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42 KiB
JSON
1091 lines
No EOL
42 KiB
JSON
{
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"Introduction": {
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"Background": {
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"text": "Present-day Turkmenistan covers territory that has been at the crossroads of civilizations for centuries. The area was ruled in antiquity by various Persian empires, and was conquered by Alexander the Great, Muslim armies, the Mongols, Turkic warriors, and eventually the Russians. In medieval times, Merv (located in present-day Mary province) was one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by Russia in the late 1800s, Turkmenistan later figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik movement in Central Asia. In 1924, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic; it achieved independence upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. President for Life Saparmyrat NYYAZOW died in December 2006, and Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW, a deputy chairman under NYYAZOW, emerged as the country's new president. BERDIMUHAMEDOW won Turkmenistan's first multi-candidate presidential election in February 2007, and again in 2012 and in 2017 with over 97% of the vote in both instances, in elections widely regarded as undemocratic.<br><br>Turkmenistan has sought new export markets for its extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves, which have yet to be fully exploited. As of late 2019, Turkmenistan exported the majority of its gas to China and small levels of gas were also being sent to Russia. Turkmenistan's reliance on gas exports has made the economy vulnerable to fluctuations in the global energy market, and economic hardships since the drop in energy prices in 2014 have led many Turkmenistanis to emigrate, mostly to Turkey."
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}
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},
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"Geography": {
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"Location": {
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"text": "Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakhstan"
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},
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"Geographic coordinates": {
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"text": "40 00 N, 60 00 E"
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},
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"Map references": {
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"text": "Asia"
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},
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"Area": {
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"total": {
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"text": "488,100 sq km"
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},
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"land": {
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"text": "469,930 sq km"
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},
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"water": {
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"text": "18,170 sq km"
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}
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},
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"Area - comparative": {
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"text": "slightly more than three times the size of Georgia; slightly larger than California"
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},
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"Land boundaries": {
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"total": {
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"text": "4,158 km"
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},
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"border countries": {
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"text": "Afghanistan 804 km, Iran 1148 km, Kazakhstan 413 km, Uzbekistan 1793 km"
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}
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},
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"Coastline": {
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"text": "0 km (landlocked); note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)"
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},
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"Maritime claims": {
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"text": "none (landlocked)"
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},
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"Climate": {
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"text": "subtropical desert"
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},
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"Terrain": {
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"text": "flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in west"
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},
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"Elevation": {
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"highest point": {
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"text": "Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m"
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},
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"lowest point": {
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"text": "Vpadina Akchanaya (Sarygamysh Koli is a lake in northern Turkmenistan with a water level that fluctuates above and below the elevation of Vpadina Akchanaya, the lake has dropped as low as -110 m) -81 m"
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},
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"mean elevation": {
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"text": "230 m"
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}
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},
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"Natural resources": {
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"text": "petroleum, natural gas, sulfur, salt"
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},
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"Land use": {
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"agricultural land": {
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"text": "72% (2018 est.)"
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},
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"agricultural land: arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 4.1% (2018 est.)"
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},
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"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
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},
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"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 67.8% (2018 est.)"
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},
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"forest": {
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"text": "8.8% (2018 est.)"
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},
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"other": {
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"text": "19.2% (2018 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Irrigated land": {
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"text": "19,950 sq km (2012)"
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},
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"Population distribution": {
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"text": "the most densely populated areas are the southern, eastern, and northeastern oases; approximately 50% of the population lives in and around the capital of Ashgabat"
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},
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"Natural hazards": {
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"text": "earthquakes; mudslides; droughts; dust storms; floods"
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},
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"Geography - note": {
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"text": "landlocked; the western and central low-lying desolate portions of the country make up the great Garagum (Kara-Kum) desert, which occupies over 80% of the country; eastern part is plateau"
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}
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},
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"People and Society": {
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"Population": {
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"text": "5,579,889 (July 2021 est.)<br><br><strong>note:</strong> some sources suggest Turkmenistan's population could be as much as 1 to 2 million people lower than available estimates because of large-scale emigration during the last 10 years",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> some sources suggest Turkmenistan's population could be as much as 1 to 2 million people lower than available estimates because of large-scale emigration during the last 10 years"
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},
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"Nationality": {
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"noun": {
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"text": "Turkmenistani(s)"
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},
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"adjective": {
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"text": "Turkmenistani"
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}
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},
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"Ethnic groups": {
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"text": "Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003 est.)"
