [Andre Mendes de CARVALHO]<br />National Front for the Liberation of Angola or FNLA; note - party has two factions; one led by Lucas NGONDA; the other by Ngola KABANGU<br />National Union for the Total Independence of Angola or UNITA [Isaias SAMAKUVA] (largest opposition party)<br />Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola or MPLA [Joao LOURENCO]; note - Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS stepped down 8 Sept 2018 ruling party in power since 1975<br />Social Renewal Party or PRS [Benedito DANIEL]"
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"text": "Broad Convergence for the Salvation of Angola Electoral Coalition or CASA-CE [Andre Mendes de CARVALHO]<br>National Front for the Liberation of Angola or FNLA; note - party has two factions; one led by Lucas NGONDA; the other by Ngola KABANGU<br>National Union for the Total Independence of Angola or UNITA [Isaias SAMAKUVA] (largest opposition party)<br>Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola or MPLA [Joao LOURENCO]; note - Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS stepped down 8 Sept 2018 ruling party in power since 1975<br>Social Renewal Party or PRS [Benedito DANIEL]"
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},
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"International organization participation": {
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"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, CEMAC, CPLP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OPEC, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
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@ -1001,7 +1001,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Angola’s telecom sector shows consistent recovery following political stability, encouraging foreign investment; while the government opened the telecom sector to new competitors, there has been slow progress in LTE network development; only a small proportion of the country is covered by the 3G network infrastructure; Internet and mobile phone penetration remains low, hindered by high costs and poor infrastructure that limits access, especially in rural areas; upgrading telecom will support e-commerce, and rural access to education and health care; AngoSat-2 satellite expected to be ready in 2021; government aims to connect an additional 160,000 people to free Wi-Fi; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Angola’s telecom sector shows consistent recovery following political stability, encouraging foreign investment; while the government opened the telecom sector to new competitors, there has been slow progress in LTE network development; only a small proportion of the country is covered by the 3G network infrastructure; Internet and mobile phone penetration remains low, hindered by high costs and poor infrastructure that limits access, especially in rural areas; upgrading telecom will support e-commerce, and rural access to education and health care; AngoSat-2 satellite expected to be ready in 2021; government aims to connect an additional 160,000 people to free Wi-Fi; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "only about one fixed-line per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity about 47 telephones per 100 persons (2019)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "20 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the population is primarily concentrated in the east with a focus in and around the captial of Gaborone, and the far central-eastern city of Francistown; population density remains low in other areas in the country, especially in the Kalahari to the west as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/9b2e32753976581d5aae4d1722b7fc8d/BOTSWANA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "the population is primarily concentrated in the east with a focus in and around the captial of Gaborone, and the far central-eastern city of Francistown; population density remains low in other areas in the country, especially in the Kalahari to the west as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "periodic droughts; seasonal August winds blow from the west, carrying sand and dust across the country, which can obscure visibility"
|
||||
|
|
@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "2.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the population is primarily concentrated in the east with a focus in and around the captial of Gaborone, and the far central-eastern city of Francistown; population density remains low in other areas in the country, especially in the Kalahari to the west as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/9b2e32753976581d5aae4d1722b7fc8d/BOTSWANA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "the population is primarily concentrated in the east with a focus in and around the captial of Gaborone, and the far central-eastern city of Francistown; population density remains low in other areas in the country, especially in the Kalahari to the west as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -292,13 +292,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "22.2% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "19.9% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "380,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "370,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "5,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "5,100 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -571,7 +571,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Alliance of Progressives or AP [Ndaba GAOLATHE]<br />Botswana Congress Party or BCP [Dumelang SALESHANDO]<br />Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Mokgweetsi MASISI]<br />Botswana Movement for Democracy or BMD [Sidney PILANE]<br />Botswana National Front or BNF [Duma BOKO]<br />Botswana Patriotic Front or BPF [Biggie BUTALE]<br />Botswana Peoples Party or BPP [Motlatsi MOLAPISI]<br />Real Alternative Party or RAP [Gaontebale MOKGOSI]<br />Umbrella for Democratic Change or UDC [Duma BOKO] (various times the collation has included the BMD, BPP, BCP and BNF) (2019)"
|
||||
"text": "Alliance of Progressives or AP [Ndaba GAOLATHE]<br>Botswana Congress Party or BCP [Dumelang SALESHANDO]<br>Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Mokgweetsi MASISI]<br>Botswana Movement for Democracy or BMD [Sidney PILANE]<br>Botswana National Front or BNF [Duma BOKO]<br>Botswana Patriotic Front or BPF [Biggie BUTALE]<br>Botswana Peoples Party or BPP [Motlatsi MOLAPISI]<br>Real Alternative Party or RAP [Gaontebale MOKGOSI]<br>Umbrella for Democratic Change or UDC [Duma BOKO] (various times the collation has included the BMD, BPP, BCP and BNF) (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -628,7 +628,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Economy": {
|
||||
"Economic overview": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Until the beginning of the global recession in 2008, Botswana maintained one of the world's highest economic growth rates since its independence in 1966. Botswana recovered from the global recession in 2010, but only grew modestly until 2017, primarily due to a downturn in the global diamond market, though water and power shortages also played a role. Through fiscal discipline and sound management, Botswana has transformed itself from one of the poorest countries in the world five decades ago into a middle-income country with a per capita GDP of approximately $18,100 in 2017. Botswana also ranks as one of the least corrupt and best places to do business in Sub-Saharan Africa.</p> <p> </p> <p>Because of its heavy reliance on diamond exports, Botswana’s economy closely follows global price trends for that one commodity. Diamond mining fueled much of Botswana’s past economic expansion and currently accounts for one-quarter of GDP, approximately 85% of export earnings, and about one-third of the government's revenues. In 2017, Diamond exports increased to the highest levels since 2013 at about 22 million carats of output, driving Botswana’s economic growth to about 4.5% and increasing foreign exchange reserves to about 45% of GDP. De Beers, a major international diamond company, signed a 10-year deal with Botswana in 2012 and moved its rough stone sorting and trading division from London to Gaborone in 2013. The move was geared to support the development of Botswana's nascent downstream diamond industry.</p> <p> </p> <p>Tourism is a secondary earner of foreign exchange and many Batswana engage in tourism-related services, subsistence farming, and cattle rearing. According to official government statistics, unemployment is around 20%, but unofficial estimates run much higher. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS is second highest in the world and threatens the country's impressive economic gains.</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Until the beginning of the global recession in 2008, Botswana maintained one of the world's highest economic growth rates since its independence in 1966. Botswana recovered from the global recession in 2010, but only grew modestly until 2017, primarily due to a downturn in the global diamond market, though water and power shortages also played a role. Through fiscal discipline and sound management, Botswana has transformed itself from one of the poorest countries in the world five decades ago into a middle-income country with a per capita GDP of approximately $18,100 in 2017. Botswana also ranks as one of the least corrupt and best places to do business in Sub-Saharan Africa.</p> <p> </p> <p>Because of its heavy reliance on diamond exports, Botswana’s economy closely follows global price trends for that one commodity. Diamond mining fueled much of Botswana’s past economic expansion and currently accounts for one-quarter of GDP, approximately 85% of export earnings, and about one-third of the government's revenues. In 2017, Diamond exports increased to the highest levels since 2013 at about 22 million carats of output, driving Botswana’s economic growth to about 4.5% and increasing foreign exchange reserves to about 45% of GDP. De Beers, a major international diamond company, signed a 10-year deal with Botswana in 2012 and moved its rough stone sorting and trading division from London to Gaborone in 2013. The move was geared to support the development of Botswana's nascent downstream diamond industry.</p> <p> </p> <p>Tourism is a secondary earner of foreign exchange and many Batswana engage in tourism-related services, subsistence farming, and cattle rearing. According to official government statistics, unemployment is around 20%, but unofficial estimates run much higher. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS is second highest in the world and threatens the country's impressive economic gains.</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP growth rate": {
|
||||
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -989,7 +989,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>due to effective regulatory reform and active competition, Botswana’s telecom market is one of the most liberalized in the region; strategy to drive nationwide ICT penetration is slowed; one of the highest mobile penetration rates in Africa; operators developing 3G and LTE; Internet use rising due to lower prices; government has embraced digitalization, e-government and identity programs that require citizens to provide detailed personal information; previously dependent on satellites for international connectivity, country’s new submarine cable landings improved competition and tripled international Internet capacity; importer of broadcast equipment from Hong Kong and China (2020)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>due to effective regulatory reform and active competition, Botswana’s telecom market is one of the most liberalized in the region; strategy to drive nationwide ICT penetration is slowed; one of the highest mobile penetration rates in Africa; operators developing 3G and LTE; Internet use rising due to lower prices; government has embraced digitalization, e-government and identity programs that require citizens to provide detailed personal information; previously dependent on satellites for international connectivity, country’s new submarine cable landings improved competition and tripled international Internet capacity; importer of broadcast equipment from Hong Kong and China (2020)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "fixed-line teledensity has declined in recent years and now stands at roughly 6 telephones per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity has advanced to 174 telephones per 100 persons (2019)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "230 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the population is primarily located in the south, with the highest concentration of people residing in and around the cities on the Atlantic coast; most of the north remains sparsely populated with higher concentrations of residents in the west at shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/909dcc6636759caf096ff5215858260a/BENIN_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "the population is primarily located in the south, with the highest concentration of people residing in and around the cities on the Atlantic coast; most of the north remains sparsely populated with higher concentrations of residents in the west at shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north from December to March"
|
||||
|
|
@ -183,7 +183,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "0.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the population is primarily located in the south, with the highest concentration of people residing in and around the cities on the Atlantic coast; most of the north remains sparsely populated with higher concentrations of residents in the west at shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/909dcc6636759caf096ff5215858260a/BENIN_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "the population is primarily located in the south, with the highest concentration of people residing in and around the cities on the Atlantic coast; most of the north remains sparsely populated with higher concentrations of residents in the west at shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -304,13 +304,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "1% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.9% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "75,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "75,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "2,300 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "2,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -598,7 +598,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Alliance for a Triumphant Benin or ABT [Abdoulaye BIO TCHANE]<br />African Movement for Development and Progress or MADEP [Sefou FAGBOHOUN]<br />Benin Renaissance or RB [Lehady SOGLO]<br />Cowrie Force for an Emerging Benin or FCBE [Yayi BONI]<br />Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI]<br />National Alliance for Development and Democracy or AND [Valentin Aditi HOUDE]<br />New Consciousness Rally or NC [Pascal KOUPAKI]<br />Patriotic Awakening or RP [Janvier YAHOUEDEOU]<br />Social Democrat Party or PSD [Emmanuel GOLOU]<br />Sun Alliance or AS [Sacca LAFIA]<br />Union Makes the Nation or UN [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI] (includes PRD, MADEP)<br />United Democratic Forces or FDU [Mathurin NAGO]<br><br><strong>note:</strong> approximately 20 additional minor parties",
|
||||
"text": "Alliance for a Triumphant Benin or ABT [Abdoulaye BIO TCHANE]<br>African Movement for Development and Progress or MADEP [Sefou FAGBOHOUN]<br>Benin Renaissance or RB [Lehady SOGLO]<br>Cowrie Force for an Emerging Benin or FCBE [Yayi BONI]<br>Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI]<br>National Alliance for Development and Democracy or AND [Valentin Aditi HOUDE]<br>New Consciousness Rally or NC [Pascal KOUPAKI]<br>Patriotic Awakening or RP [Janvier YAHOUEDEOU]<br>Social Democrat Party or PSD [Emmanuel GOLOU]<br>Sun Alliance or AS [Sacca LAFIA]<br>Union Makes the Nation or UN [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI] (includes PRD, MADEP)<br>United Democratic Forces or FDU [Mathurin NAGO]<br><br><strong>note:</strong> approximately 20 additional minor parties",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> approximately 20 additional minor parties"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1001,7 +1001,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Benin’s telecom market is restricted by poor fixed-line infrastructure; low use of fixed-line voice and Internet; mobile networks account for almost all Internet and voice traffic; progress on fiber infrastructure through World Bank and the government investment to extend broadband and develop Smart Government program; monopolized fixed-line Internet services access is limited; ICT development will provide telecom services to 80% of the country, mostly via mobile and DSL infrastructure; Benin Smart City construction has begun; improved international Internet connectivity supports growth of m-commerce and m-banking; submarine cable connectivity from African coast to Europe (2021)</p> (2019)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Benin’s telecom market is restricted by poor fixed-line infrastructure; low use of fixed-line voice and Internet; mobile networks account for almost all Internet and voice traffic; progress on fiber infrastructure through World Bank and the government investment to extend broadband and develop Smart Government program; monopolized fixed-line Internet services access is limited; ICT development will provide telecom services to 80% of the country, mostly via mobile and DSL infrastructure; Benin Smart City construction has begun; improved international Internet connectivity supports growth of m-commerce and m-banking; submarine cable connectivity from African coast to Europe (2021)</p> (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "fixed-line teledensity only about 1 per 100 persons; spurred by the presence of multiple mobile-cellular providers, cellular telephone subscribership has increased rapidly, exceeding 88 per 100 persons (2019)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1155,7 +1155,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "18-35 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary military service; a higher education diploma is required; both sexes are eligible for military service; conscript tour of duty - 18 months (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Maritime threats": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Niger Delta and Gulf of Guinea remain a very high risk for piracy and armed robbery of ships; in 2020, there were 98 reported incidents of piracy and armed robbery at sea in the Gulf of Guinea region; although a 24% decrease from the total number of incidents in 2019, it included all three hijackings and 9 of 11 ships fired upon worldwide; while boarding and attempted boarding to steal valuables from ships and crews are the most common types of incidents, almost a third of all incidents involve a hijacking and/or kidnapping; in 2020, a record 130 crew members were kidnapped in 22 separate incidents in the Gulf of Guinea, representing 95% of kidnappings worldwide; approximately 51% of all incidents of piracy and armed robbery are taking place off Nigeria, which is a decrease from the 71% in 2019 and an indication pirates are traveling further to target vessels; Nigerian pirates are well armed and very aggressive, operating as far as 200 nm offshore; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2021-002 - Gulf of Guinea-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Kidnapping for Ransom) effective 9 January 2021, which states in part, \"Piracy, armed robbery, and kidnapping for ransom continue to serve as significant threats to US-flagged vessels transiting or operating in the Gulf of Guinea.”</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Niger Delta and Gulf of Guinea remain a very high risk for piracy and armed robbery of ships; in 2020, there were 98 reported incidents of piracy and armed robbery at sea in the Gulf of Guinea region; although a 24% decrease from the total number of incidents in 2019, it included all three hijackings and 9 of 11 ships fired upon worldwide; while boarding and attempted boarding to steal valuables from ships and crews are the most common types of incidents, almost a third of all incidents involve a hijacking and/or kidnapping; in 2020, a record 130 crew members were kidnapped in 22 separate incidents in the Gulf of Guinea, representing 95% of kidnappings worldwide; approximately 51% of all incidents of piracy and armed robbery are taking place off Nigeria, which is a decrease from the 71% in 2019 and an indication pirates are traveling further to target vessels; Nigerian pirates are well armed and very aggressive, operating as far as 200 nm offshore; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2021-002 - Gulf of Guinea-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Kidnapping for Ransom) effective 9 January 2021, which states in part, \"Piracy, armed robbery, and kidnapping for ransom continue to serve as significant threats to US-flagged vessels transiting or operating in the Gulf of Guinea.”</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "Benin participates in the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) against Boko Haram along with Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; the Benin military contingent is in charge of MNJTF garrison duties (2020)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1163,8 +1163,8 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
"Terrorist group(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "al-Qa’ida (Jama’at Nusrat al Islam wal Muslimeen); Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (2020)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
|
||||
"text": "al-Qa’ida (Jama’at Nusrat al Islam wal Muslimeen); Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (2020)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "230 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "one of Africa's most densely populated countries; concentrations tend to be in the north and along the northern shore of Lake Tanganyika in the west; most people live on farms near areas of fertile volcanic soil as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/7a9dfc649e43c25bccb724ecf6a5554a/BURUNDI_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "one of Africa's most densely populated countries; concentrations tend to be in the north and along the northern shore of Lake Tanganyika in the west; most people live on farms near areas of fertile volcanic soil as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "flooding; landslides; drought"
|
||||
|
|
@ -176,7 +176,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "7.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "one of Africa's most densely populated countries; concentrations tend to be in the north and along the northern shore of Lake Tanganyika in the west; most people live on farms near areas of fertile volcanic soil as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/7a9dfc649e43c25bccb724ecf6a5554a/BURUNDI_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "one of Africa's most densely populated countries; concentrations tend to be in the north and along the northern shore of Lake Tanganyika in the west; most people live on farms near areas of fertile volcanic soil as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -297,13 +297,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "1.2% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "85,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "83,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "1,800 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1,700 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -508,7 +508,7 @@
|
|||
"time difference": {
|
||||
"text": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>etymology: </strong>the naming origins for both Gitega and Bujumbura are obscure; Bujumbura's name prior to independence in 1962 was Usumbura"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>etymology: </strong>the naming origins for both Gitega and Bujumbura are obscure; Bujumbura's name prior to independence in 1962 was Usumbura"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Administrative divisions": {
|
||||
"text": "18 provinces; Bubanza, Bujumbura Mairie, Bujumbura Rural, Bururi, Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega, Karuzi, Kayanza, Kirundo, Makamba, Muramvya, Muyinga, Mwaro, Ngozi, Rumonge, Rutana, Ruyigi"
|
||||
|
|
@ -569,13 +569,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of:<br />Senate or Inama Nkenguzamateka (39 seats in the July 2020 election); 36 members indirectly elected by an electoral college of provincial councils using a three-round voting system, which requires a two-thirds majority vote in the first two rounds and simple majority vote for the two leading candidates in the final round; 3 seats reserved for Twas, and 30% of all votes reserved for women; members serve 5-year terms)<br />National Assembly or Inama Nshingamateka (123 seats in the May 2020 election; 100 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 23 co-opted members; 60% of seats allocated to Hutu and 40% to Tutsi; 3 seats reserved for Twas; 30% of total seats reserved for women; members serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of:<br>Senate or Inama Nkenguzamateka (39 seats in the July 2020 election); 36 members indirectly elected by an electoral college of provincial councils using a three-round voting system, which requires a two-thirds majority vote in the first two rounds and simple majority vote for the two leading candidates in the final round; 3 seats reserved for Twas, and 30% of all votes reserved for women; members serve 5-year terms)<br>National Assembly or Inama Nshingamateka (123 seats in the May 2020 election; 100 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 23 co-opted members; 60% of seats allocated to Hutu and 40% to Tutsi; 3 seats reserved for Twas; 30% of total seats reserved for women; members serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Senate - last held on 20 July 2020 (next to be held in 2025)<br />National Assembly - last held on 20 May 2020 (next to be held in 2025)"
|
||||
"text": "<br>Senate - last held on 20 July 2020 (next to be held in 2025)<br>National Assembly - last held on 20 May 2020 (next to be held in 2025)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - CNDD-FDD 87.2%, Twa 7.7%, CNL 2.6%, UPRONA 2.6%; seats by party - CNDD-FDD 34, CNL 1, UPRONA 1, Twa 3; composition - men 23, women 16, percent of women 37.2% <br />National Assembly - percent of vote by party - CNDD-FDD 70.9%, CNL 23.4%, UPRONA 2.5%, other (co-opted Twa) 3.2%; seats by party - CNDD-FDD 86, CNL 32, UPRONA 2, Twa 3; composition - men 76, women 47, percent of women 38.2%; note - total Parliament percent of women 38%"
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - CNDD-FDD 87.2%, Twa 7.7%, CNL 2.6%, UPRONA 2.6%; seats by party - CNDD-FDD 34, CNL 1, UPRONA 1, Twa 3; composition - men 23, women 16, percent of women 37.2% <br>National Assembly - percent of vote by party - CNDD-FDD 70.9%, CNL 23.4%, UPRONA 2.5%, other (co-opted Twa) 3.2%; seats by party - CNDD-FDD 86, CNL 32, UPRONA 2, Twa 3; composition - men 76, women 47, percent of women 38.2%; note - total Parliament percent of women 38%"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -590,7 +590,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Front for Democracy in Burundi-Nyakuri or FRODEBU-Nyakuri [Keffa NIBIZI]<br />Front for Democracy in Burundi-Sahwanya or FRODEBU-Sahwanya [Pierre Claver NAHIMANA]<br />National Congress for Liberty or CNL [Agathon RWASA]<br />National Council for the Defense of Democracy - Front for the Defense of Democracy or CNDD-FDD [Evariste NDAYISHIMIYE]<br />National Liberation Forces or FNL [Jacques BIGITIMANA]<br />Union for National Progress (Union pour le Progress Nationale) or UPRONA [Abel GASHATSI]"
|
||||
"text": "Front for Democracy in Burundi-Nyakuri or FRODEBU-Nyakuri [Keffa NIBIZI]<br>Front for Democracy in Burundi-Sahwanya or FRODEBU-Sahwanya [Pierre Claver NAHIMANA]<br>National Congress for Liberty or CNL [Agathon RWASA]<br>National Council for the Defense of Democracy - Front for the Defense of Democracy or CNDD-FDD [Evariste NDAYISHIMIYE]<br>National Liberation Forces or FNL [Jacques BIGITIMANA]<br>Union for National Progress (Union pour le Progress Nationale) or UPRONA [Abel GASHATSI]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, CEMAC, CEPGL, CICA, COMESA, EAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -995,7 +995,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Burundi’s high population density and low telecom penetration rates make it an attractive market for investors; mobile operators have launched 3G and LTE to meet the demand for Internet; mobile subscription remains low; government/World Bank joint project to build a national broadband backbone connecting to submarine cable landings in Kenya and Tanzania; government launched e-health project (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Burundi’s high population density and low telecom penetration rates make it an attractive market for investors; mobile operators have launched 3G and LTE to meet the demand for Internet; mobile subscription remains low; government/World Bank joint project to build a national broadband backbone connecting to submarine cable landings in Kenya and Tanzania; government launched e-health project (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "telephone density one of the lowest in the world; fixed-line connections stand at well less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage is 58 per 100 persons (2019)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Chad emerged from a collection of powerful states that controlled the Sahelian belt starting around the 9<sup>th</sup> century. These states focused on controlling trans-Saharan trade routes and profited mostly from the slave trade. The Kanem-Bornu Empire, centered around the Lake Chad Basin, existed between the 9<sup>th</sup> and 19<sup>th</sup> centuries, and during its peak, the empire controlled territory stretching from southern Chad to southern Libya and included portions of modern-day Algeria, Cameroon, Nigeria, Niger, and Sudan. The Sudanese warlord Rabih AZ-ZUBAYR used an army comprised largely of slaves to conquer the Kanem-Bornu Empire in the late 19<sup>th</sup> century. In southeastern Chad, the Bagirmi and Ouaddai (Wadai) kingdoms emerged in the 15<sup>th</sup> and 16<sup>th</sup> centuries and lasted until the arrival of the French in the 19<sup>th </sup>and 20<sup>th</sup> centuries. France began moving into the region in the late 1880s and defeated the Bagirmi kingdom in 1897, Rabih AZ-ZUBAYR in 1900, and the Ouddai kingdom in 1909. In the arid regions of northern Chad and southern Libya, an Islamic order called the Sanusiyya (Sanusi) relied heavily on the trans-Saharan slave trade and had upwards of 3 million followers by the 1880s. The French arrived in the region in the early 1900s and defeated the Sanusiyya in 1910 after years of intermittent war. By 1910, France had incorporated the northern arid region, the Lake Chad Basin, and southeastern Chad into French Equatorial Africa. </p> <p>Chad achieved its independence in 1960 and saw three decades of instability, oppressive rule, civil war, and a Libyan invasion. With the help of the French military and several African countries, Chadian leaders expelled Libyan forces during the 1987 \"Toyota War,\" so named for the use of Toyota pickup trucks as fighting vehicles. In 1990, Chadian general Idriss DEBY led a rebellion against President Hissene HABRE. Under DEBY, Chad drafted and approved a constitution and held elections in 1996. DEBY won elections in 1996 and 2001. In June 2005, he held a referendum effectively removing constitutional term limits and has been in power ever since. Chad is scheduled to hold a presidential election in April 2021 - Deby’s 6<sup>th</sup> term as president if he wins.</p> <p>Chad faces widespread poverty, an economy severely weakened by low international oil prices, and rebel and terrorist-led insurgencies in the Lake Chad Basin. Additionally, northern Chad has seen several waves of rebellions since 1998. In late 2015, the government imposed a state of emergency in the Lake Chad Basin following multiple attacks by the terrorist group Boko Haram, now known as ISIS-West Africa. In mid-2015, Boko Haram conducted bombings in N'Djamena. In late 2019, the Chadian government also declared a state of emergency in the Sila and Ouaddai regions bordering Sudan and in the Tibesti region bordering Niger where rival ethnic groups are still fighting. The army has suffered heavy losses to Islamic terror groups in the Lake Chad Basin. In March 2020, ISIS-West Africa fighters attacked a Chadian military camp in the Lake Chad Basin and killed nearly 100 soldiers; it was the deadliest attack in the history of the Chadian military.</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Chad emerged from a collection of powerful states that controlled the Sahelian belt starting around the 9th century. These states focused on controlling trans-Saharan trade routes and profited mostly from the slave trade. The Kanem-Bornu Empire, centered around the Lake Chad Basin, existed between the 9th and 19th centuries, and during its peak, the empire controlled territory stretching from southern Chad to southern Libya and included portions of modern-day Algeria, Cameroon, Nigeria, Niger, and Sudan. The Sudanese warlord Rabih AZ-ZUBAYR used an army comprised largely of slaves to conquer the Kanem-Bornu Empire in the late 19th century. In southeastern Chad, the Bagirmi and Ouaddai (Wadai) kingdoms emerged in the 15th and 16th centuries and lasted until the arrival of the French in the 19th and 20th centuries. France began moving into the region in the late 1880s and defeated the Bagirmi kingdom in 1897, Rabih AZ-ZUBAYR in 1900, and the Ouddai kingdom in 1909. In the arid regions of northern Chad and southern Libya, an Islamic order called the Sanusiyya (Sanusi) relied heavily on the trans-Saharan slave trade and had upwards of 3 million followers by the 1880s. The French arrived in the region in the early 1900s and defeated the Sanusiyya in 1910 after years of intermittent war. By 1910, France had incorporated the northern arid region, the Lake Chad Basin, and southeastern Chad into French Equatorial Africa. </p> <p>Chad achieved its independence in 1960 and saw three decades of instability, oppressive rule, civil war, and a Libyan invasion. With the help of the French military and several African countries, Chadian leaders expelled Libyan forces during the 1987 \"Toyota War,\" so named for the use of Toyota pickup trucks as fighting vehicles. In 1990, Chadian general Idriss DEBY led a rebellion against President Hissene HABRE. Under DEBY, Chad drafted and approved a constitution and held elections in 1996. DEBY won elections in 1996 and 2001. In June 2005, he held a referendum effectively removing constitutional term limits and has been in power ever since. Chad is scheduled to hold a presidential election in April 2021 - Deby’s 6th term as president if he wins.</p> <p>Chad faces widespread poverty, an economy severely weakened by low international oil prices, and rebel and terrorist-led insurgencies in the Lake Chad Basin. Additionally, northern Chad has seen several waves of rebellions since 1998. In late 2015, the government imposed a state of emergency in the Lake Chad Basin following multiple attacks by the terrorist group Boko Haram, now known as ISIS-West Africa. In mid-2015, Boko Haram conducted bombings in N'Djamena. In late 2019, the Chadian government also declared a state of emergency in the Sila and Ouaddai regions bordering Sudan and in the Tibesti region bordering Niger where rival ethnic groups are still fighting. The army has suffered heavy losses to Islamic terror groups in the Lake Chad Basin. In March 2020, ISIS-West Africa fighters attacked a Chadian military camp in the Lake Chad Basin and killed nearly 100 soldiers; it was the deadliest attack in the history of the Chadian military.</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "300 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the population is unevenly distributed due to contrasts in climate and physical geography; the highest density is found in the southwest, particularly around Lake Chad and points south; the dry Saharan zone to the north is the least densely populated as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/0b7d63e99fc62c399374adf05af91597/CHAD_Population_density.jpg\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "the population is unevenly distributed due to contrasts in climate and physical geography; the highest density is found in the southwest, particularly around Lake Chad and points south; the dry Saharan zone to the north is the least densely populated as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues"
|
||||
|
|
@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)<br /><br />كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br /><br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
"text": "<br>The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)<br><br>كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -179,7 +179,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the population is unevenly distributed due to contrasts in climate and physical geography; the highest density is found in the southwest, particularly around Lake Chad and points south; the dry Saharan zone to the north is the least densely populated as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/0b7d63e99fc62c399374adf05af91597/CHAD_Population_density.jpg\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "the population is unevenly distributed due to contrasts in climate and physical geography; the highest density is found in the southwest, particularly around Lake Chad and points south; the dry Saharan zone to the north is the least densely populated as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -248,7 +248,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "5.57 children born/woman (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "5.7% (2014/15)"
|
||||
"text": "8.1% (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Drinking water source": {
|
||||
"improved: urban": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -297,13 +297,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "1.2% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.1% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "120,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "110,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "3,200 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -595,7 +595,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Chadian Convention for Peace and Development or CTPD [Laoukein Kourayo MEDAR]<br />Federation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarledjy YORONGAR]<br />Framework of Popular Action for Solidarity and Unity of the Republic or CAP-SUR [Joseph Djimrangar DADNADJI]<br />National Rally for Development and Progress or Viva-RNDP [Dr. Nouradine Delwa Kassire COUMAKOYE]<br />National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO]<br />Party for Liberty and Development or PLD [Ahmat ALHABO]<br />Party for Unity and Reconciliation<br />Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Idriss DEBY]<br />Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Mahamat Allahou TAHER]RNDT/Le Reveil [Albert Pahimi PADACKE]<br />Social Democratic Party for a Change-over of Power or PDSA [Malloum YOBODA]<br />Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Felix Romadoumngar NIALBE]"
|
||||
"text": "Chadian Convention for Peace and Development or CTPD [Laoukein Kourayo MEDAR]<br>Federation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarledjy YORONGAR]<br>Framework of Popular Action for Solidarity and Unity of the Republic or CAP-SUR [Joseph Djimrangar DADNADJI]<br>National Rally for Development and Progress or Viva-RNDP [Dr. Nouradine Delwa Kassire COUMAKOYE]<br>National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO]<br>Party for Liberty and Development or PLD [Ahmat ALHABO]<br>Party for Unity and Reconciliation<br>Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Idriss DEBY]<br>Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Mahamat Allahou TAHER]RNDT/Le Reveil [Albert Pahimi PADACKE]<br>Social Democratic Party for a Change-over of Power or PDSA [Malloum YOBODA]<br>Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Felix Romadoumngar NIALBE]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -992,7 +992,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Chad’s inadequate telecom infrastructure, corruption, and high taxes hinder penetration in fixed, mobile, and Internet sectors; with tax reform, operators are investing in voice and data infrastructure to 3G/4G; government approved telecom infrastructure upgrade; World Bank-funded Central African Backbone (CAB) project; Trans-Saharan Backbone project will link a fiber cable to Nigeria and Algeria (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Chad’s inadequate telecom infrastructure, corruption, and high taxes hinder penetration in fixed, mobile, and Internet sectors; with tax reform, operators are investing in voice and data infrastructure to 3G/4G; government approved telecom infrastructure upgrade; World Bank-funded Central African Backbone (CAB) project; Trans-Saharan Backbone project will link a fiber cable to Nigeria and Algeria (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "fixed-line connections less than 1 per 100 persons, with mobile-cellular subscribership base of about 48 per 100 persons (2019)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1121,8 +1121,8 @@
|
|||
"text": "the ANT is mostly armed with older or second-hand equipment from Belgium, France, Russia, and the former Soviet Union; since 2010, it has received equipment, including donations, from a variety of countries, including China, Italy, Ukraine, and the US (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military deployments": {
|
||||
"text": "1,800 Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2021)<br><br>note(s): Chad is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger; Chad has committed 550 troops and 100 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane; Chad hosts the headquarters of Operation Barkhane in N’Djamena<br /><br />Chad has committed approximately 1,000-1,500 troops to the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) against Boko Haram; national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own territories, although cross‐border operations are conducted periodically; in 2019, Chad sent more than 1,000 troops to Nigeria’s Borno State to fight BH as part of the MNJTF mission",
|
||||
"note": "note(s): Chad is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger; Chad has committed 550 troops and 100 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane; Chad hosts the headquarters of Operation Barkhane in N’Djamena<br /><br />Chad has committed approximately 1,000-1,500 troops to the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) against Boko Haram; national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own territories, although cross‐border operations are conducted periodically; in 2019, Chad sent more than 1,000 troops to Nigeria’s Borno State to fight BH as part of the MNJTF mission"
|
||||
"text": "1,800 Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2021)<br><br>note(s): Chad is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger; Chad has committed 550 troops and 100 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane; Chad hosts the headquarters of Operation Barkhane in N’Djamena<br><br>Chad has committed approximately 1,000-1,500 troops to the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) against Boko Haram; national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own territories, although cross‐border operations are conducted periodically; in 2019, Chad sent more than 1,000 troops to Nigeria’s Borno State to fight BH as part of the MNJTF mission",
|
||||
"note": "note(s): Chad is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger; Chad has committed 550 troops and 100 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane; Chad hosts the headquarters of Operation Barkhane in N’Djamena<br><br>Chad has committed approximately 1,000-1,500 troops to the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) against Boko Haram; national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own territories, although cross‐border operations are conducted periodically; in 2019, Chad sent more than 1,000 troops to Nigeria’s Borno State to fight BH as part of the MNJTF mission"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military service age and obligation": {
|
||||
"text": "20 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service, with a 3-year service obligation; 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary service; no minimum age restriction for volunteers with consent from a parent or guardian; women are subject to 1 year of compulsory military or civic service at age 21 (2019)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1133,8 +1133,8 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
"Terrorist group(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Boko Haram; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – West Africa<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
|
||||
"text": "Boko Haram; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – West Africa<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "20 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the population is primarily located in the south, in and around the capital of Brazzaville as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/eb071ee3ef01b98db6a8f42ef6007fc8/CONGO_REP_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "the population is primarily located in the south, in and around the capital of Brazzaville as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "seasonal flooding"
|
||||
|
|
@ -124,14 +124,14 @@
|
|||
"text": "French (official), French Lingala and Monokutuba (lingua franca trade languages), many local languages and dialects (of which Kikongo is the most widespread)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Buku oyo ya bosembo ya Mokili Mobimba Ezali na Makanisi ya Liboso Mpenza. (Lingala)<br /><br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
"text": "<br>Buku oyo ya bosembo ya Mokili Mobimba Ezali na Makanisi ya Liboso Mpenza. (Lingala)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
"text": "Roman Catholic 33.1%, Awakening Churches/Christian Revival 22.3%, Protestant 19.9%, Salutiste 2.2%, Muslim 1.6%, Kimbanguiste 1.5%, other 8.1%, none 11.3% (2010 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Demographic profile": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>The Republic of the Congo is one of the most urbanized countries in Africa, with nearly 70% of Congolese living in urban areas. The population is concentrated in the southwest of the country, mainly in the capital Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, and along the railway line that connects the two. The tropical jungles in the north of the country are sparsely populated. Most Congolese are Bantu, and most belong to one of four main ethnic groups, the Kongo, Teke, Mbochi, and Sangha, which consist of over 70 subgroups.</p> The Republic of Congo is in the early stages of a demographic transition, whereby a population shifts from high fertility and mortality rates to low fertility and mortality rates associated with industrialized societies. Its total fertility rate (TFR) – the average number of children born per woman – remains high at 4.4. While its TFR has steadily decreased, the progress slowed beginning in about 1995. The slow down in fertility reduction has delayed the demographic transition and Congo’s potential to reap a demographic dividend, the economic boost that can occur when the share of the working-age population is larger than the dependent age groups. The TFR differs significantly between urban and rural areas – 3.7 in urban areas versus 6.5 in rural areas. The TFR also varies among regions. The urban regions of Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire have much lower TFRs than other regions, which are predominantly or completely rural. The gap between desired fertility and actual fertility is also greatest in rural areas. Rural families may have more children to contribute to agriculture production and/or due to a lack of information about and access to contraception. Urban families may prefer to have fewer children because raising them is more expensive and balancing work and childcare may be more difficult. The number of births among teenage girls, the frequency of giving birth before the age of fifteen, and a lack of education are the most likely reasons for higher TFRs in rural areas. Although 90% of school-age children are enrolled in primary school, repetition and dropout rates are high and the quality of education is poor. Congolese women with no or little education start having children earlier and have more children in total than those with at least some secondary education."
|
||||
"text": "<p>The Republic of the Congo is one of the most urbanized countries in Africa, with nearly 70% of Congolese living in urban areas. The population is concentrated in the southwest of the country, mainly in the capital Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, and along the railway line that connects the two. The tropical jungles in the north of the country are sparsely populated. Most Congolese are Bantu, and most belong to one of four main ethnic groups, the Kongo, Teke, Mbochi, and Sangha, which consist of over 70 subgroups.</p> The Republic of Congo is in the early stages of a demographic transition, whereby a population shifts from high fertility and mortality rates to low fertility and mortality rates associated with industrialized societies. Its total fertility rate (TFR) – the average number of children born per woman – remains high at 4.4. While its TFR has steadily decreased, the progress slowed beginning in about 1995. The slow down in fertility reduction has delayed the demographic transition and Congo’s potential to reap a demographic dividend, the economic boost that can occur when the share of the working-age population is larger than the dependent age groups. The TFR differs significantly between urban and rural areas – 3.7 in urban areas versus 6.5 in rural areas. The TFR also varies among regions. The urban regions of Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire have much lower TFRs than other regions, which are predominantly or completely rural. The gap between desired fertility and actual fertility is also greatest in rural areas. Rural families may have more children to contribute to agriculture production and/or due to a lack of information about and access to contraception. Urban families may prefer to have fewer children because raising them is more expensive and balancing work and childcare may be more difficult. The number of births among teenage girls, the frequency of giving birth before the age of fifteen, and a lack of education are the most likely reasons for higher TFRs in rural areas. Although 90% of school-age children are enrolled in primary school, repetition and dropout rates are high and the quality of education is poor. Congolese women with no or little education start having children earlier and have more children in total than those with at least some secondary education."
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Age structure": {
|
||||
"0-14 years": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -188,7 +188,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the population is primarily located in the south, in and around the capital of Brazzaville as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/eb071ee3ef01b98db6a8f42ef6007fc8/CONGO_REP_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "the population is primarily located in the south, in and around the capital of Brazzaville as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -306,13 +306,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "3.1% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3.3% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "100,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "110,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "4,500 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "6,100 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -463,7 +463,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Food insecurity": {
|
||||
"severe localized food insecurity": {
|
||||
"text": "due to floods - the Government of Congo declared a state of humanitarian emergency on 3 November 2020, after torrential rains in the north of the country triggered flooding, causing population displacements as well as extensive crop, livestock, and fisheries losses; at the end of December, the number of flood-affected people was estimated at 168,000; prices of staple foods, particularly of cassava and bananas, increased in the first months of 2021 due to low supply (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "due to restrictive measures related to the COVID‑19 pandemic - the negative impact of the restrictive measures related to the COVID‑19 pandemic on informal labor and on food supply chains, resulted, on one side, in the loss of income and, on the other, in high food prices due to a decline in food supply; these factors limited the access to food for the most vulnerable population (2021)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Waste and recycling": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -573,13 +573,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of:<br />Senate (72 seats; members indirectly elected by regional councils by simple majority vote to serve 6-year terms with one-half of membership renewed every 3 years)<br /> National Assembly (151 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed; members serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of:<br>Senate (72 seats; members indirectly elected by regional councils by simple majority vote to serve 6-year terms with one-half of membership renewed every 3 years)<br> National Assembly (151 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed; members serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "<strong> </strong><br /> Senate - last held on 31 August 2017 for expiry of half the seats (next to be held in 2020)<br /> National Assembly - last held on 16 and 30 July 2017 (next to be held in July 2022)"
|
||||
"text": "<strong> </strong><br> Senate - last held on 31 August 2017 for expiry of half the seats (next to be held in 2020)<br> National Assembly - last held on 16 and 30 July 2017 (next to be held in July 2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "<strong> </strong><br /> Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PCT 46, independent 12, MAR 2, RDPS 2, UPADS 2, DRD 1, FP 1, MCDDI 1, PRL 1, Pulp 1, PUR 1, RC 1; composition - men 58, women 14, percent of women 19.4%<br /> <br />National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PCT 96, UPADS 8, MCDDI 4, other 23 (less than 4 seats) independent 20; composition - men 134, women 17, percent of women 11.3%; note - total Parliament percent of women 13.9%<br />"
|
||||
"text": "<strong> </strong><br> Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PCT 46, independent 12, MAR 2, RDPS 2, UPADS 2, DRD 1, FP 1, MCDDI 1, PRL 1, Pulp 1, PUR 1, RC 1; composition - men 58, women 14, percent of women 19.4%<br> <br>National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PCT 96, UPADS 8, MCDDI 4, other 23 (less than 4 seats) independent 20; composition - men 134, women 17, percent of women 11.3%; note - total Parliament percent of women 13.9%<br>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -594,7 +594,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Action Movement for Renewal or MAR [Roland BOUITI-VIAUDO]<br />Citizen's Rally or RC [Claude Alphonse NSILOU]<br />Congolese Labour Party or PCT [Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO]<br />Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development or MCDDI [Guy Price Parfait KOLELAS]<br />Movement for Unity, Solidarity, and Work or MUST [Claudine MUNARI]<br />Pan-African Union for Social Development or UPADS [Pascal Tsaty MABIALA]<br />Party for the Unity of the Republic or PUR<br />Patriotic Union for Democracy and Progress or UPDP [Auguste-Celestin GONGARD NKOUA]<br />Prospects and Realities Club or CPR<br />Rally for Democracy and Social Progress or RDPS [Bernard BATCHI]<br />Rally of the Presidential Majority or RMP<br />Republican and Liberal Party or PRL [Bonaventure MIZIDY]<br />Union for the Republic or UR<br />Union of Democratic Forces or UDF<br />Union for Democracy and Republic or UDR<br />many smaller parties"
|
||||
"text": "Action Movement for Renewal or MAR [Roland BOUITI-VIAUDO]<br>Citizen's Rally or RC [Claude Alphonse NSILOU]<br>Congolese Labour Party or PCT [Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO]<br>Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development or MCDDI [Guy Price Parfait KOLELAS]<br>Movement for Unity, Solidarity, and Work or MUST [Claudine MUNARI]<br>Pan-African Union for Social Development or UPADS [Pascal Tsaty MABIALA]<br>Party for the Unity of the Republic or PUR<br>Patriotic Union for Democracy and Progress or UPDP [Auguste-Celestin GONGARD NKOUA]<br>Prospects and Realities Club or CPR<br>Rally for Democracy and Social Progress or RDPS [Bernard BATCHI]<br>Rally of the Presidential Majority or RMP<br>Republican and Liberal Party or PRL [Bonaventure MIZIDY]<br>Union for the Republic or UR<br>Union of Democratic Forces or UDF<br>Union for Democracy and Republic or UDR<br>many smaller parties"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1161,7 +1161,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
|
||||
"refugees (country of origin)": {
|
||||
"text": "20,700 (Central African Republic) (2020); 20,371 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "20,867 (Central African Republic), 20,371 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"IDPs": {
|
||||
"text": "304,430 (multiple civil wars since 1992) (2021)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>The Kingdom of Kongo ruled the area around the mouth of the Congo River from the 14th to 19th centuries. To the center and east, the Kingdoms of Luba and Lunda ruled from the 16th and 17th centuries to the 19th century. in the 1870s, European exploration of the Congo Basin, sponsored by King Leopold II of Belgium, eventually allowed the ruler to acquire rights to the Congo territory and to make it his private property under the name of the Congo Free State. During the Free State, the king's colonial military forced the local population to produce rubber. From 1885 to 1908, millions of Congolese people died as a result of disease and exploitation. International condemnation finally forced Leopold to cede the land to Belgium, creating the Belgian Congo.<br /><br />The Republic of the Congo gained its independence from Belgium in 1960, but its early years were marred by political and social instability. Col. Joseph MOBUTU seized power and declared himself president in a November 1965 coup. He subsequently changed his name - to MOBUTU Sese Seko - as well as that of the country - to Zaire. MOBUTU retained his position for 32 years through several sham elections, as well as through brutal force. Ethnic strife and civil war, touched off by a massive inflow of refugees in 1994 from conflict in Rwanda and Burundi, led in May 1997 to the toppling of the MOBUTU regime by a rebellion backed by Rwanda and Uganda and fronted by Laurent KABILA. KABILA renamed the country the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), but in August 1998 his regime was itself challenged by a second insurrection again backed by Rwanda and Uganda. Troops from Angola, Chad, Namibia, Sudan, and Zimbabwe intervened to support KABILA's regime. In January 2001, KABILA was assassinated and his son, Joseph KABILA, was named head of state. In October 2002, the new president was successful in negotiating the withdrawal of Rwandan forces occupying the eastern DRC; two months later, the Pretoria Accord was signed by all remaining warring parties to end the fighting and establish a government of national unity. Presidential, National Assembly, and provincial legislatures took place in 2006, with Joseph KABILA elected to office.</p> <p>National elections were held in November 2011 and disputed results allowed Joseph KABILA to be reelected to the presidency. While the DRC constitution barred President KABILA from running for a third term, the DRC Government delayed national elections originally slated for November 2016, to 30 December 2018. This failure to hold elections as scheduled fueled significant civil and political unrest, with sporadic street protests by KABILA’s opponents and exacerbation of tensions in the tumultuous eastern DRC regions. Presidential, legislative, and provincial elections were held in late December 2018 and early 2019 across most of the country. The DRC Government canceled presidential elections in the cities of Beni and Butembo (citing concerns over an ongoing Ebola outbreak in the region) as well as Yumbi (which had recently experienced heavy violence).</p> <p>Opposition candidate Felix TSHISEKEDI was announced the election winner on 10 January 2019 and inaugurated two weeks later. This was the first transfer of power to an opposition candidate without significant violence or a coup since the DRC's independence. </p> <p>The DRC, particularly in the East, continues to experience violence perpetrated by more than 100 armed groups active in the region, including the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), and assorted Mai Mai militias. The UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the DRC (MONUSCO) has operated in the region since 1999 and is the largest and most expensive UN peacekeeping mission in the world.</p> <p> </p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>The Kingdom of Kongo ruled the area around the mouth of the Congo River from the 14th to 19th centuries. To the center and east, the Kingdoms of Luba and Lunda ruled from the 16th and 17th centuries to the 19th century. in the 1870s, European exploration of the Congo Basin, sponsored by King Leopold II of Belgium, eventually allowed the ruler to acquire rights to the Congo territory and to make it his private property under the name of the Congo Free State. During the Free State, the king's colonial military forced the local population to produce rubber. From 1885 to 1908, millions of Congolese people died as a result of disease and exploitation. International condemnation finally forced Leopold to cede the land to Belgium, creating the Belgian Congo.<br><br>The Republic of the Congo gained its independence from Belgium in 1960, but its early years were marred by political and social instability. Col. Joseph MOBUTU seized power and declared himself president in a November 1965 coup. He subsequently changed his name - to MOBUTU Sese Seko - as well as that of the country - to Zaire. MOBUTU retained his position for 32 years through several sham elections, as well as through brutal force. Ethnic strife and civil war, touched off by a massive inflow of refugees in 1994 from conflict in Rwanda and Burundi, led in May 1997 to the toppling of the MOBUTU regime by a rebellion backed by Rwanda and Uganda and fronted by Laurent KABILA. KABILA renamed the country the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), but in August 1998 his regime was itself challenged by a second insurrection again backed by Rwanda and Uganda. Troops from Angola, Chad, Namibia, Sudan, and Zimbabwe intervened to support KABILA's regime. In January 2001, KABILA was assassinated and his son, Joseph KABILA, was named head of state. In October 2002, the new president was successful in negotiating the withdrawal of Rwandan forces occupying the eastern DRC; two months later, the Pretoria Accord was signed by all remaining warring parties to end the fighting and establish a government of national unity. Presidential, National Assembly, and provincial legislatures took place in 2006, with Joseph KABILA elected to office.</p> <p>National elections were held in November 2011 and disputed results allowed Joseph KABILA to be reelected to the presidency. While the DRC constitution barred President KABILA from running for a third term, the DRC Government delayed national elections originally slated for November 2016, to 30 December 2018. This failure to hold elections as scheduled fueled significant civil and political unrest, with sporadic street protests by KABILA’s opponents and exacerbation of tensions in the tumultuous eastern DRC regions. Presidential, legislative, and provincial elections were held in late December 2018 and early 2019 across most of the country. The DRC Government canceled presidential elections in the cities of Beni and Butembo (citing concerns over an ongoing Ebola outbreak in the region) as well as Yumbi (which had recently experienced heavy violence).</p> <p>Opposition candidate Felix TSHISEKEDI was announced the election winner on 10 January 2019 and inaugurated two weeks later. This was the first transfer of power to an opposition candidate without significant violence or a coup since the DRC's independence. </p> <p>The DRC, particularly in the East, continues to experience violence perpetrated by more than 100 armed groups active in the region, including the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), and assorted Mai Mai militias. The UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the DRC (MONUSCO) has operated in the region since 1999 and is the largest and most expensive UN peacekeeping mission in the world.</p> <p> </p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "110 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "urban clusters are spread throughout the country, particularly in the northeast along the boarder with Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi; the largest city is the capital, Kinshasha, located in the west along the Congo River; the south is least densely populated as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/2abe9cd87c0055f39de3d879b1cbf454/CONGO_DRC_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "urban clusters are spread throughout the country, particularly in the northeast along the boarder with Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi; the largest city is the capital, Kinshasha, located in the west along the Congo River; the south is least densely populated as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>periodic droughts in south; Congo River floods (seasonal); active volcanoes in the east along the Great Rift Valley</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Nyiragongo (3,470 m), which erupted in 2002 and is experiencing ongoing activity, poses a major threat to the city of Goma, home to a quarter million people; the volcano produces unusually fast-moving lava, known to travel up to 100 km /hr; Nyiragongo has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; its neighbor, Nyamuragira, which erupted in 2010, is Africa's most active volcano; Visoke is the only other historically active volcano</p>"
|
||||
|
|
@ -121,7 +121,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "French (official), Lingala (a lingua franca trade language), Kingwana (a dialect of Kiswahili or Swahili), Kikongo, Tshiluba"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Buku oyo ya bosembo ya Mokili Mobimba Ezali na Makanisi ya Liboso Mpenza. (Lingala)<br /><br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
"text": "<br>Buku oyo ya bosembo ya Mokili Mobimba Ezali na Makanisi ya Liboso Mpenza. (Lingala)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-0.78 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "urban clusters are spread throughout the country, particularly in the northeast along the boarder with Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi; the largest city is the capital, Kinshasha, located in the west along the Congo River; the south is least densely populated as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/2abe9cd87c0055f39de3d879b1cbf454/CONGO_DRC_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "urban clusters are spread throughout the country, particularly in the northeast along the boarder with Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi; the largest city is the capital, Kinshasha, located in the west along the Congo River; the south is least densely populated as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -254,7 +254,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "5.7 children born/woman (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "20.4% (2013/14)"
|
||||
"text": "28.1% (2017/18)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Drinking water source": {
|
||||
"improved: urban": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -303,13 +303,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "0.8% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.7% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "520,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "510,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "15,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "17,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -327,7 +327,7 @@
|
|||
"animal contact diseases": {
|
||||
"text": "rabies"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> on 7 February 2021, the Ministry of Health declared the 12th outbreak of Ebola in Democratic Republic of the Congo; on 12 March 2021, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued a Travel Health Notice recommending travelers avoid non-essential travel for an Ebola outbreak in the North Kivu (Kivu Nord) province in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; travelers to this area could be infected with Ebola if they come into contact with an infected person’s blood or other body fluids; travelers should seek medical care immediately if they develop fever, muscle pain, sore throat, diarrhea, weakness, vomiting, stomach pain, or unexplained bleeding or bruising during or after travel"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> on 7 February 2021, the Ministry of Health declared the 12th outbreak of Ebola in Democratic Republic of the Congo; on 12 March 2021, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued a Travel Health Notice recommending travelers avoid non-essential travel for an Ebola outbreak in the North Kivu (Kivu Nord) province in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; travelers to this area could be infected with Ebola if they come into contact with an infected person’s blood or other body fluids; travelers should seek medical care immediately if they develop fever, muscle pain, sore throat, diarrhea, weakness, vomiting, stomach pain, or unexplained bleeding or bruising during or after travel"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "6.7% (2016)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -469,7 +469,7 @@
|
|||
"animal contact diseases": {
|
||||
"text": "rabies"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> on 7 February 2021, the Ministry of Health declared the 12th outbreak of Ebola in Democratic Republic of the Congo; on 12 March 2021, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued a Travel Health Notice recommending travelers avoid non-essential travel for an Ebola outbreak in the North Kivu (Kivu Nord) province in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; travelers to this area could be infected with Ebola if they come into contact with an infected person’s blood or other body fluids; travelers should seek medical care immediately if they develop fever, muscle pain, sore throat, diarrhea, weakness, vomiting, stomach pain, or unexplained bleeding or bruising during or after travel"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> on 7 February 2021, the Ministry of Health declared the 12th outbreak of Ebola in Democratic Republic of the Congo; on 12 March 2021, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued a Travel Health Notice recommending travelers avoid non-essential travel for an Ebola outbreak in the North Kivu (Kivu Nord) province in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; travelers to this area could be infected with Ebola if they come into contact with an infected person’s blood or other body fluids; travelers should seek medical care immediately if they develop fever, muscle pain, sore throat, diarrhea, weakness, vomiting, stomach pain, or unexplained bleeding or bruising during or after travel"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Food insecurity": {
|
||||
"widespread lack of access": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -525,7 +525,7 @@
|
|||
"time difference": {
|
||||
"text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>the DRC has two time zones<strong><br /><br />etymology: </strong>founded as a trading post in 1881 and named Leopoldville in honor of King Leopold II of the Belgians, who controlled the Congo Free State, the vast central African territory that became the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1960; in 1966, Leopoldville was renamed Kinshasa, after a village of that name that once stood near the site<strong> <br /><br /><br /></strong>"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>the DRC has two time zones<strong><br><br>etymology: </strong>founded as a trading post in 1881 and named Leopoldville in honor of King Leopold II of the Belgians, who controlled the Congo Free State, the vast central African territory that became the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1960; in 1966, Leopoldville was renamed Kinshasa, after a village of that name that once stood near the site<strong> <br><br><br></strong>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Administrative divisions": {
|
||||
"text": "26 provinces (provinces, singular - province); Bas-Uele (Lower Uele), Equateur, Haut-Katanga (Upper Katanga), Haut-Lomami (Upper Lomami), Haut-Uele (Upper Uele), Ituri, Kasai, Kasai-Central, Kasai-Oriental (East Kasai), Kinshasa, Kongo Central, Kwango, Kwilu, Lomami, Lualaba, Mai-Ndombe, Maniema, Mongala, Nord-Kivu (North Kivu), Nord-Ubangi (North Ubangi), Sankuru, Sud-Kivu (South Kivu), Sud-Ubangi (South Ubangi), Tanganyika, Tshopo, Tshuapa"
|
||||
|
|
@ -586,13 +586,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of:<br />Senate (108 seats; members indirectly elected by provincial assemblies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)<br /> <br />National Assembly (500 seats; 439 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 61 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of:<br>Senate (108 seats; members indirectly elected by provincial assemblies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)<br> <br>National Assembly (500 seats; 439 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 61 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - last held on 19 January 2007 (follow-on election has been delayed)<br /> National Assembly - last held on 30 December 2018"
|
||||
"text": "Senate - last held on 19 January 2007 (follow-on election has been delayed)<br> National Assembly - last held on 30 December 2018"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PPRD 22, MLC 14, FR 7, RCD 7, PDC 6, CDC 3, MSR 3, PALU 2, other 18, independent 26; composition - men 103, women 5, percent of women 4.6%<br /><br /> National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PPRD 62, UDPS 41, PPPD 29, MSR 27, MLC 22, PALU 19, UNC 17, ARC 16, AFDC 15, ECT 11, RRC 11, other 214 (includes numerous political parties that won 10 or fewer seats and 2 constituencies where voting was halted), independent 16; composition - men 456, women 44, percent of women 8.8%; total Parliament percent of women 8.1%;note - the November 2011 election was marred by violence including the destruction of ballots in 2 constituencies resulting in the closure of polling sites; election results were delayed 3 months, strongly contested, and continue to be unresolved"
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PPRD 22, MLC 14, FR 7, RCD 7, PDC 6, CDC 3, MSR 3, PALU 2, other 18, independent 26; composition - men 103, women 5, percent of women 4.6%<br><br> National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PPRD 62, UDPS 41, PPPD 29, MSR 27, MLC 22, PALU 19, UNC 17, ARC 16, AFDC 15, ECT 11, RRC 11, other 214 (includes numerous political parties that won 10 or fewer seats and 2 constituencies where voting was halted), independent 16; composition - men 456, women 44, percent of women 8.8%; total Parliament percent of women 8.1%;note - the November 2011 election was marred by violence including the destruction of ballots in 2 constituencies resulting in the closure of polling sites; election results were delayed 3 months, strongly contested, and continue to be unresolved"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -607,7 +607,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Christian Democrat Party or PDC [Jose ENDUNDO]<br />Congolese Rally for Democracy or RCD [Azarias RUBERWA]<br />Convention of Christian Democrats or CDC<br />Engagement for Citizenship and Development or ECiDe [Martin FAYULU]<br />Forces of Renewal or FR [Mbusa NYAMWISI]<br />Lamuka coalition [Martin FAYULU] (includes ECiDe, MLC, Together for Change, CNB, and, Nouvel Elan)<br />Movement for the Liberation of the Congo or MLC [Jean-Pierre BEMBA]<br />Nouvel Elan [Adolphe MUZITO]<br />Our Congo or CNB (\"Congo Na Biso\") [Freddy MATUNGULU]<br />People's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy or PPRD [Henri MOVA Sakanyi]<br />Social Movement for Renewal or MSR [Pierre LUMBI]<br />Together for Change (Ensemble\") [Moise KATUMBI]<br />Unified Lumumbist Party or PALU [Antoine GIZENGA]<br />Union for the Congolese Nation or UNC [Vital KAMERHE]<br />Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Felix TSHISEKEDI]"
|
||||
"text": "Christian Democrat Party or PDC [Jose ENDUNDO]<br>Congolese Rally for Democracy or RCD [Azarias RUBERWA]<br>Convention of Christian Democrats or CDC<br>Engagement for Citizenship and Development or ECiDe [Martin FAYULU]<br>Forces of Renewal or FR [Mbusa NYAMWISI]<br>Lamuka coalition [Martin FAYULU] (includes ECiDe, MLC, Together for Change, CNB, and, Nouvel Elan)<br>Movement for the Liberation of the Congo or MLC [Jean-Pierre BEMBA]<br>Nouvel Elan [Adolphe MUZITO]<br>Our Congo or CNB (\"Congo Na Biso\") [Freddy MATUNGULU]<br>People's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy or PPRD [Henri MOVA Sakanyi]<br>Social Movement for Renewal or MSR [Pierre LUMBI]<br>Together for Change (Ensemble\") [Moise KATUMBI]<br>Unified Lumumbist Party or PALU [Antoine GIZENGA]<br>Union for the Congolese Nation or UNC [Vital KAMERHE]<br>Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Felix TSHISEKEDI]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, CEMAC, CEPGL, COMESA, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1012,7 +1012,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>due to decades of conflict and poor infrastructure, the Democratic Republic of Congo’s telecom system is one of the least developed in the region; government aims to improve loose regulation through legislation; mobile networks are principal providers of telecom; LTE is geographically limited; investment from China and other foreign donors for fiber backbone; international bandwidth through WACS submarine cable; operator licensed to build landing station for submarine cable and tower upgrade that will provide competition in broadband, fixed, and mobile Internet services; operator added fiber link between Brazzaville and Kinshasa (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>due to decades of conflict and poor infrastructure, the Democratic Republic of Congo’s telecom system is one of the least developed in the region; government aims to improve loose regulation through legislation; mobile networks are principal providers of telecom; LTE is geographically limited; investment from China and other foreign donors for fiber backbone; international bandwidth through WACS submarine cable; operator licensed to build landing station for submarine cable and tower upgrade that will provide competition in broadband, fixed, and mobile Internet services; operator added fiber link between Brazzaville and Kinshasa (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "fixed-line connections less than 1 per 100 persons; given the backdrop of a wholly inadequate fixed-line infrastructure, the use of mobile-cellular services is over 43 per 100 persons (2019)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1192,8 +1192,8 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
"Terrorist group(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Democratic Republic of the Congo (ISIS-DRC)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
|
||||
"text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Democratic Republic of the Congo (ISIS-DRC)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1202,7 +1202,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
|
||||
"refugees (country of origin)": {
|
||||
"text": "213,329 (Rwanda) (refugees and asylum seekers), 206,491 (Central African Republic), 55,784 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 44,193 (Burundi) (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "213,329 (Rwanda) (refugees and asylum seekers), 206,346 (Central African Republic), 55,819 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 44,158 (Burundi) (2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"IDPs": {
|
||||
"text": "5.268 million (fighting between government forces and rebels since mid-1990s; conflict in Kasai region since 2016) (2020)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1213,7 +1213,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Democratic Republic of the Congo and Congolese abroad; most trafficking is internal and involves the forced labor of men, women, and children in artisanal mining, agriculture, domestic servitude, sex trafficking, or child recruitment by armed groups; some traffickers are family members or others who promise victims or victims’ families educational or job opportunities and instead force victims to work as domestic servants, street vendors, gang members, or in commercial sex; some Congolese women and girls who migrate to other countries in Africa or the Middle East are exploited in sex trafficking or forced labor in agriculture, diamond mines, or domestic service; they may be fraudulently recruited by traffickers with false promises of jobs or education"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"tier rating": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Tier 2 Watch List — The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; the DRC was upgraded to Tier 2 Watch List because of several accomplishments; the government drafted and launched its first national anti-trafficking action plan; authorities increased law enforcement efforts, including investigating and prosecuting more trafficking crimes; a number of traffickers were convicted, including a high-ranking army officer and the leader of an armed group; however, authorities continued to lack standard operating procedures for identifying victims and referring them to care; there were credible allegations that the army abducted women and girls for sexual slavery and recruited and used child soldiers (2020)</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Tier 2 Watch List — The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; the DRC was upgraded to Tier 2 Watch List because of several accomplishments; the government drafted and launched its first national anti-trafficking action plan; authorities increased law enforcement efforts, including investigating and prosecuting more trafficking crimes; a number of traffickers were convicted, including a high-ranking army officer and the leader of an armed group; however, authorities continued to lack standard operating procedures for identifying victims and referring them to care; there were credible allegations that the army abducted women and girls for sexual slavery and recruited and used child soldiers (2020)</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Illicit drugs": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "290 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "population concentrated in the west and north, with the interior of the country sparsely populated as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/4a1d614af41ea4ee221eb86a519677f7/CAMEROON_Population_density.jpg\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "population concentrated in the west and north, with the interior of the country sparsely populated as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>volcanic activity with periodic releases of poisonous gases from Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun volcanoes</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Mt. Cameroon (4,095 m), which last erupted in 2000, is the most frequently active volcano in West Africa; lakes in Oku volcanic field have released fatal levels of gas on occasion, killing some 1,700 people in 1986</p>"
|
||||
|
|
@ -121,14 +121,14 @@
|
|||
"text": "24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)<br /><br />The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)"
|
||||
"text": "<br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)<br><br>The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
"text": "Roman Catholic 38.3%, Protestant 25.5%, other Christian 6.9%, Muslim 24.4%, animist 2.2%, other 0.5%, none 2.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Demographic profile": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Cameroon has a large youth population, with more than 60% of the populace under the age of 25. Fertility is falling but remains at a high level, especially among poor, rural, and uneducated women, in part because of inadequate access to contraception. Life expectancy remains low at about 55 years due to the prevalence of HIV and AIDs and an elevated maternal mortality rate, which has remained high since 1990. Cameroon, particularly the northern region, is vulnerable to food insecurity largely because of government mismanagement, corruption, high production costs, inadequate infrastructure, and natural disasters. Despite economic growth in some regions, poverty is on the rise, and is most prevalent in rural areas, which are especially affected by a shortage of jobs, declining incomes, poor school and health care infrastructure, and a lack of clean water and sanitation. Underinvestment in social safety nets and ineffective public financial management also contribute to Cameroon’s high rate of poverty. The activities of Boko Haram, other armed groups, and counterinsurgency operations have worsened food insecurity in the Far North region. </p> <p>International migration has been driven by unemployment (including fewer government jobs), poverty, the search for educational opportunities, and corruption. The US and Europe are preferred destinations, but, with tighter immigration restrictions in these countries, young Cameroonians are increasingly turning to neighboring states, such as Gabon and Nigeria, South Africa, other parts of Africa, and the Near and Far East. Cameroon’s limited resources make it dependent on UN support to host more than 420,000 refugees and asylum seekers as of September 2020. These refugees and asylum seekers are primarily from the Central African Republic and Nigeria. Internal and external displacement have grown dramatically in recent years. Boko Haram's attacks and counterattacks by government forces in the Far North since 2014 have increased the number of internally displaced people. Armed conflict between separatists and Cameroon's military in the the Northwest and Southwest since 2016 have displaced hundreds of thousands of the country's Anglophone minority.</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Cameroon has a large youth population, with more than 60% of the populace under the age of 25. Fertility is falling but remains at a high level, especially among poor, rural, and uneducated women, in part because of inadequate access to contraception. Life expectancy remains low at about 55 years due to the prevalence of HIV and AIDs and an elevated maternal mortality rate, which has remained high since 1990. Cameroon, particularly the northern region, is vulnerable to food insecurity largely because of government mismanagement, corruption, high production costs, inadequate infrastructure, and natural disasters. Despite economic growth in some regions, poverty is on the rise, and is most prevalent in rural areas, which are especially affected by a shortage of jobs, declining incomes, poor school and health care infrastructure, and a lack of clean water and sanitation. Underinvestment in social safety nets and ineffective public financial management also contribute to Cameroon’s high rate of poverty. The activities of Boko Haram, other armed groups, and counterinsurgency operations have worsened food insecurity in the Far North region. </p> <p>International migration has been driven by unemployment (including fewer government jobs), poverty, the search for educational opportunities, and corruption. The US and Europe are preferred destinations, but, with tighter immigration restrictions in these countries, young Cameroonians are increasingly turning to neighboring states, such as Gabon and Nigeria, South Africa, other parts of Africa, and the Near and Far East. Cameroon’s limited resources make it dependent on UN support to host more than 420,000 refugees and asylum seekers as of September 2020. These refugees and asylum seekers are primarily from the Central African Republic and Nigeria. Internal and external displacement have grown dramatically in recent years. Boko Haram's attacks and counterattacks by government forces in the Far North since 2014 have increased the number of internally displaced people. Armed conflict between separatists and Cameroon's military in the the Northwest and Southwest since 2016 have displaced hundreds of thousands of the country's Anglophone minority.</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Age structure": {
|
||||
"0-14 years": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-0.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "population concentrated in the west and north, with the interior of the country sparsely populated as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/4a1d614af41ea4ee221eb86a519677f7/CAMEROON_Population_density.jpg\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "population concentrated in the west and north, with the interior of the country sparsely populated as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -306,13 +306,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "3.2% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "510,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "500,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "14,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "14,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -529,7 +529,7 @@
|
|||
"time difference": {
|
||||
"text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>etymology: </strong>founded as a German colonial settlement of Jaunde in 1888 and named after the local Yaunde (Ewondo) people"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>etymology: </strong>founded as a German colonial settlement of Jaunde in 1888 and named after the local Yaunde (Ewondo) people"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Administrative divisions": {
|
||||
"text": "10 regions (regions, singular - region); Adamaoua, Centre, East (Est), Far North (Extreme-Nord), Littoral, North (Nord), North-West (Nord-Ouest), West (Ouest), South (Sud), South-West (Sud-Ouest)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -590,13 +590,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of:<br />Senate or Senat (100 seats; 70 members indirectly elected by regional councils and 30 appointed by the president; members serve 5-year terms)<br /> National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (180 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of:<br>Senate or Senat (100 seats; 70 members indirectly elected by regional councils and 30 appointed by the president; members serve 5-year terms)<br> National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (180 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - last held on 25 March 2018 (next to be held in 2023)<br /> National Assembly - last held on 9 February 2020 (current term extended by President); note - the constitutional court has ordered a partial rerun of elections in the English speaking areas; date to be determined"
|
||||
"text": "Senate - last held on 25 March 2018 (next to be held in 2023)<br> National Assembly - last held on 9 February 2020 (current term extended by President); note - the constitutional court has ordered a partial rerun of elections in the English speaking areas; date to be determined"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - CDPM 81.1%, SDF 8.6%, UNDP 5.8%, UDC 1.16%, other 2.8%; seats by party - CPDM 63, SDF 7 <br />National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CPDM 139, UNDP 7, SDF 5, PCRN 5, UDC 4, FSNC 3, MDR 2, Union of Socialist Movements 2; 13 vacant; composition - NA"
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - CDPM 81.1%, SDF 8.6%, UNDP 5.8%, UDC 1.16%, other 2.8%; seats by party - CPDM 63, SDF 7 <br>National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CPDM 139, UNDP 7, SDF 5, PCRN 5, UDC 4, FSNC 3, MDR 2, Union of Socialist Movements 2; 13 vacant; composition - NA"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -611,7 +611,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Alliance for Democracy and Development<br />Cameroon People's Democratic Movement or CPDM [Paul BIYA]<br />Cameroon People's Party or CPP [Edith Kah WALLA]<br />Cameroon Renaissance Movement or MRC [Maurice KAMTO]<br />Cameroonian Democratic Union or UDC [Adamou Ndam NJOYA]<br />Cameroonian Party for National Reconciliation or PCRN [Cabral LIBII]<br />Front for the National Salvation of Cameroon or FSNC [Issa Tchiroma BAKARY]<br />Movement for the Defense of the Republic or MDR [Dakole DAISSALA]<br />Movement for the Liberation and Development of Cameroon or MLDC [Marcel YONDO]<br />National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [Maigari BELLO BOUBA]<br />Progressive Movement or MP [Jean-Jacques EKINDI]<br />Social Democratic Front or SDF [John FRU NDI]<br />Union of Peoples of Cameroon or UPC [Provisionary Management Bureau]<br />Union of Socialist Movements"
|
||||
"text": "Alliance for Democracy and Development<br>Cameroon People's Democratic Movement or CPDM [Paul BIYA]<br>Cameroon People's Party or CPP [Edith Kah WALLA]<br>Cameroon Renaissance Movement or MRC [Maurice KAMTO]<br>Cameroonian Democratic Union or UDC [Adamou Ndam NJOYA]<br>Cameroonian Party for National Reconciliation or PCRN [Cabral LIBII]<br>Front for the National Salvation of Cameroon or FSNC [Issa Tchiroma BAKARY]<br>Movement for the Defense of the Republic or MDR [Dakole DAISSALA]<br>Movement for the Liberation and Development of Cameroon or MLDC [Marcel YONDO]<br>National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [Maigari BELLO BOUBA]<br>Progressive Movement or MP [Jean-Jacques EKINDI]<br>Social Democratic Front or SDF [John FRU NDI]<br>Union of Peoples of Cameroon or UPC [Provisionary Management Bureau]<br>Union of Socialist Movements"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, C, CEMAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1030,7 +1030,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Cameroon’s 3G and LTE services are improving through growing competition and a government program to improve national connectivity and support digital economy; saturated use of transactions through m-commerce; developing broadband sector; improved submarine and terrestrial cable connectivity strengthened international bandwidth and lowered prices; pushing start of fiber link to Congo; fiber rollout continues with new government funding; operators opened new data center in 2020 and developed contracts for satellite broadband; government awarded contract to provide connectivity to universities (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Cameroon’s 3G and LTE services are improving through growing competition and a government program to improve national connectivity and support digital economy; saturated use of transactions through m-commerce; developing broadband sector; improved submarine and terrestrial cable connectivity strengthened international bandwidth and lowered prices; pushing start of fiber link to Congo; fiber rollout continues with new government funding; operators opened new data center in 2020 and developed contracts for satellite broadband; government awarded contract to provide connectivity to universities (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "only about 4 per 100 persons for fixed-line subscriptions; mobile-cellular usage has increased sharply, reaching a subscribership base of over 82 per 100 persons (2019)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1163,7 +1163,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "Cameroon Armed Forces (Forces Armees Camerounaises, FAC): Army (L'Armee de Terre), Navy (Marine Nationale Republique, MNR, includes naval infantry), Air Force (Armee de l'Air du Cameroun, AAC), Rapid Intervention Battalion (Bataillons d’Intervention Rapide, BIR), Gendarmerie, Presidential Guard (2021)<br><br>note - the Rapid Intervention Battalion, a brigade-sized force comprised of several high-readiness land units, maintains its own command and control structure and reports directly to the President, rather than the Defense Minister",
|
||||
"text": "Cameroon Armed Forces (Forces Armees Camerounaises, FAC): Army (L'Armee de Terre), Navy (Marine Nationale Republique, MNR, includes naval infantry), Air Force (Armee de l'Air du Cameroun, AAC), Rapid Intervention Battalion (Bataillons d’Intervention Rapide, BIR), Gendarmerie, Presidential Guard (2021)<br><br>note - the Rapid Intervention Battalion, a brigade-sized force comprised of several high-readiness land units, maintains its own command and control structure and reports directly to the President, rather than the Defense Minister",
|
||||
"note": "note - the Rapid Intervention Battalion, a brigade-sized force comprised of several high-readiness land units, maintains its own command and control structure and reports directly to the President, rather than the Defense Minister"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1205,8 +1205,8 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
"Terrorist group(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Boko Haram; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – West Africa<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
|
||||
"text": "Boko Haram; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – West Africa<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1226,7 +1226,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Cameroon and Cameroonians abroad; deteriorating economic and education conditions and diminished police and judicial presence caused by conflict in the Northwest and Southwest has left displaced persons vulnerable to trafficking; parents may be lured by promises of education or a better life for their children in urban areas, and then the children are subject to forced labor and sex trafficking; teenagers and adolescents may be lured to cities with promises of employment and then become victims of forced labor and sex trafficking; children from neighboring countries are forced to work in spare parts shops or cattle grazing by business owners and herders; Cameroonians, often from rural areas, are exploited in forced labor and sex trafficking in the Middle East, Europe, the United States, and African countries"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"tier rating": {
|
||||
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List —<strong> </strong>Cameroon does not meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking, but is making significant efforts to do so; authorities investigated at least nine suspected trafficking cases, identified 77 victims, and provided some training on trafficking indicators to officials and teachers; however, officials prosecuted and convicted fewer traffickers; standard operating procedures for the identification and referral of trafficking victims were not implemented, and officials were not trained on the measures; the government did not report referring trafficking victims to government institutions for vulnerable children, but NGO-funded centers provided care for an unknown number of child victims; 2012 anti-trafficking legislation addressing victim and witness protection in conformity with international law was not passed for the eighth consecutive year (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List —<strong> </strong>Cameroon does not meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking, but is making significant efforts to do so; authorities investigated at least nine suspected trafficking cases, identified 77 victims, and provided some training on trafficking indicators to officials and teachers; however, officials prosecuted and convicted fewer traffickers; standard operating procedures for the identification and referral of trafficking victims were not implemented, and officials were not trained on the measures; the government did not report referring trafficking victims to government institutions for vulnerable children, but NGO-funded centers provided care for an unknown number of child victims; 2012 anti-trafficking legislation addressing victim and witness protection in conformity with international law was not passed for the eighth consecutive year (2020)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "1.3 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the capital city of Maroni, located on the western side of the island of Grande Comore, is the country's largest city; however, of the three islands that comprise Comoros, it is Anjouan that is the most densely populated as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/693b32c9fefcc2de1687028e87be6d6f/COMOROS_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "the capital city of Maroni, located on the western side of the island of Grande Comore, is the country's largest city; however, of the three islands that comprise Comoros, it is Anjouan that is the most densely populated as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>cyclones possible during rainy season (December to April); volcanic activity on Grand Comore</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Karthala (2,361 m) on Grand Comore Island last erupted in 2007; a 2005 eruption forced thousands of people to be evacuated and produced a large ash cloud</p>"
|
||||
|
|
@ -174,7 +174,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-2.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the capital city of Maroni, located on the western side of the island of Grande Comore, is the country's largest city; however, of the three islands that comprise Comoros, it is Anjouan that is the most densely populated as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/693b32c9fefcc2de1687028e87be6d6f/COMOROS_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "the capital city of Maroni, located on the western side of the island of Grande Comore, is the country's largest city; however, of the three islands that comprise Comoros, it is Anjouan that is the most densely populated as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -295,13 +295,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "<.1% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "<.1% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "<200 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "<200 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "<100 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "<100 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "7.8% (2016)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -483,7 +483,7 @@
|
|||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the union or supported by at least one third of the Assembly of the Union membership; adoption requires approval by at three-quarters majority of the total Assembly membership or approval in a referendum"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>a referendum held on 30 July 2018 - boycotted by the opposition - overwhelmingly approved a new constitution that allows for 2 consecutive 5-year presidential terms and revises the rotating presidency within the islands"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>a referendum held on 30 July 2018 - boycotted by the opposition - overwhelmingly approved a new constitution that allows for 2 consecutive 5-year presidential terms and revises the rotating presidency within the islands"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Legal system": {
|
||||
"text": "mixed legal system of Islamic religious law, the French civil code of 1975, and customary law"
|
||||
|
|
@ -510,7 +510,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Executive branch": {
|
||||
"chief of state": {
|
||||
"text": "President AZALI Assoumani (since 26 May 2016); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government; note - AZALI takes oath of office 2 June 2019 after 24 March 2019 reelection <span class=\"subfield-date\" aria-label=\"Date of information: 2019\">(2019)</span>"
|
||||
"text": "President AZALI Assoumani (since 26 May 2016); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government; note - AZALI takes oath of office 2 June 2019 after 24 March 2019 reelection (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"head of government": {
|
||||
"text": "President AZALI Assoumani (since 26 May 2016)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -533,7 +533,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "last held on 19 January 2020 with a runoff on 23 February 2020 (next to be held in 2025) (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "seats by party -1st round - Boycotting parties 16, Independent 3, CRC 2, RDC 2, RADHI 1, Orange party 0; note - 9 additional seats filled by the 3 island assemblies; 2nd round - CRC 20, Orange Party 2, Independents 2; composition as of 23 January 2020 men 20, women 4, percent of women 16.7%<br /> <h3> </h3> (2019)"
|
||||
"text": "seats by party -1st round - Boycotting parties 16, Independent 3, CRC 2, RDC 2, RADHI 1, Orange party 0; note - 9 additional seats filled by the 3 island assemblies; 2nd round - CRC 20, Orange Party 2, Independents 2; composition as of 23 January 2020 men 20, women 4, percent of women 16.7%<br> <h3> </h3> (2019)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -546,17 +546,17 @@
|
|||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeals (in Moroni); Tribunal de premiere instance; island village (community) courts; religious courts"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<br />\r\n \r\n<br><br> "
|
||||
"note": "<br>\r\n \r\n<br><br> "
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros or CRC [AZALI Assoumani]<br />Democratic Rally of the Comoros or RDC [Mouigni BARAKA]<br />Independent Party [N/A]<br />Juwa Party or PJ [[Ahmed Abdallah SAMBI, Mahamoudou AHAMADA]<br />Orange Party [Mohamed DAOUDOU]<br />Party for the Comorian Agreement (Partie Pour l'Entente Commorienne) or PEC [Fahmi Said IBRAHIM]<br />Rally for an Alternative of Harmonious and Integrated Development or RADHI [Houmed MSAIDIE, Abdou SOEFO]<br />Rally with a Development Initiative for Enlightened Youth or RIDJA [Said LARIFOU]<br />Union for the Development of the Comoros or UPDC [Mohamed HALIFA] (2018)"
|
||||
"text": "Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros or CRC [AZALI Assoumani]<br>Democratic Rally of the Comoros or RDC [Mouigni BARAKA]<br>Independent Party [N/A]<br>Juwa Party or PJ [[Ahmed Abdallah SAMBI, Mahamoudou AHAMADA]<br>Orange Party [Mohamed DAOUDOU]<br>Party for the Comorian Agreement (Partie Pour l'Entente Commorienne) or PEC [Fahmi Said IBRAHIM]<br>Rally for an Alternative of Harmonious and Integrated Development or RADHI [Houmed MSAIDIE, Abdou SOEFO]<br>Rally with a Development Initiative for Enlightened Youth or RIDJA [Said LARIFOU]<br>Union for the Development of the Comoros or UPDC [Mohamed HALIFA] (2018)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AMF, AOSIS, AU, CAEU (candidates), COMESA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "<span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.99px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">Ambassador Bocchit EDMOND (since 23 December 2020)</span>"
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador Bocchit EDMOND (since 23 December 2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"chancery": {
|
||||
"text": "Mission to the US, 866 United Nations Plaza, Suite 418, New York, NY 10017"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "10 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "majority of residents live in the western and central areas of the country, especially in and around the capital of Bangui as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/a8a5c021d7ce61eb8bd465d5aaedd3b0/CENTRAL_AFRICAN_REP_Population_density.jpg\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "majority of residents live in the western and central areas of the country, especially in and around the capital of Bangui as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect northern areas; floods are common"
|
||||
|
|
@ -119,7 +119,7 @@
|
|||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence the Christian majority"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Demographic profile": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>The Central African Republic’s (CAR) humanitarian crisis has worsened since a coup in March 2013. CAR’s high mortality rate and low life expectancy are attributed to elevated rates of preventable and treatable diseases (including malaria and malnutrition), an inadequate health care system, precarious food security, and armed conflict. Some of the worst mortality rates are in western CAR’s diamond mining region, which is impoverished because of government attempts to control the diamond trade and the fall in industrial diamond prices. To make matters worse, the government and international donors have reduced health funding in recent years. The CAR’s weak educational system and low literacy rate have also suffered as a result of the country’s ongoing conflict. Schools are closed, qualified teachers are scarce, infrastructure, funding, and supplies are lacking and subject to looting, and many students and teachers are displaced by violence.</p> <p>Rampant poverty, human rights violations, unemployment, poor infrastructure, and a lack of security and stability have led to forced displacement internally and externally. Since the political crisis that resulted in CAR’s March 2013 coup began in December 2012, approximately 600,000 people have fled to Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and other neighboring countries, while another estimated 600,000 are displaced internally as of October 2019. The UN has urged countries to refrain from repatriating CAR refugees amid the heightened lawlessness.</p> (2019)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>The Central African Republic’s (CAR) humanitarian crisis has worsened since a coup in March 2013. CAR’s high mortality rate and low life expectancy are attributed to elevated rates of preventable and treatable diseases (including malaria and malnutrition), an inadequate health care system, precarious food security, and armed conflict. Some of the worst mortality rates are in western CAR’s diamond mining region, which is impoverished because of government attempts to control the diamond trade and the fall in industrial diamond prices. To make matters worse, the government and international donors have reduced health funding in recent years. The CAR’s weak educational system and low literacy rate have also suffered as a result of the country’s ongoing conflict. Schools are closed, qualified teachers are scarce, infrastructure, funding, and supplies are lacking and subject to looting, and many students and teachers are displaced by violence.</p> <p>Rampant poverty, human rights violations, unemployment, poor infrastructure, and a lack of security and stability have led to forced displacement internally and externally. Since the political crisis that resulted in CAR’s March 2013 coup began in December 2012, approximately 600,000 people have fled to Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and other neighboring countries, while another estimated 600,000 are displaced internally as of October 2019. The UN has urged countries to refrain from repatriating CAR refugees amid the heightened lawlessness.</p> (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Age structure": {
|
||||
"0-14 years": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -176,7 +176,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-3.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "majority of residents live in the western and central areas of the country, especially in and around the capital of Bangui as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/a8a5c021d7ce61eb8bd465d5aaedd3b0/CENTRAL_AFRICAN_REP_Population_density.jpg\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "majority of residents live in the western and central areas of the country, especially in and around the capital of Bangui as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -241,7 +241,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "4.09 children born/woman (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "15.2% (2010/11)"
|
||||
"text": "17.8% (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Drinking water source": {
|
||||
"improved: urban": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -293,13 +293,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "3.6% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "2.9% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "100,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "88,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "3,800 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3,200 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -585,7 +585,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Action Party for Development or PAD [El Hadj Laurent NGON-BABA]<br />Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP [Clement BELIBANGA]<br />Central African Democratic Rally or RDC [Desire Nzanga KOLINGBA]<br />Movement for Democracy and Development or MDD [Louis PAPENIAH]<br />Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People or MLPC [Martin ZIGUELE]<br />National Convergence (also known as Kwa Na Kwa) or KNK [Francois BOZIZE]<br />National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [Amine MICHEL]<br />New Alliance for Progress or NAP [Jean-Jacques DEMAFOUTH]<br />Social Democratic Party or PSD [Enoch LAKOUE]<br />Union for Central African Renewal or URCA [Anicet-Georges DOLOGUELE]"
|
||||
"text": "Action Party for Development or PAD [El Hadj Laurent NGON-BABA]<br>Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP [Clement BELIBANGA]<br>Central African Democratic Rally or RDC [Desire Nzanga KOLINGBA]<br>Movement for Democracy and Development or MDD [Louis PAPENIAH]<br>Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People or MLPC [Martin ZIGUELE]<br>National Convergence (also known as Kwa Na Kwa) or KNK [Francois BOZIZE]<br>National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [Amine MICHEL]<br>New Alliance for Progress or NAP [Jean-Jacques DEMAFOUTH]<br>Social Democratic Party or PSD [Enoch LAKOUE]<br>Union for Central African Renewal or URCA [Anicet-Georges DOLOGUELE]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, EITI (compliant country) (suspended), FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIC (observer), OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1112,7 +1112,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "18 years of age for military service; no conscription (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "the FACA is currently assessed as unable to provide adequate internal security for the country; the military was dissolved following the 2013 rebel seizure of the government and has struggled to rebuild in the years of instability since; France, Russia, the UN, and the European Union are providing various levels of security assistance <br /><br />the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA) has operated in the country since 2014; its peacekeeping mission includes providing security, protecting civilians, facilitating humanitarian assistance, disarming and demobilizing armed groups, and supporting the country’s fragile transitional government; in November 2019, the UN Security Council extended the mandate of the MINUSCA peacekeeping mission another year; as of January 2021, MINUSCA had nearly 15,000 total personnel, including about 11,000 troops and 2,000 police<br /><br />the European Union Training Mission in the Central African Republic (EUTM-RCA) has operated in the country since 2016; the EUTM-RCA contributes to the restructuring of the country's military and defense sector through advice, training, and educational programs"
|
||||
"text": "the FACA is currently assessed as unable to provide adequate internal security for the country; the military was dissolved following the 2013 rebel seizure of the government and has struggled to rebuild in the years of instability since; France, Russia, the UN, and the European Union are providing various levels of security assistance <br><br>the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA) has operated in the country since 2014; its peacekeeping mission includes providing security, protecting civilians, facilitating humanitarian assistance, disarming and demobilizing armed groups, and supporting the country’s fragile transitional government; in November 2019, the UN Security Council extended the mandate of the MINUSCA peacekeeping mission another year; as of January 2021, MINUSCA had nearly 15,000 total personnel, including about 11,000 troops and 2,000 police<br><br>the European Union Training Mission in the Central African Republic (EUTM-RCA) has operated in the country since 2016; the EUTM-RCA contributes to the restructuring of the country's military and defense sector through advice, training, and educational programs"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1121,7 +1121,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
|
||||
"refugees (country of origin)": {
|
||||
"text": "5,769 (Democratic Republic of Congo) (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "5,774 (Democratic Republic of Congo) (2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"IDPs": {
|
||||
"text": "727,161 (clashes between army and rebel groups since 2005; tensions between ethnic groups) (2021)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -89,7 +89,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "35 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "among the nine inhabited islands, population distribution is variable; islands in the east are very dry and are only sparsely settled to exploit their extensive salt deposits; the more southerly islands receive more precipitation and support larger populations, but agriculture and livestock grazing have damaged the soil fertility and vegetation; approximately half of the population lives on Sao Tiago Island, which is the location of the capital of Praia; Mindelo, on the northern island of Sao Vicente, also has a large urban population as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/ee70d35149e153f2a0ef09c1fc3cc956/CABO_VERDE_Population_density.jpg\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "among the nine inhabited islands, population distribution is variable; islands in the east are very dry and are only sparsely settled to exploit their extensive salt deposits; the more southerly islands receive more precipitation and support larger populations, but agriculture and livestock grazing have damaged the soil fertility and vegetation; approximately half of the population lives on Sao Tiago Island, which is the location of the capital of Praia; Mindelo, on the northern island of Sao Vicente, also has a large urban population as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>prolonged droughts; seasonal harmattan wind produces obscuring dust; volcanically and seismically active</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Fogo (2,829 m), which last erupted in 1995, is Cabo Verde's only active volcano</p>"
|
||||
|
|
@ -177,7 +177,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-0.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "among the nine inhabited islands, population distribution is variable; islands in the east are very dry and are only sparsely settled to exploit their extensive salt deposits; the more southerly islands receive more precipitation and support larger populations, but agriculture and livestock grazing have damaged the soil fertility and vegetation; approximately half of the population lives on Sao Tiago Island, which is the location of the capital of Praia; Mindelo, on the northern island of Sao Vicente, also has a large urban population as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/ee70d35149e153f2a0ef09c1fc3cc956/CABO_VERDE_Population_density.jpg\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "among the nine inhabited islands, population distribution is variable; islands in the east are very dry and are only sparsely settled to exploit their extensive salt deposits; the more southerly islands receive more precipitation and support larger populations, but agriculture and livestock grazing have damaged the soil fertility and vegetation; approximately half of the population lives on Sao Tiago Island, which is the location of the capital of Praia; Mindelo, on the northern island of Sao Vicente, also has a large urban population as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -241,6 +241,9 @@
|
|||
"Total fertility rate": {
|
||||
"text": "2.14 children born/woman (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "55.8% (2018)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Drinking water source": {
|
||||
"improved: urban": {
|
||||
"text": "urban: 100% of population"
|
||||
|
|
@ -291,13 +294,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "0.6% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.5% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "2,500 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "2,400 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "<100 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "<100 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "11.8% (2016)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -539,7 +542,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "rz African Party for Independence of Cabo Verde or PAICV [Janira Hopffer ALMADA]<br />Democratic and Independent Cabo Verdean Union or UCID [Antonio MONTEIRO]<br />Democratic Christian Party or PDC [Manuel RODRIGUES]<br />Democratic Renovation Party or PRD [Victor FIDALGO]<br />Movement for Democracy or MPD [Ulisses CORREIA E SILVA]<br />Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO]<br />Party of Work and Solidarity or PTS [Anibal MEDINA]<br />Social Democratic Party or PSD [Joao ALEM]"
|
||||
"text": "rz African Party for Independence of Cabo Verde or PAICV [Janira Hopffer ALMADA]<br>Democratic and Independent Cabo Verdean Union or UCID [Antonio MONTEIRO]<br>Democratic Christian Party or PDC [Manuel RODRIGUES]<br>Democratic Renovation Party or PRD [Victor FIDALGO]<br>Movement for Democracy or MPD [Ulisses CORREIA E SILVA]<br>Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO]<br>Party of Work and Solidarity or PTS [Anibal MEDINA]<br>Social Democratic Party or PSD [Joao ALEM]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AOSIS, AU, CD, CPLP, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "10 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "most densely populated areas are in the east; the largest city is Djibouti, with a population over 600,000; no other city in the country has a total population over 50,000 as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/c40fcdb63da65f5c1a088af31e545f00/DJIBOUTI_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "most densely populated areas are in the east; the largest city is Djibouti, with a population over 600,000; no other city in the country has a total population over 50,000 as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>earthquakes; droughts; occasional cyclonic disturbances from the Indian Ocean bring heavy rains and flash floods</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> experiences limited volcanic activity; Ardoukoba (298 m) last erupted in 1978; Manda-Inakir, located along the Ethiopian border, is also historically active</p>"
|
||||
|
|
@ -182,7 +182,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "4.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "most densely populated areas are in the east; the largest city is Djibouti, with a population over 600,000; no other city in the country has a total population over 50,000 as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/c40fcdb63da65f5c1a088af31e545f00/DJIBOUTI_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "most densely populated areas are in the east; the largest city is Djibouti, with a population over 600,000; no other city in the country has a total population over 50,000 as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -299,13 +299,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "0.9% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.8% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "6,800 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "6,800 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "<500 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "<500 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -566,7 +566,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Center for United Democrats or CDU [Ahmed Mohamed YOUSSOUF, chairman]<br />Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Abdillahi HAMARITEH]<br />Djibouti Development Party or PDD [Mohamed Daoud CHEHEM]<br />Front for Restoration of Unity and Democracy (Front pour la Restauration de l'Unite Democratique) or FRUD [Ali Mohamed DAOUD]<br />Movement for Democratic Renewal and Development [Daher Ahmed FARAH]<br />Movement for Development and Liberty or MoDel [Ismail Ahmed WABERI]<br />Movement for the Development and Balance of the Djiboutian Nation (Mouvement pour le Dévelopment et l'Équilibre de la Nation Djiboutienne) or MDEND [Zakaria Ismael FARAH]<br />National Democratic Party or PND [Aden Robleh AWALEH]<br />People's Rally for Progress or RPP [Ismail Omar GUELLEH] (governing party)<br />Peoples Social Democratic Party or PPSD [Hasna Moumin BAHDON]<br />Republican Alliance for Democracy or ARD [Aden Mohamed ABDOU, interim president]<br />Union for a Presidential Majority or UMP (coalition includes RPP, FRUD, PND, PPSD)<br />Union for Democracy and Justice or UDJ [Ilya Ismail GUEDI Hared]"
|
||||
"text": "Center for United Democrats or CDU [Ahmed Mohamed YOUSSOUF, chairman]<br>Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Abdillahi HAMARITEH]<br>Djibouti Development Party or PDD [Mohamed Daoud CHEHEM]<br>Front for Restoration of Unity and Democracy (Front pour la Restauration de l'Unite Democratique) or FRUD [Ali Mohamed DAOUD]<br>Movement for Democratic Renewal and Development [Daher Ahmed FARAH]<br>Movement for Development and Liberty or MoDel [Ismail Ahmed WABERI]<br>Movement for the Development and Balance of the Djiboutian Nation (Mouvement pour le Dévelopment et l'Équilibre de la Nation Djiboutienne) or MDEND [Zakaria Ismael FARAH]<br>National Democratic Party or PND [Aden Robleh AWALEH]<br>People's Rally for Progress or RPP [Ismail Omar GUELLEH] (governing party)<br>Peoples Social Democratic Party or PPSD [Hasna Moumin BAHDON]<br>Republican Alliance for Democracy or ARD [Aden Mohamed ABDOU, interim president]<br>Union for a Presidential Majority or UMP (coalition includes RPP, FRUD, PND, PPSD)<br>Union for Democracy and Justice or UDJ [Ilya Ismail GUEDI Hared]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, CAEU (candidates), COMESA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, MINURSO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1108,8 +1108,8 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
"Terrorist group(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "al-Shabaab<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
|
||||
"text": "al-Shabaab<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations. A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 B.C., and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty fell to the Persians in 341 B.C., who in turn were replaced by the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. It was the Arabs who introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th century and who ruled for the next six centuries. A local military caste, the Mamluks took control about 1250 and continued to govern after the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517. Completion of the Suez Canal in 1869 elevated Egypt as an important world transportation hub. Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914. Partially independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty from Britain in 1952. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have reaffirmed the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled to meet the demands of Egypt's fast-growing population as it implements far-reaching economic reforms, including the reduction of select subsidies, large-scale infrastructure projects, energy cooperation, and foreign direct investment appeals.</p> <p>Inspired by the 2010 Tunisian revolution, Egyptian opposition groups led demonstrations and labor strikes countrywide, culminating in President Hosni MUBARAK's ouster in 2011. Egypt's military assumed national leadership until a new legislature was in place in early 2012; later that same year, Muhammad MURSI won the presidential election. Following protests throughout the spring of 2013 against MURSI's government and the Muslim Brotherhood, the Egyptian Armed Forces intervened and removed MURSI from power in July 2013 and replaced him with interim president Adly MANSOUR. Simultaneously, the government began enacting laws to limit freedoms of assembly and expression. In January 2014, voters approved a new constitution by referendum and in May 2014 elected former defense minister Abdelfattah ELSISI president. Egypt elected a new legislature in December 2015, its first Hose of Representatives since 2012. ELSISI was reelected to a second four-year term in March 2018. In April 2019, Egypt approved via national referendum a set of constitutional amendments extending ELSISI’s term in office through 2024 and possibly through 2030 if re-elected for a third term. The amendments would also allow future presidents up to two consecutive six-year terms in office, re-establish an upper legislative house, allow for one or more vice presidents, establish a 25% quota for female legislators, reaffirm the military’s role as guardian of Egypt, and expand presidential authority to appoint the heads of judicial councils.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations. A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 B.C., and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty fell to the Persians in 341 B.C., who in turn were replaced by the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. It was the Arabs who introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th century and who ruled for the next six centuries. A local military caste, the Mamluks took control about 1250 and continued to govern after the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517. Completion of the Suez Canal in 1869 elevated Egypt as an important world transportation hub. Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914. Partially independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty from Britain in 1952. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have reaffirmed the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled to meet the demands of Egypt's fast-growing population as it implements far-reaching economic reforms, including the reduction of select subsidies, large-scale infrastructure projects, energy cooperation, and foreign direct investment appeals.</p> <p>Inspired by the 2010 Tunisian revolution, Egyptian opposition groups led demonstrations and labor strikes countrywide, culminating in President Hosni MUBARAK's ouster in 2011. Egypt's military assumed national leadership until a new legislature was in place in early 2012; later that same year, Muhammad MURSI won the presidential election. Following protests throughout the spring of 2013 against MURSI's government and the Muslim Brotherhood, the Egyptian Armed Forces intervened and removed MURSI from power in July 2013 and replaced him with interim president Adly MANSOUR. Simultaneously, the government began enacting laws to limit freedoms of assembly and expression. In January 2014, voters approved a new constitution by referendum and in May 2014 elected former defense minister Abdelfattah ELSISI president. Egypt elected a new legislature in December 2015, its first Hose of Representatives since 2012. ELSISI was reelected to a second four-year term in March 2018. In April 2019, Egypt approved via national referendum a set of constitutional amendments extending ELSISI’s term in office through 2024 and possibly through 2030 if re-elected for a third term. The amendments would also allow future presidents up to two consecutive six-year terms in office, re-establish an upper legislative house, allow for one or more vice presidents, establish a 25% quota for female legislators, reaffirm the military’s role as guardian of Egypt, and expand presidential authority to appoint the heads of judicial councils.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -97,13 +97,13 @@
|
|||
"text": "36,500 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "approximately 95% of the population lives within 20 km of the Nile River and its delta; vast areas of the country remain sparsely populated or uninhabited as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/4c08e51b14bff1ba008a464152a0f4d6/EGYPT_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "approximately 95% of the population lives within 20 km of the Nile River and its delta; vast areas of the country remain sparsely populated or uninhabited as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "periodic droughts; frequent earthquakes; flash floods; landslides; hot, driving windstorms called khamsin occur in spring; dust storms; sandstorms"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography - note": {
|
||||
"text": "<strong>note 1:</strong> controls Sinai Peninsula, the only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, a sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea; size, and juxtaposition to Israel, establish its major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics; dependence on upstream neighbors; dominance of Nile basin issues; prone to influxes of refugees from Sudan and the Palestinian territories<br /><br /><strong>note 2:</strong> the earliest evidence for wild sorghum cultivation occurs in southern Egypt and dates to roughly 7500 B.C."
