factbook.json/europe/sw.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>A military power during the 17th century, Sweden has not participated in any war for two centuries. An armed neutrality was preserved in both World Wars. Since then, Sweden has pursued a successful economic formula consisting of a capitalist system intermixed with substantial welfare elements. Sweden joined the EU in 1995, but the public rejected the introduction of the euro in a 2003 referendum. The share of Sweden’s population born abroad increased from 11.3% in 2000 to 20% in 2021.</p> <p> </p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, Kattegat, and Skagerrak, between Finland and Norway"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "62 00 N, 15 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Europe"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "450,295 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "410,335 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "39,960 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "almost three times the size of Georgia; slightly larger than California"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,211 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Finland 545 km; Norway 1,666 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "3,218 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm (adjustments made to return a portion of straits to high seas)"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "agreed boundaries or midlines"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Kebnekaise South 2,100 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "reclaimed bay of Lake Hammarsjon, near Kristianstad -2.4 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "320 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, tungsten, uranium, arsenic, feldspar, timber, hydropower"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "7.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 6.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 1.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "68.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "23.8% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "1,640 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "Fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Vanern - 5,580 sq km; Vattern - 1,910 sq km; Malaren - 1,140 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "most Swedes live in the south where the climate is milder and there is better connectivity to mainland Europe; population clusters are found all along the Baltic coast in the east; the interior areas of the north remain sparsely populated"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "ice floes in the surrounding waters, especially in the Gulf of Bothnia, can interfere with maritime traffic"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "strategic location along Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas; Sweden has almost 100,000 lakes, the largest of which, Vanern, is the third largest in Europe"
    },
    "Map description": {
      "text": "<p>Sweden map showing major cities as well as parts of surrounding countries and the Baltic Sea.</p>"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "10,483,647 (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Swede(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Swedish"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "<p>Swedish 80.3%, Syrian 1.9%, Iraqi 1.4%, Finnish 1.4%, other 15%</p> (2020 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represent the population by country of birth; the indigenous Sami people are estimated to number between 20,000 and 40,000"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Swedish (official)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>The World Factbook, den obestridliga källan för grundläggande information. (Swedish)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Finnish, Sami, Romani, Yiddish, and Meankieli are official minority languages"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Church of Sweden (Lutheran) 57.6%, other (includes Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Baptist, Muslim, Jewish, and Buddhist) 8.9%, none or unspecified 33.5% (2019 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> estimates reflect registered members of faith communities eligible for state funding (not all religions are state-funded and not all people who identify with a particular religion are registered members) and the Church of Sweden"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "17.71% (male 928,413/female 878,028)"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "10.8% (male 569,082/female 532,492)"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "39.01% (male 2,016,991/female 1,962,617)"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "11.9% (male 610,521/female 603,795)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "20.59% (2020 est.) (male 974,410/female 1,126,142)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "61.2"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "28.4"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "32.8"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "3.1 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "41.1 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "40.1 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "42.1 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.5% (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "10.83 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "9.46 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "3.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "most Swedes live in the south where the climate is milder and there is better connectivity to mainland Europe; population clusters are found all along the Baltic coast in the east; the interior areas of the north remain sparsely populated"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "88.5% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.89% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "1.659 million STOCKHOLM (capital) (2022)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "1.1 male(s)/female"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "1.02 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.69 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "1.01 male(s)/female (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "29.7 years (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "4 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2.3 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "2.52 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "2.06 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "82.7 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "80.94 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "84.58 years (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.67 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "70.3% (2017)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> percent of women aged 16-49"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.8% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 99.7% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.8% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.2% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0.3% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.2% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "10.9% (2019)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "7.09 physicians/1,000 population (2019)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "2.1 beds/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "0.2% (2016 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
      "text": "11,000 (2016 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "20.6% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7.1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "2.6 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "3.4 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0.1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "24% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "29.8% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "18.2% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "7.6% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "19 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "18 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "21 years (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "24%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "25%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "22.8% (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "<p>marine pollution (Baltic Sea and North Sea); acid rain damage to soils and lakes; air pollution; inappropriate timber harvesting practices</p>"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "5.89 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "43.25 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "4.42 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "7.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 6.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 1.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "68.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "23.8% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "88.5% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.89% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "forest revenues": {
        "text": "0.21% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "coal revenues": {
        "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "4.377 million tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "1,416,835 tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "32.4% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "Fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Vanern - 5,580 sq km; Vattern - 1,910 sq km; Malaren - 1,140 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "955 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "1.345 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "75 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "174 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Kingdom of Sweden"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Sweden"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Konungariket Sverige"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Sverige"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "name ultimately derives from the North Germanic Svear tribe, which inhabited central Sweden and is first mentioned in the first centuries A.D."