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},
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"Languages": {
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"text": "Turkmen (official) 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%"
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},
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"Religions": {
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"text": "Muslim 93%, Christian 6.4%, Buddhist <1%, folk religion <1%, Jewish <1%, other <1%, unspecified <1% (2020 est.)"
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},
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"Age structure": {
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"0-14 years": {
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"text": "25.44% (male 713,441/female 693,042)"
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},
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"15-24 years": {
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"text": "16.48% (male 458,566/female 452,469)"
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},
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"25-54 years": {
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"text": "44.14% (male 1,214,581/female 1,226,027)"
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},
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"55-64 years": {
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"text": "8.56% (male 221,935/female 251,238)"
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},
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"65 years and over": {
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"text": "5.38% (male 129,332/female 167,996) (2020 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Dependency ratios": {
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"total dependency ratio": {
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"text": "55.2"
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},
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"youth dependency ratio": {
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"text": "47.8"
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},
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"elderly dependency ratio": {
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"text": "7.4"
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},
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"potential support ratio": {
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"text": "13.5 (2020 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Median age": {
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"total": {
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"text": "29.2 years"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "28.7 years"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "29.7 years (2020 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Population growth rate": {
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"text": "1.02% (2021 est.)"
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},
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"Birth rate": {
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"text": "17.85 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
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},
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"Death rate": {
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"text": "5.95 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
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},
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"Net migration rate": {
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"text": "-1.72 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
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},
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"Population distribution": {
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"text": "the most densely populated areas are the southern, eastern, and northeastern oases; approximately 50% of the population lives in and around the capital of Ashgabat"
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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"urban population": {
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"text": "53% of total population (2021)"
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},
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"rate of urbanization": {
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"text": "2.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Major urban areas - population": {
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"text": "865,000 ASHGABAT (capital) (2021)"
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},
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"Sex ratio": {
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"at birth": {
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"text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
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},
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"0-14 years": {
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"text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
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},
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||
"15-24 years": {
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"text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
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||
},
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||
"25-54 years": {
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||
"text": "0.99 male(s)/female"
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||
},
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||
"55-64 years": {
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"text": "0.88 male(s)/female"
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},
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"65 years and over": {
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"text": "0.77 male(s)/female"
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},
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"total population": {
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"text": "0.98 male(s)/female (2020 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Maternal mortality ratio": {
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"text": "7 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)"
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},
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"Infant mortality rate": {
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"total": {
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"text": "38.54 deaths/1,000 live births"
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},
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"male": {
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"text": "46.87 deaths/1,000 live births"
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},
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"female": {
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"text": "29.79 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Life expectancy at birth": {
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"total population": {
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"text": "71.54 years"
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},
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"male": {
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||
"text": "68.5 years"
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||
},
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"female": {
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"text": "74.73 years (2021 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Total fertility rate": {
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"text": "2.04 children born/woman (2021 est.)"
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},
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"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
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"text": "50.2% (2015/16)"
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},
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"Drinking water source": {
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"improved: urban": {
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"text": "urban: 100% of population"
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},
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"improved: rural": {
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"text": "rural: 100% of population"
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},
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"improved: total": {
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"text": "total: 100% of population"
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},
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"unimproved: urban": {
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||
"text": "urban: 0% of population"
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},
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||
"unimproved: rural": {
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"text": "rural: 0% of population"
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},
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"unimproved: total": {
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"text": "total: 0% of population (2017 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Current Health Expenditure": {
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"text": "6.6% (2018)"
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},
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"Physicians density": {
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"text": "2.23 physicians/1,000 population (2014)"
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},
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"Hospital bed density": {
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"text": "4 beds/1,000 population (2014)"
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},
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"Sanitation facility access": {
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"improved: urban": {
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"text": "urban: 100% of population"
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},
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"improved: rural": {
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"text": "rural: 100% of population"
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||
},
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"improved: total": {
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||
"text": "total: 100% of population"
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||
},
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"unimproved: urban": {
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||
"text": "urban: 0% of population"
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||
},
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||
"unimproved: rural": {
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||
"text": "rural: 0% of population"
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||
},
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"unimproved: total": {
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"text": "total: 0% of population (2017 est.)"