|
||||
"text": "<strong>note 1:</strong> controls Sinai Peninsula, the only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, a sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea; size, and juxtaposition to Israel, establish its major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics; dependence on upstream neighbors; dominance of Nile basin issues; prone to influxes of refugees from Sudan and the Palestinian territories<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the earliest evidence for wild sorghum cultivation occurs in southern Egypt and dates to roughly 7500 B.C."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"People and Society": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -127,7 +127,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Arabic (official), English, and French widely understood by educated classes"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />كتاب حقائق العالم، أفضل مصدر للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br /><br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
"text": "<br>كتاب حقائق العالم، أفضل مصدر للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -191,7 +191,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-0.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "approximately 95% of the population lives within 20 km of the Nile River and its delta; vast areas of the country remain sparsely populated or uninhabited as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/4c08e51b14bff1ba008a464152a0f4d6/EGYPT_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "approximately 95% of the population lives within 20 km of the Nile River and its delta; vast areas of the country remain sparsely populated or uninhabited as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -312,13 +312,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "<.1% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "<.1% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "26,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "24,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "<500 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "<500 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -568,13 +568,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br />Senate (Majlis Al-Shiyoukh) (300 seats; 100 members elected in single seat constituencies, 100 elected by closed party-list system, and 100 appointed by the president; note - the upper house, previously the Shura Council, was eliminated in the 2014 constitution, reestablished as the Senate, following passage in a 2019 constitutional referendum and approved by the House of Representatives in June 2020 <br />House of Representatives (Majlis Al-Nowaab) (596 seats; 448 members directly elected by individual candidacy system, 120 members - with quotas for women, youth, Christians and workers - elected in party-list constituencies by simple majority popular vote, and 28 members appointed by the president; members of both houses serve 5-year terms"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br>Senate (Majlis Al-Shiyoukh) (300 seats; 100 members elected in single seat constituencies, 100 elected by closed party-list system, and 100 appointed by the president; note - the upper house, previously the Shura Council, was eliminated in the 2014 constitution, reestablished as the Senate, following passage in a 2019 constitutional referendum and approved by the House of Representatives in June 2020 <br>House of Representatives (Majlis Al-Nowaab) (596 seats; 448 members directly elected by individual candidacy system, 120 members - with quotas for women, youth, Christians and workers - elected in party-list constituencies by simple majority popular vote, and 28 members appointed by the president; members of both houses serve 5-year terms"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - first round held on 11-12 August 2020 (9-10 August for diaspora); second round to be held on 8-9 September (6-7 September for diaspora) (next to be held in 2025)<br />House of Representatives - last held from 17 October to 2 December 2015 (next to be held 24-25 October and 7-8 November 2020)"
|
||||
"text": "Senate - first round held on 11-12 August 2020 (9-10 August for diaspora); second round to be held on 8-9 September (6-7 September for diaspora) (next to be held in 2025)<br>House of Representatives - last held from 17 October to 2 December 2015 (next to be held 24-25 October and 7-8 November 2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate first round results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Nation's Future Party 100, independent 100; composition - NA <br />House of Representatives (2015) - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Free Egyptians Party 65, Future of the Nation 53, New Wafd Party 36, Homeland's Protector Party 18, Republican People's Party 13, Congress Party 12, Al-Nour Party 11, Conservative Party 6, Democratic Peace Party 5, Egyptian National Movement 4, Egyptian Social Democratic Party 4, Modern Egypt Party 4, Freedom Party 3, My Homeland Egypt Party 3, Reform and Development Party 3, National Progressive Unionist Party 2, Arab Democratic Nasserist Party 1, El Serh El Masry el Hor 1, Revolutionary Guards Party 1, independent 351; composition - men 507, women 89, percent of women 14.9%"
|
||||
"text": "Senate first round results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Nation's Future Party 100, independent 100; composition - NA <br>House of Representatives (2015) - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Free Egyptians Party 65, Future of the Nation 53, New Wafd Party 36, Homeland's Protector Party 18, Republican People's Party 13, Congress Party 12, Al-Nour Party 11, Conservative Party 6, Democratic Peace Party 5, Egyptian National Movement 4, Egyptian Social Democratic Party 4, Modern Egypt Party 4, Freedom Party 3, My Homeland Egypt Party 3, Reform and Development Party 3, National Progressive Unionist Party 2, Arab Democratic Nasserist Party 1, El Serh El Masry el Hor 1, Revolutionary Guards Party 1, independent 351; composition - men 507, women 89, percent of women 14.9%"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -589,7 +589,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Al-Nour [Yunis MAKHYUN]<br />Arab Democratic Nasserist Party [Dr. Mohamed ABDUL ELLA ]<br />Congress Party [Omar Al-Mokhtar SEMIDA]<br />Conservative Party [Akmal KOURTAM]<br />Democratic Peace Party [Ahmed FADALY]<br />Egyptian National Movement Party [Gen. Raouf EL SAYED]<br />Egyptian Social Democratic Party [Farid ZAHRAN]<br />El Ghad Party [Moussa Mostafa MOUSSA]<br />El Serh El Masry el Hor [Tarek Ahmed Abbas NADIM]<br />Freedom Party [Salah HASSABALAH]<br />Free Egyptians Party [Essam KHALIL]<br />Homeland’s Protector Party [Lt. Gen. (retired) Galal AL-HARIDI]<br />Modern Egypt Party [Nabil DEIBIS]<br />Nation's Future Party (Mostaqbal Watan) [Mohamed Ashraf RASHAD]<br />My Homeland Egypt Party [Gen. Seif El Islam ABDEL BARY ]<br />National Progressive Unionist (Tagammu) Party [Sayed Abdel AAL]<br />Reform and Development Party [Mohamad Anwar al-SADAT]<br />Republican People’s Party [Hazim AMR]<br />Revolutionary Guards Party [Magdy EL-SHARIF]<br />Wafd Party note - party chairman Bahaa ABU SHOKA resigned in late September 2020"
|
||||
"text": "Al-Nour [Yunis MAKHYUN]<br>Arab Democratic Nasserist Party [Dr. Mohamed ABDUL ELLA ]<br>Congress Party [Omar Al-Mokhtar SEMIDA]<br>Conservative Party [Akmal KOURTAM]<br>Democratic Peace Party [Ahmed FADALY]<br>Egyptian National Movement Party [Gen. Raouf EL SAYED]<br>Egyptian Social Democratic Party [Farid ZAHRAN]<br>El Ghad Party [Moussa Mostafa MOUSSA]<br>El Serh El Masry el Hor [Tarek Ahmed Abbas NADIM]<br>Freedom Party [Salah HASSABALAH]<br>Free Egyptians Party [Essam KHALIL]<br>Homeland’s Protector Party [Lt. Gen. (retired) Galal AL-HARIDI]<br>Modern Egypt Party [Nabil DEIBIS]<br>Nation's Future Party (Mostaqbal Watan) [Mohamed Ashraf RASHAD]<br>My Homeland Egypt Party [Gen. Seif El Islam ABDEL BARY ]<br>National Progressive Unionist (Tagammu) Party [Sayed Abdel AAL]<br>Reform and Development Party [Mohamad Anwar al-SADAT]<br>Republican People’s Party [Hazim AMR]<br>Revolutionary Guards Party [Magdy EL-SHARIF]<br>Wafd Party note - party chairman Bahaa ABU SHOKA resigned in late September 2020"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, BSEC (observer), CAEU, CD, CICA, COMESA, D-8, EBRD, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1186,13 +1186,13 @@
|
|||
"text": "18-30 years of age for male conscript military service; service obligation - 18-36 months, followed by a 9-year reserve obligation; voluntary enlistment possible from age 15 (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>since 2011, the Egyptian Armed Forces, police, and other security forces have been actively engaged in counterinsurgency and counter-terrorism operations in the North Sinai governorate against several militant groups, particularly the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Sinai Province; as of early 2020, Egypt reportedly had over 40,000 troops plus thousands of police and other security personnel deployed to the Sinai for internal security duties<br /><br />the military has a large stake in the civilian economy, including running banks, businesses, and shipping lines, producing consumer and industrial goods, importing commodities, and building and managing infrastructure projects, such as bridges, roads, hospitals, and housing</p> the Multinational Force & Observers (MFO) has operated in the Sinai since 1982 as a peacekeeping and monitoring force to supervise the implementation of the security provisions of the 1979 Egyptian-Israeli Treaty of Peace; the MFO is an independent international organization, created by agreement between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the State of Israel; it is composed of about 1,150 troops from 13 countries (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>since 2011, the Egyptian Armed Forces, police, and other security forces have been actively engaged in counterinsurgency and counter-terrorism operations in the North Sinai governorate against several militant groups, particularly the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Sinai Province; as of early 2020, Egypt reportedly had over 40,000 troops plus thousands of police and other security personnel deployed to the Sinai for internal security duties<br><br>the military has a large stake in the civilian economy, including running banks, businesses, and shipping lines, producing consumer and industrial goods, importing commodities, and building and managing infrastructure projects, such as bridges, roads, hospitals, and housing</p> the Multinational Force & Observers (MFO) has operated in the Sinai since 1982 as a peacekeeping and monitoring force to supervise the implementation of the security provisions of the 1979 Egyptian-Israeli Treaty of Peace; the MFO is an independent international organization, created by agreement between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the State of Israel; it is composed of about 1,150 troops from 13 countries (2020)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
"Terrorist group(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Army of Islam; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Sinai Province; Mujahidin Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem; al-Qa’ida<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
|
||||
"text": "Army of Islam; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Sinai Province; Mujahidin Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem; al-Qa’ida<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "Equatorial Guinea gained independence in 1968 after 190 years of Spanish rule; it is one of the smallest countries in Africa consisting of a mainland territory and five inhabited islands. The capital of Malabo is located on the island of Bioko, approximately 25 km from the Cameroonian coastline in the Gulf of Guinea. Between 1968 and 1979, autocratic President Francisco MACIAS NGUEMA virtually destroyed all of the country's political, economic, and social institutions before being deposed by his nephew Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO in a coup. President OBIANG has ruled since October 1979. He has been elected several times since 1996, and was most recently reelected in 2016. Although nominally a constitutional democracy since 1991, presidential and legislative elections since 1996 have generally been labeled as flawed. The president exerts almost total control over the political system and has placed legal and bureaucratic barriers that hinder political opposition. Equatorial Guinea experienced rapid economic growth in the early years of the 21st century due to the discovery of large offshore oil reserves in 1996. Production peaked in late 2004 and has slowly declined since, although aggressive searches for new oil fields continue. Despite the country's economic windfall from oil production, resulting in massive increases in government revenue in past years, the drop in global oil prices as of 2014 has placed significant strain on the state budget and pushed the country into recession. Oil revenues have mainly been used for the development of infrastructure and there have been limited improvements in the population's living standards. Equatorial Guinea continues to seek to diversify its economy and to increase foreign investment. The country hosts major regional and international conferences and continues to seek a greater role in international affairs, and leadership in the sub-region. <p> </p>"
|
||||
"text": "Equatorial Guinea gained independence in 1968 after 190 years of Spanish rule; it is one of the smallest countries in Africa consisting of a mainland territory and five inhabited islands. The capital of Malabo is located on the island of Bioko, approximately 25 km from the Cameroonian coastline in the Gulf of Guinea. Between 1968 and 1979, autocratic President Francisco MACIAS NGUEMA virtually destroyed all of the country's political, economic, and social institutions before being deposed by his nephew Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO in a coup. President OBIANG has ruled since October 1979. He has been elected several times since 1996, and was most recently reelected in 2016. Although nominally a constitutional democracy since 1991, presidential and legislative elections since 1996 have generally been labeled as flawed. The president exerts almost total control over the political system and has placed legal and bureaucratic barriers that hinder political opposition. Equatorial Guinea experienced rapid economic growth in the early years of the 21st century due to the discovery of large offshore oil reserves in 1996. Production peaked in late 2004 and has slowly declined since, although aggressive searches for new oil fields continue. Despite the country's economic windfall from oil production, resulting in massive increases in government revenue in past years, the drop in global oil prices as of 2014 has placed significant strain on the state budget and pushed the country into recession. Oil revenues have mainly been used for the development of infrastructure and there have been limited improvements in the population's living standards. Equatorial Guinea continues to seek to diversify its economy and to increase foreign investment. The country hosts major regional and international conferences and continues to seek a greater role in international affairs, and leadership in the sub-region. <p> </p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "NA"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "only two large cities over 30,000 people (Bata on the mainland, and the capital Malabo on the island of Bioko); small communities are scattered throughout the mainland and the five inhabited islands as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/8a7bb9d8d7cb2da4c0df6666e3c82715/EQUATORIAL_GUINEA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "only two large cities over 30,000 people (Bata on the mainland, and the capital Malabo on the island of Bioko); small communities are scattered throughout the mainland and the five inhabited islands as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>violent windstorms; flash floods</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Santa Isabel (3,007 m), which last erupted in 1923, is the country's only historically active volcano; Santa Isabel, along with two dormant volcanoes, form Bioko Island in the Gulf of Guinea</p>"
|
||||
|
|
@ -120,7 +120,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Spanish (official) 67.6%, other (includes Fang, Bubi, Portuguese (official), French (official), Portuguese-based Creoles spoken in Ano Bom) 32.4% (1994 census)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)<br /><br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
"text": "<br>La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -184,7 +184,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "only two large cities over 30,000 people (Bata on the mainland, and the capital Malabo on the island of Bioko); small communities are scattered throughout the mainland and the five inhabited islands as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/8a7bb9d8d7cb2da4c0df6666e3c82715/EQUATORIAL_GUINEA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "only two large cities over 30,000 people (Bata on the mainland, and the capital Malabo on the island of Bioko); small communities are scattered throughout the mainland and the five inhabited islands as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -301,13 +301,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "7% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "7.3% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "65,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "68,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "1,800 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "2,300 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -479,7 +479,7 @@
|
|||
"time difference": {
|
||||
"text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>etymology:</strong> named after Malabo Lopelo Melaka (1837–1937), the last king of the Bubi, the ethnic group indigenous to the island of Bioko; the name of the new capital, Cuidad de la Paz, translates to \"City of Peace\" in Spanish"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>etymology:</strong> named after Malabo Lopelo Melaka (1837–1937), the last king of the Bubi, the ethnic group indigenous to the island of Bioko; the name of the new capital, Cuidad de la Paz, translates to \"City of Peace\" in Spanish"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Administrative divisions": {
|
||||
"text": "8 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Annobon, Bioko Norte, Bioko Sur, Centro Sur, Djibloho, Kie-Ntem, Litoral, Wele-Nzas"
|
||||
|
|
@ -540,13 +540,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral National Assembly or Asemblea Nacional consists of:<br />Senate or Senado (70 seats; 55 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed party-list proportional representation vote and 15 appointed by the president)<br /> Chamber of Deputies or Camara de los Diputados (100 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed paryt-list proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral National Assembly or Asemblea Nacional consists of:<br>Senate or Senado (70 seats; 55 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed party-list proportional representation vote and 15 appointed by the president)<br> Chamber of Deputies or Camara de los Diputados (100 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed paryt-list proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - last held on 12 November 2017 (next to be held in 2022/2023)<br /> Chamber of Deputies - last held on 12 November 2017 (next to be held in 2022/2023)"
|
||||
"text": "Senate - last held on 12 November 2017 (next to be held in 2022/2023)<br> Chamber of Deputies - last held on 12 November 2017 (next to be held in 2022/2023)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PDGE and aligned coalition 70; composition - men 60, women 10, percent of women 14.3%<br /><br /> Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PDGE 99, CI 1; composition - men 78, women 22, percent of women 22%; note - total National Assembly percent of women 18.8%"
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PDGE and aligned coalition 70; composition - men 60, women 10, percent of women 14.3%<br><br> Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PDGE 99, CI 1; composition - men 78, women 22, percent of women 22%; note - total National Assembly percent of women 18.8%"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -561,7 +561,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Citizens for Innovation or CI [Gabriel Nse Obiang OBONO]<br />Convergence Party for Social Democracy or CPDS [Andres ESONO ONDO]<br />Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea or PDGE [Teodoro Obiang NGUEMA MBASOGO]<br />Electoral Coalition or EC<br />Juntos Podemos (coalition includes CPDS, FDR, UDC)<br />National Congress of Equatorial Guinea [Agustin MASOKO ABEGUE]<br />National Democratic Party [Benedicto OBIANG MANGUE]<br />National Union for Democracy [Thomas MBA MONABANG]<br />Popular Action of Equatorial Guinea or APGE [Carmelo MBA BACALE]<br />Popular Union or UP [Daniel MARTINEZ AYECABA]<br />Union for the Center right or UDC [Avelino MOCACHE MEHENGA]<br /><strong>not officially registered parties:<br /></strong>Democratic Republican Force or FDR [Guillermo NGUEMA ELA]<br />Party for Progress of Equatorial Guinea or PPGE [Severo MOTO]"
|
||||
"text": "Citizens for Innovation or CI [Gabriel Nse Obiang OBONO]<br>Convergence Party for Social Democracy or CPDS [Andres ESONO ONDO]<br>Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea or PDGE [Teodoro Obiang NGUEMA MBASOGO]<br>Electoral Coalition or EC<br>Juntos Podemos (coalition includes CPDS, FDR, UDC)<br>National Congress of Equatorial Guinea [Agustin MASOKO ABEGUE]<br>National Democratic Party [Benedicto OBIANG MANGUE]<br>National Union for Democracy [Thomas MBA MONABANG]<br>Popular Action of Equatorial Guinea or APGE [Carmelo MBA BACALE]<br>Popular Union or UP [Daniel MARTINEZ AYECABA]<br>Union for the Center right or UDC [Avelino MOCACHE MEHENGA]<br><strong>not officially registered parties:<br></strong>Democratic Republican Force or FDR [Guillermo NGUEMA ELA]<br>Party for Progress of Equatorial Guinea or PPGE [Severo MOTO]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, CPLP (associate), FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UN Security Council (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO (observer)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -955,7 +955,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Equatorial Guinea’s climate for operator competition boosted mobile subscribership; broadband services are limited and expensive; submarine cable supported broadband and reliability of infrastructure; government backbone network will connect administrative centers; regional roaming agreement in process (2021)</p> (2018)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Equatorial Guinea’s climate for operator competition boosted mobile subscribership; broadband services are limited and expensive; submarine cable supported broadband and reliability of infrastructure; government backbone network will connect administrative centers; regional roaming agreement in process (2021)</p> (2018)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "fixed-line density is about 1 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular subscribership is 45 per 100 (2019)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1063,7 +1063,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "Equatorial Guinea Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas de <span class=\"highlight \">Guinea</span> Ecuatorial, FAGE): Equatorial Guinea National Guard (Guardia Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial, GNGE (Army), Navy, Air Force; Guardia Civil (paramilitary force for internal security) (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "Equatorial Guinea Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas de Guinea Ecuatorial, FAGE): Equatorial Guinea National Guard (Guardia Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial, GNGE (Army), Navy, Air Force; Guardia Civil (paramilitary force for internal security) (2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
"Military Expenditures 2018": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1101,7 +1101,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Equatorial Guinea and Equatoguineans abroad; the majority of trafficking victims are subjected to forced domestic service and commercial sex in cities, particularly in the hospitality and restaurant sector; local and foreign women, including Latin Americans, are exploited in commercial sex domestically, while some Equatoguinean women are sex trafficked in Spain; some children from rural areas have been forced into domestic servitude; children from nearby countries are forced to labor as domestic workers, market workers, vendors, and launderers; individuals recruited from African countries and temporary workers from Brazil, the Dominican Republic, and Venezuela are sometimes exploited in forced labor and sex trafficking"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"tier rating": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Tier 2 Watch List — Equatorial Guinea does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; authorities investigated, and for the first time since 2010, initiated the prosecution of alleged human traffickers; the government partnered with an international organization to provide training for more than 700 officials and civil society actors; authorities developed and implemented formal screening procedures to identify victims within vulnerable populations, an effort that had stalled for five years; however, the government still has not convicted a trafficker or any complicit government employees under its 2004 anti-trafficking law; a lack of training among judicial officials has resulted in potential trafficking crimes being tried under related statutes; victim services remained inadequate; authorities did not report referring any trafficking victims to government housing that was supposed to serve as temporary shelter (2020)</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Tier 2 Watch List — Equatorial Guinea does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; authorities investigated, and for the first time since 2010, initiated the prosecution of alleged human traffickers; the government partnered with an international organization to provide training for more than 700 officials and civil society actors; authorities developed and implemented formal screening procedures to identify victims within vulnerable populations, an effort that had stalled for five years; however, the government still has not convicted a trafficker or any complicit government employees under its 2004 anti-trafficking law; a lack of training among judicial officials has resulted in potential trafficking crimes being tried under related statutes; victim services remained inadequate; authorities did not report referring any trafficking victims to government housing that was supposed to serve as temporary shelter (2020)</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "210 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "density is highest in the center of the country in and around the cities of Asmara (capital) and Keren; smaller settlements exist in the north and south as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/e64bb5b53bcc957ed368651a4e677dc3/ERITREA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "density is highest in the center of the country in and around the cities of Asmara (capital) and Keren; smaller settlements exist in the north and south as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>frequent droughts, rare earthquakes and volcanoes; locust swarms</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Dubbi (1,625 m), which last erupted in 1861, was the country's only historically active volcano until Nabro (2,218 m) came to life on 12 June 2011</p>"
|
||||
|
|
@ -177,7 +177,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-10.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "density is highest in the center of the country in and around the cities of Asmara (capital) and Keren; smaller settlements exist in the north and south as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/e64bb5b53bcc957ed368651a4e677dc3/ERITREA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "density is highest in the center of the country in and around the cities of Asmara (capital) and Keren; smaller settlements exist in the north and south as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -298,13 +298,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "0.7% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.5% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "14,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "13,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "<500 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "<500 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "Unique among African countries, the ancient Ethiopian monarchy maintained its freedom from colonial rule with the exception of a short-lived Italian occupation from 1936-41. In 1974, a military junta, the Derg, deposed Emperor Haile SELASSIE (who had ruled since 1930) and established a socialist state. Torn by bloody coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and massive refugee problems, the regime was finally toppled in 1991 by a coalition of rebel forces, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). A constitution was adopted in 1994, and Ethiopia's first multiparty elections were held in 1995. <br /><br />A border war with Eritrea in the late 1990s ended with a peace treaty in December 2000. In November 2007, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Border Commission (EEBC) issued specific coordinates as virtually demarcating the border and pronounced its work finished. Alleging that the EEBC acted beyond its mandate in issuing the coordinates, Ethiopia did not accept them and maintained troops in previously contested areas pronounced by the EEBC as belonging to Eritrea. This intransigence resulted in years of heightened tension between the two countries. In August 2012, longtime leader Prime Minister MELES Zenawi died in office and was replaced by his Deputy Prime Minister HAILEMARIAM Desalegn, marking the first peaceful transition of power in decades. Following a wave of popular dissent and anti-government protest that began in 2015, HAILEMARIAM resigned in February 2018 and ABIY Ahmed Ali took office in April 2018 as Ethiopia's first ethnic Oromo prime minister. In June 2018, ABIY announced Ethiopia would accept the border ruling of 2000, prompting rapprochement between Ethiopia and Eritrea that was marked with a peace agreement in July 2018 and a reopening of the border in September 2018. In November 2019, Ethiopia's nearly 30-year ethnic-based ruling coalition - the EPRDF - merged into a single unity party called the Prosperity Party, however, one of the four constituent parties (the Tigray Peoples Liberation Front or TPLF) refused to join."
|
||||
"text": "Unique among African countries, the ancient Ethiopian monarchy maintained its freedom from colonial rule with the exception of a short-lived Italian occupation from 1936-41. In 1974, a military junta, the Derg, deposed Emperor Haile SELASSIE (who had ruled since 1930) and established a socialist state. Torn by bloody coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and massive refugee problems, the regime was finally toppled in 1991 by a coalition of rebel forces, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). A constitution was adopted in 1994, and Ethiopia's first multiparty elections were held in 1995. <br><br>A border war with Eritrea in the late 1990s ended with a peace treaty in December 2000. In November 2007, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Border Commission (EEBC) issued specific coordinates as virtually demarcating the border and pronounced its work finished. Alleging that the EEBC acted beyond its mandate in issuing the coordinates, Ethiopia did not accept them and maintained troops in previously contested areas pronounced by the EEBC as belonging to Eritrea. This intransigence resulted in years of heightened tension between the two countries. In August 2012, longtime leader Prime Minister MELES Zenawi died in office and was replaced by his Deputy Prime Minister HAILEMARIAM Desalegn, marking the first peaceful transition of power in decades. Following a wave of popular dissent and anti-government protest that began in 2015, HAILEMARIAM resigned in February 2018 and ABIY Ahmed Ali took office in April 2018 as Ethiopia's first ethnic Oromo prime minister. In June 2018, ABIY announced Ethiopia would accept the border ruling of 2000, prompting rapprochement between Ethiopia and Eritrea that was marked with a peace agreement in July 2018 and a reopening of the border in September 2018. In November 2019, Ethiopia's nearly 30-year ethnic-based ruling coalition - the EPRDF - merged into a single unity party called the Prosperity Party, however, one of the four constituent parties (the Tigray Peoples Liberation Front or TPLF) refused to join."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -87,13 +87,13 @@
|
|||
"text": "2,900 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "highest density is found in the highlands of the north and middle areas of the country, particularly around the centrally located capital city of Addis Ababa; the far east and southeast are sparsely populated as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/e7029abbd34472702f0935a69d2b5f97/ETHIOPIA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "highest density is found in the highlands of the north and middle areas of the country, particularly around the centrally located capital city of Addis Ababa; the far east and southeast are sparsely populated as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> volcanic activity in the Great Rift Valley; Erta Ale (613 m), which has caused frequent lava flows in recent years, is the country's most active volcano; Dabbahu became active in 2005, forcing evacuations; other historically active volcanoes include Alayta, Dalaffilla, Dallol, Dama Ali, Fentale, Kone, Manda Hararo, and Manda-Inakir</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography - note": {
|
||||
"text": "<strong>note 1:</strong> landlocked - entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with the de jure independence of Eritrea on 24 May 1993; Ethiopia is, therefore, the most populous landlocked country in the world; the Blue Nile, the chief headstream of the Nile by water volume, rises in T'ana Hayk (Lake Tana) in northwest Ethiopia<br /><br /><strong>note 2:</strong> three major crops are believed to have originated in Ethiopia: coffee, grain sorghum, and castor bean"
|
||||
"text": "<strong>note 1:</strong> landlocked - entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with the de jure independence of Eritrea on 24 May 1993; Ethiopia is, therefore, the most populous landlocked country in the world; the Blue Nile, the chief headstream of the Nile by water volume, rises in T'ana Hayk (Lake Tana) in northwest Ethiopia<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> three major crops are believed to have originated in Ethiopia: coffee, grain sorghum, and castor bean"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"People and Society": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -113,7 +113,12 @@
|
|||
"text": "Oromo 34.9%, Amhara (Amara) 27.9%, Tigray (Tigrinya) 7.3%, Sidama 4.1%, Welaita 3%, Gurage 2.8%, Somali (Somalie) 2.7%, Hadiya 2.2%, Afar (Affar) 0.6%, other 12.6% (2016 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Languages": {
|
||||
"text": "Oromo (official working language in the State of Oromiya) 33.8%, Amharic (official national language) 29.3%, Somali (official working language of the State of Sumale) 6.2%, Tigrigna (Tigrinya) (official working language of the State of Tigray) 5.9%, Sidamo 4%, Wolaytta 2.2%, Gurage 2%, Afar (official working language of the State of Afar) 1.7%, Hadiyya 1.7%, Gamo 1.5%, Gedeo 1.3%, Opuuo 1.2%, Kafa 1.1%, other 8.1%, English (major foreign language taught in schools), Arabic (2007 est.)"
|
||||
"Languages": {
|
||||
"text": "Oromo (official working language in the State of Oromiya) 33.8%, Amharic (official national language) 29.3%, Somali (official working language of the State of Sumale) 6.2%, Tigrigna (Tigrinya) (official working language of the State of Tigray) 5.9%, Sidamo 4%, Wolaytta 2.2%, Gurage 2%, Afar (official working language of the State of Afar) 1.7%, Hadiyya 1.7%, Gamo 1.5%, Gedeo 1.3%, Opuuo 1.2%, Kafa 1.1%, other 8.1%, English (major foreign language taught in schools), Arabic (2007 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br>የአለም እውነታ መጽሐፍ፣ ለመሠረታዊ መረጃ እጅግ አስፈላጊ የሆነ ምንጭ። (Amharic)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
"text": "Ethiopian Orthodox 43.8%, Muslim 31.3%, Protestant 22.8%, Catholic 0.7%, traditional 0.6%, other 0.8% (2016 est.)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -176,7 +181,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "highest density is found in the highlands of the north and middle areas of the country, particularly around the centrally located capital city of Addis Ababa; the far east and southeast are sparsely populated as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/e7029abbd34472702f0935a69d2b5f97/ETHIOPIA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "highest density is found in the highlands of the north and middle areas of the country, particularly around the centrally located capital city of Addis Ababa; the far east and southeast are sparsely populated as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -245,7 +250,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "4.07 children born/woman (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "40.1% (2018)"
|
||||
"text": "37% (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Drinking water source": {
|
||||
"improved: urban": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -297,13 +302,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "1.1% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.9% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "670,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "620,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "12,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "13,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -579,13 +584,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br />House of Federation or Yefedereshein Mikir Bete (153 seats; members indirectly elected by state assemblies to serve 5-year terms)<br />House of People's Representatives or Yehizb Tewokayoch Mekir Bete (547 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote; 22 seats reserved for minorities; all members serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br>House of Federation or Yefedereshein Mikir Bete (153 seats; members indirectly elected by state assemblies to serve 5-year terms)<br>House of People's Representatives or Yehizb Tewokayoch Mekir Bete (547 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote; 22 seats reserved for minorities; all members serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "House of Federation - last held 24 May 2015 (next originally scheduled on 29 August 2020 but postponed a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic)<br />House of People's Representatives - last held on 24 May 2015 (next election to be held June 2021)"
|
||||
"text": "House of Federation - last held 24 May 2015 (next originally scheduled on 29 August 2020 but postponed a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic)<br>House of People's Representatives - last held on 24 May 2015 (next election to be held June 2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "House of Federation - percent of vote by coalition/party - NA; seats by coalition/party - NA; composition - men 104, women 49, percent of women 32%<br />House of Representatives - percent of vote by coalition/party - NA; seats by coalition/party - EPRDF 501, SPDP 24, BGPDUP 9, ANDP 8, GPUDM 3, APDO 1, HNL 1; composition - men 335, women 212, percent of women 38.8%; note - total Parliament percent of women 37.3%"
|
||||
"text": "House of Federation - percent of vote by coalition/party - NA; seats by coalition/party - NA; composition - men 104, women 49, percent of women 32%<br>House of Representatives - percent of vote by coalition/party - NA; seats by coalition/party - EPRDF 501, SPDP 24, BGPDUP 9, ANDP 8, GPUDM 3, APDO 1, HNL 1; composition - men 335, women 212, percent of women 38.8%; note - total Parliament percent of women 37.3%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> House of Federation is responsible for interpreting the constitution and federal-regional issues and the House of People's Representatives is responsible for passing legislation"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -601,7 +606,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Afar National Democratic Party or ANDP [Taha AHMED]<br />Argoba People Democratic Organization or APDO<br />Benishangul Gumuz People's Democratic Unity Party or BGPDUP<br />Ethiopian Federal Democratic Unity Forum or MEDREK or FORUM [Beyene PETROS] (includes ESD-SCUP, OFC, SLM, and UTDS)<br />Ethiopia Citizens for Social Justice or ECSJ Party (formed in May 2019 from 7 other parties, including Patriotic Genbot 7, Ethiopian Democratic Party (EDP), All Ethiopian Democratic Party (AEDP), Semayawi Party, New Generation Party, Gambella Regional Movement (GRM), Unity for Democracy and Justice (UDJ) Party [Berhanu Negu])<br />Prosperity Party or PP [ABIY Ahmed] (created in November 2019 from member parties of the former Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front or EPRDF, which included the Amhara National Democratic Movement (ANDM), Oromo People's Democratic Organization (OPDO), Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement (SEPDM), plus other ERPRF allies <br />Ethiopian Social Democracy-Southern Coalition Unity Party or ESD-SCUP<br />Gambella Peoples Unity Democratic Movement or GPUDM<br />Harari National League or HNL [Murad ABDULHADI]<br />Oromo Fderalist Congress or OFC<br />Sidama Liberaton Movement or SLM<br />Somali People's Democratic Party or SPDP<br />Union of Tigraians for Democracy & Sovergnty or UTDS<br />Tigray People's Liberation Front or TPLF [DEBRETSION Gebremichael] (note: de-registered by Ethiopian electoral board in Jan 2021)<br />Tigray Independence Party [Girmay BERHE] (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "Afar National Democratic Party or ANDP [Taha AHMED]<br>Argoba People Democratic Organization or APDO<br>Benishangul Gumuz People's Democratic Unity Party or BGPDUP<br>Ethiopian Federal Democratic Unity Forum or MEDREK or FORUM [Beyene PETROS] (includes ESD-SCUP, OFC, SLM, and UTDS)<br>Ethiopia Citizens for Social Justice or ECSJ Party (formed in May 2019 from 7 other parties, including Patriotic Genbot 7, Ethiopian Democratic Party (EDP), All Ethiopian Democratic Party (AEDP), Semayawi Party, New Generation Party, Gambella Regional Movement (GRM), Unity for Democracy and Justice (UDJ) Party [Berhanu Negu])<br>Prosperity Party or PP [ABIY Ahmed] (created in November 2019 from member parties of the former Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front or EPRDF, which included the Amhara National Democratic Movement (ANDM), Oromo People's Democratic Organization (OPDO), Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement (SEPDM), plus other ERPRF allies <br>Ethiopian Social Democracy-Southern Coalition Unity Party or ESD-SCUP<br>Gambella Peoples Unity Democratic Movement or GPUDM<br>Harari National League or HNL [Murad ABDULHADI]<br>Oromo Fderalist Congress or OFC<br>Sidama Liberaton Movement or SLM<br>Somali People's Democratic Party or SPDP<br>Union of Tigraians for Democracy & Sovergnty or UTDS<br>Tigray People's Liberation Front or TPLF [DEBRETSION Gebremichael] (note: de-registered by Ethiopian electoral board in Jan 2021)<br>Tigray Independence Party [Girmay BERHE] (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, COMESA, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UN Security Council (temporary), UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -628,7 +633,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); <span class=\"breadcrumb_last\" aria-current=\"page\">Deputy Chief of Mission David RENZ (since January 2021)<br /></span> <p> </p>"
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Deputy Chief of Mission David RENZ (since January 2021)<br> <p> </p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"telephone": {
|
||||
"text": "[251] 11 130-6000"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1144,8 +1149,8 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF): Ground Forces, Ethiopian Air Force (Ye Ityopya Ayer Hayl, ETAF) (2020)<br><br>note(s): in January 2020 the Ethiopian Government announced <span class=\"highlight \">it </span>had re-established a <span class=\"highlight \">navy</span>, which was disbanded in 1996; in March 2019 <span class=\"highlight \">Ethiopia</span> signed a defense cooperation agreement with <span class=\"inlineLinkContainer \"><a class=\"inlineLinkAnchor\" title=\"France\" data-bind=\"attr: { title: label }, click : onClick, event : { contextmenu : onClick}\">France</a></span> which stipulated that <span class=\"inlineLinkContainer \"><a class=\"inlineLinkAnchor\" title=\"France\" data-bind=\"attr: { title: label }, click : onClick, event : { contextmenu : onClick}\">France</a></span> would support the establishment of an Ethiopian <span class=\"highlight \">navy, which will reportedly be based out of Djibouti<br /><br />in 2018, Ethiopia established a Republican Guard for protecting senior officials; the Republican Guard is a military unit accountable to the Prime Minister<br /><br /></span>",
|
||||
"note": "note(s): in January 2020 the Ethiopian Government announced <span class=\"highlight \">it </span>had re-established a <span class=\"highlight \">navy</span>, which was disbanded in 1996; in March 2019 <span class=\"highlight \">Ethiopia</span> signed a defense cooperation agreement with <span class=\"inlineLinkContainer \"><a class=\"inlineLinkAnchor\" title=\"France\" data-bind=\"attr: { title: label }, click : onClick, event : { contextmenu : onClick}\">France</a></span> which stipulated that <span class=\"inlineLinkContainer \"><a class=\"inlineLinkAnchor\" title=\"France\" data-bind=\"attr: { title: label }, click : onClick, event : { contextmenu : onClick}\">France</a></span> would support the establishment of an Ethiopian <span class=\"highlight \">navy, which will reportedly be based out of Djibouti<br /><br />in 2018, Ethiopia established a Republican Guard for protecting senior officials; the Republican Guard is a military unit accountable to the Prime Minister<br /><br /></span>"
|
||||
"text": "Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF): Ground Forces, Ethiopian Air Force (Ye Ityopya Ayer Hayl, ETAF) (2020)<br><br>note(s): in January 2020 the Ethiopian Government announced it had re-established a navy, which was disbanded in 1996; in March 2019 Ethiopia signed a defense cooperation agreement with France which stipulated that France would support the establishment of an Ethiopian navy, which will reportedly be based out of Djibouti<br><br>in 2018, Ethiopia established a Republican Guard for protecting senior officials; the Republican Guard is a military unit accountable to the Prime Minister<br><br>",
|
||||
"note": "note(s): in January 2020 the Ethiopian Government announced it had re-established a navy, which was disbanded in 1996; in March 2019 Ethiopia signed a defense cooperation agreement with France which stipulated that France would support the establishment of an Ethiopian navy, which will reportedly be based out of Djibouti<br><br>in 2018, Ethiopia established a Republican Guard for protecting senior officials; the Republican Guard is a military unit accountable to the Prime Minister<br><br>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
"Military Expenditures 2019": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1177,13 +1182,13 @@
|
|||
"text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no compulsory military service, but the military can conduct callups when necessary and compliance is compulsory (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "each of the nine states has a regional and/or a \"special\" paramilitary security force that report to regional civilian authorities; local militias operate across the country in loose and varying coordination with these regional security and police forces, the Ethiopian Federal Police (EFP), and the Ethiopian military; the EFP reports to the Ministry of Peace, which was created in October of 2018<br /> <p>Ethiopia faces considerable ethnic violence in some regions, including Oromo, where the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) has conducted numerous attacks targeting the Amhara ethnic group; the OLA, assessed to number in the low thousands, broke off from the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF), an opposition party that spent years in exile but was allowed to return to Ethiopia after ABIY took office in 2018</p> <p>in November 2020, the Ethiopian Government launched military operations against the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) – an ethnically-based political entity that runs the Tigray regional government and had its own paramilitary security forces; the TPLF had increasingly challenged the authority of the Federal Government; the TPLF’s security forces date back to the 1980s when it led the guerrilla movement that brought the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front coalition to power; during the fighting, the Ethiopian Government allowed ethnic Amhara and Afar militias to attack the TLPF (now merged into the Tigray Defense Forces, TDF); in addition, it invited Eritrean military forces to join in the fighting; Ethiopian and Eritrean military forces, as well as ethnic militias, have all been accused of committing atrocities against Tigrayan civilians during the fighting, which continued into 2021</p>"
|
||||
"text": "each of the nine states has a regional and/or a \"special\" paramilitary security force that report to regional civilian authorities; local militias operate across the country in loose and varying coordination with these regional security and police forces, the Ethiopian Federal Police (EFP), and the Ethiopian military; the EFP reports to the Ministry of Peace, which was created in October of 2018<br> <p>Ethiopia faces considerable ethnic violence in some regions, including Oromo, where the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) has conducted numerous attacks targeting the Amhara ethnic group; the OLA, assessed to number in the low thousands, broke off from the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF), an opposition party that spent years in exile but was allowed to return to Ethiopia after ABIY took office in 2018</p> <p>in November 2020, the Ethiopian Government launched military operations against the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) – an ethnically-based political entity that runs the Tigray regional government and had its own paramilitary security forces; the TPLF had increasingly challenged the authority of the Federal Government; the TPLF’s security forces date back to the 1980s when it led the guerrilla movement that brought the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front coalition to power; during the fighting, the Ethiopian Government allowed ethnic Amhara and Afar militias to attack the TLPF (now merged into the Tigray Defense Forces, TDF); in addition, it invited Eritrean military forces to join in the fighting; Ethiopian and Eritrean military forces, as well as ethnic militias, have all been accused of committing atrocities against Tigrayan civilians during the fighting, which continued into 2021</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
"Terrorist group(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "al-Shabaab; IRGC/Qods Force<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
|
||||
"text": "al-Shabaab; IRGC/Qods Force<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1192,7 +1197,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
|
||||
"refugees (country of origin)": {
|
||||
"text": "372,912 (South Sudan), 211,092 (Somalia), 172,768 (Eritrea), 45,648 (Sudan) (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "372,961 (South Sudan), 211,092 (Somalia), 172,768 (Eritrea), 45,648 (Sudan) (2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"IDPs": {
|
||||
"text": "1,990,168 (includes conflict- and climate-induced IDPs, excluding unverified estimates from the Amhara region; border war with Eritrea from 1998-2000; ethnic clashes; and ongoing fighting between the Ethiopian military and separatist rebel groups in the Somali and Oromia regions; natural disasters; intercommunal violence; most IDPs live in Sumale state) (2021)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>In the 10<sup>th</sup> century, Muslim merchants established some of The Gambia’s earliest large settlements as trans-Saharan trade hubs. These settlements eventually grew into major export centers sending slaves, gold, and ivory across the Sahara. Between the 16<sup>th</sup> and 17<sup>th</sup> centuries, European colonial powers began establishing trade with The Gambia. In 1664, the United Kingdom established a colony in The Gambia focused on exporting enslaved people across the Atlantic. During the roughly 300 years of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, the UK and other European powers may have exported as many as 3 million people from The Gambia.</p> <p>In 1965, The Gambia gained its independence from the UK. Geographically surrounded by Senegal, it formed the short-lived confederation of Senegambia between 1982 and 1989. In 1994, Yahya JAMMEH led a military coup overthrowing the president and banning political activity. JAMMEH won every presidential election until 2016. In December 2016, after 22 years of authoritarian rule, President JAMMEH lost to Adama BARROW during free and fair elections. Due to The Gambia’s poor human rights record under JAMMEH, international development partners had substantially reduced aid to the country. These channels have now reopened under the administration of President BARROW. Since the 2016 election, The Gambia and the US have enjoyed improved relations. US assistance to the country has supported military education and training programs, capacity building, and democracy-strengthening activities.</p> <br /> <p> </p> <p> </p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>In the 10th century, Muslim merchants established some of The Gambia’s earliest large settlements as trans-Saharan trade hubs. These settlements eventually grew into major export centers sending slaves, gold, and ivory across the Sahara. Between the 16th and 17th centuries, European colonial powers began establishing trade with The Gambia. In 1664, the United Kingdom established a colony in The Gambia focused on exporting enslaved people across the Atlantic. During the roughly 300 years of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, the UK and other European powers may have exported as many as 3 million people from The Gambia.</p> <p>In 1965, The Gambia gained its independence from the UK. Geographically surrounded by Senegal, it formed the short-lived confederation of Senegambia between 1982 and 1989. In 1994, Yahya JAMMEH led a military coup overthrowing the president and banning political activity. JAMMEH won every presidential election until 2016. In December 2016, after 22 years of authoritarian rule, President JAMMEH lost to Adama BARROW during free and fair elections. Due to The Gambia’s poor human rights record under JAMMEH, international development partners had substantially reduced aid to the country. These channels have now reopened under the administration of President BARROW. Since the 2016 election, The Gambia and the US have enjoyed improved relations. US assistance to the country has supported military education and training programs, capacity building, and democracy-strengthening activities.</p> <br> <p> </p> <p> </p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "50 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "settlements are found scattered along the Gambia River; the largest communities, including the capital of Banjul, and the country's largest city, Serekunda, are found at the mouth of the Gambia River along the Atlantic coast as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/bab09fd910cd89f0082a345ab96d2413/GAMBIA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "settlements are found scattered along the Gambia River; the largest communities, including the capital of Banjul, and the country's largest city, Serekunda, are found at the mouth of the Gambia River along the Atlantic coast as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "droughts"
|
||||
|
|
@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-1.55 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "settlements are found scattered along the Gambia River; the largest communities, including the capital of Banjul, and the country's largest city, Serekunda, are found at the mouth of the Gambia River along the Atlantic coast as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/bab09fd910cd89f0082a345ab96d2413/GAMBIA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "settlements are found scattered along the Gambia River; the largest communities, including the capital of Banjul, and the country's largest city, Serekunda, are found at the mouth of the Gambia River along the Atlantic coast as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -255,8 +255,8 @@
|
|||
"text": "3.13 children born/woman (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "16.8% (2018)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> percent of women aged 15-50",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> percent of women aged 15-50"
|
||||
"text": "16.8% (2018)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> percent of women aged 15-49",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> percent of women aged 15-49"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Drinking water source": {
|
||||
"improved: urban": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -308,13 +308,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "2% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.8% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "28,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "27,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "1,100 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1,300 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -593,7 +593,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction or APRC [Fabakary JATTA]<br />Coalition 2016 [collective leadership] (electoral coalition includes UDP, PDOIS, NRP, GMC, GDC, PPP, and GPDP)<br />Gambia Democratic Congress or GDC [Mama KANDEH]<br />Gambia Moral Congress or GMC [Mai FATTY]<br />Gambia Party for Democracy and Progress or GPDP [Sarja JARJOU]<br />National Convention Party or NCP [Yaya SANYANG and Majanko SAMUSA (both claiming leadership)]<br />National Democratic Action Movement or NDAM [Lamin Yaa JUARA]<br />National People's Party or NPP [Adama BARROW]<br />National Reconciliation Party or NRP [Hamat BAH]<br />People's Democratic Organization for Independence and Socialism or PDOIS [Sidia JATTA]<br />People's Progressive Party or PPP [Yaya CEESAY)]<br />United Democratic Party or UDP [Ousainou DARBOE]"
|
||||
"text": "Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction or APRC [Fabakary JATTA]<br>Coalition 2016 [collective leadership] (electoral coalition includes UDP, PDOIS, NRP, GMC, GDC, PPP, and GPDP)<br>Gambia Democratic Congress or GDC [Mama KANDEH]<br>Gambia Moral Congress or GMC [Mai FATTY]<br>Gambia Party for Democracy and Progress or GPDP [Sarja JARJOU]<br>National Convention Party or NCP [Yaya SANYANG and Majanko SAMUSA (both claiming leadership)]<br>National Democratic Action Movement or NDAM [Lamin Yaa JUARA]<br>National People's Party or NPP [Adama BARROW]<br>National Reconciliation Party or NRP [Hamat BAH]<br>People's Democratic Organization for Independence and Socialism or PDOIS [Sidia JATTA]<br>People's Progressive Party or PPP [Yaya CEESAY)]<br>United Democratic Party or UDP [Ousainou DARBOE]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1009,7 +1009,7 @@
|
|||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Broadcast media": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>1 state-run TV-channel; one privately-owned TV-station; 1 Online TV-station; three state-owned radio station and 31 privately owned radio stations; eight community radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available, some via shortwave radio; cable and satellite TV subscription services are obtainable in some parts of the country </p> (2019)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>1 state-run TV-channel; one privately-owned TV-station; 1 Online TV-station; three state-owned radio station and 31 privately owned radio stations; eight community radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available, some via shortwave radio; cable and satellite TV subscription services are obtainable in some parts of the country </p> (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Internet country code": {
|
||||
"text": ".gm"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "40 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the relatively small population is spread in pockets throughout the country; the largest urban center is the capital of Libreville, located along the Atlantic coast in the northwest as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/92ce7aec9328dbdf8da1857e7da8117f/GABON_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "the relatively small population is spread in pockets throughout the country; the largest urban center is the capital of Libreville, located along the Atlantic coast in the northwest as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "none"
|
||||
|
|
@ -183,7 +183,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "3.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the relatively small population is spread in pockets throughout the country; the largest urban center is the capital of Libreville, located along the Atlantic coast in the northwest as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/92ce7aec9328dbdf8da1857e7da8117f/GABON_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "the relatively small population is spread in pockets throughout the country; the largest urban center is the capital of Libreville, located along the Atlantic coast in the northwest as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -304,13 +304,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "3.6% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "51,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "46,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "1,100 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1,100 <1000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -546,13 +546,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of:<br />Senate or Senat (102 seats; members indirectly elected by municipal councils and departmental assemblies by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed; members serve 6-year terms)<br />National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (143 seats; members elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed; members serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of:<br>Senate or Senat (102 seats; members indirectly elected by municipal councils and departmental assemblies by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed; members serve 6-year terms)<br>National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (143 seats; members elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed; members serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Senate - last held on 13 December 2014 (next to be held on 31 December 2020)<br />National Assembly - held in 2 rounds on 6 and 27 October 2018 (next to be held in 2023)"
|
||||
"text": "<br>Senate - last held on 13 December 2014 (next to be held on 31 December 2020)<br>National Assembly - held in 2 rounds on 6 and 27 October 2018 (next to be held in 2023)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PDG 81, CLR 7, PSD 2, ADERE-UPG 1, UPG 1, PGCI 1, independent 7; composition - men 84, women 18, percent of women 17.6%<br />National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PDG 98, The Democrats or LD 11, RV 8, Social Democrats of Gabon 5, RH&M 4, other 9, independent 8; composition - men 123, women 20, percent of women 14%; note - total Parliament percent of women 15.5%"
|
||||
"text": "<br>Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PDG 81, CLR 7, PSD 2, ADERE-UPG 1, UPG 1, PGCI 1, independent 7; composition - men 84, women 18, percent of women 17.6%<br>National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PDG 98, The Democrats or LD 11, RV 8, Social Democrats of Gabon 5, RH&M 4, other 9, independent 8; composition - men 123, women 20, percent of women 14%; note - total Parliament percent of women 15.5%"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -567,14 +567,14 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Circle of Liberal Reformers or CLR [Gen. Jean-Boniface ASSELE]<br />Democratic and Republican Alliance or ADERE [DIDJOB Divungui di Ndinge]<br />Gabonese Democratic Party or PDG [Ali BONGO Ondimba]<br />Independent Center Party of Gabon or PGCI [Luccheri GAHILA]<br />Legacy and Modernity Party or RH&M<br />Rally for Gabon or RPG<br />Restoration of Republican Values or RV<br />Social Democratic Party or PSD [Pierre Claver MAGANGA-MOUSSAVOU]<br />Social Democrats of Gabon<br />The Democrats or LD<br />Union for the New Republic or UPRN [Louis Gaston MAYILA]<br />Union of Gabonese People or UPG [Richard MOULOMBA]<br />Union of Forces for Change or UFC [Jean PING]"
|
||||
"text": "Circle of Liberal Reformers or CLR [Gen. Jean-Boniface ASSELE]<br>Democratic and Republican Alliance or ADERE [DIDJOB Divungui di Ndinge]<br>Gabonese Democratic Party or PDG [Ali BONGO Ondimba]<br>Independent Center Party of Gabon or PGCI [Luccheri GAHILA]<br>Legacy and Modernity Party or RH&M<br>Rally for Gabon or RPG<br>Restoration of Republican Values or RV<br>Social Democratic Party or PSD [Pierre Claver MAGANGA-MOUSSAVOU]<br>Social Democrats of Gabon<br>The Democrats or LD<br>Union for the New Republic or UPRN [Louis Gaston MAYILA]<br>Union of Gabonese People or UPG [Richard MOULOMBA]<br>Union of Forces for Change or UFC [Jean PING]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador Michael MOUSSA-ADAMO (since September 9, 2011)"
|
||||
"text": "Charge D'Affaires AD Interim- Rod Ciangillan REMBENDAMBYA, Counselor (3 March 2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"chancery": {
|
||||
"text": "2034 20th Street NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20009"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "340 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "population is concentrated in the southern half of the country, with the highest concentrations being on or near the Atlantic coast as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/4bc02505eb8980f8fc7bca4a5d57ea4e/GHANA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "population is concentrated in the southern half of the country, with the highest concentrations being on or near the Atlantic coast as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "dry, dusty, northeastern harmattan winds from January to March; droughts"
|
||||
|
|
@ -187,7 +187,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-0.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "population is concentrated in the southern half of the country, with the highest concentrations being on or near the Atlantic coast as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/4bc02505eb8980f8fc7bca4a5d57ea4e/GHANA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "population is concentrated in the southern half of the country, with the highest concentrations being on or near the Atlantic coast as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -256,7 +256,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "3.71 children born/woman (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "30.8% (2017)"
|
||||
"text": "27.2% (2017/18)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Drinking water source": {
|
||||
"improved: urban": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -308,13 +308,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "1.7% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.7% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "340,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "350,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "14,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "13,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -596,7 +596,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "All Peoples Congress or APC [Hassan AYARIGA]<br />Convention People's Party or CPP [Edmund N. DELLE]<br />Ghana Freedom Party or GFP [Akua DONKOR]<br />Ghana Union Movement or GUM [Christian Kwabena ANDREWS]<br />Great Consolidated Popular Party or GCPP [Henry Herbert LARTEY]<br />Liberal Party of Ghana or LPG [Kofi AKPALOO]<br />National Democratic Congress or NDC [John Dramani MAHAMA]<br />National Democratic Party or NDP [Nana Konadu Agyeman RAWLINGS]<br />New Patriotic Party or NPP [Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO]<br />People's Action Party or PAP [Imoru AYARNA]<br />People's National Convention or PNC [Edward MAHAMA]<br />Progressive People's Party or PPP [Paa Kwesi NDUOM]<br />United Front Party or UFP [Dr. Nana A. BOATENG]<br />United Progressive Party or UPP [Akwasi Addai ODIKE]<br><br><strong>note:</strong> Ghana has more than 20 registered parties; included are those which participated in the 2020 general election",
|
||||
"text": "All Peoples Congress or APC [Hassan AYARIGA]<br>Convention People's Party or CPP [Edmund N. DELLE]<br>Ghana Freedom Party or GFP [Akua DONKOR]<br>Ghana Union Movement or GUM [Christian Kwabena ANDREWS]<br>Great Consolidated Popular Party or GCPP [Henry Herbert LARTEY]<br>Liberal Party of Ghana or LPG [Kofi AKPALOO]<br>National Democratic Congress or NDC [John Dramani MAHAMA]<br>National Democratic Party or NDP [Nana Konadu Agyeman RAWLINGS]<br>New Patriotic Party or NPP [Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO]<br>People's Action Party or PAP [Imoru AYARNA]<br>People's National Convention or PNC [Edward MAHAMA]<br>Progressive People's Party or PPP [Paa Kwesi NDUOM]<br>United Front Party or UFP [Dr. Nana A. BOATENG]<br>United Progressive Party or UPP [Akwasi Addai ODIKE]<br><br><strong>note:</strong> Ghana has more than 20 registered parties; included are those which participated in the 2020 general election",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Ghana has more than 20 registered parties; included are those which participated in the 2020 general election"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -604,7 +604,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador Barfour ADJEI-BARWUAH (since 21 July 2017)"
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador Alima MAHAMA (since 7 July 2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"chancery": {
|
||||
"text": "3512 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008"
|
||||
|
|
@ -811,7 +811,7 @@
|
|||
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": {
|
||||
"text": "43.5 (2016 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "42.3 (2012-13)<br /> 41.9 (2005-06)"
|
||||
"note": "42.3 (2012-13)<br> 41.9 (2005-06)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
|
||||
"lowest 10%": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1017,7 +1017,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>challenged by unreliable electricity, Ghana seeks to extend telecom services nationally; investment in fiber infrastructure enabled 600 additional towers to provide basic mobile services; launch of LTE has improved mobile data services, including m-commerce and banking; highly competitive Internet market, most through mobile networks; international submarine cables, and terrestrial cables have improved Internet capacity and reduced prices (2020)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>challenged by unreliable electricity, Ghana seeks to extend telecom services nationally; investment in fiber infrastructure enabled 600 additional towers to provide basic mobile services; launch of LTE has improved mobile data services, including m-commerce and banking; highly competitive Internet market, most through mobile networks; international submarine cables, and terrestrial cables have improved Internet capacity and reduced prices (2020)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "fixed-line 1 per 100 subscriptions; competition among multiple mobile-cellular providers has spurred growth with a subscribership of more than 134 per 100 persons and rising (2019)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1159,7 +1159,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "the Ghana Armed Forces consists of approximately 14,000 active personnel (10,000 Army; 2,000 Navy; 2,000 Air Force) (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
|
||||
"text": "the inventory of the Ghana Armed Forces is a mix of Russian, Chinese, and Western equipment; since 2010, it has received armaments from a variety of suppliers, led by <br />China, Germany, Russia, and Spain (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "the inventory of the Ghana Armed Forces is a mix of Russian, Chinese, and Western equipment; since 2010, it has received armaments from a variety of suppliers, led by <br>China, Germany, Russia, and Spain (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military deployments": {
|
||||
"text": "150 Mali (MINUSMA); 875 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 850 South Sudan (UNMISS) (Jan 2021)<br><br>note: Ghana has pledged to maintain about 1,000 military personnel in readiness for UN peacekeeping missions",
|
||||
|
|
@ -1169,7 +1169,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "18-26 years of age for voluntary military service, with basic education certificate; no conscription (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Maritime threats": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Niger Delta and Gulf of Guinea remain a very high risk for piracy and armed robbery of ships; in 2020, there were 98 reported incidents of piracy and armed robbery at sea in the Gulf of Guinea region; although a 24% decrease from the total number of incidents in 2019, it included all three hijackings and 9 of 11 ships fired upon worldwide; while boarding and attempted boarding to steal valuables from ships and crews are the most common types of incidents, almost a third of all incidents involve a hijacking and/or kidnapping; in 2020, a record 130 crew members were kidnapped in 22 separate incidents in the Gulf of Guinea, representing 95% of kidnappings worldwide; approximately 51% of all incidents of piracy and armed robbery are taking place off Nigeria, which is a decrease from the 71% in 2019 and an indication pirates are traveling further to target vessels; Nigerian pirates are well armed and very aggressive, operating as far as 200 nm offshore; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2021-002 - Gulf of Guinea-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Kidnapping for Ransom) effective 9 January 2021, which states in part, \"Piracy, armed robbery, and kidnapping for ransom continue to serve as significant threats to US-flagged vessels transiting or operating in the Gulf of Guinea.”</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Niger Delta and Gulf of Guinea remain a very high risk for piracy and armed robbery of ships; in 2020, there were 98 reported incidents of piracy and armed robbery at sea in the Gulf of Guinea region; although a 24% decrease from the total number of incidents in 2019, it included all three hijackings and 9 of 11 ships fired upon worldwide; while boarding and attempted boarding to steal valuables from ships and crews are the most common types of incidents, almost a third of all incidents involve a hijacking and/or kidnapping; in 2020, a record 130 crew members were kidnapped in 22 separate incidents in the Gulf of Guinea, representing 95% of kidnappings worldwide; approximately 51% of all incidents of piracy and armed robbery are taking place off Nigeria, which is a decrease from the 71% in 2019 and an indication pirates are traveling further to target vessels; Nigerian pirates are well armed and very aggressive, operating as far as 200 nm offshore; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2021-002 - Gulf of Guinea-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Kidnapping for Ransom) effective 9 January 2021, which states in part, \"Piracy, armed robbery, and kidnapping for ransom continue to serve as significant threats to US-flagged vessels transiting or operating in the Gulf of Guinea.”</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Guinea's deep Muslim heritage arrived via the neighboring Almoravid Empire in the 11<sup>th</sup> century. Following Almoravid decline, Guinea existed on the fringe of several African kingdoms all competing for regional dominance. In the 13<sup>th</sup> century, the Mali Empire took control of Guinea, encouraging its already growing Muslim faith. After the fall of the West African empires, various smaller kingdoms controlled Guinea. In the 18<sup>th</sup> century, Fulani Muslims established an Islamic state in central Guinea that represents one of the earliest examples of a written constitution and alternating leadership. While European traders first arrived in the 16<sup>th</sup> century, it was the French who secured colonial rule in the 19<sup>th</sup> century.</p> <p>In 1958, Guinea became independent from France, and Sekou TOURE established an authoritarian regime. TOURE ruled until his death in 1984. After TOURE’s death, General Lansana CONTE staged a coup and seized the government. CONTE organized and won presidential elections in 1993, 1998, and 2003. Upon CONTE's death in December 2008, Captain Moussa Dadis CAMARA led a military coup, seized power, and suspended the constitution. In September 2009, presidential guards opened fire on an opposition rally, killing more than 150 people. In early December 2009, CAMARA was wounded in an assassination attempt and exiled to Burkina Faso. In 2010 and 2013 respectively, the country held its first free and fair presidential and legislative elections. Alpha CONDE won the 2010 and 2015 presidential elections. CONDE's first cabinet was the first all-civilian government in Guinean history. In March 2020, Guinea passed a constitutional referendum that extended presidential terms and reset CONDE’s term count, and later that year, Alpha CONDE won a controversial third presidential term. CONDE’s current term will end in 2026.</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Guinea's deep Muslim heritage arrived via the neighboring Almoravid Empire in the 11th century. Following Almoravid decline, Guinea existed on the fringe of several African kingdoms all competing for regional dominance. In the 13th century, the Mali Empire took control of Guinea, encouraging its already growing Muslim faith. After the fall of the West African empires, various smaller kingdoms controlled Guinea. In the 18th century, Fulani Muslims established an Islamic state in central Guinea that represents one of the earliest examples of a written constitution and alternating leadership. While European traders first arrived in the 16th century, it was the French who secured colonial rule in the 19th century.</p> <p>In 1958, Guinea became independent from France, and Sekou TOURE established an authoritarian regime. TOURE ruled until his death in 1984. After TOURE’s death, General Lansana CONTE staged a coup and seized the government. CONTE organized and won presidential elections in 1993, 1998, and 2003. Upon CONTE's death in December 2008, Captain Moussa Dadis CAMARA led a military coup, seized power, and suspended the constitution. In September 2009, presidential guards opened fire on an opposition rally, killing more than 150 people. In early December 2009, CAMARA was wounded in an assassination attempt and exiled to Burkina Faso. In 2010 and 2013 respectively, the country held its first free and fair presidential and legislative elections. Alpha CONDE won the 2010 and 2015 presidential elections. CONDE's first cabinet was the first all-civilian government in Guinean history. In March 2020, Guinea passed a constitutional referendum that extended presidential terms and reset CONDE’s term count, and later that year, Alpha CONDE won a controversial third presidential term. CONDE’s current term will end in 2026.</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "950 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "areas of highest density are in the west and south; interior is sparsely populated as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/08a70147615d178c34ee7aec590f67b0/GUINEA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "areas of highest density are in the west and south; interior is sparsely populated as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season"
|
||||
|
|
@ -180,7 +180,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "areas of highest density are in the west and south; interior is sparsely populated as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/08a70147615d178c34ee7aec590f67b0/GUINEA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "areas of highest density are in the west and south; interior is sparsely populated as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -301,13 +301,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "1.4% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.4% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "110,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "110,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "3,100 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3,300 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -328,7 +328,7 @@
|
|||
"aerosolized dust or soil contact diseases": {
|
||||
"text": "Lassa fever (2016)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> on 14 February 2021, the Guinea government declared an outbreak of Ebola in N'Zerekore; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has issued a Travel Advisory recommending travelers avoid non-essential travel to Guinea; travelers to this area could be infected with Ebola if they come into contact with an infected person’s blood or other body fluids; travelers should seek medical care immediately if they develop fever, muscle pain, sore throat, diarrhea, weakness, vomiting, stomach pain, or unexplained bleeding or bruising during or after travel"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> on 14 February 2021, the Guinea government declared an outbreak of Ebola in N'Zerekore; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has issued a Travel Advisory recommending travelers avoid non-essential travel to Guinea; travelers to this area could be infected with Ebola if they come into contact with an infected person’s blood or other body fluids; travelers should seek medical care immediately if they develop fever, muscle pain, sore throat, diarrhea, weakness, vomiting, stomach pain, or unexplained bleeding or bruising during or after travel"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "7.7% (2016)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -473,7 +473,7 @@
|
|||
"aerosolized dust or soil contact diseases": {
|
||||
"text": "Lassa fever (2016)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> on 14 February 2021, the Guinea government declared an outbreak of Ebola in N'Zerekore; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has issued a Travel Advisory recommending travelers avoid non-essential travel to Guinea; travelers to this area could be infected with Ebola if they come into contact with an infected person’s blood or other body fluids; travelers should seek medical care immediately if they develop fever, muscle pain, sore throat, diarrhea, weakness, vomiting, stomach pain, or unexplained bleeding or bruising during or after travel"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> on 14 February 2021, the Guinea government declared an outbreak of Ebola in N'Zerekore; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has issued a Travel Advisory recommending travelers avoid non-essential travel to Guinea; travelers to this area could be infected with Ebola if they come into contact with an infected person’s blood or other body fluids; travelers should seek medical care immediately if they develop fever, muscle pain, sore throat, diarrhea, weakness, vomiting, stomach pain, or unexplained bleeding or bruising during or after travel"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Food insecurity": {
|
||||
"severe localized food insecurity": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -608,8 +608,8 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Bloc Liberal or BL [Faya MILLIMONO]<br />National Party for Hope and Development or PEDN [Lansana KOUYATE]<br />Rally for the Guinean People or RPG [Alpha CONDE]<br />Union for the Progress of Guinea or UPG<br />Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea or UFDG [Cellou Dalein DIALLO]<br />Union of Republican Forces or UFR [Sidya TOURE]<br><br><h3><span id=\"Ruling_party\" class=\"mw-headline\">Ruling party</span></h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><a title=\"Rally of the Guinean People\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_of_the_Guinean_People\">Rally of the Guinean People</a> (<em>Rassemblement du Peuple Guinéen, RPG</em>)</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h3><span id=\"Opposition_parties\" class=\"mw-headline\">Opposition parties</span></h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><a title=\"African Democratic Party of Guinea\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Democratic_Party_of_Guinea\">African Democratic Party of Guinea</a> (<em>Parti démocratique africain de Guinée</em>)</li>\r\n<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Party of Unity and Progress\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_Unity_and_Progress\">Party of Unity and Progress</a> (<em>Parti de l'Unité et du Progrès, PUP</em>)</li>\r\n<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Union for Progress and Renewal\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_Progress_and_Renewal\">Union for Progress and Renewal</a> (<em>Union pour le Progrès et le Renouveau, UPR</em>)</li>\r\n<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Union for Progress of Guinea\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_Progress_of_Guinea\">Union for Progress of Guinea</a> (<em>Union pour le Progrès de la Guinée, UPG</em>)</li>\r\n<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guinea-African_Democratic_Rally\">Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally</a> (<em>Parti Démocratique de Guinée-Rassemblement Démocratique Africain, PDG-RDA</em>)</li>\r\n<li><a title=\"National Alliance for Progress\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Alliance_for_Progress\">National Alliance for Progress</a> (<em>Alliance Nationale pour le Progrès, ANP</em>)</li>\r\n<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Party of the Union for Development\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_the_Union_for_Development\">Party of the Union for Development</a> (<em>Parti de l’Union pour le Développement, PUD</em>)</li>\r\n<li><a title=\"Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Democratic_Forces_of_Guinea\">Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea</a> ( Union des Forces Démocratiques de Guinée, UFDG ), led by Cellou Dalein Diallo</li>\r\n<li><a title=\"Union of Republican Forces\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Republican_Forces\">Union of Republican Forces</a> (<em>Union des Forces Républicaines</em>, UFR)</li>\r\n<li><a class=\"new\" title=\"The Party of Democrats for Hope (page does not exist)\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Party_of_Democrats_for_Hope&action=edit&redlink=1\">the Party of Democrats for Hope </a> (\" PADES\") Led by Dr Ousmane Kaba</li>\r\n</ul>",
|
||||
"note": "<h3><span id=\"Ruling_party\" class=\"mw-headline\">Ruling party</span></h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><a title=\"Rally of the Guinean People\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_of_the_Guinean_People\">Rally of the Guinean People</a> (<em>Rassemblement du Peuple Guinéen, RPG</em>)</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h3><span id=\"Opposition_parties\" class=\"mw-headline\">Opposition parties</span></h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><a title=\"African Democratic Party of Guinea\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Democratic_Party_of_Guinea\">African Democratic Party of Guinea</a> (<em>Parti démocratique africain de Guinée</em>)</li>\r\n<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Party of Unity and Progress\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_Unity_and_Progress\">Party of Unity and Progress</a> (<em>Parti de l'Unité et du Progrès, PUP</em>)</li>\r\n<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Union for Progress and Renewal\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_Progress_and_Renewal\">Union for Progress and Renewal</a> (<em>Union pour le Progrès et le Renouveau, UPR</em>)</li>\r\n<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Union for Progress of Guinea\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_Progress_of_Guinea\">Union for Progress of Guinea</a> (<em>Union pour le Progrès de la Guinée, UPG</em>)</li>\r\n<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guinea-African_Democratic_Rally\">Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally</a> (<em>Parti Démocratique de Guinée-Rassemblement Démocratique Africain, PDG-RDA</em>)</li>\r\n<li><a title=\"National Alliance for Progress\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Alliance_for_Progress\">National Alliance for Progress</a> (<em>Alliance Nationale pour le Progrès, ANP</em>)</li>\r\n<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Party of the Union for Development\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_the_Union_for_Development\">Party of the Union for Development</a> (<em>Parti de l’Union pour le Développement, PUD</em>)</li>\r\n<li><a title=\"Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Democratic_Forces_of_Guinea\">Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea</a> ( Union des Forces Démocratiques de Guinée, UFDG ), led by Cellou Dalein Diallo</li>\r\n<li><a title=\"Union of Republican Forces\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Republican_Forces\">Union of Republican Forces</a> (<em>Union des Forces Républicaines</em>, UFR)</li>\r\n<li><a class=\"new\" title=\"The Party of Democrats for Hope (page does not exist)\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Party_of_Democrats_for_Hope&action=edit&redlink=1\">the Party of Democrats for Hope </a> (\" PADES\") Led by Dr Ousmane Kaba</li>\r\n</ul>"
|
||||
"text": "Bloc Liberal or BL [Faya MILLIMONO]<br>National Party for Hope and Development or PEDN [Lansana KOUYATE]<br>Rally for the Guinean People or RPG [Alpha CONDE]<br>Union for the Progress of Guinea or UPG<br>Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea or UFDG [Cellou Dalein DIALLO]<br>Union of Republican Forces or UFR [Sidya TOURE]<br><br><h3>Ruling party</h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Rally of the Guinean People (<em>Rassemblement du Peuple Guinéen, RPG</em>)</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h3>Opposition parties</h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>African Democratic Party of Guinea (<em>Parti démocratique africain de Guinée</em>)</li>\r\n<li>Party of Unity and Progress (<em>Parti de l'Unité et du Progrès, PUP</em>)</li>\r\n<li>Union for Progress and Renewal (<em>Union pour le Progrès et le Renouveau, UPR</em>)</li>\r\n<li>Union for Progress of Guinea (<em>Union pour le Progrès de la Guinée, UPG</em>)</li>\r\n<li>Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally (<em>Parti Démocratique de Guinée-Rassemblement Démocratique Africain, PDG-RDA</em>)</li>\r\n<li>National Alliance for Progress (<em>Alliance Nationale pour le Progrès, ANP</em>)</li>\r\n<li>Party of the Union for Development (<em>Parti de l’Union pour le Développement, PUD</em>)</li>\r\n<li>Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea ( Union des Forces Démocratiques de Guinée, UFDG ), led by Cellou Dalein Diallo</li>\r\n<li>Union of Republican Forces (<em>Union des Forces Républicaines</em>, UFR)</li>\r\n<li>the Party of Democrats for Hope (\" PADES\") Led by Dr Ousmane Kaba</li>\r\n</ul>",
|
||||
"note": "<h3>Ruling party</h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Rally of the Guinean People (<em>Rassemblement du Peuple Guinéen, RPG</em>)</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h3>Opposition parties</h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>African Democratic Party of Guinea (<em>Parti démocratique africain de Guinée</em>)</li>\r\n<li>Party of Unity and Progress (<em>Parti de l'Unité et du Progrès, PUP</em>)</li>\r\n<li>Union for Progress and Renewal (<em>Union pour le Progrès et le Renouveau, UPR</em>)</li>\r\n<li>Union for Progress of Guinea (<em>Union pour le Progrès de la Guinée, UPG</em>)</li>\r\n<li>Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally (<em>Parti Démocratique de Guinée-Rassemblement Démocratique Africain, PDG-RDA</em>)</li>\r\n<li>National Alliance for Progress (<em>Alliance Nationale pour le Progrès, ANP</em>)</li>\r\n<li>Party of the Union for Development (<em>Parti de l’Union pour le Développement, PUD</em>)</li>\r\n<li>Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea ( Union des Forces Démocratiques de Guinée, UFDG ), led by Cellou Dalein Diallo</li>\r\n<li>Union of Republican Forces (<em>Union des Forces Républicaines</em>, UFR)</li>\r\n<li>the Party of Democrats for Hope (\" PADES\") Led by Dr Ousmane Kaba</li>\r\n</ul>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1020,7 +1020,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Guinea’s mobile subscribership growing through investment of South African telecom operators and Chinese Huawei management; m-transactions supported commerce; broadband still limited and expensive though submarine cable and IXP improved reliability of infrastructure; 4G Wi-Fi in the capital; National Backbone Network will connect regional administrative centers; ECOWAS countries to launch free roaming; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Guinea’s mobile subscribership growing through investment of South African telecom operators and Chinese Huawei management; m-transactions supported commerce; broadband still limited and expensive though submarine cable and IXP improved reliability of infrastructure; 4G Wi-Fi in the capital; National Backbone Network will connect regional administrative centers; ECOWAS countries to launch free roaming; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "there is national coverage and Conakry is reasonably well-served; coverage elsewhere remains inadequate but is improving; fixed-line teledensity is less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership is expanding rapidly and now 101 per 100 persons (2019)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1031,7 +1031,7 @@