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary constitutional monarchy"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Stockholm"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "59 20 N, 18 03 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "\"stock\" and \"holm\" literally mean \"log\" and \"islet\" in Swedish, but there is no consensus as to what the words refer to"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "21 counties (lan, singular and plural); Blekinge, Dalarna, Gavleborg, Gotland, Halland, Jamtland, Jonkoping, Kalmar, Kronoberg, Norrbotten, Orebro, Ostergotland, Skane, Sodermanland, Stockholm, Uppsala, Varmland, Vasterbotten, Vasternorrland, Vastmanland, Vastra Gotaland"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "6 June 1523 (Gustav VASA elected king of Sweden, marking the abolishment of the Kalmar Union between Denmark, Norway, and Sweden)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "National Day, 6 June (1983); note - from 1916 to 1982 this date was celebrated as Swedish Flag Day"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "Sweden has four fundamental laws which together make up the Constitution: The Instrument of Government (several previous; latest 1974); The Act of Succession (enacted 1810; changed in 1937 and 1980); The Freedom of the Press Act (many previous; latest in 1949); The Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression (adopted 1991)"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by Parliament; passage requires simple majority vote in two consecutive parliamentary terms with an intervening general election; passage also requires approval by simple majority vote in a referendum if Parliament approves a motion for a referendum by one third of its members; The Instrument of Government - amended several times, last in 2018; The Act of Succession - changed in 1937, 1980; The Freedom of the Press Act - amended several times, last in 2019; The Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression - amended several times, last in 2018"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system influenced by Roman-Germanic law and customary law"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "the father must be a citizen of Sweden; in the case of a child born out of wedlock, the mother must be a citizen of Sweden and the father unknown"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no, unless the other citizenship was acquired involuntarily"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 15 September 1973); Heir Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree (daughter of the monarch, born 14 July 1977)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Magdalena ANDERSSON (since 30 November 2021); resigned on 15 September 2022 but will remain in caretaker status until a new government is formed; Deputy Prime Minister Morgan JOHANSSON (since 10 September 2019)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet appointed by the prime minister"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually becomes the prime minister"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral Parliament or Riksdag (349 seats; 310 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by open party-list proportional representation vote and 39 members in \"at-large\" seats directly elected by open party-list proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on 11 September 2022"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote by party - SAP 30.3%, M 19.1%, SD 20.5%, C 6.7%, V 6.7%, KD 5.3%, L 4.6%, MP 5.1%, other 1.7%; seats by party - SAP 107, M 68, SD 73, C 24, V 24, KD 19, L 16, MP 18; composition as of mid-2022 - men 188, women 161, percent of women 46%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest courts": {
        "text": "Supreme Court of Sweden (consists of 16 justices, including the court chairman); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 18 justices, including the court president)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court justices nominated by the Judges Proposal Board, a 9-member nominating body consisting of high-level judges, prosecutors, and members of Parliament; justices appointed by the Government; following a probationary period, justices' appointments are permanent"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "first instance, appellate, general, and administrative courts; specialized courts that handle cases such as land and environment, immigration, labor, markets, and patents"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Center Party (Centerpartiet) or C [Annie LOOF resigned on 15 September 2022]<br>Christian Democrats (Kristdemokraterna) or KD [Ebba BUSCH]<br>Green Party (Miljopartiet de Grona) or MP [Marta STEVENI and Per BOLUND]<br>Left Party (Vansterpartiet) or V [Nooshi DADGOSTAR]<br>Liberal Party (Liberalerna) or L [Johan PEHRSON]<br>Moderate Party (Moderaterna) or M [Ulf KRISTERSSON]<br>Sweden Democrats (Sverigedemokraterna) or SD [Jimmie AKESSON]<br>Swedish Social Democratic Party (Socialdemokraterna) or SAP [Magdalena ANDERSSON]"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMISS, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UN Security Council (temporary), UNSOM, UNTSO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Karin Ulrika OLOFSDOTTER (since 8 September 2017)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2900 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20007"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 467-2600"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 467-2699"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>ambassaden.washington@gov.se<br><br>https://www.swedenabroad.se/en/embassies/usa-washington/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "New York"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Erik D. RAMANATHAN (since 20 January 2022)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Dag Hammarskjolds Vag 31, SE-115 89 Stockholm"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "5750 Stockholm Place, Washington, DC&nbsp; 20521-5750"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[46] (08) 783-53-00"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[46] (08) 661-19-64"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>STKACSinfo@state.gov<br><br>https://se.