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||
}
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
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"text": "NA"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
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"text": "NA"
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},
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"HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
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"text": "NA"
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},
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"Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
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"text": "18.6% (2016)"
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},
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"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
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"text": "3.1% (2019)"
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},
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"Education expenditures": {
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"text": "3.1% of GDP (2012)"
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},
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"Literacy": {
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"definition": {
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"text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
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},
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"total population": {
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"text": "99.7%"
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||
},
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"male": {
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"text": "99.8%"
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||
},
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"female": {
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"text": "99.6% (2015)"
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}
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},
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"School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
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"total": {
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"text": "13 years"
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},
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"male": {
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||
"text": "13 years"
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||
},
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"female": {
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"text": "13 years (2019)"
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}
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}
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},
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"Environment": {
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"Environment - current issues": {
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"text": "contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salination, water logging of soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish the Aral Sea; soil erosion; desertification"
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},
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"Environment - international agreements": {
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"party to": {
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"text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands"
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||
},
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"signed, but not ratified": {
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"text": "none of the selected agreements"
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}
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},
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"Air pollutants": {
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||
"particulate matter emissions": {
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"text": "19.02 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
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},
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"carbon dioxide emissions": {
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"text": "70.63 megatons (2016 est.)"
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},
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"methane emissions": {
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"text": "52.09 megatons (2020 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Total water withdrawal": {
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"municipal": {
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"text": "755 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
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},
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"industrial": {
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"text": "839 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
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||
},
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"agricultural": {
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"text": "26.36 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Total renewable water resources": {
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"text": "24.765 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
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},
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"Climate": {
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"text": "subtropical desert"
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},
