factbook.json/south-asia/mv.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>A sultanate since the 12th century, the Maldives became a British protectorate in 1887. The islands became a republic in 1968, three years after independence. President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM dominated Maldives' political scene for 30 years, elected to six successive terms by single-party referendums. Following political demonstrations in the capital Male in August 2003, GAYOOM and his government pledged to embark upon a process of liberalization and democratic reforms, including a more representative political system and expanded political freedoms. Political parties were legalized in 2005.</p> <p>In June 2008, a constituent assembly - termed the \"Special Majlis\" - finalized a new constitution ratified by GAYOOM in August 2008. The first-ever presidential elections under a multi-candidate, multi-party system were held in October 2008. GAYOOM was defeated in a runoff poll by Mohamed NASHEED, a political activist who had been jailed several years earlier by the GAYOOM regime. In early February 2012, after several weeks of street protests in response to his ordering the arrest of a top judge, NASHEED purportedly resigned the presidency and handed over power to Vice President Mohammed WAHEED Hassan Maniku. A government-appointed Commission of National Inquiry concluded there was no evidence of a coup, but NASHEED contends that police and military personnel forced him to resign. NASHEED, WAHEED, and Abdulla YAMEEN Abdul Gayoom ran in the 2013 elections with YAMEEN ultimately winning the presidency after three rounds of voting. As president, YAMEEN weakened democratic institutions, curtailed civil liberties, jailed his political opponents, restricted the press, and exerted control over the judiciary to strengthen his hold on power and limit dissent. In September 2018, YAMEEN lost his reelection bid to Ibrahim Mohamed SOLIH, a parliamentarian of the Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP), who had the support of a coalition of four parties that came together to defeat YAMEEN and restore democratic norms to Maldives. In April 2019, SOLIH's MDP won 65 of 87 seats in parliament.</p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Southern Asia, group of atolls in the Indian Ocean, south-southwest of India"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "3 15 N, 73 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Asia"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "298 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "298 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "0 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "about 1.7 times the size of Washington, DC"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "644 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      },
      "note": "measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "flat, with white sandy beaches"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "8th tee, golf course, Villingi Island 5 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "2 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "fish"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "23.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 10% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 10% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 3.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "73.7% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "0 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "about a third of the population lives in the centrally located capital city of Male and almost a tenth in southern Addu City; the remainder of the populace is spread over the 200 or so populated islands of the archipelago"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "tsunamis; low elevation of islands makes them sensitive to sea level rise"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "smallest Asian country; archipelago of 1,190 coral islands grouped into 26 atolls (200 inhabited islands, plus 80 islands with tourist resorts); strategic location astride and along major sea lanes in Indian Ocean"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "390,669 (July 2021 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Maldivian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Maldivian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "homogeneous mixture of Sinhalese, Dravidian, Arab, Australasian, and African resulting from historical changes in regional hegemony over marine trade routes"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "Dhivehi (official, dialect of Sinhala, script derived from Arabic), English (spoken by most government officials)"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Sunni Muslim (official)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "22.13% (male 44,260/female 42,477)"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "17.24% (male 37,826/female 29,745)"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "48.91% (male 104,217/female 87,465)"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "6.91% (male 12,942/female 14,123)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "4.81% (male 8,417/female 10,432) (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "30.2"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "25.5"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "4.7"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "21.4 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "29.5 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "29.2 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "30 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "-0.12% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "15.54 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "4.15 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-12.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "about a third of the population lives in the centrally located capital city of Male and almost a tenth in southern Addu City; the remainder of the populace is spread over the 200 or so populated islands of the archipelago"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "41.5% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "2.34% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "177,000 MALE (capital) (2018)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "1.27 male(s)/female"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "1.19 male(s)/female"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "0.92 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.81 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "1.13 male(s)/female (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "24.5 years (2009 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> median age at first birth among women 25-29"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "53 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "26.4 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "29.53 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "23.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "76.69 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "74.31 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "79.18 years (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.71 children born/woman (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "18.8% (2016/17)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.6% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.4% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current Health Expenditure": {