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "blue with a golden yellow cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors reflect those of the Swedish coat of arms - three gold crowns on a blue field"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "three crowns, lion; national colors: blue, yellow"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Du Gamla, Du Fria\" (Thou Ancient, Thou Free)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Richard DYBECK/traditional"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> in use since 1844; also known as \"Sang till Norden\" (Song of the North), is based on a Swedish folk tune; it has never been officially adopted by the government; \"Kungssangen\" (The King's Song) serves as the royal anthem and is played in the presence of the royal family and during certain state ceremonies"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "15 (13 cultural, 1 natural, 1 mixed)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Royal Domain of Drottningholm (c); Laponian Area (m); High Coast/Kvarken Archipelago (n); Birka and Hovg&aring;rden (c); Hanseatic Town of Visby (c); Church Town of Gammelstad, Lule&aring; (c); Naval Port of Karlskrona (c); Rock Carvings in Tanum (c); Engelsberg Ironworks (c); Mining Area of the Great Copper Mountain in Falun (c)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "<p>Sweden’s small, open, and competitive economy has been thriving and Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living with its combination of free-market capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. Sweden remains outside the euro zone largely out of concern that joining the European Economic and Monetary Union would diminish the country’s sovereignty over its welfare system.</p> <p> </p> <p>Timber, hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of a manufacturing economy that relies heavily on foreign trade. Exports, including engines and other machines, motor vehicles, and telecommunications equipment, account for more than 44% of GDP. Sweden enjoys a current account surplus of about 5% of GDP, which is one of the highest margins in Europe.</p> <p> </p> <p>GDP grew an estimated 3.3% in 2016 and 2017 driven largely by investment in the construction sector. Swedish economists expect economic growth to ease slightly in the coming years as this investment subsides. Global economic growth boosted exports of Swedish manufactures further, helping drive domestic economic growth in 2017. The Central Bank is keeping an eye on deflationary pressures and bank observers expect it to maintain an expansionary monetary policy in 2018. Swedish prices and wages have grown only slightly over the past few years, helping to support the country’s competitiveness.</p> <p> </p> <p>In the short and medium term, Sweden’s economic challenges include providing affordable housing and successfully integrating migrants into the labor market.</p>"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$524.75 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$539.96 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
        "text": "$532.67 billion (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
        "text": "1.29% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
        "text": "2.06% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
        "text": "2.82% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$50,700 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$52,500 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2018": {
        "text": "$52,300 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$531.35 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "1.7% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
        "text": "1.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
        "text": "1.7% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Fitch rating": {
        "text": "AAA (2004)"
      },
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Aaa (2002)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "AAA (2004)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "1.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "33% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "65.4% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "44.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "26% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "24.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "45.3% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-41.1% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "wheat, milk, sugar beet, barley, potatoes, oats, rapeseed, pork, rye, triticale"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehicles"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "4.1% (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "5.029 million (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "2%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "12%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "86% (2014 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "6.78% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2018": {
        "text": "6.33% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "24%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "25%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "22.8% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "17.1% (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
        "text": "28.8 (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 1992": {
        "text": "25 (1992)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "3.4%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "24% (2012)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "271.2 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "264.4 billion (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "1.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "40.8% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "42.3% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "50.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2019": {
        "text": "$22.339 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2018": {
        "text": "$13.902 billion (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2020": {
        "text": "$240.08 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$254.53 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2018": {