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"Land use": {
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||
"agricultural land": {
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||
"text": "72% (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||
"text": "arable land: 4.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
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||
"text": "permanent pasture: 67.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"forest": {
|
||
"text": "8.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
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||
"other": {
|
||
"text": "19.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
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||
"Revenue from forest resources": {
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||
"forest revenues": {
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||
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Revenue from coal": {
|
||
"coal revenues": {
|
||
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Urbanization": {
|
||
"urban population": {
|
||
"text": "53% of total population (2021)"
|
||
},
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||
"rate of urbanization": {
|
||
"text": "2.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Waste and recycling": {
|
||
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
|
||
"text": "500,000 tons (2013 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Government": {
|
||
"Country name": {
|
||
"conventional long form": {
|
||
"text": "none"
|
||
},
|
||
"conventional short form": {
|
||
"text": "Turkmenistan"
|
||
},
|
||
"local long form": {
|
||
"text": "none"
|
||
},
|
||
"local short form": {
|
||
"text": "Turkmenistan"
|
||
},
|
||
"former": {
|
||
"text": "Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic"
|
||
},
|
||
"etymology": {
|
||
"text": "the suffix \"-stan\" means \"place of\" or \"country,\" so Turkmenistan literally means the \"Land of the Turkmen [people]\""
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Government type": {
|
||
"text": "presidential republic; authoritarian"
|
||
},
|
||
"Capital": {
|
||
"name": {
|
||
"text": "Ashgabat (Ashkhabad)"
|
||
},
|
||
"geographic coordinates": {
|
||
"text": "37 57 N, 58 23 E"
|
||
},
|
||
"time difference": {
|
||
"text": "UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
|
||
},
|
||
"note": "<strong>etymology:</strong> derived from the Persian words \"eshq\" meaning \"love\" and \"abad\" meaning \"inhabited place\" or \"city,\" and so loosely translates as \"the city of love\" "
|
||
},
|
||
"Administrative divisions": {
|
||
"text": "5 provinces (welayatlar, singular - welayat) and 1 independent city*: Ahal Welayaty (Anew), Ashgabat*, Balkan Welayaty (Balkanabat), Dasoguz Welayaty, Lebap Welayaty (Turkmenabat), Mary Welayaty<br><br><strong>note:</strong> administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)",
|
||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Independence": {
|
||
"text": "27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union)"
|
||
},
|
||
"National holiday": {
|
||
"text": "Independence Day, 27 October (1991)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Constitution": {
|
||
"history": {
|
||
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 14 September 2016"
|
||
},
|
||
"amendments": {
|
||
"text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of the total Assembly membership or absolute majority approval in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2020 (changed parliament to bicameral)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Legal system": {
|
||
"text": "civil law system with Islamic (sharia) law influences"
|
||
},
|
||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
|
||
},
|
||
"Citizenship": {
|
||
"citizenship by birth": {
|
||
"text": "no"
|
||
},
|
||
"citizenship by descent only": {
|
||
"text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Turkmenistan"
|
||
},
|
||
"dual citizenship recognized": {
|
||
"text": "yes"
|
||
},
|
||
"residency requirement for naturalization": {
|
||
"text": "7 years"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Suffrage": {
|
||
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
|
||
},
|
||
"Executive branch": {
|
||
"chief of state": {
|
||
"text": "President Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW (since 14 February 2007); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government"
|
||
},
|
||
"head of government": {
|
||
"text": "President Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW (since 14 February 2007)"
|
||
},
|
||
"cabinet": {
|
||
"text": "Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president"
|
||
},
|
||
"elections/appointments": {
|
||
"text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 7-year term (no term limits); election last held on 12 February 2017 (next to be held in February 2024)"
|
||
},
|
||
"election results": {
|
||
"text": "Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW reelected president in the first round; percent of vote - Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW (DPT) 97.7%, other 2.3%"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||
"description": {
|
||
"text": "note: in September 2020, the Turkmenistan Parliament adopted a constitutional amendment creating an upper chamber, making the Parliament bicameral<br>bicameral National Council or Khalk Maslakhaty consists of:<br>People's Council (56 seats; 48 members indirectly elected by provincial councils and 8 members appointed by the president)<br>Assembly or Mejlis Hakynda (125 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed to serve 5-year terms)"
|
||
},
|
||
"elections": {
|
||
"text": "People's Council - first held on 25 March 2021 for 48 indirectly elected members (next to be held in 2026); first held on 14 April 2021 for 8 presidentially appointed members (next to be held NA)<br>Assembly - last held on 25 March 2018 (next to be held in 2026)"