|
|||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Broadcast media": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>government maintains marginal control over broadcast media; single state-run TV station; state-run radio broadcast station also operates several stations in rural areas; a dozen private television stations; a steadily increasing number of privately owned radio stations, nearly all in Conakry, and about a dozen community radio stations; foreign TV programming available via satellite and cable subscription services </p> (2019)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>government maintains marginal control over broadcast media; single state-run TV station; state-run radio broadcast station also operates several stations in rural areas; a dozen private television stations; a steadily increasing number of privately owned radio stations, nearly all in Conakry, and about a dozen community radio stations; foreign TV programming available via satellite and cable subscription services </p> (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Internet country code": {
|
||||
"text": ".gn"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1148,7 +1148,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
|
||||
"text": "Guinean National Armed Forces are comprised of approximately 12,000 active personnel <br />(9,000 Army; 400 Navy; 800 Air Force; 300 BASP; 1,500 Gendarmerie) (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "Guinean National Armed Forces are comprised of approximately 12,000 active personnel <br>(9,000 Army; 400 Navy; 800 Air Force; 300 BASP; 1,500 Gendarmerie) (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
|
||||
"text": "the inventory of the Guinean military consists largely of ageing and outdated (mostly Soviet-era) equipment; since 2010, it has received small amounts of equipment from France, Russia, and South Africa (2020)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "Various small kingdoms ruled the area of Cote d'Ivoire between the 15<sup>th</sup> and 19<sup>th</sup> centuries, when European explorers arrived and then began to expand their presence. In 1844, France established a protectorate. During this period, many of these kingdoms and tribes fought to maintain their cultural identities - some well into the 20th century. For example, the Sanwi kingdom - originally founded in the 17<sup>th</sup> century - tried to break away from Cote d’Ivoire and establish an independent state in 1969. <br /><br />After becoming independent in 1960, Cote d’Ivoire took advantage of close ties with France, cocoa production and export, and foreign investment to become one of the most prosperous states in West Africa. In December 1999, however, a military coup overthrew the government. In late 2000, junta leader Robert GUEI held rigged elections and declared himself the winner. Popular protests forced him to step aside and Laurent GBAGBO was elected. In September 2002, Ivoirian dissidents and members of the military launched a failed coup that developed into a civil war. In 2003, a cease-fire resulted in rebels holding the north, the government holding the south, and peacekeeping forces occupying a buffer zone in the middle. In March 2007, President GBAGBO and former rebel leader Guillaume SORO signed an agreement in which SORO joined GBAGBO's government as prime minister. The two agreed to reunite the country by dismantling the buffer zone, integrating rebel forces into the national armed forces, and holding elections. In November 2010, Alassane Dramane OUATTARA won the presidential election, but GBAGBO refused to hand over power, resulting in five months of violent conflict. In April 2011, after widespread fighting, GBAGBO was formally forced from office by armed OUATTARA supporters and UN and French forces. In 2015, OUATTARA won a second term. In October 2020, OUATTARA won a controversial third presidential term, despite a two-term limit in the Ivoirian constitution. In March 2021, the International Criminal Court in The Hague ruled on a final acquittal for GBAGBO, who was on trial for crimes against humanity. <br /> <p> </p>"
|
||||
"text": "Various small kingdoms ruled the area of Cote d'Ivoire between the 15th and 19th centuries, when European explorers arrived and then began to expand their presence. In 1844, France established a protectorate. During this period, many of these kingdoms and tribes fought to maintain their cultural identities - some well into the 20th century. For example, the Sanwi kingdom - originally founded in the 17th century - tried to break away from Cote d’Ivoire and establish an independent state in 1969. <br><br>After becoming independent in 1960, Cote d’Ivoire took advantage of close ties with France, cocoa production and export, and foreign investment to become one of the most prosperous states in West Africa. In December 1999, however, a military coup overthrew the government. In late 2000, junta leader Robert GUEI held rigged elections and declared himself the winner. Popular protests forced him to step aside and Laurent GBAGBO was elected. In September 2002, Ivoirian dissidents and members of the military launched a failed coup that developed into a civil war. In 2003, a cease-fire resulted in rebels holding the north, the government holding the south, and peacekeeping forces occupying a buffer zone in the middle. In March 2007, President GBAGBO and former rebel leader Guillaume SORO signed an agreement in which SORO joined GBAGBO's government as prime minister. The two agreed to reunite the country by dismantling the buffer zone, integrating rebel forces into the national armed forces, and holding elections. In November 2010, Alassane Dramane OUATTARA won the presidential election, but GBAGBO refused to hand over power, resulting in five months of violent conflict. In April 2011, after widespread fighting, GBAGBO was formally forced from office by armed OUATTARA supporters and UN and French forces. In 2015, OUATTARA won a second term. In October 2020, OUATTARA won a controversial third presidential term, despite a two-term limit in the Ivoirian constitution. In March 2021, the International Criminal Court in The Hague ruled on a final acquittal for GBAGBO, who was on trial for crimes against humanity. <br> <p> </p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "730 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the population is primarily located in the forested south, with the highest concentration of people residing in and around the cities on the Atlantic coast; most of the northern savanna remains sparsely populated with higher concentrations located along transportation corridors as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/5d7d348a594bed9b5ec13818c42c421f/COTE_DIVOIRE_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "the population is primarily located in the forested south, with the highest concentration of people residing in and around the cities on the Atlantic coast; most of the northern savanna remains sparsely populated with higher concentrations located along transportation corridors as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors; during the rainy season torrential flooding is possible"
|
||||
|
|
@ -124,7 +124,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "French (official), 60 native dialects of which Dioula is the most widely spoken"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)<br /><br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
"text": "<br>The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -189,7 +189,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "1.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the population is primarily located in the forested south, with the highest concentration of people residing in and around the cities on the Atlantic coast; most of the northern savanna remains sparsely populated with higher concentrations located along transportation corridors as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/5d7d348a594bed9b5ec13818c42c421f/COTE_DIVOIRE_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "the population is primarily located in the forested south, with the highest concentration of people residing in and around the cities on the Atlantic coast; most of the northern savanna remains sparsely populated with higher concentrations located along transportation corridors as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -307,13 +307,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "2.7% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "2.1% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "430,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "380,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "13,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "13,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -526,7 +526,7 @@
|
|||
"time difference": {
|
||||
"text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>etymology:</strong> Yamoussoukro is named after Queen YAMOUSSOU, who ruled in the village of N'Gokro in 1929 at the time of French colonization; the village was renamed Yamoussoukro, the suffix \"-kro\" meaning \"town\" in the native Baoule language; Abidjan's name supposedly comes from a misunderstanding; tradition states that an old man carrying branches met a European explorer who asked for the name of the nearest village; the man, not understanding and terrified by this unexpected encounter, fled shouting \"min-chan m’bidjan,\" which in the Ebrie language means: \"I return from cutting leaves\"; the explorer, thinking that his question had been answered, recorded the name of the locale as Abidjan; a different version has the first colonists asking native women the name of the place and getting a similar response"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>etymology:</strong> Yamoussoukro is named after Queen YAMOUSSOU, who ruled in the village of N'Gokro in 1929 at the time of French colonization; the village was renamed Yamoussoukro, the suffix \"-kro\" meaning \"town\" in the native Baoule language; Abidjan's name supposedly comes from a misunderstanding; tradition states that an old man carrying branches met a European explorer who asked for the name of the nearest village; the man, not understanding and terrified by this unexpected encounter, fled shouting \"min-chan m’bidjan,\" which in the Ebrie language means: \"I return from cutting leaves\"; the explorer, thinking that his question had been answered, recorded the name of the locale as Abidjan; a different version has the first colonists asking native women the name of the place and getting a similar response"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Administrative divisions": {
|
||||
"text": "12 districts and 2 autonomous districts*; Abidjan*, Bas-Sassandra, Comoe, Denguele, Goh-Djiboua, Lacs, Lagunes, Montagnes, Sassandra-Marahoue, Savanes, Vallee du Bandama, Woroba, Yamoussoukro*, Zanzan"
|
||||
|
|
@ -587,15 +587,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br />Senate or Senat (99 seats; 66 members indirectly elected by the National Assembly and members of municipal, autonomous districts, and regional councils, and 33 members appointed by the president; members serve 5-year terms)<br /> National Assembly (255 seats; members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br>Senate or Senat (99 seats; 66 members indirectly elected by the National Assembly and members of municipal, autonomous districts, and regional councils, and 33 members appointed by the president; members serve 5-year terms)<br> National Assembly (255 seats; members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "<br /> Senate - first ever held on 25 March 2018 (next to be held in 2023)<br /> National Assembly - last held on 18 December 2016 (next to be held in 2021)"
|
||||
"text": "<br> Senate - first ever held on 25 March 2018 (next to be held in 2023)<br> National Assembly - last held on 18 December 2016 (next to be held in 2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "<strong><br /></strong>Senate - percent by party NA; seats by party - RHDP 50, independent 16; composition - men 80, women 19, percent of women 19.2%<br /> National Assembly - percent of vote by party - RHDP 50.3%, FPI 5.8%, UDPCI 1%, other 1.4%, independent 38.5%; seats by party - RHDP, 167, UDPCI 6, FPI 3, UPCI 3, independent 76; composition - men 228, women 27, percent of women 10.6%; note - total Parliament percent of women 13%"
|
||||
"text": "<strong><br></strong>Senate - percent by party NA; seats by party - RHDP 50, independent 16; composition - men 80, women 19, percent of women 19.2%<br> National Assembly - percent of vote by party - RHDP 50.3%, FPI 5.8%, UDPCI 1%, other 1.4%, independent 38.5%; seats by party - RHDP, 167, UDPCI 6, FPI 3, UPCI 3, independent 76; composition - men 228, women 27, percent of women 10.6%; note - total Parliament percent of women 13%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<br /><br />"
|
||||
"note": "<br><br>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest courts": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -609,7 +609,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Democratic Party of Cote d'Ivoire or PDCI [Henri Konan BEDIE]<br />Ivorian Popular Front or FPI [former pres. Laurent GBAGBO]<br />Liberty and Democracy for the Republic or LIDER [Mamadou KOULIBALY]<br />Movement of the Future Forces or MFA [Innocent Augustin ANAKY KOBENA]<br />Rally of Houphouetists for Democracy and Peace or RHDP [Alassane OUATTARA] (alliance includes MFA, PDCI, RDR, UDPCI, UPCI)<br />Rally of the Republicans or RDR [Henriette DIABATE]<br />Union for Cote d'Ivoire or UPCI [Gnamien KONAN]<br />Union for Democracy and Peace in Cote d'Ivoire or UDPCI [Albert Toikeusse MABRI]"
|
||||
"text": "Democratic Party of Cote d'Ivoire or PDCI [Henri Konan BEDIE]<br>Ivorian Popular Front or FPI [former pres. Laurent GBAGBO]<br>Liberty and Democracy for the Republic or LIDER [Mamadou KOULIBALY]<br>Movement of the Future Forces or MFA [Innocent Augustin ANAKY KOBENA]<br>Rally of Houphouetists for Democracy and Peace or RHDP [Alassane OUATTARA] (alliance includes MFA, PDCI, RDR, UDPCI, UPCI)<br>Rally of the Republicans or RDR [Henriette DIABATE]<br>Union for Cote d'Ivoire or UPCI [Gnamien KONAN]<br>Union for Democracy and Peace in Cote d'Ivoire or UDPCI [Albert Toikeusse MABRI]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), Entente, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UN Security Council (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1184,13 +1184,13 @@
|
|||
"text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Niger Delta and Gulf of Guinea remain a very high risk for piracy and armed robbery of ships; in 2020, there were 98 reported incidents of piracy and armed robbery at sea in the Gulf of Guinea region; although a 24% decrease from the total number of incidents in 2019, it included all three hijackings and 9 of 11 ships fired upon worldwide; while boarding and attempted boarding to steal valuables from ships and crews are the most common types of incidents, almost a third of all incidents involve a hijacking and/or kidnapping; in 2020, a record 130 crew members were kidnapped in 22 separate incidents in the Gulf of Guinea, representing 95% of kidnappings worldwide; approximately 51% of all incidents of piracy and armed robbery are taking place off Nigeria, which is a decrease from the 71% in 2019 and an indication pirates are traveling further to target vessels; Nigerian pirates are well armed and very aggressive, operating as far as 200 nm offshore; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2021-002 - Gulf of Guinea-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Kidnapping for Ransom) effective 9 January 2021, which states in part, \"Piracy, armed robbery, and kidnapping for ransom continue to serve as significant threats to US-flagged vessels transiting or operating in the Gulf of Guinea.”"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "the military has mutinied several times since the late 1990s, most recently in 2017, and has had a large role in the country’s political turmoil; currently, the FACI is focused on internal security and the growing threat posed by Islamic militants associated with the al-Qa’ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) terrorist group operating across the border in Burkina Faso; AQIM militants conducted significant attacks in the country in 2016 and 2020; Côte d’Ivoire since 2016 has stepped up border security and completed building a joint counter-terrorism training center with France near Abidjan in 2020<br /><br />the UN maintained a 9,000-strong peacekeeping force in Cote d’Ivoire (UNOCI) from 2004 until 2017"
|
||||
"text": "the military has mutinied several times since the late 1990s, most recently in 2017, and has had a large role in the country’s political turmoil; currently, the FACI is focused on internal security and the growing threat posed by Islamic militants associated with the al-Qa’ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) terrorist group operating across the border in Burkina Faso; AQIM militants conducted significant attacks in the country in 2016 and 2020; Côte d’Ivoire since 2016 has stepped up border security and completed building a joint counter-terrorism training center with France near Abidjan in 2020<br><br>the UN maintained a 9,000-strong peacekeeping force in Cote d’Ivoire (UNOCI) from 2004 until 2017"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
"Terrorist group(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
|
||||
"text": "al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "1,030 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "population heavily concentrated in the west along the shore of Lake Victoria; other areas of high density include the capital of Nairobi, and in the southeast along the Indian Ocean coast as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/6195d492fe1166a2588fb8e3400268a5/KENYA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "population heavily concentrated in the west along the shore of Lake Victoria; other areas of high density include the capital of Nairobi, and in the southeast along the Indian Ocean coast as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>recurring drought; flooding during rainy seasons</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> limited volcanic activity; the Barrier (1,032 m) last erupted in 1921; South Island is the only other historically active volcano</p>"
|
||||
|
|
@ -124,7 +124,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languages"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)<br /><br />The World Factbook, Chanzo cha Lazima Kuhusu Habari ya Msingi. (Kiswahili)"
|
||||
"text": "<br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)<br><br>The World Factbook, Chanzo cha Lazima Kuhusu Habari ya Msingi. (Kiswahili)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -188,7 +188,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "population heavily concentrated in the west along the shore of Lake Victoria; other areas of high density include the capital of Nairobi, and in the southeast along the Indian Ocean coast as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/6195d492fe1166a2588fb8e3400268a5/KENYA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "population heavily concentrated in the west along the shore of Lake Victoria; other areas of high density include the capital of Nairobi, and in the southeast along the Indian Ocean coast as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -257,7 +257,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "3.36 children born/woman (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "60.5% (2017)"
|
||||
"text": "59.7% (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Drinking water source": {
|
||||
"improved: urban": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -309,13 +309,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "4.8% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "4.2% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "1.5 million (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.4 million (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "21,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "29,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -587,13 +587,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br />Senate (67 seats; 47 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 20 directly elected by proportional representation vote - 16 women, 2 representing youth, and 2 representing the disabled; members serve 5-year terms)<br /> National Assembly (349 seats; 290 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 47 women in single-seat constituencies elected by simple majority vote, and 12 members nominated by the National Assembly - 6 representing youth and 6 representing the disabled; members serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br>Senate (67 seats; 47 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 20 directly elected by proportional representation vote - 16 women, 2 representing youth, and 2 representing the disabled; members serve 5-year terms)<br> National Assembly (349 seats; 290 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 47 women in single-seat constituencies elected by simple majority vote, and 12 members nominated by the National Assembly - 6 representing youth and 6 representing the disabled; members serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - last held on 8 August 2017 (next to be held in August 2022)<br /> National Assembly - last held on 8 August 2017 (next to be held in August 2022)"
|
||||
"text": "Senate - last held on 8 August 2017 (next to be held in August 2022)<br> National Assembly - last held on 8 August 2017 (next to be held in August 2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - Jubilee Party 24; National Super Alliance 28, other 14, independent 1; composition - men 46, women 41, percent of women is 31.3%<br /><br /> National Assembly - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - Jubilee Party 165, National Super Alliance 119, other 51, independent 13; composition - men 273, women 76, percent of women 21.8%; note - total Parliament percent of women is 23%"
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - Jubilee Party 24; National Super Alliance 28, other 14, independent 1; composition - men 46, women 41, percent of women is 31.3%<br><br> National Assembly - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - Jubilee Party 165, National Super Alliance 119, other 51, independent 13; composition - men 273, women 76, percent of women 21.8%; note - total Parliament percent of women is 23%"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -608,7 +608,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Alliance Party of Kenya or APK [Kiraitu MURUNGI]<br />Amani National Congress or ANC [Musalia MUDAVADI]<br />Federal Party of Kenya or FPK [Cyrus JIRONGA]<br />Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-Kenya or FORD-K [Moses WETANGULA]<br />Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-People or FORD-P [Henry OBWOCHA]<br />Jubilee Party [Uhuru KENYATTA]<br />Kenya African National Union or KANU [Gideon MOI]<br />National Rainbow Coalition or NARC [Charity NGILU]<br />Orange Democratic Movement Party of Kenya or ODM [Raila ODINGA]<br />Wiper Democratic Movement-K or WDM-K (formerly Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya or ODM-K) [Kalonzo MUSYOKA]"
|
||||
"text": "Alliance Party of Kenya or APK [Kiraitu MURUNGI]<br>Amani National Congress or ANC [Musalia MUDAVADI]<br>Federal Party of Kenya or FPK [Cyrus JIRONGA]<br>Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-Kenya or FORD-K [Moses WETANGULA]<br>Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-People or FORD-P [Henry OBWOCHA]<br>Jubilee Party [Uhuru KENYATTA]<br>Kenya African National Union or KANU [Gideon MOI]<br>National Rainbow Coalition or NARC [Charity NGILU]<br>Orange Democratic Movement Party of Kenya or ODM [Raila ODINGA]<br>Wiper Democratic Movement-K or WDM-K (formerly Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya or ODM-K) [Kalonzo MUSYOKA]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CD, COMESA, EAC, EADB, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1038,7 +1038,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>through increased competition, Kenya’s telecom market has improved international bandwidth and experienced rapid development in mobile sector, including remote regions; four fiber-optic submarine cables reduced costs and increased service to population; government supported LTE and broadband, promising economic support of free WiFi; mobile operators progress with 5G tests; e-commerce interoperability; importer of broadcasting equipment, video displays, and computers from China (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>through increased competition, Kenya’s telecom market has improved international bandwidth and experienced rapid development in mobile sector, including remote regions; four fiber-optic submarine cables reduced costs and increased service to population; government supported LTE and broadband, promising economic support of free WiFi; mobile operators progress with 5G tests; e-commerce interoperability; importer of broadcasting equipment, video displays, and computers from China (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "fixed-line subscriptions stand at less than 1 per 100 persons; multiple providers in the mobile-cellular segment of the market fostering a boom in mobile-cellular telephone usage with teledensity reaching 104 per 100 persons (2019)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1216,8 +1216,8 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
"Terrorist group(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "al-Shabaab; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
|
||||
"text": "al-Shabaab; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>With 28 ethnic groups and languages, Liberia is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the world. For hundreds of years, the Mali and Songhai Empires claimed most of Liberia. Beginning in the 15th century, European traders began establishing outposts along the Liberian coast. Unlike its neighbors, however, Liberia did not fall under European colonial rule. In the early 19th century, the United States began sending freed enslaved people and other people of color to Liberia to establish settlements. In 1847, these settlers declared independence from the United States, writing their own constitution and establishing Africa’s first republic.</p> <p>Early in Liberia’s history, tensions arose between the Americo-Liberian settlers and the indigenous population. In 1980, Samuel DOE, who was from the indigenous population, led a military coup and ushered in a decade of authoritarian rule. In December 1989, Charles TAYLOR launched a rebellion against DOE's regime that led to a prolonged civil war in which DOE was killed. A period of relative peace in 1997 permitted an election that brought TAYLOR to power. In 2000, fighting resumed. An August 2003 peace agreement ended the war and prompted President TAYLOR’s resignation. TAYLOR was later convicted by the UN-backed Special Court for Sierra Leone in The Hague for his involvement in Sierra Leone's civil war. In late 2005, President Ellen JOHNSON SIRLEAF became president after two years of transitional governments; she was the first female head of state in Africa. In 2011, JOHNSON SIRLEAF won reelection but struggled to rebuild Liberia's economy, particularly following the 2014-15 Ebola epidemic, and to reconcile a nation still recovering from 14 years of fighting. In 2017, former soccer star George WEAH won the presidential runoff election.</p> <p> </p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>With 28 ethnic groups and languages, Liberia is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the world. For hundreds of years, the Mali and Songhai Empires claimed most of Liberia. Beginning in the 15th century, European traders began establishing outposts along the Liberian coast. Unlike its neighbors, however, Liberia did not fall under European colonial rule. In the early 19th century, the United States began sending freed enslaved people and other people of color to Liberia to establish settlements. In 1847, these settlers declared independence from the United States, writing their own constitution and establishing Africa’s first republic.</p> <p>Early in Liberia’s history, tensions arose between the Americo-Liberian settlers and the indigenous population. In 1980, Samuel DOE, who was from the indigenous population, led a military coup and ushered in a decade of authoritarian rule. In December 1989, Charles TAYLOR launched a rebellion against DOE's regime that led to a prolonged civil war in which DOE was killed. A period of relative peace in 1997 permitted an election that brought TAYLOR to power. In 2000, fighting resumed. An August 2003 peace agreement ended the war and prompted President TAYLOR’s resignation. TAYLOR was later convicted by the UN-backed Special Court for Sierra Leone in The Hague for his involvement in Sierra Leone's civil war. In late 2005, President Ellen JOHNSON SIRLEAF became president after two years of transitional governments; she was the first female head of state in Africa. In 2011, JOHNSON SIRLEAF won reelection but struggled to rebuild Liberia's economy, particularly following the 2014-15 Ebola epidemic, and to reconcile a nation still recovering from 14 years of fighting. In 2017, former soccer star George WEAH won the presidential runoff election.</p> <p> </p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "30 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "more than half of the population lives in urban areas, with approximately one-third living within an 80-km radius of Monrovia as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/8d7de95e060b2efebce30751681cd7e3/LIBERIA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "more than half of the population lives in urban areas, with approximately one-third living within an 80-km radius of Monrovia as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "dust-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to March)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-2.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "more than half of the population lives in urban areas, with approximately one-third living within an 80-km radius of Monrovia as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/8d7de95e060b2efebce30751681cd7e3/LIBERIA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "more than half of the population lives in urban areas, with approximately one-third living within an 80-km radius of Monrovia as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -254,7 +254,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "4.84 children born/woman (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "31.2% (2016)"
|
||||
"text": "24.9% (2019/20)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Drinking water source": {
|
||||
"improved: urban": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -306,13 +306,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "1.5% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.1% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "47,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "35,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "1,900 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1,300 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -559,13 +559,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral National Assembly consists of:<br />The Liberian Senate (30 seats; members directly elected in 15 2-seat districts by simple majority vote to serve 9-year staggered terms; each district elects 1 senator and elects the second senator 3 years later, followed by a 6-year hiatus, after which the first Senate seat is up for election)<br /> House of Representatives (73 seats; members directly elected in single-seat districts by simple majority vote to serve 6-year terms; eligible for a second term)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral National Assembly consists of:<br>The Liberian Senate (30 seats; members directly elected in 15 2-seat districts by simple majority vote to serve 9-year staggered terms; each district elects 1 senator and elects the second senator 3 years later, followed by a 6-year hiatus, after which the first Senate seat is up for election)<br> House of Representatives (73 seats; members directly elected in single-seat districts by simple majority vote to serve 6-year terms; eligible for a second term)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - last held on 20 December 2014 ; byelection to fill the senate seats vacated by WEAH and HOWARD-TAYLOR was held on 31 July 2018 (next general election to be held on 31 December 2020)<br /> House of Representatives - last held on 10 October 2017 (next to be held in October 2023)"
|
||||
"text": "Senate - last held on 20 December 2014 ; byelection to fill the senate seats vacated by WEAH and HOWARD-TAYLOR was held on 31 July 2018 (next general election to be held on 31 December 2020)<br> House of Representatives - last held on 10 October 2017 (next to be held in October 2023)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - CDC 29.8%, UP 10.3%, LP 11.5%, NPP 6.1%, PUP 4.9%, ANC 4.2%, NDC 1.3%, other 7.6%, independent 24.3%; seats by party - UP 4, CDC 2, LP 2, ANC 1, NDC 1, NPP 1, PUP 1, independent 3; composition - men 27, women 3, percent of women 10%<br /> House of Representatives - percent of vote by party/coalition - Coalition for Democratic Change 15.6%, UP 14%, LP 8.7%, ANC 6.1%, PUP 5.9%, ALP 5.1%, MDR 3.4%, other 41.2%; seats by coalition/party - Coalition for Democratic Change 21, UP 20, PUP 5, LP 3, ALP 3, MDR 2, independent 13, other 6; composition - men 64, women 9, percent of women 12.3%; total Parliament percent of women 11.7%"
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - CDC 29.8%, UP 10.3%, LP 11.5%, NPP 6.1%, PUP 4.9%, ANC 4.2%, NDC 1.3%, other 7.6%, independent 24.3%; seats by party - UP 4, CDC 2, LP 2, ANC 1, NDC 1, NPP 1, PUP 1, independent 3; composition - men 27, women 3, percent of women 10%<br> House of Representatives - percent of vote by party/coalition - Coalition for Democratic Change 15.6%, UP 14%, LP 8.7%, ANC 6.1%, PUP 5.9%, ALP 5.1%, MDR 3.4%, other 41.2%; seats by coalition/party - Coalition for Democratic Change 21, UP 20, PUP 5, LP 3, ALP 3, MDR 2, independent 13, other 6; composition - men 64, women 9, percent of women 12.3%; total Parliament percent of women 11.7%"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -580,7 +580,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Alliance for Peace and Democracy or APD [Marcus S. G. DAHN]<br />All Liberian Party or ALP [Benoi UREY]<br />Alternative National Congress or ANC [Orishil GOULD]<br />Coalition for Democratic Change [George WEAH] (includes CDC, NPP, and LPDP)Congress for Democratic Change or CDC [George WEAH]<br />Liberia Destiny Party or LDP [Nathaniel BARNES]<br />Liberia National Union or LINU [Nathaniel BLAMA]<br />Liberia Transformation Party or LTP [Julius SUKU]<br />Liberian People Democratic Party or LPDP [Alex J. TYLER]<br />Liberian People's Party or LPP<br />Liberty Party or LP [J. Fonati KOFFA]<br />Movement for Democracy and Reconstruction or MDR [Prince Y. JOHNSON]<br />Movement for Economic Empowerment [J. Mill JONES, Dr.]<br />Movement for Progressive Change or MPC [Simeon FREEMAN]<br />National Democratic Coalition or NDC [Dew MAYSON]<br />National Democratic Party of Liberia or NDPL [D. Nyandeh SIEH]<br />National Patriotic Party or NPP [Jewel HOWARD TAYLOR]<br />National Reformist Party or NRP [Maximillian T. W. DIABE]<br />National Union for Democratic Progress or NUDP [Victor BARNEY]<br />People's Unification Party or PUP [Isobe GBORKORKOLLIE]<br />Unity Party or UP [Varney SHERMAN]<br />United People's Party [MacDonald WENTO]<br />Victory for Change Party [Marcus R. JONES]"
|
||||
"text": "Alliance for Peace and Democracy or APD [Marcus S. G. DAHN]<br>All Liberian Party or ALP [Benoi UREY]<br>Alternative National Congress or ANC [Orishil GOULD]<br>Coalition for Democratic Change [George WEAH] (includes CDC, NPP, and LPDP)Congress for Democratic Change or CDC [George WEAH]<br>Liberia Destiny Party or LDP [Nathaniel BARNES]<br>Liberia National Union or LINU [Nathaniel BLAMA]<br>Liberia Transformation Party or LTP [Julius SUKU]<br>Liberian People Democratic Party or LPDP [Alex J. TYLER]<br>Liberian People's Party or LPP<br>Liberty Party or LP [J. Fonati KOFFA]<br>Movement for Democracy and Reconstruction or MDR [Prince Y. JOHNSON]<br>Movement for Economic Empowerment [J. Mill JONES, Dr.]<br>Movement for Progressive Change or MPC [Simeon FREEMAN]<br>National Democratic Coalition or NDC [Dew MAYSON]<br>National Democratic Party of Liberia or NDPL [D. Nyandeh SIEH]<br>National Patriotic Party or NPP [Jewel HOWARD TAYLOR]<br>National Reformist Party or NRP [Maximillian T. W. DIABE]<br>National Union for Democratic Progress or NUDP [Victor BARNEY]<br>People's Unification Party or PUP [Isobe GBORKORKOLLIE]<br>Unity Party or UP [Varney SHERMAN]<br>United People's Party [MacDonald WENTO]<br>Victory for Change Party [Marcus R. JONES]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "30 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "relatively higher population density in the western half of the nation, with the capital of Maseru, and the smaller cities of Mafeteng, Teyateyaneng, and Leribe attracting the most people as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/64b4ac517bc69fb5b6a8c02b8f7e2a60/LESOTHO_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "relatively higher population density in the western half of the nation, with the capital of Maseru, and the smaller cities of Mafeteng, Teyateyaneng, and Leribe attracting the most people as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "periodic droughts"
|
||||
|
|
@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-4.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "relatively higher population density in the western half of the nation, with the capital of Maseru, and the smaller cities of Mafeteng, Teyateyaneng, and Leribe attracting the most people as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/64b4ac517bc69fb5b6a8c02b8f7e2a60/LESOTHO_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "relatively higher population density in the western half of the nation, with the capital of Maseru, and the smaller cities of Mafeteng, Teyateyaneng, and Leribe attracting the most people as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -293,13 +293,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "23.1% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "21.1% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "340,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "280,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "4,800 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "4,700 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -443,7 +443,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Food insecurity": {
|
||||
"severe localized food insecurity": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>due to localized shortfalls in production and loss of income-generating activities - between October 2020 and March 2021, an estimated 582,000 people were facing acute food insecurity, 10% higher than the corresponding period in 2019/20; the deterioration reflects high food prices and the loss of income‑generating activities due to the economic downturn instigated by the COVID‑19 pandemic</p> (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>due to localized shortfalls in production and loss of income-generating activities - a slow economic recovery in 2021 will continue to impose constraints on households’ incomes, impinging on their economic capacity to access food; overall, the number of food insecure people is expected to decline from the estimated 582,000 that faced acute food insecurity in the October 2020−March 2021 period; the possibility of a third wave of COVID‑19 cases in the country and neighboring South Africa, increases the risk for the enforcement of new containment measures, which could prolong the high levels of unemployment and cause further income losses among the most vulnerable households</p> (2021)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Waste and recycling": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -544,13 +544,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br />Senate (33 seats; 22 principal chiefs and 11 other senators nominated by the king with the advice of the Council of State, a 13-member body of key government and non-government officials; members serve 5-year terms)<br /> National Assembly (120 seats; 80 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 40 elected through proportional representation; members serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br>Senate (33 seats; 22 principal chiefs and 11 other senators nominated by the king with the advice of the Council of State, a 13-member body of key government and non-government officials; members serve 5-year terms)<br> National Assembly (120 seats; 80 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 40 elected through proportional representation; members serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - last nominated by the king 11 July 2017 (next NA)<br /> National Assembly - last held on 3 June 2017 (next to be held in 2022)"
|
||||
"text": "Senate - last nominated by the king 11 July 2017 (next NA)<br> National Assembly - last held on 3 June 2017 (next to be held in 2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent of votes by party - NA, seats by party - NA; composition - men 25, women 8, percent of women 24.2%<br /> National Assembly - percent of votes by party - ABC 40.5%, DC 25.8%, LCD 9%, AD 7.3%, MEC 5.1%, BNP 4.1, PFD 2.3%, other 5.9%; seats by party - ABC 51, DC 30, LCD 11, AD 9, MEC 6, BNP 5, PFD 3, other 5; composition - men 95, women 27, percent of women 22.5%; note - total Parliament percent of women 22.9%"
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent of votes by party - NA, seats by party - NA; composition - men 25, women 8, percent of women 24.2%<br> National Assembly - percent of votes by party - ABC 40.5%, DC 25.8%, LCD 9%, AD 7.3%, MEC 5.1%, BNP 4.1, PFD 2.3%, other 5.9%; seats by party - ABC 51, DC 30, LCD 11, AD 9, MEC 6, BNP 5, PFD 3, other 5; composition - men 95, women 27, percent of women 22.5%; note - total Parliament percent of women 22.9%"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -565,14 +565,14 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "All Basotho Convention or ABC [Thomas Motsoahae THABANE]<br />Alliance of Democrats or AD [Monyane MOLELEKI]<br />Basotho Congress Party or BCP [Thulo MAHLAKENG]<br />Basotho National Party or BNP [Thesele MASERIBANE]<br />Democratic Congress or DC [Pakalitha MOSISILI]<br />Democratic Party of Lesotho or DPL [Limpho TAU]<br />Lesotho Congress for Democracy or LCD [Mothetjoa METSING]<br />Movement of Economic Change or MEC [Selibe MOCHOBOROANE]<br />National Independent Party or NIP [Kimetso MATHABA]<br />Popular Front for Democracy of PFD [Lekhetho RAKUOANE]<br />Reformed Congress of Lesotho or RCL [Keketso RANTSO]"
|
||||
"text": "All Basotho Convention or ABC [Thomas Motsoahae THABANE]<br>Alliance of Democrats or AD [Monyane MOLELEKI]<br>Basotho Congress Party or BCP [Thulo MAHLAKENG]<br>Basotho National Party or BNP [Thesele MASERIBANE]<br>Democratic Congress or DC [Pakalitha MOSISILI]<br>Democratic Party of Lesotho or DPL [Limpho TAU]<br>Lesotho Congress for Democracy or LCD [Mothetjoa METSING]<br>Movement of Economic Change or MEC [Selibe MOCHOBOROANE]<br>National Independent Party or NIP [Kimetso MATHABA]<br>Popular Front for Democracy of PFD [Lekhetho RAKUOANE]<br>Reformed Congress of Lesotho or RCL [Keketso RANTSO]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador Sankatana Gabriel MAJA (since 22 June 2018)"
|
||||
"text": "Charge D'Affaires AD Interim- Masopha Phoofolo Moses KAO, Counselor (28 May 2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"chancery": {
|
||||
"text": "2511 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Berbers have inhabited central north Africa since ancient times, but the region has been settled and ruled by Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, Persians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Vandals. In the the 7th century, Islam spread through the region; in the mid-16th century, Ottoman rule began. The Italians supplanted the Ottoman Turks in the area around Tripoli in 1911 and did not relinquish their hold until 1943 when they were defeated in World War II. Libya then passed to UN administration and achieved independence in 1951. Following a 1969 military coup, Col. Muammar al-QADHAFI assumed leadership and began to espouse his political system at home, which was a combination of socialism and Islam. During the 1970s, QADHAFI used oil revenues to promote his ideology outside Libya, supporting subversive and terrorist activities that included the downing of two airliners - one over Scotland, another in Northern Africa - and a discotheque bombing in Berlin. UN sanctions in 1992 isolated QADHAFI politically and economically following the attacks; sanctions were lifted in 2003 following Libyan acceptance of responsibility for the bombings and agreement to claimant compensation. QADHAFI also agreed to end Libya's program to develop weapons of mass destruction, and he made significant strides in normalizing relations with Western nations.</p> <p>Unrest that began in several Middle Eastern and North African countries in late 2010 erupted in Libyan cities in early 2011. QADHAFI's brutal crackdown on protesters spawned a civil war that triggered UN authorization of air and naval intervention by the international community. After months of seesaw fighting between government and opposition forces, the QADHAFI regime was toppled in mid-2011 and replaced by a transitional government known as the National Transitional Council (NTC). In 2012, the NTC handed power to an elected parliament, the General National Congress (GNC). Voters chose a new parliament to replace the GNC in June 2014 - the House of Representatives (HoR), which relocated to the eastern city of Tobruk after fighting broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi in July 2014.</p> <p>In December 2015, the UN brokered an agreement among a broad array of Libyan political parties and social groups - known as the Libyan Political Agreement (LPA). Members of the Libyan Political Dialogue, including representatives of the HoR and GNC, signed the LPA in December 2015. The LPA called for the formation of an interim Government of National Accord or GNA, with a nine-member Presidency Council, the HoR, and an advisory High Council of State that most ex-GNC members joined. The LPA’s roadmap for a transition to a new constitution and elected government was subsequently endorsed by UN Security Council Resolution 2259, which also called upon member states to cease official contact with parallel institutions. In January 2016, the HoR voted to approve the LPA, including the Presidency Council, while voting against a controversial provision on security leadership positions and the Presidency Council’s proposed cabinet of ministers. In March 2016, the GNA Presidency Council seated itself in Tripoli. In 2016, the GNA twice announced a slate of ministers who operate in an acting capacity, but the HoR did not endorse the ministerial list. The HoR and defunct-GNC-affiliated political hardliners continued to oppose the GNA and hamper the LPA’s implementation. In September 2017, UN Special Representative Ghassan SALAME announced a new roadmap for national political reconciliation. SALAME’s plan called for amendments to the LPA, a national conference of Libyan leaders, and a constitutional referendum and general elections. In November 2018, the international partners supported SALAME’s recalibrated Action Plan for Libya that aimed to break the political deadlock by holding a National Conference in Libya in 2019 on a timeline for political transition. The National Conference was delayed following a failure of the parties to implement an agreement mediated by SALAME in Abu Dhabi on February 27, and the subsequent military action by Khalifa HAFTAR’s Libyan National Army against GNA forces in Tripoli that began in April 2019. </p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Berbers have inhabited central north Africa since ancient times, but the region has been settled and ruled by Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, Persians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Vandals. In the the 7th century, Islam spread through the region; in the mid-16th century, Ottoman rule began. The Italians supplanted the Ottoman Turks in the area around Tripoli in 1911 and did not relinquish their hold until 1943 when they were defeated in World War II. Libya then passed to UN administration and achieved independence in 1951. Following a 1969 military coup, Col. Muammar al-QADHAFI assumed leadership and began to espouse his political system at home, which was a combination of socialism and Islam. During the 1970s, QADHAFI used oil revenues to promote his ideology outside Libya, supporting subversive and terrorist activities that included the downing of two airliners - one over Scotland, another in Northern Africa - and a discotheque bombing in Berlin. UN sanctions in 1992 isolated QADHAFI politically and economically following the attacks; sanctions were lifted in 2003 following Libyan acceptance of responsibility for the bombings and agreement to claimant compensation. QADHAFI also agreed to end Libya's program to develop weapons of mass destruction, and he made significant strides in normalizing relations with Western nations.</p> <p>Unrest that began in several Middle Eastern and North African countries in late 2010 erupted in Libyan cities in early 2011. QADHAFI's brutal crackdown on protesters spawned a civil war that triggered UN authorization of air and naval intervention by the international community. After months of seesaw fighting between government and opposition forces, the QADHAFI regime was toppled in mid-2011 and replaced by a transitional government known as the National Transitional Council (NTC). In 2012, the NTC handed power to an elected parliament, the General National Congress (GNC). Voters chose a new parliament to replace the GNC in June 2014 - the House of Representatives (HoR), which relocated to the eastern city of Tobruk after fighting broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi in July 2014.</p> <p>In December 2015, the UN brokered an agreement among a broad array of Libyan political parties and social groups - known as the Libyan Political Agreement (LPA). Members of the Libyan Political Dialogue, including representatives of the HoR and GNC, signed the LPA in December 2015. The LPA called for the formation of an interim Government of National Accord or GNA, with a nine-member Presidency Council, the HoR, and an advisory High Council of State that most ex-GNC members joined. The LPA’s roadmap for a transition to a new constitution and elected government was subsequently endorsed by UN Security Council Resolution 2259, which also called upon member states to cease official contact with parallel institutions. In January 2016, the HoR voted to approve the LPA, including the Presidency Council, while voting against a controversial provision on security leadership positions and the Presidency Council’s proposed cabinet of ministers. In March 2016, the GNA Presidency Council seated itself in Tripoli. In 2016, the GNA twice announced a slate of ministers who operate in an acting capacity, but the HoR did not endorse the ministerial list. The HoR and defunct-GNC-affiliated political hardliners continued to oppose the GNA and hamper the LPA’s implementation. In September 2017, UN Special Representative Ghassan SALAME announced a new roadmap for national political reconciliation. SALAME’s plan called for amendments to the LPA, a national conference of Libyan leaders, and a constitutional referendum and general elections. In November 2018, the international partners supported SALAME’s recalibrated Action Plan for Libya that aimed to break the political deadlock by holding a National Conference in Libya in 2019 on a timeline for political transition. The National Conference was delayed following a failure of the parties to implement an agreement mediated by SALAME in Abu Dhabi on February 27, and the subsequent military action by Khalifa HAFTAR’s Libyan National Army against GNA forces in Tripoli that began in April 2019. </p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -92,13 +92,13 @@
|
|||
"text": "4,700 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "well over 90% of the population lives along the Mediterranean coast in and between Tripoli to the west and Al Bayda to the east; the interior remains vastly underpopulated due to the Sahara and lack of surface water as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/e4196a1f2069f8c2bd71675ff6277c93/LIBYA_Population_density.jpg\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "well over 90% of the population lives along the Mediterranean coast in and between Tripoli to the west and Al Bayda to the east; the interior remains vastly underpopulated due to the Sahara and lack of surface water as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography - note": {
|
||||
"text": "<strong>note 1:</strong> more than 90% of the country is desert or semidesert<br /><br /><strong>note 2:</strong> the volcano Waw an Namus lies in south central Libya in the middle of the Sahara; the caldera is an oasis - the name means \"oasis of mosquitoes\" - containing several small lakes surrounded by vegetation and hosting various insects and a large diversity of birds"
|
||||
"text": "<strong>note 1:</strong> more than 90% of the country is desert or semidesert<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the volcano Waw an Namus lies in south central Libya in the middle of the Sahara; the caldera is an oasis - the name means \"oasis of mosquitoes\" - containing several small lakes surrounded by vegetation and hosting various insects and a large diversity of birds"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"People and Society": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -122,7 +122,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Arabic (official), Italian, English (all widely understood in the major cities); Berber (Nafusi, Ghadamis, Suknah, Awjilah, Tamasheq)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br /><br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
"text": "<br>كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -187,7 +187,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-1.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "well over 90% of the population lives along the Mediterranean coast in and between Tripoli to the west and Al Bayda to the east; the interior remains vastly underpopulated due to the Sahara and lack of surface water as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/e4196a1f2069f8c2bd71675ff6277c93/LIBYA_Population_density.jpg\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "well over 90% of the population lives along the Mediterranean coast in and between Tripoli to the west and Al Bayda to the east; the interior remains vastly underpopulated due to the Sahara and lack of surface water as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -277,13 +277,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "0.2% (2019)"
|
||||
"text": "0.1% (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "9,500 (2019)"
|
||||
"text": "9,500 (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "<500 (2019)"
|
||||
"text": "<100 (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "32.5% (2016)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -513,7 +513,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "NA<br />"
|
||||
"text": "NA<br>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, BDEAC, CAEU, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1032,7 +1032,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "note - in transition; the Government of National Accord (GNA) has various ground, air, and naval/coast guard forces under its command; the forces are comprised of a mix of semi-regular military units, militias, civilian volunteers, and foreign troops and mercenaries<br /><br />forces under Khalifa HAFTER, known as the Libyan National Army (LNA), also include various ground, air, and naval units comprised of semi-regular military personnel, militias, and foreign troops and mercenaries (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "note - in transition; the Government of National Accord (GNA) has various ground, air, and naval/coast guard forces under its command; the forces are comprised of a mix of semi-regular military units, militias, civilian volunteers, and foreign troops and mercenaries<br><br>forces under Khalifa HAFTER, known as the Libyan National Army (LNA), also include various ground, air, and naval units comprised of semi-regular military personnel, militias, and foreign troops and mercenaries (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
|
||||
"text": "not available"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1046,8 +1046,8 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
"Terrorist group(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Ansar al-Sharia groups; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Libya; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun); al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
|
||||
"text": "Ansar al-Sharia groups; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Libya; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun); al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "Madagascar was one of the last major habitable landmasses on earth settled by humans. While there is some evidence of human presence on the island in the millennia B.C., large-scale settlement began between A.D. 350 and 550 with settlers from present-day Indonesia. The island attracted Arab and Persian traders as early as the 7th century, and migrants from Africa arrived around A.D. 1000. Madagascar was a pirate stronghold during the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and served as a slave trading center into the 19th century. From the 16th to the late 19th century, a native Merina Kingdom dominated much of Madagascar. The island was conquered by the French in 1896 who made it a colony; independence was regained in 1960. <br /><br />During 1992-93, free presidential and National Assembly elections were held ending 17 years of single-party rule. In 1997, in the second presidential race, Didier RATSIRAKA, the leader during the 1970s and 1980s, returned to the presidency. The 2001 presidential election was contested between the followers of Didier RATSIRAKA and Marc RAVALOMANANA, nearly causing secession of half of the country. In 2002, the High Constitutional Court announced RAVALOMANANA the winner. RAVALOMANANA won a second term in 2006 but, following protests in 2009, handed over power to the military, which then conferred the presidency on the mayor of Antananarivo, Andry RAJOELINA, in what amounted to a coup d'etat. Following a lengthy mediation process led by the Southern African Development Community, Madagascar held UN-supported presidential and parliamentary elections in 2013. Former de facto finance minister Hery RAJAONARIMAMPIANINA won a runoff election in December 2013 and was inaugurated in January 2014. In January 2019, RAJOELINA was declared the winner of a runoff election against RAVALOMANANA; both RATSIRAKA and RAJAONARIMAMPIANINA also ran in the first round of the election, which took place in November 2018."
|
||||
"text": "Madagascar was one of the last major habitable landmasses on earth settled by humans. While there is some evidence of human presence on the island in the millennia B.C., large-scale settlement began between A.D. 350 and 550 with settlers from present-day Indonesia. The island attracted Arab and Persian traders as early as the 7th century, and migrants from Africa arrived around A.D. 1000. Madagascar was a pirate stronghold during the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and served as a slave trading center into the 19th century. From the 16th to the late 19th century, a native Merina Kingdom dominated much of Madagascar. The island was conquered by the French in 1896 who made it a colony; independence was regained in 1960. <br><br>During 1992-93, free presidential and National Assembly elections were held ending 17 years of single-party rule. In 1997, in the second presidential race, Didier RATSIRAKA, the leader during the 1970s and 1980s, returned to the presidency. The 2001 presidential election was contested between the followers of Didier RATSIRAKA and Marc RAVALOMANANA, nearly causing secession of half of the country. In 2002, the High Constitutional Court announced RAVALOMANANA the winner. RAVALOMANANA won a second term in 2006 but, following protests in 2009, handed over power to the military, which then conferred the presidency on the mayor of Antananarivo, Andry RAJOELINA, in what amounted to a coup d'etat. Following a lengthy mediation process led by the Southern African Development Community, Madagascar held UN-supported presidential and parliamentary elections in 2013. Former de facto finance minister Hery RAJAONARIMAMPIANINA won a runoff election in December 2013 and was inaugurated in January 2014. In January 2019, RAJOELINA was declared the winner of a runoff election against RAVALOMANANA; both RATSIRAKA and RAJAONARIMAMPIANINA also ran in the first round of the election, which took place in November 2018."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "10,860 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "most of population lives on the eastern half of the island; significant clustering is found in the central highlands and eastern coastline as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/238d7bfca58db0166a620fe7ed5c6746/MADAGASCAR_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "most of population lives on the eastern half of the island; significant clustering is found in the central highlands and eastern coastline as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>periodic cyclones; drought; and locust infestation</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Madagascar's volcanoes have not erupted in historical times</p>"
|
||||
|
|
@ -183,7 +183,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "most of population lives on the eastern half of the island; significant clustering is found in the central highlands and eastern coastline as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/238d7bfca58db0166a620fe7ed5c6746/MADAGASCAR_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "most of population lives on the eastern half of the island; significant clustering is found in the central highlands and eastern coastline as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -252,7 +252,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "3.7 children born/woman (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "44.3% (2018)"
|
||||
"text": "44.4% (2018)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Drinking water source": {
|
||||
"improved: urban": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -304,13 +304,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "0.2% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.3% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "39,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "42,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "1,400 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1,800 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -472,7 +472,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Food insecurity": {
|
||||
"severe localized food insecurity": {
|
||||
"text": "due to drought in southern areas and limited income-earning opportunities - an estimated 1.35 million people are food insecure in southern and southeastern regions and require urgent humanitarian assistance at least up until April 2021; the poor conditions are also reflected in high rates of acute malnutrition among children in these regions; the impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic, particularly the loss of incomes due to the economic slowdown, successive below-average cereal outputs, and the effects of a prevailing drought in 2021 are the key causes of food insecurity (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "due to drought in southern areas and limited income-earning opportunities - an estimated 1.14 million people are food insecure in southern and southeastern regions and require urgent humanitarian assistance; the effects of a severe drought on agricultural production in 2021 and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly the loss of incomes due to the economic slowdown, are the key drivers of food insecurity (2021)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Waste and recycling": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -576,13 +576,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br />Senate or Antenimieran-Doholona (reestablished on 22 January 2016, following the December 2015 senatorial election) (63 seats; 42 members indirectly elected by an electoral college of municipal, communal, regional, and provincial leaders and 21 appointed by the president of the republic; members serve 5-year terms); <strong>note </strong>- in December 2020 Pres RAJOELINA ordered that the senate now have only 18 seats, 6 of which are appointed by the president, the remaining 12 indirectly elected by an electoral college of municipal, communal, regional, and provincial leaders; opposition parties' boycotted this legislative election <br />National Assembly or Antenimierampirenena (151 seats; 87 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 64 directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed-list proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br>Senate or Antenimieran-Doholona (reestablished on 22 January 2016, following the December 2015 senatorial election) (63 seats; 42 members indirectly elected by an electoral college of municipal, communal, regional, and provincial leaders and 21 appointed by the president of the republic; members serve 5-year terms); <strong>note </strong>- in December 2020 Pres RAJOELINA ordered that the senate now have only 18 seats, 6 of which are appointed by the president, the remaining 12 indirectly elected by an electoral college of municipal, communal, regional, and provincial leaders; opposition parties' boycotted this legislative election <br>National Assembly or Antenimierampirenena (151 seats; 87 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 64 directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed-list proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - last held 29 December 2015 (next to be held in 2021)<br />National Assembly - last held on 27 May 2019 (next to be held in 2024)"
|
||||
"text": "Senate - last held 29 December 2015 (next to be held in 2021)<br>National Assembly - last held on 27 May 2019 (next to be held in 2024)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - HVM 34, TIM 3, MAPAR 2, LEADER-Fanilo 1, independent 2, appointed by the president 21; composition - men 51, women 12, percent of women 19%<br />National Assembly - percent of vote by party -Independent Pro-HVM 18%, MAPAR 17%, MAPAR pro-HVM 16%, VPM-MMM 10%, VERTS 3%, LEADER FANILO 3%, HIARAKA ISIKA 3%, GPS/ARD 7%, INDEPENDENT 9%, TAMBATRA 1%, TIM 13%; composition - men 120, women 31, percent of women 20.5%; note - total National Assembly percent of women 20.1%"
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - HVM 34, TIM 3, MAPAR 2, LEADER-Fanilo 1, independent 2, appointed by the president 21; composition - men 51, women 12, percent of women 19%<br>National Assembly - percent of vote by party -Independent Pro-HVM 18%, MAPAR 17%, MAPAR pro-HVM 16%, VPM-MMM 10%, VERTS 3%, LEADER FANILO 3%, HIARAKA ISIKA 3%, GPS/ARD 7%, INDEPENDENT 9%, TAMBATRA 1%, TIM 13%; composition - men 120, women 31, percent of women 20.5%; note - total National Assembly percent of women 20.1%"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -597,14 +597,14 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Economic liberalism and democratic action for national recovery or LEADER FANILO [Jean Max RAKOTOMAMONJY]<br />FOMBA [Ny Rado RAFALIMANANA]<br />Gideons fighting against poverty in Madagascar (Gedeona Miady amin'ny Fahantrana eto Madagascar) or GFFM [Andre Christian Dieu Donne MAILHOL]<br />Green party or VERTS (Antoko Maintso) [Alexandre GEORGET]<br />I Love Madagascar (Tiako I Madagasikara) or TIM [Marc RAVALOMANANA]<br />Malagasy aware (Malagasy Tonga Saina) or MTS [Roland RATSIRAKA]<br />Malagasy raising together (Malagasy Miara-Miainga) or MMM [Hajo ANDRIANAINARIVELO]<br />New Force for Madagascar (Hery Vaovao ho an'ny Madagasikara) or HVM [Hery Martial RAJAONARIMAMPIANINA Rakotoarimanana]<br />Total Refoundation of Madagascar (Refondation Totale de Madagascar) or RTM [Joseph Martin RANDRIAMAMPIONONA]<br />Vanguard for the renovation of Madagascar (Avant-Garde pour la renovation de Madagascar) or AREMA [Didier RATSIRAKA]<br />Young Malagasies Determined (Malagasy: Tanora malaGasy Vonona) or TGV [Andry RAJOELINA]and MAPAR [Andry RAJOELINA], and IRD (We are all with Andy Rajoelina) [Andry RAJOELINA]</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Economic liberalism and democratic action for national recovery or LEADER FANILO [Jean Max RAKOTOMAMONJY]<br>FOMBA [Ny Rado RAFALIMANANA]<br>Gideons fighting against poverty in Madagascar (Gedeona Miady amin'ny Fahantrana eto Madagascar) or GFFM [Andre Christian Dieu Donne MAILHOL]<br>Green party or VERTS (Antoko Maintso) [Alexandre GEORGET]<br>I Love Madagascar (Tiako I Madagasikara) or TIM [Marc RAVALOMANANA]<br>Malagasy aware (Malagasy Tonga Saina) or MTS [Roland RATSIRAKA]<br>Malagasy raising together (Malagasy Miara-Miainga) or MMM [Hajo ANDRIANAINARIVELO]<br>New Force for Madagascar (Hery Vaovao ho an'ny Madagasikara) or HVM [Hery Martial RAJAONARIMAMPIANINA Rakotoarimanana]<br>Total Refoundation of Madagascar (Refondation Totale de Madagascar) or RTM [Joseph Martin RANDRIAMAMPIONONA]<br>Vanguard for the renovation of Madagascar (Avant-Garde pour la renovation de Madagascar) or AREMA [Didier RATSIRAKA]<br>Young Malagasies Determined (Malagasy: Tanora malaGasy Vonona) or TGV [Andry RAJOELINA]and MAPAR [Andry RAJOELINA], and IRD (We are all with Andy Rajoelina) [Andry RAJOELINA]</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, CD, COMESA, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "<div style=\"background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.99px; orphans: 2; overflow: visible; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Amielle Pelenne NIRINIAVISOA MARCEDA (since 31 October 2019)</div>"
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Amielle Pelenne NIRINIAVISOA MARCEDA (since 31 October 2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"chancery": {
|
||||
"text": "2374 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "740 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "population density is highest south of Lake Nyasa as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/5cb7745f5225d269abcb54a377e6e467/MALAWI_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "population density is highest south of Lake Nyasa as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "flooding; droughts; earthquakes"
|
||||
|
|
@ -176,7 +176,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "population density is highest south of Lake Nyasa as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/5cb7745f5225d269abcb54a377e6e467/MALAWI_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "population density is highest south of Lake Nyasa as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -297,13 +297,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "9.5% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8.1% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "1.1 million (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "990,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "13,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "12,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -465,7 +465,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Food insecurity": {
|
||||
"severe localized food insecurity": {
|
||||
"text": "due to localized production shortfalls and economic slowdown - an estimated 2.62 million people were assessed to be food insecure between October 2020 and March 2021, of which 2 million live in rural areas and the remaining 600,000 in urban areas; despite the upturn in cereal production in 2020, the effects of the COVID‑19 pandemic curtailed access to food through income losses, which sustained the high levels of food insecurity (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "due to reduced incomes - nationally, cereal production is estimated at a bumper high in 2021, which is expected to result in average to above‑average household cereal supplies and thus improvements in food security; despite the good food supply situation, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic will continue to curb access to food due to reduced incomes (2021)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Waste and recycling": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -564,7 +564,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 23 June 2020 (next to be held in 2025)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "Lazarus CHAKWERA elected president; Lazarus CHAKWERA (MCP) 59.3%, Peter Mutharika (DPP) 39.9%, other 0.7%<br /> <table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align: right; height: 25px;\" width=\"5\"> <tbody> <tr> <td align=\"left\"> </td> <td align=\"left\"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>"
|
||||
"text": "Lazarus CHAKWERA elected president; Lazarus CHAKWERA (MCP) 59.3%, Peter Mutharika (DPP) 39.9%, other 0.7%<br> <table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align: right; height: 25px;\" width=\"5\"> <tbody> <tr> <td align=\"left\"> </td> <td align=\"left\"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -590,7 +590,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Democratic Progressive Party or DPP [Peter MUTHARIKA]<br />Malawi Congress Party or MCP [Lazarus CHAKWERA]<br />Peoples Party or PP [Joyce BANDA]<br />United Democratic Front or UDF [Atupele MULUZI]<br />United Transformation Movement or UTM [Saulos CHILIMA]"
|
||||
"text": "Democratic Progressive Party or DPP [Peter MUTHARIKA]<br>Malawi Congress Party or MCP [Lazarus CHAKWERA]<br>Peoples Party or PP [Joyce BANDA]<br>United Democratic Front or UDF [Atupele MULUZI]<br>United Transformation Movement or UTM [Saulos CHILIMA]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CD, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1000,7 +1000,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Malawi remains one of the world’s least developed countries, with few resources to build efficient fixed-line telecom infrastructure; mobile penetration low compared to region with ample opportunity for growth and competition; some mobile services to rural areas; LTE services are available; national fiber backbone near completion; progress in m-payment methods; prospect of international submarine cables from neighboring countries; importer of broadcast equipment from China (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Malawi remains one of the world’s least developed countries, with few resources to build efficient fixed-line telecom infrastructure; mobile penetration low compared to region with ample opportunity for growth and competition; some mobile services to rural areas; LTE services are available; national fiber backbone near completion; progress in m-payment methods; prospect of international submarine cables from neighboring countries; importer of broadcast equipment from China (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "limited fixed-line subscribership less than 1 per 100 households; mobile-cellular services are expanding but network coverage is limited and is based around the main urban areas; mobile-cellular subscribership 48 per 100 households (2019)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Present-day Mali is named after the Mali Empire that ruled the region between the 13th and 16th centuries. At its peak in the 14th century, it was the largest and wealthiest empire in West Africa and controlled an area about twice the size of modern-day France. Primarily a trading empire, Mali derived its wealth from gold and maintained several goldfields and trade routes in the Sahel. The empire also influenced West African culture through the spread of its language, laws, and customs, but by the 16th century it fragmented into mostly small chiefdoms. The Songhai Empire, previously a Mali dependency centered in Timbuktu, gained prominence in the 15th and 16th centuries. Under Songhai rule, Timbuktu became a large commercial center and well-known for its scholarship and religious teaching. Timbuktu remains a center of culture in West Africa today. In the late 16th century, the Songhai Empire fell to Moroccan invaders and disintegrated into independent sultanates and kingdoms.</p> <p>France, expanding from Senegal, seized control of the area in the 1890s and incorporated it into French West Africa as French Sudan. In 1960, French Sudan gained independence from France and became the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a few months, the remaining area was renamed the Republic of Mali. Mali saw 31 years of dictatorship until 1991, when a military coup ousted the government, established a new constitution, and instituted a multi-party democracy. President Alpha Oumar KONARE won Mali's first two democratic presidential elections in 1992 and 1997. In keeping with Mali's two-term constitutional limit, he stepped down in 2002 and was succeeded by Amadou Toumani TOURE, who won a second term in 2007.</p> <p>In 2012, rising ethnic tensions and an influx of fighters - some linked to Al-Qa’ida - from Libya led to a rebellion and military coup. Following the coup, rebels expelled the military from the country’s three northern regions, allowing terrorist organizations to develop strongholds in the area. With French military intervention, the Malian Government managed to retake most of the north. However, the government’s grasp in the region remains weak with local militias, terrorists, and insurgent groups continuously trying to expand control. In 2015, the Malian Government and northern rebels signed an internationally mediated peace accord. Despite a June 2017 target for implementation of the agreement, the signatories have made little progress. Extremist groups were left out of the peace process, and terrorist attacks remain common. </p> <p>Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA won the Malian presidential elections in 2013 and 2018. Aside from security and logistic shortfalls, international observers deemed these elections credible. Terrorism, banditry, ethnic-based violence, and extra-judicial military killings plagued the country during KEITA’s second term. In August 2020, the military arrested KEITA, his prime minister, and other senior members of the government and established a military junta called the National Committee for the Salvation of the People (CNSP). In September 2020, the junta established a transition government and appointed Bah N’DAW, a retired army officer and former defense minister, as interim president and Colonel Assimi GOITA, the coup leader and chairman of the CNSP, as interim vice president. The transition government’s charter allows it to rule for up to 18 months before calling a general election. </p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Present-day Mali is named after the Mali Empire that ruled the region between the 13th and 16th centuries. At its peak in the 14th century, it was the largest and wealthiest empire in West Africa and controlled an area about twice the size of modern-day France. Primarily a trading empire, Mali derived its wealth from gold and maintained several goldfields and trade routes in the Sahel. The empire also influenced West African culture through the spread of its language, laws, and customs, but by the 16th century it fragmented into mostly small chiefdoms. The Songhai Empire, previously a Mali dependency centered in Timbuktu, gained prominence in the 15th and 16th centuries. Under Songhai rule, Timbuktu became a large commercial center and well-known for its scholarship and religious teaching. Timbuktu remains a center of culture in West Africa today. In the late 16th century, the Songhai Empire fell to Moroccan invaders and disintegrated into independent sultanates and kingdoms.</p> <p>France, expanding from Senegal, seized control of the area in the 1890s and incorporated it into French West Africa as French Sudan. In 1960, French Sudan gained independence from France and became the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a few months, the remaining area was renamed the Republic of Mali. Mali saw 31 years of dictatorship until 1991, when a military coup ousted the government, established a new constitution, and instituted a multi-party democracy. President Alpha Oumar KONARE won Mali's first two democratic presidential elections in 1992 and 1997. In keeping with Mali's two-term constitutional limit, he stepped down in 2002 and was succeeded by Amadou Toumani TOURE, who won a second term in 2007.</p> <p>In 2012, rising ethnic tensions and an influx of fighters - some linked to Al-Qa’ida - from Libya led to a rebellion and military coup. Following the coup, rebels expelled the military from the country’s three northern regions, allowing terrorist organizations to develop strongholds in the area. With French military intervention, the Malian Government managed to retake most of the north. However, the government’s grasp in the region remains weak with local militias, terrorists, and insurgent groups continuously trying to expand control. In 2015, the Malian Government and northern rebels signed an internationally mediated peace accord. Despite a June 2017 target for implementation of the agreement, the signatories have made little progress. Extremist groups were left out of the peace process, and terrorist attacks remain common. </p> <p>Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA won the Malian presidential elections in 2013 and 2018. Aside from security and logistic shortfalls, international observers deemed these elections credible. Terrorism, banditry, ethnic-based violence, and extra-judicial military killings plagued the country during KEITA’s second term. In August 2020, the military arrested KEITA, his prime minister, and other senior members of the government and established a military junta called the National Committee for the Salvation of the People (CNSP). In September 2020, the junta established a transition government and appointed Bah N’DAW, a retired army officer and former defense minister, as interim president and Colonel Assimi GOITA, the coup leader and chairman of the CNSP, as interim vice president. The transition government’s charter allows it to rule for up to 18 months before calling a general election. </p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "3,780 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the overwhelming majority of the population lives in the southern half of the country, with greater density along the border with Burkina Faso as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/9ff28f4fbb13a32e312c3313c64aa929/MALI_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "the overwhelming majority of the population lives in the southern half of the country, with greater density along the border with Burkina Faso as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring droughts; occasional Niger River flooding"
|
||||
|
|
@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-3.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the overwhelming majority of the population lives in the southern half of the country, with greater density along the border with Burkina Faso as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/9ff28f4fbb13a32e312c3313c64aa929/MALI_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "the overwhelming majority of the population lives in the southern half of the country, with greater density along the border with Burkina Faso as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -296,13 +296,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "1.2% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.9% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "140,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "110,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "5,800 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "4,600 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -470,7 +470,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Food insecurity": {
|
||||
"severe localized food insecurity": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>due to civil insecurity, floods, and pest infestations - about 1.3 million people were estimated to need external food assistance during the June‑August 2020 period, well above the 554,000 food insecure people that were estimated for the same period in 2019; the deterioration of the situation was based on the effects of adverse climate events (late onset of rains, drought, and flooding) in some localized areas and the persistent insecurity in the central and northern parts of the country; the current situation is made worse by the impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic, including the containment measures that adversely affected households’ livelihoods and incomes; periods of heavy rains resulted in localized flooding in August and September 2020 causing human casualties, loss of livelihoods, and damage to crops, livestock and infrastructures; localized outbreaks of Fall Army worms and desert locusts were reported across most areas of the country, while grain‑eating birds affected crops</p> (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>due to civil insecurity - according to the latest analysis, about 1.37 million people are estimated to be in a food “Crisis” in the June−August 2021 period as a result of the escalation of the conflict that continues to cause population displacements, combined with the impacts of the pandemic and weather shocks</p> (2021)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Waste and recycling": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -557,10 +557,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Executive branch": {
|
||||
"chief of state": {
|
||||
"text": "Transitional President Assimi GOITA (since 7 June 2021)<br /><br />note: an August 2020 coup d'etat deposed President Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA; on 21 September 2020, a group of 17 electors chosen by the Malian military junta, known as the National Committee for the Salvation of the People (CNSP) and led by Colonel Assimi GOITA, selected Bah NDAW as transitional president; GOITA served as vice president of the transitional government which was inaugurated on 25 September 2020; Vice President GOITA seized power on 25 May 2021; NDAW resigned on 26 May 2021"
|
||||
"text": "Transitional President Assimi GOITA (since 7 June 2021)<br><br>note: an August 2020 coup d'etat deposed President Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA; on 21 September 2020, a group of 17 electors chosen by the Malian military junta, known as the National Committee for the Salvation of the People (CNSP) and led by Colonel Assimi GOITA, selected Bah NDAW as transitional president; GOITA served as vice president of the transitional government which was inaugurated on 25 September 2020; Vice President GOITA seized power on 25 May 2021; NDAW resigned on 26 May 2021"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"head of government": {
|
||||
"text": "Transitional Prime Minister Choguel MAIGA (appointed by Transitional President Assimi GOITA on 7 June 2021)<br /><br />note: former Prime Minister Moctar OUANE was arrested and detained by the military on 24 May 2021 and resigned on 26 May 2021"
|
||||
"text": "Transitional Prime Minister Choguel MAIGA (appointed by Transitional President Assimi GOITA on 7 June 2021)<br><br>note: former Prime Minister Moctar OUANE was arrested and detained by the military on 24 May 2021 and resigned on 26 May 2021"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"cabinet": {
|
||||
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister"
|
||||
|
|
@ -574,7 +574,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (147 seats; members directly elected in single and multi-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed; 13 seats reserved for citizens living abroad; members serve 5-year terms)<br /><br />note - the National Assembly was dissolved on 18 August 2020 following a military coup and the resignation of President KEITA"
|
||||
"text": "unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (147 seats; members directly elected in single and multi-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed; 13 seats reserved for citizens living abroad; members serve 5-year terms)<br><br>note - the National Assembly was dissolved on 18 August 2020 following a military coup and the resignation of President KEITA"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "last held on 30 March and 19 April 2020 (prior to the August 2020 coup, the next election was scheduled to be held in 2025)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -595,7 +595,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence or SADI [Oumar MARIKO]<br />Alliance for Democracy in Mali-Pan-African Party for Liberty, Solidarity, and Justice or ADEMA-PASJ [Tiemoko SANGARE]<br />Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP-Maliba [Amadou THIAM]<br />Alliance for the Solidarity of Mali-Convergence of Patriotic Forces or ASMA-CFP [Soumeylou Boubeye MAIGA]<br />Alternative Forces for Renewal and Emergence or FARE [Modibo SIDIBE]<br />Convergence for the Development of Mali or CODEM [Housseyni Amion GUINDO]<br />Democratic Alliance for Peace or ADP-Maliba [Aliou Boubacar DIALLO]<br />Economic and Social Development Party or PDES [Jamille BITTAR]<br />Front for Democracy and the Republic or FDR (coalition of smaller opposition parties)<br />National Congress for Democratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL]<br />Party for National Renewal or PARENA [Tiebile DRAME]<br />Patriotic Movement for Renewal or MPR [Choguel Kokalla MAIGA]<br />Rally for Mali or RPM [Boucary TRETA]<br />Union for Republic and Democracy or URD [Younoussi TOURE]"
|
||||
"text": "African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence or SADI [Oumar MARIKO]<br>Alliance for Democracy in Mali-Pan-African Party for Liberty, Solidarity, and Justice or ADEMA-PASJ [Tiemoko SANGARE]<br>Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP-Maliba [Amadou THIAM]<br>Alliance for the Solidarity of Mali-Convergence of Patriotic Forces or ASMA-CFP [Soumeylou Boubeye MAIGA]<br>Alternative Forces for Renewal and Emergence or FARE [Modibo SIDIBE]<br>Convergence for the Development of Mali or CODEM [Housseyni Amion GUINDO]<br>Democratic Alliance for Peace or ADP-Maliba [Aliou Boubacar DIALLO]<br>Economic and Social Development Party or PDES [Jamille BITTAR]<br>Front for Democracy and the Republic or FDR (coalition of smaller opposition parties)<br>National Congress for Democratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL]<br>Party for National Renewal or PARENA [Tiebile DRAME]<br>Patriotic Movement for Renewal or MPR [Choguel Kokalla MAIGA]<br>Rally for Mali or RPM [Boucary TRETA]<br>Union for Republic and Democracy or URD [Younoussi TOURE]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, CD, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1002,7 +1002,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Mali’s telecom systems are challenged by recent conflict, geography, areas of low population, poverty, security issues, and high illiteracy; telecom infrastructure is barely adequate in urban areas and not available in most of the country with underinvestment in fixed-line networks; high mobile penetration and potential for mobile broadband service; local plans for IXP; dependent on neighboring countries for international bandwidth and access to submarine cables; Chinese investment in infrastructure stymied by security issues; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Mali’s telecom systems are challenged by recent conflict, geography, areas of low population, poverty, security issues, and high illiteracy; telecom infrastructure is barely adequate in urban areas and not available in most of the country with underinvestment in fixed-line networks; high mobile penetration and potential for mobile broadband service; local plans for IXP; dependent on neighboring countries for international bandwidth and access to submarine cables; Chinese investment in infrastructure stymied by security issues; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "fixed-line subscribership 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has increased sharply to over 115 per 100 persons; increasing use of local radio loops to extend network coverage to remote areas (2019)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1107,8 +1107,8 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "Malian Armed Forces (FAMa): Army (Armee de Terre; includes a riverine patrol force), Republic of Mali Air Force (Force Aerienne de la Republique du Mali, FARM); National Gendarmerie; National Guard (Garde National du Mali) (2020)<br><br>note(s): the Gendarmerie and the National Guard are under the authority of the Ministry of Defense and Veterans Affairs (Ministere De La Defense Et Des Anciens Combattants, MDAC), but operational control is shared between the MDAC and the Ministry of Internal Security and Civil Protection<br /><br />the Gendarmerie's primary mission is internal security and public order; its duties also include territorial defense, humanitarian operations, intelligence gathering, and protecting private property, mainly in rural areas<br /><br />the National Guard is a military force responsible for providing security to government facilities and institutions, prison service, public order, humanitarian operations, some border security, and intelligence gathering; it has special units on camels (the Camel Corps) for patrolling the deserts and borders of northern Mali",
|
||||
"note": "note(s): the Gendarmerie and the National Guard are under the authority of the Ministry of Defense and Veterans Affairs (Ministere De La Defense Et Des Anciens Combattants, MDAC), but operational control is shared between the MDAC and the Ministry of Internal Security and Civil Protection<br /><br />the Gendarmerie's primary mission is internal security and public order; its duties also include territorial defense, humanitarian operations, intelligence gathering, and protecting private property, mainly in rural areas<br /><br />the National Guard is a military force responsible for providing security to government facilities and institutions, prison service, public order, humanitarian operations, some border security, and intelligence gathering; it has special units on camels (the Camel Corps) for patrolling the deserts and borders of northern Mali"