      "text": "8% (2019)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "4.56 physicians/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "4.3 beds/1,000 population"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 99.1% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.5% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "8.6% (2016)"
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "14.8% (2016/17)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "4.1% of GDP (2019)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "97.7%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "97.3%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "98.1% (2016)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "13 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "12 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "14 years (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "15.5%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "18.5%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "11.7% (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "depletion of freshwater aquifers threatens water supplies; inadequate sewage treatment; coral reef bleaching"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "7.63 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "1.44 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "0.14 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "23.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 10% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 10% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 3.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "73.7% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "41.5% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "2.34% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "forest revenues": {
        "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "coal revenues": {
        "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "211,506 tons (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "5.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "300,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "30 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Maldives"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Maldives"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Dhivehi Raajjeyge Jumhooriyyaa"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Dhivehi Raajje"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "archipelago apparently named after the main island (and capital) of Male; the word \"Maldives\" means \"the islands (dives) of Male\"; alternatively, the name may derive from the Sanskrit word \"maladvipa\" meaning \"garland of islands\"; Dhivehi Raajje in Dhivehi means \"Kingdom of the Dhivehi people\""
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Male"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "4 10 N, 73 30 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "derived from the Sanskrit word \"mahaalay\" meaning \"big house\""
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "21 administrative atolls (atholhuthah, singular - atholhu); Addu (Addu City), Ariatholhu Dhekunuburi (South Ari Atoll), Ariatholhu Uthuruburi (North Ari Atoll), Faadhippolhu, Felidhuatholhu (Felidhu Atoll), Fuvammulah, Hahdhunmathi, Huvadhuatholhu Dhekunuburi (South Huvadhu Atoll), Huvadhuatholhu Uthuruburi (North Huvadhu Atoll), Kolhumadulu, Maale (Male), Maaleatholhu (Male Atoll), Maalhosmadulu Dhekunuburi (South Maalhosmadulu), Maalhosmadulu Uthuruburi (North Maalhosmadulu), Miladhunmadulu Dhekunuburi (South Miladhunmadulu), Miladhunmadulu Uthuruburi (North Miladhunmadulu), Mulakatholhu (Mulaku Atoll), Nilandheatholhu Dhekunuburi (South Nilandhe Atoll), Nilandheatholhu Uthuruburi (North Nilandhe Atoll), Thiladhunmathee Dhekunuburi (South Thiladhunmathi), Thiladhunmathee Uthuruburi (North Thiladhunmathi)"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "26 July 1965 (from the UK)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 26 July (1965)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "many previous; latest ratified 7 August 2008"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by Parliament; passage requires at least three-quarters majority vote by its membership and the signature of the president of the republic; passage of amendments to constitutional articles on rights and freedoms and the terms of office of Parliament and of the president also requires a majority vote in a referendum; amended 2015"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "Islamic (sharia) legal system with English common law influences, primarily in commercial matters"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Maldives"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "unknown"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Ibrahim \"Ibu\" Mohamed SOLIH (since 17 November 2018); Vice President&nbsp;Faisal NASEEM (since 17 November 2018); the president is both chief of state and head of government"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "President Ibrahim Mohamed SOLIH (since 17 November 2018); Vice President&nbsp;Faisal NASEEM (since 17&nbsp;November 2018)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by Parliament"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 23 September 2018 (next to be held in 2023)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "Ibrahim Mohamed SOLIH elected president (in 1 round); Ibrahim Mohamed SOLIH (MDP) 58.3%, Abdulla YAMEEN Abdul Gayoom (PPM) 41.7%"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral Parliament or People's Majlis (87 seats - includes 2 seats added by the Elections Commission in late 2018; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on&nbsp;6 April 2019&nbsp;(next to be held in 2023)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote - MDP 44.7%, JP 10.8%, PPM 8.7%, PNC 6.4%, MDA 2.8%, other 5.6%, independent 21%; seats by party - MDP 65, JP 5, PPM 5, PNC 3, MDA 2, independent 7; composition - men 83, women 4, percent of women 4.6%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest courts": {
        "text": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and 4-6 justices; note - 3 justices as of late 2019)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president in consultation with the Judicial Service Commission - a 10-member body of selected high government officials and the public - and upon confirmation by voting members of the People's Majlis; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "High Court; Criminal, Civil, Family, Juvenile, and Drug Courts; Magistrate Courts (on each of the inhabited islands)"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "<p>Adhaalath (Justice) Party or AP [Sheikh Imran ABDULLA]<br>Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party or DRP [Abdulla JABIR]<br>Maldives Development Alliance or MDA [Ahmed Shiyam MOHAMED]<br>Maldivian Democratic Party or MDP [Mohamed NASHEED]<br>Maldives Labor and Social Democratic Party or MLSDP [Ahmed SHIHAM]<br>Maldives Thirdway Democrats or MTD [Ahmed ADEEB]<br>Maumoon/Maldives Reform Movement or MRM [Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM]<br>National Democratic Congress [Yousuf Maaniu] (formed in 2020)<br>People's National Congress or PNC [Abdul Raheem ABDULLA] (formed in early 2019)<br>Progressive Party of Maldives or PPM <br>Republican (Jumhooree) Party or JP [Qasim IBRAHIM]</p> (2020)"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ADB, AOSIS, C, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "<p>Maldives has no embassy in the US, but its Permanent Representative to the UN in New York, THILMEEZA Hussain (since 8 July 2019), is accredited to the US</p> (2020)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "801 Second Avenue, Suite 202E, New York, NY 10017"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (212) 599-6194; [1] (212) 599-6195"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (212) 661-6405"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>info@maldivesmission.com<br><br>http://www.maldivesmission.com/"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "embassy": {