|
||
},
|
||
"election results": {
|
||
"text": "People's Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - DPT 3, independent 45<br>Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - DPT 55, APT 11, PIE 11, independent 48 (individuals nominated by citizen groups); composition - men 94, women 31, percent of women 24.8%"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||
"highest courts": {
|
||
"text": "Supreme Court of Turkmenistan (consists of the court president and 21 associate judges and organized into civil, criminal, and military chambers)"
|
||
},
|
||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||
"text": "judges appointed by the president for 5-year terms"
|
||
},
|
||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||
"text": "High Commercial Court; appellate courts; provincial, district, and city courts; military courts"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Political parties and leaders": {
|
||
"text": "Agrarian Party of Turkmenistan or APT [Basim ANNAGURBANOW]<br>Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Ata SERDAROW]<br>Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs or PIE [Saparmyrat OWGANOW]<br><br><strong>note:</strong> all of these parties support President BERDIMUHAMEDOW; a law authorizing the registration of political parties went into effect in January 2012; unofficial, small opposition movements exist abroad",
|
||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> all of these parties support President BERDIMUHAMEDOW; a law authorizing the registration of political parties went into effect in January 2012; unofficial, small opposition movements exist abroad"
|
||
},
|
||
"International organization participation": {
|
||
"text": "ADB, CIS (associate member, has not ratified the 1993 CIS charter although it participates in meetings and held the chairmanship of the CIS in 2012), EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO"
|
||
},
|
||
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
|
||
"chief of mission": {
|
||
"text": "Ambassador Meret ORAZOW (since 14 February 2001)"
|
||
},
|
||
"chancery": {
|
||
"text": "2207 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008"
|
||
},
|
||
"telephone": {
|
||
"text": "[1] (202) 588-1500"
|
||
},
|
||
"FAX": {
|
||
"text": "[1] (202) 588-0697"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
|
||
"chief of mission": {
|
||
"text": "Ambassador Matthew S. KLIMOW (since 26 June 2019)"
|
||
},
|
||
"telephone": {
|
||
"text": "[993] (12) 94-00-45"
|
||
},
|
||
"embassy": {
|
||
"text": "No. 9 1984 Street (formerly Pushkin Street), Ashgabat 744000"
|
||
},
|
||
"mailing address": {
|
||
"text": "7070 Ashgabat Place, Washington, DC 20521-7070"
|
||
},
|
||
"FAX": {
|
||
"text": "[993] (12) 94-26-14"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Flag description": {
|
||
"text": "green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five tribal guls (designs used in producing carpets) stacked above two crossed olive branches; five white, five-pointed stars and a white crescent moon appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe; the green color and crescent moon represent Islam; the five stars symbolize the regions or welayats of Turkmenistan; the guls reflect the national identity of Turkmenistan where carpet-making has long been a part of traditional nomadic life<br><br><strong>note:</strong> the flag of Turkmenistan is the most intricate of all national flags",
|
||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the flag of Turkmenistan is the most intricate of all national flags"
|
||
},
|
||
"National symbol(s)": {
|
||
"text": "Akhal-Teke horse; national colors: green, white"
|
||
},
|
||
"National anthem": {
|
||
"name": {
|
||
"text": "\"Garassyz, Bitarap Turkmenistanyn\" (Independent, Neutral, Turkmenistan State Anthem)"
|
||
},
|
||
"lyrics/music": {
|
||
"text": "collective/Veli MUKHATOV"
|
||
},
|
||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1997, lyrics revised in 2008, to eliminate references to deceased President Saparmurat NYYAZOW "
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Economy": {
|
||
"Economic overview": {
|
||
"text": "<p>Turkmenistan is largely a desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and significant natural gas and oil resources. The two largest crops are cotton, most of which is produced for export, and wheat, which is domestically consumed. Although agriculture accounts for almost 8% of GDP, it continues to employ nearly half of the country's workforce. Hydrocarbon exports, the bulk of which is natural gas going to China, make up 25% of Turkmenistan’s GDP. Ashgabat has explored two initiatives to bring gas to new markets: a trans-Caspian pipeline that would carry gas to Europe and the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India gas pipeline. Both face major financing, political, and security hurdles and are unlikely to be completed soon.</p> <p>Turkmenistan’s autocratic governments under presidents NIYAZOW (1991-2006) and BERDIMUHAMEDOW (since 2007) have made little progress improving the business climate, privatizing state-owned industries, combatting corruption, and limiting economic development outside the energy sector. High energy prices in the mid-2000s allowed the government to undertake extensive development and social spending, including providing heavy utility subsidies.</p> <p>Low energy prices since mid-2014 are hampering Turkmenistan’s economic growth and reducing government revenues. The government has cut subsidies in several areas, and wage arrears have increased. In January 2014, the Central Bank of Turkmenistan devalued the manat by 19%, and downward pressure on the currency continues. There is a widening spread between the official exchange rate (3.5 TMM per US dollar) and the black market exchange rate (approximately 14 TMM per US dollar). Currency depreciation and conversion restrictions, corruption, isolationist policies, and declining spending on public services have resulted in a stagnate economy that is nearing crisis. Turkmenistan claims substantial foreign currency reserves, but non-transparent data limit international institutions’ ability to verify this information.</p>"
