factbook.json/africa/uv.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>Many of Burkina Faso’s ethnic groups arrived in the region between the 12th and 15th centuries. The Gurma and Mossi peoples established several of the largest kingdoms in the area and used horse-mounted warriors in military campaigns. Of the various Mossi kingdoms, the most powerful were Ouagadougou and Yatenga. In the late 19th century, European states competed for control of the region. France eventually conquered the area and established it as a French protectorate.</p> The area achieved independence from France in 1960 and changed its name to Burkina Faso in 1984. Repeated military coups were common in the country’s first few decades. The last successful coup occurred in 1987 when Blaise COMPAORE deposed the former president, established a government, and ruled for 27 years. In October 2014, COMPAORE resigned following protests against his repeated efforts to amend the constitution's two-term presidential limit. An interim administration led a year-long transition period organizing presidential and legislative elections. In November 2015, Roch Marc Christian KABORE was elected president; he was reelected in November 2020.<br><br>Terrorist groups - including groups affiliated with Al-Qa’ida and the Islamic State - began attacks in the country in 2016 and conducted attacks in the capital in 2016, 2017, and 2018. By late 2021, insecurity in Burkina Faso had displaced 1.4 million people and led to significant jumps in humanitarian needs and food insecurity. In addition to terrorism, the country faces a myriad of problems including high population growth, recurring drought, pervasive and perennial food insecurity, and limited natural resources. It is one of the world’s poorest countries.<br> <p> </p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Western Africa, north of Ghana"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "13 00 N, 2 00 W"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Africa"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "274,200 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "273,800 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "400 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly larger than Colorado"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3,611 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Benin 386 km; Cote d'Ivoire 545 km; Ghana 602 km; Mali 1325 km; Niger 622 km; Togo 131 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "0 km (landlocked)"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "text": "none (landlocked)"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "<p>three climate zones including a hot tropical savanna with a short rainy season in the southern half, a tropical hot semi-arid steppe climate typical of the Sahel region in the northern half, and small area of hot desert in the very north of the country bordering the Sahara Desert</p>"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in the west and southeast; occupies an extensive plateau with savanna that is grassy in the north and gradually gives way to sparse forests in the south"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Tena Kourou 749 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Mouhoun (Black Volta) River 200 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "297 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "gold, manganese, zinc, limestone, marble, phosphates, pumice, salt"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "44.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 22% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 37% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 21.93% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "19.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "36.5% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "550 sq km (2016)"
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Volta river source (shared with Ghana [m]) - 1,600 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km), Volta (410,991 sq km)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": " <p>Most of the population is located in the center and south. Nearly one-third of the population lives in cities. The capital and largest city is Ouagadougou (Ouaga), with a population of 1.8 million as shown in this population distribution map</p>  (2019)"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "recurring droughts"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "landlocked savanna cut by the three principal rivers of the Black, Red, and White Voltas"
    },
    "Map description": {
      "text": "<p>Burkina Faso map showing major cities as well as parts of surrounding countries.</p>"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "21,935,389 (2022 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Burkinabe (singular and plural)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Burkinabe"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Mossi 52%, Fulani 8.4%, Gurma 7%, Bobo 4.9%, Gurunsi 4.6%, Senufo 4.5%, Bissa 3.7%, Lobi 2.4%, Dagara 2.4%, Tuareg/Bella 1.9%, Dioula 0.8%, unspecified/no answer 0.3%, other 7.2% (2010 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "French (official), native African languages belonging to Sudanic family spoken by 90% of the population"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Muslim 63.2%, Roman Catholic 24.6%, Protestant 6.9%, traditional/animist 4.2%, none 0.7%, unspecified 0.4% (2017-18 est.)"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>Burkina Faso has a young age structure – the result of declining mortality combined with steady high fertility – and continues to experience rapid population growth, which is putting increasing pressure on the country’s limited arable land. More than 65% of the population is under the age of 25, and the population is growing at 3% annually. Mortality rates, especially those of infants and children, have decreased because of improved health care, hygiene, and sanitation, but women continue to have an average of almost 6 children. Even if fertility were substantially reduced, today’s large cohort entering their reproductive years would sustain high population growth for the foreseeable future. Only about a third of the population is literate and unemployment is widespread, dampening the economic prospects of Burkina Faso’s large working-age population.</p> <p>Migration has traditionally been a way of life for Burkinabe, with seasonal migration being replaced by stints of up to two years abroad. Cote d’Ivoire remains the top destination, although it has experienced periods of internal conflict. Under French colonization, Burkina Faso became a main labor source for agricultural and factory work in Cote d’Ivoire. Burkinabe also migrated to Ghana, Mali, and Senegal for work between the world wars. Burkina Faso attracts migrants from Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, and Mali, who often share common ethnic backgrounds with the Burkinabe. Despite its food shortages and high poverty rate, Burkina Faso has become a destination for refugees in recent years and hosts about 33,500 Malians as of May 2017.