|
||||
"text": "Malian Armed Forces (FAMa): Army (Armee de Terre; includes a riverine patrol force), Republic of Mali Air Force (Force Aerienne de la Republique du Mali, FARM); National Gendarmerie; National Guard (Garde National du Mali) (2020)<br><br>note(s): the Gendarmerie and the National Guard are under the authority of the Ministry of Defense and Veterans Affairs (Ministere De La Defense Et Des Anciens Combattants, MDAC), but operational control is shared between the MDAC and the Ministry of Internal Security and Civil Protection<br><br>the Gendarmerie's primary mission is internal security and public order; its duties also include territorial defense, humanitarian operations, intelligence gathering, and protecting private property, mainly in rural areas<br><br>the National Guard is a military force responsible for providing security to government facilities and institutions, prison service, public order, humanitarian operations, some border security, and intelligence gathering; it has special units on camels (the Camel Corps) for patrolling the deserts and borders of northern Mali",
|
||||
"note": "note(s): the Gendarmerie and the National Guard are under the authority of the Ministry of Defense and Veterans Affairs (Ministere De La Defense Et Des Anciens Combattants, MDAC), but operational control is shared between the MDAC and the Ministry of Internal Security and Civil Protection<br><br>the Gendarmerie's primary mission is internal security and public order; its duties also include territorial defense, humanitarian operations, intelligence gathering, and protecting private property, mainly in rural areas<br><br>the National Guard is a military force responsible for providing security to government facilities and institutions, prison service, public order, humanitarian operations, some border security, and intelligence gathering; it has special units on camels (the Camel Corps) for patrolling the deserts and borders of northern Mali"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
"Military Expenditures 2019": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1137,13 +1137,13 @@
|
|||
"text": "18 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary military service (men and women); 2-year conscript service obligation (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "prior to the coups in August 2020 and May 2021, the Malian military had intervened in the political arena at least five times since the country gained independence in 1960; two attempts failed (1976 and 1978), while three succeeded in overturning civilian rule (1968, 1991, and 2012); the military collapsed in 2012 during the fighting against Tuareg rebels and Islamic militants; it has been since rebuilt, but continues to have limited capabilities and is heavily reliant on external assistance <br /><br />since 2017, the FAMa, along with other government security and paramilitary forces, has conducted multiple major operations against militants in the eastern, central, and northern parts of the country; up to 4,000 troops reportedly have been deployed; the stated objectives for the most recent operation (Operation Maliko in early 2020) was to end terrorist activity and restore government authority in seven of the country’s 10 regions, including Mopti, Ségou, Gao, Kidal, Ménaka, Taoudénit, and Timbuktu<br /><br />Mali is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Chad, Mauritania, and Niger; it has committed 1,100 troops and 200 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane <br /><br />the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) has operated in the country since 2013; the Mission's responsibilities include providing security, rebuilding Malian security forces, supporting national political dialogue, and assisting in the reestablishment of Malian government authority; as of June 2021, MINUSMA had around 15,000 military and police personnel deployed; in June 2021, MINUSMA's mission was extended until the end of June 2022<br /><br />the European Union Training Mission in Mali (EUTM-M) also has operated in the country since 2013; the EUTM-M provides advice and training to the Malian Armed Forces and military assistance to the G5 Sahel Joint Force; as of March 2021, the mission included almost 700 personnel from 25 European countries"
|
||||
"text": "prior to the coups in August 2020 and May 2021, the Malian military had intervened in the political arena at least five times since the country gained independence in 1960; two attempts failed (1976 and 1978), while three succeeded in overturning civilian rule (1968, 1991, and 2012); the military collapsed in 2012 during the fighting against Tuareg rebels and Islamic militants; it has been since rebuilt, but continues to have limited capabilities and is heavily reliant on external assistance <br><br>since 2017, the FAMa, along with other government security and paramilitary forces, has conducted multiple major operations against militants in the eastern, central, and northern parts of the country; up to 4,000 troops reportedly have been deployed; the stated objectives for the most recent operation (Operation Maliko in early 2020) was to end terrorist activity and restore government authority in seven of the country’s 10 regions, including Mopti, Ségou, Gao, Kidal, Ménaka, Taoudénit, and Timbuktu<br><br>Mali is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Chad, Mauritania, and Niger; it has committed 1,100 troops and 200 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane <br><br>the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) has operated in the country since 2013; the Mission's responsibilities include providing security, rebuilding Malian security forces, supporting national political dialogue, and assisting in the reestablishment of Malian government authority; as of June 2021, MINUSMA had around 15,000 military and police personnel deployed; in June 2021, MINUSMA's mission was extended until the end of June 2022<br><br>the European Union Training Mission in Mali (EUTM-M) also has operated in the country since 2013; the EUTM-M provides advice and training to the Malian Armed Forces and military assistance to the G5 Sahel Joint Force; as of March 2021, the mission included almost 700 personnel from 25 European countries"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
"Terrorist group(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Ansar al-Dine; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Greater Sahara; Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
|
||||
"text": "Ansar al-Dine; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Greater Sahara; Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>In 788, about a century after the Arab conquest of North Africa, a series of Moroccan Muslim dynasties began to rule in Morocco. In the 16th century, the Sa'adi monarchy, particularly under Ahmad al-MANSUR (1578-1603), repelled foreign invaders and inaugurated a golden age. The Alaouite Dynasty, to which the current Moroccan royal family belongs, dates from the 17th century. In 1860, Spain occupied northern Morocco and ushered in a half-century of trade rivalry among European powers that saw Morocco's sovereignty steadily erode; in 1912, the French imposed a protectorate over the country. A protracted independence struggle with France ended successfully in 1956. The internationalized city of Tangier and most Spanish possessions were turned over to the new country that same year. Sultan MOHAMMED V, the current monarch's grandfather, organized the new state as a constitutional monarchy and in 1957 assumed the title of king. Since Spain's 1976 withdrawal from what is today called Western Sahara, Morocco has extended its de facto administrative control to roughly 75% of this territory; however, the UN does not recognize Morocco as the administering power for Western Sahara. The UN since 1991 has monitored a cease-fire between Morocco and the Polisario Front - an organization advocating the territory’s independence - and restarted negotiations over the status of the territory in December 2018. On 10 December 2020, the US recognized Morocco's sovereignty over all of Western Sahara.</p> <p>King MOHAMMED VI in early 2011 responded to the spread of pro-democracy protests in the North Africa region by implementing a reform program that included a new constitution, passed by popular referendum in July 2011, under which some new powers were extended to parliament and the prime minister, but ultimate authority remains in the hands of the monarch. In November 2011, the Justice and Development Party (PJD) - a moderate Islamist party - won the largest number of seats in parliamentary elections, becoming the first Islamist party to lead the Moroccan Government. In September 2015, Morocco held its first direct elections for regional councils, one of the reforms included in the 2011 constitution. The PJD again won the largest number of seats in nationwide parliamentary elections in October 2016. In December 2020, Morocco signed a normalization agreement with Israel, similar to those that Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, and Sudan had concluded with Israel earlier in 2020 .</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>In 788, about a century after the Arab conquest of North Africa, a series of Moroccan Muslim dynasties began to rule in Morocco. In the 16th century, the Sa'adi monarchy, particularly under Ahmad al-MANSUR (1578-1603), repelled foreign invaders and inaugurated a golden age. The Alaouite Dynasty, to which the current Moroccan royal family belongs, dates from the 17th century. In 1860, Spain occupied northern Morocco and ushered in a half-century of trade rivalry among European powers that saw Morocco's sovereignty steadily erode; in 1912, the French imposed a protectorate over the country. A protracted independence struggle with France ended successfully in 1956. The internationalized city of Tangier and most Spanish possessions were turned over to the new country that same year. Sultan MOHAMMED V, the current monarch's grandfather, organized the new state as a constitutional monarchy and in 1957 assumed the title of king. Since Spain's 1976 withdrawal from what is today called Western Sahara, Morocco has extended its de facto administrative control to roughly 75% of this territory; however, the UN does not recognize Morocco as the administering power for Western Sahara. The UN since 1991 has monitored a cease-fire between Morocco and the Polisario Front - an organization advocating the territory’s independence - and restarted negotiations over the status of the territory in December 2018. On 10 December 2020, the US recognized Morocco's sovereignty over all of Western Sahara.</p> <p>King MOHAMMED VI in early 2011 responded to the spread of pro-democracy protests in the North Africa region by implementing a reform program that included a new constitution, passed by popular referendum in July 2011, under which some new powers were extended to parliament and the prime minister, but ultimate authority remains in the hands of the monarch. In November 2011, the Justice and Development Party (PJD) - a moderate Islamist party - won the largest number of seats in parliamentary elections, becoming the first Islamist party to lead the Moroccan Government. In September 2015, Morocco held its first direct elections for regional councils, one of the reforms included in the 2011 constitution. The PJD again won the largest number of seats in nationwide parliamentary elections in October 2016. In December 2020, Morocco signed a normalization agreement with Israel, similar to those that Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, and Sudan had concluded with Israel earlier in 2020 .</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -55,8 +55,8 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Climate": {
|
||||
"text": "Mediterranean in the north, becoming more extreme in the interior; in the south, hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew<br><br><strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
|
||||
"text": "Mediterranean in the north, becoming more extreme in the interior; in the south, hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew<br><br><strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Terrain": {
|
||||
"text": "mountainous northern coast (Rif Mountains) and interior (Atlas Mountains) bordered by large plateaus with intermontane valleys, and fertile coastal plains; the south is mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or sandy surfaces "
|
||||
|
|
@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "14,850 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the highest population density is found along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts; a number of densely populated agglomerations are found scattered through the Atlas Mountains as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/2714e830858a88808e97ea2b8fdb7ec0/MOROCCO_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "the highest population density is found along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts; a number of densely populated agglomerations are found scattered through the Atlas Mountains as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "in the north, the mountains are geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes; periodic droughts; windstorms; flash floods; landslides; in the south, a hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting visibility"
|
||||
|
|
@ -131,7 +131,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Arabic (official), Berber languages (Tamazight (official), Tachelhit, Tarifit), French (often the language of business, government, and diplomacy); note - the proportion of Berber speakers is disputed; does not include data from the former Western Sahara"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />كتاب ديال لحقائق متاع العالم، احسن مصدر متاع المعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br /><br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
"text": "<br>كتاب ديال لحقائق متاع العالم، احسن مصدر متاع المعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -203,7 +203,7 @@
|
|||
"note": "note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the highest population density is found along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts; a number of densely populated agglomerations are found scattered through the Atlas Mountains as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/2714e830858a88808e97ea2b8fdb7ec0/MOROCCO_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "the highest population density is found along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts; a number of densely populated agglomerations are found scattered through the Atlas Mountains as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -212,7 +212,7 @@
|
|||
"rate of urbanization": {
|
||||
"text": "1.88% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major urban areas - population": {
|
||||
"text": "3.794 million Casablanca, 1.907 million RABAT (capital), 1.245 million Fes, 1.238 million Tangier, 1.017 million Marrakech, 942,000 Agadir (2021)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -332,15 +332,15 @@
|
|||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> does not include data from the former Western Sahara"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "<.1% (2019 est.)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> does not include data from the former Western Sahara",
|
||||
"text": "<.1 est.><br><strong>note:</strong> does not include data from the former Western Sahara</.1>",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> does not include data from the former Western Sahara"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "21,000 (2019 est.)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> does not include data from the former Western Sahara",
|
||||
"text": "22,000 (2020 est.)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> does not include data from the former Western Sahara",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> does not include data from the former Western Sahara"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "<500 (2019 est.)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> does not include data from the former Western Sahara",
|
||||
"text": "<500 (2020 est.)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> does not include data from the former Western Sahara",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> does not include data from the former Western Sahara"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -400,8 +400,8 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Environment": {
|
||||
"Environment - current issues": {
|
||||
"text": "in the north, land degradation/desertification (soil erosion resulting from farming of marginal areas, overgrazing, destruction of vegetation); water and soil pollution due to dumping of industrial wastes into the ocean and inland water sources, and onto the land; in the south, desertification; overgrazing; sparse water and lack of arable land<br><br><strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
|
||||
"text": "in the north, land degradation/desertification (soil erosion resulting from farming of marginal areas, overgrazing, destruction of vegetation); water and soil pollution due to dumping of industrial wastes into the ocean and inland water sources, and onto the land; in the south, desertification; overgrazing; sparse water and lack of arable land<br><br><strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Environment - international agreements": {
|
||||
"party to": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -421,7 +421,7 @@
|
|||
"methane emissions": {
|
||||
"text": "17.16 megatons (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Total water withdrawal": {
|
||||
"municipal": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -433,15 +433,15 @@
|
|||
"agricultural": {
|
||||
"text": "9.156 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Total renewable water resources": {
|
||||
"text": "29 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
|
||||
"text": "29 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Climate": {
|
||||
"text": "Mediterranean in the north, becoming more extreme in the interior; in the south, hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew<br><br><strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
|
||||
"text": "Mediterranean in the north, becoming more extreme in the interior; in the south, hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew<br><br><strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -481,13 +481,13 @@
|
|||
"rate of urbanization": {
|
||||
"text": "1.88% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"text": "<strong>note:</strong> clusters of cases of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) are occurring in Morocco; as of 24 January 2021, Morocco has reported a total of 465,769 cases of COVID-19 or 1,261.9 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 22.0 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Food insecurity": {
|
||||
"text": "<p><strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p><strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Waste and recycling": {
|
||||
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -499,7 +499,7 @@
|
|||
"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
|
||||
"text": "8% (2014 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data does not include former Western Sahara"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -598,13 +598,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br />House of Councilors or Majlis al-Mustacharine (120 seats; members indirectly elected by an electoral college of local councils, professional organizations, and labor unions; members serve 6-year terms)<br />House of Representatives or Majlis al-Nuwab (395 seats; 305 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 90 directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms); note - in the national constituency, 60 seats are reserved for women and 30 reserved for those under age 40"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br>House of Councilors or Majlis al-Mustacharine (120 seats; members indirectly elected by an electoral college of local councils, professional organizations, and labor unions; members serve 6-year terms)<br>House of Representatives or Majlis al-Nuwab (395 seats; 305 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 90 directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms); note - in the national constituency, 60 seats are reserved for women and 30 reserved for those under age 40"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "House of Councillors - last held on 2 October 2015 (next to be held in fall 2021)<br />House of Representatives - last held on 7 October 2016 (next to be held on 8 September 2021)"
|
||||
"text": "House of Councillors - last held on 2 October 2015 (next to be held in fall 2021)<br>House of Representatives - last held on 7 October 2016 (next to be held on 8 September 2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Chamber of Advisors - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 106, women 14, percent of women 11.7%<br />Chamber of Representatives - percent of vote by party NA; seats by party - PJD 125, PAM 102, PI 46, RNI 37, MP 27, USFP 20, UC 19, PPS 12, MDS 3, other 4; composition - men 314, women 81, percent of women 20.5%; note - total Parliament percent of women 18.4%"
|
||||
"text": "<br>Chamber of Advisors - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 106, women 14, percent of women 11.7%<br>Chamber of Representatives - percent of vote by party NA; seats by party - PJD 125, PAM 102, PI 46, RNI 37, MP 27, USFP 20, UC 19, PPS 12, MDS 3, other 4; composition - men 314, women 81, percent of women 20.5%; note - total Parliament percent of women 18.4%"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -619,7 +619,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Action Party or PA [Mohammed EL IDRISSI]<br />Amal (hope) Party [Mohamed BANI]<br />An-Nahj Ad-Dimocrati or An-Nahj [Mustapha BRAHMA]<br />Authenticity and Modernity Party or PAM [Ilyas al-OMARI]<br />Constitutional Union Party or UC [Mohamed SAJID]<br />Democratic and Social Movement or MDS [Abdessamad ARCHANE]<br />Democratic Forces Front or FFD [Mustapha BENALI]<br />Democratic Oath Party or SD<br />Democratic Socialist Vanguard Party or PADS [Abderrahman BENAMROU]<br />Democratic Society Party [Zhour CHAKKAFI]<br />Environment and Development Party or PED [Karim HRITAN]<br />Green Left Party [Mohamed FARES]<br />Istiqlal (Independence) Party or PI [Nizar BARAKA]<br />Ittihadi National Congress or CNI [Abdesalam EL AZIZ]<br />Labor Party or PT<br />Moroccan Liberal Party or PML [Mohammed ZIANE]<br />Moroccan Union for Democracy or UMD [Jamal MANDRI]<br />National Rally of Independents or RNI [Aziz AKHANNOUCH]<br />Neo-Democrats Party [Mohamed DARIF]<br />Party of Development Reform or PRD [Abderrahmane EL KOHEN]<br />Party of Justice and Development or PJD [Saad Eddine al-OTHMANI]<br />Party of Liberty and Social Justice [Miloud MOUSSAOUI]<br />Popular Movement or MP [Mohand LAENSER]<br />Progress and Socialism Party or PPS [Nabil BENABDELLAH]<br />Renaissance and Virtue Party [Mohamed KHALIDI]<br />Renaissance Party [Said EL GHENNIOUI]<br />Renewal and Equity Party or PRE [Chakir ACHEHABAR]<br />Shoura (consultation) and Istiqlal Party [Ahmed BELGHAZI]<br />Social Center Party or PCS [Lahcen MADIH]<br />Socialist Party [Abdelmajid BOUZOUBAA]<br />Socialist Union of Popular Forces or USFP [Driss LACHGAR]<br />Unified Socialist Party or GSU [Nabila MOUNIB]<br />Unity and Democracy Party [Ahmed FITRI]"
|
||||
"text": "Action Party or PA [Mohammed EL IDRISSI]<br>Amal (hope) Party [Mohamed BANI]<br>An-Nahj Ad-Dimocrati or An-Nahj [Mustapha BRAHMA]<br>Authenticity and Modernity Party or PAM [Ilyas al-OMARI]<br>Constitutional Union Party or UC [Mohamed SAJID]<br>Democratic and Social Movement or MDS [Abdessamad ARCHANE]<br>Democratic Forces Front or FFD [Mustapha BENALI]<br>Democratic Oath Party or SD<br>Democratic Socialist Vanguard Party or PADS [Abderrahman BENAMROU]<br>Democratic Society Party [Zhour CHAKKAFI]<br>Environment and Development Party or PED [Karim HRITAN]<br>Green Left Party [Mohamed FARES]<br>Istiqlal (Independence) Party or PI [Nizar BARAKA]<br>Ittihadi National Congress or CNI [Abdesalam EL AZIZ]<br>Labor Party or PT<br>Moroccan Liberal Party or PML [Mohammed ZIANE]<br>Moroccan Union for Democracy or UMD [Jamal MANDRI]<br>National Rally of Independents or RNI [Aziz AKHANNOUCH]<br>Neo-Democrats Party [Mohamed DARIF]<br>Party of Development Reform or PRD [Abderrahmane EL KOHEN]<br>Party of Justice and Development or PJD [Saad Eddine al-OTHMANI]<br>Party of Liberty and Social Justice [Miloud MOUSSAOUI]<br>Popular Movement or MP [Mohand LAENSER]<br>Progress and Socialism Party or PPS [Nabil BENABDELLAH]<br>Renaissance and Virtue Party [Mohamed KHALIDI]<br>Renaissance Party [Said EL GHENNIOUI]<br>Renewal and Equity Party or PRE [Chakir ACHEHABAR]<br>Shoura (consultation) and Istiqlal Party [Ahmed BELGHAZI]<br>Social Center Party or PCS [Lahcen MADIH]<br>Socialist Party [Abdelmajid BOUZOUBAA]<br>Socialist Union of Popular Forces or USFP [Driss LACHGAR]<br>Unified Socialist Party or GSU [Nabila MOUNIB]<br>Unity and Democracy Party [Ahmed FITRI]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CD, EBRD, FAO, G-11, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OPCW, OSCE (partner), Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNSC (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1043,7 +1043,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>despite Morocco's economic progress, the country suffers from high unemployment and illiteracy affecting telecom market, particularly in rural areas; national network nearly 100% digital using fiber-optic links; improved rural service employs microwave radio relay; one of the most state-of-the-art markets in Africa; high mobile penetration rates in the region with low cost for broadband Internet access; improvement in LTE reach and capabilities; 5G tests underway; mobile Internet accounts for 93% of all Internet connections; World Bank provided funds for Morocco’s digital transformation; government supported digital education during pandemic; submarine cables and satellite provide connectivity to Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and Australia; importer of broadcasting equipment and video displays from China (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>despite Morocco's economic progress, the country suffers from high unemployment and illiteracy affecting telecom market, particularly in rural areas; national network nearly 100% digital using fiber-optic links; improved rural service employs microwave radio relay; one of the most state-of-the-art markets in Africa; high mobile penetration rates in the region with low cost for broadband Internet access; improvement in LTE reach and capabilities; 5G tests underway; mobile Internet accounts for 93% of all Internet connections; World Bank provided funds for Morocco’s digital transformation; government supported digital education during pandemic; submarine cables and satellite provide connectivity to Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and Australia; importer of broadcasting equipment and video displays from China (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "fixed-line teledensity is 6 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular subscribership exceeds 128 per 100 persons; good system composed of open-wire lines, cables, and microwave radio relay links; principal switching centers are Casablanca and Rabat (2019)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1214,8 +1214,8 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
"Terrorist group(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
|
||||
"text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -90,7 +90,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "190 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "population density is one of the highest in the world; urban cluster are found throught the main island, with a greater density in and around Port Luis; population on Rodrigues Island is spread across the island with a slightly denser cluster on the north coast as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/1ee49a4ca1b4eb88d5dee33c5bda1156/MAURITIUS_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "population density is one of the highest in the world; urban cluster are found throught the main island, with a greater density in and around Port Luis; population on Rodrigues Island is spread across the island with a slightly denser cluster on the north coast as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded by reefs that may pose maritime hazards"
|
||||
|
|
@ -179,7 +179,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "population density is one of the highest in the world; urban cluster are found throught the main island, with a greater density in and around Port Luis; population on Rodrigues Island is spread across the island with a slightly denser cluster on the north coast as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/1ee49a4ca1b4eb88d5dee33c5bda1156/MAURITIUS_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "population density is one of the highest in the world; urban cluster are found throught the main island, with a greater density in and around Port Luis; population on Rodrigues Island is spread across the island with a slightly denser cluster on the north coast as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -296,13 +296,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "1% (2019)"
|
||||
"text": "1.7% (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "11,000 (2019)"
|
||||
"text": "14,000 (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "<1000 (2018)"
|
||||
"text": "<1000 (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "10.8% (2016)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -463,7 +463,7 @@
|
|||
"time difference": {
|
||||
"text": "UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>etymology:</strong> named after Louis XV, who was king of France in 1736 when the port became the administrative center of Mauritius and a major reprovisioning stop for French ships traveling between Europe and Asia"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>etymology:</strong> named after Louis XV, who was king of France in 1736 when the port became the administrative center of Mauritius and a major reprovisioning stop for French ships traveling between Europe and Asia"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Administrative divisions": {
|
||||
"text": "9 districts and 3 dependencies*; Agalega Islands*, Black River, Cargados Carajos Shoals*, Flacq, Grand Port, Moka, Pamplemousses, Plaines Wilhems, Port Louis, Riviere du Rempart, Rodrigues*, Savanne"
|
||||
|
|
@ -545,14 +545,14 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Alliance Lepep (Alliance of the People) [Pravind JUGNAUTH] (coalition includes MSM and ML)<br />Labor Party (Parti Travailliste) or PTR or MLP [Navinchandra RAMGOOLAM]<br />Mauritian Militant Movement (Mouvement Militant Mauricien) or MMM [Paul BERENGER]<br />Mauritian Social Democratic Party (Parti Mauricien Social Democrate) or PMSD [Xavier Luc DUVAL]<br />Mauritian Solidarity Front (Front Solidarite Mauricienne) or FSM [Cehl FAKEERMEEAH, aka Cehl MEEAH]<br />Militant Socialist Movement (Mouvement Socialist Mauricien) or MSM [Pravind JUGNAUTH]<br />Muvman Liberater or ML [Ivan COLLENDAVELLOO]<br />Patriotic Movement (Mouvement Patriotic) [Alan GANOO]<br />Rodrigues Peoples Organization (Organisation du Peuple Rodriguais) or OPR [Serge CLAIR]"
|
||||
"text": "Alliance Lepep (Alliance of the People) [Pravind JUGNAUTH] (coalition includes MSM and ML)<br>Labor Party (Parti Travailliste) or PTR or MLP [Navinchandra RAMGOOLAM]<br>Mauritian Militant Movement (Mouvement Militant Mauricien) or MMM [Paul BERENGER]<br>Mauritian Social Democratic Party (Parti Mauricien Social Democrate) or PMSD [Xavier Luc DUVAL]<br>Mauritian Solidarity Front (Front Solidarite Mauricienne) or FSM [Cehl FAKEERMEEAH, aka Cehl MEEAH]<br>Militant Socialist Movement (Mouvement Socialist Mauricien) or MSM [Pravind JUGNAUTH]<br>Muvman Liberater or ML [Ivan COLLENDAVELLOO]<br>Patriotic Movement (Mouvement Patriotic) [Alan GANOO]<br>Rodrigues Peoples Organization (Organisation du Peuple Rodriguais) or OPR [Serge CLAIR]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AOSIS, AU, C, CD, COMESA, CPLP (associate), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, SAARC (observer), SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Vikash NEETHALIA (since 18 January 2020)"
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador Purmanund JHUGROO (since 7 July 2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"chancery": {
|
||||
"text": "1709 N Street NW, Washington, DC 20036; administrative offices at 3201 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 441, Washington, DC 20036"
|
||||
|
|
@ -566,7 +566,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador David D. REIMER (since 10 January 2018); note - also accredited to Seychelles"
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Judes E. DEBAERE (since June 2019); note - also accredited to Seychelles"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"telephone": {
|
||||
"text": "[230] 202-4400"
|
||||
|
|
@ -600,7 +600,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Economy": {
|
||||
"Economic overview": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Since independence in 1968, Mauritius has undergone a remarkable economic transformation from a low-income, agriculturally based economy to a diversified, upper middle-income economy with growing industrial, financial, and tourist sectors. Mauritius has achieved steady growth over the last several decades, resulting in more equitable income distribution, increased life expectancy, lowered infant mortality, and a much-improved infrastructure.</p> <p> </p> <p>The economy currently depends on sugar, tourism, textiles and apparel, and financial services, but is expanding into fish processing, information and communications technology, education, and hospitality and property development. Sugarcane is grown on about 90% of the cultivated land area but sugar makes up only around 3-4% of national GDP. Authorities plan to emphasize services and innovation in the coming years. After several years of slow growth, government policies now seek to stimulate economic growth in five areas: serving as a gateway for international investment into Africa; increasing the use of renewable energy; developing smart cities; growing the ocean economy; and upgrading and modernizing infrastructure, including public transportation, the port, and the airport.</p> <p> </p> <p>Mauritius has attracted more than 32,000 offshore entities, many aimed at commerce in India, South Africa, and China. The Mauritius International Financial Center is under scrutiny by international bodies promoting fair tax competition and Mauritius has been cooperating with the European Union and the United states in the automatic exchange of account information. Mauritius is also a member of the OECD/G20’s Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting and is under pressure to review its Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements. The offshore sector is vulnerable to changes in the tax framework and authorities have been working on a Financial Services Sector Blueprint to enable Mauritius to transition to a jurisdiction of higher value added. Mauritius’ textile sector has taken advantage of the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act, a preferential trade program that allows duty free access to the US market, with Mauritian exports to the US growing by 35.6 % from 2000 to 2014. However, lack of local labor as well as rising labor costs eroding the competitiveness of textile firms in Mauritius.</p> <p> </p> <p>Mauritius' sound economic policies and prudent banking practices helped mitigate negative effects of the global financial crisis in 2008-09. GDP grew in the 3-4% per year range in 2010-17, and the country continues to expand its trade and investment outreach around the globe. Growth in the US and Europe fostered goods and services exports, including tourism, while lower oil prices kept inflation low. Mauritius continues to rank as one of the most business-friendly environments on the continent and passed a Business Facilitation Act to improve competitiveness and long-term growth prospects. A new National Economic Development Board was set up in 2017-2018 to spearhead efforts to promote exports and attract inward investment.</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Since independence in 1968, Mauritius has undergone a remarkable economic transformation from a low-income, agriculturally based economy to a diversified, upper middle-income economy with growing industrial, financial, and tourist sectors. Mauritius has achieved steady growth over the last several decades, resulting in more equitable income distribution, increased life expectancy, lowered infant mortality, and a much-improved infrastructure.</p> <p> </p> <p>The economy currently depends on sugar, tourism, textiles and apparel, and financial services, but is expanding into fish processing, information and communications technology, education, and hospitality and property development. Sugarcane is grown on about 90% of the cultivated land area but sugar makes up only around 3-4% of national GDP. Authorities plan to emphasize services and innovation in the coming years. After several years of slow growth, government policies now seek to stimulate economic growth in five areas: serving as a gateway for international investment into Africa; increasing the use of renewable energy; developing smart cities; growing the ocean economy; and upgrading and modernizing infrastructure, including public transportation, the port, and the airport.</p> <p> </p> <p>Mauritius has attracted more than 32,000 offshore entities, many aimed at commerce in India, South Africa, and China. The Mauritius International Financial Center is under scrutiny by international bodies promoting fair tax competition and Mauritius has been cooperating with the European Union and the United states in the automatic exchange of account information. Mauritius is also a member of the OECD/G20’s Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting and is under pressure to review its Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements. The offshore sector is vulnerable to changes in the tax framework and authorities have been working on a Financial Services Sector Blueprint to enable Mauritius to transition to a jurisdiction of higher value added. Mauritius’ textile sector has taken advantage of the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act, a preferential trade program that allows duty free access to the US market, with Mauritian exports to the US growing by 35.6 % from 2000 to 2014. However, lack of local labor as well as rising labor costs eroding the competitiveness of textile firms in Mauritius.</p> <p> </p> <p>Mauritius' sound economic policies and prudent banking practices helped mitigate negative effects of the global financial crisis in 2008-09. GDP grew in the 3-4% per year range in 2010-17, and the country continues to expand its trade and investment outreach around the globe. Growth in the US and Europe fostered goods and services exports, including tourism, while lower oil prices kept inflation low. Mauritius continues to rank as one of the most business-friendly environments on the continent and passed a Business Facilitation Act to improve competitiveness and long-term growth prospects. A new National Economic Development Board was set up in 2017-2018 to spearhead efforts to promote exports and attract inward investment.</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP growth rate": {
|
||||
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>The Berber and Bafour people were among the first to settle in what is now Mauritania. Originally a nomadic people, they were among the first in recorded history to convert from a nomadic to agricultural lifestyle. These groups account for roughly one third of Mauritania’s ethnic makeup. The remainder of Mauritania’s ethnic groups derive from former enslaved peoples and sub-Saharan ethnic groups originating mainly from the Senegal River Valley. These three groups constitute a strict caste system with deep ethnic divides that still exists today.<br /><br />Formerly a French colony, Mauritania became an independent state in 1960. Mauritania initially began as a single-party authoritarian regime and saw 49 years of dictatorships, flawed elections, failed attempts at democracy, and military coups. Following the last coup in 2008, Ould Abdel AZIZ was elected president in 2009 and reelected in 2014. International observers recognized the elections as free and fair. Following his two terms, AZIZ became the first Mauritanian president to step down and observe a democratic transfer of power. This solidified Mauritania’s status as an emerging democracy. After winning 52% of the vote, Mohamed Cheikh El GHAZOUANI was inaugurated in 2019.</p> <p>The country faces a number of issues, including ethnic tensions and a terrorist threat. Between 2005 and 2011, Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) launched a series of attacks killing American and foreign tourists and aid workers, attacking diplomatic and government facilities, and ambushing Mauritanian soldiers and gendarmes. Although Mauritania has not seen an attack since 2011, AQIM and similar groups remain active in the Sahel region and continue to pose a threat to Mauritanians and foreign visitors.</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>The Berber and Bafour people were among the first to settle in what is now Mauritania. Originally a nomadic people, they were among the first in recorded history to convert from a nomadic to agricultural lifestyle. These groups account for roughly one third of Mauritania’s ethnic makeup. The remainder of Mauritania’s ethnic groups derive from former enslaved peoples and sub-Saharan ethnic groups originating mainly from the Senegal River Valley. These three groups constitute a strict caste system with deep ethnic divides that still exists today.<br><br>Formerly a French colony, Mauritania became an independent state in 1960. Mauritania initially began as a single-party authoritarian regime and saw 49 years of dictatorships, flawed elections, failed attempts at democracy, and military coups. Following the last coup in 2008, Ould Abdel AZIZ was elected president in 2009 and reelected in 2014. International observers recognized the elections as free and fair. Following his two terms, AZIZ became the first Mauritanian president to step down and observe a democratic transfer of power. This solidified Mauritania’s status as an emerging democracy. After winning 52% of the vote, Mohamed Cheikh El GHAZOUANI was inaugurated in 2019.</p> <p>The country faces a number of issues, including ethnic tensions and a terrorist threat. Between 2005 and 2011, Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) launched a series of attacks killing American and foreign tourists and aid workers, attacking diplomatic and government facilities, and ambushing Mauritanian soldiers and gendarmes. Although Mauritania has not seen an attack since 2011, AQIM and similar groups remain active in the Sahel region and continue to pose a threat to Mauritanians and foreign visitors.</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "450 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "with most of the country being a desert, vast areas of the country, particularly in the central, northern, and eastern areas, are without sizeable population clusters; half the population lives in or around the coastal capital of Nouakchott; smaller clusters are found near the southern border with Mali and Senegal as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/8a2752c0f1f23423975b059f1264a12c/MAURITANIA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "with most of the country being a desert, vast areas of the country, particularly in the central, northern, and eastern areas, are without sizeable population clusters; half the population lives in or around the coastal capital of Nouakchott; smaller clusters are found near the southern border with Mali and Senegal as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind primarily in March and April; periodic droughts"
|
||||
|
|
@ -126,14 +126,14 @@
|
|||
"text": "Arabic (official and national), Pular, Soninke, Wolof (all national languages), French; note - the spoken Arabic in Mauritania differs considerably from the modern standard Arabic used for official written purposes or in the media; the Mauritanian dialect, which incorporates many Berber words, is referred to as Hassaniya"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br /><br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
"text": "<br>كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
"text": "Muslim (official) 100%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Demographic profile": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>With a sustained total fertility rate of about 4 children per woman and almost 60% of the population under the age of 25, Mauritania's population is likely to continue growing for the foreseeable future. Mauritania's large youth cohort is vital to its development prospects, but available schooling does not adequately prepare students for the workplace. Girls continue to be underrepresented in the classroom, educational quality remains poor, and the dropout rate is high. The literacy rate is only about 50%, even though access to primary education has improved since the mid-2000s. Women's restricted access to education and discriminatory laws maintain gender inequality - worsened by early and forced marriages and female genital cutting.</p> <p>The denial of education to black Moors also helps to perpetuate slavery. Although Mauritania abolished slavery in 1981 (the last country in the world to do so) and made it a criminal offense in 2007, the millenniums-old practice persists largely because anti-slavery laws are rarely enforced and the custom is so ingrained. According to a 2018 nongovernmental organization's report, a little more than 2% of Mauritania's population is enslaved, which includes individuals sujbected to forced labor and forced marriage, although many thousands of individuals who are legally free contend with discrimination, poor education, and a lack of identity papers and, therefore, live in de facto slavery. The UN and international press outlets have claimed that up to 20% of Mauritania's population is enslaved, which would be the highest rate worldwide.</p> <p>Drought, poverty, and unemployment have driven outmigration from Mauritania since the 1970s. Early flows were directed toward other West African countries, including Senegal, Mali, Cote d'Ivoire, and Gambia. The 1989 Mauritania-Senegal conflict forced thousands of black Mauritanians to take refuge in Senegal and pushed labor migrants toward the Gulf, Libya, and Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Mauritania has accepted migrants from neighboring countries to fill labor shortages since its independence in 1960 and more recently has received refugees escaping civil wars, including tens of thousands of Tuaregs who fled Mali in 2012.</p> <p>Mauritania was an important transit point for Sub-Saharan migrants moving illegally to North Africa and Europe. In the mid-2000s, as border patrols increased in the Strait of Gibraltar, security increased around Spain's North African enclaves (Ceuta and Melilla), and Moroccan border controls intensified, illegal migration flows shifted from the Western Mediterranean to Spain's Canary Islands. In 2006, departure points moved southward along the West African coast from Morocco and then Western Sahara to Mauritania's two key ports (Nouadhibou and the capital Nouakchott), and illegal migration to the Canaries peaked at almost 32,000. The numbers fell dramatically in the following years because of joint patrolling off the West African coast by Frontex (the EU's border protection agency), Spain, Mauritania, and Senegal; the expansion of Spain's border surveillance system; and the 2008 European economic downturn.</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>With a sustained total fertility rate of about 4 children per woman and almost 60% of the population under the age of 25, Mauritania's population is likely to continue growing for the foreseeable future. Mauritania's large youth cohort is vital to its development prospects, but available schooling does not adequately prepare students for the workplace. Girls continue to be underrepresented in the classroom, educational quality remains poor, and the dropout rate is high. The literacy rate is only about 50%, even though access to primary education has improved since the mid-2000s. Women's restricted access to education and discriminatory laws maintain gender inequality - worsened by early and forced marriages and female genital cutting.</p> <p>The denial of education to black Moors also helps to perpetuate slavery. Although Mauritania abolished slavery in 1981 (the last country in the world to do so) and made it a criminal offense in 2007, the millenniums-old practice persists largely because anti-slavery laws are rarely enforced and the custom is so ingrained. According to a 2018 nongovernmental organization's report, a little more than 2% of Mauritania's population is enslaved, which includes individuals sujbected to forced labor and forced marriage, although many thousands of individuals who are legally free contend with discrimination, poor education, and a lack of identity papers and, therefore, live in de facto slavery. The UN and international press outlets have claimed that up to 20% of Mauritania's population is enslaved, which would be the highest rate worldwide.</p> <p>Drought, poverty, and unemployment have driven outmigration from Mauritania since the 1970s. Early flows were directed toward other West African countries, including Senegal, Mali, Cote d'Ivoire, and Gambia. The 1989 Mauritania-Senegal conflict forced thousands of black Mauritanians to take refuge in Senegal and pushed labor migrants toward the Gulf, Libya, and Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Mauritania has accepted migrants from neighboring countries to fill labor shortages since its independence in 1960 and more recently has received refugees escaping civil wars, including tens of thousands of Tuaregs who fled Mali in 2012.</p> <p>Mauritania was an important transit point for Sub-Saharan migrants moving illegally to North Africa and Europe. In the mid-2000s, as border patrols increased in the Strait of Gibraltar, security increased around Spain's North African enclaves (Ceuta and Melilla), and Moroccan border controls intensified, illegal migration flows shifted from the Western Mediterranean to Spain's Canary Islands. In 2006, departure points moved southward along the West African coast from Morocco and then Western Sahara to Mauritania's two key ports (Nouadhibou and the capital Nouakchott), and illegal migration to the Canaries peaked at almost 32,000. The numbers fell dramatically in the following years because of joint patrolling off the West African coast by Frontex (the EU's border protection agency), Spain, Mauritania, and Senegal; the expansion of Spain's border surveillance system; and the 2008 European economic downturn.</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Age structure": {
|
||||
"0-14 years": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -190,7 +190,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-0.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "with most of the country being a desert, vast areas of the country, particularly in the central, northern, and eastern areas, are without sizeable population clusters; half the population lives in or around the coastal capital of Nouakchott; smaller clusters are found near the southern border with Mali and Senegal as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/8a2752c0f1f23423975b059f1264a12c/MAURITANIA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "with most of the country being a desert, vast areas of the country, particularly in the central, northern, and eastern areas, are without sizeable population clusters; half the population lives in or around the coastal capital of Nouakchott; smaller clusters are found near the southern border with Mali and Senegal as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -304,13 +304,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "0.2% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.3% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "5,700 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8,500 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "<500 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "<500 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -472,7 +472,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Food insecurity": {
|
||||
"severe localized food insecurity": {
|
||||
"text": "due to poor performance of pastoral cropping season - according to a March 2020 analysis, about 609,000 people were estimated to be in need of food assistance during the lean season between June and August 2020; pastoral households, affected by recurrent shocks during the last years, are facing the highest prevalence of food insecurity (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "due to poor performance of pastoral cropping season - according to the latest analysis, about 484,000 people are assessed to need humanitarian assistance in the June−August 2021 period as a result of fodder production deficits in Trarza, Brakna, Gorgol, Guidimaka and Assaba districts (2021)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Waste and recycling": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -601,14 +601,14 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Alliance for Justice and Democracy/Movement for Renewal or AJD/MR [Ibrahima Moctar SARR]<br />Burst of Youth for the Nation [Lalla Mint CHERIF]<br />Coalition of Majority Parties or CPM (includes UPR, UDP)<br />El Karama Party [Cheikhna Ould Mohamed Ould HAJBOU]<br />El Vadila Party [Ethmane Ould Ahmed ABOULMAALY]<br />National Forum for Democracy and Unity or FNDU [Mohamed Ould MAOLOUD] (coalition of hard-line opposition parties, includes RNRD-TAWASSOUL)<br />National Rally for Reform and Development or RNRD-TAWASSOUL [Mohamed Mahmoud Ould SEYIDI]<br />Party of Unity and Development or PUD [Mohamed BARO]<br />Popular Progressive Alliance or APP [Messaoud Ould BOULKHEIR]<br />Rally of Democratic Forces or RFD [Ahmed Ould DADDAH]<br />Ravah Party [ Mohamed Ould VALL]<br />Republican Party for Democracy and Renewal or PRDR [Mintata Mint HEDEID]<br />Union for Democracy and Progress or UDP [Naha Mint MOUKNASS]<br />Union of Progress Forces [Mohamed Ould MAOULOUD]<br />Union for the Republic or UPR [Seyidna Ali Ould MOHAMED KHOUNA]"
|
||||
"text": "Alliance for Justice and Democracy/Movement for Renewal or AJD/MR [Ibrahima Moctar SARR]<br>Burst of Youth for the Nation [Lalla Mint CHERIF]<br>Coalition of Majority Parties or CPM (includes UPR, UDP)<br>El Karama Party [Cheikhna Ould Mohamed Ould HAJBOU]<br>El Vadila Party [Ethmane Ould Ahmed ABOULMAALY]<br>National Forum for Democracy and Unity or FNDU [Mohamed Ould MAOLOUD] (coalition of hard-line opposition parties, includes RNRD-TAWASSOUL)<br>National Rally for Reform and Development or RNRD-TAWASSOUL [Mohamed Mahmoud Ould SEYIDI]<br>Party of Unity and Development or PUD [Mohamed BARO]<br>Popular Progressive Alliance or APP [Messaoud Ould BOULKHEIR]<br>Rally of Democratic Forces or RFD [Ahmed Ould DADDAH]<br>Ravah Party [ Mohamed Ould VALL]<br>Republican Party for Democracy and Renewal or PRDR [Mintata Mint HEDEID]<br>Union for Democracy and Progress or UDP [Naha Mint MOUKNASS]<br>Union of Progress Forces [Mohamed Ould MAOULOUD]<br>Union for the Republic or UPR [Seyidna Ali Ould MOHAMED KHOUNA]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, CAEU (candidate), EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, MIUSMA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador Mohamedoun DADDAH (since 27 June 2016)"
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge D'Affaires Ad Interim Jiddou JIDDOU (since 24 June 2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"chancery": {
|
||||
"text": "2129 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008"
|
||||
|
|
@ -622,13 +622,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador Michael J. DODMAN (since 5 January 2018)"
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador Cynthia KIERSCHT (since 27 January 2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"telephone": {
|
||||
"text": "[222] 4525-2660 or [222] 2660-2663"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"embassy": {
|
||||
"text": "Avenue Al Quds, Nouadhibou, Nouadhibou Road, Nouakchott<br /><br /> <div style=\"left: 196.75px; top: 762.2px; font-family: serif; font-size: 15px; transform: scaleX(1.00681);\"> </div>"
|
||||
"text": "Avenue Al Quds, Nouadhibou, Nouadhibou Road, Nouakchott<br><br> "
|
||||
},
|
||||
"mailing address": {
|
||||
"text": "use embassy street address"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1166,7 +1166,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "since a spate of terrorist attacks in the 2000s, including a 2008 attack on a military base in the country’s north that resulted in the deaths of 12 soldiers, the Mauritanian Government has increased the defense budget and military equipment acquisitions, enhanced military training, heightened security cooperation with its neighbors and the international community, and built up the military’s special operations and civil-military affairs forces<br /><br />Mauritania is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, and Niger; it has committed 550 troops and 100 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "since a spate of terrorist attacks in the 2000s, including a 2008 attack on a military base in the country’s north that resulted in the deaths of 12 soldiers, the Mauritanian Government has increased the defense budget and military equipment acquisitions, enhanced military training, heightened security cooperation with its neighbors and the international community, and built up the military’s special operations and civil-military affairs forces<br><br>Mauritania is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, and Niger; it has committed 550 troops and 100 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane (2020)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>In the first half of the second millennium A.D., northern Mozambican port towns were frequented by traders from Somalia, Ethiopia, Egypt, Arabia, Persia, and India. The Portuguese were able to wrest much of the coastal trade from Arab Muslims in the centuries after 1500 and to set up their own colonies. Portugal did not relinquish Mozambique until 1975. Large-scale emigration, economic dependence on South Africa, a severe drought, and a prolonged civil war hindered the country's development until the mid-1990s. The ruling Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) party formally abandoned Marxism in 1989, and a new constitution the following year provided for multiparty elections and a free market economy. A UN-negotiated peace agreement between FRELIMO and rebel Mozambique National Resistance (RENAMO) forces ended the fighting in 1992. In 2004, Mozambique underwent a delicate transition as Joaquim CHISSANO stepped down after 18 years in office. His elected successor, Armando GUEBUZA, served two terms and then passed executive power to Filipe NYUSI in 2015. RENAMO’s residual armed forces intermittently engaged in a low-level insurgency after 2012, but a late December 2016 ceasefire eventually led to the two sides signing a comprehensive peace deal in August 2019. Elections in October 2019, challenged by Western observers and civil society as being problematic, resulted in resounding wins for NYUSI and FRELIMO across the country. Since October 2017, violent extremists - who an official ISIS media outlet recognized as ISIS's network in Mozambique for the first time in June 2019 - have been conducting attacks against civilians and security services in the northern province of Cabo Delgado.</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>In the first half of the second millennium A.D., northern Mozambican port towns were frequented by traders from Somalia, Ethiopia, Egypt, Arabia, Persia, and India. The Portuguese were able to wrest much of the coastal trade from Arab Muslims in the centuries after 1500 and to set up their own colonies. Portugal did not relinquish Mozambique until 1975. Large-scale emigration, economic dependence on South Africa, a severe drought, and a prolonged civil war hindered the country's development until the mid-1990s. The ruling Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) party formally abandoned Marxism in 1989, and a new constitution the following year provided for multiparty elections and a free market economy. A UN-negotiated peace agreement between FRELIMO and rebel Mozambique National Resistance (RENAMO) forces ended the fighting in 1992. In 2004, Mozambique underwent a delicate transition as Joaquim CHISSANO stepped down after 18 years in office. His elected successor, Armando GUEBUZA, served two terms and then passed executive power to Filipe NYUSI in 2015. RENAMO’s residual armed forces intermittently engaged in a low-level insurgency after 2012, but a late December 2016 ceasefire eventually led to the two sides signing a comprehensive peace deal in August 2019. Elections in October 2019, challenged by Western observers and civil society as being problematic, resulted in resounding wins for NYUSI and FRELIMO across the country. Since October 2017, violent extremists - who an official ISIS media outlet recognized as ISIS's network in Mozambique for the first time in June 2019 - have been conducting attacks against civilians and security services in the northern province of Cabo Delgado.</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "1,180 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "three large populations clusters are found along the southern coast between Maputo and Inhambane, in the central area between Beira and Chimoio along the Zambezi River, and in and around the northern cities of Nampula, Cidade de Nacala, and Pemba; the northwest and southwest are the least populated areas as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/b36e3f572c656351ae2fd3639acbbb27/MOZAMBIQUE_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "three large populations clusters are found along the southern coast between Maputo and Inhambane, in the central area between Beira and Chimoio along the Zambezi River, and in and around the northern cities of Nampula, Cidade de Nacala, and Pemba; the northwest and southwest are the least populated areas as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "severe droughts; devastating cyclones and floods in central and southern provinces"
|
||||
|
|
@ -180,7 +180,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-1.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "three large populations clusters are found along the southern coast between Maputo and Inhambane, in the central area between Beira and Chimoio along the Zambezi River, and in and around the northern cities of Nampula, Cidade de Nacala, and Pemba; the northwest and southwest are the least populated areas as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/b36e3f572c656351ae2fd3639acbbb27/MOZAMBIQUE_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "three large populations clusters are found along the southern coast between Maputo and Inhambane, in the central area between Beira and Chimoio along the Zambezi River, and in and around the northern cities of Nampula, Cidade de Nacala, and Pemba; the northwest and southwest are the least populated areas as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -301,13 +301,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "12.1% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.5% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "2.2 million (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "2.1 million (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "51,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "38,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -469,7 +469,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Food insecurity": {
|
||||
"severe localized food insecurity": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>due to economic downturn, localized shortfalls in staple food production, and insecurity in northern areas - an estimated 2.9 million people require urgent humanitarian assistance, at least up until March 2021, reflecting the adverse impacts of income losses associated with the pandemic-induced economic downturn and shortfalls in staple food production in the southern regions; continued insecurity in the northern areas has also severely aggravated conditions and led to large population displacements</p> (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>due to economic downturn, localized shortfalls in staple food production, and insecurity in northern areas - an estimated 1.65 million people require humanitarian assistance at least up until September 2021; populations in Cabo Delgado are experiencing the severest levels of acute food insecurity, where an estimated 227,000 people are facing \"Emergency\" levels of food insecurity, reflecting the effects of the conflict on livelihoods and rainfall deficits that caused a drop in cereal production in 2021</p> (2021)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Waste and recycling": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -600,7 +600,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Democratic Movement of Mozambique (Movimento Democratico de Mocambique) or MDM [Daviz SIMANGO]<br />Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frente de Liberatacao de Mocambique) or FRELIMO [Filipe NYUSI]<br />Mozambican National Resistance (Resistencia Nacional Mocambicana) or RENAMO [Ossufo MOMADE]<br />Optimistic Party for the Development of Mozambique or Podemos [Helder Mendonca]"
|
||||
"text": "Democratic Movement of Mozambique (Movimento Democratico de Mocambique) or MDM [Daviz SIMANGO]<br>Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frente de Liberatacao de Mocambique) or FRELIMO [Filipe NYUSI]<br>Mozambican National Resistance (Resistencia Nacional Mocambicana) or RENAMO [Ossufo MOMADE]<br>Optimistic Party for the Development of Mozambique or Podemos [Helder Mendonca]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CD, CPLP, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIC, OIF (observer), OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1022,7 +1022,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>one of the first countries in the region to reform telecom market and open it to competition; the mobile segment has shown strong growth; poor fixed-line infrastructure means most Internet access is through mobile accounts; DSL, cable broadband, 3G, and some fiber broadband available; LTE tests underway; roll out of national fiber backbone and upgrades to infrastructure; submarine cables reduced the cost of bandwidth; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>one of the first countries in the region to reform telecom market and open it to competition; the mobile segment has shown strong growth; poor fixed-line infrastructure means most Internet access is through mobile accounts; DSL, cable broadband, 3G, and some fiber broadband available; LTE tests underway; roll out of national fiber backbone and upgrades to infrastructure; submarine cables reduced the cost of bandwidth; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "extremely low fixed-line teledensity contrasts with rapid growth in the mobile-cellular network; operators provide coverage that includes all the main cities and key roads; fixed-line less than 1 per 100 and 48 per 100 mobile-cellular teledensity (2019)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1156,7 +1156,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "Armed Defense Forces of Mozambique (Forcas Armadas de Defesa de Mocambique, FADM): Mozambique Army, Mozambique Navy (Marinha de Guerra de Mocambique, MGM), Mozambique Air Force (Forca Aerea de Mocambique, FAM)<br /><br />Ministry of Interior: National Police (PRM), the National Criminal Investigation Service (SERNIC), Rapid Intervention Unit (UIR; police special forces), Border Security Force (2020)<br><br>note: the FADM and Ministry of Interior forces are referred to collectively as the Defense and Security Forces (DFS)",
|
||||
"text": "Armed Defense Forces of Mozambique (Forcas Armadas de Defesa de Mocambique, FADM): Mozambique Army, Mozambique Navy (Marinha de Guerra de Mocambique, MGM), Mozambique Air Force (Forca Aerea de Mocambique, FAM)<br><br>Ministry of Interior: National Police (PRM), the National Criminal Investigation Service (SERNIC), Rapid Intervention Unit (UIR; police special forces), Border Security Force (2020)<br><br>note: the FADM and Ministry of Interior forces are referred to collectively as the Defense and Security Forces (DFS)",
|
||||
"note": "note: the FADM and Ministry of Interior forces are referred to collectively as the Defense and Security Forces (DFS)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1191,8 +1191,8 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
"Terrorist group(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Mozambique (ISIS-M)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
|
||||
"text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Mozambique (ISIS-M)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Present-day Niger originated from the nomadic peoples of the Saharan north and the agriculturalists of the south. The Taureg kingdom of Takedda was one of the largest kingdoms in the north and played a prominent role in regional trade in the 14<sup>th</sup> century. In the south, the primary ethnic groups were the Songhai-Zarma in the west, the Hausa in the center, and the Kanuri in the east. When European colonizers arrived in the 19<sup>th</sup> century, the region was an assemblage of disparate local kingdoms.</p> <p>In the late 19th century, the British and French agreed to partition the middle regions of the Niger River, and France began its conquest of what would become the colony of Niger. France experienced determined local resistance - particularly during the Tuareg uprising (1916-1917) - but established a colonial administration in 1922.</p> <p>Following independence from France in 1960, the country experienced single-party or military rule until 1991 when political pressure forced General Ali SAIBOU to allow multiparty elections. Political infighting and democratic backsliding led to coups in 1996 and 1999. In December of that year, military officers restored democratic rule and held elections that brought Mamadou TANDJA to power. TANDJA was reelected in 2004 and spearheaded a 2009 constitutional amendment allowing him to extend his presidential term. In February 2010, military officers led another coup that deposed TANDJA. ISSOUFOU Mahamadou was elected in April 2011 and reelected in early 2016. In February 2021, BAZOUM Mohammed won the presidential election, marking Niger’s first transition from one democratically elected president to another.<br /><br />Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world with minimal government services and insufficient funds to develop its resource base. It is ranked last in the world on the UN Development Programme's Human Development Index. The largely agrarian and subsistence-based economy is frequently disrupted by extended droughts common to the Sahel region of Africa. The Nigerien Government continues its attempts to diversify the economy through increased oil production and mining projects. In addition, Niger is facing increased security concerns on its borders from various external threats including insecurity in Libya, spillover from the conflict and terrorism in Mali, and violent extremism in northeastern Nigeria.</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Present-day Niger originated from the nomadic peoples of the Saharan north and the agriculturalists of the south. The Taureg kingdom of Takedda was one of the largest kingdoms in the north and played a prominent role in regional trade in the 14th century. In the south, the primary ethnic groups were the Songhai-Zarma in the west, the Hausa in the center, and the Kanuri in the east. When European colonizers arrived in the 19th century, the region was an assemblage of disparate local kingdoms.</p> <p>In the late 19th century, the British and French agreed to partition the middle regions of the Niger River, and France began its conquest of what would become the colony of Niger. France experienced determined local resistance - particularly during the Tuareg uprising (1916-1917) - but established a colonial administration in 1922.</p> <p>Following independence from France in 1960, the country experienced single-party or military rule until 1991 when political pressure forced General Ali SAIBOU to allow multiparty elections. Political infighting and democratic backsliding led to coups in 1996 and 1999. In December of that year, military officers restored democratic rule and held elections that brought Mamadou TANDJA to power. TANDJA was reelected in 2004 and spearheaded a 2009 constitutional amendment allowing him to extend his presidential term. In February 2010, military officers led another coup that deposed TANDJA. ISSOUFOU Mahamadou was elected in April 2011 and reelected in early 2016. In February 2021, BAZOUM Mohammed won the presidential election, marking Niger’s first transition from one democratically elected president to another.<br><br>Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world with minimal government services and insufficient funds to develop its resource base. It is ranked last in the world on the UN Development Programme's Human Development Index. The largely agrarian and subsistence-based economy is frequently disrupted by extended droughts common to the Sahel region of Africa. The Nigerien Government continues its attempts to diversify the economy through increased oil production and mining projects. In addition, Niger is facing increased security concerns on its borders from various external threats including insecurity in Libya, spillover from the conflict and terrorism in Mali, and violent extremism in northeastern Nigeria.</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "1,000 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "majority of the populace is located in the southernmost extreme of the country along the border with Nigeria and Benin as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/63ecf4f2f257b8a68fcda08fa0a5b5fe/NIGER_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "majority of the populace is located in the southernmost extreme of the country along the border with Nigeria and Benin as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "recurring droughts"
|
||||
|
|
@ -174,7 +174,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-0.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "majority of the populace is located in the southernmost extreme of the country along the border with Nigeria and Benin as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/63ecf4f2f257b8a68fcda08fa0a5b5fe/NIGER_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "majority of the populace is located in the southernmost extreme of the country along the border with Nigeria and Benin as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -295,13 +295,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "0.3% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.2% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "33,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "31,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "1,100 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1,100 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -572,7 +572,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 27 December 2020 with a runoff scheduled for 21 February 2021; prime minister appointed by the president, authorized by the National Assembly"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "percent of vote in 2020 first round - Mohamed BAZOUM (PNDS-Tarrayya) 39.33%, Mahamane OUSMANE (MODEN/FA Lumana Africa) 17%, Seini OUMAROU (MNSD-Nassara) 8.95%, Albade ABOUDA (MPR-Jamhuriya) 7.07%<br /><br />2016 results: ISSOUFOU Mahamadou reelected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - ISSOUFOU Mahamadou (PNDS-Tarrayya) 48.6%, Hama AMADOU (MODEN/FA Lumana Africa) 17.8%, Seini OUMAROU (MNSD-Nassara) 11.3%, other 22.3%; percent of vote in second round - ISSOUFOU Mahamadou 92%, Hama AMADOU 8%"
|
||||
"text": "percent of vote in 2020 first round - Mohamed BAZOUM (PNDS-Tarrayya) 39.33%, Mahamane OUSMANE (MODEN/FA Lumana Africa) 17%, Seini OUMAROU (MNSD-Nassara) 8.95%, Albade ABOUDA (MPR-Jamhuriya) 7.07%<br><br>2016 results: ISSOUFOU Mahamadou reelected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - ISSOUFOU Mahamadou (PNDS-Tarrayya) 48.6%, Hama AMADOU (MODEN/FA Lumana Africa) 17.8%, Seini OUMAROU (MNSD-Nassara) 11.3%, other 22.3%; percent of vote in second round - ISSOUFOU Mahamadou 92%, Hama AMADOU 8%"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -598,7 +598,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Alliance of Movements for the Emergence of Niger or AMEN AMIN [Omar Hamidou TCHIANA]<br />Congress for the Republic or CPR-Inganci [Kassoum MOCTAR]<br />Democratic Alliance for Niger or ADN-Fusaha [Habi Mahamadou SALISSOU]<br />Democratic and Social Convention-Rahama or CDS-Rahama [Abdou LABO]<br />National Movement for the Development of Society-Nassara or MNSD-Nassara [Seini OUMAROU]<br />Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Progress-Zaman Lahiya or ANDP-Zaman Lahiya [Moussa Moumouni DJERMAKOYE]<br />Nigerien Democratic Movement for an African Federation or MODEN/FA Lumana [Hama AMADOU]<br />Nigerien Movement for Democratic Renewal or MNRD-Hankuri [Mahamane OUSMANE]<br />Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism or PNDS-Tarrayya [Mahamadou ISSOUFOU]<br />Nigerien Patriotic Movement or MPN-Kishin Kassa [Ibrahim YACOUBA]<br />Party for Socialism and Democracy in Niger or PSDN-Alheri<br />Patriotic Movement for the Republic or MPR-Jamhuriya [Albade ABOUBA]<br />Rally for Democracy and Progress-Jama'a or RDP-Jama'a [Hamid ALGABID]<br />Social and Democratic Rally or RSD-Gaskiyya [Amadou CHEIFFOU]<br />Social Democratic Party or PSD-Bassira [Mohamed BEN OMAR]<br />Union for Democracy and the Republic-Tabbat or UDR-Tabbat [Amadou Boubacar CISSE]<br><br><strong>note:</strong> the SPLM and SPLM-DC are banned political parties",
|
||||
"text": "Alliance of Movements for the Emergence of Niger or AMEN AMIN [Omar Hamidou TCHIANA]<br>Congress for the Republic or CPR-Inganci [Kassoum MOCTAR]<br>Democratic Alliance for Niger or ADN-Fusaha [Habi Mahamadou SALISSOU]<br>Democratic and Social Convention-Rahama or CDS-Rahama [Abdou LABO]<br>National Movement for the Development of Society-Nassara or MNSD-Nassara [Seini OUMAROU]<br>Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Progress-Zaman Lahiya or ANDP-Zaman Lahiya [Moussa Moumouni DJERMAKOYE]<br>Nigerien Democratic Movement for an African Federation or MODEN/FA Lumana [Hama AMADOU]<br>Nigerien Movement for Democratic Renewal or MNRD-Hankuri [Mahamane OUSMANE]<br>Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism or PNDS-Tarrayya [Mahamadou ISSOUFOU]<br>Nigerien Patriotic Movement or MPN-Kishin Kassa [Ibrahim YACOUBA]<br>Party for Socialism and Democracy in Niger or PSDN-Alheri<br>Patriotic Movement for the Republic or MPR-Jamhuriya [Albade ABOUBA]<br>Rally for Democracy and Progress-Jama'a or RDP-Jama'a [Hamid ALGABID]<br>Social and Democratic Rally or RSD-Gaskiyya [Amadou CHEIFFOU]<br>Social Democratic Party or PSD-Bassira [Mohamed BEN OMAR]<br>Union for Democracy and the Republic-Tabbat or UDR-Tabbat [Amadou Boubacar CISSE]<br><br><strong>note:</strong> the SPLM and SPLM-DC are banned political parties",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the SPLM and SPLM-DC are banned political parties"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1012,7 +1012,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>difficult economic climate, with lack of fixed telecom infrastructure; mobile services stronger than fixed telecom; low broadband penetration; adopted free mobile roaming with other G5 Sahel countries; World Bank project to facilitate digital progress; government contributes to Trans-Sahara Backbone network, with aims to extend fiber-optic and international capacity; LTE license awarded; government substantially taxes telecom sector (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>difficult economic climate, with lack of fixed telecom infrastructure; mobile services stronger than fixed telecom; low broadband penetration; adopted free mobile roaming with other G5 Sahel countries; World Bank project to facilitate digital progress; government contributes to Trans-Sahara Backbone network, with aims to extend fiber-optic and international capacity; LTE license awarded; government substantially taxes telecom sector (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "fixed-line 1 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular teledensity remains 41 per 100 persons despite a rapidly increasing cellular subscribership base; small system of wire, radio telephone communications, and microwave radio relay links concentrated in southwestern Niger; domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations and 1 planned (2019)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1154,13 +1154,13 @@
|
|||
"text": "has conscription, although it is reportedly not always enforced; 18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory or voluntary military service; enlistees must be Nigerien citizens and unmarried; 2-year service term; women may serve in health care (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "as of late 2020, the FAN was conducting counterinsurgency and counter-terrorism operations against Islamic militants on two fronts; in the Diffa region, the Nigeria-based Boko Haram terrorist group has conducted dozens of attacks on security forces, army bases, and civilians; on Niger’s western border with Mali, the Islamic State-West Africa (ISWA) has conducted numerous attacks on security personnel; a series of ISWA attacks on FAN forces near the Malian border in December of 2019 and January of 2020 resulted in the deaths of more than 170 soldiers; terrorist attacks continued throughout 2020 and into 2021<br /><br />Niger is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, and Chad; it has committed 1,100 troops and 200 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane<br /><br />Niger also has about 1,000 troops committed to the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) against Boko Haram; national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own country territories, although cross‐border operations are conducted periodically"
|
||||
"text": "as of late 2020, the FAN was conducting counterinsurgency and counter-terrorism operations against Islamic militants on two fronts; in the Diffa region, the Nigeria-based Boko Haram terrorist group has conducted dozens of attacks on security forces, army bases, and civilians; on Niger’s western border with Mali, the Islamic State-West Africa (ISWA) has conducted numerous attacks on security personnel; a series of ISWA attacks on FAN forces near the Malian border in December of 2019 and January of 2020 resulted in the deaths of more than 170 soldiers; terrorist attacks continued throughout 2020 and into 2021<br><br>Niger is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, and Chad; it has committed 1,100 troops and 200 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane<br><br>Niger also has about 1,000 troops committed to the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) against Boko Haram; national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own country territories, although cross‐border operations are conducted periodically"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
"Terrorist group(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Boko Haram; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Greater Sahara; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – West Africa; Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
|
||||
"text": "Boko Haram; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Greater Sahara; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – West Africa; Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1169,7 +1169,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
|
||||
"refugees (country of origin)": {
|
||||
"text": "177,773 (Nigeria), 61,156 (Mali) (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "182,730 (Nigeria), 61,156 (Mali) (2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"IDPs": {
|
||||
"text": "300,320 (includes the regions of Diffa, Tillaberi, and Tahoua; unknown how many of the 11,000 people displaced by clashes between government forces and the Tuareg militant group, Niger Movement for Justice, in 2007 are still displaced; inter-communal violence; Boko Haram attacks in southern Niger, 2015) (2021)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "2,930 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "largest population of any African nation; significant population clusters are scattered throughout the country, with the highest density areas being in the south and southwest as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/1b9b09777ad75b7b1e70b7cf79ef7a40/NIGERIA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "largest population of any African nation; significant population clusters are scattered throughout the country, with the highest density areas being in the south and southwest as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "periodic droughts; flooding"
|
||||
|
|
@ -184,7 +184,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-0.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "largest population of any African nation; significant population clusters are scattered throughout the country, with the highest density areas being in the south and southwest as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/1b9b09777ad75b7b1e70b7cf79ef7a40/NIGERIA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "largest population of any African nation; significant population clusters are scattered throughout the country, with the highest density areas being in the south and southwest as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -302,13 +302,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "1.3% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.3% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "1.8 million (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.7 million (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "45,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "49,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -332,7 +332,7 @@
|
|||
"aerosolized dust or soil contact diseases": {
|
||||
"text": "Lassa fever"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> on 7 October 2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued a Travel Health Notice for a Yellow Fever outbreak in Nigeria; a large, ongoing outbreak of yellow fever in Nigeria began in September 2017; the outbreak is now spread throughout the country with the Nigerian Ministry of Health reporting cases of the disease in all 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory; the CDC recommends travelers going to Nigeria should receive vaccination against yellow fever at least 10 days before travel and should take steps to prevent mosquito bites while there; those never vaccinated against yellow fever should avoid travel to Nigeria during the outbreak<br /><strong>note:</strong> widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Nigeria; as of 6 June 2021, Nigeria has reported a total of 166,756 cases of COVID-19 or 80.9 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 1 cumulative death per 100,000 population; as of 4 June 2021, .95% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> on 7 October 2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued a Travel Health Notice for a Yellow Fever outbreak in Nigeria; a large, ongoing outbreak of yellow fever in Nigeria began in September 2017; the outbreak is now spread throughout the country with the Nigerian Ministry of Health reporting cases of the disease in all 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory; the CDC recommends travelers going to Nigeria should receive vaccination against yellow fever at least 10 days before travel and should take steps to prevent mosquito bites while there; those never vaccinated against yellow fever should avoid travel to Nigeria during the outbreak<br><strong>note:</strong> widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Nigeria; as of 19 July 2021, Nigeria has reported a total of 169,678 cases of COVID-19 or 82.31 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 1.03 cumulative death per 100,000 population; as of 19 July 2021, 1.23% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "8.9% (2016)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -480,7 +480,7 @@
|
|||
"aerosolized dust or soil contact diseases": {
|
||||
"text": "Lassa fever"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> on 7 October 2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued a Travel Health Notice for a Yellow Fever outbreak in Nigeria; a large, ongoing outbreak of yellow fever in Nigeria began in September 2017; the outbreak is now spread throughout the country with the Nigerian Ministry of Health reporting cases of the disease in all 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory; the CDC recommends travelers going to Nigeria should receive vaccination against yellow fever at least 10 days before travel and should take steps to prevent mosquito bites while there; those never vaccinated against yellow fever should avoid travel to Nigeria during the outbreak<br /><strong>note:</strong> widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Nigeria; as of 6 June 2021, Nigeria has reported a total of 166,756 cases of COVID-19 or 80.9 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 1 cumulative death per 100,000 population; as of 4 June 2021, .95% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> on 7 October 2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued a Travel Health Notice for a Yellow Fever outbreak in Nigeria; a large, ongoing outbreak of yellow fever in Nigeria began in September 2017; the outbreak is now spread throughout the country with the Nigerian Ministry of Health reporting cases of the disease in all 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory; the CDC recommends travelers going to Nigeria should receive vaccination against yellow fever at least 10 days before travel and should take steps to prevent mosquito bites while there; those never vaccinated against yellow fever should avoid travel to Nigeria during the outbreak<br><strong>note:</strong> widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Nigeria; as of 19 July 2021, Nigeria has reported a total of 169,678 cases of COVID-19 or 82.31 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 1.03 cumulative death per 100,000 population; as of 19 July 2021, 1.23% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Food insecurity": {
|
||||
"widespread lack of access": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -579,13 +579,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral National Assembly consists of:<br />Senate (109 seats - 3 each for the 36 states and 1 for Abuja-Federal Capital Territory; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms)<br /> House of Representatives (360 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral National Assembly consists of:<br>Senate (109 seats - 3 each for the 36 states and 1 for Abuja-Federal Capital Territory; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms)<br> House of Representatives (360 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - last held on 23 February 2019 (next to be held on 23 February 2023); note: election was scheduled for 16 February 2019 but was postponed on 15 February 2019<br /> House of Representatives - last held on 23 February 2019 (next to be held on 23 February 2023); note: election was scheduled for 16 February 2019 but was postponed on 15 February 2019"
|
||||
"text": "Senate - last held on 23 February 2019 (next to be held on 23 February 2023); note: election was scheduled for 16 February 2019 but was postponed on 15 February 2019<br> House of Representatives - last held on 23 February 2019 (next to be held on 23 February 2023); note: election was scheduled for 16 February 2019 but was postponed on 15 February 2019"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - APC 65, PDP 39, YPP 1, TBD 3; composition - men 103, women 6, percent of women 5.5%<br /> House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - APC 217, PDP 115, other 20, TBD 8; composition - men 346, women 14, percent of women 3.9%; note - total National Assembly percent of women 4.3%"
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - APC 65, PDP 39, YPP 1, TBD 3; composition - men 103, women 6, percent of women 5.5%<br> House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - APC 217, PDP 115, other 20, TBD 8; composition - men 346, women 14, percent of women 3.9%; note - total National Assembly percent of women 4.3%"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -600,7 +600,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Accord Party or ACC [Mohammad Lawal MALADO]<br />All Progressives Congress or APC [Adams OSHIOMHOLE]<br />All Progressives Grand Alliance or APGA [Victor Ike OYE]<br />Democratic Peoples Party or DPP [Biodun OGUNBIYI]<br />Labor Party or LP [Alhai Abdulkadir ABDULSALAM]<br />Peoples Democratic Party or PDP [Uche SECONDUS]<br />Young Progressive Party or YPP [Kingsley MOGHALU]"
|
||||
"text": "Accord Party or ACC [Mohammad Lawal MALADO]<br>All Progressives Congress or APC [Adams OSHIOMHOLE]<br>All Progressives Grand Alliance or APGA [Victor Ike OYE]<br>Democratic Peoples Party or DPP [Biodun OGUNBIYI]<br>Labor Party or LP [Alhai Abdulkadir ABDULSALAM]<br>Peoples Democratic Party or PDP [Uche SECONDUS]<br>Young Progressive Party or YPP [Kingsley MOGHALU]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CD, D-8, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNITAR, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -862,11 +862,14 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports": {
|
||||
"Exports 2017": {
|
||||
"text": "$1.146 billion (2017 est.)"
|
||||
"Exports 2020": {
|
||||
"text": "$34.545 billion (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports 2016": {
|
||||
"text": "$34.7 billion (2016 est.)"