|
||
},
|
||
"Real GDP growth rate": {
|
||
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
|
||
"text": "6.5% (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Real GDP growth rate 2016": {
|
||
"text": "6.2% (2016 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
|
||
"text": "6.5% (2015 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
|
||
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
|
||
"text": "8% (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016": {
|
||
"text": "3.6% (2016 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
|
||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
|
||
"text": "$86.858 billion (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
|
||
"text": "$81.787 billion (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
|
||
},
|
||
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
|
||
"text": "$40.819 billion (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Real GDP per capita": {
|
||
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
|
||
"text": "$14,845 (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
|
||
"text": "$14,205 (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
|
||
},
|
||
"Gross national saving": {
|
||
"Gross national saving 2017": {
|
||
"text": "23.9% of GDP (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Gross national saving 2016": {
|
||
"text": "24.3% of GDP (2016 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Gross national saving 2015": {
|
||
"text": "18.9% of GDP (2015 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
|
||
"agriculture": {
|
||
"text": "7.5% (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"industry": {
|
||
"text": "44.9% (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"services": {
|
||
"text": "47.7% (2017 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"GDP - composition, by end use": {
|
||
"household consumption": {
|
||
"text": "50% (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"government consumption": {
|
||
"text": "10% (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"investment in fixed capital": {
|
||
"text": "28.2% (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"investment in inventories": {
|
||
"text": "0% (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"exports of goods and services": {
|
||
"text": "26.2% (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"imports of goods and services": {
|
||
"text": "-14.3% (2017 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Agricultural products": {
|
||
"text": "milk, wheat, cotton, tomatoes, potatoes, watermelons, grapes, sugar beet, beef, rice"
|
||
},
|
||
"Industries": {
|
||
"text": "natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing"
|
||
},
|
||
"Industrial production growth rate": {
|
||
"text": "1% (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Labor force": {
|
||
"text": "2.305 million (2013 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Labor force - by occupation": {
|
||
"agriculture": {
|
||
"text": "48.2%"
|
||
},
|
||
"industry": {
|
||
"text": "14%"
|
||
},
|
||
"services": {
|
||
"text": "37.8% (2004 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Unemployment rate": {
|
||
"Unemployment rate 2014": {
|
||
"text": "11% (2014 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Unemployment rate 2013": {
|
||
"text": "10.6% (2013)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Population below poverty line": {
|
||
"text": "0.2% (2012 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
|
||
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 1998": {
|
||
"text": "40.8 (1998)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
|
||
"lowest 10%": {
|
||
"text": "2.6%"
|
||
},
|
||
"highest 10%": {
|
||
"text": "31.7% (1998)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Budget": {
|
||
"revenues": {
|
||
"text": "5.657 billion (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"expenditures": {
|
||
"text": "6.714 billion (2017 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Taxes and other revenues": {
|
||
"text": "14.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
|
||
"text": "-2.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Public debt": {
|
||
"Public debt 2017": {
|
||
"text": "28.8% of GDP (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Public debt 2016": {
|
||
"text": "24.1% of GDP (2016 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Fiscal year": {
|
||
"text": "calendar year"
|
||
},
|
||
"Current account balance": {
|
||
"Current account balance 2017": {
|
||
"text": "-$4.359 billion (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Current account balance 2016": {
|
||
"text": "-$7.207 billion (2016 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Exports": {
|
||
"Exports 2017": {
|
||
"text": "$7.458 billion (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Exports 2016": {
|
||
"text": "$6.987 billion (2016 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Exports - partners": {
|
||
"text": "China 82% (2019)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Exports - commodities": {
|
||
"text": "natural gas, refined petroleum, crude petroleum, cotton fibers, fertilizers (2019)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Imports": {
|
||
"Imports 2017": {
|
||
"text": "$4.571 billion (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Imports 2016": {
|
||
"text": "$5.215 billion (2016 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Imports - partners": {
|
||
"text": "Turkey 25%, Russia 18%, China 14%, Germany 6% (2019)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Imports - commodities": {
|
||
"text": "iron products, harvesting machinery, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, tractors (2019)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