        "text": "$254.25 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 10%, Norway 9%, United States 8%, Denmark 7%, Finland 6%, United Kingdom 5%, Netherlands 5%, China 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, lumber (2019)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2020": {
        "text": "$217.68 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$232.81 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2018": {
        "text": "$241.53 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 18%, Netherlands 9%, Denmark 7%, Norway 7%, China 6%, Finland 5%, Belgium 5%, Poland 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "cars and vehicle parts, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, computers (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$62.22 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$59.39 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2019": {
        "text": "$911.317 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 2018": {
        "text": "$1,012,171,000,000 (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Swedish kronor (SEK) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "8.49085 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "9.52915 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2018": {
        "text": "9.01895 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2014": {
        "text": "8.4335 (2014 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2013": {
        "text": "6.8612 (2013 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "43.499 million kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "124.609 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "36.824 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "11.827 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "10.434 billion kWh (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "29.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "17.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "44.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "6.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "1.07 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "3.328 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "24,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "2.144 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "1 million metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "10,600 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "295,800 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "0 barrels/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "403,200 barrels/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "0 barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "413,200 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "371,100 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "229,600 bbl/day (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "1,275,785,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "34.886 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "1,310,671,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "48.144 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "7.38 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "38.406 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "2.359 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "210.882 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "1,478,610 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "15 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "12,895,900 (2019)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "128.49 (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Sweden&rsquo;s telecom market includes mature mobile and broadband sectors which have been stimulated by the progressive investment of the main telcos in developing new technologies; the country retains one of the best developed LTE infrastructures in the region, while its MNOs have benefited from the January 2021 auction of spectrum in the 3.5GHz band which will enable them to expand services nationally; the country also has one of the highest fiber broadband penetration rates in Europe; the focus of FttP is aimed at fulfilling the government&rsquo;s target of providing a 1Gb/s service to 98% of the population by 2025; the methodology to achieve this has rested on regulatory measures supported by public funds, as well as on the auction of spectrum in different bands; in the fixed-line broadband segment, the number of DSL subscribers is falling steadily as customers continue to migrate to fiber networks; there is also competition from HFC infrastructure, with the main cable company Com Hem, now owned by Tele2, offering fiber-based broadband and investing in services based on the DOCSIS3.1 standard; this report assesses key aspects of the Swedish telecom market, providing data on fixed network services and profiling the main players; it also reviews the key regulatory issues, including interconnection, local loop unbundling, number portability, carrier preselection and NGN open access; the report also analyses the mobile market, providing data on network operators and their strategies in a highly competitive environment; in addition, the report considers the fixed and fixed-wireless broadband markets, including analyses of market dynamics and the main operators, as well as providing subscriber forecasts. (2021)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line just over 16 per 100 and mobile-cellular roughly 128 per 100; coaxial and multiconductor cables carry most of the voice traffic; parallel microwave radio relay systems carry some additional telephone channels (2020)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 46; landing points for Botina, SFL, SFS-4, Baltic Sea Submarine Cable, Eastern Light, Sweden-Latvia, BCS North-Phase1, EE-S1, LV-SE1,&nbsp;BCS East-West Interlink, NordBalt, Baltica, Denmark-Sweden-15,-17,-18, Scandinavian Ring -North,-South, IP-Only Denmark-Sweden, Donica North,&nbsp;Kattegate-1,-2, Energinet Laeso-Varberg and GC2 submarine cables providing links to other Nordic countries and Europe; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Sweden shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Norway) (2019)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress towards 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services"