|
||||
"Exports 2019": {
|
||||
"text": "$62.531 billion (2019 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports 2018": {
|
||||
"text": "$60.547 billion (2018 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - partners": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1024,7 +1027,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>one of the larger telecom markets in Africa subject to sporadic access to electricity and vandalism of infrastructure; most Internet connections are via mobile networks; foreign investment presence, particularly from China; market competition with affordable access; LTE technologies available but GSM is dominate; mobile penetration high due to use of multiple SIM cards and phones; government committed to expanding broadband penetration; operators to deploy fiber optic cable in six geopolitical zones and Lagos; operators invested in base stations to deplete network congestion; submarine cable break in 2020 slowed speeds and interrupted connectivity; importer of phones and broadcast equipment from China (2020)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>one of the larger telecom markets in Africa subject to sporadic access to electricity and vandalism of infrastructure; most Internet connections are via mobile networks; foreign investment presence, particularly from China; market competition with affordable access; LTE technologies available but GSM is dominate; mobile penetration high due to use of multiple SIM cards and phones; government committed to expanding broadband penetration; operators to deploy fiber optic cable in six geopolitical zones and Lagos; operators invested in base stations to deplete network congestion; submarine cable break in 2020 slowed speeds and interrupted connectivity; importer of phones and broadcast equipment from China (2020)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "fixed-line subscribership remains less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular services growing rapidly, in part responding to the shortcomings of the fixed-line network; multiple cellular providers operate nationally with subscribership base over 88 per 100 persons (2019)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1197,7 +1200,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "18-26 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Maritime threats": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Niger Delta and Gulf of Guinea remain a very high risk for piracy and armed robbery of ships; in 2020, there were 98 reported incidents of piracy and armed robbery at sea in the Gulf of Guinea region; although a 24% decrease from the total number of incidents in 2019, it included all three hijackings and 9 of 11 ships fired upon worldwide; while boarding and attempted boarding to steal valuables from ships and crews are the most common types of incidents, almost a third of all incidents involve a hijacking and/or kidnapping; in 2020, a record 130 crew members were kidnapped in 22 separate incidents in the Gulf of Guinea, representing 95% of kidnappings worldwide; approximately 51% of all incidents of piracy and armed robbery are taking place off Nigeria, which is a decrease from the 71% in 2019 and an indication pirates are traveling further to target vessels; Nigerian pirates are well armed and very aggressive, operating as far as 200 nm offshore; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2021-002 - Gulf of Guinea-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Kidnapping for Ransom) effective 9 January 2021, which states in part, \"Piracy, armed robbery, and kidnapping for ransom continue to serve as significant threats to US-flagged vessels transiting or operating in the Gulf of Guinea.”</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Niger Delta and Gulf of Guinea remain a very high risk for piracy and armed robbery of ships; in 2020, there were 98 reported incidents of piracy and armed robbery at sea in the Gulf of Guinea region; although a 24% decrease from the total number of incidents in 2019, it included all three hijackings and 9 of 11 ships fired upon worldwide; while boarding and attempted boarding to steal valuables from ships and crews are the most common types of incidents, almost a third of all incidents involve a hijacking and/or kidnapping; in 2020, a record 130 crew members were kidnapped in 22 separate incidents in the Gulf of Guinea, representing 95% of kidnappings worldwide; approximately 51% of all incidents of piracy and armed robbery are taking place off Nigeria, which is a decrease from the 71% in 2019 and an indication pirates are traveling further to target vessels; Nigerian pirates are well armed and very aggressive, operating as far as 200 nm offshore; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2021-002 - Gulf of Guinea-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Kidnapping for Ransom) effective 9 January 2021, which states in part, \"Piracy, armed robbery, and kidnapping for ransom continue to serve as significant threats to US-flagged vessels transiting or operating in the Gulf of Guinea.”</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "the Nigerian Armed Forces are used primarily for internal security operations; in the northeast, the military is conducting counterinsurgency/counter-terrorist operations against the Boko Haram (BH) and Islamic State in West Africa (ISWA) terrorist groups, where it has deployed as many as 70,000 troops at times and jihadist-related violence has killed an estimated 35,000 people, mostly civilians, since 2009 (as of Dec 2020); in the northwest, it faces threats from criminal gangs, bandits, and militants associated with ongoing farmer-herder violence, as well as BH and ISWA terrorists; the military also focuses on the Niger Delta region to protect the oil industry against militants and criminal activity, although the levels of violence there have decreased in recent years; in May 2021, a contingent of military troops and police were deployed to eastern Nigeria to quell renewed agitation for a state of Biafra (Biafra seceded from Nigeria in the late 1960s, sparking a civil war that caused more than 1 million deaths)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1205,8 +1208,8 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
"Terrorist group(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Boko Haram; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – West Africa; Jama’atu Ansarul Muslimina Fi Biladis-Sudan (Ansaru)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
|
||||
"text": "Boko Haram; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – West Africa; Jama’atu Ansarul Muslimina Fi Biladis-Sudan (Ansaru)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1223,10 +1226,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Trafficking in persons": {
|
||||
"current situation": {
|
||||
"text": "human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Nigeria along with victims from Nigeria abroad; internal trafficking involving recruiting victims from rural areas for commercial sex and forced labor in domestic work, street vending, mining, agriculture, begging and textile <br />manufacturing; traffickers operate “baby factories” where women held against their will are raped and children are sold into forced labor or sex trafficking or rented to beggars to increase their profits; women are often taken to other West and Central African countries, South Africa, Europe and the Middle East for commercial sex; Boko Haram and ISIS-WA forcibly recruit, abduct, and use child soldiers as young as 12 as cooks, spies, messengers, bodyguards, armed combatants, and suicide bombers; they abduct women and girls in the northern region of Nigeria for sexual slavery and forced labor"
|
||||
"text": "human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Nigeria along with victims from Nigeria abroad; internal trafficking involving recruiting victims from rural areas for commercial sex and forced labor in domestic work, street vending, mining, agriculture, begging and textile <br>manufacturing; traffickers operate “baby factories” where women held against their will are raped and children are sold into forced labor or sex trafficking or rented to beggars to increase their profits; women are often taken to other West and Central African countries, South Africa, Europe and the Middle East for commercial sex; Boko Haram and ISIS-WA forcibly recruit, abduct, and use child soldiers as young as 12 as cooks, spies, messengers, bodyguards, armed combatants, and suicide bombers; they abduct women and girls in the northern region of Nigeria for sexual slavery and forced labor"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"tier rating": {
|
||||
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List —<strong> </strong>Nigeria does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; the government is continuing to train officials and raise public awareness; the government established anti-trafficking task forces in Borno and Ekiti states and used new technology to collect victim testimony; authorities prosecuted three government officials complicit in human trafficking; the government is drafting a memoranda of understanding that will improve coordination between government agencies; however, security forces used at least two children in support roles; some security officials were involved in sex trafficking; no criminal charges were made against military officials or members of the Civilian Joint Task Force for sex trafficking or the use of child soldiers; no protections were given to female and child trafficking victims allegedly associated with insurgencies; fewer traffickers were convicted; Nigeria was downgraded to Tier 2 Watch List (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List —<strong> </strong>Nigeria does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; the government is continuing to train officials and raise public awareness; the government established anti-trafficking task forces in Borno and Ekiti states and used new technology to collect victim testimony; authorities prosecuted three government officials complicit in human trafficking; the government is drafting a memoranda of understanding that will improve coordination between government agencies; however, security forces used at least two children in support roles; some security officials were involved in sex trafficking; no criminal charges were made against military officials or members of the Civilian Joint Task Force for sex trafficking or the use of child soldiers; no protections were given to female and child trafficking victims allegedly associated with insurgencies; fewer traffickers were convicted; Nigeria was downgraded to Tier 2 Watch List (2020)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Illicit drugs": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>British explorer Samuel BAKER established the colony of Equatoria in 1870, in the name of the Ottoman Khedive of Egypt who claimed the territory. Headquartered in Gondokoro (near modern day Juba), Equatoria in theory composed most of what is now South Sudan. After being cut off from colonial administration during the Mahdist War from 1885-1898, Equatoria was made a state under the Anglo-Egyptian condominium in 1899. It was largely left to itself over the following decades, but Christian missionaries converted much of the population and facilitated the spread of English, rather than Arabic. Equatoria was ruled by British colonial administrators separately from what is now Sudan until the two colonies were combined at the 1947 Juba Conference, as part of British plans to prepare the region for independence. When Sudan gained its independence in 1956, it was with the understanding that the southerners would be able to participate fully in the political system. When the Arab Khartoum government reneged on its promises, a mutiny began that led to two prolonged periods of conflict (1955-1972 and 1983-2005) in which perhaps 2.5 million people died - mostly civilians - due to starvation and drought. Ongoing peace talks finally resulted in a Comprehensive Peace Agreement, signed in January 2005. As part of this agreement, the south was granted a six-year period of autonomy to be followed by a referendum on final status. The result of this referendum, held in January 2011, was a vote of 98% in favor of secession.<br /><br />Since independence on 9 July 2011, South Sudan has struggled with good governance and nation building and has attempted to control opposition forces operating in its territory. Economic conditions have deteriorated since January 2012 when the government decided to shut down oil production following bilateral disagreements with Sudan. In December 2013, conflict between government and opposition forces killed tens of thousands and led to a dire humanitarian crisis with millions of South Sudanese displaced and food insecure. The warring parties signed a peace agreement in August 2015 that created a transitional government of national unity in April 2016. However, in July 2016, fighting broke out in Juba between the two principal signatories, plunging the country back into conflict. A \"revitalized\" peace agreement was signed in September 2018 ending the fighting. Under the agreement, the government and various rebel groups agreed that the sides would form a unified national army and create a transitional government by May 2019. The agreement was extended until November 2019 and then subsequently to February 2020. However, implementation has been stalled, in part by a failure to agree on the country's internal political boundaries.</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>British explorer Samuel BAKER established the colony of Equatoria in 1870, in the name of the Ottoman Khedive of Egypt who claimed the territory. Headquartered in Gondokoro (near modern day Juba), Equatoria in theory composed most of what is now South Sudan. After being cut off from colonial administration during the Mahdist War from 1885-1898, Equatoria was made a state under the Anglo-Egyptian condominium in 1899. It was largely left to itself over the following decades, but Christian missionaries converted much of the population and facilitated the spread of English, rather than Arabic. Equatoria was ruled by British colonial administrators separately from what is now Sudan until the two colonies were combined at the 1947 Juba Conference, as part of British plans to prepare the region for independence. When Sudan gained its independence in 1956, it was with the understanding that the southerners would be able to participate fully in the political system. When the Arab Khartoum government reneged on its promises, a mutiny began that led to two prolonged periods of conflict (1955-1972 and 1983-2005) in which perhaps 2.5 million people died - mostly civilians - due to starvation and drought. Ongoing peace talks finally resulted in a Comprehensive Peace Agreement, signed in January 2005. As part of this agreement, the south was granted a six-year period of autonomy to be followed by a referendum on final status. The result of this referendum, held in January 2011, was a vote of 98% in favor of secession.<br><br>Since independence on 9 July 2011, South Sudan has struggled with good governance and nation building and has attempted to control opposition forces operating in its territory. Economic conditions have deteriorated since January 2012 when the government decided to shut down oil production following bilateral disagreements with Sudan. In December 2013, conflict between government and opposition forces killed tens of thousands and led to a dire humanitarian crisis with millions of South Sudanese displaced and food insecure. The warring parties signed a peace agreement in August 2015 that created a transitional government of national unity in April 2016. However, in July 2016, fighting broke out in Juba between the two principal signatories, plunging the country back into conflict. A \"revitalized\" peace agreement was signed in September 2018 ending the fighting. Under the agreement, the government and various rebel groups agreed that the sides would form a unified national army and create a transitional government by May 2019. The agreement was extended until November 2019 and then subsequently to February 2020. However, implementation has been stalled, in part by a failure to agree on the country's internal political boundaries.</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "1,000 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "clusters found in urban areas, particularly in the western interior and around the White Nile as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/87807e0ad0804db5100060edf46919d1/SOUTH_SUDAN_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "clusters found in urban areas, particularly in the western interior and around the White Nile as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography - note": {
|
||||
"text": "landlocked; The Sudd is a vast swamp in the north central region of South Sudan, formed by the White Nile, its size is variable but can reach some 15% of the country's total area during the rainy season; it is one of the world's largest wetlands"
|
||||
|
|
@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "English (official), Arabic (includes Juba and Sudanese variants), regional languages include Dinka, Nuer, Bari, Zande, Shilluk"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)<br /><br />كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)"
|
||||
"text": "<br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)<br><br>كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -171,7 +171,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "22.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "clusters found in urban areas, particularly in the western interior and around the White Nile as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/87807e0ad0804db5100060edf46919d1/SOUTH_SUDAN_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "clusters found in urban areas, particularly in the western interior and around the White Nile as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -282,13 +282,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "2.4% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "2.3% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "190,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "180,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "9,100 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8,900 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -523,13 +523,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral National Legislature consists of:<br />Council of States, established by presidential decree in August 2011 (50 seats; 20 former members of the Council of States and 30 appointed representatives)<br /> Transitional National Legislative Assembly, established on 4 August 2016, in accordance with the August 2015 Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (400 seats; 170 members elected in April 2010, 96 members of the former National Assembly, 66 members appointed after independence, and 68 members added as a result of the 2016 Agreement); the TNLA will be expanded to 550 members after the transitional government forms"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral National Legislature consists of:<br>Council of States, established by presidential decree in August 2011 (50 seats; 20 former members of the Council of States and 30 appointed representatives)<br> Transitional National Legislative Assembly, established on 4 August 2016, in accordance with the August 2015 Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (400 seats; 170 members elected in April 2010, 96 members of the former National Assembly, 66 members appointed after independence, and 68 members added as a result of the 2016 Agreement); the TNLA will be expanded to 550 members after the transitional government forms"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Council of States - established and members appointed 1 August 2011<br /> National Legislative Assembly - last held 11-15 April 2010 but did not take office until July 2011; current parliamentary term extended until 2021)"
|
||||
"text": "<br>Council of States - established and members appointed 1 August 2011<br> National Legislative Assembly - last held 11-15 April 2010 but did not take office until July 2011; current parliamentary term extended until 2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Council of States - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - SPLM 20, unknown 30; composition - men 44, women 6, percent of women 12%<br /> National Legislative Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - SPLM 251, DCP 10, independent 6, unknown 133; composition - men 291, women 109, percent of women 27.3%; note - total National Legislature percent of women 25.6%"
|
||||
"text": "<br>Council of States - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - SPLM 20, unknown 30; composition - men 44, women 6, percent of women 12%<br> National Legislative Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - SPLM 251, DCP 10, independent 6, unknown 133; composition - men 291, women 109, percent of women 27.3%; note - total National Legislature percent of women 25.6%"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -544,7 +544,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Democratic Change or DC [Onyoti Adigo NYIKWEC] (formerly Sudan People's Liberation Movement-Democratic Movement or SPLM-DC)<br />Sudan People's Liberation Movement or SPLM [Salva KIIR Mayardit]<br />Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-In Opposition or SPLM-IO [Riek MACHAR Teny Dhurgon]"
|
||||
"text": "Democratic Change or DC [Onyoti Adigo NYIKWEC] (formerly Sudan People's Liberation Movement-Democratic Movement or SPLM-DC)<br>Sudan People's Liberation Movement or SPLM [Salva KIIR Mayardit]<br>Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-In Opposition or SPLM-IO [Riek MACHAR Teny Dhurgon]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "AU, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOM, IPU, ITU, MIGA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WMO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -565,7 +565,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); <span class=\"breadcrumb_last\" aria-current=\"page\">Chargé d’Affaires a.i. Jon F. DANILOWICZ (since July 2020)<br /></span>"
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires a.i. Jon F. DANILOWICZ (since July 2020)<br>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"telephone": {
|
||||
"text": "[211] 912-105-188"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1007,7 +1007,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory and voluntary military service; the Government of South Sudan signed agreements in March 2012 and August 2015 that included the demobilization of all child soldiers within the armed forces and opposition, but the recruitment of child soldiers by the warring parties continues; as of July 2019, UNICEF estimated that more than 19,000 child soldiers had been used in the country's civil war since it began in December 2013 (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "the South Sudan People’s Defense Force (SSPDF), formerly the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA), was founded as a guerrilla movement against the Sudanese Government in 1983 and participated in the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983-2005); the Juba Declaration that followed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005 unified the SPLA and the South Sudan Defense Forces (SSDF), the second-largest rebel militia remaining from the civil war, under the SPLA name; in 2017, the SPLA was renamed the South Sudan Defense Forces (SSDF) and in September 2018 was renamed again as the SSPDF<br /><br />under the September 2018 peace agreement, all armed groups in South Sudan were to assemble at designated sites where fighters could be either disarmed and demobilized, or integrated into unified military and police forces; the unified forces were then to be retrained and deployed prior to the formation of a national unity government; all fighters were ordered to these sites in July 2019; some progress toward merging the various armed forces into a national army has been made; for example, in May 2020, South Sudan announced that it was graduating some unified forces at various training centers across the country, and in June the SSPDF incorporated some senior officers from the main opposition force, the Sudan People's Liberation Movement Army - in Opposition (SPLM/A-IO) into its rank structure; nevertheless, progress has been slow, and as of December 2020 armed clashes continued to occur between government forces and <span class=\"highlight highlightDisabled\">armed </span>militant groups in Eastern Equatorial, Western Equatorial, Central Equatorial, Lakes, Jonglei, and Warrap states<br /><br />the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) has operated in the country since 2011 with the objectives of consolidating peace and security and helping establish conditions for the successful economic and political development of South Sudan; UNMISS had more than 19,000 personnel, including about 14,000 troops, deployed in the country as of December 2020<br /><br />United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has operated in the disputed Abyei region along the border between Sudan and South Sudan since 2011; UNISFA's mission includes ensuring security, protecting civilians, strengthening the capacity of the Abyei Police Service, de-mining, monitoring/verifying the redeployment of armed forces from the area, and facilitating the flow of humanitarian aid; as of January 2021, UNISFA had some 3,700 personnel deployed, including about 3,200 military troops; UNISFA's mandate has been extended to May 2021"
|
||||
"text": "the South Sudan People’s Defense Force (SSPDF), formerly the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA), was founded as a guerrilla movement against the Sudanese Government in 1983 and participated in the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983-2005); the Juba Declaration that followed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005 unified the SPLA and the South Sudan Defense Forces (SSDF), the second-largest rebel militia remaining from the civil war, under the SPLA name; in 2017, the SPLA was renamed the South Sudan Defense Forces (SSDF) and in September 2018 was renamed again as the SSPDF<br><br>under the September 2018 peace agreement, all armed groups in South Sudan were to assemble at designated sites where fighters could be either disarmed and demobilized, or integrated into unified military and police forces; the unified forces were then to be retrained and deployed prior to the formation of a national unity government; all fighters were ordered to these sites in July 2019; some progress toward merging the various armed forces into a national army has been made; for example, in May 2020, South Sudan announced that it was graduating some unified forces at various training centers across the country, and in June the SSPDF incorporated some senior officers from the main opposition force, the Sudan People's Liberation Movement Army - in Opposition (SPLM/A-IO) into its rank structure; nevertheless, progress has been slow, and as of December 2020 armed clashes continued to occur between government forces and armed militant groups in Eastern Equatorial, Western Equatorial, Central Equatorial, Lakes, Jonglei, and Warrap states<br><br>the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) has operated in the country since 2011 with the objectives of consolidating peace and security and helping establish conditions for the successful economic and political development of South Sudan; UNMISS had more than 19,000 personnel, including about 14,000 troops, deployed in the country as of December 2020<br><br>United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has operated in the disputed Abyei region along the border between Sudan and South Sudan since 2011; UNISFA's mission includes ensuring security, protecting civilians, strengthening the capacity of the Abyei Police Service, de-mining, monitoring/verifying the redeployment of armed forces from the area, and facilitating the flow of humanitarian aid; as of January 2021, UNISFA had some 3,700 personnel deployed, including about 3,200 military troops; UNISFA's mandate has been extended to May 2021"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1030,7 +1030,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "South Sudan is a source and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; South Sudanese women and girls, particularly those who are internally displaced or from rural areas, are vulnerable to forced labor and sexual exploitation in urban centers; the rising number of street children and child laborers are also exploited for forced labor and prostitution; women and girls from Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, and Democratic Republic of the Congo are trafficked to South Sudan with promises of legitimate jobs and are forced into the sex trade; inter-ethnic abductions continue between some communities in South Sudan; government forces use children to fight and perpetrate violence against other children and civilians, to serve as scouts, escorts, cooks, and cleaners, and to carry heavy loads while on the move"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"tier rating": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Tier 3 — South Sudan does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so: the government’s efforts include forming and staffing an anti-trafficking inter-ministerial task force, releasing 286 child soldiers, and identifying 19 potential trafficking victims; however, the recruitment of child soldiers by security and law enforcement continues and neither was held criminally responsible; authorities did not investigate or prosecute forced labor or sex trafficking crimes and made no effort to identify and protect trafficking victims; authorities continued to arrest and imprison child sex trafficking victims without screening for indicators of trafficking (2020)</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Tier 3 — South Sudan does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so: the government’s efforts include forming and staffing an anti-trafficking inter-ministerial task force, releasing 286 child soldiers, and identifying 19 potential trafficking victims; however, the recruitment of child soldiers by security and law enforcement continues and neither was held criminally responsible; authorities did not investigate or prosecute forced labor or sex trafficking crimes and made no effort to identify and protect trafficking victims; authorities continued to arrest and imprison child sex trafficking victims without screening for indicators of trafficking (2020)</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>For much of its history, Guinea-Bissau was under the control of the Mali Empire and the Kaabu kingdom. In the 16<sup>th</sup> century, Portugal began establishing trading posts along Guinea-Bissau’s shoreline. Initially, the Portuguese were restricted to the coastline and islands. However, the slave and gold trade was lucrative to local African leaders, and the Portuguese were slowly able expand their power and influence inland. Starting in the 18<sup>th</sup> century, the Mali Empire and Kingdom of Kaabu slowly disintegrated into smaller local entities. By the 19<sup>th</sup> century, Portugal had fully incorporated Guinea-Bissau into its empire.<br /><br />Since gaining independence in 1974, Guinea-Bissau has experienced considerable political and military upheaval. In 1980, a military coup established General Joao Bernardo 'Nino' VIEIRA as president. VIEIRA's regime suppressed political opposition and purged political rivals. Several coup attempts through the 1980s and early 1990s failed to unseat him. In May 1999, a military mutiny and civil war led to VIEIRA's ouster. In February 2000, a transitional government turned over power to opposition leader Kumba YALA. In September 2003, a bloodless military coup overthrew YALA and installed businessman Henrique ROSA as interim president. In 2005, former President VIEIRA was reelected pledging to pursue economic development and national reconciliation; he was assassinated in March 2009. In June 2009, Malam Bacai SANHA was elected, but he passed away in January 2012 from a long-term illness. In April 2012, a military coup prevented the second-round of the presidential election from taking place. Following mediation from the Economic Community of Western African States (ECOWAS), a civilian transitional government assumed power. In 2014, Jose Mario VAZ won a free and fair election. In June 2019, VAZ became the first president in Guinea-Bissau’s history to complete a full presidential term. After winning the 2019 presidential elections, Umaro SISSOCO EMBALO was sworn in as president.</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>For much of its history, Guinea-Bissau was under the control of the Mali Empire and the Kaabu kingdom. In the 16th century, Portugal began establishing trading posts along Guinea-Bissau’s shoreline. Initially, the Portuguese were restricted to the coastline and islands. However, the slave and gold trade was lucrative to local African leaders, and the Portuguese were slowly able expand their power and influence inland. Starting in the 18th century, the Mali Empire and Kingdom of Kaabu slowly disintegrated into smaller local entities. By the 19th century, Portugal had fully incorporated Guinea-Bissau into its empire.<br><br>Since gaining independence in 1974, Guinea-Bissau has experienced considerable political and military upheaval. In 1980, a military coup established General Joao Bernardo 'Nino' VIEIRA as president. VIEIRA's regime suppressed political opposition and purged political rivals. Several coup attempts through the 1980s and early 1990s failed to unseat him. In May 1999, a military mutiny and civil war led to VIEIRA's ouster. In February 2000, a transitional government turned over power to opposition leader Kumba YALA. In September 2003, a bloodless military coup overthrew YALA and installed businessman Henrique ROSA as interim president. In 2005, former President VIEIRA was reelected pledging to pursue economic development and national reconciliation; he was assassinated in March 2009. In June 2009, Malam Bacai SANHA was elected, but he passed away in January 2012 from a long-term illness. In April 2012, a military coup prevented the second-round of the presidential election from taking place. Following mediation from the Economic Community of Western African States (ECOWAS), a civilian transitional government assumed power. In 2014, Jose Mario VAZ won a free and fair election. In June 2019, VAZ became the first president in Guinea-Bissau’s history to complete a full presidential term. After winning the 2019 presidential elections, Umaro SISSOCO EMBALO was sworn in as president.</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "250 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "approximately one-fifth of the population lives in the capital city of Bissau along the Atlantic coast; the remainder is distributed among the eight other, mainly rural, regions as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/855810b02efb7cad84274a271e0d79bb/GUINEA_BISSAU_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "approximately one-fifth of the population lives in the capital city of Bissau along the Atlantic coast; the remainder is distributed among the eight other, mainly rural, regions as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season; brush fires"
|
||||
|
|
@ -179,7 +179,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-3.72 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "approximately one-fifth of the population lives in the capital city of Bissau along the Atlantic coast; the remainder is distributed among the eight other, mainly rural, regions as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/855810b02efb7cad84274a271e0d79bb/GUINEA_BISSAU_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "approximately one-fifth of the population lives in the capital city of Bissau along the Atlantic coast; the remainder is distributed among the eight other, mainly rural, regions as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -244,7 +244,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "4.72 children born/woman (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "16% (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "20.6% (2018)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Drinking water source": {
|
||||
"improved: urban": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -296,13 +296,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "3.4% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "40,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "37,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "1,500 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1,500 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -562,7 +562,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cabo Verde or PAIGC [Domingos SIMOES PEREIRA]<br />Democratic Convergence Party or PCD [Vicente FERNANDES]<br />Movement for Democratic Alternation Group of 15 or MADEM-G15 [Braima CAMARA]<br />National People’s Assembly – Democratic Party of Guinea Bissau or APU-PDGB [Nuno Gomes NABIAM]<br />New Democracy Party or PND [Mamadu Iaia DJALO]<br />Party for Social Renewal or PRS [Alberto NAMBEIA]<br />Republican Party for Independence and Development or PRID [Aristides GOMES]<br />Union for Change or UM [Agnelo REGALA]"
|
||||
"text": "African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cabo Verde or PAIGC [Domingos SIMOES PEREIRA]<br>Democratic Convergence Party or PCD [Vicente FERNANDES]<br>Movement for Democratic Alternation Group of 15 or MADEM-G15 [Braima CAMARA]<br>National People’s Assembly – Democratic Party of Guinea Bissau or APU-PDGB [Nuno Gomes NABIAM]<br>New Democracy Party or PND [Mamadu Iaia DJALO]<br>Party for Social Renewal or PRS [Alberto NAMBEIA]<br>Republican Party for Independence and Development or PRID [Aristides GOMES]<br>Union for Change or UM [Agnelo REGALA]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AOSIS, AU, CPLP, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "96 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "one of Africa's most densely populated countries; large concentrations tend to be in the central regions and along the shore of Lake Kivu in the west as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/49ba50a298e605ba32039cba6c7b0fb1/RWANDA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "one of Africa's most densely populated countries; large concentrations tend to be in the central regions and along the shore of Lake Kivu in the west as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga Mountains are in the northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Visoke (3,711 m), located on the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is the country's only historically active volcano</p>"
|
||||
|
|
@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-3.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "one of Africa's most densely populated countries; large concentrations tend to be in the central regions and along the shore of Lake Kivu in the west as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/49ba50a298e605ba32039cba6c7b0fb1/RWANDA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "one of Africa's most densely populated countries; large concentrations tend to be in the central regions and along the shore of Lake Kivu in the west as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -293,13 +293,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "2.9% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "2.5% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "230,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "220,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "2,800 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "2,500 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -554,13 +554,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br />Senate or Senat (26 seats; 12 members indirectly elected by local councils, 8 appointed by the president, 4 appointed by the Political Organizations Forum - a body of registered political parties, and 2 selected by institutions of higher learning; members serve 8-year terms)<br /> Chamber of Deputies or Chambre des Deputes (80 seats; 53 members directly elected by proportional representation vote, 24 women selected by special interest groups, and 3 selected by youth and disability organizations; members serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br>Senate or Senat (26 seats; 12 members indirectly elected by local councils, 8 appointed by the president, 4 appointed by the Political Organizations Forum - a body of registered political parties, and 2 selected by institutions of higher learning; members serve 8-year terms)<br> Chamber of Deputies or Chambre des Deputes (80 seats; 53 members directly elected by proportional representation vote, 24 women selected by special interest groups, and 3 selected by youth and disability organizations; members serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Senate - last held on 16-18 September 2019 (next to be held in 2027)<br /> Chamber of Deputies - last held on 3 September 2018 (next to be held in September 2023)"
|
||||
"text": "<br>Senate - last held on 16-18 September 2019 (next to be held in 2027)<br> Chamber of Deputies - last held on 3 September 2018 (next to be held in September 2023)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 16, women 10, percent of women 38.5%<br /><br />Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Rwandan Patriotic Front Coalition 40, PSD 5, PL 4, other 4 indirectly elected 27; composition - men 26, women 54, percent of women 67.5%; note - total Parliament percent of women 60.4%"
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 16, women 10, percent of women 38.5%<br><br>Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Rwandan Patriotic Front Coalition 40, PSD 5, PL 4, other 4 indirectly elected 27; composition - men 26, women 54, percent of women 67.5%; note - total Parliament percent of women 60.4%"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -571,12 +571,12 @@
|
|||
"text": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the president after consultation with the Cabinet and the Superior Council of the Judiciary (SCJ), a 27-member body of judges, other judicial officials, and legal professionals) and approved by the Senate; chief and deputy chief justices appointed for 8-year nonrenewable terms; tenure of judges NA; High Court president and vice president appointed by the president of the republic upon approval by the Senate; judges appointed by the Supreme Court chief justice upon approval of the SCJ; judge tenure NA"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "High Court of the Republic; commercial courts including the High Commercial Court; intermediate courts; primary courts; and military specialized courts<strong><br /></strong>"
|
||||
"text": "High Court of the Republic; commercial courts including the High Commercial Court; intermediate courts; primary courts; and military specialized courts<strong><br></strong>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong> </strong>"
|
||||
"note": "<strong> </strong>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Democratic Green Party of Rwanda or DGPR [Frank HABINEZA]<br />Liberal Party or PL [Donatille MUKABALISA]<br />Party for Progress and Concord or PPC [Dr. Alivera MUKABARAMBA]<br />Party Imberakuri or PS-Imberakuri [Christine MUKABUNANI]<br />Rwandan Patriotic Front or RPF [Paul KAGAME]<br />Rwandan Patriotic Front Coalition (includes RPF, PPC) [Paul KAGAME]<br />Social Democratic Party or PSD [Vincent BIRUTA]"
|
||||
"text": "Democratic Green Party of Rwanda or DGPR [Frank HABINEZA]<br>Liberal Party or PL [Donatille MUKABALISA]<br>Party for Progress and Concord or PPC [Dr. Alivera MUKABARAMBA]<br>Party Imberakuri or PS-Imberakuri [Christine MUKABUNANI]<br>Rwandan Patriotic Front or RPF [Paul KAGAME]<br>Rwandan Patriotic Front Coalition (includes RPF, PPC) [Paul KAGAME]<br>Social Democratic Party or PSD [Vincent BIRUTA]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CEPGL, COMESA, EAC, EADB, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -991,7 +991,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>telecom market impacted by energy shortages and instability in neighboring states; government investing in smart city infrastructure; growing economy and foreign aid from South Korea help launch telecom sector, despite widespread poverty; expansion of LTE services; competing operators roll out national fiber optic backbone through connection to submarine cables, ending expensive dependence on satellite; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>telecom market impacted by energy shortages and instability in neighboring states; government investing in smart city infrastructure; growing economy and foreign aid from South Korea help launch telecom sector, despite widespread poverty; expansion of LTE services; competing operators roll out national fiber optic backbone through connection to submarine cables, ending expensive dependence on satellite; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "the capital, Kigali, is connected to provincial centers by microwave radio relay, and recently by cellular telephone service; much of the network depends on wire and HF radiotelephone; fixed-line less than 1 per 100 and mobile-cellular telephone density has increased to 76 telephones per 100 persons (2019)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "3 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "more than three-quarters of the population lives on the main island of Mahe; Praslin contains less than 10%; a smaller percent on La Digue and the outer islands as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/12deaee2b2f880c630d8dfb6984e000f/SEYCHELLES_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "more than three-quarters of the population lives on the main island of Mahe; Praslin contains less than 10%; a smaller percent on La Digue and the outer islands as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; occasional short droughts"
|
||||
|
|
@ -179,7 +179,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "0.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "more than three-quarters of the population lives on the main island of Mahe; Praslin contains less than 10%; a smaller percent on La Digue and the outer islands as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/12deaee2b2f880c630d8dfb6984e000f/SEYCHELLES_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "more than three-quarters of the population lives on the main island of Mahe; Praslin contains less than 10%; a smaller percent on La Digue and the outer islands as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -517,14 +517,14 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Lafors Seselwa Demokratik or LSD [Martin AGLAE]<br />One Seychelles [Alain St. ANGE]<br />Seselwa (Seychelles) United Party or SUP [Robert ERNESTA] (formerly the New Democratic Party or NDP)<br />Seychelles National Party or SNP [Wavel RAMKALAWAN] (formerly the United Opposition or UO)<br />Seychelles Party for Social Justice and Democracy or SPSD [Alexia AMESBURY]<br />Seychelles Patriotic Movement or SPM [Vincent LARUER]<br />Seychelloise Alliance (Lalyans Seselwa) [Patrick PILLAY]<br />Seychellois Democratic Alliance (Linyon Demokratik Seselwa) or LDS [Roger MANCIENNE] (includes SNP, SPSD, and SUP)<br />United Seychelles or US [Vincent MERITON] (formerly People's Party (Parti Lepep) or PL; (formerly SPPF)"
|
||||
"text": "Lafors Seselwa Demokratik or LSD [Martin AGLAE]<br>One Seychelles [Alain St. ANGE]<br>Seselwa (Seychelles) United Party or SUP [Robert ERNESTA] (formerly the New Democratic Party or NDP)<br>Seychelles National Party or SNP [Wavel RAMKALAWAN] (formerly the United Opposition or UO)<br>Seychelles Party for Social Justice and Democracy or SPSD [Alexia AMESBURY]<br>Seychelles Patriotic Movement or SPM [Vincent LARUER]<br>Seychelloise Alliance (Lalyans Seselwa) [Patrick PILLAY]<br>Seychellois Democratic Alliance (Linyon Demokratik Seselwa) or LDS [Roger MANCIENNE] (includes SNP, SPSD, and SUP)<br>United Seychelles or US [Vincent MERITON] (formerly People's Party (Parti Lepep) or PL; (formerly SPPF)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AOSIS, AU, C, CD, COMESA, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador Ronald Jean JUMEAU (since 8 September 2017) <br /> "
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador Ronald Jean JUMEAU (since 8 September 2017) <br> "
|
||||
},
|
||||
"chancery": {
|
||||
"text": "800 Second Avenue, Suite 400C, New York, NY 10017"
|
||||
|
|
@ -562,7 +562,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Economy": {
|
||||
"Economic overview": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Since independence in 1976, per capita output in this Indian Ocean archipelago has expanded to roughly seven times the pre-independence, near-subsistence level, moving the island into the high income group of countries. Growth has been led by the tourism sector, which directly employs about 26% of the labor force and directly and indirectly accounts for more than 55% of GDP, and by tuna fishing. In recent years, the government has encouraged foreign investment to upgrade hotels and tourism industry services. At the same time, the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of the offshore financial, information, and communication sectors and renewable energy.</p> <p>In 2008, having depleted its foreign exchange reserves, Seychelles defaulted on interest payments due on a $230 million Eurobond, requested assistance from the IMF, and immediately enacted a number of significant structural reforms, including liberalization of the exchange rate, reform of the public sector to include layoffs, and the sale of some state assets. In December 2013, the IMF declared that Seychelles had successfully transitioned to a market-based economy with full employment and a fiscal surplus. However, state-owned enterprises still play a prominent role in the economy. Effective 1 January 2017, Seychelles was no longer eligible for trade benefits under the US African Growth and Opportunities Act after having gained developed country status. Seychelles grew at 5% in 2017 because of a strong tourism sector and low commodity prices. The Seychellois Government met the IMF’s performance criteria for 2017 but recognizes a need to make additional progress to reduce high income inequality, represented by a Gini coefficient of 46.8.</p> <p>As a very small open economy dependent on tourism, Seychelles remains vulnerable to developments such as economic downturns in countries that supply tourists, natural disasters, and changes in local climatic conditions and ocean temperature. One of the main challenges facing the government is implementing strategies that will increase Seychelles' long-term resilience to climate change without weakening economic growth.</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Since independence in 1976, per capita output in this Indian Ocean archipelago has expanded to roughly seven times the pre-independence, near-subsistence level, moving the island into the high income group of countries. Growth has been led by the tourism sector, which directly employs about 26% of the labor force and directly and indirectly accounts for more than 55% of GDP, and by tuna fishing. In recent years, the government has encouraged foreign investment to upgrade hotels and tourism industry services. At the same time, the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of the offshore financial, information, and communication sectors and renewable energy.</p> <p>In 2008, having depleted its foreign exchange reserves, Seychelles defaulted on interest payments due on a $230 million Eurobond, requested assistance from the IMF, and immediately enacted a number of significant structural reforms, including liberalization of the exchange rate, reform of the public sector to include layoffs, and the sale of some state assets. In December 2013, the IMF declared that Seychelles had successfully transitioned to a market-based economy with full employment and a fiscal surplus. However, state-owned enterprises still play a prominent role in the economy. Effective 1 January 2017, Seychelles was no longer eligible for trade benefits under the US African Growth and Opportunities Act after having gained developed country status. Seychelles grew at 5% in 2017 because of a strong tourism sector and low commodity prices. The Seychellois Government met the IMF’s performance criteria for 2017 but recognizes a need to make additional progress to reduce high income inequality, represented by a Gini coefficient of 46.8.</p> <p>As a very small open economy dependent on tourism, Seychelles remains vulnerable to developments such as economic downturns in countries that supply tourists, natural disasters, and changes in local climatic conditions and ocean temperature. One of the main challenges facing the government is implementing strategies that will increase Seychelles' long-term resilience to climate change without weakening economic growth.</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP growth rate": {
|
||||
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Some of the earliest human remains in the fossil record are found in South Africa. By about A.D. 500, Bantu speaking groups began settling into what is now northeastern South Africa displacing Khoisan speaking groups to the southwest. Dutch traders landed at the southern tip of present-day South Africa in 1652 and established a stopover point on the spice route between the Netherlands and the Far East, founding the city of Cape Town. After the British seized the Cape of Good Hope area in 1806, many of the settlers of Dutch descent (Afrikaners, also called \"Boers\" (farmers) at the time) trekked north to found their own republics, Transvaal and Orange Free State. In the 1820s, several decades of wars began as the Zulus expanded their territory, moving out of what is today southeastern South Africa and clashing with other indigenous peoples and with expanding European settlements. The discovery of diamonds (1867) and gold (1886) spurred wealth and immigration from Europe.<br /><br />The Anglo-Zulu War (1879) resulted in the incorporation of the Zulu kingdom's territory into the British Empire. Subsequently, the Afrikaner republics were incorporated into the British Empire after their defeat in the Second South African War (1899-1902). However, the British and the Afrikaners ruled together beginning in 1910 under the Union of South Africa, which became a republic in 1961 after a whites-only referendum. In 1948, the National Party was voted into power and instituted a policy of apartheid – billed as \"separate development\" of the races - which favored the white minority at the expense of the black majority and other non-white groups. The African National Congress (ANC) led the opposition to apartheid and many top ANC leaders, such as Nelson MANDELA, spent decades in South Africa's prisons. Internal protests and insurgency, as well as boycotts by some Western nations and institutions, led to the regime's eventual willingness to negotiate a peaceful transition to majority rule.</p> <p>The first multi-racial elections in 1994 following the end of apartheid ushered in majority rule under an ANC-led government. South Africa has since struggled to address apartheid-era imbalances in wealth, housing, education, and health care. Jacob ZUMA became president in 2009 and was reelected in 2014, but resigned in February 2018 after numerous corruption scandals and gains by opposition parties in municipal elections in 2016. His successor, Cyril RAMAPHOSA, has made some progress in reigning in corruption, though many challenges persist. In May 2019 national elections, the country’s sixth since the end of apartheid, the ANC won a majority of parliamentary seats, delivering RAMAPHOSA a five-year term.</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Some of the earliest human remains in the fossil record are found in South Africa. By about A.D. 500, Bantu speaking groups began settling into what is now northeastern South Africa displacing Khoisan speaking groups to the southwest. Dutch traders landed at the southern tip of present-day South Africa in 1652 and established a stopover point on the spice route between the Netherlands and the Far East, founding the city of Cape Town. After the British seized the Cape of Good Hope area in 1806, many of the settlers of Dutch descent (Afrikaners, also called \"Boers\" (farmers) at the time) trekked north to found their own republics, Transvaal and Orange Free State. In the 1820s, several decades of wars began as the Zulus expanded their territory, moving out of what is today southeastern South Africa and clashing with other indigenous peoples and with expanding European settlements. The discovery of diamonds (1867) and gold (1886) spurred wealth and immigration from Europe.<br><br>The Anglo-Zulu War (1879) resulted in the incorporation of the Zulu kingdom's territory into the British Empire. Subsequently, the Afrikaner republics were incorporated into the British Empire after their defeat in the Second South African War (1899-1902). However, the British and the Afrikaners ruled together beginning in 1910 under the Union of South Africa, which became a republic in 1961 after a whites-only referendum. In 1948, the National Party was voted into power and instituted a policy of apartheid – billed as \"separate development\" of the races - which favored the white minority at the expense of the black majority and other non-white groups. The African National Congress (ANC) led the opposition to apartheid and many top ANC leaders, such as Nelson MANDELA, spent decades in South Africa's prisons. Internal protests and insurgency, as well as boycotts by some Western nations and institutions, led to the regime's eventual willingness to negotiate a peaceful transition to majority rule.</p> <p>The first multi-racial elections in 1994 following the end of apartheid ushered in majority rule under an ANC-led government. South Africa has since struggled to address apartheid-era imbalances in wealth, housing, education, and health care. Jacob ZUMA became president in 2009 and was reelected in 2014, but resigned in February 2018 after numerous corruption scandals and gains by opposition parties in municipal elections in 2016. His successor, Cyril RAMAPHOSA, has made some progress in reigning in corruption, though many challenges persist. In May 2019 national elections, the country’s sixth since the end of apartheid, the ANC won a majority of parliamentary seats, delivering RAMAPHOSA a five-year term.</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -98,7 +98,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "16,700 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the population concentrated along the southern and southeastern coast, and inland around Pretoria; the eastern half of the country is more densly populated than the west as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/7faa8a7a43d69fe58b8b41afd1a5073b/SOUTH_AFRICA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "the population concentrated along the southern and southeastern coast, and inland around Pretoria; the eastern half of the country is more densly populated than the west as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>prolonged droughts</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> the volcano forming Marion Island in the Prince Edward Islands, which last erupted in 2004, is South Africa's only active volcano</p>"
|
||||
|
|
@ -129,7 +129,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "isiZulu (official) 25.3%, isiXhosa (official) 14.8%, Afrikaans (official) 12.2%, Sepedi (official) 10.1%, Setswana (official) 9.1%, English (official) 8.1%, Sesotho (official) 7.9%, Xitsonga (official) 3.6%, siSwati (official) 2.8%, Tshivenda (official) 2.5%, isiNdebele (official) 1.6%, other (includes Khoi, Nama, and San languages) 2%; note - data represent language spoken most often at home (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Die Wereld Feite Boek, n’ onontbeerlike bron vir basiese informasie. (Afrikaans)<br /><br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)"
|
||||
"text": "<br>Die Wereld Feite Boek, n’ onontbeerlike bron vir basiese informasie. (Afrikaans)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -193,7 +193,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-0.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the population concentrated along the southern and southeastern coast, and inland around Pretoria; the eastern half of the country is more densly populated than the west as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/7faa8a7a43d69fe58b8b41afd1a5073b/SOUTH_AFRICA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "the population concentrated along the southern and southeastern coast, and inland around Pretoria; the eastern half of the country is more densly populated than the west as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -310,13 +310,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "17.3% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "19.1% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "7.5 million (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "7.8 million (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "72,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "83,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -328,7 +328,7 @@
|
|||
"water contact diseases": {
|
||||
"text": "schistosomiasis"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout South Africa; as of 6 June 2021, South Africa has reported a total of 1,691,4 cases of COVID-19 or 2,852.0 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 96.0 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 22 May 2021, 1.08% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout South Africa; as of 6 June 2021, South Africa has reported a total of 2,302,304 cases of COVID-19 or 3,881.9 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 113.1 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 19 July 2021, 7.38% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "28.3% (2016)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -459,7 +459,7 @@
|
|||
"water contact diseases": {
|
||||
"text": "schistosomiasis"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout South Africa; as of 6 June 2021, South Africa has reported a total of 1,691,4 cases of COVID-19 or 2,852.0 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 96.0 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 22 May 2021, 1.08% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout South Africa; as of 6 June 2021, South Africa has reported a total of 2,302,304 cases of COVID-19 or 3,881.9 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 113.1 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 19 July 2021, 7.38% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Waste and recycling": {
|
||||
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -565,13 +565,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br />National Council of Provinces (90 seats; 10-member delegations appointed by each of the 9 provincial legislatures to serve 5-year terms; note - the Council has special powers to protect regional interests, including safeguarding cultural and linguistic traditions among ethnic minorities)<br /> National Assembly (400 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br>National Council of Provinces (90 seats; 10-member delegations appointed by each of the 9 provincial legislatures to serve 5-year terms; note - the Council has special powers to protect regional interests, including safeguarding cultural and linguistic traditions among ethnic minorities)<br> National Assembly (400 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "National Council of Provinces and National Assembly - last held on 8 May 2019 (next to be held in 2024)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "National Council of Provinces - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - ANC 29, DA 13, EFF 9, FF+ 2, IFP 1; note - 36 appointed seats not filled<br /> National Assembly - percent of vote by party - ANC 57.5%, DA 20.8%, EFF 10.8%, IFP 3.8%, FF+ 2.4%, other 4.7%; seats by party - ANC 230, DA 84, EFF 44, IFP 14, FF+ 10, other 18; composition - men 237, women 163, percent of women 40.8%"
|
||||
"text": "National Council of Provinces - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - ANC 29, DA 13, EFF 9, FF+ 2, IFP 1; note - 36 appointed seats not filled<br> National Assembly - percent of vote by party - ANC 57.5%, DA 20.8%, EFF 10.8%, IFP 3.8%, FF+ 2.4%, other 4.7%; seats by party - ANC 230, DA 84, EFF 44, IFP 14, FF+ 10, other 18; composition - men 237, women 163, percent of women 40.8%"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -586,7 +586,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "African Christian Democratic Party or ACDP [Kenneth MESHOE]<br />African Independent Congress or AIC [Mandla GALO]<br />African National Congress or ANC [Cyril RAMAPHOSA]<br />African People's Convention or APC [Themba GODI] <br />Agang SA [Mike TSHISHONGA]<br />Congress of the People or COPE [Mosiuoa LEKOTA]<br />Democratic Alliance or DA [John STEENHUISEN]<br />Economic Freedom Fighters or EFF [Julius Sello MALEMA]<br />Freedom Front Plus or FF+ [Pieter GROENEWALD]<br />GOOD [Patricia de LILLE]<br />Inkatha Freedom Party or IFP [Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI]<br />National Freedom Party or NFP [Zanele kaMAGWAZA-MSIBI]<br />Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania or PAC [Luthanado MBINDA]<br />United Christian Democratic Party or UCDP [Isaac Sipho MFUNDISI]<br />United Democratic Movement or UDM [Bantu HOLOMISA]"
|
||||
"text": "African Christian Democratic Party or ACDP [Kenneth MESHOE]<br>African Independent Congress or AIC [Mandla GALO]<br>African National Congress or ANC [Cyril RAMAPHOSA]<br>African People's Convention or APC [Themba GODI] <br>Agang SA [Mike TSHISHONGA]<br>Congress of the People or COPE [Mosiuoa LEKOTA]<br>Democratic Alliance or DA [John STEENHUISEN]<br>Economic Freedom Fighters or EFF [Julius Sello MALEMA]<br>Freedom Front Plus or FF+ [Pieter GROENEWALD]<br>GOOD [Patricia de LILLE]<br>Inkatha Freedom Party or IFP [Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI]<br>National Freedom Party or NFP [Zanele kaMAGWAZA-MSIBI]<br>Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania or PAC [Luthanado MBINDA]<br>United Christian Democratic Party or UCDP [Isaac Sipho MFUNDISI]<br>United Democratic Movement or UDM [Bantu HOLOMISA]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, BIS, BRICS, C, CD, FAO, FATF, G-20, G-24, G-5, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, NSG, OECD (enhanced engagement), OPCW, Paris Club (associate), PCA, SACU, SADC, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1017,7 +1017,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>one of the most advanced infrastructures on the continent; investment by operators and municipal providers to improve network capability focused on fiber and LTE to extend connectivity; increase in Internet use for e-commerce, e-government, and e-health; government funds to improve broadband to more municipalities; high mobile penetration rate and FttP to 90% of the premises; regulatory intervention has improved telecommunications market; 5G in Capetown with additional auction and tests; importer of broadcasting equipment and computers from China (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>one of the most advanced infrastructures on the continent; investment by operators and municipal providers to improve network capability focused on fiber and LTE to extend connectivity; increase in Internet use for e-commerce, e-government, and e-health; government funds to improve broadband to more municipalities; high mobile penetration rate and FttP to 90% of the premises; regulatory intervention has improved telecommunications market; 5G in Capetown with additional auction and tests; importer of broadcasting equipment and computers from China (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "fixed-line 3 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular 166 telephones per 100 persons; consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial cables, microwave radio relay links, fiber-optic cable, radiotelephone communication stations, and wireless local loops; key centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, and Pretoria (2019)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1194,8 +1194,8 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
"Terrorist group(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
|
||||
"text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "Senegal is one of the few countries in the world with evidence of continuous human life from the Paleolithic era to present. Between the 14<sup>th</sup> and 16<sup>th</sup> centuries, the Jolof Empire ruled most of Senegal. Starting in the 15<sup>th</sup> century, Portugal, the Netherlands, France, and Great Britain traded along the Senegalese coast. Senegal’s location on the western tip of Africa made it a favorable base for the European slave trade. European powers used the Senegalese island of Goree as a base to purchase slaves from the warring chiefdoms on the mainland, and at the height of the slave trade in Senegal, over one-third of the Senegalese population was enslaved. In 1815, France abolished slavery and began expanding inland. During the second half of the 19<sup>th</sup> century, France took possession of Senegal as a French colony. In 1959, the French colonies of Senegal and French Sudan were merged and granted independence in 1960 as the Mali Federation. The union broke up after only a few months. In 1982, Senegal joined with The Gambia to form the nominal confederation of Senegambia. The envisaged integration of the two countries was never implemented, and the union dissolved in 1989. <br /><br />Since the 1980s, the Movement of Democratic Forces in the Casamance - a separatist movement based in southern Senegal - has led a low-level insurgency. Several attempts at reaching a comprehensive peace agreement have failed. Since 2012, despite sporadic incidents of violence, an unofficial cease-fire has remained largely in effect. Senegal is one of the most stable democracies in Africa and has a long history of participating in international peacekeeping and regional mediation. The Socialist Party of Senegal ruled for 40 years until Abdoulaye WADE was elected president in 2000 and re-elected in 2007. WADE amended Senegal's constitution over a dozen times to increase executive power and weaken the opposition. In 2012, WADE’s decision to run for a third presidential term sparked public backlash that led to his defeat to current President Macky SALL. A 2016 constitutional referendum limited future presidents to two consecutive five-year terms. The change, however, does not apply to SALL's first term. In February 2019, SALL won his bid for re-election; his second term will end in 2024. One month after the 2019 election, the National Assembly voted to abolish the office of the prime minister. Opposition and civil society organizations criticized the decision as a further concentration of power in the executive branch at the expense of the legislative and judicial branches."
|
||||
"text": "Senegal is one of the few countries in the world with evidence of continuous human life from the Paleolithic era to present. Between the 14th and 16th centuries, the Jolof Empire ruled most of Senegal. Starting in the 15th century, Portugal, the Netherlands, France, and Great Britain traded along the Senegalese coast. Senegal’s location on the western tip of Africa made it a favorable base for the European slave trade. European powers used the Senegalese island of Goree as a base to purchase slaves from the warring chiefdoms on the mainland, and at the height of the slave trade in Senegal, over one-third of the Senegalese population was enslaved. In 1815, France abolished slavery and began expanding inland. During the second half of the 19th century, France took possession of Senegal as a French colony. In 1959, the French colonies of Senegal and French Sudan were merged and granted independence in 1960 as the Mali Federation. The union broke up after only a few months. In 1982, Senegal joined with The Gambia to form the nominal confederation of Senegambia. The envisaged integration of the two countries was never implemented, and the union dissolved in 1989. <br><br>Since the 1980s, the Movement of Democratic Forces in the Casamance - a separatist movement based in southern Senegal - has led a low-level insurgency. Several attempts at reaching a comprehensive peace agreement have failed. Since 2012, despite sporadic incidents of violence, an unofficial cease-fire has remained largely in effect. Senegal is one of the most stable democracies in Africa and has a long history of participating in international peacekeeping and regional mediation. The Socialist Party of Senegal ruled for 40 years until Abdoulaye WADE was elected president in 2000 and re-elected in 2007. WADE amended Senegal's constitution over a dozen times to increase executive power and weaken the opposition. In 2012, WADE’s decision to run for a third presidential term sparked public backlash that led to his defeat to current President Macky SALL. A 2016 constitutional referendum limited future presidents to two consecutive five-year terms. The change, however, does not apply to SALL's first term. In February 2019, SALL won his bid for re-election; his second term will end in 2024. One month after the 2019 election, the National Assembly voted to abolish the office of the prime minister. Opposition and civil society organizations criticized the decision as a further concentration of power in the executive branch at the expense of the legislative and judicial branches."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "1,200 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the population is concentrated in the west, with Dakar anchoring a well-defined core area; approximately 70% of the population is rural as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/ac5e6b691123d01164933052c38b745b/SENEGAL_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "the population is concentrated in the west, with Dakar anchoring a well-defined core area; approximately 70% of the population is rural as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts"
|
||||
|
|
@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-1.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the population is concentrated in the west, with Dakar anchoring a well-defined core area; approximately 70% of the population is rural as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/ac5e6b691123d01164933052c38b745b/SENEGAL_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "the population is concentrated in the west, with Dakar anchoring a well-defined core area; approximately 70% of the population is rural as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -306,13 +306,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "0.4% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.3% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "41,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "39,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "1,200 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1,100 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -480,7 +480,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Food insecurity": {
|
||||
"severe localized food insecurity": {
|
||||
"text": "due to localized shortfalls in cereal production - despite the overall satisfactory food security situation, pockets of food insecurity remain and food assistance is needed by the most vulnerable population; prior to the COVID‑19 outbreak, the number of food insecure people was projected to peak at about 766,000 during the lean season between June and August 2020, well above the 341,000 food insecure people that were estimated in the same period of 2019; the situation is worse than previously expected, in part, due to the impact from the COVID‑19 pandemic, including the containment measures that adversely effected households’ livelihood activities and incomes (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "due to localized shortfalls in cereal production - according to the latest analysis, about 490,000 people are estimated to need humanitarian assistance in the June−August 2021 period due to the effects of adverse weather events (droughts and floods) on cereal and fodder production (2021)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Waste and recycling": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -584,7 +584,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "<em></em>unicameral National Assembly or <em>Assemblée</em> Nationale (165 seats; 105 members including 15 representing Senegalese diaspora directly elected by plurality vote in single- and multi-seat constituencies and 60 members directly elected by proportional representation vote in single- and multi-seat constituencies)"
|
||||
"text": "<em></em>unicameral National Assembly or <em>Assemblée</em> Nationale (165 seats; 105 members including 15 representing Senegalese diaspora directly elected by plurality vote in single- and multi-seat constituencies and 60 members directly elected by proportional representation vote in single- and multi-seat constituencies)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "National Assembly - last held on 2 July 2017 (next to be held in July 2022)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -605,7 +605,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Alliance for the Republic-Yakaar or APR-Yakaar [Macky SALL]<br />Alliance of Forces of Progress or AFP [Moustapha NIASSE]<br />Alliance for Citizenship and Labor or ACT [Abdoul MBAYE]<br />And-Jef/African Party for Democracy and Socialism or AJ/PADS [Mamadou DIOP Decriox]<br />Benno Bokk Yakaar or BBY (United in Hope) [Macky SALL] (coalition includes AFP, APR, BGC, LD-MPT, PIT, PS, and UNP)<br />Bokk Gis Gis coalition [Pape DIOP]<br />Citizen Movement for National Reform or MCRN-Bes Du Nakk [Mansour Sy DJAMIL]<br />Democratic League-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT [Abdoulaye BATHILY]<br />Dare the Future movement [Aissata Tall SALL]<br />Front for Socialism and Democracy/Benno Jubel or FSD/BJ [Cheikh Abdoulaye Bamba DIEYE]<br />Gainde Centrist Bloc or BGC [Jean-Paul DIAS]<br />General Alliance for the Interests of the Republic or AGIR [Thierno BOCOUM]<br />Grand Party or GP [Malick GAKOU]<br />Independence and Labor Party or PIT [Magatte THIAM]<br />Madicke 2019 coalition [Madicke NIANG]<br />National Union for the People or UNP [Souleymane Ndene NDIAYE]<br />Only Senegal movement [Pierre Goudiaby ATEPA]<br />Party for Truth and Development or PVD [Cheikh Ahmadou Kara MBAKE]<br />Party of Unity and Rally or PUR [El Hadji SALL]<br />Patriotic Convergence Kaddu Askan Wi or CP-Kaddu Askan Wi [Abdoulaye BALDE]<br />Patriots of Senegal for Ethics, Work and Fraternity or (PASTEF) [Ousmane SONKO]<br />Rewmi Party [Idrissa SECK]<br />Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Abdoulaye WADE]<br />Socialist Party or PS [Ousmane Tanor DIENG]<br />Tekki Movement [Mamadou Lamine DIALLO]"
|
||||
"text": "Alliance for the Republic-Yakaar or APR-Yakaar [Macky SALL]<br>Alliance of Forces of Progress or AFP [Moustapha NIASSE]<br>Alliance for Citizenship and Labor or ACT [Abdoul MBAYE]<br>And-Jef/African Party for Democracy and Socialism or AJ/PADS [Mamadou DIOP Decriox]<br>Benno Bokk Yakaar or BBY (United in Hope) [Macky SALL] (coalition includes AFP, APR, BGC, LD-MPT, PIT, PS, and UNP)<br>Bokk Gis Gis coalition [Pape DIOP]<br>Citizen Movement for National Reform or MCRN-Bes Du Nakk [Mansour Sy DJAMIL]<br>Democratic League-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT [Abdoulaye BATHILY]<br>Dare the Future movement [Aissata Tall SALL]<br>Front for Socialism and Democracy/Benno Jubel or FSD/BJ [Cheikh Abdoulaye Bamba DIEYE]<br>Gainde Centrist Bloc or BGC [Jean-Paul DIAS]<br>General Alliance for the Interests of the Republic or AGIR [Thierno BOCOUM]<br>Grand Party or GP [Malick GAKOU]<br>Independence and Labor Party or PIT [Magatte THIAM]<br>Madicke 2019 coalition [Madicke NIANG]<br>National Union for the People or UNP [Souleymane Ndene NDIAYE]<br>Only Senegal movement [Pierre Goudiaby ATEPA]<br>Party for Truth and Development or PVD [Cheikh Ahmadou Kara MBAKE]<br>Party of Unity and Rally or PUR [El Hadji SALL]<br>Patriotic Convergence Kaddu Askan Wi or CP-Kaddu Askan Wi [Abdoulaye BALDE]<br>Patriots of Senegal for Ethics, Work and Fraternity or (PASTEF) [Ousmane SONKO]<br>Rewmi Party [Idrissa SECK]<br>Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Abdoulaye WADE]<br>Socialist Party or PS [Ousmane Tanor DIENG]<br>Tekki Movement [Mamadou Lamine DIALLO]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, CD, CPLP (associate), ECOWAS, EITI (candidate country), FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1143,7 +1143,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "Senegalese Armed Forces (<span class=\"highlight \">Forces</span> Armées Sénégalaises, FAS): Army, Senegalese National Navy (Marine Senegalaise, MNS), Senegalese Air Force (Armee de l'Air du Senegal), National Gendarmerie (includes Territorial and Mobile components) (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "Senegalese Armed Forces (Forces Armées Sénégalaises, FAS): Army, Senegalese National Navy (Marine Senegalaise, MNS), Senegalese Air Force (Armee de l'Air du Senegal), National Gendarmerie (includes Territorial and Mobile components) (2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
"Military Expenditures 2019": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Coastline": {
|
||||
"text": "<strong>Saint Helena: </strong>60 km<br /> <strong>Ascension Island: </strong>NA<br /> <strong>Tristan da Cunha (island only): </strong>34 km"
|
||||
"text": "<strong>Saint Helena: </strong>60 km<br> <strong>Ascension Island: </strong>NA<br> <strong>Tristan da Cunha (island only): </strong>34 km"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Maritime claims": {
|
||||
"territorial sea": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -97,8 +97,8 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"People and Society": {
|
||||
"Population": {
|
||||
"text": "7,915 (July 2021 est.)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> Saint Helena's Statistical Office estimated the de facto population to be 4,577 in 2019; only Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha islands are inhabited, none of the other nearby islands/islets are",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Saint Helena's Statistical Office estimated the de facto population to be 4,577 in 2019; only Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha islands are inhabited, none of the other nearby islands/islets are"
|
||||
"text": "7,915 (July 2021 est.)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> Saint Helena's Statistical Office estimated the resident population to be 4,439 in 2021; only Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha islands are inhabited, none of the other nearby islands/islets are",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Saint Helena's Statistical Office estimated the resident population to be 4,439 in 2021; only Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha islands are inhabited, none of the other nearby islands/islets are"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Nationality": {
|
||||
"noun": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Continuously populated for at least 2,500 years, the dense jungle in the area of Sierra Leone allowed the region to remain relatively protected from invaders from empires in West Africa. Traders introduced Sierra Leone to Islam, which occupies a central role in Sierra Leonean culture and history. In the 17<sup>th</sup> century, the British set up a trading post near present-day Freetown. The trade originally involved timber and ivory, but later expanded to enslaved people. In 1787, following the American Revolution, Sierra Leone became a destination for black British loyalists from the new United States. After the abolition of the slave trade in 1807, British ships delivered thousands of liberated Africans to Sierra Leone. During the 19<sup>th</sup> century, the colony gradually expanded inland.</p> <p>In 1961, Sierra Leone became independent of the UK. While Sierra Leone held free and fair elections in 1962 and 1967, Siaka STEVENS - Sierra Leone’s second prime minister - quickly reverted to authoritarian tendencies, outlawing most political parties and ruling from 1967 to 1985. In 1991, Sierra Leonean soldiers launched a civil war against STEVENS’ ruling party. The war caused tens of thousands of deaths and displaced more than 2 million people (about one-third of the population). In 1998, a Nigerian-led West African coalition military force intervened, installing Tejan KABBAH - who was originally elected in 1996 - as prime minister. In 2002, KABBAH officially announced the end of the war. Since 1998, Sierra Leone has conducted uninterrupted democratic elections.</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Continuously populated for at least 2,500 years, the dense jungle in the area of Sierra Leone allowed the region to remain relatively protected from invaders from empires in West Africa. Traders introduced Sierra Leone to Islam, which occupies a central role in Sierra Leonean culture and history. In the 17th century, the British set up a trading post near present-day Freetown. The trade originally involved timber and ivory, but later expanded to enslaved people. In 1787, following the American Revolution, Sierra Leone became a destination for black British loyalists from the new United States. After the abolition of the slave trade in 1807, British ships delivered thousands of liberated Africans to Sierra Leone. During the 19th century, the colony gradually expanded inland.</p> <p>In 1961, Sierra Leone became independent of the UK. While Sierra Leone held free and fair elections in 1962 and 1967, Siaka STEVENS - Sierra Leone’s second prime minister - quickly reverted to authoritarian tendencies, outlawing most political parties and ruling from 1967 to 1985. In 1991, Sierra Leonean soldiers launched a civil war against STEVENS’ ruling party. The war caused tens of thousands of deaths and displaced more than 2 million people (about one-third of the population). In 1998, a Nigerian-led West African coalition military force intervened, installing Tejan KABBAH - who was originally elected in 1996 - as prime minister. In 2002, KABBAH officially announced the end of the war. Since 1998, Sierra Leone has conducted uninterrupted democratic elections.</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "300 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "population clusters are found in the lower elevations of the south and west; the northern third of the country is less populated as shown on this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/d02bcc84ec315aaad92758e931817128/SIERRA_LEONE_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "population clusters are found in the lower elevations of the south and west; the northern third of the country is less populated as shown on this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "dry, sand-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to February); sandstorms, dust storms"
|
||||
|
|
@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-0.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "population clusters are found in the lower elevations of the south and west; the northern third of the country is less populated as shown on this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/d02bcc84ec315aaad92758e931817128/SIERRA_LEONE_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "population clusters are found in the lower elevations of the south and west; the northern third of the country is less populated as shown on this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -303,13 +303,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "1.5% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.5% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "78,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "80,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "2,600 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3,200 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -466,7 +466,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Food insecurity": {
|
||||
"severe localized food insecurity": {
|
||||
"text": "due to high food prices - according to a March 2020 analysis, about 1 million people were estimated to need food assistance from March to May 2020; this number was expected to increase during the lean period from June to August 2020, if no mitigation actions were taken (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "due to high food prices - about 1.76 million people are estimated to be severely food insecure during the June−August 2021 period on account of high food prices and low purchasing power, resulting in acute constraints on households’ access to food; the main drivers of the food insecurity are the effects of adverse weather events (flooding), Fall Armyworm attacks on maize in some localized areas, high inflation rate, weakening local currency and the effects of the COVID‑19 pandemic restrictions (2021)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Waste and recycling": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -588,7 +588,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "All People's Congress or APC [Ernest Bai KOROMA]<br />Coalition for Change or C4C [Tamba R. SANDY]<br />National Grand Coalition or NGC [Dr. Dennis BRIGHT]<br />Sierra Leone People's Party or SLPP [Dr. Prince HARDING]<br />numerous other parties"
|
||||
"text": "All People's Congress or APC [Ernest Bai KOROMA]<br>Coalition for Change or C4C [Tamba R. SANDY]<br>National Grand Coalition or NGC [Dr. Dennis BRIGHT]<br>Sierra Leone People's Party or SLPP [Dr. Prince HARDING]<br>numerous other parties"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, C, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1009,7 +1009,7 @@
|
|||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Broadcast media": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>1 government-owned TV station; 3 private TV stations; a pay-TV service began operations in late 2007; 1 government-owned national radio station; about two-dozen private radio stations primarily clustered in major cities; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available </p> (2019)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>1 government-owned TV station; 3 private TV stations; a pay-TV service began operations in late 2007; 1 government-owned national radio station; about two-dozen private radio stations primarily clustered in major cities; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available </p> (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Internet country code": {
|
||||
"text": ".sl"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "2,000 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "distribution varies greatly throughout the country; least densely populated areas are in the northeast and central regions, as well as areas along the Kenyan border; most populated areas are in and around the cities of Mogadishu, Marka, Boorama, Hargeysa, and Baidoa as shown on this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/3488ac7c779283bc6d5bab5c57acf559/SOMALIA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "distribution varies greatly throughout the country; least densely populated areas are in the northeast and central regions, as well as areas along the Kenyan border; most populated areas are in and around the cities of Mogadishu, Marka, Boorama, Hargeysa, and Baidoa as shown on this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer; floods during rainy season"
|
||||
|
|
@ -117,7 +117,12 @@
|
|||
"text": "Somali 85%, Bantu and other non-Somali 15% (including 30,000 Arabs)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Languages": {
|
||||
"text": "Somali (official, according to the 2012 Transitional Federal Charter), Arabic (official, according to the 2012 Transitional Federal Charter), Italian, English"
|
||||
"Languages": {
|
||||
"text": "Somali (official, according to the 2012 Transitional Federal Charter), Arabic (official, according to the 2012 Transitional Federal Charter), Italian, English"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br>Buugga Xaqiiqda Aduunka, waa laga maarmaanka macluumaadka assasiga. (Somali)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
"text": "Sunni Muslim (Islam) (official, according to the 2012 Transitional Federal Charter)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -180,7 +185,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-2.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "distribution varies greatly throughout the country; least densely populated areas are in the northeast and central regions, as well as areas along the Kenyan border; most populated areas are in and around the cities of Mogadishu, Marka, Boorama, Hargeysa, and Baidoa as shown on this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/3488ac7c779283bc6d5bab5c57acf559/SOMALIA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "distribution varies greatly throughout the country; least densely populated areas are in the northeast and central regions, as well as areas along the Kenyan border; most populated areas are in and around the cities of Mogadishu, Marka, Boorama, Hargeysa, and Baidoa as shown on this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -291,13 +296,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "0.1% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "<.1% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "11,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8,700 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "<1000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "<500 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -517,13 +522,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Federal Parliament to consist of:<br />Upper House (54 seats; senators indirectly elected by state assemblies to serve 4-year terms)<br />House of the People (275 seats; members indirectly elected by electoral colleges, each consisting of 51 delegates selected by the 136 Traditional Elders in consultation with sub-clan elders; members serve 4-year terms)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Federal Parliament to consist of:<br>Upper House (54 seats; senators indirectly elected by state assemblies to serve 4-year terms)<br>House of the People (275 seats; members indirectly elected by electoral colleges, each consisting of 51 delegates selected by the 136 Traditional Elders in consultation with sub-clan elders; members serve 4-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Upper House - first held on 10 October 2016 (next to be held in November 2020)<br />House of the People - first held 23 October - 10 November 2016 (next to be held in November 2020)"
|
||||
"text": "<br>Upper House - first held on 10 October 2016 (next to be held in November 2020)<br>House of the People - first held 23 October - 10 November 2016 (next to be held in November 2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Upper House - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 41, women 13, percent of women 24.1%<br />House of the People - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 208, women 67, percent of women 24.4%; note - total Parliament percent of women 24.3%"
|
||||
"text": "<br>Upper House - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 41, women 13, percent of women 24.1%<br>House of the People - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 208, women 67, percent of women 24.4%; note - total Parliament percent of women 24.3%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the inaugural House of the People was appointed in September 2012 by clan elders; in 2016 and 2017, the Federal Parliament became bicameral with elections scheduled for 10 October 2016 for the Upper House and 23 October to 10 November 2016 for the House of the People; while the elections were delayed, they were eventually held in most regions despite voting irregularities; on 27 December 2016, 41 Upper House senators and 242 House of the People members were sworn in"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -539,7 +544,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Cosmopolitan Democratic Party [Yarow Sharef ADEN]<br />Daljir Party or DP [Hassan MOALIM]<br />Democratic Green Party of Somalia or DGPS [Abdullahi Y. MAHAMOUD]<br />Democratic Party of Somalia or DPS [Maslah Mohamed SIAD]<br />Green Leaf for Democracy or GLED<br />Hiil Qaran<br />Justice and Communist Party [Mohamed NUR]<br />Justice and Development of Democracy and Self-Respectfulness Party or CAHDI [Abdirahman Abdigani IBRAHIM Bile]<br />Justice Party [SAKARIYE Haji]<br />Liberal Party of Somalia<br />National Democratic Party [Abdirashid ALI]<br />National Unity Party (Xisbiga MIdnimo-Quaran) [Abdurahman BAADIYOW]<br />Peace and Development Party or PDP<br />Somali Green Party (local chapter of Federation of Green Parties of Africa)<br />Somali National Party or SNP [Mohammed Ameen Saeed AHMED]<br />Somali People's Party [Salad JEELE]<br />Somali Society Unity Party [Yasin MAALIM]<br />Tayo or TPP [Mohamed Abdullahi MOHAMED]<br />Tiir Party [Fadhil Sheik MOHAMUD]<br />Union for Peace and Development or UPD [HASSAN SHEIKH Mohamud]<br />United and Democratic Party [FAUZIA Haji]<br />United Somali Parliamentarians<br />United Somali Republican Party [Ali TIMA-JLIC]<br /><strong>inactive:</strong> Alliance for the Reliberation of Somalia; reportedly inactive since 2009"
|
||||
"text": "Cosmopolitan Democratic Party [Yarow Sharef ADEN]<br>Daljir Party or DP [Hassan MOALIM]<br>Democratic Green Party of Somalia or DGPS [Abdullahi Y. MAHAMOUD]<br>Democratic Party of Somalia or DPS [Maslah Mohamed SIAD]<br>Green Leaf for Democracy or GLED<br>Hiil Qaran<br>Justice and Communist Party [Mohamed NUR]<br>Justice and Development of Democracy and Self-Respectfulness Party or CAHDI [Abdirahman Abdigani IBRAHIM Bile]<br>Justice Party [SAKARIYE Haji]<br>Liberal Party of Somalia<br>National Democratic Party [Abdirashid ALI]<br>National Unity Party (Xisbiga MIdnimo-Quaran) [Abdurahman BAADIYOW]<br>Peace and Development Party or PDP<br>Somali Green Party (local chapter of Federation of Green Parties of Africa)<br>Somali National Party or SNP [Mohammed Ameen Saeed AHMED]<br>Somali People's Party [Salad JEELE]<br>Somali Society Unity Party [Yasin MAALIM]<br>Tayo or TPP [Mohamed Abdullahi MOHAMED]<br>Tiir Party [Fadhil Sheik MOHAMUD]<br>Union for Peace and Development or UPD [HASSAN SHEIKH Mohamud]<br>United and Democratic Party [FAUZIA Haji]<br>United Somali Parliamentarians<br>United Somali Republican Party [Ali TIMA-JLIC]<br><strong>inactive:</strong> Alliance for the Reliberation of Somalia; reportedly inactive since 2009"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, CAEU (candidate), FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, LAS, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -566,7 +571,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Mogadishu, (reopened October 2019 on the grounds of the Mogadishu Airport)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"mailing address": {
|
||||
"text": "P.O. Box 606 Village Market<br />00621 Nairobi, Kenya"
|
||||
"text": "P.O. Box 606 Village Market<br>00621 Nairobi, Kenya"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"FAX": {
|
||||
"text": "254 20 363-6157"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1015,8 +1020,8 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
|
||||
"text": "estimates for the size of the Somali National Army (SNA) vary widely, from a low of about 10,000 to a high of some 25,000 due to inconsistent internal reporting and the ongoing attempts to integrate various militias (2020)<br><br>note(s): a significant portion of the SNA is comprised of local militia forces that lack the discipline, structure, weapons, and overall capabilities for effective military operations; two effective SNA units are the US-trained Danab (\"Lightning\") Brigade and the Turkish-trained Gorgor \"Eagle\" Special Division; in December of 2020, the Danab Brigade numbered about 1,150 personnel with plans for it to eventually have as many as 3,000 troops; the Gorgor Division was estimated to have 4,500-5,000 trained troops in early 2021<br /><br />--in 2017, the Somali Government announced a plan for the SNA to eventually number about 18,000 troops; the same plan called for 32,000 federal and regional police",
|
||||
"note": "note(s): a significant portion of the SNA is comprised of local militia forces that lack the discipline, structure, weapons, and overall capabilities for effective military operations; two effective SNA units are the US-trained Danab (\"Lightning\") Brigade and the Turkish-trained Gorgor \"Eagle\" Special Division; in December of 2020, the Danab Brigade numbered about 1,150 personnel with plans for it to eventually have as many as 3,000 troops; the Gorgor Division was estimated to have 4,500-5,000 trained troops in early 2021<br /><br />--in 2017, the Somali Government announced a plan for the SNA to eventually number about 18,000 troops; the same plan called for 32,000 federal and regional police"
|
||||
"text": "estimates for the size of the Somali National Army (SNA) vary widely, from a low of about 10,000 to a high of some 25,000 due to inconsistent internal reporting and the ongoing attempts to integrate various militias (2020)<br><br>note(s): a significant portion of the SNA is comprised of local militia forces that lack the discipline, structure, weapons, and overall capabilities for effective military operations; two effective SNA units are the US-trained Danab (\"Lightning\") Brigade and the Turkish-trained Gorgor \"Eagle\" Special Division; in December of 2020, the Danab Brigade numbered about 1,150 personnel with plans for it to eventually have as many as 3,000 troops; the Gorgor Division was estimated to have 4,500-5,000 trained troops in early 2021<br><br>--in 2017, the Somali Government announced a plan for the SNA to eventually number about 18,000 troops; the same plan called for 32,000 federal and regional police",
|
||||
"note": "note(s): a significant portion of the SNA is comprised of local militia forces that lack the discipline, structure, weapons, and overall capabilities for effective military operations; two effective SNA units are the US-trained Danab (\"Lightning\") Brigade and the Turkish-trained Gorgor \"Eagle\" Special Division; in December of 2020, the Danab Brigade numbered about 1,150 personnel with plans for it to eventually have as many as 3,000 troops; the Gorgor Division was estimated to have 4,500-5,000 trained troops in early 2021<br><br>--in 2017, the Somali Government announced a plan for the SNA to eventually number about 18,000 troops; the same plan called for 32,000 federal and regional police"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
|
||||
"text": "the SNA is lightly armed with an inventory that includes a variety of older, second-hand equipment largely from Italy, Russia, South Africa, and the UK; since 2015, it has received small quantities of second-hand equipment from up to 10 different countries, usually as aid/donations (2020)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1025,16 +1030,16 @@
|
|||
"text": "18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory and voluntary military service (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Maritime threats": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>the International Maritime Bureau’s (IMB) Piracy Reporting Center (PRC) received zero incidents of piracy and armed robbery in 2020 for the Horn of Africa; while there were no recorded incidents, the IMB PRC warns that Somalia pirates continue to possess the capacity to carry out attacks in the Somali basin and wider Indian Ocean; in particular, the report warns that, \"Masters and crew must remain vigilant and cautious when transiting these waters.\"; the presence of several naval task forces in the Gulf of Aden and additional anti-piracy measures on the part of ship operators, including the use of on-board armed security teams, contributed to the drop in incidents; the EU naval mission, Operation ATALANTA, continues its operations in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean through 2022; naval units from China, India, Japan, Pakistan, South Korea, the US, and other countries also operate in conjunction with EU forces; China has established a logistical base in Djibouti to support its deployed naval units in the Horn of Africa</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>the International Maritime Bureau’s (IMB) Piracy Reporting Center (PRC) received zero incidents of piracy and armed robbery in 2020 for the Horn of Africa; while there were no recorded incidents, the IMB PRC warns that Somalia pirates continue to possess the capacity to carry out attacks in the Somali basin and wider Indian Ocean; in particular, the report warns that, \"Masters and crew must remain vigilant and cautious when transiting these waters.\"; the presence of several naval task forces in the Gulf of Aden and additional anti-piracy measures on the part of ship operators, including the use of on-board armed security teams, contributed to the drop in incidents; the EU naval mission, Operation ATALANTA, continues its operations in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean through 2022; naval units from China, India, Japan, Pakistan, South Korea, the US, and other countries also operate in conjunction with EU forces; China has established a logistical base in Djibouti to support its deployed naval units in the Horn of Africa</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "the SNA is heavily engaged in operations against the al-Shabaab terrorist organization, including joint operations with the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM); the majority of SNA's offensive/counter-terrorism operations against al-Shabaab are reportedly conducted by the US-trained Danab Brigade<br /><br />AMISOM has operated in the country with the approval of the United Nations (UN) since 2007; AMISOM's peacekeeping mission includes assisting Somali forces in providing security for a stable political process, enabling the gradual handing over of security responsibilities from AMISOM to the Somali security forces, and reducing the threat posed by Al-Shabaab and other armed opposition groups; as of late 2020, AMISOM had about 20,000 military troops from six African countries deployed in Somalia; in February 2021, the UN Security Council AMISOM renewed AMISOM's mandate until December 2021 (note - in 2017, the Somali Government drafted a Somalia Transition Plan that called for the gradual transfer of security responsibilities from AMISOM to the Somali security forces by 2021)<br /><br />UN Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) is mandated by the Security Council to work with the Federal Government of Somalia to support national reconciliation, provide advice on peace-building and state-building, monitor the human rights situation, and help coordinate the efforts of the international community<br /><br />the UN Support Office in Somalia (UNSOS) is responsible for providing logistical field support to AMISOM, UNSOM, the Somali National Army, and the Somali Police Force on joint operations with AMISOM<br /><br />the European Union Training Mission in Somalia (EUTM-S) has operated in the country since 2010; the EUTM provides advice and training to the Somali military; the US and Turkey maintain separate unilateral military training missions in Somalia"
|
||||
"text": "the SNA is heavily engaged in operations against the al-Shabaab terrorist organization, including joint operations with the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM); the majority of SNA's offensive/counter-terrorism operations against al-Shabaab are reportedly conducted by the US-trained Danab Brigade<br><br>AMISOM has operated in the country with the approval of the United Nations (UN) since 2007; AMISOM's peacekeeping mission includes assisting Somali forces in providing security for a stable political process, enabling the gradual handing over of security responsibilities from AMISOM to the Somali security forces, and reducing the threat posed by Al-Shabaab and other armed opposition groups; as of late 2020, AMISOM had about 20,000 military troops from six African countries deployed in Somalia; in February 2021, the UN Security Council AMISOM renewed AMISOM's mandate until December 2021 (note - in 2017, the Somali Government drafted a Somalia Transition Plan that called for the gradual transfer of security responsibilities from AMISOM to the Somali security forces by 2021)<br><br>UN Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) is mandated by the Security Council to work with the Federal Government of Somalia to support national reconciliation, provide advice on peace-building and state-building, monitor the human rights situation, and help coordinate the efforts of the international community<br><br>the UN Support Office in Somalia (UNSOS) is responsible for providing logistical field support to AMISOM, UNSOM, the Somali National Army, and the Somali Police Force on joint operations with AMISOM<br><br>the European Union Training Mission in Somalia (EUTM-S) has operated in the country since 2010; the EUTM provides advice and training to the Somali military; the US and Turkey maintain separate unilateral military training missions in Somalia"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
"Terrorist group(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "al-Shabaab; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Somalia<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
|
||||