|
||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
|
||
"text": "$24.91 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
|
||
"text": "$25.05 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Debt - external": {
|
||
"Debt - external 31 December 2017": {
|
||
"text": "$539.4 million (31 December 2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Debt - external 31 December 2016": {
|
||
"text": "$425.3 million (31 December 2016 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Exchange rates": {
|
||
"currency": {
|
||
"text": "Turkmenistani manat (TMM) per US dollar -"
|
||
},
|
||
"Exchange rates 2017": {
|
||
"text": "4.125 (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Exchange rates 2016": {
|
||
"text": "3.5 (2016 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Exchange rates 2015": {
|
||
"text": "3.5 (2015 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Exchange rates 2014": {
|
||
"text": "3.5 (2014 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Exchange rates 2013": {
|
||
"text": "2.85 (2013 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Energy": {
|
||
"Electricity access": {
|
||
"electrification - total population": {
|
||
"text": "100% (2020)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Electricity - production": {
|
||
"text": "21.18 billion kWh (2016 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Electricity - consumption": {
|
||
"text": "15.09 billion kWh (2016 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Electricity - exports": {
|
||
"text": "3.201 billion kWh (2015 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Electricity - imports": {
|
||
"text": "0 kWh (2016 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
|
||
"text": "4.001 million kW (2016 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
|
||
"text": "100% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
|
||
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
|
||
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
|
||
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Crude oil - production": {
|
||
"text": "244,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Crude oil - exports": {
|
||
"text": "67,790 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Crude oil - imports": {
|
||
"text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Crude oil - proved reserves": {
|
||
"text": "600 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Refined petroleum products - production": {
|
||
"text": "191,100 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Refined petroleum products - consumption": {
|
||
"text": "160,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Refined petroleum products - exports": {
|
||
"text": "53,780 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Refined petroleum products - imports": {
|
||
"text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Natural gas - production": {
|
||
"text": "77.45 billion cu m (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Natural gas - consumption": {
|
||
"text": "39.31 billion cu m (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Natural gas - exports": {
|
||
"text": "38.14 billion cu m (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Natural gas - imports": {
|
||
"text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Natural gas - proved reserves": {
|
||
"text": "7.504 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Communications": {
|
||
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
|
||
"total subscriptions": {
|
||
"text": "648,223"
|
||
},
|
||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||
"text": "11.85 (2019 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
|
||
"total subscriptions": {
|
||
"text": "8,908,821"
|
||
},
|
||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||
"text": "162.86 (2019 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Telecommunication systems": {
|
||
"general assessment": {
|
||
"text": "<p>stagnant economy, rural geography, and authoritarian rule limit development of the telecom sector; in cooperation with Russian-based partners, operators have installed high-speed fiber-optic lines and upgraded most of the country's telephone switch centers with digital technology; some rural areas lack fixed-line coverage; mobile broadband is in the early stages of development; services are extremely slow, though Trans-Caspian cable will provide international Internet capacity and improvement in services; freedom of press and expression restricted through monitoring, media interruption, and removal of receivers from households; importer of broadcasting equipment from UAE (2021)</p> (2020)"
|
||
},
|
||
"domestic": {
|
||
"text": "fixed-line 12 per 100 and mobile-cellular teledensity is about 163 per 100 persons; first telecommunication satellite was launched in 2015 (2019)"
|
||
},
|
||
"international": {
|
||
"text": "country code - 993; linked by fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; an exchange in Ashgabat switches international traffic through Turkey via Intelsat; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 Intelsat (2018)"
|
||
},
|
||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments"
|
||
},
|
||
"Broadcast media": {
|
||
"text": "broadcast media is government controlled and censored; 7 state-owned TV and 4 state-owned radio networks; satellite dishes and programming provide an alternative to the state-run media; officials sometimes limit access to satellite TV by removing satellite dishes"
|
||
},
|
||
"Internet country code": {
|
||
"text": ".tm"
|
||
},
|
||
"Internet users": {
|
||
"total": {
|
||
"text": "1,149,840"
|
||
},
|
||
"percent of population": {
|
||
"text": "21.25% (July 2018 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
|
||
"total": {
|
||
"text": "4,000"
|
||
},
|
||
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
|
||
"text": "less than 1 (2017 est.)"