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "publicly owned TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial networks plus regional stations; multiple privately owned TV broadcasters operating nationally, regionally, and locally; about 50 local TV stations; widespread access to pan-Nordic and international broadcasters through multi-channel cable and satellite TV; publicly owned radio broadcaster operates 3 national stations and a network of 25 regional channels; roughly 100 privately owned local radio stations with some consolidating into near national networks; an estimated 900 community and neighborhood radio stations broadcast intermittently"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".se"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9,835,769 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "95% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4,179,574 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "41 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "11 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "316"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "SE"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "total": {
        "text": "231 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "149"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "3"
      },
      "2,438 to 3,047 m": {
        "text": "12"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "75"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "22"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "37 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "82"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "5"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "77 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "2 (2021)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "1626 km gas (2013)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "14,127 km (2016)"
      },
      "standard gauge": {
        "text": "14,062 km (2016) 1.435-m gauge (12,322 km electrified)"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "65 km (2016) 0.891-m gauge (65 km electrified)"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "573,134 km (2016) (includes 2,050 km of expressways)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "140,100 km (2016)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "433,034 km (2016)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> includes 98,500 km of state roads, 433,034 km of private roads, and 41,600 km of municipal roads"
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "2,052 km (2010)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "370"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 49, oil tanker 22, other 299 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Brofjorden, Goteborg, Helsingborg, Karlshamn, Lulea, Malmo, Stockholm, Trelleborg, Visby"
      },
      "LNG terminal(s) (import)": {
        "text": "Brunnsviksholme, Lysekil"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Swedish Armed Forces (Forsvarsmakten): Army, Navy, Air Force, Home Guard (2022)"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "1.3% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "1.2% of GDP (2020)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "1.1% of GDP (2019) (approximately $6.78 billion)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "1% of GDP (2018) (approximately $6.26 billion)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2017": {
        "text": "1% of GDP (2017) (approximately $6.04 billion)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 15,000 continuous service/full-time troops (7,000 Army; 3,000 Navy; 3,000 Air Force; 2,000 other, including staff, logistics, support, medical, cyber, intelligence, etc); approximately 21,000 Home Guard; approximately 12,000 temporary service personnel (2022)",
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>Swedish Armed Forces' (SAF) personnel are divided into continuously serving (full-time) and temporary service troops (part-timers who serve periodically and have another main employer or attend school); additional personnel have signed service agreements with the SAF and mostly serve in the Home Guard; the SAF also has about 9,000 civilian employees"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the inventory of the SAF is comprised of domestically-produced and imported Western weapons systems; since 2010, the US is the leading supplier of military hardware to Sweden; Sweden's defense industry produces a range of air, land, and naval systems (2021)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-47 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; service obligation: 7.5 months (Army), 7-15 months (Navy), 8-12 months (Air Force); after completing initial service, soldiers have a reserve commitment until age 47; compulsory military service, abolished in 2010, was reinstated in January 2018; conscription is selective, includes both men and women (age 18), and requires 9-12 months of service (2021)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>Sweden conscripts about 5,500 men and women each year<br><br><strong>note 2: </strong>as of 2021, women made up about 11% of the military's full-time personnel"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "approximately 200 Mali (MINUSMA) (2022)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "Sweden maintains a policy of military non-alignment, but cooperates with NATO and regional countries; it joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace program in 1994 and has contributed to NATO-led missions, including those in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Kosovo; Sweden applied for NATO membership in May 2022<br><br>the Swedish military cooperates closely with the military forces of other Nordic countries through the Nordic Defense Cooperation (NORDEFCO), which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden; areas of cooperation include armaments, education, human resources, training and exercises, and operations; NORDEFCO was established in 2009<br><br>Sweden is a signatory of the EU’s Common Security and Defense Policy and contributes to CSDP missions and operations (2022)"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>none identified</p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "114,995 (Syria), 28,744 (Afghanistan), 26,911 (Eritrea), 11,574 (Somalia), 11,153 (Iraq), 7,516 (Iran) (2020); 46,938 (Ukraine) (as of 13 September 2022)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "50,098 (mid-year 2021); note - the majority of stateless people are from the Middle East and Somalia"
      }
    }
  }
}