"text": "al-Shabaab; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Somalia<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>The region along the Nile River south of Egypt has long been referred to as Nubia. It was the site of the Kingdom of Kerma, which flourished for about a millennium (ca. 2500-1500 B.C.) until absorbed into the New Kingdom of Egypt. By the 11th century B.C., a Kingdom of Kush emerged and regained the region's independence from Egypt; it lasted in various forms until the middle of the fourth century A.D. After the fall of Kush, the Nubians formed three Christian kingdoms of Nobatia, Makuria, and Alodia, the latter two endured until around 1500. Between the 14th and 15th centuries much of Sudan was settled by Arab nomads, and between the 16th–19th centuries it underwent extensive Islamization. Egyptian occupation early in the 19th century was overthrown by a native Mahdist Sudan state (1885-99) that was crushed by the British who then set up an Anglo-Egyptian Sudan - nominally a condominium, but in effect a British colony.<br /><br />Following independence from Anglo-Egyptian co-rule in 1956, military regimes favoring Islamic-oriented governments have dominated national politics. Sudan was embroiled in two prolonged civil wars during most of the remainder of the 20th century. These conflicts were rooted in northern economic, political, and social domination of largely non-Muslim, non-Arab southern Sudanese. The first civil war ended in 1972 but another broke out in 1983. Peace talks gained momentum in 2002-04 with the signing of several accords. The final North/South Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), signed in January 2005, granted the southern rebels autonomy for six years followed by a referendum on independence for Southern Sudan. The referendum was held in January 2011 and indicated overwhelming support for independence. South Sudan became independent on 9 July 2011. Sudan and South Sudan have yet to fully implement security and economic agreements signed in September 2012 relating to the normalization of relations between the two countries. The final disposition of the contested Abyei region has also to be decided. The 30-year reign of President Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR ended in his ouster in April 2019, and a Sovereignty Council, a joint civilian-military-executive body, holds power as of November 2019.</p> <p>Following South Sudan's independence, conflict broke out between the government and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North in Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile states (together known as the Two Areas), resulting in a humanitarian crisis affecting more than a million people. A earlier conflict that broke out in the western region of Darfur in 2003, displaced nearly 2 million people and caused thousands of deaths. While some repatriation has taken place, about 1.83 million IDPs remain in Sudan as of May 2019. Fighting in both the Two Areas and Darfur between government forces and opposition has largely subsided, however the civilian populations are affected by low-level violence including inter-tribal conflict and banditry, largely a result of weak rule of law. The UN and the African Union have jointly commanded a Darfur peacekeeping operation (UNAMID) since 2007, but are slowly drawing down as the situation in Darfur becomes more stable. Sudan also has faced refugee influxes from neighboring countries, primarily Ethiopia, Eritrea, Chad, Central African Republic, and South Sudan. Armed conflict, poor transport infrastructure, and denial of access by both the government and armed opposition have impeded the provision of humanitarian assistance to affected populations. However, Sudan's new transitional government has stated its priority to allow greater humanitarian access, as the food security and humanitarian situation in Sudan worsens and as it appeals to the West for greater engagement.<br /><br />On 6 January 2021, Sudan signed the US-sponsored Abraham Accords, normalizing ties with Israel and becoming the fourth Arab country to do so after Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, and Morocco in 2020.<br /><br /></p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>The region along the Nile River south of Egypt has long been referred to as Nubia. It was the site of the Kingdom of Kerma, which flourished for about a millennium (ca. 2500-1500 B.C.) until absorbed into the New Kingdom of Egypt. By the 11th century B.C., a Kingdom of Kush emerged and regained the region's independence from Egypt; it lasted in various forms until the middle of the fourth century A.D. After the fall of Kush, the Nubians formed three Christian kingdoms of Nobatia, Makuria, and Alodia, the latter two endured until around 1500. Between the 14th and 15th centuries much of Sudan was settled by Arab nomads, and between the 16th–19th centuries it underwent extensive Islamization. Egyptian occupation early in the 19th century was overthrown by a native Mahdist Sudan state (1885-99) that was crushed by the British who then set up an Anglo-Egyptian Sudan - nominally a condominium, but in effect a British colony.<br><br>Following independence from Anglo-Egyptian co-rule in 1956, military regimes favoring Islamic-oriented governments have dominated national politics. Sudan was embroiled in two prolonged civil wars during most of the remainder of the 20th century. These conflicts were rooted in northern economic, political, and social domination of largely non-Muslim, non-Arab southern Sudanese. The first civil war ended in 1972 but another broke out in 1983. Peace talks gained momentum in 2002-04 with the signing of several accords. The final North/South Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), signed in January 2005, granted the southern rebels autonomy for six years followed by a referendum on independence for Southern Sudan. The referendum was held in January 2011 and indicated overwhelming support for independence. South Sudan became independent on 9 July 2011. Sudan and South Sudan have yet to fully implement security and economic agreements signed in September 2012 relating to the normalization of relations between the two countries. The final disposition of the contested Abyei region has also to be decided. The 30-year reign of President Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR ended in his ouster in April 2019, and a Sovereignty Council, a joint civilian-military-executive body, holds power as of November 2019.</p> <p>Following South Sudan's independence, conflict broke out between the government and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North in Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile states (together known as the Two Areas), resulting in a humanitarian crisis affecting more than a million people. A earlier conflict that broke out in the western region of Darfur in 2003, displaced nearly 2 million people and caused thousands of deaths. While some repatriation has taken place, about 1.83 million IDPs remain in Sudan as of May 2019. Fighting in both the Two Areas and Darfur between government forces and opposition has largely subsided, however the civilian populations are affected by low-level violence including inter-tribal conflict and banditry, largely a result of weak rule of law. The UN and the African Union have jointly commanded a Darfur peacekeeping operation (UNAMID) since 2007, but are slowly drawing down as the situation in Darfur becomes more stable. Sudan also has faced refugee influxes from neighboring countries, primarily Ethiopia, Eritrea, Chad, Central African Republic, and South Sudan. Armed conflict, poor transport infrastructure, and denial of access by both the government and armed opposition have impeded the provision of humanitarian assistance to affected populations. However, Sudan's new transitional government has stated its priority to allow greater humanitarian access, as the food security and humanitarian situation in Sudan worsens and as it appeals to the West for greater engagement.<br><br>On 6 January 2021, Sudan signed the US-sponsored Abraham Accords, normalizing ties with Israel and becoming the fourth Arab country to do so after Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, and Morocco in 2020.<br><br></p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -95,7 +95,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "18,900 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "with the exception of a ribbon of settlement that corresponds to the banks of the Nile, northern Sudan, which extends into the dry Sahara, is sparsely populated; more abundant vegetation and broader access to water increases population distribution in the south extending habitable range along nearly the entire border with South Sudan; sizeable areas of population are found around Khartoum, southeast between the Blue and White Nile Rivers, and througout South Darfur as shown on this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/4aeb468edad65da419d117ee5502f247/SUDAN_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "with the exception of a ribbon of settlement that corresponds to the banks of the Nile, northern Sudan, which extends into the dry Sahara, is sparsely populated; more abundant vegetation and broader access to water increases population distribution in the south extending habitable range along nearly the entire border with South Sudan; sizeable areas of population are found around Khartoum, southeast between the Blue and White Nile Rivers, and througout South Darfur as shown on this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "dust storms and periodic persistent droughts"
|
||||
|
|
@ -124,7 +124,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Arabic (official), English (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, Fur"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br /><br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)"
|
||||
"text": "<br>كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-1.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "with the exception of a ribbon of settlement that corresponds to the banks of the Nile, northern Sudan, which extends into the dry Sahara, is sparsely populated; more abundant vegetation and broader access to water increases population distribution in the south extending habitable range along nearly the entire border with South Sudan; sizeable areas of population are found around Khartoum, southeast between the Blue and White Nile Rivers, and througout South Darfur as shown on this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/4aeb468edad65da419d117ee5502f247/SUDAN_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "with the exception of a ribbon of settlement that corresponds to the banks of the Nile, northern Sudan, which extends into the dry Sahara, is sparsely populated; more abundant vegetation and broader access to water increases population distribution in the south extending habitable range along nearly the entire border with South Sudan; sizeable areas of population are found around Khartoum, southeast between the Blue and White Nile Rivers, and througout South Darfur as shown on this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -302,13 +302,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "0.2% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.2% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "46,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "49,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "2,300 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "2,300 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -378,7 +378,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Environment": {
|
||||
"Environment - current issues": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water; water scarcity and periodic drought; wildlife populations threatened by excessive hunting; soil erosion; desertification; deforestation; loss of biodiversity</p> <p><strong> </strong></p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water; water scarcity and periodic drought; wildlife populations threatened by excessive hunting; soil erosion; desertification; deforestation; loss of biodiversity</p> <p><strong> </strong></p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Environment - international agreements": {
|
||||
"party to": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -476,7 +476,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Food insecurity": {
|
||||
"severe localized food insecurity": {
|
||||
"text": "due to conflict, civil insecurity, floods, and soaring food prices - the number of severely food insecure people was estimated at 7.1 million in the October-December 2020 period; late‑season rains in August and September 2020 triggered widespread floods that resulted in losses of standing crops; the late‑season heavy rains favored the spread of diseases, weeds, and pests, which further constrained crop yields; in March 2020, prices of sorghum, millet, and wheat grain were at record levels and between two to three times above the already high levels a year earlier, mainly due to a weak local currency and tight supplies, coupled with fuel shortages and high prices of agricultural inputs that increased production and transportation costs (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "due to conflict, civil insecurity, and soaring food prices - the number of severely food insecure people was estimated at 9.8 million in the June−September 2021 period, due to flood-induced livelihood losses sustained in 2020, soaring food prices and inter‑communal conflict; the main drivers are macro‑economic challenges resulting in rampant food and non‑food inflation, the lingering impact of 2020 widespread floods on livelihoods and the escalation of inter‑communal violence in western Greater Darfur Region and in eastern South Kordofan, North Kordofan and Blue Nile states (2021)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Waste and recycling": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -584,10 +584,10 @@
|
|||
"text": "according to the August 2019 Constitutional Decree, which established Sudan's transitional government, the Transitional Legislative Council (TLC) will serve as the national legislature during the transitional period until elections can be held in 2022; as of early December 2019, the TLC had not been established"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Council of State - last held 1 June 2015 <br /> National Assembly - last held on 13-15 April 2015 <br />note - elections for an as yet defined new legislature to be held in 2022 at the expiry of the Transnational Legislative Council</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Council of State - last held 1 June 2015 <br> National Assembly - last held on 13-15 April 2015 <br>note - elections for an as yet defined new legislature to be held in 2022 at the expiry of the Transnational Legislative Council</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "<br /> Council of State - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 35, women 19, percent of women 35.2%<br />National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NCP 323, DUP 25, Democratic Unionist Party 15, other 44, independent 19; composition - men 296 women 130, percent of women 30.5%; note - total National Legislature percent of women 31%"
|
||||
"text": "<br> Council of State - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 35, women 19, percent of women 35.2%<br>National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NCP 323, DUP 25, Democratic Unionist Party 15, other 44, independent 19; composition - men 296 women 130, percent of women 30.5%; note - total National Legislature percent of women 31%"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -602,7 +602,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Democratic Unionist Party or DUP [Jalal al-DIGAIR]<br />Democratic Unionist Party [Muhammad Uthman al-MIRGHANI]<br />Federal Umma Party [Dr. Ahmed Babikir NAHAR]<br />Muslim Brotherhood or MB<br />National Congress Party or NCP (in November 2019, Sudan's transitional government approved a law to \"dismantle\" the regime of former President Omar al-Bashir, including the dissolution of his political party, the NCP) <br />National Umma Party or NUP [Saddiq al-MAHDI]<br />Popular Congress Party or PCP [Hassan al-TURABI]<br />Reform Movement Now [Dr. Ghazi Salahuddin al-ATABANI]Sudan National Front [Ali Mahmud HASANAYN]<br />Sudanese Communist Party or SCP [Mohammed Moktar Al-KHATEEB]<br />Sudanese Congress Party or SCoP [Ibrahim Al-SHEIKH]<br />Umma Party for Reform and Development<br />Unionist Movement Party or UMP"
|
||||
"text": "Democratic Unionist Party or DUP [Jalal al-DIGAIR]<br>Democratic Unionist Party [Muhammad Uthman al-MIRGHANI]<br>Federal Umma Party [Dr. Ahmed Babikir NAHAR]<br>Muslim Brotherhood or MB<br>National Congress Party or NCP (in November 2019, Sudan's transitional government approved a law to \"dismantle\" the regime of former President Omar al-Bashir, including the dissolution of his political party, the NCP) <br>National Umma Party or NUP [Saddiq al-MAHDI]<br>Popular Congress Party or PCP [Hassan al-TURABI]<br>Reform Movement Now [Dr. Ghazi Salahuddin al-ATABANI]Sudan National Front [Ali Mahmud HASANAYN]<br>Sudanese Communist Party or SCP [Mohammed Moktar Al-KHATEEB]<br>Sudanese Congress Party or SCoP [Ibrahim Al-SHEIKH]<br>Umma Party for Reform and Development<br>Unionist Movement Party or UMP"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, CAEU, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -656,7 +656,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Economy": {
|
||||
"Economic overview": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Sudan has experienced protracted social conflict and the loss of three quarters of its oil production due to the secession of South Sudan. The oil sector had driven much of Sudan's GDP growth since 1999. For nearly a decade, the economy boomed on the back of rising oil production, high oil prices, and significant inflows of foreign direct investment. Since the economic shock of South Sudan's secession, Sudan has struggled to stabilize its economy and make up for the loss of foreign exchange earnings. The interruption of oil production in South Sudan in 2012 for over a year and the consequent loss of oil transit fees further exacerbated the fragile state of Sudan’s economy. Ongoing conflicts in Southern Kordofan, Darfur, and the Blue Nile states, lack of basic infrastructure in large areas, and reliance by much of the population on subsistence agriculture, keep close to half of the population at or below the poverty line.</p> <p>Sudan was subject to comprehensive US sanctions, which were lifted in October 2017. Sudan is attempting to develop non-oil sources of revenues, such as gold mining and agriculture, while carrying out an austerity program to reduce expenditures. The world’s largest exporter of gum Arabic, Sudan produces 75-80% of the world’s total output. Agriculture continues to employ 80% of the work force.</p> <p>Sudan introduced a new currency, still called the Sudanese pound, following South Sudan's secession, but the value of the currency has fallen since its introduction. Khartoum formally devalued the currency in June 2012, when it passed austerity measures that included gradually repealing fuel subsidies. Sudan also faces high inflation, which reached 47% on an annual basis in November 2012 but fell to about 35% per year in 2017.</p> (2017)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Sudan has experienced protracted social conflict and the loss of three quarters of its oil production due to the secession of South Sudan. The oil sector had driven much of Sudan's GDP growth since 1999. For nearly a decade, the economy boomed on the back of rising oil production, high oil prices, and significant inflows of foreign direct investment. Since the economic shock of South Sudan's secession, Sudan has struggled to stabilize its economy and make up for the loss of foreign exchange earnings. The interruption of oil production in South Sudan in 2012 for over a year and the consequent loss of oil transit fees further exacerbated the fragile state of Sudan’s economy. Ongoing conflicts in Southern Kordofan, Darfur, and the Blue Nile states, lack of basic infrastructure in large areas, and reliance by much of the population on subsistence agriculture, keep close to half of the population at or below the poverty line.</p> <p>Sudan was subject to comprehensive US sanctions, which were lifted in October 2017. Sudan is attempting to develop non-oil sources of revenues, such as gold mining and agriculture, while carrying out an austerity program to reduce expenditures. The world’s largest exporter of gum Arabic, Sudan produces 75-80% of the world’s total output. Agriculture continues to employ 80% of the work force.</p> <p>Sudan introduced a new currency, still called the Sudanese pound, following South Sudan's secession, but the value of the currency has fallen since its introduction. Khartoum formally devalued the currency in June 2012, when it passed austerity measures that included gradually repealing fuel subsidies. Sudan also faces high inflation, which reached 47% on an annual basis in November 2012 but fell to about 35% per year in 2017.</p> (2017)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP growth rate": {
|
||||
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1162,7 +1162,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
|
||||
"text": "information varies widely, ranging from about 100,000 to more than 200,000 active personnel, including approximately 1,500 Navy and 3,000 Air Force; est. 30-40,000 paramilitary Rapid Support Forces; est. 20,000 Reserve Department (formerly the paramilitary Popular Defense Forces) (2020)<br><br>note: in August 2020, Sudan and the major rebel group Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N) signed an agreement to integrate the group's fighters into the Sudanese Army by the end of 2023",
|
||||
"text": "information varies widely, ranging from about 100,000 to more than 200,000 active personnel, including approximately 1,500 Navy and 3,000 Air Force; est. 30-40,000 paramilitary Rapid Support Forces; est. 20,000 Reserve Department (formerly the paramilitary Popular Defense Forces) (2020)<br><br>note: in August 2020, Sudan and the major rebel group Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N) signed an agreement to integrate the group's fighters into the Sudanese Army by the end of 2023",
|
||||
"note": "note: in August 2020, Sudan and the major rebel group Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N) signed an agreement to integrate the group's fighters into the Sudanese Army by the end of 2023"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1175,7 +1175,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "18-33 years of age for male and female compulsory or voluntary military service; 1-2 year service obligation (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>in October 2020, after almost a year of negotiations, Sudan’s transitional government and a broad alliance of armed rebel groups known as the Sudanese Revolutionary Front (SRF) signed a peace agreement; the SRF rebels had operated in Darfur, South Kordofan, and the Blue Nile provinces; under the agreement, SRF fighters are to be slowly incorporated into joint units with government security forces over a period of 39 months; however, two rebel groups – the Darfur-based Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N), which controls territory in the South Kordofan and Blue Nile provinces, are not part of the agreement; in March 2021, the Sudanese Government and the SPLM-N agreed to re-start peace talks</p> <p>the Sudanese military and security forces reportedly control over 200 commercial companies, including businesses involved in gold mining, rubber production, agriculture, and meat exports</p> United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has operated in the disputed Abyei region along the border between Sudan and South Sudan since 2011; UNISFA's mission includes ensuring security, protecting civilians, strengthening the capacity of the Abyei Police Service, de-mining, monitoring/verifying the redeployment of armed forces from the area, and facilitating the flow of humanitarian aid; UNISFA had about 3,700 personnel, including some 3,200 troops, deployed as of January 2021; UNISFA's mandate has been extended to May 2021<br /><br />in addition, the United Nations African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) has operated in the war-torn Darfur region since 2007; UNAMID is a joint African Union-UN peacekeeping force with the mission of bringing stability to Darfur, including protecting civilians, facilitating humanitarian assistance, and promoting mediation efforts, while peace talks on a final settlement continue; in 2020, UNAMID had about 8,000 total personnel (civilians, military, and police) deployed, down from an earlier peak of 16,000; UNAMID ended its mandate on 31 Dec 2020; all UNAMID personnel are scheduled to be withdrawn by June 2021; note: in October 2020, Sudan’s transitional government signed a peace agreement with several armed groups in Darfur; the agreement provided for the establishment of a joint security force comprised of 12,000 members tasked with securing the region of Darfur in place of UNAMID"
|
||||
"text": "<p>in October 2020, after almost a year of negotiations, Sudan’s transitional government and a broad alliance of armed rebel groups known as the Sudanese Revolutionary Front (SRF) signed a peace agreement; the SRF rebels had operated in Darfur, South Kordofan, and the Blue Nile provinces; under the agreement, SRF fighters are to be slowly incorporated into joint units with government security forces over a period of 39 months; however, two rebel groups – the Darfur-based Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N), which controls territory in the South Kordofan and Blue Nile provinces, are not part of the agreement; in March 2021, the Sudanese Government and the SPLM-N agreed to re-start peace talks</p> <p>the Sudanese military and security forces reportedly control over 200 commercial companies, including businesses involved in gold mining, rubber production, agriculture, and meat exports</p> United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has operated in the disputed Abyei region along the border between Sudan and South Sudan since 2011; UNISFA's mission includes ensuring security, protecting civilians, strengthening the capacity of the Abyei Police Service, de-mining, monitoring/verifying the redeployment of armed forces from the area, and facilitating the flow of humanitarian aid; UNISFA had about 3,700 personnel, including some 3,200 troops, deployed as of January 2021; UNISFA's mandate has been extended to May 2021<br><br>in addition, the United Nations African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) has operated in the war-torn Darfur region since 2007; UNAMID is a joint African Union-UN peacekeeping force with the mission of bringing stability to Darfur, including protecting civilians, facilitating humanitarian assistance, and promoting mediation efforts, while peace talks on a final settlement continue; in 2020, UNAMID had about 8,000 total personnel (civilians, military, and police) deployed, down from an earlier peak of 16,000; UNAMID ended its mandate on 31 Dec 2020; all UNAMID personnel are scheduled to be withdrawn by June 2021; note: in October 2020, Sudan’s transitional government signed a peace agreement with several armed groups in Darfur; the agreement provided for the establishment of a joint security force comprised of 12,000 members tasked with securing the region of Darfur in place of UNAMID"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1184,7 +1184,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
|
||||
"refugees (country of origin)": {
|
||||
"text": "792,663 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 125,115 (Eritrea) (refugees and asylum seekers), 93,494 (Syria) (refugees and asylum seekers), 67,550 (Ethiopia) (refugees and asylum seekers), 27,347 (Central African Republic) (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "772,313 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 125,115 (Eritrea) (refugees and asylum seekers), 93,494 (Syria) (refugees and asylum seekers), 67,550 (Ethiopia) (refugees and asylum seekers), 27,347 (Central African Republic) (2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"IDPs": {
|
||||
"text": "2,276,000 (civil war 1983-2005; ongoing conflict in Darfur region; government and rebel fighting along South Sudan border; inter-tribal clashes) (2020)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "70 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "one of the more densely populated African nations with most of the population residing in rural communities, density is highest in the south on or near the Atlantic coast as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/77c0ca72ac26822802b2f3c0d9db8d47/TOGO_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "one of the more densely populated African nations with most of the population residing in rural communities, density is highest in the south on or near the Atlantic coast as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; periodic droughts"
|
||||
|
|
@ -181,7 +181,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-1.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "one of the more densely populated African nations with most of the population residing in rural communities, density is highest in the south on or near the Atlantic coast as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/77c0ca72ac26822802b2f3c0d9db8d47/TOGO_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "one of the more densely populated African nations with most of the population residing in rural communities, density is highest in the south on or near the Atlantic coast as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -302,13 +302,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "2.3% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "2% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "120,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "110,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "3,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -602,7 +602,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Action Committee for Renewal or CAR [Yaovi AGBOYIBO]<br />Alliance of Democrats for Integral Development or ADDI [Tchaboure GOGUE]<br />Democratic Convention of African Peoples or CDPA [Brigitte ADJAMAGBO-JOHNSON]<br />Democratic Forces for the Republic or FDR [Dodji APEVON]<br />National Alliance for Change or ANC [Jean-Pierre FABRE]<br />New Togolese Commitment [Gerry TAAMA]<br />Pan-African National Party or PNP [Tikpi ATCHADAM]<br />Pan-African Patriotic Convergence or CPP [Edem KODJO]<br />Patriotic Movement for Democracy and Development or MPDD [Agbeyome KODJO] <br />Socialist Pact for Renewal or PSR [Abi TCHESSA]<br />The Togolese Party [Nathaniel OLYMPIO]<br />Union of Forces for Change or UFC [Gilchrist OLYMPIO]<br />Union for the Republic or UNIR [Faure GNASSINGBE]"
|
||||
"text": "Action Committee for Renewal or CAR [Yaovi AGBOYIBO]<br>Alliance of Democrats for Integral Development or ADDI [Tchaboure GOGUE]<br>Democratic Convention of African Peoples or CDPA [Brigitte ADJAMAGBO-JOHNSON]<br>Democratic Forces for the Republic or FDR [Dodji APEVON]<br>National Alliance for Change or ANC [Jean-Pierre FABRE]<br>New Togolese Commitment [Gerry TAAMA]<br>Pan-African National Party or PNP [Tikpi ATCHADAM]<br>Pan-African Patriotic Convergence or CPP [Edem KODJO]<br>Patriotic Movement for Democracy and Development or MPDD [Agbeyome KODJO] <br>Socialist Pact for Renewal or PSR [Abi TCHESSA]<br>The Togolese Party [Nathaniel OLYMPIO]<br>Union of Forces for Change or UFC [Gilchrist OLYMPIO]<br>Union for the Republic or UNIR [Faure GNASSINGBE]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "100 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "Sao Tome, the capital city, has roughly a quarter of the nation's population; Santo Antonio is the largest town on Principe; the northern areas of both islands have the highest population densities as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/8b7a18cecd5eb370f441f1cb0033411c/SAO_TOME_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "Sao Tome, the capital city, has roughly a quarter of the nation's population; Santo Antonio is the largest town on Principe; the northern areas of both islands have the highest population densities as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "flooding"
|
||||
|
|
@ -174,7 +174,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-7.57 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "Sao Tome, the capital city, has roughly a quarter of the nation's population; Santo Antonio is the largest town on Principe; the northern areas of both islands have the highest population densities as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/8b7a18cecd5eb370f441f1cb0033411c/SAO_TOME_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "Sao Tome, the capital city, has roughly a quarter of the nation's population; Santo Antonio is the largest town on Principe; the northern areas of both islands have the highest population densities as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -295,13 +295,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "0.7% (2018)"
|
||||
"text": "0.3% (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "1,100 (2018)"
|
||||
"text": "1,100 <1,000 (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "<100 (2018)"
|
||||
"text": "<100 (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -574,7 +574,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Force for Democratic Change Movement or MDFM [Fradique Bandeira Melo DE MENEZES]<br />Independent Democratic Action or ADI [vacant]<br />Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe-Social Democratic Party or MLSTP-PSD [Aurelio MARTINS]<br />Party for Democratic Convergence-Reflection Group or PCD-GR [Leonel Mario D'ALVA]<br />other small parties"
|
||||
"text": "Force for Democratic Change Movement or MDFM [Fradique Bandeira Melo DE MENEZES]<br>Independent Democratic Action or ADI [vacant]<br>Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe-Social Democratic Party or MLSTP-PSD [Aurelio MARTINS]<br>Party for Democratic Convergence-Reflection Group or PCD-GR [Leonel Mario D'ALVA]<br>other small parties"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AOSIS, AU, CD, CEMAC, CPLP, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Tunisia has been the nexus of many different colonizations including those of the Phoenicians (as early as the 12 century B.C.), the Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, various Arab and Berber kingdoms, and the Ottomans (16<sup>th</sup> to late 19<sup>th</sup> centuries). Rivalry between French and Italian interests in Tunisia culminated in a French invasion in 1881 and the creation of a protectorate. Agitation for independence in the decades following World War I was finally successful in convincing the French to recognize Tunisia as an independent state in 1956. The country's first president, Habib BOURGUIBA, established a strict one-party state. He dominated the country for 31 years, repressing Islamic fundamentalism and establishing rights for women unmatched by any other Arab nation. In November 1987, BOURGUIBA was removed from office and replaced by Zine el Abidine BEN ALI in a bloodless coup. Street protests that began in Tunis in December 2010 over high unemployment, corruption, widespread poverty, and high food prices escalated in January 2011, culminating in rioting that led to hundreds of deaths. On 14 January 2011, the same day BEN ALI dismissed the government, he fled the country, and by late January 2011, a \"national unity government\" was formed. Elections for the new Constituent Assembly were held in late October 2011, and in December, it elected human rights activist Moncef MARZOUKI as interim president. The Assembly began drafting a new constitution in February 2012 and, after several iterations and a months-long political crisis that stalled the transition, ratified the document in January 2014. Parliamentary and presidential elections for a permanent government were held at the end of 2014. Beji CAID ESSEBSI was elected as the first president under the country's new constitution. Following ESSEBSI’s death in office in July 2019, Tunisia moved its scheduled presidential election forward two months and after two rounds of voting, Kais SAIED was sworn in as president in October 2019. Tunisia also held legislative elections on schedule in October 2019. SAIED's term, as well as that of Tunisia's 217-member parliament, expires in 2024.</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Tunisia has been the nexus of many different colonizations including those of the Phoenicians (as early as the 12 century B.C.), the Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, various Arab and Berber kingdoms, and the Ottomans (16th to late 19th centuries). Rivalry between French and Italian interests in Tunisia culminated in a French invasion in 1881 and the creation of a protectorate. Agitation for independence in the decades following World War I was finally successful in convincing the French to recognize Tunisia as an independent state in 1956. The country's first president, Habib BOURGUIBA, established a strict one-party state. He dominated the country for 31 years, repressing Islamic fundamentalism and establishing rights for women unmatched by any other Arab nation. In November 1987, BOURGUIBA was removed from office and replaced by Zine el Abidine BEN ALI in a bloodless coup. Street protests that began in Tunis in December 2010 over high unemployment, corruption, widespread poverty, and high food prices escalated in January 2011, culminating in rioting that led to hundreds of deaths. On 14 January 2011, the same day BEN ALI dismissed the government, he fled the country, and by late January 2011, a \"national unity government\" was formed. Elections for the new Constituent Assembly were held in late October 2011, and in December, it elected human rights activist Moncef MARZOUKI as interim president. The Assembly began drafting a new constitution in February 2012 and, after several iterations and a months-long political crisis that stalled the transition, ratified the document in January 2014. Parliamentary and presidential elections for a permanent government were held at the end of 2014. Beji CAID ESSEBSI was elected as the first president under the country's new constitution. Following ESSEBSI’s death in office in July 2019, Tunisia moved its scheduled presidential election forward two months and after two rounds of voting, Kais SAIED was sworn in as president in October 2019. Tunisia also held legislative elections on schedule in October 2019. SAIED's term, as well as that of Tunisia's 217-member parliament, expires in 2024.</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "4,590 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the overwhelming majority of the population is located in the northern half of the country; the south remains largely underpopulated as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/39ab085913747071f58bcf7c95d4279b/TUNISIA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "the overwhelming majority of the population is located in the northern half of the country; the south remains largely underpopulated as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "flooding; earthquakes; droughts"
|
||||
|
|
@ -123,7 +123,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Arabic (official, one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce), Berber (Tamazight); note - despite having no official status, French plays a major role in the country and is spoken by about two thirds of the population"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />كتاب حقائق العالم، أحسن كتاب تتعلم به المعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br /><br />The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)<br /><br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
"text": "<br>كتاب حقائق العالم، أحسن كتاب تتعلم به المعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br><br>The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -187,7 +187,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-1.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the overwhelming majority of the population is located in the northern half of the country; the south remains largely underpopulated as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/39ab085913747071f58bcf7c95d4279b/TUNISIA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "the overwhelming majority of the population is located in the northern half of the country; the south remains largely underpopulated as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -304,13 +304,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "<.1% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "<.1% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "6,500 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "4,500 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "<500 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "<200 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "26.9% (2016)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -526,7 +526,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "President Kais SAIED (elected 13 October, sworn in 23 October 2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"head of government": {
|
||||
"text": "Prime Minister Hichem MECHICHI (since 2 September 2020)"
|
||||
"text": "prime minister (vacant); on 25 July 2021, President SAIED removed Prime Minister Hichem MECHICHI from office"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"cabinet": {
|
||||
"text": "selected by the prime minister and approved by the Assembly of the Representatives of the People"
|
||||
|
|
@ -535,12 +535,12 @@
|
|||
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); last held on 15 September 2019 with a runoff on 13 October 2019 (next to be held in 2024); following legislative elections, the prime minister is selected by the winning party or winning coalition and appointed by the president"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>first round - Kais SAIED (independent) 18.4%, Nabil KAROUI (Heart of Tunisia) 15.6%, Abdelfattah MOUROU (Nahda Movement) 12.9%, Abdelkrim ZBIDI(independent) 10.7%,Youssef CHAHED (Long Live Tunisia) 7.4%, Safi SAID (independent) 7.1%, Lotfi MRAIHI (Republican People's Union) 6.6%, other 21.3%; runoff - Kais SAIED elected president; Kais SAIED 72.7%, Nabil KAROUI 27.3%</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>first round - Kais SAIED (independent) 18.4%, Nabil KAROUI (Heart of Tunisia) 15.6%, Abdelfattah MOUROU (Nahda Movement) 12.9%, Abdelkrim ZBIDI(independent) 10.7%,Youssef CHAHED (Long Live Tunisia) 7.4%, Safi SAID (independent) 7.1%, Lotfi MRAIHI (Republican People's Union) 6.6%, other 21.3%; runoff - Kais SAIED elected president; Kais SAIED 72.7%, Nabil KAROUI 27.3%</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "unicameral Assembly of the Representatives of the People or Majlis Nuwwab ash-Sha'b (Assemblee des representants du peuple) (217 seats; 199 members directly elected in Tunisian multi-seat constituencies and 18 members in multi-seat constituencies abroad by party-list proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
"text": "<br>note: on 25 July 2021, President SAIED suspended the Assembly for 30 days<br>unicameral Assembly of the Representatives of the People or Majlis Nuwwab ash-Sha'b (Assemblee des representants du peuple) (217 seats; 199 members directly elected in Tunisian multi-seat constituencies and 18 members in multi-seat constituencies abroad by party-list proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "initial election held on 6 October 2019 (next to be held in October 2024)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -562,7 +562,7 @@
|
|||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the new Tunisian constitution of January 2014 called for the creation of a constitutional court by the end of 2015, but as of November 2018, the court had not been appointed; the court to consist of 12 members - 4 each to be appointed by the president, the Supreme Judicial Council (an independent 4-part body consisting mainly of elected judges and the remainder are legal specialists), and the Chamber of the People's Deputies (parliament); members are to serve 9-year terms with one-third of the membership renewed every 3 years"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Afek Tounes [Yassine BRAHIM]Al Badil Al-Tounisi (The Tunisian Alternative) [Mehdi JOMAA]<br />Call for Tunisia Party (Nidaa Tounes) [Hafedh CAID ESSEBSI]<br />Congress for the Republic Party or CPR [Imed DAIMI]<br />Current of Love [Hachemi HAMDI] (formerly the Popular Petition party)<br />Democratic Alliance Party [Mohamed HAMDI]<br />Democratic Current [Mohamed ABBOU]<br />Democratic Patriots' Unified Party [Zied LAKHDHAR]<br />Dignity Coalition [Seifeddine MAKHIOUF]<br />Free Destourian Party [Abir MOUSSI]<br />Free Patriotic Union (Union patriotique libre) or UPL [Slim RIAHI]<br />Green Tunisia Party [Abdelkader ZITOUNI]<br />Heart of Tunisia (Qalb Tounes)<br />Irada Movement<br />Long Live Tunisia (Tahya Tounes) [Youssef CHAHED]<br />Machrou Tounes (Tunisia Project) [Mohsen MARZOUK]<br />Movement of Socialist Democrats or MDS [Ahmed KHASKHOUSSI]<br />Ennahda Movement (The Renaissance) [Rachid GHANNOUCHI]<br />National Destourian Initiative or El Moubadra [Kamel MORJANE]<br />Party of the Democratic Arab Vanguard [Ahmed JEDDICK, Kheireddine SOUABNI]<br />People's Movement [Zouheir MAGHZAOUI]<br />Popular Front (coalition includes Democratic Patriots' Unified Party, Workers' Party, Green Tunisia, Tunisian Ba'ath Movement, Party of the Democratic Arab Vanguard)<br />Republican Party [Maya JRIBI]<br />Tunisian Ba'ath Movement [OMAR Othman BELHADJ]<br />Tunisia First (Tunis Awlan) [Ridha BELHAJ]<br />Workers' Party [Hamma HAMMAMI]"
|
||||
"text": "Afek Tounes [Yassine BRAHIM]Al Badil Al-Tounisi (The Tunisian Alternative) [Mehdi JOMAA]<br>Call for Tunisia Party (Nidaa Tounes) [Hafedh CAID ESSEBSI]<br>Congress for the Republic Party or CPR [Imed DAIMI]<br>Current of Love [Hachemi HAMDI] (formerly the Popular Petition party)<br>Democratic Alliance Party [Mohamed HAMDI]<br>Democratic Current [Mohamed ABBOU]<br>Democratic Patriots' Unified Party [Zied LAKHDHAR]<br>Dignity Coalition [Seifeddine MAKHIOUF]<br>Free Destourian Party [Abir MOUSSI]<br>Free Patriotic Union (Union patriotique libre) or UPL [Slim RIAHI]<br>Green Tunisia Party [Abdelkader ZITOUNI]<br>Heart of Tunisia (Qalb Tounes)<br>Irada Movement<br>Long Live Tunisia (Tahya Tounes) [Youssef CHAHED]<br>Machrou Tounes (Tunisia Project) [Mohsen MARZOUK]<br>Movement of Socialist Democrats or MDS [Ahmed KHASKHOUSSI]<br>Ennahda Movement (The Renaissance) [Rachid GHANNOUCHI]<br>National Destourian Initiative or El Moubadra [Kamel MORJANE]<br>Party of the Democratic Arab Vanguard [Ahmed JEDDICK, Kheireddine SOUABNI]<br>People's Movement [Zouheir MAGHZAOUI]<br>Popular Front (coalition includes Democratic Patriots' Unified Party, Workers' Party, Green Tunisia, Tunisian Ba'ath Movement, Party of the Democratic Arab Vanguard)<br>Republican Party [Maya JRIBI]<br>Tunisian Ba'ath Movement [OMAR Othman BELHADJ]<br>Tunisia First (Tunis Awlan) [Ridha BELHAJ]<br>Workers' Party [Hamma HAMMAMI]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, BSEC (observer), CAEU, CD, EBRD, FAO, G-11, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OPCW, OSCE (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1127,12 +1127,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military service age and obligation": {
|
||||
"text": "20-23 years of age for compulsory service, 1-year service obligation; 18-23 years of age for voluntary service (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "the Tunisian military’s primary operational areas of focus are counter-terrorism, counterinsurgency, and border security; it conducts counter-terrorism and counterinsurgency operations against al-Qa’ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and Islamic State of ash-Sham (ISIS)-linked militants who have been fighting a low-intensity insurgency against the government, mostly in the mountainous region along the border with Algeria, particularly the Chaambi Mountains near the city of Kasserine; the Tunisian military routinely conducts joint operations with Algerian security forces against these groups, as well to counter smuggling and trafficking activities; the Tunisian military in recent years also has increased its role in securing the southern border against militant activity, smuggling, and trafficking from war-torn Libya; the Tunisian Government has constructed a complex structure of berms, trenches, and water-filled moats, complemented by electronic surveillance equipment such as motion detectors, ground surveillance radars, and infrared sensors along the 220-kilometer border with Libya; in the more populace northern border area, the Tunisian Army backs up Ministry of Interior security forces (Customs and the National Guard), while in the more remote southern sections of the frontier a military exclusion or buffer zone has been created, with the Tunisian Army having the lead in conducting patrols, interdiction, and making arrests"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
"Terrorist group(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Ansar al-Sharia in Tunisia; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) network in Tunisia; al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
|
||||
"text": "Ansar al-Sharia in Tunisia; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) network in Tunisia; al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -92,7 +92,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "1,840 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the largest and most populous East African country; population distribution is extremely uneven, but greater population clusters occur in the northern half of country and along the east coast as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/4d19b4f1ee289fe4cb71f539b416a6a7/TANZANIA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "the largest and most populous East African country; population distribution is extremely uneven, but greater population clusters occur in the northern half of country and along the east coast as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season; drought</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> limited volcanic activity; Ol Doinyo Lengai (2,962 m) has emitted lava in recent years; other historically active volcanoes include Kieyo and Meru</p>"
|
||||
|
|
@ -122,7 +122,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguja (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages; note - Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety of sources including Arabic and English; it has become the lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of most people is one of the local languages"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />The World Factbook, Chanzo cha Lazima Kuhusu Habari ya Msingi. (Kiswahili)<br /><br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
"text": "<br>The World Factbook, Chanzo cha Lazima Kuhusu Habari ya Msingi. (Kiswahili)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -187,7 +187,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-0.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the largest and most populous East African country; population distribution is extremely uneven, but greater population clusters occur in the northern half of country and along the east coast as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/4d19b4f1ee289fe4cb71f539b416a6a7/TANZANIA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "the largest and most populous East African country; population distribution is extremely uneven, but greater population clusters occur in the northern half of country and along the east coast as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -308,13 +308,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "5.1% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "4.7% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "1.7 million (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.7 million (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "27,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "32,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -476,7 +476,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Food insecurity": {
|
||||
"severe localized food insecurity": {
|
||||
"text": "due to floods and refugee influx - about 499,000 people were estimated to be in need of emergency assistance in the May-September 2020 period, mainly in northeastern Manyara and Kilimanjaro regions and in central Dodoma and Singida regions, where 2019 harvests were affected by prolonged dry spells that resulted in significant cereal production losses; heavy rains triggered floods in March and April 2020 in northern Mwanza, Simiyu, Mara, and Kagera regions, in western Rukwa, Katavi, and Kigoma regions, in eastern Manyara Province, and in southern Morogoro Region, which resulted in population displacements and localized damage to crops (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "due to localized shortfalls in staple food production - number of severely food insecure people estimated at 490,000 for period May‑September 2021, markedly lower than in period November 2019‑April 2020 (2021)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Waste and recycling": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -587,7 +587,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Tanzania National Assembly and Zanzibar House of Representatives - elections last held on 25 October 2015 (next National Assembly election to be held in October 2020; next Zanzibar election either October 2020 or March 2021); note the Zanzibar Electoral Commission annulled the 2015 election; repoll held on 20 March 2016"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "National Assembly - percent of vote by party - CCM 55%, Chadema 31.8%, CUF 8.6%, other 4.6%; seats by party - CCM 253, Chadema 70, CUF 42, other 2; composition as of September 2018 - men 245, women 145, percent of women 37.2%<br /><br />Zanzibar House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - NA"
|
||||
"text": "National Assembly - percent of vote by party - CCM 55%, Chadema 31.8%, CUF 8.6%, other 4.6%; seats by party - CCM 253, Chadema 70, CUF 42, other 2; composition as of September 2018 - men 245, women 145, percent of women 37.2%<br><br>Zanzibar House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - NA"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -602,7 +602,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Alliance for Change and Transparency (Wazalendo) or ACT [Zitto KABWE]<br />Alliance for Democratic Change or ADC [Miraji ABDALLAH] <br />Civic United Front (Chama Cha Wananchi) or CUF [Ibrahim LIPUMBA]<br />National Convention for Construction and Reform-Mageuzi or NCCR-M [James Francis MBATIA]<br />National League for Democracy<br />Party of Democracy and Development (Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo) or Chadema [Freeman MBOWE]<br />Revolutionary Party (Chama Cha Mapinduzi) or CCM [John MAGUFULI]<br />Tanzania Labor Party or TLP [Augustine MREMA]<br />United Democratic Party or UDP [John Momose CHEYO]</p><br><br><strong>note:</strong> in March 2014, four opposition parties (CUF, CHADEMA, NCCR-Mageuzi, and NLD) united to form Coalition for the People's Constitution (Umoja wa Katiba ya Wananchi) or UKAWA; during local elections held in October, 2014, UKAWA entered one candidate representing the three parties united in the coalition",
|
||||
"text": "<p>Alliance for Change and Transparency (Wazalendo) or ACT [Zitto KABWE]<br>Alliance for Democratic Change or ADC [Miraji ABDALLAH] <br>Civic United Front (Chama Cha Wananchi) or CUF [Ibrahim LIPUMBA]<br>National Convention for Construction and Reform-Mageuzi or NCCR-M [James Francis MBATIA]<br>National League for Democracy<br>Party of Democracy and Development (Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo) or Chadema [Freeman MBOWE]<br>Revolutionary Party (Chama Cha Mapinduzi) or CCM [John MAGUFULI]<br>Tanzania Labor Party or TLP [Augustine MREMA]<br>United Democratic Party or UDP [John Momose CHEYO]</p><br><br><strong>note:</strong> in March 2014, four opposition parties (CUF, CHADEMA, NCCR-Mageuzi, and NLD) united to form Coalition for the People's Constitution (Umoja wa Katiba ya Wananchi) or UKAWA; during local elections held in October, 2014, UKAWA entered one candidate representing the three parties united in the coalition",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> in March 2014, four opposition parties (CUF, CHADEMA, NCCR-Mageuzi, and NLD) united to form Coalition for the People's Constitution (Umoja wa Katiba ya Wananchi) or UKAWA; during local elections held in October, 2014, UKAWA entered one candidate representing the three parties united in the coalition"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -610,7 +610,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador Wilson Mutagaywa MASILINGI (since 17 September 2015)"
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge D'Affaires Ad Interim Jean Abel MSABILA (since 21 May 2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"chancery": {
|
||||
"text": "1232 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20037"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1186,8 +1186,8 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
"Terrorist group(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Mozambique<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
|
||||
"text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Mozambique<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1196,7 +1196,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
|
||||
"refugees (country of origin)": {
|
||||
"text": "137,363 (Burundi), 79,002 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "133,029 (Burundi), 79,002 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (2021)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Trafficking in persons": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -83,7 +83,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "140 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "population density is relatively high in comparison to other African nations; most of the population is concentrated in the central and southern parts of the country, particularly along the shores of Lake Victoria and Lake Albert; the northeast is least populated as shown in this <a href=\"one of the highest levels of urbanizhttps:/www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/cd0490e3b3a54a9d271d319782d4dcbe/UGANDA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "population density is relatively high in comparison to other African nations; most of the population is concentrated in the central and southern parts of the country, particularly along the shores of Lake Victoria and Lake Albert; the northeast is least populated as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "droughts; floods; earthquakes; landslides; hailstorms"
|
||||
|
|
@ -172,7 +172,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-3.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "population density is relatively high in comparison to other African nations; most of the population is concentrated in the central and southern parts of the country, particularly along the shores of Lake Victoria and Lake Albert; the northeast is least populated as shown in this <a href=\"one of the highest levels of urbanizhttps:/www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/cd0490e3b3a54a9d271d319782d4dcbe/UGANDA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "population density is relatively high in comparison to other African nations; most of the population is concentrated in the central and southern parts of the country, particularly along the shores of Lake Victoria and Lake Albert; the northeast is least populated as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -293,13 +293,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "6.1% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "5.4% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "1.5 million (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.4 million (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "21,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "22,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -461,7 +461,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Food insecurity": {
|
||||
"widespread lack of access": {
|
||||
"text": "due to floods and refugee influx - the number of severely food insecure people was estimated at 2 million in the September 2020-January 2021 period in Karamoja Region, urban areas, refugee settlements, and host communities; in traditionally food secure urban areas, including the capital, Kampala, more than 600,000 people are food insecure due to the restrictive measures introduced to curb the spread of the COVID‑19 virus; torrential rains triggered flooding in September and October near Lake Albert and Lake Kyoga; in addition, landslides occurred in mountain areas of eastern Mbale, southern Kisoro, and western Bunyangabo districts; floods and landslides affected about 16,500 people and caused losses of lives, damage to infrastructure, and localized crop losses (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "due to reduced incomes, and floods - in traditionally food secure urban areas, including the capital, Kampala, more than 600,000 people were food insecure due to the restrictive measures introduced to curb the spread of the COVID-19 virus; the food security situation in urban areas was the most affected by the COVID‑19‑related restrictive measures, as poor households mainly rely on the daily wages obtained through casual labor, petty trading, food vending, construction activities and domestic work; despite the phasing out of some restrictive measures, the food security situation of the urban poor has not significantly improved, as the restrictions still in place on business operations are resulting in a slow recovery of the economic activities; in rural areas, torrential rains in April and May 2020 resulted in localized crop and livelihood losses (2021)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Waste and recycling": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -545,10 +545,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Executive branch": {
|
||||
"chief of state": {
|
||||
"text": "President Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since seizing power on 26 January 1986; re-elected for sixth term on 14 January 2021); Vice President Edward SSEKANDI (since 24 May 2011); Prime Minister Ruhakana RUGUNDA (since 19 September 2014); First Deputy Prime Minister Moses ALI (since 6 June 2016); Second Deputy Prime Minister Kirunda KIVEJINJA (since 6 June 2016); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government"
|
||||
"text": "President Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since seizing power on 26 January 1986; re-elected for sixth term on 14 January 2021); Vice President Jessica Rose Epel ALUPO (since 21 June 2021); Prime Minister Robinah NABBANJA (since 21 June 2021); First Deputy Prime Minister Rebecca KADAGA (since 24 June 2021); Second Deputy Prime Minister Moses ALI (since 21 June 2021); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"head of government": {
|
||||
"text": "President Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since seizing power on 26 January 1986; re-elected for sixth term on 14 January 2021); Vice President Edward SSEKANDI (since 24 May 2011); Prime Minister Ruhakana RUGUNDA (since 19 September 2014); First Deputy Prime Minister Moses ALI (since 6 June 2016); Second Deputy Prime Minister Kirunda KIVEJINJA (since 6 June 2016)"
|
||||
"text": "President Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since seizing power on 26 January 1986; re-elected for sixth term on 14 January 2021); Vice President Jessica Rose Epel ALUPO (since 21 June 2021); Prime Minister Robinah NABBANJA (since 21 June 2021); First Deputy Prime Minister Rebecca KADAGA (since 24 June 2021); Second Deputy Prime Minister Moses ALI (since 21 June 2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"cabinet": {
|
||||
"text": "Cabinet appointed by the president from among elected members of the National Assembly or persons who qualify to be elected as members of the National Assembly"
|
||||
|
|
@ -560,7 +560,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI reelected president in the first round; percent of vote - Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (NRM) 58.6%, Bobi WINE (NUP) 34.8%, Patrick Oboi AMURIAT (FDC) 3.2%, other 3.4%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"head of state": {
|
||||
"text": "President Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since seizing power on 26 January 1986); Vice President Edward SSEKANDI (since 24 May 2011); note - the president is both head of state and head of government"
|
||||
"text": "President Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since seizing power on 26 January 1986); Vice President Jessica Rose Epel ALUPO (since 21 June 2021); note - the president is both head of state and head of government"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -586,7 +586,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Alliance for National Transformation or ANT [Ms. Alice ALASO, acting national coordinator]; note - Mugisha MUNTU resigned his position as ANT national coordinator in late June 2020 to run in the 2021 presidential election<br />Activist Party [Stephen BAMPIGGA] <br />Democratic Party or DP [Norbert MAO]<br />Conservative Party [Walyemera Daniel MASUMBA]<br />Forum for Democratic Change or FDC [Patrick Oboi AMURIAT]<br />Justice Forum or JEEMA [Asuman BASALIRWA]<br />National Resistance Movement or NRM [Yoweri MUSEVENI]<br />Uganda People's Congress or UPC [James AKENA]<br />National Unity Platform [Nkonge KIBALAMA]"
|
||||
"text": "Alliance for National Transformation or ANT [Ms. Alice ALASO, acting national coordinator]; note - Mugisha MUNTU resigned his position as ANT national coordinator in late June 2020 to run in the 2021 presidential election<br>Activist Party [Stephen BAMPIGGA] <br>Democratic Party or DP [Norbert MAO]<br>Conservative Party [Walyemera Daniel MASUMBA]<br>Forum for Democratic Change or FDC [Patrick Oboi AMURIAT]<br>Justice Forum or JEEMA [Asuman BASALIRWA]<br>National Resistance Movement or NRM [Yoweri MUSEVENI]<br>Uganda People's Congress or UPC [James AKENA]<br>National Unity Platform [Nkonge KIBALAMA]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, C, COMESA, EAC, EADB, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1165,13 +1165,13 @@
|
|||
"text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military duty (must be single, no children); 9-year service obligation (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>the UPDF, which is constitutionally granted seats in parliament, is widely viewed as a key constituency for MUSEVENI; it has been used by MUSEVENI and the NRM to break up rallies, raid opposition offices, and surveil rival candidates; during the 2020 election cycle, senior UPDF officer said that the military would not obey a non-NRM political leader</p> <p>the UPDF has conducted operations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo against a Congo-based Ugandan rebel group, the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), which was designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization by the US State Department in March 2021 as the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (ISIS-DRC; see the Terrorist Group Appendix); beginning in 2012, the UPDF also led regional efforts to pursue the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), a small, violent group of Ugandan origin that conducted widespread attacks against civilians in much of Central Africa; the UPDF withdrew from the mission in 2017 after declaring that the LRA no longer posed a security threat</p> <p>Uganda intervened in the South Sudan civil war in 2013-2016 and UPDF forces have clashed with South Sudanese forces along the border as recently as 2020</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>the UPDF, which is constitutionally granted seats in parliament, is widely viewed as a key constituency for MUSEVENI; it has been used by MUSEVENI and the NRM to break up rallies, raid opposition offices, and surveil rival candidates; during the 2020 election cycle, senior UPDF officer said that the military would not obey a non-NRM political leader</p> <p>the UPDF has conducted operations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo against a Congo-based Ugandan rebel group, the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), which was designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization by the US State Department in March 2021 as the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (ISIS-DRC; see the Terrorist Group Appendix); beginning in 2012, the UPDF also led regional efforts to pursue the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), a small, violent group of Ugandan origin that conducted widespread attacks against civilians in much of Central Africa; the UPDF withdrew from the mission in 2017 after declaring that the LRA no longer posed a security threat</p> <p>Uganda intervened in the South Sudan civil war in 2013-2016 and UPDF forces have clashed with South Sudanese forces along the border as recently as 2020</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
"Terrorist group(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "al-Shabaab; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Democratic Republic of Congo (ISIS-DRC)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
|
||||
"text": "al-Shabaab; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Democratic Republic of Congo (ISIS-DRC)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1188,7 +1188,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Uganda, and traffickers exploit victims from Uganda abroad; young Ugandan children are exploited in forced labor in agriculture, fishing, forestry, cattle herding, mining, stone quarrying, brick making, carpentry, steel manufacturing, street vending, bars, restaurants, gold mining, and domestic service; traffickers exploit girls and boys in commercial sex; most are children from the northeastern region and are exploited in forced begging, commercial sex in brothels, or sold in markets; traffickers compel children from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, and South Sudan into forced agricultural labor and sex trafficking in Uganda; young women most at risk for transnational trafficking seek employment as domestic workers in the Middle East and then are exploited in sex trafficking; traffickers subject Ugandans to forced labor and sex trafficking in UAE, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, Egypt, Turkey, Algeria, Malaysia, Thailand, Bahrain, Jordan, China, Kenya, and India; traffickers are often relatives, friends of victims, or religious leaders who receive a fee per worker from recruiters"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"tier rating": {
|
||||
"text": "Tier 2 Watch list —<strong> </strong>Uganda does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; efforts include investigating allegations of complicit officials, implementing the protection and prevention provisions of the 2009 anti-trafficking act, convicting alleged traffickers, developing a plan for an anti-trafficking department within the police force; however, the government reported the lowest number of investigations in the past five years and a substantial decrease in prosecutions; authorities provided no training for law enforcement and immigration officials and identified fewer victims; the Coordination Office for Prevention of Trafficking in Persons is severely underfunded, stifling efforts to coordinate and combat trafficking; no systematic procedures to refer or assist victims have been developed, and the government provides no resources to NGOs for protective services; Uganda was downgraded to Tier 2 Watch List (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "Tier 2 Watch list —<strong> </strong>Uganda does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; efforts include investigating allegations of complicit officials, implementing the protection and prevention provisions of the 2009 anti-trafficking act, convicting alleged traffickers, developing a plan for an anti-trafficking department within the police force; however, the government reported the lowest number of investigations in the past five years and a substantial decrease in prosecutions; authorities provided no training for law enforcement and immigration officials and identified fewer victims; the Coordination Office for Prevention of Trafficking in Persons is severely underfunded, stifling efforts to coordinate and combat trafficking; no systematic procedures to refer or assist victims have been developed, and the government provides no resources to NGOs for protective services; Uganda was downgraded to Tier 2 Watch List (2020)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "Many of Burkina Faso’s ethnic groups arrived in the region between the 12<sup>th</sup> and 15<sup>th</sup> centuries. The Gurma and Mossi peoples established several of the largest kingdoms in the area and used horse-mounted warriors in military campaigns. Of the various Mossi kingdoms, the most powerful were Ouagadougou and Yatenga. In the late 19th century, European states competed for control of the region. France eventually conquered the area and established it as a French protectorate.<br /><br />The area achieved independence from France in 1960 and changed its name to Burkina Faso in 1984. Repeated military coups were common in the country’s first few decades. The last successful coup occurred in 1987 when Blaise COMPAORE deposed the former president, established a government, and ruled for 27 years. In October 2014, COMPAORE resigned following protests against his repeated efforts to amend the constitution's two-term presidential limit. An interim administration led a year-long transition period organizing presidential and legislative elections. In November 2015, Roch Marc Christian KABORE was elected president; he was reelected in November 2020.<br /><br />Terrorist groups - including groups affiliated with Al-Qa’ida and the Islamic State - began attacks in the country in 2016 and conducted attacks in the capital in 2016, 2017, and 2018. By late 2020, terrorist attacks had resulted in approximately 4,000 deaths and over 1 million internally displaced persons. In addition to terrorism, the country faces a myriad of problems including high population growth, recurring drought, pervasive and perennial food insecurity, and limited natural resources. It is one of the world’s poorest countries.<br /> <p> </p>"
|
||||
"text": "Many of Burkina Faso’s ethnic groups arrived in the region between the 12th and 15th centuries. The Gurma and Mossi peoples established several of the largest kingdoms in the area and used horse-mounted warriors in military campaigns. Of the various Mossi kingdoms, the most powerful were Ouagadougou and Yatenga. In the late 19th century, European states competed for control of the region. France eventually conquered the area and established it as a French protectorate.<br><br>The area achieved independence from France in 1960 and changed its name to Burkina Faso in 1984. Repeated military coups were common in the country’s first few decades. The last successful coup occurred in 1987 when Blaise COMPAORE deposed the former president, established a government, and ruled for 27 years. In October 2014, COMPAORE resigned following protests against his repeated efforts to amend the constitution's two-term presidential limit. An interim administration led a year-long transition period organizing presidential and legislative elections. In November 2015, Roch Marc Christian KABORE was elected president; he was reelected in November 2020.<br><br>Terrorist groups - including groups affiliated with Al-Qa’ida and the Islamic State - began attacks in the country in 2016 and conducted attacks in the capital in 2016, 2017, and 2018. By late 2020, terrorist attacks had resulted in approximately 4,000 deaths and over 1 million internally displaced persons. In addition to terrorism, the country faces a myriad of problems including high population growth, recurring drought, pervasive and perennial food insecurity, and limited natural resources. It is one of the world’s poorest countries.<br> <p> </p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "<p>three climate zones including a hot tropical savanna with a short rainy season in the southern half, a tropical hot semi-arid steppe climate typical of the Sahel region in the northern half, and small area of hot desert in the very north of the country bordering the Sahara Desert</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Terrain": {
|
||||
"text": "<span class=\"ILfuVd\"><span class=\"e24Kjd\">Mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in the west and southeast. </span></span>Occupies an <span class=\"ILfuVd\"><span class=\"e24Kjd\">extensive plateau with s</span></span><span class=\"ILfuVd\"><span class=\"e24Kjd\">avanna that is grassy in the north and gradually gives way to sparse forests in the south.</span></span> (2019)"
|
||||
"text": "Mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in the west and southeast. Occupies an extensive plateau with savanna that is grassy in the north and gradually gives way to sparse forests in the south. (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Elevation": {
|
||||
"highest point": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "550 sq km (2016)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "<div> <p>Most of the population is located in the center and south. Nearly one-third of the population lives in cities. The capital and largest city is Ouagadougou (Ouaga), with a population of 1.8 million as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/fac293c3704a18e2e24cc016b27fffc9/BURKINA_FASO_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a></p> </div> (2019)"
|
||||
"text": " <p>Most of the population is located in the center and south. Nearly one-third of the population lives in cities. The capital and largest city is Ouagadougou (Ouaga), with a population of 1.8 million as shown in this population distribution map</p> (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "recurring droughts"
|
||||
|
|
@ -115,10 +115,10 @@
|
|||
"text": "French (official), native African languages belonging to Sudanic family spoken by 90% of the population"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
"text": "Muslim 61.5%, Roman Catholic 23.3%, traditional/animist 7.8%, Protestant 6.5%, other/no answer 0.2%, none 0.7% (2010 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "Muslim 63.2%, Roman Catholic 24.6%, Protestant 6.9%, traditional/animist 4.2%, none 0.7%, unspecified 0.4% (2017-18 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Demographic profile": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Burkina Faso has a young age structure – the result of declining mortality combined with steady high fertility – and continues to experience rapid population growth, which is putting increasing pressure on the country’s limited arable land. More than 65% of the population is under the age of 25, and the population is growing at 3% annually. Mortality rates, especially those of infants and children, have decreased because of improved health care, hygiene, and sanitation, but women continue to have an average of almost 6 children. Even if fertility were substantially reduced, today’s large cohort entering their reproductive years would sustain high population growth for the foreseeable future. Only about a third of the population is literate and unemployment is widespread, dampening the economic prospects of Burkina Faso’s large working-age population.</p> <p>Migration has traditionally been a way of life for Burkinabe, with seasonal migration being replaced by stints of up to two years abroad. Cote d’Ivoire remains the top destination, although it has experienced periods of internal conflict. Under French colonization, Burkina Faso became a main labor source for agricultural and factory work in Cote d’Ivoire. Burkinabe also migrated to Ghana, Mali, and Senegal for work between the world wars. Burkina Faso attracts migrants from Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, and Mali, who often share common ethnic backgrounds with the Burkinabe. Despite its food shortages and high poverty rate, Burkina Faso has become a destination for refugees in recent years and hosts about 33,500 Malians as of May 2017.</p> (2018)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Burkina Faso has a young age structure – the result of declining mortality combined with steady high fertility – and continues to experience rapid population growth, which is putting increasing pressure on the country’s limited arable land. More than 65% of the population is under the age of 25, and the population is growing at 3% annually. Mortality rates, especially those of infants and children, have decreased because of improved health care, hygiene, and sanitation, but women continue to have an average of almost 6 children. Even if fertility were substantially reduced, today’s large cohort entering their reproductive years would sustain high population growth for the foreseeable future. Only about a third of the population is literate and unemployment is widespread, dampening the economic prospects of Burkina Faso’s large working-age population.</p> <p>Migration has traditionally been a way of life for Burkinabe, with seasonal migration being replaced by stints of up to two years abroad. Cote d’Ivoire remains the top destination, although it has experienced periods of internal conflict. Under French colonization, Burkina Faso became a main labor source for agricultural and factory work in Cote d’Ivoire. Burkinabe also migrated to Ghana, Mali, and Senegal for work between the world wars. Burkina Faso attracts migrants from Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, and Mali, who often share common ethnic backgrounds with the Burkinabe. Despite its food shortages and high poverty rate, Burkina Faso has become a destination for refugees in recent years and hosts about 33,500 Malians as of May 2017.</p> (2018)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Age structure": {
|
||||
"0-14 years": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-0.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "<div> <p>Most of the population is located in the center and south. Nearly one-third of the population lives in cities. The capital and largest city is Ouagadougou (Ouaga), with a population of 1.8 million as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/fac293c3704a18e2e24cc016b27fffc9/BURKINA_FASO_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a></p> </div> (2019)"
|
||||
"text": " <p>Most of the population is located in the center and south. Nearly one-third of the population lives in cities. The capital and largest city is Ouagadougou (Ouaga), with a population of 1.8 million as shown in this population distribution map</p> (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -244,7 +244,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "4.39 children born/woman (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "32.5% (2018/19)"
|
||||
"text": "30.1% (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Drinking water source": {
|
||||
"improved: urban": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -296,13 +296,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "0.8% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.7% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "100,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "97,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "3,100 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3,300 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -601,7 +601,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "African Democratic Rally/Alliance for Democracy and Federation or ADF/RDA [Gilbert Noel OUEDRAOGO]<br />African People’s Movement or MAP [Victorien TOUGOUMA]<br />Congress for Democracy and Progress or CDP [Eddie KOMBOIGO]<br />Le Faso Autrement [Ablasse OUEDRAOGO]<br />New Alliance of the Faso or NAFA [Mahamoudou DICKO]<br />New Time for Democracy or NTD [Vincent DABILGOU]<br />Organization for Democracy and Work or ODT [Anatole BONKOUNGOU]<br />Party for Development and Change or PDC [Aziz SEREME]<br />Party for Democracy and Progress-Socialist Party or PDP-PS [Drabo TORO]<br />Party for Democracy and Socialism/Metba or PDS/Metba [Philippe OUEDRAOGO]<br />Party for National Renaissance or PAREN [Michel BERE]<br />People's Movement for Progress or MPP [Simon COMPAORE]<br />Rally for Democracy and Socialism or RDS [Francois OUEDRAOGO]<br />Rally for the Development of Burkina or RDB [Celestin Saidou COMPAORE]<br />Rally of Ecologists of Burkina Faso or RDEB [Adama SERE]<br />Soleil d’Avenir [Abdoulaye SOMA]<br />Union for a New Burkina or UBN [Diemdioda DICKO]<br />Union for Progress and Change or UPC [Zephirin DIABRE]<br />Union for Rebirth - Sankarist Party or UNIR-MS [Benewende Stanislas SANKARA]<br />Union for the Republic or UPR [Toussaint Abel COULIBALY]<br />Youth Alliance for the Republic and Independence or AJIR [Adama KANAZOE]"
|
||||
"text": "African Democratic Rally/Alliance for Democracy and Federation or ADF/RDA [Gilbert Noel OUEDRAOGO]<br>African People’s Movement or MAP [Victorien TOUGOUMA]<br>Congress for Democracy and Progress or CDP [Eddie KOMBOIGO]<br>Le Faso Autrement [Ablasse OUEDRAOGO]<br>New Alliance of the Faso or NAFA [Mahamoudou DICKO]<br>New Time for Democracy or NTD [Vincent DABILGOU]<br>Organization for Democracy and Work or ODT [Anatole BONKOUNGOU]<br>Party for Development and Change or PDC [Aziz SEREME]<br>Party for Democracy and Progress-Socialist Party or PDP-PS [Drabo TORO]<br>Party for Democracy and Socialism/Metba or PDS/Metba [Philippe OUEDRAOGO]<br>Party for National Renaissance or PAREN [Michel BERE]<br>People's Movement for Progress or MPP [Simon COMPAORE]<br>Rally for Democracy and Socialism or RDS [Francois OUEDRAOGO]<br>Rally for the Development of Burkina or RDB [Celestin Saidou COMPAORE]<br>Rally of Ecologists of Burkina Faso or RDEB [Adama SERE]<br>Soleil d’Avenir [Abdoulaye SOMA]<br>Union for a New Burkina or UBN [Diemdioda DICKO]<br>Union for Progress and Change or UPC [Zephirin DIABRE]<br>Union for Rebirth - Sankarist Party or UNIR-MS [Benewende Stanislas SANKARA]<br>Union for the Republic or UPR [Toussaint Abel COULIBALY]<br>Youth Alliance for the Republic and Independence or AJIR [Adama KANAZOE]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, CD, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNITAR, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1012,7 +1012,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Burkina Faso’s telecom services are some of the most expensive in the world, hindered by regulatory procedures, insufficient mobile spectrum, poor fixed-line networks; mobile telephony but below African average; Internet is provided by mobile operators; Internet penetration is low and expensive, despite improved international bandwidth via fiber links through submarine cables to adjacent countries; increased telecom tax; government infrastructure project largely completed; parliament launched inquiry on mobile network infrastructure coverage, pricing of services, and quality of service; government began computer subsidy program for university students; government progressed with large project to provide metropolitan fiber-optic infrastructure (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Burkina Faso’s telecom services are some of the most expensive in the world, hindered by regulatory procedures, insufficient mobile spectrum, poor fixed-line networks; mobile telephony but below African average; Internet is provided by mobile operators; Internet penetration is low and expensive, despite improved international bandwidth via fiber links through submarine cables to adjacent countries; increased telecom tax; government infrastructure project largely completed; parliament launched inquiry on mobile network infrastructure coverage, pricing of services, and quality of service; government began computer subsidy program for university students; government progressed with large project to provide metropolitan fiber-optic infrastructure (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "fixed-line connections stand at less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage 100 per 100, with multiple providers there is competition and the hope for growth from a low base; Internet penetration is 11% countrywide, but higher in urban areas (2019)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1116,7 +1116,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "Armed Forces of Burkina Faso (FABF): Army of Burkina Faso (L’Armee de Terre, LAT), Air Force of Burkina Faso (Force Aerienne de Burkina Faso, FABF), National Gendarmerie; Volunteers for the Defense of the Fatherland (a civilian defense force established in 2019 to act as auxiliaries to the military in the fight against militants) (2021)<br><br>note: the National Gendarmerie officially reports to the Ministry of Defense, but usually operates in support of the Ministry of Security and the Ministry of Justice; Gendarmerie troops are typically integrated with Army forces in anti-terrorism operations; for example, Gendarmerie, Army, and police forces were combined to form a 1,500-member task force known as the <em>Groupement des Forces Anti-Terroristes</em> (GFAT) to address terrorist activities along the country's northern border in 2013",
|
||||
"text": "Armed Forces of Burkina Faso (FABF): Army of Burkina Faso (L’Armee de Terre, LAT), Air Force of Burkina Faso (Force Aerienne de Burkina Faso, FABF), National Gendarmerie; Volunteers for the Defense of the Fatherland (a civilian defense force established in 2019 to act as auxiliaries to the military in the fight against militants) (2021)<br><br>note: the National Gendarmerie officially reports to the Ministry of Defense, but usually operates in support of the Ministry of Security and the Ministry of Justice; Gendarmerie troops are typically integrated with Army forces in anti-terrorism operations; for example, Gendarmerie, Army, and police forces were combined to form a 1,500-member task force known as the <em>Groupement des Forces Anti-Terroristes</em> (GFAT) to address terrorist activities along the country's northern border in 2013",
|
||||
"note": "note: the National Gendarmerie officially reports to the Ministry of Defense, but usually operates in support of the Ministry of Security and the Ministry of Justice; Gendarmerie troops are typically integrated with Army forces in anti-terrorism operations; for example, Gendarmerie, Army, and police forces were combined to form a 1,500-member task force known as the <em>Groupement des Forces Anti-Terroristes</em> (GFAT) to address terrorist activities along the country's northern border in 2013"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1137,7 +1137,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
|
||||
"text": "the Armed Forces of Burkina Faso (FABF) have approximately 12,000 personnel (7,000 Army; 500 Air Force; 4,500 National Gendarmerie) (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "the Armed Forces of Burkina Faso (FABF) have approximately 12,000 personnel (7,000 Army; 500 Air Force; 4,500 National Gendarmerie) (2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
|
||||
"text": "the FABF has a mix of foreign-supplied weapons; since 2010, it has received limited amounts of mostly donated second-hand equipment from more than 10 countries (2020)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1149,13 +1149,13 @@
|
|||
"text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; women may serve in supporting roles (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "since at least 2016, the Armed Forces of Burkina Faso have been actively engaged in combat operations with terrorist groups linked to al-Qa'ida and ISIS; military operations have occurred in the Centre‐Est, Centre‐Nord, Est, Nord, and Sahel administrative regions<br /><br />Burkina Faso is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger; it has committed 550 troops and 100 gendarmes to the force; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "since at least 2016, the Armed Forces of Burkina Faso have been actively engaged in combat operations with terrorist groups linked to al-Qa'ida and ISIS; military operations have occurred in the Centre‐Est, Centre‐Nord, Est, Nord, and Sahel administrative regions<br><br>Burkina Faso is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger; it has committed 550 troops and 100 gendarmes to the force; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries (2021)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
"Terrorist group(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Ansarul Islam; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Greater Sahara; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun); Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
|
||||
"text": "Ansarul Islam; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Greater Sahara; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun); Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "80 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "population density is very low, with the largest clustering found in the extreme north-central area along the border with Angola as shown in this <a href=\"../static/b482f680174925171a1634d0b2a7385c/NAMIBIA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "population density is very low, with the largest clustering found in the extreme north-central area along the border with Angola as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "prolonged periods of drought"
|
||||
|
|
@ -120,7 +120,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Ovambo 50%, Kavangos 9%, Herero 7%, Damara 7%, mixed European and African ancestry 6.5%, European 6%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, San 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana .5%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Languages": {
|
||||
"text": "Oshiwambo languages 49.7%, Nama/Damara 11%, Kavango languages 10.4%, Afrikaans 9.4% (also a common language), Herero languages 9.2%, Zambezi languages 4.9%, English (official) 2.3%, other African languages 1.5%, other European languages .7%, other 1% (2016 est.)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> Namibia has 13 recognized national languages, including 10 indigenous African languages and 3 European languages",
|
||||
"text": "Oshiwambo languages 49.7%, Nama/Damara 11%, Kavango languages 10.4%, Afrikaans 9.4% (also a common language), Herero languages 9.2%, Zambezi languages 4.9%, English (official) 2.3%, other African languages 1.5%, other European languages 0.7%, other 1% (2016 est.)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> Namibia has 13 recognized national languages, including 10 indigenous African languages and 3 European languages",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Namibia has 13 recognized national languages, including 10 indigenous African languages and 3 European languages"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -184,7 +184,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "population density is very low, with the largest clustering found in the extreme north-central area along the border with Angola as shown in this <a href=\"../static/b482f680174925171a1634d0b2a7385c/NAMIBIA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "population density is very low, with the largest clustering found in the extreme north-central area along the border with Angola as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -305,13 +305,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "12.7% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.6% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "210,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "210,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "3,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -456,7 +456,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Food insecurity": {
|
||||
"severe localized food insecurity": {
|
||||
"text": "due to localized shortfalls in staple food production and economic slowdown - about 441,000 people were estimated to be food insecure and in need of humanitarian assistance between October 2020 and March 2021; although the availability of food is adequate and stable, the negative effects of the COVID‑19 pandemic, primarily income and job losses, have constrained households’ access to food (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "due to reduced incomes - an above-average harvest in 2021 is expected to lead to an improvement in food security compared to the previous year, however, the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, primarily income and job losses, are expected to continue to constrain households’ access to food (2021)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Waste and recycling": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -569,13 +569,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br />National Council (42 seats); members indirectly elected 3 each by the 14 regional councils to serve 5-year terms); note - the Council primarily reviews legislation passed and referred by the National Assembly<br /> National Assembly (104 seats; 96 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed list, proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms and 8 nonvoting members appointed by the president)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br>National Council (42 seats); members indirectly elected 3 each by the 14 regional councils to serve 5-year terms); note - the Council primarily reviews legislation passed and referred by the National Assembly<br> National Assembly (104 seats; 96 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed list, proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms and 8 nonvoting members appointed by the president)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "National Council - elections for regional councils to determine members of the National Council held on 27 November 2015 (next to be held on 27 November 2020)<br /> National Assembly - last held on 27 November 2019 (next to be held in 2024)"
|
||||
"text": "National Council - elections for regional councils to determine members of the National Council held on 27 November 2015 (next to be held on 27 November 2020)<br> National Assembly - last held on 27 November 2019 (next to be held in 2024)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "National Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - SWAPO 40, NUDO 1, DPM 1; composition - men 32, women 10, percent of women 23.8%<br /> National Assembly - percent of vote by party - SWAPO 65.5%, PDM 16.6%, LPM 4.7%, NUDO 1.9%, APP 1.8%, UDF 1.8%, RP 1.8%, NEFF 1.7%, RDP 1.1%, CDV .7%, SWANU .6%, other 1.8%; seats by party - SWAPO 63, PDM 16, LPM 4, NUDO 2, APP 2, UDF 2, RP 2, NEFF 2, RDP 1, CDV 1, SWANU 1; composition - NA"
|
||||
"text": "National Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - SWAPO 40, NUDO 1, DPM 1; composition - men 32, women 10, percent of women 23.8%<br> National Assembly - percent of vote by party - SWAPO 65.5%, PDM 16.6%, LPM 4.7%, NUDO 1.9%, APP 1.8%, UDF 1.8%, RP 1.8%, NEFF 1.7%, RDP 1.1%, CDV .7%, SWANU .6%, other 1.8%; seats by party - SWAPO 63, PDM 16, LPM 4, NUDO 2, APP 2, UDF 2, RP 2, NEFF 2, RDP 1, CDV 1, SWANU 1; composition - NA"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -590,7 +590,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "All People's Party or APP [Ignatius SHIXWAMENI]<br />Christian Democratic Voice or CDV [Gothard KANDUME]<br />Landless People's Movement or LPM [Bernadus SWARTBOOI]<br />National Unity Democratic Organization or NUDO [Estes MUINJANGUE]<br />Namibian Economic Freedom Fighters or NEFF [Epafras MUKWIILONGO]<br />Popular Democratic Movement or PDM (formerly DTA) [McHenry VENAANI]<br />Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Mike KAVEKOTORA]<br />Republican Party or RP [Henk MUDGE]<br />South West Africa National Union or SWANU [Tangeni IIYAMBO]<br />South West Africa People's Organization or SWAPO [Hage GEINGOB]<br />United Democratic Front or UDF [Apius AUCHAB]<br />United People's Movement or UPM [Jan J. VAN WYK]<br />Workers' Revolutionary Party or WRP (formerly CPN) [MPs Salmon FLEERMUYS and Benson KAAPALA]"
|
||||
"text": "All People's Party or APP [Ignatius SHIXWAMENI]<br>Christian Democratic Voice or CDV [Gothard KANDUME]<br>Landless People's Movement or LPM [Bernadus SWARTBOOI]<br>National Unity Democratic Organization or NUDO [Estes MUINJANGUE]<br>Namibian Economic Freedom Fighters or NEFF [Epafras MUKWIILONGO]<br>Popular Democratic Movement or PDM (formerly DTA) [McHenry VENAANI]<br>Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Mike KAVEKOTORA]<br>Republican Party or RP [Henk MUDGE]<br>South West Africa National Union or SWANU [Tangeni IIYAMBO]<br>South West Africa People's Organization or SWAPO [Hage GEINGOB]<br>United Democratic Front or UDF [Apius AUCHAB]<br>United People's Movement or UPM [Jan J. VAN WYK]<br>Workers' Revolutionary Party or WRP (formerly CPN) [MPs Salmon FLEERMUYS and Benson KAAPALA]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CD, CPLP (associate observer), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "Autonomy for Eswatini was guaranteed by the British in the late 19th century; independence was granted in 1968. A new constitution came into effect in 2006, which included provisions for a more independent parliament and judiciary, but the legal status of political parties remains unclear. King MSWATI III renamed the country from Swaziland to Eswatini in April 2018. Despite its classification as a lower-middle income country, Eswatini suffers from severe poverty and high unemployment. Eswatini has the world's highest HIV/AIDS prevalence rate, although recent years have shown marked declines in new infections. <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>"
|
||||
"text": "Autonomy for Eswatini was guaranteed by the British in the late 19th century; independence was granted in 1968. A new constitution came into effect in 2006, which included provisions for a more independent parliament and judiciary, but the legal status of political parties remains unclear. King MSWATI III renamed the country from Swaziland to Eswatini in April 2018. Despite its classification as a lower-middle income country, Eswatini suffers from severe poverty and high unemployment. Eswatini has the world's highest HIV/AIDS prevalence rate, although recent years have shown marked declines in new infections. <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "500 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "because of its mountainous terrain, the population distribution is uneven throughout the country, concentrating primarily in valleys and plains as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/0830554f60a7b7dd673b93ef0e9aa3db/ESWATINI_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "because of its mountainous terrain, the population distribution is uneven throughout the country, concentrating primarily in valleys and plains as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "drought"
|
||||
|
|
@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-6.26 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "because of its mountainous terrain, the population distribution is uneven throughout the country, concentrating primarily in valleys and plains as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/0830554f60a7b7dd673b93ef0e9aa3db/ESWATINI_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "because of its mountainous terrain, the population distribution is uneven throughout the country, concentrating primarily in valleys and plains as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -292,13 +292,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "27.1% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "26.8% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "200,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "200,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "2,300 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "2,400 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -454,7 +454,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Food insecurity": {
|
||||
"severe localized food insecurity": {
|
||||
"text": "due to localized shortfalls in production and reduction in income-generating activities - between October 2020 and March 2021, an estimated 366,000 people were food insecure and in need of humanitarian assistance, above the estimate for the same period in 2019/20; the deterioration reflects localized shortfalls in cereal production, high food prices, and the loss of income-generating activities due to the COVID‑19-induced economic downturn (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "due to the reduction in income-generating activities - the economy is only expected to recover moderately in 2021, following the pandemic-driven contraction in 2020, and households will continue to face food access constraints; an estimated 209,000 people are projected to be food insecure in the April−September 2021 period, down from 347,000 in the January−March 2021 period (2021)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Waste and recycling": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -542,10 +542,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Executive branch": {
|
||||
"chief of state": {
|
||||
"text": " King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986)"
|
||||
"text": "King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"head of government": {
|
||||
"text": "Prime Minister Ambrose Mandvulo DLAMINI (since 27 October 2018); Deputy Prime Minister Themba MASUKU (since 6 November 2018) "
|
||||
"text": "Prime Minister Cleopas DLAMINI (since since 19 July 2021); Deputy Prime Minister Themba MASUKU (since 6 November 2018)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"cabinet": {
|
||||
"text": "Cabinet recommended by the prime minister, confirmed by the monarch; at least one-half of the cabinet membership must be appointed from among elected members of the House of Assembly"
|
||||
|
|
@ -556,13 +556,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament (Libandla) consists of:<br /> <div class=\"category_data\">Senate (30 seats; 20 members appointed by the monarch and 10 indirectly elected by simple majority vote by the House of Assembly; members serve 5-year terms)<br />House of Assembly (73 seats; 59 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies or tinkhundla by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed, 10 members appointed by the monarch, 4 women elected by the members if representation of elected women is less than 30%; members serve 5-year terms)</div>"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament (Libandla) consists of:<br> Senate (30 seats; 20 members appointed by the monarch and 10 indirectly elected by simple majority vote by the House of Assembly; members serve 5-year terms)<br>House of Assembly (73 seats; 59 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies or tinkhundla by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed, 10 members appointed by the monarch, 4 women elected by the members if representation of elected women is less than 30%; members serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - last held on 23 October 2018 (next to be held - 31 October 2023)<br />House of Assembly - last held on 21 September 2018 (next to be held in 2023)"
|
||||
"text": "Senate - last held on 23 October 2018 (next to be held - 31 October 2023)<br>House of Assembly - last held on 21 September 2018 (next to be held in 2023)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent of seats by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 20, women 10, percent of women 33.3% <br />House of Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - independent 59; composition - men 60, women 5, percent of women 7.7%; note - total Parliament percent of women 15.8%"
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent of seats by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 20, women 10, percent of women 33.3% <br>House of Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - independent 59; composition - men 60, women 5, percent of women 7.7%; note - total Parliament percent of women 15.8%"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -577,7 +577,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "political parties exist, but conditions for their operations, particularly in elections, are undefined, legally unclear, or culturally restricted; the following are considered political associations:<br />African United Democratic Party or AUDP [Sibusiso DLAMINI]<br />Ngwane National Liberatory Congress or NNLC [Dr. Alvit DLAMINI]<br />People's United Democratic Movement or PUDEMO [Mario MASUKU]<br />Swazi Democratic Party or SWADEPA [Jan SITHOLE]"
|
||||
"text": "political parties exist, but conditions for their operations, particularly in elections, are undefined, legally unclear, or culturally restricted; the following are considered political associations:<br>African United Democratic Party or AUDP [Sibusiso DLAMINI]<br>Ngwane National Liberatory Congress or NNLC [Dr. Alvit DLAMINI]<br>People's United Democratic Movement or PUDEMO [Mario MASUKU]<br>Swazi Democratic Party or SWADEPA [Jan SITHOLE]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, C, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "Multiple waves of Bantu-speaking groups moved into and through what is now Zambia over the past thousand years. In the 1880s, the British began securing mineral and other economic concessions from various local leaders and the territory that is now Zambia eventually came under the control of the former British South Africa Company and was incorporated as the protectorate of Northern Rhodesia in 1911. Administrative control was taken over by the UK in 1924. During the 1920s and 1930s, advances in mining spurred development and immigration. <br /><br />The name was changed to Zambia upon independence in 1964. In the 1980s and 1990s, declining copper prices, economic mismanagement, and a prolonged drought hurt the economy. Elections in 1991 brought an end to one-party rule and propelled the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) to government. The subsequent vote in 1996, however, saw increasing harassment of opposition parties and abuse of state media and other resources. The election in 2001 was marked by administrative problems, with three parties filing a legal petition challenging the election of ruling party candidate Levy MWANAWASA. MWANAWASA was reelected in 2006 in an election that was deemed free and fair. Upon his death in August 2008, he was succeeded by his vice president, Rupiah BANDA, who won a special presidential byelection later that year. The MMD and BANDA lost to the Patriotic Front (PF) and Michael SATA in the 2011 general elections. SATA, however, presided over a period of haphazard economic management and attempted to silence opposition to PF policies. SATA died in October 2014 and was succeeded by his vice president, Guy SCOTT, who served as interim president until January 2015, when Edgar LUNGU won the presidential byelection and completed SATA's term. LUNGU then won a full term in August 2016 presidential elections."