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Transportation": {
|
||
"National air transport system": {
|
||
"number of registered air carriers": {
|
||
"text": "1 (2020)"
|
||
},
|
||
"inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
|
||
"text": "27"
|
||
},
|
||
"annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||
"text": "2,457,474 (2018)"
|
||
},
|
||
"annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
|
||
"text": "16.92 million mt-km (2018)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
|
||
"text": "EZ"
|
||
},
|
||
"Airports": {
|
||
"total": {
|
||
"text": "26 (2013)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Airports - with paved runways": {
|
||
"total": {
|
||
"text": "21 (2013)"
|
||
},
|
||
"over 3,047 m": {
|
||
"text": "1 (2013)"
|
||
},
|
||
"2,438 to 3,047 m": {
|
||
"text": "9 (2013)"
|
||
},
|
||
"1,524 to 2,437 m": {
|
||
"text": "9 (2013)"
|
||
},
|
||
"914 to 1,523 m": {
|
||
"text": "2 (2013)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Airports - with unpaved runways": {
|
||
"total": {
|
||
"text": "5 (2013)"
|
||
},
|
||
"1,524 to 2,437 m": {
|
||
"text": "1 (2013)"
|
||
},
|
||
"under 914 m": {
|
||
"text": "4 (2013)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Heliports": {
|
||
"text": "1 (2013)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Pipelines": {
|
||
"text": "7500 km gas, 1501 km oil (2013)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Railways": {
|
||
"total": {
|
||
"text": "5,113 km (2017)"
|
||
},
|
||
"broad gauge": {
|
||
"text": "5,113 km 1.520-m gauge (2017)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Roadways": {
|
||
"total": {
|
||
"text": "58,592 km (2002)"
|
||
},
|
||
"paved": {
|
||
"text": "47,577 km (2002)"
|
||
},
|
||
"unpaved": {
|
||
"text": "11,015 km (2002)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Waterways": {
|
||
"text": "1,300 km (Amu Darya River and Kara Kum Canal are important inland waterways) (2011)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Merchant marine": {
|
||
"total": {
|
||
"text": "68"
|
||
},
|
||
"by type": {
|
||
"text": "general cargo 6, oil tanker 8, other 54 (2020)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Ports and terminals": {
|
||
"major seaport(s)": {
|
||
"text": "Caspian Sea - Turkmenbasy"
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Military and Security": {
|
||
"Military and security forces": {
|
||
"text": "Armed Forces of Turkmenistan: National Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces; Federal Border Guard Service (2021)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Military expenditures": {
|
||
"Military Expenditures 2017": {
|
||
"text": "1.8% of GDP (2017)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Military Expenditures 2016": {
|
||
"text": "1.7% of GDP (2016)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Military Expenditures 2015": {
|
||
"text": "1.5% of GDP (2015)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Military Expenditures 2014": {
|
||
"text": "1.3% of GDP (2014)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Military Expenditures 2013": {
|
||
"text": "1.2% of GDP (2013)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
|
||
"text": "information varies; estimated 35,000 active troops (est. 30,000 National Army; 1,000 Navy; 4,000 Air and Air Defense Forces) (2020)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
|
||
"text": "the inventory for Turkmenistan's military is comprised almost entirely of older Russian and Soviet-era weapons systems, although in recent years, Turkmenistan has opened itself up to equipment from other countries; since 2010, China, Russia, and Turkey are the leading arms suppliers to Turkmenistan (2020)"
|
||
},
|
||
"Military service age and obligation": {
|
||
"text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory male military service; 2-year conscript service obligation; 20 years of age for voluntary service; males may enroll in military schools from age 15 (2019)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Transnational Issues": {
|
||
"Disputes - international": {
|
||
"text": "<p>cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2005; bilateral talks continue with Azerbaijan on dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in the middle of the Caspian</p>"
|
||
},
|
||
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
|
||
"stateless persons": {
|
||
"text": "3,924 (2020)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Trafficking in persons": {
|
||
"current situation": {
|
||
"text": "Turkmenistan is a source, and to a much lesser degree, destination country for men, women, and children who are subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; Turkmen in search of work in other countries are forced to work in textile sweatshops, construction, and domestic service; some Turkmen women and girls are sex trafficked abroad; Turkey is the primary trafficking destination, followed by Russia, India, and other countries in the Middle East, South and Central Asia, and Europe; labor trafficking occurs within Turkmenistan, particularly in the construction industry; government officials require employees in private sector institutions, soldiers, and public sector workers to pick cotton without payment under the threat of penalty, such as dismissal, reduced work hours, or salary deductions to meet government-imposed quotas for the cotton harvest"
|
||
},
|
||
"tier rating": {
|
||
"text": "Tier 3 — Turkmenistan does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; the government approved the 2020-2022 national action plan, continued anti-trafficking awareness campaigns, worked with international organizations on combating trafficking, provided training to its diplomatic corps on human trafficking, and identified potential trafficking victims at the international airport; however, the government used forced labor in the cotton harvest and public works projects; no officials were held accountable for their role in trafficking crimes; authorities did not prosecute or convict any traffickers; no victims were identified and offered protection or assistance programs (2020)"
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
"Illicit drugs": {
|
||
"text": "transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and Western European markets; transit point for heroin precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan"
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
} |