        "text": "the US does not have an embassy in Maldives; US Ambassador to Sri Lanka and Maldives, Alaina TEPLITZ (since 1 November 2018), is accredited to both countries"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a vertical white crescent moon; the closed side of the crescent is on the hoist side of the flag; red recalls those who have sacrificed their lives in defense of their country, the green rectangle represents peace and prosperity, and the white crescent signifies Islam"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "coconut palm, yellowfin tuna; national colors: red, green, white"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Gaumee Salaam\" (National Salute)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Mohamed Jameel DIDI/Wannakuwattawaduge DON AMARADEVA"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> lyrics adopted 1948, music adopted 1972; between 1948 and 1972, the lyrics were sung to the tune of \"Auld Lang Syne\""
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "<p>Maldives has quickly become a middle-income country, driven by the rapid growth of its tourism and fisheries sectors, but the country still contends with a large and growing fiscal deficit. Infrastructure projects, largely funded by China, could add significantly to debt levels. Political turmoil and the declaration of a state of emergency in February 2018 led to the issuance of travel warnings by several countries whose citizens visit Maldives in significant numbers, but the overall impact on tourism revenue was unclear.</p><p></p><p>In 2015, Maldives’ Parliament passed a constitutional amendment legalizing foreign ownership of land; foreign land-buyers must reclaim at least 70% of the desired land from the ocean and invest at least $1 billion in a construction project approved by Parliament.</p><p></p><p>Diversifying the economy beyond tourism and fishing, reforming public finance, increasing employment opportunities, and combating corruption, cronyism, and a growing drug problem are near-term challenges facing the government. Over the longer term, Maldivian authorities worry about the impact of erosion and possible global warming on their low-lying country; 80% of the area is 1 meter or less above sea level.</p>"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$7.05 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$10.37 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
        "text": "$9.69 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
        "text": "4.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2016": {
        "text": "4.5% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
        "text": "2.2% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$13,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$19,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2018": {
        "text": "$18,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$4.505 billion (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
        "text": "2.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016": {
        "text": "0.8% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "CCC (2020)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "B3 (2020)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "3% (2015 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "16% (2015 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "81% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "NA (2016 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "NA (2016 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "NA (2016 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "NA (2016 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "93.6% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "89% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "papayas, vegetables, roots/tubers nes, nuts, fruit, other meat, tomatoes, coconuts, bananas, maize"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "tourism, fish processing, shipping, boat building, coconut processing, woven mats, rope, handicrafts, coral and sand mining"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "14% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "222,200 (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "7.7%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "22.8%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "69.5% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2017": {
        "text": "2.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2016": {
        "text": "3.2% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "15.5%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "18.5%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "11.7% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "8.2% (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": {
        "text": "31.3 (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2004": {
        "text": "37.4 (2004 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "1.2%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "33.3% (FY09/10)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "1.19 billion (2016 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "1.643 billion (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-10.1% (of GDP) (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "63.9% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "61.7% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "26.4% (of GDP) (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2017": {
        "text": "-$876 million (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2016": {
        "text": "-$1.033 billion (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$3.72 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2018": {
        "text": "$3.58 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Thailand 24%, United States 13%, China 12%, France 11%, Germany 11%, Italy 5%, United Kingdom 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "fish products, natural gas, scrap iron, jewelry, liquid pumps (2019)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$4.09 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2018": {
        "text": "$4.1 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "United Arab Emirates 24%, China 16%, Singapore 14%, India 11%, Malaysia 6%, Thailand 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, fruits, furniture, broadcasting equipment, lumber (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$477.9 million (31 December 2016 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2015": {