|
||||
"text": "Multiple waves of Bantu-speaking groups moved into and through what is now Zambia over the past thousand years. In the 1880s, the British began securing mineral and other economic concessions from various local leaders and the territory that is now Zambia eventually came under the control of the former British South Africa Company and was incorporated as the protectorate of Northern Rhodesia in 1911. Administrative control was taken over by the UK in 1924. During the 1920s and 1930s, advances in mining spurred development and immigration. <br><br>The name was changed to Zambia upon independence in 1964. In the 1980s and 1990s, declining copper prices, economic mismanagement, and a prolonged drought hurt the economy. Elections in 1991 brought an end to one-party rule and propelled the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) to government. The subsequent vote in 1996, however, saw increasing harassment of opposition parties and abuse of state media and other resources. The election in 2001 was marked by administrative problems, with three parties filing a legal petition challenging the election of ruling party candidate Levy MWANAWASA. MWANAWASA was reelected in 2006 in an election that was deemed free and fair. Upon his death in August 2008, he was succeeded by his vice president, Rupiah BANDA, who won a special presidential byelection later that year. The MMD and BANDA lost to the Patriotic Front (PF) and Michael SATA in the 2011 general elections. SATA, however, presided over a period of haphazard economic management and attempted to silence opposition to PF policies. SATA died in October 2014 and was succeeded by his vice president, Guy SCOTT, who served as interim president until January 2015, when Edgar LUNGU won the presidential byelection and completed SATA's term. LUNGU then won a full term in August 2016 presidential elections."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "1,560 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "one of the highest levels of urbanization in Africa; high density in the central area, particularly around the cities of Lusaka, Ndola, Kitwe, and Mufulira as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/ebb669461761bc7f37654b9460958a87/ZAMBIA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "one of the highest levels of urbanization in Africa; high density in the central area, particularly around the cities of Lusaka, Ndola, Kitwe, and Mufulira as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "periodic drought; tropical storms (November to April)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -176,7 +176,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "0.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "one of the highest levels of urbanization in Africa; high density in the central area, particularly around the cities of Lusaka, Ndola, Kitwe, and Mufulira as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/ebb669461761bc7f37654b9460958a87/ZAMBIA_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "one of the highest levels of urbanization in Africa; high density in the central area, particularly around the cities of Lusaka, Ndola, Kitwe, and Mufulira as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -297,13 +297,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "12.1% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.1% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "1.2 million (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.5 million (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "17,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "24,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -454,7 +454,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Food insecurity": {
|
||||
"severe localized food insecurity": {
|
||||
"text": "due to localized shortfalls in cereal production - the effects of the COVID‑19 pandemic aggravated food insecurity across the country and its impacts have kept the number of people in need of assistance at similar levels to 2019/20, despite the larger cereal output in 2020 and lower prices; an estimated 2 million people were in need of assistance between October 2020 and March 2021 (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "due to reduced incomes - the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions have aggravated food insecurity across the country, particularly due to income reductions that have constrained households’ economic access to food; cereal production is estimated at a bumper high in 2021 and, as a result, overall food security is expected to improve compared to the previous year (2021)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Waste and recycling": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -573,7 +573,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Alliance for Democracy and Development or ADD [Charles MILUPI]<br />Forum for Democracy and Development or FDD [Edith NAWAKWI]<br />Movement for Multiparty Democracy or MMD [Felix MUTATI]<br />National Democratic Congress or NDC [Chishimba KAMBWILI]<br />Patriotic Front or PF [Edgar LUNGU]<br />United Party for National Development or UPND [Hakainde HICHILEMA]"
|
||||
"text": "Alliance for Democracy and Development or ADD [Charles MILUPI]<br>Forum for Democracy and Development or FDD [Edith NAWAKWI]<br>Movement for Multiparty Democracy or MMD [Felix MUTATI]<br>National Democratic Congress or NDC [Chishimba KAMBWILI]<br>Patriotic Front or PF [Edgar LUNGU]<br>United Party for National Development or UPND [Hakainde HICHILEMA]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, C, COMESA, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -597,7 +597,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Charge d'Affaires David J. YOUNG (since 2 March 2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"telephone": {
|
||||
"text": "[260] (0) 211-357-000<br /> <p class=\"cityname1\"> </p>"
|
||||
"text": "[260] (0) 211-357-000<br> <p class=\"cityname1\"> </p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"embassy": {
|
||||
"text": "Eastern end of Kabulonga Road, Ibex Hill, Lusaka"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1169,7 +1169,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Zambia and Zambians abroad; most trafficking occurs within Zambia’s borders, with traffickers exploiting women and children from rural areas in cities in domestic servitude or forced labor in agriculture, textile production, mining, construction, small businesses, such as bakeries, and forced begging; Jerabo gangs force Zambian children into illegal mining operations, such as loading stolen copper or crushing rocks; truck drivers exploit Zambian boys and girls in sex trafficking in towns along the Zimbabwean and Tanzanian borders, and miners exploit them in Solwezi; Zambian boys are exploited for sex trafficking in Zimbabwe and women and girls in South Africa; traffickers exploit victims from Tanzania and Malawi in the Zambian timber industry"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"tier rating": {
|
||||
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List —<strong> </strong>Zambia does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making efforts to do so; efforts included increasing law enforcement training, establishing two fast-track human trafficking courts, conducting awareness campaigns about human trafficking, slightly increasing prosecutions and convictions, and strengthening prison sentences given to traffickers; however; investigations of trafficking crimes and funding to shelters and other victim assistance programs decreased; authorities did not proactively screen for trafficking among vulnerable populations, including foreign nationals and those involved in commercial sex; authorities detained and deported potential trafficking victims involved in smuggling; the national inter-ministerial committee is weak in overseeing national anti-trafficking efforts and trends (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List —<strong> </strong>Zambia does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making efforts to do so; efforts included increasing law enforcement training, establishing two fast-track human trafficking courts, conducting awareness campaigns about human trafficking, slightly increasing prosecutions and convictions, and strengthening prison sentences given to traffickers; however; investigations of trafficking crimes and funding to shelters and other victim assistance programs decreased; authorities did not proactively screen for trafficking among vulnerable populations, including foreign nationals and those involved in commercial sex; authorities detained and deported potential trafficking victims involved in smuggling; the national inter-ministerial committee is weak in overseeing national anti-trafficking efforts and trends (2020)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Illicit drugs": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "1,740 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "Aside from major urban agglomerations in Harare and Bulawayo, population distribution is fairly even, with slightly greater overall numbers in the eastern half as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/01d1b70b71b5f682117a9c058b41f217/ZIMBABWE_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "Aside from major urban agglomerations in Harare and Bulawayo, population distribution is fairly even, with slightly greater overall numbers in the eastern half as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare"
|
||||
|
|
@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "-4.93 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "Aside from major urban agglomerations in Harare and Bulawayo, population distribution is fairly even, with slightly greater overall numbers in the eastern half as shown in this <a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/01d1b70b71b5f682117a9c058b41f217/ZIMBABWE_Population_density.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population distribution map</a>"
|
||||
"text": "Aside from major urban agglomerations in Harare and Bulawayo, population distribution is fairly even, with slightly greater overall numbers in the eastern half as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -296,13 +296,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "13.4% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.9% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "1.4 million (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.3 million (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "20,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "22,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -568,13 +568,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br />Senate (80 seats; 60 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies - 6 seats in each of the 10 provinces - by proportional representation vote, 16 indirectly elected by the regional governing councils, 2 reserved for the National Council Chiefs, and 2 reserved for members with disabilities; members serve 5-year terms)<br />National Assembly (270 seats; 210 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 60 seats reserved for women directly elected by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br>Senate (80 seats; 60 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies - 6 seats in each of the 10 provinces - by proportional representation vote, 16 indirectly elected by the regional governing councils, 2 reserved for the National Council Chiefs, and 2 reserved for members with disabilities; members serve 5-year terms)<br>National Assembly (270 seats; 210 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 60 seats reserved for women directly elected by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - last held for elected member on 30 July 2018 (next to be held in 2023)<br /> National Assembly - last held on 30 July 2018 (next to be held in 2023)"
|
||||
"text": "Senate - last held for elected member on 30 July 2018 (next to be held in 2023)<br> National Assembly - last held on 30 July 2018 (next to be held in 2023)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - ZANU-PF 34, MDC Alliance 25, Chiefs 18, people with disabilities 2, MDC-T 1; composition - men 45, women 35, percent of women 43.8%<br /> National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - ZANU-PF 179, MDC Alliance 88, MDC-T 1, NPF 1, independent 1; composition - men 185, women 25, percent of women 31.5%; note - total Parliament percent of women 34.3%"
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - ZANU-PF 34, MDC Alliance 25, Chiefs 18, people with disabilities 2, MDC-T 1; composition - men 45, women 35, percent of women 43.8%<br> National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - ZANU-PF 179, MDC Alliance 88, MDC-T 1, NPF 1, independent 1; composition - men 185, women 25, percent of women 31.5%; note - total Parliament percent of women 34.3%"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -589,14 +589,14 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "MDC Alliance [Thokozane KHUPEIS] (acting)<br />Movement for Democratic Change - MDC-T [Thokozani KHUPE]<br />National People's Party or NPP [Joyce MUJURU] (formerly Zimbabwe People First or ZimPF)<br />National Patriotic Front or NPF [Ambrose MUTINHIRI]<br />Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front or ZANU-PF [Emmerson Dambudzo MNANGAGWA]<br />Zimbabwe African Peoples Union or ZAPU [Isaac MABUKA]"
|
||||
"text": "MDC Alliance [Thokozane KHUPEIS] (acting)<br>Movement for Democratic Change - MDC-T [Thokozani KHUPE]<br>National People's Party or NPP [Joyce MUJURU] (formerly Zimbabwe People First or ZimPF)<br>National Patriotic Front or NPF [Ambrose MUTINHIRI]<br>Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front or ZANU-PF [Emmerson Dambudzo MNANGAGWA]<br>Zimbabwe African Peoples Union or ZAPU [Isaac MABUKA]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, COMESA, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Sarah BHOROMA (since 11 November 2020)"
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador Tadeous Tafirenyika CHIFAMBA (since 7 July 2021);"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"chancery": {
|
||||
"text": "1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -65,12 +65,12 @@
|
|||
"text": "katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise along the coast; volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica; other seismic activity rare and weak; large icebergs may calve from ice shelf"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography - note": {
|
||||
"text": "the coldest, windiest, highest (on average), and driest continent; during summer, more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent period <br /><br />mostly uninhabitable, 98% of the land area is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, the largest single mass of ice on earth covering an area of 14 million sq km (5.4 million sq mi) and containing 26.5 million cu km (6.4 million cu mi) of ice (this is almost 62% of all of the world's fresh water); if all this ice were converted to liquid water, one estimate is that it would be sufficient to raise the height of the world's oceans by 58 m (190 ft)"
|
||||
"text": "the coldest, windiest, highest (on average), and driest continent; during summer, more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent period <br><br>mostly uninhabitable, 98% of the land area is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, the largest single mass of ice on earth covering an area of 14 million sq km (5.4 million sq mi) and containing 26.5 million cu km (6.4 million cu mi) of ice (this is almost 62% of all of the world's fresh water); if all this ice were converted to liquid water, one estimate is that it would be sufficient to raise the height of the world's oceans by 58 m (190 ft)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"People and Society": {
|
||||
"Population": {
|
||||
"text": "no indigenous inhabitants, but there are both permanent and summer-only staffed research stations<br /> <br /><strong>note: </strong>53 countries have signed the 1959 Antarctic Treaty; 30 of those operate through their National Antarctic Program a number of seasonal-only (summer) and year-round research stations on the continent and its nearby islands south of 60 degrees south latitude (the region covered by the Antarctic Treaty); the population engaging in and supporting science or managing and protecting the Antarctic region varies from approximately 4,400 in summer to 1,100 in winter; in addition, approximately 1,000 personnel, including ship's crew and scientists doing onboard research, are present in the waters of the treaty region<br /> <br />as of 2017, peak summer (December-February) maximum capacity in scientific stations - 4,877 total; Argentina 601, Australia 243, Belarus 12, Belgium 40, Brazil 66, Bulgaria 22, Chile 433, China 166, Czechia 20, Ecuador 34, Finland 17, France 90, France and Italy jointly 80, Germany 104, India 113, Italy 120, Japan 130, South Korea 130, Netherlands 10, NZ 86, Norway 70, Peru 30, Poland 40, Russia 335, South Africa 80, Spain 98, Sweden 20, Ukraine 24, UK 196, US 1,399, Uruguay 68 (2017)<br /> <br />winter (June-August) maximum capacity in scientific station - 1,036 total; Argentina 221, Australia 52, Brazil 15, Chile 114, China 32, France 24, France and Italy jointly 13, Germany 9, India 48, Japan 40, Netherlands 10, South Korea 25, NZ 11, Norway 7, Poland 16, Russia 125, South Africa 15, Ukraine 12, UK 44, US 215, Uruguay 8 (2017) <br /><br />research stations operated within the Antarctic Treaty area (south of 60 degrees south latitude) by National Antarctic Programs year-round stations - approximately 40 total; Argentina 6, Australia 3, Brazil 1, Chile 6, China 2, France 1, France and Italy jointly 1, Germany 1, India 2, Japan 1, Netherlands 1, South Korea 2, NZ 1, Norway 1, Poland 1, Russia 5, South Africa 1, Ukraine 1, UK 2, US 3, Uruguay 2 (2017)<br /><br /> a range of seasonal-only (summer) stations, camps, and refuges - Argentina, Australia, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Brazil, Chile, China, Czechia, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, South Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, UK, US, and Uruguay (2017)<br /><br /> in addition, during the austral summer some nations have numerous occupied locations such as tent camps, summer-long temporary facilities, and mobile traverses in support of research"
|
||||
"text": "no indigenous inhabitants, but there are both permanent and summer-only staffed research stations<br> <br><strong>note: </strong>53 countries have signed the 1959 Antarctic Treaty; 30 of those operate through their National Antarctic Program a number of seasonal-only (summer) and year-round research stations on the continent and its nearby islands south of 60 degrees south latitude (the region covered by the Antarctic Treaty); the population engaging in and supporting science or managing and protecting the Antarctic region varies from approximately 4,400 in summer to 1,100 in winter; in addition, approximately 1,000 personnel, including ship's crew and scientists doing onboard research, are present in the waters of the treaty region<br> <br>as of 2017, peak summer (December-February) maximum capacity in scientific stations - 4,877 total; Argentina 601, Australia 243, Belarus 12, Belgium 40, Brazil 66, Bulgaria 22, Chile 433, China 166, Czechia 20, Ecuador 34, Finland 17, France 90, France and Italy jointly 80, Germany 104, India 113, Italy 120, Japan 130, South Korea 130, Netherlands 10, NZ 86, Norway 70, Peru 30, Poland 40, Russia 335, South Africa 80, Spain 98, Sweden 20, Ukraine 24, UK 196, US 1,399, Uruguay 68 (2017)<br> <br>winter (June-August) maximum capacity in scientific station - 1,036 total; Argentina 221, Australia 52, Brazil 15, Chile 114, China 32, France 24, France and Italy jointly 13, Germany 9, India 48, Japan 40, Netherlands 10, South Korea 25, NZ 11, Norway 7, Poland 16, Russia 125, South Africa 15, Ukraine 12, UK 44, US 215, Uruguay 8 (2017) <br><br>research stations operated within the Antarctic Treaty area (south of 60 degrees south latitude) by National Antarctic Programs year-round stations - approximately 40 total; Argentina 6, Australia 3, Brazil 1, Chile 6, China 2, France 1, France and Italy jointly 1, Germany 1, India 2, Japan 1, Netherlands 1, South Korea 2, NZ 1, Norway 1, Poland 1, Russia 5, South Africa 1, Ukraine 1, UK 2, US 3, Uruguay 2 (2017)<br><br> a range of seasonal-only (summer) stations, camps, and refuges - Argentina, Australia, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Brazil, Chile, China, Czechia, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, South Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, UK, US, and Uruguay (2017)<br><br> in addition, during the austral summer some nations have numerous occupied locations such as tent camps, summer-long temporary facilities, and mobile traverses in support of research"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Environment": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Economy": {
|
||||
"Economic overview": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Scientific undertakings rather than commercial pursuits are the predominant human activity in Antarctica. Offshore fishing and tourism, both based abroad, account for Antarctica's limited economic activity.</p> <p>Antarctic Fisheries, within the area covered by the Convention on Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources currently target Patagonian toothfish, Antarctic toothfish, mackerel icefish and Antarctic krill. The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) manages these fisheries using the ecosystem-based and precautionary approach. The Commission’s objective is conservation of Antarctic marine living resources and it regulates the fisheries based on the level of information available, and maintaining existing ecological relationships. While Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing has declined in the Convention area since 1990, it remains a concern</p> <p>A total of 51,707 tourists visited the Antarctic Treaty area in the 2017-2018 Antarctic summer, 17 percent greater than the 43,915 visitors in 2016-2017. These estimates were provided to the Antarctic Treaty by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators and do not include passengers on overflights. Nearly all of the tourists were passengers on commercial ships and several yachts that make trips during the summer.</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Scientific undertakings rather than commercial pursuits are the predominant human activity in Antarctica. Offshore fishing and tourism, both based abroad, account for Antarctica's limited economic activity.</p> <p>Antarctic Fisheries, within the area covered by the Convention on Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources currently target Patagonian toothfish, Antarctic toothfish, mackerel icefish and Antarctic krill. The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) manages these fisheries using the ecosystem-based and precautionary approach. The Commission’s objective is conservation of Antarctic marine living resources and it regulates the fisheries based on the level of information available, and maintaining existing ecological relationships. While Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing has declined in the Convention area since 1990, it remains a concern</p> <p>A total of 51,707 tourists visited the Antarctic Treaty area in the 2017-2018 Antarctic summer, 17 percent greater than the 43,915 visitors in 2016-2017. These estimates were provided to the Antarctic Treaty by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators and do not include passengers on overflights. Nearly all of the tourists were passengers on commercial ships and several yachts that make trips during the summer.</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Energy": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Antarctic RegionAfrica"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Area": {
|
||||
"text": "<strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>total - 55 sq km; land - 55 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br /> <strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>total - 7 sq km; land - 7 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br /> <strong>Iles Crozet: </strong>total - 352 sq km; land - 352 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br /> <strong>Iles Kerguelen: </strong>total - 7,215 sq km; land - 7,215 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br /> <strong>Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 80 sq km; land - 0.2 sq km; water - 79.8 sq km (lagoon)<br /> <strong>Europa Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 28 sq km; land - 28 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br /> <strong>Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 5 sq km; land - 5 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br /> <strong>Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 4.4 sq km; land - 4.4 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br /> <strong>Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 1 sq km; land - 1 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br /> <strong>note: </strong>excludes \"Adelie Land\" claim of about 500,000 sq km in Antarctica that is not recognized by the US"
|
||||
"text": "<strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>total - 55 sq km; land - 55 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br> <strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>total - 7 sq km; land - 7 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br> <strong>Iles Crozet: </strong>total - 352 sq km; land - 352 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br> <strong>Iles Kerguelen: </strong>total - 7,215 sq km; land - 7,215 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br> <strong>Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 80 sq km; land - 0.2 sq km; water - 79.8 sq km (lagoon)<br> <strong>Europa Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 28 sq km; land - 28 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br> <strong>Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 5 sq km; land - 5 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br> <strong>Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 4.4 sq km; land - 4.4 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br> <strong>Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>total - 1 sq km; land - 1 sq km; water - 0 sq km<br> <strong>note: </strong>excludes \"Adelie Land\" claim of about 500,000 sq km in Antarctica that is not recognized by the US"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Area - comparative": {
|
||||
"text": "<p><strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul):</strong> less than one-half the size of Washington, DC; </p><p><strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul):</strong> more than 10 times the size of the National Mall in Washington, DC; </p><p><strong>Iles Crozet:</strong> about twice the size of Washington, DC; </p><p><strong>Iles Kerguelen:</strong> slightly larger than Delaware; </p><p><strong>Bassas da India (Iles Eparses):</strong> land area about one-third the size of the National Mall in Washington, DC; </p><p><strong>Europa Island (Iles Eparses):</strong> about one-sixth the size of Washington, DC; </p><p><strong>Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses):</strong> about eight times the size of the National Mall in Washington, DC; </p><p><strong>Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses):</strong> about seven times the size of the National Mall in Washington, DC; </p><p><strong>Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses):</strong> about 1.7 times the size of the National Mall in Washington, DC</p>"
|
||||
|
|
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Coastline": {
|
||||
"text": "<strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>28 km<br /> <strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong><br /> <strong>Iles Kerguelen: </strong>2,800 km<br /> <strong>Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): </strong>35.2 km<br /> <strong>Europa Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>22.2 km<br /> <strong>Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses): </strong>35.2 km<br /> <strong>Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>24.1 km<br /> <strong>Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>3.7 km"
|
||||
"text": "<strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>28 km<br> <strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong><br> <strong>Iles Kerguelen: </strong>2,800 km<br> <strong>Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): </strong>35.2 km<br> <strong>Europa Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>22.2 km<br> <strong>Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses): </strong>35.2 km<br> <strong>Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>24.1 km<br> <strong>Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>3.7 km"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Maritime claims": {
|
||||
"territorial sea": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -44,16 +44,16 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Elevation": {
|
||||
"highest point": {
|
||||
"text": "<span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">Mont de la Dives on Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul) 867 m</span>"
|
||||
"text": "Mont de la Dives on Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul) 867 m"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"lowest point": {
|
||||
"text": "Indian Ocean 0 m"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\"><strong>highest points throughout the French Southern and Antarctic Lands: </strong>unnamed location on Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul) 272 m; Pic Marion-Dufresne in Iles Crozet 1090 m; Mont Ross in Iles Kerguelen 1850 m; unnamed location on Bassas de India (Iles Eparses) 2.4 m;24 unnamed location on Europa Island (Iles Eparses) 24 m; unnamed location on Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses) 12 m; unnamed location on Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses) 10 m; unnamed location on Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses) 7 m</span>"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>highest points throughout the French Southern and Antarctic Lands: </strong>unnamed location on Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul) 272 m; Pic Marion-Dufresne in Iles Crozet 1090 m; Mont Ross in Iles Kerguelen 1850 m; unnamed location on Bassas de India (Iles Eparses) 2.4 m;24 unnamed location on Europa Island (Iles Eparses) 24 m; unnamed location on Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses) 12 m; unnamed location on Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses) 10 m; unnamed location on Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses) 7 m"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural resources": {
|
||||
"text": "fish, crayfish, note, Glorioso Islands and Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses) have guano, phosphates, and coconuts<br><br><strong>note</strong> - in the 1950's and 1960's, several species of trout were introduced to Iles Kerguelen of which two, Brown trout and Brook trout, survived to establish wild populations; reindeer were also introduced to Iles Kerguelen in 1956 as a source of fresh meat for whaling crews, the herd today, one of two in the Southern Hemisphere, is estimated to number around 4,000",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note</strong> - in the 1950's and 1960's, several species of trout were introduced to Iles Kerguelen of which two, Brown trout and Brook trout, survived to establish wild populations; reindeer were also introduced to Iles Kerguelen in 1956 as a source of fresh meat for whaling crews, the herd today, one of two in the Southern Hemisphere, is estimated to number around 4,000"
|
||||
"text": "fish, crayfish, note, Glorioso Islands and Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses) have guano, phosphates, and coconuts<br><br><strong>note</strong> - in the 1950's and 1960's, several species of trout were introduced to Iles Kerguelen of which two, Brown trout and Brook trout, survived to establish wild populations; reindeer were also introduced to Iles Kerguelen in 1956 as a source of fresh meat for whaling crews, the herd today, one of two in the Southern Hemisphere, is estimated to number around 4,000",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note</strong> - in the 1950's and 1960's, several species of trout were introduced to Iles Kerguelen of which two, Brown trout and Brook trout, survived to establish wild populations; reindeer were also introduced to Iles Kerguelen in 1956 as a source of fresh meat for whaling crews, the herd today, one of two in the Southern Hemisphere, is estimated to number around 4,000"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul are inactive volcanoes; Iles Eparses subject to periodic cyclones; Bassas da India is a maritime hazard since it is under water for a period of three hours prior to and following the high tide and surrounded by reefs</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Reunion Island - Piton de la Fournaise (2,632 m), which has erupted many times in recent years including 2010, 2015, and 2017, is one of the world's most active volcanoes; although rare, eruptions outside the volcano's caldera could threaten nearby cities</p>"
|
||||
|
|
@ -64,8 +64,8 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"People and Society": {
|
||||
"Population": {
|
||||
"text": "no indigenous inhabitants<br><br><strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>uninhabited but has a meteorological station<br /><strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>uninhabited but is frequently visited by fishermen and has a scientific research cabin for short stays<br /> <strong>Iles Crozet</strong>: uninhabited except for 18 to 30 people staffing the Alfred Faure research station on Ile del la Possession<br /> <strong>Iles Kerguelen:</strong> 50 to 100 scientists are located at the main base at Port-aux-Francais on Ile Kerguelen<br /> <strong><span class=\"category\">Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): </span></strong>uninhabitable<br /> <strong><span class=\"category\">Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): </span></strong>a small French military garrison and a few meteorologists on each possession; visited by scientists<br /> <strong><span class=\"category\">Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): </span></strong>uninhabited, except for visits by scientists",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>uninhabited but has a meteorological station<br /><strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>uninhabited but is frequently visited by fishermen and has a scientific research cabin for short stays<br /> <strong>Iles Crozet</strong>: uninhabited except for 18 to 30 people staffing the Alfred Faure research station on Ile del la Possession<br /> <strong>Iles Kerguelen:</strong> 50 to 100 scientists are located at the main base at Port-aux-Francais on Ile Kerguelen<br /> <strong><span class=\"category\">Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): </span></strong>uninhabitable<br /> <strong><span class=\"category\">Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): </span></strong>a small French military garrison and a few meteorologists on each possession; visited by scientists<br /> <strong><span class=\"category\">Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): </span></strong>uninhabited, except for visits by scientists"
|
||||
"text": "no indigenous inhabitants<br><br><strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>uninhabited but has a meteorological station<br><strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>uninhabited but is frequently visited by fishermen and has a scientific research cabin for short stays<br> <strong>Iles Crozet</strong>: uninhabited except for 18 to 30 people staffing the Alfred Faure research station on Ile del la Possession<br> <strong>Iles Kerguelen:</strong> 50 to 100 scientists are located at the main base at Port-aux-Francais on Ile Kerguelen<br> <strong>Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): </strong>uninhabitable<br> <strong>Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>a small French military garrison and a few meteorologists on each possession; visited by scientists<br> <strong>Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>uninhabited, except for visits by scientists",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>uninhabited but has a meteorological station<br><strong>Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): </strong>uninhabited but is frequently visited by fishermen and has a scientific research cabin for short stays<br> <strong>Iles Crozet</strong>: uninhabited except for 18 to 30 people staffing the Alfred Faure research station on Ile del la Possession<br> <strong>Iles Kerguelen:</strong> 50 to 100 scientists are located at the main base at Port-aux-Francais on Ile Kerguelen<br> <strong>Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): </strong>uninhabitable<br> <strong>Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>a small French military garrison and a few meteorologists on each possession; visited by scientists<br> <strong>Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): </strong>uninhabited, except for visits by scientists"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Environment": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -113,7 +113,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Dependency status": {
|
||||
"text": "territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (Australian Antarctic Division)"
|
||||
"text": "territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment (Australian Antarctic Division)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Legal system": {
|
||||
"text": "the laws of Australia apply where applicable"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -348,7 +348,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "mixed legal system of US common law and customary law"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Citizenship": {
|
||||
"text": "see United States<br />Note: in accordance with US Code Title 8, Section 1408, persons born in American Samoa are US nationals but not US citizens"
|
||||
"text": "see United States<br>Note: in accordance with US Code Title 8, Section 1408, persons born in American Samoa are US nationals but not US citizens"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Suffrage": {
|
||||
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
|
||||
|
|
@ -372,15 +372,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Legislature or Fono consists of:<br />Senate (18 seats; members indirectly selected by regional governing councils to serve 4-year terms)<br />House of Representatives (21 seats; 20 members directly elected by simple majority vote and 1 decided by public meeting on Swains Island; members serve 2-year terms)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Legislature or Fono consists of:<br>Senate (18 seats; members indirectly selected by regional governing councils to serve 4-year terms)<br>House of Representatives (21 seats; 20 members directly elected by simple majority vote and 1 decided by public meeting on Swains Island; members serve 2-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Senate - last held on 3 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2024)<br />House of Representatives - last held on 3 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2024)"
|
||||
"text": "<br>Senate - last held on 3 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2024)<br>House of Representatives - last held on 3 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2024)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - independent 18; composition - men 17, women 1; percent of women 5.6%<br />House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - NA"
|
||||
"text": "<br>Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - independent 18; composition - men 17, women 1; percent of women 5.6%<br>House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - NA"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong id=\"tinymce\" class=\"mce-content-body \" style=\"font-size: 18px;\" contenteditable=\"true\" spellcheck=\"false\" data-id=\"field_notes\">note:</strong> American Samoa elects 1 member by simple majority vote to serve a 2-year term as a delegate to the US House of Representatives; the delegate can vote when serving on a committee and when the House meets as the Committee of the Whole House, but not when legislation is submitted for a “full floor” House vote; election of delegate last held on 3 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2022); Amata Coleman RADEWAGEN elected delegate; Amata Coleman RADEWAGEN (Republican Party) 83.5%, Oreta CHRICHTON (Democratic Party) 14.4%, Meleagi SUITONU-CHAPMAN (Democratic Party) 2.1%"
|
||||
"note": "<strong id=\"tinymce\" class=\"mce-content-body \" style=\"font-size: 18px;\" contenteditable=\"true\" spellcheck=\"false\" data-id=\"field_notes\">note:</strong> American Samoa elects 1 member by simple majority vote to serve a 2-year term as a delegate to the US House of Representatives; the delegate can vote when serving on a committee and when the House meets as the Committee of the Whole House, but not when legislation is submitted for a “full floor” House vote; election of delegate last held on 3 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2022); Amata Coleman RADEWAGEN elected delegate; Amata Coleman RADEWAGEN (Republican Party) 83.5%, Oreta CHRICHTON (Democratic Party) 14.4%, Meleagi SUITONU-CHAPMAN (Democratic Party) 2.1%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest courts": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -394,7 +394,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Democratic Party [Fagafaga Daniel LANGKILDE, chairman]<br />Republican Party [William SWORD, chairman]"
|
||||
"text": "Democratic Party [Fagafaga Daniel LANGKILDE, chairman]<br>Republican Party [William SWORD, chairman]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "AOSIS (observer), Interpol (subbureau), IOC, PIF (observer), SPC"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -101,7 +101,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "<p>cyclones along the coast; severe droughts; forest fires</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> volcanic activity on Heard and McDonald Islands</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography - note": {
|
||||
"text": "<strong>note 1:</strong> world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country; the largest country in Oceania, the largest country entirely in the Southern Hemisphere, and the largest country without land borders; the only continent without glaciers; the invigorating sea breeze known as the \"Fremantle Doctor\" affects the city of Perth on the west coast and is one of the most consistent winds in the world<br /><br /><strong>note 2:</strong> the Great Dividing Range that runs along eastern Australia is that continent’s longest mountain range and the third-longest land-based range in the world; the term \"Great Dividing Range\" refers to the fact that the mountains form a watershed crest from which all of the rivers of eastern Australia flow – east, west, north, and south"
|
||||
"text": "<strong>note 1:</strong> world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country; the largest country in Oceania, the largest country entirely in the Southern Hemisphere, and the largest country without land borders; the only continent without glaciers; the invigorating sea breeze known as the \"Fremantle Doctor\" affects the city of Perth on the west coast and is one of the most consistent winds in the world<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the Great Dividing Range that runs along eastern Australia is that continent’s longest mountain range and the third-longest land-based range in the world; the term \"Great Dividing Range\" refers to the fact that the mountains form a watershed crest from which all of the rivers of eastern Australia flow – east, west, north, and south"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"People and Society": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -251,8 +251,8 @@
|
|||
"text": "1.74 children born/woman (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "66.9% (2015/16)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> percent of women aged 18-45",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> percent of women aged 18-45"
|
||||
"text": "66.9% (2015/16)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> percent of women aged 18-44",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> percent of women aged 18-44"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Drinking water source": {
|
||||
"improved: urban": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -292,13 +292,15 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "0.1% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.1% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "29,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "30,000 (2020 est.)<br><br><strong>note: </strong>estimate does not include children",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>estimate does not include children"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "<100 (201 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "<100 (2020 est.)<br><br><strong>note: </strong>estimate does not include children",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>estimate does not include children"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "29% (2016)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -448,7 +450,7 @@
|
|||
"daylight saving time": {
|
||||
"text": "+1hr, begins first Sunday in October; ends first Sunday in April"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>Australia has four time zones, including Lord Howe Island (UTC+10:30)<strong><br /><br />etymolgy: </strong>the name is claimed to derive from either Kambera or Camberry, which are names corrupted from the original native designation for the area \"Nganbra\" or \"Nganbira\"<br /><strong><br /><br /></strong>"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>Australia has four time zones, including Lord Howe Island (UTC+10:30)<strong><br><br>etymolgy: </strong>the name is claimed to derive from either Kambera or Camberry, which are names corrupted from the original native designation for the area \"Nganbra\" or \"Nganbira\"<br><strong><br><br></strong>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Administrative divisions": {
|
||||
"text": "6 states and 2 territories*; Australian Capital Territory*, New South Wales, Northern Territory*, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia"
|
||||
|
|
@ -509,13 +511,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Federal Parliament consists of:<br />Senate (76 seats; 12 members from each of the 6 states and 2 each from the 2 mainland territories; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 6-year terms with one-half of state membership renewed every 3 years and territory membership renewed every 3 years)<br />House of Representatives (151 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by majority preferential vote; members serve terms of up to 3 years)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Federal Parliament consists of:<br>Senate (76 seats; 12 members from each of the 6 states and 2 each from the 2 mainland territories; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 6-year terms with one-half of state membership renewed every 3 years and territory membership renewed every 3 years)<br>House of Representatives (151 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by majority preferential vote; members serve terms of up to 3 years)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Senate - last held on 18 May 2019 (next to be held in 2022)<br />House of Representatives - last held on 18 May 2019 (next to be held in 2022)"
|
||||
"text": "<br>Senate - last held on 18 May 2019 (next to be held in 2022)<br>House of Representatives - last held on 18 May 2019 (next to be held in 2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Senate - percent of vote by party - Liberal/National coalition 37.99%, ALP 28.79%, The Greens 10.19%, One Nation 5.4%, Centre Alliance .19%, Lambie Network .21%, other 17.23%; seats by party - Liberal/National coalition 35, ALP 26, The Greens 9, One Nation 2, Centre Alliance 2, Lambie Network 1, independents 1<br />House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - Liberal/National coalition 41.4%, ALP 33.3%, The Greens 10.4%, Katter's Australian Party .49%, Centre Alliance .33%, independents 3.37%, other 10.63%; seats by party - Liberal/National Coalition 77, ALP 68, The Greens 1, Katter's Australian Party 1, Centre Alliance 1, independent 3"
|
||||
"text": "<br>Senate - percent of vote by party - Liberal/National coalition 37.99%, ALP 28.79%, The Greens 10.19%, One Nation 5.4%, Centre Alliance .19%, Lambie Network .21%, other 17.23%; seats by party - Liberal/National coalition 35, ALP 26, The Greens 9, One Nation 2, Centre Alliance 2, Lambie Network 1, independents 1<br>House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - Liberal/National coalition 41.4%, ALP 33.3%, The Greens 10.4%, Katter's Australian Party .49%, Centre Alliance .33%, independents 3.37%, other 10.63%; seats by party - Liberal/National Coalition 77, ALP 68, The Greens 1, Katter's Australian Party 1, Centre Alliance 1, independent 3"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -526,18 +528,18 @@
|
|||
"text": "justices appointed by the governor-general in council for life with mandatory retirement at age 70"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "<em>at the federal level:</em> Federal Court; Federal Magistrates' Courts of Australia; Family Court; <em>at the state and territory level:</em> Local Court - New South Wales; Magistrates' Courts – Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania, Northern Territory, Australian Capital Territory; District Courts – New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia; County Court – Victoria; Family Court – Western Australia; Court of Petty Sessions – Norfolk Island"
|
||||
"text": "<em>at the federal level:</em> Federal Court; Federal Magistrates' Courts of Australia; Family Court; <em>at the state and territory level:</em> Local Court - New South Wales; Magistrates' Courts – Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania, Northern Territory, Australian Capital Territory; District Courts – New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia; County Court – Victoria; Family Court – Western Australia; Court of Petty Sessions – Norfolk Island"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Australian Greens Party [Adam BANDT]<br />Australian Labor Party or ALP [Anthony ALBANESE]<br />Country Liberal Party or CLP [Gary HIGGINS]<br />Liberal National Party of Queensland or LNP [Deborah FRECKLINGTON]<br />Liberal Party of Australia [Scott MORRISON]<br />The Nationals [Michael MCCORMACK]<br />Centre Alliance [Nick XENOPHON] <br />Pauline Hanson’s One Nation [Pauline HANSON]"
|
||||
"text": "Australian Greens Party [Adam BANDT]<br>Australian Labor Party or ALP [Anthony ALBANESE]<br>Country Liberal Party or CLP [Gary HIGGINS]<br>Liberal National Party of Queensland or LNP [Deborah FRECKLINGTON]<br>Liberal Party of Australia [Scott MORRISON]<br>The Nationals [Michael MCCORMACK]<br>Centre Alliance [Nick XENOPHON] <br>Pauline Hanson’s One Nation [Pauline HANSON]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ADB, ANZUS, APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CP, EAS, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-20, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NEA, NSG, OECD, OPCW, OSCE (partner), Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF, SAARC (observer), SICA (observer), Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNMISS, UNMIT, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador <span style=\"margin: 0px; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Arthur SINODINOS </span>(since 6 February 2020)"
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador Arthur SINODINOS (since 6 February 2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"chancery": {
|
||||
"text": "1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1134,8 +1136,8 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
"Terrorist group(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in <a title=\"Appendix-T\" href=\"../appendix/appendix-t.html\">Appendix-T</a>"
|
||||
"text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -6,10 +6,11 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
"Location": {
|
||||
"text": "Southeastern Asia, islands in the Indian Ocean, midway between northwestern Australia and Timor island"
|
||||
"text": "Southeastern Asia, islands in the Indian Ocean, midway between northwestern Australia and Timor island; Ashmore Reef is 840 km west of Darwin and 610 km north of Broome; Cartier Islet is 70 km east of Ashmore Reef"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geographic coordinates": {
|
||||
"text": "12 14 S, 123 05 E"
|
||||
"text": "12 25 S, 123 20 E<br><br><strong>note -</strong> Ashmore Reef - 12 14 S, 123 05 E; Cartier Islet - 12 32 S, 123 32 E",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note -</strong> Ashmore Reef - 12 14 S, 123 05 E; Cartier Islet - 12 32 S, 123 32 E"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Map references": {
|
||||
"text": "Southeast Asia"
|
||||
|
|
@ -42,7 +43,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "12 nm"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"contiguous zone": {
|
||||
"text": "12 nm"
|
||||
"text": "24 nm"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"continental shelf": {
|
||||
"text": "200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -535,7 +535,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Democratic Alliance Party or DAP [Steve ABANA]<br />Kadere Party of Solomon Islands or KPSI [Peter BOYERS]<br />People's Alliance Party or PAP [Nathaniel WAENA]<br />Solomon Islands People First Party or SIPFP [Dr. Jimmie RODGERS]<br />Solomon Islands Party for Rural Advancement or SIPRA [Manasseh MAELANGA]<br />United Democratic Party or UDP [Sir Thomas Ko CHAN]<br><br><strong>note:</strong> in general, Solomon Islands politics is characterized by fluid coalitions",
|
||||
"text": "Democratic Alliance Party or DAP [Steve ABANA]<br>Kadere Party of Solomon Islands or KPSI [Peter BOYERS]<br>People's Alliance Party or PAP [Nathaniel WAENA]<br>Solomon Islands People First Party or SIPFP [Dr. Jimmie RODGERS]<br>Solomon Islands Party for Rural Advancement or SIPRA [Manasseh MAELANGA]<br>United Democratic Party or UDP [Sir Thomas Ko CHAN]<br><br><strong>note:</strong> in general, Solomon Islands politics is characterized by fluid coalitions",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> in general, Solomon Islands politics is characterized by fluid coalitions"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Malay (Cocos dialect) 68.8%, English 22.3%, unspecified 8.9%; note - data represent language spoken at home (2016 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Buku Fakta Dunia, sumber yang diperlukan untuk maklumat asas. (Malay)<br /><br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
"text": "<br>Buku Fakta Dunia, sumber yang diperlukan untuk maklumat asas. (Malay)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -194,7 +194,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Dependency status": {
|
||||
"text": "non-self governing territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the Department of Regional Australia, Local Government, Arts and Sport"
|
||||
"text": "non-self governing territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Cities & Regional Development"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
"text": "non-self-governing overseas territory of Australia"
|
||||
|
|
@ -238,10 +238,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Executive branch": {
|
||||
"chief of state": {
|
||||
"text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General of the Commonwealth of Australia General Sir Peter COSGROVE (since 28 March 2014)"
|
||||
"text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General of the Commonwealth of Australia General David HURLEY (since 1 July 2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"head of government": {
|
||||
"text": "Administrator Natasha GRIGGS (since 5 October 2018)"
|
||||
"text": "Administrator Natasha GRIGGS (since 5 October 2017)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"cabinet": {
|
||||
"text": "NA"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -380,15 +380,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Northern Marianas Commonwealth Legislature consists of:<br />Senate (9 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms)<br />House of Representatives (20 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 2-year terms)<br /><br />the Northern Mariana Islands directly elects 1 delegate to the US House of Representatives by simple majority vote to serve a 2-year term"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Northern Marianas Commonwealth Legislature consists of:<br>Senate (9 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms)<br>House of Representatives (20 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 2-year terms)<br><br>the Northern Mariana Islands directly elects 1 delegate to the US House of Representatives by simple majority vote to serve a 2-year term"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />CNMI Senate - last held on 3 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2024)<br />CNMI House of Representatives - last held on 3 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2022)<br />Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands delegate to the US House of Representatives - last held on 3 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2022)"
|
||||
"text": "<br>CNMI Senate - last held on 3 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2024)<br>CNMI House of Representatives - last held on 3 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2022)<br>Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands delegate to the US House of Representatives - last held on 3 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />CNMI Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Republican Party 6, independent 3; composition - men 8, women 1, percent of women 11.1%<br />CNMI House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Republican Party 9, Democrat Party 8, independent 3<br /><br />delegate to US House of Representatives - seat won by independent; composition - 1 man"
|
||||
"text": "<br>CNMI Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Republican Party 6, independent 3; composition - men 8, women 1, percent of women 11.1%<br>CNMI House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Republican Party 9, Democrat Party 8, independent 3<br><br>delegate to US House of Representatives - seat won by independent; composition - 1 man"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong id=\"tinymce\" class=\"mce-content-body \" style=\"font-size: 18px;\" contenteditable=\"true\" spellcheck=\"false\" data-id=\"field_notes\">note:</strong> the Northern Mariana Islands delegate to the US House of Representatives can vote when serving on a committee and when the House meets as the \"Committee of the Whole House\" but not when legislation is submitted for a “full floor” House vote"
|
||||
"note": "<strong id=\"tinymce\" class=\"mce-content-body \" style=\"font-size: 18px;\" contenteditable=\"true\" spellcheck=\"false\" data-id=\"field_notes\">note:</strong> the Northern Mariana Islands delegate to the US House of Representatives can vote when serving on a committee and when the House meets as the \"Committee of the Whole House\" but not when legislation is submitted for a “full floor” House vote"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest courts": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -402,7 +402,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Democratic Party [Daniel QUITUGUA]<br />Republican Party [James ADA]"
|
||||
"text": "Democratic Party [Daniel QUITUGUA]<br>Republican Party [James ADA]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "PIF (observer), SPC, UPU"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "The Cook Islands, named after Captain James Cook who landed in 1773, became a British protectorate in 1888 and was later annexed by proclamation in 1900. The Cook Islands was first included within the boundaries of New Zealand in 1901, and in 1965, residents chose self-government in free association with New Zealand. The Cook Islands’ economy relies on tourism, fisheries, and foreign aid. More recently a growing offshore financial sector exposed the country to vulnerabilities which the government has addressed with legislation and regulations for the oversight of all banks and financial institutions, and with enforcement measures. The Cook Islands continues to face challenges with the emigration of skilled workers, government deficits, inadequate infrastructure, and natural resource depletion. The Cook Islands is expected to graduate to the high-income threshold set by the World Bank, which will limit the country’s access to Official Development Assistance under OECD guidelines."
|
||||
"text": "Polynesians from Tahiti were probably the first people to settle Rarotonga around A.D. 900. Over time, Samoans and Tongans also settled in Rarotonga, and Rarotongans voyaged to the northern Cook Islands, settling Manihiki and Rakahanga. Pukapuka and Penrhyn in the northern Cook Islands were settled directly from Samoa. Prior to European contact, there was considerable travel and trade between inhabitants of the different islands and atolls but they were not united in a single entity. Spanish navigators were the first Europeans to spot the northern Cook Islands in 1595 followed by the first landing in 1606. The Cook Islands remained free of further European contact until the 1760s, and in 1773, British explorer James COOK saw Manuae in the southern Cook Islands. The islands were named after COOK in the 1820s by Russian mapmakers. English missionary activity during the 1820s and 1830s banned singing and dancing and converted most of the population.<br><br>Fearing France would militarily occupy the islands like it did in Tahiti, Rarotongans asked the UK for protectorate status in the 1840s and 1860s, which the UK ignored. In 1888, Queen MAKEA TAKAU of Rarotonga formally petitioned for protectorate status, which the UK reluctantly agreed to. In 1901, the UK placed Rarotonga and the rest of the islands in the New Zealand Colony and in 1915, the Cook Islands Act organized the Cook Islands into one political entity. It remained a protectorate until 1965, when New Zealand granted the Cook Islands self-government status. The Cook Islands has a great deal of local autonomy and is an independent member of international organizations, but it is in free association with New Zealand, which is responsible for defense and foreign affairs. Economic opportunities in the Cook Islands are sparse, and more Cook Islanders live in New Zealand than in the Cook Islands.<br><br>In a referendum in 1994, voters chose to keep the name Cook Islands rather than changing to a Maori name for the islands. The issue was revived in 2019, but after being poorly received by the diaspora in New Zealand, the government decided to retain the name Cook Islands but to provide a Maori name alongside it. The Maori name has not yet been determined.<br><br>The Cook Islands’ economy relies on tourism, fisheries, and foreign aid. More recently a growing offshore financial sector exposed the country to vulnerabilities which the government has addressed with legislation and regulations for the oversight of all banks and financial institutions, and with enforcement measures. The Cook Islands continues to face challenges with the emigration of skilled workers, government deficits, inadequate infrastructure, and natural resource depletion. The Cook Islands is expected to graduate to the high-income threshold set by the World Bank, which will limit the country’s access to Official Development Assistance under OECD guidelines."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -438,7 +438,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Cook Islands Party or CIP [Henry PUNA]<br />Democratic Party or Demo [Tina BROWNE]<br />One Cook Islands Movement [Teina BISHOP]"
|
||||
"text": "Cook Islands Party or CIP [Henry PUNA]<br>Democratic Party or Demo [Tina BROWNE]<br>One Cook Islands Movement [Teina BISHOP]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, ADB, AOSIS, FAO, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, IMO, IMSO, IOC, ITUC (NGOs), OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -292,13 +292,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "0.2% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.2% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "1,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1,300 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "<100 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "<100 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -556,7 +556,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "FijiFirst [Veroqe \"Frank\" BAINIMARAMA]<br />Fiji Labor Party or FLP [Mahendra CHAUDHRY]<br />Fiji United Freedon Party or FUFP [Jagath KARUNARATNE]<br />National Federation Party or NFP [Biman PRASAD] (primarily Indian)<br />Peoples Democratic Party or PDP [Lynda TABUYA]<br />Social Democratic Liberal Party or SODELPA<br />Unity Fiji [Adi QORO]"
|
||||
"text": "FijiFirst [Veroqe \"Frank\" BAINIMARAMA]<br>Fiji Labor Party or FLP [Mahendra CHAUDHRY]<br>Fiji United Freedon Party or FUFP [Jagath KARUNARATNE]<br>National Federation Party or NFP [Biman PRASAD] (primarily Indian)<br>Peoples Democratic Party or PDP [Lynda TABUYA]<br>Social Democratic Liberal Party or SODELPA<br>Unity Fiji [Adi QORO]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, ADB, AOSIS, C, CP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OPCW, PCA, PIF, Sparteca (suspended), SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Each of the four states that compose the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) - Chuuk, Kosrae, Pohnpei, and Yap - has its own unique history and cultural traditions. The first humans arrived in what is now the FSM in the second millennium B.C. In the 800s A.D., construction of the artificial islets at the Nan Madol complex in Pohnpei began, with the main architecture being built around 1200. At its height, Nan Madol united the approximately 25,000 people of Pohnpei under the Saudeleur Dynasty. Around the same time, Kosrae was united in a kingdom centered in Leluh by 1250. Yap’s society became strictly hierarchical, with chiefs receiving tributes from islands up to 1,100 km (700 mi) away. Widespread human settlement in Chuuk began in the 1300s, and the different islands in the Chuuk Lagoon were frequently at war with one another.</p> <p>Portuguese and Spanish explorers visited a few of the islands in the 1500s and Spain began exerting nominal, but not day-to-day, control over some of the islands - which they named the Caroline Islands - in the 1600s. Christian missionaries arrived in the 1800s, in particular to Chuuk and Kosrae. By the 1870s, nearly every Kosraean had converted to Christianity and religion continues to play an important role in daily life on the island. In 1899, Spain sold all of the FSM to Germany. Japan seized the islands in 1914 and was granted a League of Nations mandate to administer them in 1920. The Japanese navy built bases across most of the islands and headquartered their Pacific naval operations in Chuuk. The US bombed Chuuk in 1944 during Operation Hailstone in World War II, destroying 250 Japanese planes and 40 ships. The US military largely bypassed the other islands in its leapfrog campaign across the Pacific.</p> <p>The FSM came under US administration as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands in 1947, which comprised six districts: Chuuk, the Marshall Islands, the Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Pohnpei, and Yap; Kosrae was separated from Pohnpei into a separate district in 1977. In 1979, Chuuk, Kosrae, Pohnpei, and Yap ratified the FSM Constitution and declared independence while the other three districts opted to pursue separate political statuses. In 1982, the FSM signed a Compact of Free Association (COFA) with the US, which granted the FSM financial assistance and access to many US domestic programs in exchange for exclusive US military access and defense responsibilities; the COFA entered into force in 1986 and its funding was renewed in 2003. There are significant inter-island rivalries stemming from their different histories and cultures. Chuuk, the most populous but poorest state, is planning an independence referendum for 2022.<br /><br />Eligible Micronesians can live, work, and study in any part of the US and its territories without a visa - this privilege reduces stresses on the island economy and the environment. Micronesians serve in the US armed forces and military recruiting from the FSM, per capita, is higher than many US states.</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Each of the four states that compose the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) - Chuuk, Kosrae, Pohnpei, and Yap - has its own unique history and cultural traditions. The first humans arrived in what is now the FSM in the second millennium B.C. In the 800s A.D., construction of the artificial islets at the Nan Madol complex in Pohnpei began, with the main architecture being built around 1200. At its height, Nan Madol united the approximately 25,000 people of Pohnpei under the Saudeleur Dynasty. Around the same time, Kosrae was united in a kingdom centered in Leluh by 1250. Yap’s society became strictly hierarchical, with chiefs receiving tributes from islands up to 1,100 km (700 mi) away. Widespread human settlement in Chuuk began in the 1300s, and the different islands in the Chuuk Lagoon were frequently at war with one another.</p> <p>Portuguese and Spanish explorers visited a few of the islands in the 1500s and Spain began exerting nominal, but not day-to-day, control over some of the islands - which they named the Caroline Islands - in the 1600s. Christian missionaries arrived in the 1800s, in particular to Chuuk and Kosrae. By the 1870s, nearly every Kosraean had converted to Christianity and religion continues to play an important role in daily life on the island. In 1899, Spain sold all of the FSM to Germany. Japan seized the islands in 1914 and was granted a League of Nations mandate to administer them in 1920. The Japanese navy built bases across most of the islands and headquartered their Pacific naval operations in Chuuk. The US bombed Chuuk in 1944 during Operation Hailstone in World War II, destroying 250 Japanese planes and 40 ships. The US military largely bypassed the other islands in its leapfrog campaign across the Pacific.</p> <p>The FSM came under US administration as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands in 1947, which comprised six districts: Chuuk, the Marshall Islands, the Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Pohnpei, and Yap; Kosrae was separated from Pohnpei into a separate district in 1977. In 1979, Chuuk, Kosrae, Pohnpei, and Yap ratified the FSM Constitution and declared independence while the other three districts opted to pursue separate political statuses. In 1982, the FSM signed a Compact of Free Association (COFA) with the US, which granted the FSM financial assistance and access to many US domestic programs in exchange for exclusive US military access and defense responsibilities; the COFA entered into force in 1986 and its funding was renewed in 2003. There are significant inter-island rivalries stemming from their different histories and cultures. Chuuk, the most populous but poorest state, is planning an independence referendum for 2022.<br><br>Eligible Micronesians can live, work, and study in any part of the US and its territories without a visa - this privilege reduces stresses on the island economy and the environment. Micronesians serve in the US armed forces and military recruiting from the FSM, per capita, is higher than many US states.</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -411,7 +411,7 @@
|
|||
"time difference": {
|
||||
"text": "UTC+11 (16 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> Micronesia has two time zones <br /><br /><strong>note 2:</strong> Palikir became the new capital of the country in 1989, three years after independence; Kolonia, the former capital, remains the site for many foreign embassies; it also serves as the Pohnpei state capital "
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> Micronesia has two time zones <br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> Palikir became the new capital of the country in 1989, three years after independence; Kolonia, the former capital, remains the site for many foreign embassies; it also serves as the Pohnpei state capital "
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Administrative divisions": {
|
||||
"text": "4 states; Chuuk (Truk), Kosrae (Kosaie), Pohnpei (Ponape), Yap"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "The French annexed various Polynesian island groups during the 19th century. In 1966, the French Government began testing nuclear weapons on the uninhabited Mururoa Atoll; following mounting opposition, the tests were moved underground in 1975. In September 1995, France stirred up widespread protests by resuming nuclear testing after a three-year moratorium. The tests were halted in January 1996. In recent years, French Polynesia's autonomy has been considerably expanded."
|
||||
"text": "French Polynesia consists of five archipelagos - the Austral Islands, the Gambier Islands, the Marquesas Islands, the Society Islands, and the Tuamotu Archipelago. The Marquesas were first settled around 200 B.C. and the Society Islands around A.D. 300. Raiatea in the Society Islands became a center for religion and culture. Exploration of the other islands emanated from Raiatea and by 1000, there were small permanent settlements in all the island groups. Ferdinand MAGELLAN was the first European to see the islands of French Polynesia in 1520, and successive European voyagers traveled through them over the next two centuries. In 1767, British explorer Samuel WALLIS was the first European to visit Tahiti, followed by French navigator Louis Antoine de BOUGAINVILLE in 1768, and British explorer James COOK in 1769. King POMARE I united Tahiti and surrounding islands into the Kingdom of Tahiti in 1788. Protestant missionaries arrived in 1797 and Pomare I’s successor converted in the 1810s, along with most Tahitians. In the 1830s, Queen POMARE IV refused to allow French Catholic missionaries to operate, leading France to declare a protectorate over Tahiti and fight the French-Tahitian War of the 1840s in an attempt to annex the islands. POMARE IV requested British assistance to fight France, and while the UK did not provide material support, it did diplomatically pressure France to simply maintain its protectorate status.<br><br>In 1880, King POMARE V ceded Tahiti and its possessions to France, changing its status into a colony. France then claimed the Gambier Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago and by 1901 had incorporated all five island groups into its establishments in Oceania. A Tahitian nationalist movement formed in 1940, leading France to grant French citizenship to the islanders in 1946 and change it to an overseas territory. In 1957, the islands’ name was changed to French Polynesia and the following year, 64% of voters chose to stay part of France when they approved a new constitution. Uninhabited Mururoa Atoll was established as a French nuclear test site in 1962 and tests were conducted between 1966 and 1992 (underground beginning in 1975). France also conducted tests at Fangataufa Atoll, including its last nuclear test in 1996.<br><br>France granted French Polynesia partial internal autonomy in 1977 and expanded autonomy in 1984. French Polynesia was converted into an overseas collectivity in 2003 and renamed an overseas country inside the Republic in 2004. Proindependence politicians won a surprise majority in local elections that same year but in subsequent elections have been relegated to a vocal minority. In 2013, French Polynesia was relisted on the UN List of Non-Self Governing Territories."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -114,7 +114,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "French (official) 70%, Polynesian (official) 28.2%, other 1.8% (2012 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)<br /><br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
"text": "<br>The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -431,13 +431,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "unicameral Assembly of French Polynesia or Assemblée de la Polynésie française (57 seats; elections held in 2 rounds; in the second round, 38 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by a closed-list proportional representation vote; the party receiving the most votes gets an additional 19 seats; members serve 5-year terms)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />French Polynesia indirectly elects 2 senators to the French Senate via an electoral college by absolute majority vote for 6-year terms with one-half the membership renewed every 3 years and directly elects 3 deputies to the French National Assembly by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for 5-year terms"
|
||||
"text": "unicameral Assembly of French Polynesia or Assemblée de la Polynésie française (57 seats; elections held in 2 rounds; in the second round, 38 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by a closed-list proportional representation vote; the party receiving the most votes gets an additional 19 seats; members serve 5-year terms)<br> <br> <br> <br> <br>French Polynesia indirectly elects 2 senators to the French Senate via an electoral college by absolute majority vote for 6-year terms with one-half the membership renewed every 3 years and directly elects 3 deputies to the French National Assembly by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for 5-year terms"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Assembly of French Polynesia - last held on 22 April 2018 and 6 May 2018 (next to be held in 2023)<br />French Senate - last held in September 2017 (next to be held in September 2020)<br />French National Assembly - last held in 2 rounds on 3 and 17 June 2017 (next to be held in 2022)</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Assembly of French Polynesia - last held on 22 April 2018 and 6 May 2018 (next to be held in 2023)<br>French Senate - last held in September 2017 (next to be held in September 2020)<br>French National Assembly - last held in 2 rounds on 3 and 17 June 2017 (next to be held in 2022)</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Assembly of French Polynesia - percent of vote by party - Tapura Huiraatira 45.1%, Popular Rally 29.3%, Tavini Huiraatira 25.6%; seats by party - Tapura Huiraatira 38, Popular Rally 11, Tavini Huiraatira 8; composition - men 27, women 30, percent of women 52.6%<br />French Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Popular Rally 1, People's Servant Party 1; composition - men 246, women 102, percent of women 29.3%<br />French National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Tapura Huiractura 2, Tavini Huiraatura 1; composition - men 353, women 224, percent of women 38.8%; note - total Parliament percent of women 20%</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Assembly of French Polynesia - percent of vote by party - Tapura Huiraatira 45.1%, Popular Rally 29.3%, Tavini Huiraatira 25.6%; seats by party - Tapura Huiraatira 38, Popular Rally 11, Tavini Huiraatira 8; composition - men 27, women 30, percent of women 52.6%<br>French Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Popular Rally 1, People's Servant Party 1; composition - men 246, women 102, percent of women 29.3%<br>French National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Tapura Huiractura 2, Tavini Huiraatura 1; composition - men 353, women 224, percent of women 38.8%; note - total Parliament percent of women 20%</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -452,7 +452,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "A Tia Porinetia [Teva ROHFRITSCH]<br />Alliance for a New Democracy or ADN (includes The New Star [Philip SCHYLE], This Country is Yours [Nicole BOUTEAU])<br />New Fatherland Party (Ai'a Api) [Emile VERNAUDON]<br />Our Home alliance<br />People's Servant Party (Tavini Huiraatira) [Oscar TEMARU]<br />Popular Rally (Tahoeraa Huiraatira) [Gaston FLOSSE]<br />Tapura Huiraatira [Edouard FRITICH]<br />Tavini Huiraatira [James CHANCELOR]<br />Union for Democracy alliance or UPD [Oscar TEMARU]"
|
||||
"text": "A Tia Porinetia [Teva ROHFRITSCH]<br>Alliance for a New Democracy or ADN (includes The New Star [Philip SCHYLE], This Country is Yours [Nicole BOUTEAU])<br>New Fatherland Party (Ai'a Api) [Emile VERNAUDON]<br>Our Home alliance<br>People's Servant Party (Tavini Huiraatira) [Oscar TEMARU]<br>Popular Rally (Tahoeraa Huiraatira) [Gaston FLOSSE]<br>Tapura Huiraatira [Edouard FRITICH]<br>Tavini Huiraatira [James CHANCELOR]<br>Union for Democracy alliance or UPD [Oscar TEMARU]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ITUC (NGOs), PIF (associate member), SPC, UPU, WMO"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -432,7 +432,7 @@
|
|||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Democratic Party 10, Republican Party 5; composition - men 5, women 10, percent of women 66.7%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Guam directly elects 1 member by simple majority vote to serve a 2-year term as a delegate to the US House of Representatives; the delegate can vote when serving on a committee and when the House meets as the Committee of the Whole House, but not when legislation is submitted for a “full floor” House vote; election of delegate last held on 6 November 2018 (next to be held on 3 November 2020); election results - seat by party - Democratic Party 1; composition 1 man"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Guam directly elects 1 member by simple majority vote to serve a 2-year term as a delegate to the US House of Representatives; the delegate can vote when serving on a committee and when the House meets as the Committee of the Whole House, but not when legislation is submitted for a “full floor” House vote; election of delegate last held on 6 November 2018 (next to be held on 3 November 2020); election results - seat by party - Democratic Party 1; composition 1 man"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest courts": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -446,7 +446,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Democratic Party [Joaquin \"Kin\" PEREZ]<br />Republican Party [Jerry CRISOSTOMO]"
|
||||
"text": "Democratic Party [Joaquin \"Kin\" PEREZ]<br>Republican Party [Jerry CRISOSTOMO]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "AOSIS (observer), IOC, PIF (observer), SPC, UPU"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "Kiribati is made up of three distinct island groups - the Gilbert Islands, the Line Islands, and the Phoenix Islands. The first Austronesian voyagers arrived in the Gilbert Islands as early as 3000 B.C., but these islands were not widely settled until about A.D. 200 by Micronesians. Around 1300, Samoans and Tongans invaded the southern Gilbert Islands, bringing Polynesian cultural elements with them. Later arrivals by Fijians brought Melanesian elements to the Gilbert Islands, and extensive intermarriage between the Micronesian, Polynesian, and Melanesian people led to the creation of what would become Gilbertese cultural traditions by the time Europeans spotted the islands in the 1600s. The Phoenix Islands and Line Islands were both visited by various Melanesian and Polynesian peoples, but their isolation and lack of natural resources meant that long-term settlements were not possible and both island groups were uninhabited by the time of European contact.<br /> <br />Kiribati experienced sustained European contact by the 1760s; all three island groups were named and charted by 1826. American whaling ships frequently passed through the islands, and the UK declared a protectorate over the Gilbert and nearby Ellice Islands in 1892 to block growing US influence. Phosphate-rich Banaba Island was annexed to the protectorate in 1900. In 1916, the protectorate became a colony, and some Line Islands were added in 1916 and 1919, with the final ones added in 1972. The Phoenix Islands were added to the colony in 1937, and the UK agreed to share jurisdiction of some of them with the US because of their strategic location for aviation. Japan occupied the northern Gilbert Islands in 1941; the islands of Makin and Tarawa were the sites of major US amphibious victories over entrenched Japanese garrisons in 1943. The UK continued to rule the colony after World War II. The Ellice Islands became its own colony in 1974. The Gilbert Islands became fully self-governing in 1977 and independent in 1979 as Kiribati, the Gilbertese spelling of Gilberts. The US relinquished all claims to the sparsely inhabited Phoenix and Line Islands in a 1979 treaty of friendship.<br /><br />In 1994, Kiribati adjusted the international date line to the east of the Line Islands, bringing all islands in the country to the same day and giving Kiribati the earliest time zone in the world. Kiribati is a leading climate change and marine protection advocate. The Phoenix Islands Protected Area was established in 2008; in 2010, it became the world's largest (and deepest) UNESCO World Heritage site. In 2012, Kiribati purchased a 22 sq km (8.5 sq mi) plot of land in Fiji for potential eventual resettlement of its population because of climate change."
|
||||
"text": "Kiribati is made up of three distinct island groups - the Gilbert Islands, the Line Islands, and the Phoenix Islands. The first Austronesian voyagers arrived in the Gilbert Islands as early as 3000 B.C., but these islands were not widely settled until about A.D. 200 by Micronesians. Around 1300, Samoans and Tongans invaded the southern Gilbert Islands, bringing Polynesian cultural elements with them. Later arrivals by Fijians brought Melanesian elements to the Gilbert Islands, and extensive intermarriage between the Micronesian, Polynesian, and Melanesian people led to the creation of what would become Gilbertese cultural traditions by the time Europeans spotted the islands in the 1600s. The Phoenix Islands and Line Islands were both visited by various Melanesian and Polynesian peoples, but their isolation and lack of natural resources meant that long-term settlements were not possible and both island groups were uninhabited by the time of European contact.<br> <br>Kiribati experienced sustained European contact by the 1760s; all three island groups were named and charted by 1826. American whaling ships frequently passed through the islands, and the UK declared a protectorate over the Gilbert and nearby Ellice Islands in 1892 to block growing US influence. Phosphate-rich Banaba Island was annexed to the protectorate in 1900. In 1916, the protectorate became a colony, and some Line Islands were added in 1916 and 1919, with the final ones added in 1972. The Phoenix Islands were added to the colony in 1937, and the UK agreed to share jurisdiction of some of them with the US because of their strategic location for aviation. Japan occupied the northern Gilbert Islands in 1941; the islands of Makin and Tarawa were the sites of major US amphibious victories over entrenched Japanese garrisons in 1943. The UK continued to rule the colony after World War II. The Ellice Islands became its own colony in 1974. The Gilbert Islands became fully self-governing in 1977 and independent in 1979 as Kiribati, the Gilbertese spelling of Gilberts. The US relinquished all claims to the sparsely inhabited Phoenix and Line Islands in a 1979 treaty of friendship.<br><br>In 1994, Kiribati adjusted the international date line to the east of the Line Islands, bringing all islands in the country to the same day and giving Kiribati the earliest time zone in the world. Kiribati is a leading climate change and marine protection advocate. The Phoenix Islands Protected Area was established in 2008; in 2010, it became the world's largest (and deepest) UNESCO World Heritage site. In 2012, Kiribati purchased a 22 sq km (8.5 sq mi) plot of land in Fiji for potential eventual resettlement of its population because of climate change."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -242,6 +242,9 @@
|
|||
"Total fertility rate": {
|
||||
"text": "2.23 children born/woman (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "33.5% (2018/19)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Drinking water source": {
|
||||
"improved: total": {
|
||||
"text": "total: 71.6% of population"
|
||||
|
|
@ -438,7 +441,7 @@
|
|||
"time difference": {
|
||||
"text": "UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Kiribati has three time zones: the Gilbert Islands group at UTC+12, the Phoenix Islands at UTC+13, and the Line Islands at UTC+14<br /><br /><strong>etymology:</strong> in Kiribati creation mythology, \"tarawa\" was what the spider Nareau named the land to distinguish it from \"karawa\" (the sky) and \"marawa\" (the ocean)"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Kiribati has three time zones: the Gilbert Islands group at UTC+12, the Phoenix Islands at UTC+13, and the Line Islands at UTC+14<br><br><strong>etymology:</strong> in Kiribati creation mythology, \"tarawa\" was what the spider Nareau named the land to distinguish it from \"karawa\" (the sky) and \"marawa\" (the ocean)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Administrative divisions": {
|
||||
"text": "3 geographical units: Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix Islands; note - there are no first-order administrative divisions, but there are 6 districts (Banaba, Central Gilberts, Line Islands, Northern Gilberts, Southern Gilberts, Tarawa) and 21 island councils - one for each of the inhabited islands (Abaiang, Abemama, Aranuka, Arorae, Banaba, Beru, Butaritari, Kanton, Kiritimati, Kuria, Maiana, Makin, Marakei, Nikunau, Nonouti, Onotoa, Tabiteuea, Tabuaeran, Tamana, Tarawa, Teraina)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -520,7 +523,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Boutokaan Kiribati Moa Party (BKM) [Tessie LAMBOURNE]<br />Tobwaan Kiribati Party or TKP [Taneti MAAMAU]"
|
||||
"text": "Boutokaan Kiribati Moa Party (BKM) [Tessie LAMBOURNE]<br>Tobwaan Kiribati Party or TKP [Taneti MAAMAU]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ABEDA, ACP, ADB, AOSIS, C, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOC, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -198,7 +198,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Dependency status": {
|
||||
"text": "non-self governing territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the Department of Regional Australia, Local Government, Arts and Sport"
|
||||
"text": "non-self governing territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Cities & Regional Development"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
"text": "non-self-governing overseas territory of Australia"
|
||||
|
|
@ -243,10 +243,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Executive branch": {
|
||||
"chief of state": {
|
||||
"text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General of the Commonwealth of Australia General Sir Peter COSGROVE (since 28 March 2014)"
|
||||
"text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General of the Commonwealth of Australia General David HURLEY (since 1 July 2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"head of government": {
|
||||
"text": "Administrator Natasha GRIGGS (since 5 October 2018)"
|
||||
"text": "Administrator Natasha GRIGGS (since 5 October 2017)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections/appointments": {
|
||||
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the Australian prime minister; administrator appointed by the governor general of Australia for a 2-year term and represents the monarch and Australia"
|
||||
|
|
@ -411,10 +411,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Roadways": {
|
||||
"total": {
|
||||
"text": "140 km (2011)"
|
||||
"text": "142 km (2011)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"paved": {
|
||||
"text": "30 km (2011)"
|
||||
"text": "32 km (2011)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"unpaved": {
|
||||
"text": "110 km (2011)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "Settled by both Britain and France during the first half of the 19th century, the island became a French possession in 1853. It served as a penal colony for four decades after 1864. Agitation for independence during the 1980s and early 1990s ended in the 1998 Noumea Accord, which over two decades transferred an increasing amount of governing responsibility from France to New Caledonia. In a referendum held in November 2018, residents rejected independence and decided to retain their territorial status, although two additional referendums may occur in 2020 and 2022, per the Noumea Accord."
|
||||
"text": "The first humans settled in New Caledonia around 1600 B.C. The Lapita were skilled navigators and evidence of their pottery around the Pacific has served as a guide for understanding human expansion in the region. Successive waves of migrants from other islands in Melanesia intermarried with the Lapita, giving rise to the Kanak ethnic group considered indigenous to New Caledonia. British explorer James COOK was the first European to visit New Caledonia in 1774, giving it the Latin name for Scotland. Missionaries first landed in New Caledonia in 1840. In 1853, France annexed New Caledonia to preclude any British attempt. France declared it a penal colony in 1864 and sent more than 20,000 prisoners to New Caledonia in the ensuing three decades.<br><br>Nickel was discovered in 1864 and French prisoners were directed to mine it. France brought in indentured servants and enslaved labor from elsewhere in Southeast Asia to work the mines, blocking Kanaks from accessing the most profitable part of the local economy. In 1878, High Chief ATAI led a rebellion against French rule. The Kanaks were relegated to reservations, leading to periodic smaller uprisings and culminating in a large revolt in 1917 that was brutally suppressed by colonial authorities. During World War II, New Caledonia became an important base for Allied troops, and the US moved its South Pacific headquarters to the island in 1942. Following the war, New Caledonia was made an overseas territory and French citizenship was granted to all inhabitants in 1953, thereby permitting the Kanaks to move off the reservations.<br><br>The Kanak nationalist movement began in the 1950s but most voters chose to remain a territory in an independence referendum in 1958. The European population of New Caledonia boomed in the 1970s with a renewed focus on nickel mining, reigniting Kanak nationalism. Key Kanak leaders were assassinated in the early 1980s, leading to escalating violence and dozens of fatalities. The Matignon Accords of 1988 provided for a 10-year transition period. The Noumea Accord of 1998 transferred an increasing amount of governing responsibility from France to New Caledonia over a 20-year period and provided for three independence referenda. In the first held in 2018, voters rejected independence by 57 to 43 percent; in the second held in 2020, voters rejected independence 53 to 47 percent. A third referendum is planned for December 2021. In February 2021, pro-independence parties gained a majority in the New Caledonian Government for the first time."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -114,7 +114,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "French (official), 33 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)<br /><br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
"text": "<br>The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -443,13 +443,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "unicameral Territorial Congress or Congrès du Territoire (54 seats; members indirectly selected proportionally by the partisan makeup of the 3 Provincial Assemblies or Assemblés Provinciales; members of the 3 Provincial Assemblies directly elected by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms); note - the Customary Senate is the assembly of the various traditional councils of the Kanaks, the indigenous population, which rules on laws affecting the indigenous population<br />New Caledonia indirectly elects 2 members to the French Senate by an electoral colleges for a 6-year term with one seat renewed every 3 years and directly elects 2 members to the French National Assembly by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term"
|
||||
"text": "unicameral Territorial Congress or Congrès du Territoire (54 seats; members indirectly selected proportionally by the partisan makeup of the 3 Provincial Assemblies or Assemblés Provinciales; members of the 3 Provincial Assemblies directly elected by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms); note - the Customary Senate is the assembly of the various traditional councils of the Kanaks, the indigenous population, which rules on laws affecting the indigenous population<br>New Caledonia indirectly elects 2 members to the French Senate by an electoral colleges for a 6-year term with one seat renewed every 3 years and directly elects 2 members to the French National Assembly by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Territorial Congress - last held on 12 May 2019 (next to be held in May 2024)<br />French Senate - election last held on 24 September 2017 (next to be held not later than 2019)<br /><br />French National Assembly - election last held on 11 and 18 June 2017 (next to be held by June 2022)"
|
||||
"text": "<br>Territorial Congress - last held on 12 May 2019 (next to be held in May 2024)<br>French Senate - election last held on 24 September 2017 (next to be held not later than 2019)<br><br>French National Assembly - election last held on 11 and 18 June 2017 (next to be held by June 2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Territorial Congress - percent of vote by party - N/A; seats by party -Future With Confidence 18, UNI 9, UC 9, CE 7, FLNKS 6, Oceanic Awakening 3, PT 1, LKS 1 (Anti-Independence 28, Pro-Independence 26); composition - men 30, women 24, percent of women 44.4%</p> <br />French Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - UMP 2<br /><br />French National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CE 2"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Territorial Congress - percent of vote by party - N/A; seats by party -Future With Confidence 18, UNI 9, UC 9, CE 7, FLNKS 6, Oceanic Awakening 3, PT 1, LKS 1 (Anti-Independence 28, Pro-Independence 26); composition - men 30, women 24, percent of women 44.4%</p> <br>French Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - UMP 2<br><br>French National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CE 2"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -464,7 +464,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Build Our Rainbow Nation<br />Caledonia Together or CE [Philippe GERMAIN]<br />Caledonian Union or UC [Daniel GOA]<br />Future Together (l'Avenir Ensemble) [Harold MARTIN]<br />Kanak Socialist Front for National Liberation or FLNKS (alliance includes PALIKA, UNI, UC, and UPM) [Victor TUTUGORO]<br />Labor Party (Parti Travailliste) or PT [Louis Kotra UREGEI]<br />National Union for Independence (Union Nationale pour l'Independance) or UNI<br />Party of Kanak Liberation (Parti de Liberation Kanak) or PALIKA [Paul NEAOUTYINE]<br />Socialist Kanak Liberation or LKS [Nidoish NAISSELINE]<br />The Republicans (formerly The Rally or UMP) [interim leader Thierry SANTA]<br />Union for Caledonia in France"
|
||||
"text": "Build Our Rainbow Nation<br>Caledonia Together or CE [Philippe GERMAIN]<br>Caledonian Union or UC [Daniel GOA]<br>Future Together (l'Avenir Ensemble) [Harold MARTIN]<br>Kanak Socialist Front for National Liberation or FLNKS (alliance includes PALIKA, UNI, UC, and UPM) [Victor TUTUGORO]<br>Labor Party (Parti Travailliste) or PT [Louis Kotra UREGEI]<br>National Union for Independence (Union Nationale pour l'Independance) or UNI<br>Party of Kanak Liberation (Parti de Liberation Kanak) or PALIKA [Paul NEAOUTYINE]<br>Socialist Kanak Liberation or LKS [Nidoish NAISSELINE]<br>The Republicans (formerly The Rally or UMP) [interim leader Thierry SANTA]<br>Union for Caledonia in France"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ITUC (NGOs), PIF (associate member), SPC, UPU, WFTU (NGOs), WMO"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "Niue's remoteness, as well as cultural and linguistic differences between its Polynesian inhabitants and those of the adjacent Cook Islands, has caused it to be separately administered by New Zealand. The population of the island has trended downwards over recent decades (from a peak of 5,200 in 1966 to 1,618 in 2017) with substantial emigration to New Zealand 2,400 km to the southwest."
|
||||
"text": "<p>Voyagers from Samoa first settled on Niue around A.D. 900 and a second main group of settlers came from Tonga around 1500. With only one reliable source of fresh water, conflict was high on the island. There was continued contact with both Samoa and Tonga, and customs from those islands heavily influenced Niuean culture, including the formation of an island-wide kingship system in the early 1700s. These kings, or patu-iki, were elected by Niueans. In 1774, British explorer James COOK abandoned attempts to land on the island after several unsuccessful tries, and he named it Savage Island because of the warlike appearance of the Niueans. Missionaries arrived in 1830 but were also largely unsuccessful at staying on the island until 1846, when a Niuean trained as a Samoan missionary returned to the island and provided a space from which the missionaries could work. In addition to converting the population, the missionaries worked to stop the violent conflicts between Niueans and helped establish the first parliament in 1849.</p> <p>In 1889, King FATAAIKI and other chiefs asked the UK for protectorate status, a request that was repeated in 1895. The UK finally agreed in 1900 and King TOGIA-PULU-TOAKI formally ceded Niue that year. In 1901, Niue was annexed to New Zealand and included as part of the Cook Islands. Niue’s remoteness and cultural and linguistic differences with the Cook Islands led New Zealand to separate Niue into its own administration in 1904. The island became internally self-governing in 1974; it is an independent member of international organizations, but is in free association with New Zealand, which is responsible for defense and foreign affairs.</p> <p>Economic opportunities in Niue are sparse. The population has trended downwards over recent decades, with substantial emigration to New Zealand. In 2004, a cyclone destroyed much of the southern part of the capital, Alofi, and left about 15% of the population homeless. Many chose not to rebuild and instead moved to New Zealand (2,400 km to the southwest), where approximately 90% of all ethnic Niueans live.</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -368,7 +368,7 @@
|
|||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Niue is a participant in the Pacific Judicial Development Program, which is designed to build governance and the rule of law in 15 Pacific island countries"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Alliance of Independents or AI<br />Niue People's Action Party or NPP [Young VIVIAN]"
|
||||
"text": "Alliance of Independents or AI<br>Niue People's Action Party or NPP [Young VIVIAN]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AOSIS, FAO, IFAD, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "Two British attempts at establishing the island as a penal colony (1788-1814 and 1825-55) were ultimately abandoned. In 1856, the island was resettled by Pitcairn Islanders, descendants of the Bounty mutineers and their Tahitian companions."
|
||||
"text": "Polynesians lived on Norfolk Island between 1200 and 1500 but the remote island was uninhabited by the time British explorer James COOK landed on the island in 1774. Two British attempts at establishing the island as a penal colony (1788-1814 and 1825-55) were ultimately abandoned.<br><br>In 1856, almost 200 Pitcairn Islanders - descendants of the Bounty mutineers and their Tahitian companions - were relocated to Norfolk Island because of overcrowding on the Pitcairn Islands. Some returned to the Pitcairn Islands over the next few years but most settled permanently on Norfolk Island and recreated the land tenure and governance structures they previously had. Norfolk Island retained a great degree of local control until 1897, when it became a dependency of New South Wales. During World War II, Norfolk Island was an airbase and an important refueling stop in the South Pacific. In 1976, an Australian judge recommended Norfolk Island be incorporated fully into Australia, which Norfolk Islanders rejected. Following an appeal to the UN, Australia granted limited self-government to Norfolk Island in 1979.<br><br>With growing financial troubles during the 2000s, Australia abolished the Norfolk Island Legislative Assembly in 2015, reduced Norfolk Island’s autonomy in 2016, and suspended the local council in 2020. Most services are provided by a mix of the Australian Capital Territory and the states of New South Wales and Queensland. These moves were unpopular on Norfolk Island, which has sought to have its self-government restored."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -40,6 +40,9 @@
|
|||
"territorial sea": {
|
||||
"text": "12 nm"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"contiguous zone": {
|
||||
"text": "24 nm"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"exclusive fishing zone": {
|
||||
"text": "200 nm"
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -205,7 +208,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Dependency status": {
|
||||
"text": "self-governing territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the Department of Regional Australia, Local Government, Arts, and Sport"
|
||||
"text": "self-governing territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Cities & Regional Development"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
"text": "non-self-governing overseas territory of Australia; note - the Norfolk Island Regional Council, which began operations 1 July 2016, is responsible for planning and managing a variety of public services, including those funded by the Government of Australia"
|
||||
|
|
@ -253,7 +256,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Executive branch": {
|
||||
"chief of state": {
|
||||
"text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General of the Commonwealth of Australia General Sir Peter COSGROVE (since 28 March 2014)"
|
||||
"text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General of the Commonwealth of Australia General David HURLEY (since 1 July 2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"head of government": {
|
||||
"text": "Administrator Eric HUTCHINSON (since 1 April 2017)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -270,12 +273,12 @@
|
|||
"text": "unicameral Norfolk Island Regional Council (5 seats; councillors directly elected by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms); mayor elected annually by the councillors"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "elections last held 28 May 2016 (next to be held in 2020)"
|
||||
"text": "elections last held 28 May 2016 (next rescheduled to be held in 2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "seats by party - independent 5; composition - men 4, women 1, percent of women 20%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> following an administrative restructuring of local government, the Legislative Assembly was dissolved on 18 June 2015 and replaced by an interim Norfolk Island Advisory Council effective 1 July 2015; the Advisory Council consisted of 5 members appointed by the Norfolk Island administrator based on nominations from the community; following elections on 28 May 2016, the new Norfolk Island Regional Council commenced operations on 1 July 2016"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> following an administrative restructuring of local government, the Legislative Assembly was dissolved on 18 June 2015 and replaced by an interim Norfolk Island Advisory Council effective 1 July 2015; the Advisory Council consisted of 5 members appointed by the Norfolk Island administrator based on nominations from the community; following elections on 28 May 2016, the new Norfolk Island Regional Council (NIRC) commenced operations on 1 July 2016; on 20 December 2020 the NIRC was suspended for three months following a public audit and this suspension was extended on 3 February 2021 for an additional three months pending the outcome of a public inquiry; the council election previously scheduled for 13 March 2021 has been postponed 12 months"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest courts": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -289,7 +292,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Norfolk Island Labor Party [Mike KELLY]<br />Norfolk Liberals [John BROWN]"
|
||||
"text": "Norfolk Island Labor Party [Mike KELLY]<br>Norfolk Liberals [John BROWN]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "UPU"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -542,7 +542,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Greens Confederation or GC [Moana CARCASSES Kalosil]<br />Iauko Group or IG [Tony NARI]<br />Land and Justice Party (Graon mo Jastis Pati) or GJP [Ralph REGENVANU]<br />Melanesian Progressive Party or MPP [Barak SOPE]<br />Nagriamel movement or NAG [Frankie STEVENS]<br />Natatok Indigenous People's Democratic Party or (NATATOK) or NIPDP [Alfred Roland CARLOT]<br />National United Party or NUP [Ham LINI]<br />People's Progressive Party or PPP [Sato KILMAN]<br />People's Service Party or PSP [Don KEN]<br />Reunification of Movement for Change or RMC [Charlot SALWAI]<br />Rural Development Party or RDP [Jay NGWELE, spokesman]<br />Union of Moderate Parties or UMP [Serge VOHOR]<br />Vanua'aku Pati (Our Land Party) or VP [Edward NATAPEI]<br />Vanuatu Democratic Party [Maxime Carlot KORMAN]<br />Vanuatu First or Vanuatu [Russel NARI]<br />Vanuatu Liberal Movement or VLM [Gaetan PIKIOUNE]<br />Vanuatu Liberal Democratic Party or VLDP [Tapangararua WILLIE]<br />Vanuatu National Party or VNP [Issac HAMARILIU]<br />Vanuatu National Development Party or VNDP [Robert Bohn SIKOL]<br />Vanuatu Republican Party or VRP [Marcellino PIPITE]"
|
||||
"text": "Greens Confederation or GC [Moana CARCASSES Kalosil]<br>Iauko Group or IG [Tony NARI]<br>Land and Justice Party (Graon mo Jastis Pati) or GJP [Ralph REGENVANU]<br>Melanesian Progressive Party or MPP [Barak SOPE]<br>Nagriamel movement or NAG [Frankie STEVENS]<br>Natatok Indigenous People's Democratic Party or (NATATOK) or NIPDP [Alfred Roland CARLOT]<br>National United Party or NUP [Ham LINI]<br>People's Progressive Party or PPP [Sato KILMAN]<br>People's Service Party or PSP [Don KEN]<br>Reunification of Movement for Change or RMC [Charlot SALWAI]<br>Rural Development Party or RDP [Jay NGWELE, spokesman]<br>Union of Moderate Parties or UMP [Serge VOHOR]<br>Vanua'aku Pati (Our Land Party) or VP [Edward NATAPEI]<br>Vanuatu Democratic Party [Maxime Carlot KORMAN]<br>Vanuatu First or Vanuatu [Russel NARI]<br>Vanuatu Liberal Movement or VLM [Gaetan PIKIOUNE]<br>Vanuatu Liberal Democratic Party or VLDP [Tapangararua WILLIE]<br>Vanuatu National Party or VNP [Issac HAMARILIU]<br>Vanuatu National Development Party or VNDP [Robert Bohn SIKOL]<br>Vanuatu Republican Party or VRP [Marcellino PIPITE]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, ADB, AOSIS, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, IOC, IOM, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -909,7 +909,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>liberalized telecom services; mobile phones are primary means of communication; LTE services and rural satellite broadband services; mobile phone use in some rural areas is constrained by electricity shortages; investment in fixed-broadband infrastructure and installation of fiber-optic cables supported sector growth; mobile broadband infrastructure expanded in 2020, resulting in reduced consumer prices; Kacific-1 broadband satellite has improved broadband capacity and access since 2019; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>liberalized telecom services; mobile phones are primary means of communication; LTE services and rural satellite broadband services; mobile phone use in some rural areas is constrained by electricity shortages; investment in fixed-broadband infrastructure and installation of fiber-optic cables supported sector growth; mobile broadband infrastructure expanded in 2020, resulting in reduced consumer prices; Kacific-1 broadband satellite has improved broadband capacity and access since 2019; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "fixed-line 1 per 100 and mobile-cellular 88 per 100 (2019)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "Nauru was inhabited by Micronesian and Polynesian settlers by around 1000 B.C. and the island was divided in 12 clans. Nauru developed in relative isolation because ocean currents made landfall on the island difficult. As a result, the Nauruan language does not clearly resemble any other in the Pacific region. In 1798, British sea captain John FEARN became the first European to spot the island. By 1830, European whalers used Nauru as a supply stop, trading firearms for food. In 1878, a civil war erupted on the island, reducing the population by more than a third. Germany forcibly annexed Nauru in 1888 by holding the 12 chiefs under house arrest until they consented to the annexation. Germany banned alcohol, confiscated weapons, instituted strict dress codes, and brought in Christian missionaries to convert the population. Phosphate was discovered in 1900 and heavily mined, although Nauru and Nauruans earned about one tenth of one percent of the profits from the phosphate deposits.<br /><br />Australian forces captured Nauru from Germany during World War I, and in 1919, it was placed under a joint Australian-British-New Zealand mandate with Australian administration. Japan occupied Nauru during World War II and used its residents as forced labor elsewhere in the Pacific while destroying much of the infrastructure on the island. After the war, Nauru became a UN trust territory under Australian administration. Recognizing the phosphate stocks would eventually be depleted, in 1962, Australian Prime Minister Robert MENZIES offered to resettle all Nauruans on Curtis Island in Queensland, but Nauruans rejected that plan and opted for independence, which was achieved in 1968. In 1970, Nauru purchased the phosphate mining assets, and income from the mines made Nauruans among the richest people in the world. However, Nauru subsequently began a series of unwise investments in buildings, musical theater, and an airline. Nauru sued Australia in 1989 for the damage caused by mining when Australia administered the island. Widespread phosphate mining officially ceased in 2006.<br /><br />Nauru went nearly bankrupt by 2000 and tried to rebrand itself as an offshore banking haven, although it ended that practice in 2005. In 2001, Australia set up the Nauru Regional Processing Center (NRPC), an offshore refugee detention facility, paying Nauru per person at the center. The NRPC was closed in 2008 but reopened in 2012. The number of refugees has steadily declined since 2014, and the remaining people were moved to a hotel in Brisbane, Australia, in 2020, effectively shuttering the NRPC. In a bid for Russian humanitarian aid, in 2008, Nauru recognized the breakaway Georgian republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia."
|
||||
"text": "Nauru was inhabited by Micronesian and Polynesian settlers by around 1000 B.C. and the island was divided in 12 clans. Nauru developed in relative isolation because ocean currents made landfall on the island difficult. As a result, the Nauruan language does not clearly resemble any other in the Pacific region. In 1798, British sea captain John FEARN became the first European to spot the island. By 1830, European whalers used Nauru as a supply stop, trading firearms for food. In 1878, a civil war erupted on the island, reducing the population by more than a third. Germany forcibly annexed Nauru in 1888 by holding the 12 chiefs under house arrest until they consented to the annexation. Germany banned alcohol, confiscated weapons, instituted strict dress codes, and brought in Christian missionaries to convert the population. Phosphate was discovered in 1900 and heavily mined, although Nauru and Nauruans earned about one tenth of one percent of the profits from the phosphate deposits.<br><br>Australian forces captured Nauru from Germany during World War I, and in 1919, it was placed under a joint Australian-British-New Zealand mandate with Australian administration. Japan occupied Nauru during World War II and used its residents as forced labor elsewhere in the Pacific while destroying much of the infrastructure on the island. After the war, Nauru became a UN trust territory under Australian administration. Recognizing the phosphate stocks would eventually be depleted, in 1962, Australian Prime Minister Robert MENZIES offered to resettle all Nauruans on Curtis Island in Queensland, but Nauruans rejected that plan and opted for independence, which was achieved in 1968. In 1970, Nauru purchased the phosphate mining assets, and income from the mines made Nauruans among the richest people in the world. However, Nauru subsequently began a series of unwise investments in buildings, musical theater, and an airline. Nauru sued Australia in 1989 for the damage caused by mining when Australia administered the island. Widespread phosphate mining officially ceased in 2006.<br><br>Nauru went nearly bankrupt by 2000 and tried to rebrand itself as an offshore banking haven, although it ended that practice in 2005. In 2001, Australia set up the Nauru Regional Processing Center (NRPC), an offshore refugee detention facility, paying Nauru per person at the center. The NRPC was closed in 2008 but reopened in 2012. The number of refugees has steadily declined since 2014, and the remaining people were moved to a hotel in Brisbane, Australia, in 2020, effectively shuttering the NRPC. In a bid for Russian humanitarian aid, in 2008, Nauru recognized the breakaway Georgian republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -305,13 +305,15 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "<.1% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "<.1% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "3,500 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3,600 (2020 est.)<br><br><strong>note: </strong>estimate does not include children",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>estimate does not include children"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "<100 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "<100 (2020 est.)<br><br><strong>note: </strong>estimate does not include children",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>estimate does not include children"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "30.8% (2016)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -457,7 +459,7 @@
|
|||
"daylight saving time": {
|
||||
"text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in September; ends first Sunday in April"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> New Zealand has two time zones: New Zealand standard time (UTC+12) and Chatham Islands time (45 minutes in advance of New Zealand standard time; UTC+12:45)<br /><br /><strong>etymology:</strong> named in 1840 after Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victorious general at the Battle of Waterloo"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> New Zealand has two time zones: New Zealand standard time (UTC+12) and Chatham Islands time (45 minutes in advance of New Zealand standard time; UTC+12:45)<br><br><strong>etymology:</strong> named in 1840 after Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victorious general at the Battle of Waterloo"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Administrative divisions": {
|
||||
"text": "16 regions and 1 territory*; Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Canterbury, Chatham Islands*, Gisborne, Hawke's Bay, Manawatu-Wanganui, Marlborough, Nelson, Northland, Otago, Southland, Taranaki, Tasman, Waikato, Wellington, West Coast"
|
||||
|
|
@ -539,7 +541,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "ACT New Zealand [David SEYMOUR]<br />Green Party [James SHAW]<br />Mana Movement [Hone HARAWIRA] (formerly Mana Party)<br />Maori Party [Che WILSON and Kaapua SMITH]<br />New Zealand First Party or NZ First [Winston PETERS]<br />New Zealand Labor Party [Jacinda ARDERN]<br />New Zealand National Party [Judith COLLINS]<br />United Future New Zealand [Damian LIGHT]"
|
||||
"text": "ACT New Zealand [David SEYMOUR]<br>Green Party [James SHAW]<br>Mana Movement [Hone HARAWIRA] (formerly Mana Party)<br>Maori Party [Che WILSON and Kaapua SMITH]<br>New Zealand First Party or NZ First [Winston PETERS]<br>New Zealand Labor Party [Jacinda ARDERN]<br>New Zealand National Party [Judith COLLINS]<br>United Future New Zealand [Damian LIGHT]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ADB, ANZUS, APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CP, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NSG, OECD, OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, PIF, SICA (observer), Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMISS, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -961,7 +963,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>excellent domestic and international systems with progress in mobile services; LTE rates some of the fastest in the world; growth in mobile broadband and fiber sectors; roll out of 5G; investment and development of infrastructure enabled network capabilities to propel the digital economy, e-government, and e-commerce across the country; new satellite to improve telecom in the Asia Pacific region; importer of broadcasting equipment and computers from China (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>excellent domestic and international systems with progress in mobile services; LTE rates some of the fastest in the world; growth in mobile broadband and fiber sectors; roll out of 5G; investment and development of infrastructure enabled network capabilities to propel the digital economy, e-government, and e-commerce across the country; new satellite to improve telecom in the Asia Pacific region; importer of broadcasting equipment and computers from China (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "fixed-line 37 per 100 and mobile-cellular telephone subscribership 135 per 100 persons (2019)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "Pitcairn Island was discovered in 1767 by the British and settled in 1790 by the Bounty mutineers and their Tahitian companions. Pitcairn was the first Pacific island to become a British colony (in 1838) and today remains the last vestige of that empire in the South Pacific. Outmigration, primarily to New Zealand, has thinned the population from a peak of 233 in 1937 to less than 50 today."
|
||||
"text": "Polynesians were the first inhabitants of the Pitcairn Islands, but the islands were uninhabited by the time they were discovered by Europeans in 1606. Pitcairn Island was rediscovered by British explorer Philip CARTERET in 1767, although he incorrectly plotted the coordinates. In 1789, Fletcher CHRISTIAN led a mutiny on the HMS Bounty and after several months of searching for Pitcairn Island, he landed on it with eight other mutineers and their Tahitian companions. They lived in isolation and evaded detection by English authorities until 1808, by which point only one man, 10 women, and 23 children remained. In 1831, with the population growing too big for the island - there were 87 people - the British attempted to move all the islanders to Tahiti, but they were soon returned to Pitcairn Island. The island became an official British colony in 1838 and in 1856, the British again determined that the population of 193 was too high and relocated all of the residents to Norfolk Island. Several families returned in 1858 and 1864, bringing the island’s population to 43, and almost all of the island’s current population are descendants of these returnees. In 1887, the entire population converted to the Seventh-Day Adventist faith.<br><br>The UK annexed the nearby islands of Henderson, Oeno, and Ducie in 1902 and incorporated them into the Pitcairn Islands colony in 1938, although all three are uninhabited. The population peaked at 233 in 1937 as outmigration, primarily to New Zealand, has thinned the population. Only two children were born between 1986 and 2012, and in 2005, a couple became the first new outsiders to obtain citizenship in more than a century. (The current population is below 50.) Since 2013, the Pitcairn Islands has tried to attract new migrants but has had no applicants because it requires prospective migrants to front significant sums of money and prohibits employment during a two-year trial period, at which point the local council can deny long-term resident status."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -235,7 +235,7 @@
|
|||
"time difference": {
|
||||
"text": "UTC-9 (4 hours behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>etymology:</strong> named after John Adams (1767–1829), the last survivor of the Bounty mutineers who settled on Pitcairn Island in January 1790"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>etymology:</strong> named after John Adams (1767–1829), the last survivor of the Bounty mutineers who settled on Pitcairn Island in January 1790"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Administrative divisions": {
|
||||
"text": "none (overseas territory of the UK)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "Humans arrived in the Palauan archipelago around 1000 B.C. from Southeast Asia and developed a complex, highly organized matrilineal society where high-ranking women picked the chiefs. The islands were the westernmost part of the widely scattered Pacific islands north of New Guinea that Spanish explorers named the Caroline Islands in the 17th century. There were several failed attempts by Spanish Jesuit missionaries to visit the islands in the early 1700s. Spain gained some influence in the islands and administered it from the Philippines but sold Palau to Germany in 1899 after it lost the Philippines in the Spanish-American War.<br /><br />Japan seized Palau in 1914, was granted a League of Nations mandate to administer the islands in 1920, and made Koror the capital of its South Seas Mandate in 1922. By the outbreak of World War II, there were four times as many Japanese living in Koror as Palauans. In 1944, the Battle of Peleliu between US and Japanese forces resulted in more than 15,000 deaths. Following the war, Palau became part of the US-administered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.<br /><br />Palau voted against joining the Federated States of Micronesia in 1978 and adopted its own constitution in 1981, which stated that Palau was a nuclear-free country. In 1982, Palau signed a Compact of Free Association (COFA) with the US, which granted Palau financial assistance and access to many US domestic programs in exchange for exclusive US military access and defense responsibilities. However, many Palauans saw the COFA as incompatible with the Palauan Constitution because of the US military’s nuclear arsenal, and seven referenda failed to achieve ratification. Following a constitutional amendment and eighth referendum in 1993, the COFA was ratified and entered into force in 1994 when the islands gained their independence. Its funding was renewed in 2010.<br /><br />Palau has been on the frontlines of combatting climate change and protecting marine resources. In 2011, Palau banned commercial shark fishing and created the world’s first shark sanctuary. In 2017, Palau began stamping the Palau Pledge into passports, reminding visitors to act in ecologically and culturally responsible ways. In 2020, Palau banned coral reef-toxic sunscreens and expanded its fishing prohibition to include 80% of its exclusive economic zone."
|
||||
"text": "Humans arrived in the Palauan archipelago around 1000 B.C. from Southeast Asia and developed a complex, highly organized matrilineal society where high-ranking women picked the chiefs. The islands were the westernmost part of the widely scattered Pacific islands north of New Guinea that Spanish explorers named the Caroline Islands in the 17th century. There were several failed attempts by Spanish Jesuit missionaries to visit the islands in the early 1700s. Spain gained some influence in the islands and administered it from the Philippines but sold Palau to Germany in 1899 after it lost the Philippines in the Spanish-American War.<br><br>Japan seized Palau in 1914, was granted a League of Nations mandate to administer the islands in 1920, and made Koror the capital of its South Seas Mandate in 1922. By the outbreak of World War II, there were four times as many Japanese living in Koror as Palauans. In 1944, the Battle of Peleliu between US and Japanese forces resulted in more than 15,000 deaths. Following the war, Palau became part of the US-administered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.<br><br>Palau voted against joining the Federated States of Micronesia in 1978 and adopted its own constitution in 1981, which stated that Palau was a nuclear-free country. In 1982, Palau signed a Compact of Free Association (COFA) with the US, which granted Palau financial assistance and access to many US domestic programs in exchange for exclusive US military access and defense responsibilities. However, many Palauans saw the COFA as incompatible with the Palauan Constitution because of the US military’s nuclear arsenal, and seven referenda failed to achieve ratification. Following a constitutional amendment and eighth referendum in 1993, the COFA was ratified and entered into force in 1994 when the islands gained their independence. Its funding was renewed in 2010.<br><br>Palau has been on the frontlines of combatting climate change and protecting marine resources. In 2011, Palau banned commercial shark fishing and created the world’s first shark sanctuary. In 2017, Palau began stamping the Palau Pledge into passports, reminding visitors to act in ecologically and culturally responsible ways. In 2020, Palau banned coral reef-toxic sunscreens and expanded its fishing prohibition to include 80% of its exclusive economic zone."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -443,7 +443,7 @@
|
|||
"time difference": {
|
||||
"text": "UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>etymology:</strong> the Palauan meaning is \"place of fermented 'mud'\" ('mud' being the native name for the keyhole angelfish); the site of the new capitol (established in 2006) had been a large hill overlooking the ocean, Ngerulmud, on which women would communally gather to offer fermented angelfish to the gods<br /><br /><strong>note: </strong>Ngerulmud, on Babeldaob Island, is the smallest national capital on earth by population, with only a few hundred people; the name is pronounced en-jer-al-mud; Koror, on Koror Island, with over 11,000 residents is by far the largest settlement in Palau; it served as the country's capital from independence in 1994 to 2006"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>etymology:</strong> the Palauan meaning is \"place of fermented 'mud'\" ('mud' being the native name for the keyhole angelfish); the site of the new capitol (established in 2006) had been a large hill overlooking the ocean, Ngerulmud, on which women would communally gather to offer fermented angelfish to the gods<br><br><strong>note: </strong>Ngerulmud, on Babeldaob Island, is the smallest national capital on earth by population, with only a few hundred people; the name is pronounced en-jer-al-mud; Koror, on Koror Island, with over 11,000 residents is by far the largest settlement in Palau; it served as the country's capital from independence in 1994 to 2006"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Administrative divisions": {
|
||||
"text": "16 states; Aimeliik, Airai, Angaur, Hatohobei, Kayangel, Koror, Melekeok, Ngaraard, Ngarchelong, Ngardmau, Ngatpang, Ngchesar, Ngeremlengui, Ngiwal, Peleliu, Sonsorol"
|
||||
|
|
@ -504,13 +504,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral National Congress or Olbiil Era Kelulau consists of:<br />Senate (13 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by majority vote to serve 4-year terms)<br />House of Delegates (16 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral National Congress or Olbiil Era Kelulau consists of:<br>Senate (13 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by majority vote to serve 4-year terms)<br>House of Delegates (16 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Senate - last held on 3 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2024)<br />House of Delegates - last held on 3 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2024)"
|
||||
"text": "<br>Senate - last held on 3 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2024)<br>House of Delegates - last held on 3 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2024)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Senate - percent of vote - NA; seats - independent 13; composition - men 12, women 1; percent of women 7.7%<br />House of Delegates - percent of vote - NA; seats - independent 16; composition - men 15, women 1; percent of women 6.3%; note - overall percent of women in National Congress 6.9%"
|
||||
"text": "<br>Senate - percent of vote - NA; seats - independent 13; composition - men 12, women 1; percent of women 7.7%<br>House of Delegates - percent of vote - NA; seats - independent 16; composition - men 15, women 1; percent of women 6.3%; note - overall percent of women in National Congress 6.9%"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "Humans arrived in the Marshall Islands in the first millennium B.C. and gradually created permanent settlements on the various atolls. The early inhabitants were skilled navigators who frequently traveled between atolls using stick charts to map the islands. Society became organized under two paramount chiefs, one each for the Ratak (Sunrise) Chain and the Ralik (Sunset) Chain. The traditional hierarchy continued even after contact with Europeans in the early 1500s. Spain formally claimed the islands in 1592, but few other Europeans passed by the islands in the next two centuries. In 1788, British sea captain John MARSHALL undertook an exploratory voyage, and the islands were mapped in the early 1800s by Russian explorers. In the 1850s, US Protestant missionaries began arriving on the islands. Germany established a supply station on Jaluit Atoll and bought the islands from Spain in 1884, although paramount chiefs continued to rule.<br /><br />Japan seized the Marshall Islands in 1914 and was granted a League of Nations Mandate to administer the islands in 1920. Japan built large military bases throughout the Marshall Islands, and during World War II, the US captured the bases on Kwajalein, Enewetak, and Majuro Atolls in Operations Flintlock and Catchpole. The Marshall Islands came under US administration as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) in 1947. Between 1946 and 1958, the US resettled populations from Bikini and Enewetak Atolls and conducted 67 nuclear tests; people from Ailinginae and Rongelap Atolls were also evacuated because of nuclear fallout, and all four atolls remain largely uninhabited. In 1979, the Marshall Islands drafted a constitution separate from the rest of the TTPI and declared independence under President Amata KABUA, a paramount chief. In 2000, Kessai NOTE became the first commoner elected president. In 2016, Hilda HEINE was the first woman elected president.<br /><br />In 1982, the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association (COFA) with the US, which granted the Marshall Islands financial assistance and access to many US domestic programs in exchange for exclusive US military access and defense responsibilities; the COFA entered into force in 1986 and its funding was renewed in 2003. The Marshall Islands hosts the US Army Kwajalein Atoll Reagan Missile Test Site, a key installation in the US missile defense network. Kwajalein also hosts one of four dedicated ground antennas that assist in the operation of the Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation system (the others are at Cape Canaveral, Florida (US), on Ascension (Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha), and at Diego Garcia (British Indian Ocean Territory))."
|
||||
"text": "Humans arrived in the Marshall Islands in the first millennium B.C. and gradually created permanent settlements on the various atolls. The early inhabitants were skilled navigators who frequently traveled between atolls using stick charts to map the islands. Society became organized under two paramount chiefs, one each for the Ratak (Sunrise) Chain and the Ralik (Sunset) Chain. The traditional hierarchy continued even after contact with Europeans in the early 1500s. Spain formally claimed the islands in 1592, but few other Europeans passed by the islands in the next two centuries. In 1788, British sea captain John MARSHALL undertook an exploratory voyage, and the islands were mapped in the early 1800s by Russian explorers. In the 1850s, US Protestant missionaries began arriving on the islands. Germany established a supply station on Jaluit Atoll and bought the islands from Spain in 1884, although paramount chiefs continued to rule.<br><br>Japan seized the Marshall Islands in 1914 and was granted a League of Nations Mandate to administer the islands in 1920. Japan built large military bases throughout the Marshall Islands, and during World War II, the US captured the bases on Kwajalein, Enewetak, and Majuro Atolls in Operations Flintlock and Catchpole. The Marshall Islands came under US administration as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) in 1947. Between 1946 and 1958, the US resettled populations from Bikini and Enewetak Atolls and conducted 67 nuclear tests; people from Ailinginae and Rongelap Atolls were also evacuated because of nuclear fallout, and all four atolls remain largely uninhabited. In 1979, the Marshall Islands drafted a constitution separate from the rest of the TTPI and declared independence under President Amata KABUA, a paramount chief. In 2000, Kessai NOTE became the first commoner elected president. In 2016, Hilda HEINE was the first woman elected president.<br><br>In 1982, the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association (COFA) with the US, which granted the Marshall Islands financial assistance and access to many US domestic programs in exchange for exclusive US military access and defense responsibilities; the COFA entered into force in 1986 and its funding was renewed in 2003. The Marshall Islands hosts the US Army Kwajalein Atoll Reagan Missile Test Site, a key installation in the US missile defense network. Kwajalein also hosts one of four dedicated ground antennas that assist in the operation of the Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation system (the others are at Cape Canaveral, Florida (US), on Ascension (Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha), and at Diego Garcia (British Indian Ocean Territory))."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -520,7 +520,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral National Parliament consists of:<br />Council of Iroij, a 12-member group of tribal leaders advises the Presidential Cabinet and reviews legislation affecting customary law or any traditional practice); members appointed to serve 1-year terms<br />Nitijela (33 seats; members in 19 single- and 5 multi-seat constituencies directly elected by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms); note - legislative power resides in the Nitijela"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral National Parliament consists of:<br>Council of Iroij, a 12-member group of tribal leaders advises the Presidential Cabinet and reviews legislation affecting customary law or any traditional practice); members appointed to serve 1-year terms<br>Nitijela (33 seats; members in 19 single- and 5 multi-seat constituencies directly elected by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms); note - legislative power resides in the Nitijela"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "last held on 18 November 2019 (next to be held by November 2023)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "Originally settled by Polynesian emigrants from surrounding island groups, the Tokelau Islands were made a British protectorate in 1889. They were transferred to New Zealand administration in 1925. Referenda held in 2006 and 2007 to change the status of the islands from that of a New Zealand territory to one of free association with New Zealand did not meet the needed threshold for approval."
|
||||
"text": "<p>Tokelau, which comprises three atolls, was first settled by Polynesians around A.D. 1000. The three atolls operated relatively independently but had contact with one another, intermarrying and occasionally fighting wars. Fakaofo Atoll eventually subjugated the other two. British explorer John BYRON was the first European to see Atafu Atoll in 1765. British naval officer Edward EDWARDS saw Nukunonu Atoll in 1791, and ships occasionally continued to pass by Atafu and Nukunonu. In 1835, a US whaling ship became the first non-Pacific island ship to pass by Fakaofo. Catholic and Protestant missionaries arrived in 1845 and converted the population on the islands on which they landed. To this day, Nukunonu is predominantly Catholic while Atafu is mostly Protestant; Catholic and Protestnat missionaries both worked in Fakaofo, and the population there is more mixed.<br><br>In 1863, Peruvian slave traders, masquerading as missionaries, kidnapped nearly all the men from Tokelau, and local governance moved to a system based on a Council of Elders, which still exists today. The atolls were repopulated when new Polynesian settlers and American and European migrants intermarried with local Tokelauan women. Tokelau became a British protectorate in 1889 and included in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Protectorate - later a colony - in 1908. In 1925, the UK placed Tokealu under New Zealand administration. The Tokelau Islands Act of 1948 formally transferred sovereignty from the UK to New Zealand and Tokelauans were granted New Zealand citizenship. In 1979, the US relinquished its claims over Tokelau in the Treaty of Tokehega, and Tokelau relinquished its claims over Swains Island, which is part of American Samoa.<br><br>Economic opportunities in Tokelau are sparse, and about 80% of Tokelauans live in New Zealand. Tokelau held two self-governance referendums in 2006 and 2007, in which more than 60% of voters chose to go into free association with New Zealand; however, the referendums failed to achieve the two-thirds majority necessary to enact a status change. Tokelau lacks an airport and is only accessible via a day-long boat trip from Samoa, although a site for an airstrip on Nukunonu was selected in 2019. Because of its dependency on Samoa for transportation, in 2011, Tokelau followed Samoa’s lead and shifted the international date line to its east, skipping December 30 and becoming one hour ahead of New Zealand rather than 23 hours behind.</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "The first humans arrived in Tonga around 1000 B.C. The islands’ politics were probably highly centralized under the Tu’i Tonga, or Tongan king, by A.D. 950, and by 1200, the Tu’i Tonga had expanded his influence throughout Polynesia and into Melanesia and Micronesia. The Tongan Empire began to decline in the 1300s, descending into civil wars, a military defeat to Samoa, and internal political strife that saw successive leaders assassinated. By the mid-1500s, some Tu’i Tongans were ethnic Samoan and day-to-day administration of Tonga was transferred to a new position occupied by ethnic Tongans.<br /><br />Dutch sailors explored the islands in the 1600s and British Captain James COOK visited Tonga three times in the 1770s, naming them the Friendly Islands for the positive reception he thought he received, even though the Tongans he encountered were plotting ways to kill him. In 1799, Tonga fell into a new round of civil wars over succession. Wesleyan missionaries arrived in 1822, quickly converting the population. In the 1830s, a low-ranking chief from Ha’apai began to consolidate control over the islands and won the support of the missionaries by declaring that he would dedicate Tonga to God. The chief soon made alliances with leaders on most of the other islands and was crowned King George TUPOU I in 1845, establishing the only still-extant Polynesian monarchy. Tupou I declared Tonga a constitutional monarchy in 1875 and his successor, King George TUPOU II, agreed to enter a protectorate agreement with the UK in 1900 after rival Tongan chiefs tried to overthrow him. As a protectorate, Tonga never completely lost its indigenous governance, but it did become more isolated and the social hierarchy became more stratified between a group of nobles and a large class of commoners. Today, about one third of parliamentary seats are reserved for nobles.<br /><br />Queen Salote TUPOU III negotiated the end of the protectorate in 1965, which was achieved under King TUPOU, who in 1970 withdrew from the protectorate and joined the Commonwealth of Nations. A prodemocracy movement gained steam in the early 2000s, led by future Prime Minister ‘Akilisi POHIVA, and in 2006, riots broke out in Nuku’alofa to protest the lack of progress on prodemocracy legislation. To appease the activists, in 2008, King George TUPOU V announced he was relinquishing most of his powers leading up to parliamentary elections in 2010; he died in 2012 and was succeeded by his brother ‘Aho’eitu TUPOU VI. Tropical Cyclone Gita, the strongest-ever recorded storm to impact Tonga, hit the islands in February 2018 causing extensive damage."
|
||||
"text": "The first humans arrived in Tonga around 1000 B.C. The islands’ politics were probably highly centralized under the Tu’i Tonga, or Tongan king, by A.D. 950, and by 1200, the Tu’i Tonga had expanded his influence throughout Polynesia and into Melanesia and Micronesia. The Tongan Empire began to decline in the 1300s, descending into civil wars, a military defeat to Samoa, and internal political strife that saw successive leaders assassinated. By the mid-1500s, some Tu’i Tongans were ethnic Samoan and day-to-day administration of Tonga was transferred to a new position occupied by ethnic Tongans.<br><br>Dutch sailors explored the islands in the 1600s and British Captain James COOK visited Tonga three times in the 1770s, naming them the Friendly Islands for the positive reception he thought he received, even though the Tongans he encountered were plotting ways to kill him. In 1799, Tonga fell into a new round of civil wars over succession. Wesleyan missionaries arrived in 1822, quickly converting the population. In the 1830s, a low-ranking chief from Ha’apai began to consolidate control over the islands and won the support of the missionaries by declaring that he would dedicate Tonga to God. The chief soon made alliances with leaders on most of the other islands and was crowned King George TUPOU I in 1845, establishing the only still-extant Polynesian monarchy. Tupou I declared Tonga a constitutional monarchy in 1875 and his successor, King George TUPOU II, agreed to enter a protectorate agreement with the UK in 1900 after rival Tongan chiefs tried to overthrow him. As a protectorate, Tonga never completely lost its indigenous governance, but it did become more isolated and the social hierarchy became more stratified between a group of nobles and a large class of commoners. Today, about one third of parliamentary seats are reserved for nobles.<br><br>Queen Salote TUPOU III negotiated the end of the protectorate in 1965, which was achieved under King TUPOU, who in 1970 withdrew from the protectorate and joined the Commonwealth of Nations. A prodemocracy movement gained steam in the early 2000s, led by future Prime Minister ‘Akilisi POHIVA, and in 2006, riots broke out in Nuku’alofa to protest the lack of progress on prodemocracy legislation. To appease the activists, in 2008, King George TUPOU V announced he was relinquishing most of his powers leading up to parliamentary elections in 2010; he died in 2012 and was succeeded by his brother ‘Aho’eitu TUPOU VI. Tropical Cyclone Gita, the strongest-ever recorded storm to impact Tonga, hit the islands in February 2018 causing extensive damage."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -553,7 +553,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Democratic Party of the Friendly Islands<br />People's Democratic Party or PDP [Tesina FUKO]<br />Sustainable Nation-Building Party [Sione FONUA]<br />Tonga Democratic Labor Party<br />Tonga Human Rights and Democracy Movement or THRDM"
|
||||
"text": "Democratic Party of the Friendly Islands<br>People's Democratic Party or PDP [Tesina FUKO]<br>Sustainable Nation-Building Party [Sione FONUA]<br>Tonga Democratic Labor Party<br>Tonga Human Rights and Democracy Movement or THRDM"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, ADB, AOSIS, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1047,7 +1047,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
"Disputes - international": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>maritime boundary dispute with Fiji</p> <p> </p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>maritime boundary dispute with Fiji</p> <p> </p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "The islands were first populated by voyagers from either Samoa or Tonga in the first millennium A.D., and Tuvalu provided a steppingstone for various Polynesian communities that subsequently settled in Melanesia and Micronesia. Tuvalu eventually came under Samoan and Tongan spheres of influence although proximity to Micronesia allowed some Micronesian communities to flourish in Tuvalu, in particular on Nui Atoll. In the late 1700s and early 1800s, Tuvalu was visited by a series of American, British, Dutch, and Russian ships. The islands were named the Ellice Islands in 1819. The first Christian missionaries arrived in 1861, eventually converting most of the population, and around the same time, several hundred Tuvaluans were kidnapped by people purporting to be missionaries and sent to work on plantations in Peru and Hawaii.<br /><br />The UK declared a protectorate over the Ellice Islands in 1892 and merged it with the Micronesian Gilbert Islands. The Gilbert and Ellice Islands Protectorate became a colony in 1916. During World War II, the US set up military bases on a few islands, and in 1943, after Japan captured many of the northern Gilbert Islands, the UK transferred administration of the colony southward to Funafuti. After the war, Tarawa in the Gilbert Islands was once again made the colony’s capital and the center of power was firmly in the Gilbert Islands, including the colony’s only secondary school. Amid growing tensions with the Gilbertese, Tuvaluans voted to secede from the colony in 1974, were granted self-rule in 1975, and gained independence in 1978 as Tuvalu. In 1979, the US relinquished its claims to Tuvaluan islands in a treaty of friendship.<br /> <p><br />The Tuvalu Trust Fund was established in 1987 to provide a longterm economic future for the country. In 2000, Tuvalu negotiated a contract leasing its Internet domain name \".tv\" for $50 million in royalties over a 12-year period. The contract was renewed in 2011 for a ten-year period. Tuvalu’s isolation means it sees few tourists; in 2020, Funafuti International Airport had four weekly flights - three to Suva, Fiji, and one to Tarawa. Tuvalu is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change; in 2018, sea levels in Funafuti were rising twice as fast as global averages.</p>"
|
||||
"text": "The islands were first populated by voyagers from either Samoa or Tonga in the first millennium A.D., and Tuvalu provided a steppingstone for various Polynesian communities that subsequently settled in Melanesia and Micronesia. Tuvalu eventually came under Samoan and Tongan spheres of influence although proximity to Micronesia allowed some Micronesian communities to flourish in Tuvalu, in particular on Nui Atoll. In the late 1700s and early 1800s, Tuvalu was visited by a series of American, British, Dutch, and Russian ships. The islands were named the Ellice Islands in 1819. The first Christian missionaries arrived in 1861, eventually converting most of the population, and around the same time, several hundred Tuvaluans were kidnapped by people purporting to be missionaries and sent to work on plantations in Peru and Hawaii.<br><br>The UK declared a protectorate over the Ellice Islands in 1892 and merged it with the Micronesian Gilbert Islands. The Gilbert and Ellice Islands Protectorate became a colony in 1916. During World War II, the US set up military bases on a few islands, and in 1943, after Japan captured many of the northern Gilbert Islands, the UK transferred administration of the colony southward to Funafuti. After the war, Tarawa in the Gilbert Islands was once again made the colony’s capital and the center of power was firmly in the Gilbert Islands, including the colony’s only secondary school. Amid growing tensions with the Gilbertese, Tuvaluans voted to secede from the colony in 1974, were granted self-rule in 1975, and gained independence in 1978 as Tuvalu. In 1979, the US relinquished its claims to Tuvaluan islands in a treaty of friendship.<br> <p><br>The Tuvalu Trust Fund was established in 1987 to provide a longterm economic future for the country. In 2000, Tuvalu negotiated a contract leasing its Internet domain name \".tv\" for $50 million in royalties over a 12-year period. The contract was renewed in 2011 for a ten-year period. Tuvalu’s isolation means it sees few tourists; in 2020, Funafuti International Airport had four weekly flights - three to Suva, Fiji, and one to Tarawa. Tuvalu is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change; in 2018, sea levels in Funafuti were rising twice as fast as global averages.</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -448,7 +448,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Executive branch": {
|
||||
"chief of state": {
|
||||
"text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Acting Governor General Teniku TALESI Honolulu<br />(since 19 August 2019)"
|
||||
"text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Acting Governor General Teniku TALESI Honolulu<br>(since 19 August 2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"head of government": {
|
||||
"text": "Prime Minister Kausea NATANO (since 19 September 2019)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "The Futuna island group was discovered by the Dutch in 1616 and Wallis by the British in 1767, but it was the French who declared a protectorate over the islands in 1842, and took official control of them between 1886 and 1888. Notably, Wallis and Futuna was the only French colony to side with the Vichy regime during World War II, a phase that ended in May of 1942 with the arrival of 2,000 American troops. In 1959, the inhabitants of the islands voted to become a French overseas territory and officially assumed that status in 1961. In 2003, Wallis and Futuna's designation changed to that of an overseas collectivity."
|
||||
"text": "<p style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: 18.0pt; background: white;\">The first humans settled Wallis and Futuna around 800 B.C. The islands were a natural midpoint between Fiji and Samoa. Around A.D. 1500, Tongans invaded Wallis and a chiefdom system resembling Tonga’s formal hierarchy developed on the island. Tongans attempted to settle Futuna but were repeatedly rebuffed. Samoans settled Futuna in the 1600s and a slightly less centralized chiefdom system formed. Dutch explorers were the first Europeans to see the islands in 1616, followed intermittently by other Europeans, including British explorer Samuel WALLIS in 1767. French Catholic missionaries were the first Europeans to permanently settle Wallis and Futuna in 1837. The missionaries converted most of the population of Wallis by 1842 and of Futuna by 1846. The missionaries and newly-converted King LAVELUA of Uvea on Wallis asked France for a protectorate in 1842 following a rebellion of locals. France agreed, although the protectorate status would not be ratified until 1887. In 1888, King MUSULAMU of Alo and King TAMOLE of Sigave, both on Futuna, signed a treaty establishing a French protectorate; the Wallis and Futuna protectorate was integrated into the territory of New Caledonia that same year. France renegotiated the terms of the protectorate with the territory’s three kings in 1910, expanding French authority.<br><br>Wallis and Futuna was the only French colony to side with the Vichy regime during World War II until the arrival of Free French and US troops in 1942. In 1959, inhabitants of the islands voted to separate from New Caledonia and become a French overseas territory, a status it assumed in 1961. Despite the split, a significant Wallisian and Futunan community still lives in New Caledonia. In 2003, Wallis and Futuna’s designation changed to that of an overseas collectivity. Wallis and Futuna became an associate member of the Pacific Islands Forum in 2018, two years after France’s other Pacific territories became full members of the organization.</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -393,13 +393,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "unicameral Territorial Assembly or Assemblee Territoriale (20 seats - Wallis 13, Futuna 7; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by party-list proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)<br />Wallis and Futuna indirectly elects 1 senator to the French Senate by an electoral college by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term, and directly elects 1 deputy to the French National Assembly by absolute majority vote for a 5-year term"
|
||||
"text": "unicameral Territorial Assembly or Assemblee Territoriale (20 seats - Wallis 13, Futuna 7; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by party-list proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)<br>Wallis and Futuna indirectly elects 1 senator to the French Senate by an electoral college by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term, and directly elects 1 deputy to the French National Assembly by absolute majority vote for a 5-year term"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "Territorial Assembly - last held on 26 March 2017 (next to be held in March 2022)<br />French Senate - last held on 28 September 2014 (next to be held by September 2020)<br />French National Assembly - last held on 11 June 2017 (next to be held in June 2022)"
|
||||
"text": "Territorial Assembly - last held on 26 March 2017 (next to be held in March 2022)<br>French Senate - last held on 28 September 2014 (next to be held by September 2020)<br>French National Assembly - last held on 11 June 2017 (next to be held in June 2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "Territorial Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - 2 members are elected from the list Fia gaue fakatahi kihe kaha'u e lelei and 1 each from 18 other lists; composition - men 14, women 6, percent of women 30%<br /> French Senate - LR 1<br />French National Assembly - independent 1"
|
||||
"text": "Territorial Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - 2 members are elected from the list Fia gaue fakatahi kihe kaha'u e lelei and 1 each from 18 other lists; composition - men 14, women 6, percent of women 30%<br> French Senate - LR 1<br>French National Assembly - independent 1"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": " "
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -415,7 +415,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Left Radical Party or PRG [Guillaume LACROIX] (formerly Radical Socialist Party or PRS and the Left Radical Movement or MRG)<br />Lua Kae Tahi (Giscardians) (leader NA)<br />Rally for Wallis and Futuna-The Republicans (Rassemblement pour Wallis and Futuna) or RPWF-LR [Clovis LOGOLOGOFOLAU]<br />Socialist Party or PS<br />Taumu'a Lelei [Soane Muni UHILA]<br />Union Pour la Democratie Francaise or UDF"
|
||||
"text": "Left Radical Party or PRG [Guillaume LACROIX] (formerly Radical Socialist Party or PRS and the Left Radical Movement or MRG)<br>Lua Kae Tahi (Giscardians) (leader NA)<br>Rally for Wallis and Futuna-The Republicans (Rassemblement pour Wallis and Futuna) or RPWF-LR [Clovis LOGOLOGOFOLAU]<br>Socialist Party or PS<br>Taumu'a Lelei [Soane Muni UHILA]<br>Union Pour la Democratie Francaise or UDF"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "PIF (observer), SPC, UPU"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "The first Austronesian settlers arrived in Samoa around 1000 B.C., and early Samoans traded and intermarried with Fijian and Tongan nobility. The fa’amatai system of titles and nobility developed, which dominates Samoan politics to this day; all but two seats in the legislature are reserved for matai, or heads of families. Dutch explorer Jacob ROGGEVEEN was the first European to spot the islands in 1722. Christian missionaries arrived in the 1830s, converting most of the population. In the 1850s, Apia became a center for Pacific trading and hosted an American commercial agent and British and German consuls. In 1892, American traders convinced the Samoan king to align his country’s date with the US, moving to the east of the International Date Line.<br /><br />Following the death of the Samoan king in 1841, rival families competed for his titles, devolving into civil war in 1886 with factions getting support from either Germany, the UK, or the US. All three countries sent warships to Apia in 1889, presaging a larger war, but a cyclone destroyed the ships and Malietoa LAUPEPA was installed as king. Upon LAUPEPA’s death in 1898, a second civil war over succession broke out. The war ended in 1899 and the Western powers abolished the monarchy, giving the western Samoan islands to Germany and the eastern Samoan islands to the US. The UK abandoned claims in Samoa and received former German territory in the Solomon Islands.<br /><br />The Mau, a non-violent popular movement to advocate for Samoan independence, formed in 1908. New Zealand annexed Samoa in 1914 after the outbreak of World War I. Opposition to New Zealand’s rule quickly grew. In 1918, a New Zealand ship introduced the Spanish flu, infecting 90% of the population and killing more than 20%. In 1929, New Zealand police shot into a crowd of peaceful protestors, killing 11, in an event known as Black Sunday. In 1962, Samoa became the first Polynesian nation to reestablish its independence as Western Samoa but dropped the “Western” from its name in 1997. The Human Rights Protection Party has dominated politics since 1982, especially under Prime Minister Sailele TUILAEPA, who has been in power since 1998.<br /><br />In the late 2000s, Samoa began making efforts to align more closely with Australia and New Zealand. In 2009, Samoa changed its driving orientation to the left side of the road, in line with other Commonwealth countries. In 2011, Samoa jumped forward one day - skipping December 30 - by moving to the west side of the International Date Line so that it was one hour ahead of New Zealand and three hours ahead of the east coast of Australia, rather than 23 and 21 hours behind, respectively."
|
||||
"text": "The first Austronesian settlers arrived in Samoa around 1000 B.C., and early Samoans traded and intermarried with Fijian and Tongan nobility. The fa’amatai system of titles and nobility developed, which dominates Samoan politics to this day; all but two seats in the legislature are reserved for matai, or heads of families. Dutch explorer Jacob ROGGEVEEN was the first European to spot the islands in 1722. Christian missionaries arrived in the 1830s, converting most of the population. In the 1850s, Apia became a center for Pacific trading and hosted an American commercial agent and British and German consuls. In 1892, American traders convinced the Samoan king to align his country’s date with the US, moving to the east of the International Date Line.<br><br>Following the death of the Samoan king in 1841, rival families competed for his titles, devolving into civil war in 1886 with factions getting support from either Germany, the UK, or the US. All three countries sent warships to Apia in 1889, presaging a larger war, but a cyclone destroyed the ships and Malietoa LAUPEPA was installed as king. Upon LAUPEPA’s death in 1898, a second civil war over succession broke out. The war ended in 1899 and the Western powers abolished the monarchy, giving the western Samoan islands to Germany and the eastern Samoan islands to the US. The UK abandoned claims in Samoa and received former German territory in the Solomon Islands.<br><br>The Mau, a non-violent popular movement to advocate for Samoan independence, formed in 1908. New Zealand annexed Samoa in 1914 after the outbreak of World War I. Opposition to New Zealand’s rule quickly grew. In 1918, a New Zealand ship introduced the Spanish flu, infecting 90% of the population and killing more than 20%. In 1929, New Zealand police shot into a crowd of peaceful protestors, killing 11, in an event known as Black Sunday. In 1962, Samoa became the first Polynesian nation to reestablish its independence as Western Samoa but dropped the “Western” from its name in 1997. The Human Rights Protection Party has dominated politics since 1982, especially under Prime Minister Sailele TUILAEPA, who has been in power since 1998.<br><br>In the late 2000s, Samoa began making efforts to align more closely with Australia and New Zealand. In 2009, Samoa changed its driving orientation to the left side of the road, in line with other Commonwealth countries. In 2011, Samoa jumped forward one day - skipping December 30 - by moving to the west side of the International Date Line so that it was one hour ahead of New Zealand and three hours ahead of the east coast of Australia, rather than 23 and 21 hours behind, respectively."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -114,7 +114,7 @@
|
|||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represent the population by country of citizenship"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Languages": {
|
||||
"text": "Samoan (Polynesian) (official) 91.1%, Somoan/English 6.7%, English (official) 0.5%, other 0.2%, unspecified 1.6% (2006 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "Samoan (Polynesian) (official) 91.1%, Samoan/English 6.7%, English (official) 0.5%, other 0.2%, unspecified 1.6% (2006 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
"text": "Protestant 54.9% (Congregationalist 29%, Methodist 12.4%, Assembly of God 6.8%, Seventh Day Adventist 4.4%, other Protestant 2.3%), Roman Catholic 18.8%, Mormon 16.9%, Worship Centre 2.8%, other Christian 3.6%, other 2.9% (includes Baha'i, Muslim), none 0.2% (2016 est.)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -537,12 +537,11 @@
|
|||
"text": "unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fono (51 seats for 2021-2026 term); members from 51 single-seat constituencies directly elected by simple majority vote, with a minimum 10% representation of women in the Assembly required; members serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "election last held on 9 April 2021 (next election to be held on 2026)<br />note - head of state TUIMALEALI'IFANO Va’aletoa Sualauvi II declared 9 April 2021 election void on 4 May 2021, new elections set for 21 May 2021; on 17 May 2021, the Supreme Court invalidated the head of state's order allowing the 9 April 2021 election results to stand"
|
||||
"text": "election last held on 9 April 2021 (next election to be held in 2026)<br>note - head of state TUIMALEALI'IFANO Va’aletoa Sualauvi II declared 9 April 2021 election void on 4 May 2021, new elections set for 21 May 2021; on 17 May 2021, the Supreme Court invalidated the head of state's order allowing the 9 April 2021 election results to stand"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "percent of vote by party - HRPP 55%, FAST 37%, TSP 3%, independents 5%; seats by party – initial election results - FAST 25, HRPP 25, independents 1; composition - men 46, women 5"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note </strong>- on 2 June 2021, the Court of Appeal declared that a sixth women’s seat is required to meet the minimum 10% representation for women but that the seat would not be created until after all election petitions and by-elections were settled"
|
||||
"text": "percent of vote by party - HRPP 55%, FAST 37%, TSP 3%, independents 5%; seats by party – initial election results - FAST 25, HRPP 25, independents 1; composition - men 46, women 5, percent of women 9.8% <br>note - on 2 June 2021, the Court of Appeals declared that a sixth seat for women is required to meet the minimum 10% representation for women, but that the seat would not be filled until after all election petitions and by-elections are settled"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest courts": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -556,14 +555,14 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Human Rights Protection Party or HRPP [TUILA'EPA Sailele Malielegaoi]<br />Fa'atuatua i le Atua Samoa ua Tasi or FAST [FIAME Naomi Mata'afa]<br />Tautua Samoa Party or TSP [Afualo Wood Uti SALELE]"
|
||||
"text": "Human Rights Protection Party or HRPP [TUILA'EPA Sailele Malielegaoi]<br>Fa'atuatua i le Atua Samoa ua Tasi or FAST [FIAME Naomi Mata'afa]<br>Tautua Samoa Party or TSP [Afualo Wood Uti SALELE]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, ADB, AOSIS, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador Aliioaiga Feturi ELISAIA (since 4 December 2003)"
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador Pa’olelei LUTERU (since 7 July 2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"chancery": {
|
||||
"text": "800 Second Avenue, Suite 400J, New York, NY 10017"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -438,7 +438,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Council of Ministers elected by the Legislature (Staten)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections/appointments": {
|
||||
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch for a 6-year term; prime minister and deputy prime minister indirectly elected by the Staten for 4-year term; election last held on 22 September 2017 (next to be held by September 2021)<br /><strong>note:</strong> on 30 March 2021, Evelyn WEVER-CROES resigned as prime minister and dissolved parliament, an announcement for new elections is expected soon"
|
||||
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch for a 6-year term; prime minister and deputy prime minister indirectly elected by the Staten for 4-year term; election last held on 22 September 2017 (next to be held by September 2021)<br><strong>note:</strong> on 30 March 2021, Evelyn WEVER-CROES resigned as prime minister and dissolved parliament, an announcement for new elections is expected soon"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "Evelyn WEVER-CROES (MEP) elected prime minister; percent of legislative vote - NA"
|
||||
|
|
@ -467,7 +467,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Accion21 [Miguel MANSUR]<br />Aruban People's Party or AVP [Michiel \"Mike\" EMAN]<br />Democratic Electoral Network or RED [L.R. CROES]<br />Movimiento Aruba Soberano or MAS [Marisol LOPEZ-TROMP]<br />People's Electoral Movement Party or MEP [Evelyn WEVER-CROES]<br />Pueblo Orguyoso y Respeta or POR [O.E. ODUBER]<br />RAIZ (ROOTS) [Ursell ARENDS]<br />Real Democracy or PDR [Andin BIKKER]"
|
||||
"text": "Accion21 [Miguel MANSUR]<br>Aruban People's Party or AVP [Michiel \"Mike\" EMAN]<br>Democratic Electoral Network or RED [L.R. CROES]<br>Movimiento Aruba Soberano or MAS [Marisol LOPEZ-TROMP]<br>People's Electoral Movement Party or MEP [Evelyn WEVER-CROES]<br>Pueblo Orguyoso y Respeta or POR [O.E. ODUBER]<br>RAIZ (ROOTS) [Ursell ARENDS]<br>Real Democracy or PDR [Andin BIKKER]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "Caricom (observer), FATF, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ITUC (NGOs), UNESCO (associate), UNWTO (associate), UPU"
|
||||
|
|
@ -894,7 +894,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "no regular military forces; <span class=\"VIiyi\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b C1N51c\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"auto\" data-phrase-index=\"2\">Aruban Militia (ARUMIL)</span></span> (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "no regular military forces; Aruban Militia (ARUMIL) (2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "defense is the responsibility of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; the Aruba security services focus on organized crime and terrorism; the Dutch Government controls foreign and defense policy; the Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard (DCCG) provides maritime security"
|
||||
|
|
@ -906,7 +906,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Trafficking in persons": {
|
||||
"current situation": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims; foreign men and women are subject to forced labor in Aruba’s services and construction sectors; Venezuelans overstaying visas are at risk of forced labor in domestic service, construction, and commercial sex; Chinese men and women and Indian men are subject to forced labor in retail businesses and domestic service; managers of some Chinese-owned grocery stores and restaurants exploit children through sex trafficking and forced labor</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims; foreign men and women are subject to forced labor in Aruba’s services and construction sectors; Venezuelans overstaying visas are at risk of forced labor in domestic service, construction, and commercial sex; Chinese men and women and Indian men are subject to forced labor in retail businesses and domestic service; managers of some Chinese-owned grocery stores and restaurants exploit children through sex trafficking and forced labor</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"tier rating": {
|
||||
"text": "Tier 2 Watch List — Aruba does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; the government provided officials with anti-trafficking training, continued an awareness campaign, and continued to implement the 2018-2022 national action plan; however, officials investigated fewer trafficking cases and did not report prosecuting or convicting any traffickers; efforts were hindered by the conflation of trafficking with migrant smuggling; authorities also did not report identifying any victims, including Venezuelan migrants and refugees, who are vulnerable to trafficking (2020)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -268,7 +268,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "1.1% (2018)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "<1000 (2018)"
|
||||
"text": "<1,000 (2018)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "<100 (2018)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -472,13 +472,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br />Senate (17 seats; members appointed by the governor general)<br />House of Representatives (18 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br>Senate (17 seats; members appointed by the governor general)<br>House of Representatives (18 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Senate - last appointed on 26 March 2018 (next NA)<br />House of Representatives - last held on 21 March 2018 (next to be held in March 2023)"
|
||||
"text": "<br>Senate - last appointed on 26 March 2018 (next NA)<br>House of Representatives - last held on 21 March 2018 (next to be held in March 2023)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Senate - composition - men 8, women 9, percent of women 52.9%<br />House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - ABLP 59.4%, UPP 37.2%, BPM 1.4%, other 1.9% ; seats by party - ABLP 15, UPP 1, BPM 1; composition - men 16, women 2, percent of women 11.1%; note - total Parliament percent of women 31.4%"
|
||||
"text": "<br>Senate - composition - men 8, women 9, percent of women 52.9%<br>House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - ABLP 59.4%, UPP 37.2%, BPM 1.4%, other 1.9% ; seats by party - ABLP 15, UPP 1, BPM 1; composition - men 16, women 2, percent of women 11.1%; note - total Parliament percent of women 31.4%"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -493,7 +493,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement or ACLM<br />Antigua Labor Party or ABLP [Gaston BROWNE]<br />Antigua Barbuda True Labor Party or ABTLP [Sharlene SAMUEL]<br />Barbuda People's Movement or BPM [Trevor WALKER]<br />Barbuda People's Movement for Change [Arthur NIBBS]<br />Barbudans for a Better Barbuda [Ordrick SAMUEL]<br />Democratic National Alliance or DNA [Joanne MASSIAH]<br />Go Green for Life [Owen GEORGE]<br />Progressive Labor Movement or PLM<br />United National Democratic Party or UNDP<br />United Progressive Party or UPP [Harold LOVELL] (a coalition of ACLM, PLM, UNDP)"
|
||||
"text": "Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement or ACLM<br>Antigua Labor Party or ABLP [Gaston BROWNE]<br>Antigua Barbuda True Labor Party or ABTLP [Sharlene SAMUEL]<br>Barbuda People's Movement or BPM [Trevor WALKER]<br>Barbuda People's Movement for Change [Arthur NIBBS]<br>Barbudans for a Better Barbuda [Ordrick SAMUEL]<br>Democratic National Alliance or DNA [Joanne MASSIAH]<br>Go Green for Life [Owen GEORGE]<br>Progressive Labor Movement or PLM<br>United National Democratic Party or UNDP<br>United Progressive Party or UPP [Harold LOVELL] (a coalition of ACLM, PLM, UNDP)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AOSIS, C, Caricom, CDB, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (subscriber), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM (observer), OAS, OECS, OPANAL, OPCW, Petrocaribe, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -356,7 +356,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Executive branch": {
|
||||
"chief of state": {
|
||||
"text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Dileeni DANIEL-SELVARATNAM<br />(since 18 January 2021)"
|
||||
"text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Dileeni DANIEL-SELVARATNAM<br>(since 18 January 2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"head of government": {
|
||||
"text": "Premier Dr. Ellis WEBSTER (since 30 June 2020); note - starting in 2019, the title of head of government was changed to premier from chief minister of Anguilla"
|
||||
|
|
@ -391,7 +391,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Anguilla Democratic Party or ADP<br />Anguilla National Alliance or ANA<br />Anguilla Progressive Movement or APM [Dr. Ellis WEBSTER]; prior to 2019, it was known as the Anguilla United Movement or AUM<br />Anguilla United Front or AUF [Victor BANKS] (alliance includes ADP, ANA)<br />Democracy, Opportunity, Vision, and Empowerment Party or DOVE [Sutcliffe HODGE]"
|
||||
"text": "Anguilla Democratic Party or ADP<br>Anguilla National Alliance or ANA<br>Anguilla Progressive Movement or APM [Dr. Ellis WEBSTER]; prior to 2019, it was known as the Anguilla United Movement or AUM<br>Anguilla United Front or AUF [Victor BANKS] (alliance includes ADP, ANA)<br>Democracy, Opportunity, Vision, and Empowerment Party or DOVE [Sutcliffe HODGE]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "Caricom (associate), CDB, Interpol (subbureau), OECS, UNESCO (associate), UPU"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -490,13 +490,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br />Senate (21 seats; members appointed by the governor general - 12 on the advice of the Prime Minister, 2 on the advice of the opposition leader, and 7 at the discretion of the governor general) <br />House of Assembly (30 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br>Senate (21 seats; members appointed by the governor general - 12 on the advice of the Prime Minister, 2 on the advice of the opposition leader, and 7 at the discretion of the governor general) <br>House of Assembly (30 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Senate - last appointments on 5 June 2018 (next appointments NA)<br />House of Assembly - last held on 24 May 2018 (next to be held in 2023)"
|
||||
"text": "<br>Senate - last appointments on 5 June 2018 (next appointments NA)<br>House of Assembly - last held on 24 May 2018 (next to be held in 2023)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Senate - appointed; composition - men 16, women 5, percent of women 23.8% <br />House of Assembly - percent of vote by party - BLP 74.6%, DLP 22.6%, other 2.8%; seats by party - BLP 30; composition - men 24, women 6, percent of women 20%; note - total Parliament percent of women 21.6%"
|
||||
"text": "<br>Senate - appointed; composition - men 16, women 5, percent of women 23.8% <br>House of Assembly - percent of vote by party - BLP 74.6%, DLP 22.6%, other 2.8%; seats by party - BLP 30; composition - men 24, women 6, percent of women 20%; note - total Parliament percent of women 21.6%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> tradition dictates that the election is held within 5 years of the last election, but constitutionally it is 5 years from the first seating of Parliament plus a 90-day grace period"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -512,7 +512,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Bajan Free Party [Alex MITCHELL]<br />Barbados Integrity Movement [Neil HOLDER]<br />Barbados Labor Party or BLP [Mia MOTTLEY]<br />Democratic Labor Party or DLP [Freundel STUART]<br />People’s Democratic Congress [Mark ADAMSON]<br />People's Empowerment Party or PEP [David COMISSIONG]<br />Solutions Barbados [Grenville PHILLIPS II]<br />United Progressive Party or UPP [Lynette EASTMOND]"
|
||||
"text": "Bajan Free Party [Alex MITCHELL]<br>Barbados Integrity Movement [Neil HOLDER]<br>Barbados Labor Party or BLP [Mia MOTTLEY]<br>Democratic Labor Party or DLP [Freundel STUART]<br>People’s Democratic Congress [Mark ADAMSON]<br>People's Empowerment Party or PEP [David COMISSIONG]<br>Solutions Barbados [Grenville PHILLIPS II]<br>United Progressive Party or UPP [Lynette EASTMOND]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AOSIS, C, Caricom, CDB, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1017,7 +1017,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "the RBDF's major equipment inventory - maritime patrol boats - is supplied by the Netherlands (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military service age and obligation": {
|
||||
"text": "<span style=\"left: 120.04px; top: 744.817px; font-size: 20px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.999682);\">voluntary service only; 17 years, 9 months </span><span style=\"left: 539.317px; top: 744.811px; font-size: 20px; font-family: sans-serif;\">to </span><span style=\"left: 556.117px; top: 744.817px; font-size: 20px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.00462);\">17 years, 11 months with a letter of </span><span style=\"left: 120.04px; top: 769.617px; font-size: 20px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.999881);\">consent from a parent or guardian, or be in the age range of 18</span><span style=\"left: 678.567px; top: 769.617px; font-size: 20px; font-family: sans-serif;\">-</span><span style=\"left: 690.767px; top: 769.617px; font-size: 20px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.999739);\">25 years at the start of </span><span style=\"left: 120.04px; top: 794.217px; font-size: 20px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.00038);\">recruit training; citizen of Barbados by descent or naturalization </span> (2021)"
|
||||
"text": "voluntary service only; 17 years, 9 months to 17 years, 11 months with a letter of consent from a parent or guardian, or be in the age range of 18-25 years at the start of recruit training; citizen of Barbados by descent or naturalization (2021)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -262,10 +262,10 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "1.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.2% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "6,000 (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "4,700 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "<200 (2018)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -453,13 +453,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br />Senate (16 seats; members appointed by the governor general upon the advice of the prime minister and the opposition leader to serve 5-year terms)<br />House of Assembly (39 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br>Senate (16 seats; members appointed by the governor general upon the advice of the prime minister and the opposition leader to serve 5-year terms)<br>House of Assembly (39 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Senate - last appointments on 24 May 2017 (next appointments in 2022)<br />House of Assembly - last held on 10 May 2017 (next to be held by May 2022)"
|
||||
"text": "<br>Senate - last appointments on 24 May 2017 (next appointments in 2022)<br>House of Assembly - last held on 10 May 2017 (next to be held by May 2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Senate - appointed; composition - men 9, women 7, percent of women 43.8%<br />House of Assembly - percent of vote by party - FNM 57%, PLP 36.9%, other 6.1%; seats by party - FNM 35, PLP 4; composition - men 34, women 5, percent of women 12.8%; note - total Parliament percent of women 21.8%"
|
||||
"text": "<br>Senate - appointed; composition - men 9, women 7, percent of women 43.8%<br>House of Assembly - percent of vote by party - FNM 57%, PLP 36.9%, other 6.1%; seats by party - FNM 35, PLP 4; composition - men 34, women 5, percent of women 12.8%; note - total Parliament percent of women 21.8%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the government may dissolve the parliament and call elections at any time"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -473,10 +473,10 @@
|
|||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Industrial Tribunal; Stipendiary and Magistrates' Courts; Family Island Administrators"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Bahamas is a member of the 15-member Caribbean Community but is not party to the agreement establishing the Caribbean Court of Justice as its highest appellate court; the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) serves as the final court of appeal for The Bahamas"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Bahamas is a member of the 15-member Caribbean Community but is not party to the agreement establishing the Caribbean Court of Justice as its highest appellate court; the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) serves as the final court of appeal for The Bahamas"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Democratic National Alliance or DNA [Christopher MORTIMER, interim leader]<br />Free National Movement or FNM [Hubert MINNIS]<br />Progressive Liberal Party or PLP [Philip \"Brave\" DAVIS]"
|
||||
"text": "Democratic National Alliance or DNA [Christopher MORTIMER, interim leader]<br>Free National Movement or FNM [Hubert MINNIS]<br>Progressive Liberal Party or PLP [Philip \"Brave\" DAVIS]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AOSIS, C, Caricom, CDB, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Petrocaribe, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -121,7 +121,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "English 62.9% (official), Spanish 56.6%, Creole 44.6%, Maya 10.5%, German 3.2%, Garifuna 2.9%, other 1.8%, unknown 0.3%, none 0.2% (cannot speak); note - shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census (2010 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)<br /><br />La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)"
|
||||
"text": "<br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)<br><br>La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -302,13 +302,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "1.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.2% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "4,900 (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3,800 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "<200 (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "<200 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "24.1% (2016)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -454,7 +454,7 @@
|
|||
"time difference": {
|
||||
"text": "UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>etymology: </strong>the decision to move the capital of the country inland to higher and more stable land was made in the 1960s; the name chosen for the new city was formed from the union of two words: \"Belize,\" the name of the longest river in the country, and \"Mopan,\" one of the rivers in the area of the new capital that empties into the Belize River"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>etymology: </strong>the decision to move the capital of the country inland to higher and more stable land was made in the 1960s; the name chosen for the new city was formed from the union of two words: \"Belize,\" the name of the longest river in the country, and \"Mopan,\" one of the rivers in the area of the new capital that empties into the Belize River"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Administrative divisions": {
|
||||
"text": "6 districts; Belize, Cayo, Corozal, Orange Walk, Stann Creek, Toledo"
|
||||
|
|
@ -512,15 +512,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral National Assembly consists of:<br />Senate (14 seats, including the president); members appointed by the governor general - 6 on the advice of the prime minister, 3 on the advice of the leader of the opposition, and 1 each on the advice of the Belize Council of Churches and Evangelical Association of Churches, the Belize Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Belize Better Business Bureau, non-governmental organizations in good standing, and the National Trade Union Congress and the Civil Society Steering Committee; Senate president elected from among the Senate members or from outside the Senate; term of appointment NA<br />House of Representatives (31 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral National Assembly consists of:<br>Senate (14 seats, including the president); members appointed by the governor general - 6 on the advice of the prime minister, 3 on the advice of the leader of the opposition, and 1 each on the advice of the Belize Council of Churches and Evangelical Association of Churches, the Belize Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Belize Better Business Bureau, non-governmental organizations in good standing, and the National Trade Union Congress and the Civil Society Steering Committee; Senate president elected from among the Senate members or from outside the Senate; term of appointment NA<br>House of Representatives (31 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Senate - last appointed 11 November 2020 (next appointments in November 2025)<br />House of Representatives - last held on 11 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2025)"
|
||||
"text": "<br>Senate - last appointed 11 November 2020 (next appointments in November 2025)<br>House of Representatives - last held on 11 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2025)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PUP 59.6%, UDP 38.8%, other 1.6%; seats by party - PUP 26, UDP 5"
|
||||
"text": "<br>House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PUP 59.6%, UDP 38.8%, other 1.6%; seats by party - PUP 26, UDP 5"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong> </strong>"
|
||||
"note": "<strong> </strong>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest courts": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -534,14 +534,14 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Belize Progressive Party or BPP [Patrick ROGERS] (formed in 2015 from a merger of the People's National Party, elements of the Vision Inspired by the People, and other smaller political groups)<br />People's United Party or PUP [Johnny BRICENO]<br />United Democratic Party or UDP [Dean Oliver BARROW]<br />Vision Inspired by the People or VIP [Hubert ENRIQUEZ]"
|
||||
"text": "Belize Progressive Party or BPP [Patrick ROGERS] (formed in 2015 from a merger of the People's National Party, elements of the Vision Inspired by the People, and other smaller political groups)<br>People's United Party or PUP [Johnny BRICENO]<br>United Democratic Party or UDP [Dean Oliver BARROW]<br>Vision Inspired by the People or VIP [Hubert ENRIQUEZ]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AOSIS, C, Caricom, CD, CDB, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, Petrocaribe, SICA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Michael Anthony MENA (since 14 April 2021)"
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador Lynn Raymond YOUNG (since 7 July 2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"chancery": {
|
||||
"text": "2535 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -443,7 +443,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "People's Progressive Movement or PPM [Alden MCLAUGHLIN]<br />Cayman Democratic Party or CDP [McKeeva BUSH]"
|
||||
"text": "People's Progressive Movement or PPM [Alden MCLAUGHLIN]<br>Cayman Democratic Party or CDP [McKeeva BUSH]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "Caricom (associate), CDB, Interpol (subbureau), IOC, UNESCO (associate), UPU"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -124,7 +124,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Spanish (official), English"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)<br /><br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
"text": "<br>La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -305,13 +305,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "0.4% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.4% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "14,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "16,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "<200 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "<500 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -558,7 +558,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "president and vice presidents directly elected on the same ballot by modified majority popular vote (40% threshold) for a 4-year term (eligible for non-consecutive terms); election last held on 4 February 2018 with a runoff on 1 April 2018 (next to be held in February 2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "<br /><em>2018:</em> Carlos ALVARADO Quesada elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Fabricio ALVARADO Munoz (PRN) 25%; Carlos ALVARADO Quesada (PAC) 21.6%; Antonio ALVAREZ (PLN) 18.6%; Rodolfo PIZA (PUSC) 16%; Juan Diego CASTRO (PIN) 9.5%; Rodolfo HERNANDEZ (PRS) 4.9%, other 4.4%; percent of vote in second round - Carlos ALVARADO Quesada (PAC) 60.7%; Fabricio ALVARADO Munoz (PRN) 39.3%<br /><br /><em>2014:</em> Luis Guillermo SOLIS Rivera elected president; percent of vote - Luis Guillermo SOLIS Rivera (PAC) 77.8%; Johnny ARAYA (PLN) 22.2%"
|
||||
"text": "<br><em>2018:</em> Carlos ALVARADO Quesada elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Fabricio ALVARADO Munoz (PRN) 25%; Carlos ALVARADO Quesada (PAC) 21.6%; Antonio ALVAREZ (PLN) 18.6%; Rodolfo PIZA (PUSC) 16%; Juan Diego CASTRO (PIN) 9.5%; Rodolfo HERNANDEZ (PRS) 4.9%, other 4.4%; percent of vote in second round - Carlos ALVARADO Quesada (PAC) 60.7%; Fabricio ALVARADO Munoz (PRN) 39.3%<br><br><em>2014:</em> Luis Guillermo SOLIS Rivera elected president; percent of vote - Luis Guillermo SOLIS Rivera (PAC) 77.8%; Johnny ARAYA (PLN) 22.2%"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -584,7 +584,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Accessibility Without Exclusion or PASE [Oscar Andres LOPEZ Arias]<br />Broad Front (Frente Amplio) or PFA [Ana Patricia MORA Castellanos]<br />Christian Democratic Alliance or ADC [Mario REDONDO Poveda]<br />Citizen Action Party or PAC [Marta Eugenia SOLANO Arias]<br />Costa Rican Renewal Party or PRC [Justo OROZCO Alvarez]<br />Libertarian Movement Party or ML [Victor Danilo CUBERO Corrales]<br />National Integration Party or PIN [Walter MUNOZ Cespedes]<br />National Liberation Party or PLN [Jorge Julio PATTONI Saenz]<br />National Restoration Party or PRN [Carlos Luis AVENDANO Calvo]<br />New Generation or PNG [Sergio MENA]<br />Patriotic Alliance [Jorge ARAYA Westover]<br />Social Christian Republican Party or PRS [Dragos DOLANESCU Valenciano]<br />Social Christian Unity Party or PUSC [Pedro MUNOZ Fonseca]"
|
||||
"text": "Accessibility Without Exclusion or PASE [Oscar Andres LOPEZ Arias]<br>Broad Front (Frente Amplio) or PFA [Ana Patricia MORA Castellanos]<br>Christian Democratic Alliance or ADC [Mario REDONDO Poveda]<br>Citizen Action Party or PAC [Marta Eugenia SOLANO Arias]<br>Costa Rican Renewal Party or PRC [Justo OROZCO Alvarez]<br>Libertarian Movement Party or ML [Victor Danilo CUBERO Corrales]<br>National Integration Party or PIN [Walter MUNOZ Cespedes]<br>National Liberation Party or PLN [Jorge Julio PATTONI Saenz]<br>National Restoration Party or PRN [Carlos Luis AVENDANO Calvo]<br>New Generation or PNG [Sergio MENA]<br>Patriotic Alliance [Jorge ARAYA Westover]<br>Social Christian Republican Party or PRS [Dragos DOLANESCU Valenciano]<br>Social Christian Unity Party or PUSC [Pedro MUNOZ Fonseca]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "BCIE, CACM, CD, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NAM (observer), OAS, OIF (observer), OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, SICA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1004,7 +1004,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Costa Rica has broad telecom coverage though geographical distribution of digital service is unequal; recent regulator liberalization spurred expansion in all sectors; broadband market is the most advanced and highest penetration in Central America yet lags behind many South American countries; operators investing in NGN technology; number portability and cheaper broadband costs will increase competition; government aims to subsidize tele-health and e-learning (2021)</p> (2018)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Costa Rica has broad telecom coverage though geographical distribution of digital service is unequal; recent regulator liberalization spurred expansion in all sectors; broadband market is the most advanced and highest penetration in Central America yet lags behind many South American countries; operators investing in NGN technology; number portability and cheaper broadband costs will increase competition; government aims to subsidize tele-health and e-learning (2021)</p> (2018)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "13 per 100 fixed-line, 162 per 100 mobile-cellular; point-to-point and point-to-multi-point microwave, fiber-optic, and coaxial cable link rural areas; Internet service is available (2019)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1125,7 +1125,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "no regular military forces; Ministry of Public Security: the Public Force (Fuerza Pública (National Police)), Air Surveillance Service (Servicio de Vigilancia Aérea), and National Coast Guard Service (Servicio Nacional de Guardacostas) (2021)<br><br>note: Costa Rica's armed forces were constitutionally abolished in 1949",
|
||||
"text": "no regular military forces; Ministry of Public Security: the Public Force (Fuerza Pública (National Police)), Air Surveillance Service (Servicio de Vigilancia Aérea), and National Coast Guard Service (Servicio Nacional de Guardacostas) (2021)<br><br>note: Costa Rica's armed forces were constitutionally abolished in 1949",
|
||||
"note": "note: Costa Rica's armed forces were constitutionally abolished in 1949"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
{
|
||||
"Introduction": {
|
||||
"Background": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>The native Amerindian population of Cuba began to decline after the European discovery of the island by Christopher COLUMBUS in 1492 and following its development as a Spanish colony during the next several centuries. Large numbers of African slaves were imported to work the coffee and sugar plantations, and Havana became the launching point for the annual treasure fleets bound for Spain from Mexico and Peru. Spanish rule eventually provoked an independence movement and occasional rebellions were harshly suppressed. US intervention during the Spanish-American War in 1898 assisted the Cubans in overthrowing Spanish rule. The Treaty of Paris established Cuban independence from Spain in 1898 and, following three-and-a-half years of subsequent US military rule, Cuba became an independent republic in 1902 after which the island experienced a string of governments mostly dominated by the military and corrupt politicians. Fidel CASTRO led a rebel army to victory in 1959; his authoritarian rule held the subsequent regime together for nearly five decades. He stepped down as president in February 2008 in favor of his younger brother Raul CASTRO. Cuba's communist revolution, with Soviet support, was exported throughout Latin America and Africa during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez, hand-picked by Raul CASTRO to succeed him, was approved as president by the National Assembly and took office on 19 April 2018. DIAZ-CANEL was appointed First Secretary of the Communist Party on 19 April 2021 following the resignation of Raul CASTRO.</p> <p>The country faced a severe economic downturn in 1990 following the withdrawal of former Soviet subsidies worth $4-6 billion annually. Cuba traditionally and consistently portrays the US embargo, in place since 1961, as the source of its difficulties. As a result of efforts begun in December 2014 to re-establish diplomatic relations with the Cuban Government, which were severed in January 1961, the US and Cuba reopened embassies in their respective countries in July 2015. The embargo remains in place, and the relationship between the US and Cuba remains tense. </p> <p>Illicit migration of Cuban nationals to the US via maritime and overland routes has been a longstanding challenge. On 12 January 2017, the US and Cuba signed a Joint Statement ending the so-called \"wet-foot, dry-foot\" policy – by which Cuban nationals who reached US soil were permitted to stay. Illicit Cuban migration by sea has since dropped significantly, but land border crossings continue. In FY 2018, the US Coast Guard interdicted 312 Cuban nationals at sea. Also in FY 2018, 7,249 Cuban migrants presented themselves at various land border ports of entry throughout the US.</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>The native Amerindian population of Cuba began to decline after the European discovery of the island by Christopher COLUMBUS in 1492 and following its development as a Spanish colony during the next several centuries. Large numbers of African slaves were imported to work the coffee and sugar plantations, and Havana became the launching point for the annual treasure fleets bound for Spain from Mexico and Peru. Spanish rule eventually provoked an independence movement and occasional rebellions were harshly suppressed. US intervention during the Spanish-American War in 1898 assisted the Cubans in overthrowing Spanish rule. The Treaty of Paris established Cuban independence from Spain in 1898 and, following three-and-a-half years of subsequent US military rule, Cuba became an independent republic in 1902 after which the island experienced a string of governments mostly dominated by the military and corrupt politicians. Fidel CASTRO led a rebel army to victory in 1959; his authoritarian rule held the subsequent regime together for nearly five decades. He stepped down as president in February 2008 in favor of his younger brother Raul CASTRO. Cuba's communist revolution, with Soviet support, was exported throughout Latin America and Africa during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez, hand-picked by Raul CASTRO to succeed him, was approved as president by the National Assembly and took office on 19 April 2018. DIAZ-CANEL was appointed First Secretary of the Communist Party on 19 April 2021 following the resignation of Raul CASTRO.</p> <p>The country faced a severe economic downturn in 1990 following the withdrawal of former Soviet subsidies worth $4-6 billion annually. Cuba traditionally and consistently portrays the US embargo, in place since 1961, as the source of its difficulties. As a result of efforts begun in December 2014 to re-establish diplomatic relations with the Cuban Government, which were severed in January 1961, the US and Cuba reopened embassies in their respective countries in July 2015. The embargo remains in place, and the relationship between the US and Cuba remains tense. </p> <p>Illicit migration of Cuban nationals to the US via maritime and overland routes has been a longstanding challenge. On 12 January 2017, the US and Cuba signed a Joint Statement ending the so-called \"wet-foot, dry-foot\" policy – by which Cuban nationals who reached US soil were permitted to stay. Illicit Cuban migration by sea has since dropped significantly, but land border crossings continue. In FY 2018, the US Coast Guard interdicted 312 Cuban nationals at sea. Also in FY 2018, 7,249 Cuban migrants presented themselves at various land border ports of entry throughout the US.</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Geography": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -125,11 +125,11 @@
|
|||
"text": "Spanish (official)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)<br /><br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
"text": "<br>La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
"text": "Christian 59.2%, folk 17.4%, other 0.4%, none 23% (2010 est.)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> folk religions include religions of African origin, spiritualism, and others intermingled with Catholicism or Protestantism; data is estimative because no authoritative source on religious affiliation exists in Cuba",
|
||||
"text": "Christian 58.9%, folk religion 17.6%, Buddhist <1%, Hindu <1%, Jewish <1%, Muslim <1%, other <1%, none 23.2% (2020 est.)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> folk religions include religions of African origin, spiritualism, and others intermingled with Catholicism or Protestantism; data is estimative because no authoritative source on religious affiliation exists in Cuba",
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> folk religions include religions of African origin, spiritualism, and others intermingled with Catholicism or Protestantism; data is estimative because no authoritative source on religious affiliation exists in Cuba"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Age structure": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -252,7 +252,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "1.71 children born/woman (2021 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "73.7% (2014)"
|
||||
"text": "69% (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Drinking water source": {
|
||||
"improved: urban": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -304,13 +304,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "0.3% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.4% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "32,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "33,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "<500 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "<500 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -961,18 +961,18 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>state control of the telecom sector hinders development; Cuba has the lowest mobile phone and Internet penetration rates in the region; fixed-line density is also very low; thaw of US-Cuba relations encouraged access to services, such as Wi-Fi hotspots; access to sites is controlled and censored; DSL and Internet available in Havana, though costs are too high for most Cubans; international investment and agreement to improve Internet access through cost-free and direct connection between networks (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>state control of the telecom sector hinders development; Cuba has the lowest mobile phone and Internet penetration rates in the region; fixed-line density is also very low; thaw of US-Cuba relations encouraged access to services, such as Wi-Fi hotspots; access to sites is controlled and censored; DSL and Internet available in Havana, though costs are too high for most Cubans; international investment and agreement to improve Internet access through cost-free and direct connection between networks (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "fixed-line density remains low at about 13 per 100 inhabitants; mobile-cellular service is expanding to about 53 per 100 persons (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"international": {
|
||||
"text": "<span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">country code - 53; the ALBA-1, GTMO-1, and GTMO-PR fiber-optic submarine cables link Cuba, Jamaica, and Venezuela; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)</span> (2019)"
|
||||
"text": "country code - 53; the ALBA-1, GTMO-1, and GTMO-PR fiber-optic submarine cables link Cuba, Jamaica, and Venezuela; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region) (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Broadcast media": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Government owns and controls all broadcast media: five national TV channels (Cubavision, Tele Rebelde, Multivision, Educational Channel 1 and 2,) 2 international channels (Cubavision Internacional and Caribe,) 16 regional TV stations, 6 national radio networks and multiple regional stations; the Cuban government beams over the Radio-TV Marti signal; although private ownership of electronic media is prohibited, several online independent news sites exist; those that are not openly critical of the government are often tolerated; the others are blocked by the government; there are no independent TV channels, but several outlets have created strong audiovisual content (El Toque, for example); a community of young Youtubers is also growing, mostly with channels about sports, technology and fashion; Christian denominations are creating original video content to distribute via social media</p> (2019)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Government owns and controls all broadcast media: five national TV channels (Cubavision, Tele Rebelde, Multivision, Educational Channel 1 and 2,) 2 international channels (Cubavision Internacional and Caribe,) 16 regional TV stations, 6 national radio networks and multiple regional stations; the Cuban government beams over the Radio-TV Marti signal; although private ownership of electronic media is prohibited, several online independent news sites exist; those that are not openly critical of the government are often tolerated; the others are blocked by the government; there are no independent TV channels, but several outlets have created strong audiovisual content (El Toque, for example); a community of young Youtubers is also growing, mostly with channels about sports, technology and fashion; Christian denominations are creating original video content to distribute via social media</p> (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Internet country code": {
|
||||
"text": ".cu"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1135,7 +1135,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Cuba and Cubans abroad; individuals are forced or coerced into participating and threatened to stay in labor export programs, most notably foreign medical missions; sex trafficking and sex tourism occur within Cuba; traffickers exploit Cubans in sex trafficking and forced labor in South America, the Caribbean, Asia, Africa, the Mediterranean, and the US; foreigners from Africa and Asia are subject to sex trafficking and forced labor in Cuba to pay off travel debts; the government uses high school students in some rural areas to harvest crops without pay, claiming that the work is voluntary"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"tier rating": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Tier 3 — Cuba does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; the government made some efforts to investigate, prosecute, and convict sex traffickers and sex tourists and identified and provided assistance to some victims; however, no efforts were made to address forced labor; there was a government policy or pattern to profit from labor export programs with strong indications of forced labor, particularly in foreign medical missions; authorities did not protect potential trafficking victims, leaving them at risk of being detained or charged for crimes their traffickers forced them to commit (2020)</p>"
|
||||
"text": "<p>Tier 3 — Cuba does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; the government made some efforts to investigate, prosecute, and convict sex traffickers and sex tourists and identified and provided assistance to some victims; however, no efforts were made to address forced labor; there was a government policy or pattern to profit from labor export programs with strong indications of forced labor, particularly in foreign medical missions; authorities did not protect potential trafficking victims, leaving them at risk of being detained or charged for crimes their traffickers forced them to commit (2020)</p>"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Illicit drugs": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -447,7 +447,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Dominica Freedom Party or DFP [Judith PESTAINA]<br />Dominica Labor Party or DLP [Roosevelt SKERRIT]<br />Dominica United Workers Party or UWP [Lennox LINTON]"
|
||||
"text": "Dominica Freedom Party or DFP [Judith PESTAINA]<br>Dominica Labor Party or DLP [Roosevelt SKERRIT]<br>Dominica United Workers Party or UWP [Lennox LINTON]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AOSIS, C, Caricom, CD, CDB, CELAC, Commonwealth of Nations, ECCU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OAS, OECS, OIF, OPANAL, OPCW, Petrocaribe, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -128,11 +128,11 @@
|
|||
"text": "Spanish (official)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)<br /><br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
"text": "<br>La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
"text": "Roman Catholic 47.8%, Protestant 21.3%, other 2.2%, none 28%, don't know/no response 0.7% (2017 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "Roman Catholic 44.3%, Evangelical 13%, Protestant 7.9%, Adventist 1.4%, other 1.8%, atheist 0.2%, none 29.4%, unspecified 2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Age structure": {
|
||||
"0-14 years": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -310,13 +310,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "0.9% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.9% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "72,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "72,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "1,900 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1,900 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -563,18 +563,18 @@
|
|||
"text": "president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (eligible for a maximum of two consecutive terms); election last held on 5 July 2020 (next to be held in 2024); note - the 2020 election was rescheduled from 17 May to 5 July 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "<br /><em>2020:</em> Luis Rodolfo ABINADER Corona elected president in first round; percent of vote - Luis Rodolfo ABINADER Corona (PRM) 52.5%, Gonzalo CASTILLO Terrero (PLD) 37.5%, Leonel Antonio FERNANDEZ Reyna (FP) 8.9% other 1.1%<br /><br /><em>2016:</em> Danilo MEDINA Sanchez reelected president; percent of vote - Danilo MEDINA Sanchez (PLD) 61.7%, Luis Rodolfo ABINADER Corona (PRM) 35%, other 3.3%; Margarita CEDENO DE FERNANDEZ (PLD) reelected vice president"
|
||||
"text": "<br><em>2020:</em> Luis Rodolfo ABINADER Corona elected president in first round; percent of vote - Luis Rodolfo ABINADER Corona (PRM) 52.5%, Gonzalo CASTILLO Terrero (PLD) 37.5%, Leonel Antonio FERNANDEZ Reyna (FP) 8.9% other 1.1%<br><br><em>2016:</em> Danilo MEDINA Sanchez reelected president; percent of vote - Danilo MEDINA Sanchez (PLD) 61.7%, Luis Rodolfo ABINADER Corona (PRM) 35%, other 3.3%; Margarita CEDENO DE FERNANDEZ (PLD) reelected vice president"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of:<br />Senate or Senado (32 seats; note - electoral system changes by the Central Election Commission are being challenged by the ruling party and opposition)<br />House of Representatives or Camara de Diputados (190 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of:<br>Senate or Senado (32 seats; note - electoral system changes by the Central Election Commission are being challenged by the ruling party and opposition)<br>House of Representatives or Camara de Diputados (190 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Senate - last held on 5 July 2020 (next to be held 2024)<br />House of Representatives - last held on 5 July 2020 (next to be held in 2024); note - the 2020 election was rescheduled from 17 May to 5 July 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic"
|
||||
"text": "<br>Senate - last held on 5 July 2020 (next to be held 2024)<br>House of Representatives - last held on 5 July 2020 (next to be held in 2024); note - the 2020 election was rescheduled from 17 May to 5 July 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PRM 17, PLD 6, PRSC 6, BIS 1, DXC 1, FP 1<br />House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PRM 86, PLD 75, PRSC 6, PRD 4, Broad Front 3, FP 3, AP 2, APD 2, BIS 2, DXC 2, other 5"
|
||||
"text": "<br>Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PRM 17, PLD 6, PRSC 6, BIS 1, DXC 1, FP 1<br>House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PRM 86, PLD 75, PRSC 6, PRD 4, Broad Front 3, FP 3, AP 2, APD 2, BIS 2, DXC 2, other 5"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -589,7 +589,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Alliance for Democracy or APD<br />Broad Front (Frente Amplio) [Fidel SANTANA]<br />Country Alliance or AP [Guillermo Antonio MORENO Garcia]<br />Dominican Liberation Party or PLD [Danilo MEDINA Sánchez]<br />Dominican Revolutionary Party or PRD [Miguel VARGAS Maldonado]<br />Dominicans For Change or DXC [Manuel OVIEDO Estrada]<br />Institutional Social Democratic Bloc or BIS<br />Liberal Reformist Party or PRL (formerly the Liberal Party of the Dominican Republic or PLRD)<br />Modern Revolutionary Party or PRM [Jose Ignacio PALIZA]<br />National Progressive Front or FNP [Vinicio CASTILLO, Pelegrin CASTILLO]<br />People's Force or FP [Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna]<br />Social Christian Reformist Party or PRSC [Federico ANTUN]"
|
||||
"text": "Alliance for Democracy or APD<br>Broad Front (Frente Amplio) [Fidel SANTANA]<br>Country Alliance or AP [Guillermo Antonio MORENO Garcia]<br>Dominican Liberation Party or PLD [Danilo MEDINA Sánchez]<br>Dominican Revolutionary Party or PRD [Miguel VARGAS Maldonado]<br>Dominicans For Change or DXC [Manuel OVIEDO Estrada]<br>Institutional Social Democratic Bloc or BIS<br>Liberal Reformist Party or PRL (formerly the Liberal Party of the Dominican Republic or PLRD)<br>Modern Revolutionary Party or PRM [Jose Ignacio PALIZA]<br>National Progressive Front or FNP [Vinicio CASTILLO, Pelegrin CASTILLO]<br>People's Force or FP [Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna]<br>Social Christian Reformist Party or PRSC [Federico ANTUN]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AOSIS, BCIE, Caricom (observer), CD, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, MIGA, MINUSMA, NAM, OAS, OIF (observer), OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, Petrocaribe, SICA (associated member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -123,7 +123,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Spanish (official), Nawat (among some Amerindians)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)<br /><br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
"text": "<br>La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -308,13 +308,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "0.6% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.5% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "27,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "25,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "<1000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "<1000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -555,7 +555,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single 5-year term; election last held on 3 February 2019 (next to be held on February 2024)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "<br /><em>2019:</em> Nayib Armando BUKELE Ortez elected president - Nayib Armando BUKELE Ortez (GANA) 53.1%, Carlos CALLEJA Hakker (ARENA) 31.72%, Hugo MARTINEZ (FMLN) 14.41%, other 0.77%<br /><br /><em>2014:</em> Salvador SANCHEZ CEREN elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Salvador SANCHEZ CEREN (FMLN) 48.9%, Norman QUIJANO (ARENA) 39%, Antonio SACA (CN) 11.4%, other 0.7%; percent of vote in second round - Salvador SANCHEZ CEREN 50.1%, Norman QUIJANO 49.9%"
|
||||
"text": "<br><em>2019:</em> Nayib Armando BUKELE Ortez elected president - Nayib Armando BUKELE Ortez (GANA) 53.1%, Carlos CALLEJA Hakker (ARENA) 31.72%, Hugo MARTINEZ (FMLN) 14.41%, other 0.77%<br><br><em>2014:</em> Salvador SANCHEZ CEREN elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Salvador SANCHEZ CEREN (FMLN) 48.9%, Norman QUIJANO (ARENA) 39%, Antonio SACA (CN) 11.4%, other 0.7%; percent of vote in second round - Salvador SANCHEZ CEREN 50.1%, Norman QUIJANO 49.9%"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -581,7 +581,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Rodolfo Antonio PARKER Soto]<br />Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front or FMLN [Oscar ORTIZ]<br />Great Alliance for National Unity or GANA [Nelson GUARDADO]<br />National Coalition Party or PCN [Manuel RODRIGUEZ]<br />Nationalist Republican Alliance or ARENA [Erick SALGUERO]<br />New Ideas (Nuevas Ideas) or NI [Xavier Zablah BUKELE]<br />Our Time (Nuestro Tiempo) or NT [Juan VALIENTE]<br />Vamos or V [Josue ALVARADO Flores]"
|
||||
"text": "Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Rodolfo Antonio PARKER Soto]<br>Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front or FMLN [Oscar ORTIZ]<br>Great Alliance for National Unity or GANA [Nelson GUARDADO]<br>National Coalition Party or PCN [Manuel RODRIGUEZ]<br>Nationalist Republican Alliance or ARENA [Erick SALGUERO]<br>New Ideas (Nuevas Ideas) or NI [Xavier Zablah BUKELE]<br>Our Time (Nuestro Tiempo) or NT [Juan VALIENTE]<br>Vamos or V [Josue ALVARADO Flores]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "BCIE, CACM, CD, CELAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, Petrocaribe, SICA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -996,7 +996,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||||
"general assessment": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>El Salvador’s telecom sector is challenged by low population, poor infrastructure, and unequal income distribution compounded by corruption and criminal influence; liberal regulation promotes mobile penetration in replacement of fixed-line density; operators testing 5G in 2020 (2020)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "<p>El Salvador’s telecom sector is challenged by low population, poor infrastructure, and unequal income distribution compounded by corruption and criminal influence; liberal regulation promotes mobile penetration in replacement of fixed-line density; operators testing 5G in 2020 (2020)</p> (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"domestic": {
|
||||
"text": "growth in fixed-line services 14 per 100, has slowed in the face of mobile-cellular competition at 147 per 100 (2019)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1127,8 +1127,8 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Military and Security": {
|
||||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||||
"text": "the Armed Force of El Salvador (La Fuerza Armada de El Salvador, FAES): Army of El Salvador (Ejercito de El Salvador, ES), Navy of El Salvador (Fuerza Naval de El Salvador, FNES), Salvadoran Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Salvadorena, FAS); Ministry of Justice and Public Security: National Civil Police (Policia Nacional Civil, PNC) (2021)<br><br>note: <span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">supporting the National Police (Ministry of Interior) in countering gang violence and drug trafficking is a primary mission for the FAES</span>",
|
||||
"note": "note: <span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">supporting the National Police (Ministry of Interior) in countering gang violence and drug trafficking is a primary mission for the FAES</span>"
|
||||
"text": "the Armed Force of El Salvador (La Fuerza Armada de El Salvador, FAES): Army of El Salvador (Ejercito de El Salvador, ES), Navy of El Salvador (Fuerza Naval de El Salvador, FNES), Salvadoran Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Salvadorena, FAS); Ministry of Justice and Public Security: National Civil Police (Policia Nacional Civil, PNC) (2021)<br><br>note: supporting the National Police (Ministry of Interior) in countering gang violence and drug trafficking is a primary mission for the FAES",
|
||||
"note": "note: supporting the National Police (Ministry of Interior) in countering gang violence and drug trafficking is a primary mission for the FAES"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||||
"Military Expenditures 2019": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -467,13 +467,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
"description": {
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br />Senate (13 seats; members appointed by the governor general - 10 on the advice of the prime minister and 3 on the advice of the leader of the opposition party; members serve 5-year terms)<br /> House of Representatives (15 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br>Senate (13 seats; members appointed by the governor general - 10 on the advice of the prime minister and 3 on the advice of the leader of the opposition party; members serve 5-year terms)<br> House of Representatives (15 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - last appointments on 27 April 2018 (next no later than2023)<br /> House of Representatives - last held on 13 March 2018 (next no later than 2023)"
|
||||
"text": "Senate - last appointments on 27 April 2018 (next no later than2023)<br> House of Representatives - last held on 13 March 2018 (next no later than 2023)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 11, women 2 percent of women 15.4%<br /> House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NNP 58.9%, NDC 40.5%; other 0.6% seats by party - NNP 15; composition - men 8, women 7, percent of women 46.7%; note - total Parliament percent of women 32.1%"
|
||||
"text": "Senate - percent by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 11, women 2 percent of women 15.4%<br> House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NNP 58.9%, NDC 40.5%; other 0.6% seats by party - NNP 15; composition - men 8, women 7, percent of women 46.7%; note - total Parliament percent of women 32.1%"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -488,7 +488,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "National Democratic Congress or NDC [Nazim BURKE]<br />New National Party or NNP [Keith MITCHELL]"
|
||||
"text": "National Democratic Congress or NDC [Nazim BURKE]<br>New National Party or NNP [Keith MITCHELL]"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, AOSIS, C, Caricom, CDB, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, ITUC, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OECS, OPANAL, OPCW, Petrocaribe, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
@ -512,7 +512,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "<span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">the US does not have an official embassy in Grenada; the US Ambassador to Barbados is accredited to Grenada</span>"
|
||||
"text": "the US does not have an official embassy in Grenada; the US Ambassador to Barbados is accredited to Grenada"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"telephone": {
|
||||
"text": "[1] (473) 444-1173 through 1176"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -123,11 +123,11 @@
|
|||
"text": "Spanish (official) 69.9%, Maya languages 29.7% (Q'eqchi' 8.3%, K'iche 7.8%, Mam 4.4%, Kaqchikel 3%, Q'anjob'al 1.2%, Poqomchi' 1%, other 4%), other 0.4% (includes Xinca and Garifuna); note - the 2003 Law of National Languages officially recognized 23 indigenous languages, including 21 Maya languages, Xinca, and Garifuna (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"printed major-language sample": {
|
||||
"text": "<br />La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)<br /><br />The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
"text": "<br>La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Religions": {
|
||||
"text": "Roman Catholic, Protestant, indigenous Maya"
|
||||
"text": "Roman Catholic 41.7%, Evangelical 38.8%, other 2.7%, atheist 0.1%, none 13.8%, unspecified 2.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Demographic profile": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Guatemala is a predominantly poor country that struggles in several areas of health and development, including infant, child, and maternal mortality, malnutrition, literacy, and contraceptive awareness and use. The country's large indigenous population is disproportionately affected. Guatemala is the most populous country in Central America and has the highest fertility rate in Latin America. It also has the highest population growth rate in Latin America, which is likely to continue because of its large reproductive-age population and high birth rate. Almost half of Guatemala's population is under age 19, making it the youngest population in Latin America. Guatemala's total fertility rate has slowly declined during the last few decades due in part to limited government-funded health programs. However, the birth rate is still more close to three children per woman and is markedly higher among its rural and indigenous populations.</p><p>Guatemalans have a history of emigrating legally and illegally to Mexico, the United States, and Canada because of a lack of economic opportunity, political instability, and natural disasters. Emigration, primarily to the United States, escalated during the 1960 to 1996 civil war and accelerated after a peace agreement was signed. Thousands of Guatemalans who fled to Mexico returned after the war, but labor migration to southern Mexico continues.</p>"
|
||||
|
|
@ -308,13 +308,13 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
|
||||
"text": "0.3% (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.2% (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
|
||||
"text": "36,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "33,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
|
||||
"text": "1,200 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1,200 <1,000 (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -555,7 +555,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 4-year term (not eligible for consecutive terms); election last held on 16 June 2019 with a runoff on 11 August 2019 (next to be held in June 2023)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "<em>2019:</em> Alejandro GIAMMATTEI elected president; percent of vote in first round - Sandra TORRES (UNE) 25.54%, Alejandro GIAMMATTEI (VAMOS) 13.95%, Edmond MULET (PHG) 11.21%, Thelma CABRERA (MLP) 10.37%, Roberto ARZU (PAN-PODEMOS) 6.08%; percent of vote in second round - Alejandro GIAMMATTEI (VAMOS) 58%, Sandra TORRES (UNE) 42%<br /><br /><em>2015:</em> Jimmy Ernesto MORALES Cabrera elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Jimmy Ernesto MORALES Cabrera (FNC) 23.9%, Sandra TORRES (UNE) 19.8%, Manuel BALDIZON (LIDER) 19.6%, other 36.7%; percent of vote in second round - Jimmy Ernesto MORALES Cabrera 67.4%, Sandra TORRES 32.6%"
|
||||
"text": "<em>2019:</em> Alejandro GIAMMATTEI elected president; percent of vote in first round - Sandra TORRES (UNE) 25.54%, Alejandro GIAMMATTEI (VAMOS) 13.95%, Edmond MULET (PHG) 11.21%, Thelma CABRERA (MLP) 10.37%, Roberto ARZU (PAN-PODEMOS) 6.08%; percent of vote in second round - Alejandro GIAMMATTEI (VAMOS) 58%, Sandra TORRES (UNE) 42%<br><br><em>2015:</em> Jimmy Ernesto MORALES Cabrera elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Jimmy Ernesto MORALES Cabrera (FNC) 23.9%, Sandra TORRES (UNE) 19.8%, Manuel BALDIZON (LIDER) 19.6%, other 36.7%; percent of vote in second round - Jimmy Ernesto MORALES Cabrera 67.4%, Sandra TORRES 32.6%"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -582,7 +582,7 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||||
"text": "Bienestar Nacional or BIEN [Alfonso PORTILLO and Evelyn MORATAYA]<br />Citizen Alliance or AC<br />Citizen Prosperity or PC [Dami Anita Elizabeth KRISTENSON Sales]<br />Commitment, Renewal, and Order or CREO [Roberto GONZALEZ Diaz-Duran]<br />Convergence [Sandra MORAN]<br />Encounter for Guatemala or EG [Nineth MONTENEGRO Cottom]<br />Everyone Together for Guatemala or TODOS [Felipe ALEJOS]<br />Force or FUERZA [Mauricio RADFORD]<br />Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity or URNG-MAIZ or URNG [Gregorio CHAY Laynez]<br />Humanist Party of Guatemala or PHG [Edmond MULET]<br />Movement for the Liberation of Peoples or MLP [Thelma CABRERA]<br />Movimiento Semilla or SEMILLA [Thelma ALDANA]<br />National Advancement Party or PAN [Harald JOHANNESSEN]<br />National Convergence Front or FCN-NACION or FCN [Jimmy MORALES]<br />National Unity for Hope or UNE [Sandra TORRES]<br />Nationalist Change Union or UCN [Mario ESTRADA]<br />Patriotic Party or PP<br />PODEMOS [Jose Raul VIRGIL Arias]<br />Political Movement Winaq or Winaq [Sonia GUTIERREZ Raguay]<br />Reform Movement or MR<br />Renewed Democratic Liberty or LIDER (dissolved mid-February 2016)<br />TODOS [Felipe ALEJOS]<br />Unionista Party or PU [Alvaro ARZU Escobar]<br />Value or VALOR [Zury RIOS]<br />Vamos por una Guatemala Diferente or VAMOS [Alejandro GIAMMATTEI]<br />Victory or VICTORIA [Amilcar RIVERA]<br />Vision with Values or VIVA [Armando Damian CASTILLO Alvarado]<br><br><em>note:</em> parties represented in the last election, but have since dissolved - FCN (2017), LIDER (2016), and PP (2017)",
|
||||
"text": "Bienestar Nacional or BIEN [Alfonso PORTILLO and Evelyn MORATAYA]<br>Citizen Alliance or AC<br>Citizen Prosperity or PC [Dami Anita Elizabeth KRISTENSON Sales]<br>Commitment, Renewal, and Order or CREO [Roberto GONZALEZ Diaz-Duran]<br>Convergence [Sandra MORAN]<br>Encounter for Guatemala or EG [Nineth MONTENEGRO Cottom]<br>Everyone Together for Guatemala or TODOS [Felipe ALEJOS]<br>Force or FUERZA [Mauricio RADFORD]<br>Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity or URNG-MAIZ or URNG [Gregorio CHAY Laynez]<br>Humanist Party of Guatemala or PHG [Edmond MULET]<br>Movement for the Liberation of Peoples or MLP [Thelma CABRERA]<br>Movimiento Semilla or SEMILLA [Thelma ALDANA]<br>National Advancement Party or PAN [Harald JOHANNESSEN]<br>National Convergence Front or FCN-NACION or FCN [Jimmy MORALES]<br>National Unity for Hope or UNE [Sandra TORRES]<br>Nationalist Change Union or UCN [Mario ESTRADA]<br>Patriotic Party or PP<br>PODEMOS [Jose Raul VIRGIL Arias]<br>Political Movement Winaq or Winaq [Sonia GUTIERREZ Raguay]<br>Reform Movement or MR<br>Renewed Democratic Liberty or LIDER (dissolved mid-February 2016)<br>TODOS [Felipe ALEJOS]<br>Unionista Party or PU [Alvaro ARZU Escobar]<br>Value or VALOR [Zury RIOS]<br>Vamos por una Guatemala Diferente or VAMOS [Alejandro GIAMMATTEI]<br>Victory or VICTORIA [Amilcar RIVERA]<br>Vision with Values or VIVA [Armando Damian CASTILLO Alvarado]<br><br><em>note:</em> parties represented in the last election, but have since dissolved - FCN (2017), LIDER (2016), and PP (2017)",
|
||||
"note": "<em>note:</em> parties represented in the last election, but have since dissolved - FCN (2017), LIDER (2016), and PP (2017)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
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