        "text": "$575.8 million (31 December 2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$848.8 million (31 December 2016 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 31 December 2015": {
        "text": "$696.2 million (31 December 2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "currency": {
        "text": "rufiyaa (MVR) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "15.42 (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2016": {
        "text": "15.35 (2016 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity - production": {
      "text": "402 million kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - consumption": {
      "text": "373.9 million kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - exports": {
      "text": "0 kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - imports": {
      "text": "0 kWh (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
      "text": "278,000 kW (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
      "text": "96% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
      "text": "4% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - imports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - proved reserves": {
      "text": "0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - consumption": {
      "text": "11,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "10,840 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - production": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - consumption": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - exports": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - imports": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - proved reserves": {
      "text": "0 cu m (1 January 2016 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "14,508 (2020)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "2.68 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "717,708 (2020)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "132.8 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "upgrades to telecom infrastructure extended to outer islands; two mobile operators extend LTE coverage; tourism has strengthened the telecom market with investment and accounts for the high mobile penetration rate; launched 5G tests (2020)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line is at nearly 3 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular subscriptions stands at nearly 133 per 100 persons (2020)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 960; landing points for Dhiraagu Cable Network, NaSCOM, Dhiraagu-SLT Submarine Cable Networks and WARF submarine cables providing connections to 8 points in Maldives, India, and Sri Lanka;&nbsp;satellite earth station - 3 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2019)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments"
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "state-owned radio and TV monopoly until recently;&nbsp;4 state-operated and 7 privately owned TV stations and 4 state-operated and 7 privately owned radio stations (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".mv"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "342,500 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "63.19% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "63,685 (2020)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "11.78 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "3 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "36"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1,147,247 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "7.75 million (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "8Q"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9 (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "2,438 to 3,047 m": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "4 (2017)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "2 (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "93 km (2018)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "93 km - 60 km in Male; 16 km on Addu Atolis; 17 km on Laamu (2018)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> island roads are mainly compacted coral"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "68"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 21, oil tanker 19, other 28 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Male"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "the Republic of Maldives has no distinct army, navy, or air force but a single security unit called the Maldives National Defence Force (MNDF) comprised of ground forces, an air element, a coastguard, a presidential security division, and a special protection group (2021)"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "text": "not available"
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "the Maldives National Defense Force (MNDF) has approximately 2,500 personnel (2021)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "India has provided most of the equipment in the MNDF's inventory (2021)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-28 years of age for voluntary service; no conscription; 10th grade or equivalent education required; must not be a member of a political party (2021)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the MNDF is primarily tasked to reinforce the Maldives Police Service (MPS) and ensure security in the country's exclusive economic zone (2021)"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) (2020)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>none</p>"
    },
    "Trafficking in persons": {
      "current situation": {
        "text": "Maldives is a destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking and a source country for Maldivian children subjected to human trafficking within the country; Bangladeshi and Indian migrants working both legally and illegally in the construction and service sectors face conditions of forced labor, including fraudulent recruitment, confiscation of identity and travel documents, nonpayment of wages, and debt bondage; a small number of women from Sri Lanka, Thailand, India, China, the Philippines, Bangladesh, Eastern Europe, and former Soviet states are trafficked to Maldives for sexual exploitation; some Maldivian children are transported to the capital for forced domestic service, where they may also be sexually abused"
      },
      "tier rating": {
        "text": "Tier 2 Watch List &mdash; Maldives does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; efforts included convicting two individuals for trafficking-related offenses, convening the National Anti-Trafficking Steering Committee for the first time in two years; drafting and finalizing a 2020-2022 national action plan; however, efforts to hold employers accountable for trafficking did not increase, non-payment of wages and of the retention of migrant workers&rsquo; passports continued; standard operating procedures for victim identification, protection, and referral were not adopted; insufficient resources were devoted to the national action plan; Maldives was granted a waiver per the Trafficking Victims Protection Act from an otherwise required downgrade to Tier 3 (2020)"
      }
    }
  }
}