</p> (2018)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "43.58% (male 4,606,350/female 4,473,951)"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "20.33% (male 2,121,012/female 2,114,213)"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "29.36% (male 2,850,621/female 3,265,926)"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "3.57% (male 321,417/female 423,016)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "3.16% (2020 est.) (male 284,838/female 374,057)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "87.9"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "83.4"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "4.5"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "22.1 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "17.9 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "17 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "18.7 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "2.53% (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "33.57 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "7.71 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-0.61 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": " <p>Most of the population is located in the center and south. Nearly one-third of the population lives in cities. The capital and largest city is Ouagadougou (Ouaga), with a population of 1.8 million as shown in this population distribution map</p>  (2019)"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "31.9% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "4.75% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "3.056 million OUAGADOUGOU (capital), 1.074 million Bobo-Dioulasso (2022)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "0.86 male(s)/female"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "0.75 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.66 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "19.4 years (2010 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> median age at first birth among women 25-29"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "320 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "49.42 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "53.7 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "45.02 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "63.44 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "61.63 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "65.31 years (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "4.27 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "30.1% (2020)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 94.7% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 71.3% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 78.5% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 5.3% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 28.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 21.5% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "5.5% (2019)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "0.09 physicians/1,000 population (2019)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "0.4 beds/1,000 population"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 90.8% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 37.7% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 54% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 9.2% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 62.3% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 46% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "0.7% (2020 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
      "text": "97,000 (2020 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
      "text": "3,300 (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "very high (2020)"
      },
      "food or waterborne diseases": {
        "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "dengue fever and&nbsp;malaria"
      },
      "water contact diseases": {
        "text": "schistosomiasis"
      },
      "animal contact diseases": {
        "text": "rabies"
      },
      "respiratory diseases": {
        "text": "meningococcal meningitis"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Burkina Faso is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and <em>that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus</em>; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, the CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine"
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "5.6% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7.28 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.08 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.31 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "5.88 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "14.3% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "22.1% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "6.4% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "16.4% (2019)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "5.8% of GDP (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "39.3%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "49.2%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "31% (2018)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "9 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "9 years (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "8.6%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "8.9%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "8.4% (2019)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "recent droughts and desertification severely affecting agricultural activities, population distribution, and the economy; overgrazing; soil degradation; deforestation (2019)"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "Nuclear Test Ban"
      }
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "36.78 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "3.42 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "12.85 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "<p>three climate zones including a hot tropical savanna with a short rainy season in the southern half, a tropical hot semi-arid steppe climate typical of the Sahel region in the northern half, and small area of hot desert in the very north of the country bordering the Sahara Desert</p>"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "44.2% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 22% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 37% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 21.93% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "19.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "36.5% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "31.9% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "4.75% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "forest revenues": {
        "text": "4.54% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "coal revenues": {
        "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "very high (2020)"
      },
      "food or waterborne diseases": {
        "text": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "dengue fever and&nbsp;malaria"
      },
      "water contact diseases": {
        "text": "schistosomiasis"
      },
      "animal contact diseases": {
        "text": "rabies"
      },
      "respiratory diseases": {
        "text": "meningococcal meningitis"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Burkina Faso is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and <em>that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus</em>; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, the CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine"
    },
    "Food insecurity": {
      "severe localized food insecurity": {
        "text": "<em>due to civil insecurity in the north - </em>according to the latest analysis, 3.45 million people are projected to be food insecure and in need of humanitarian assistance between June and August 2022; in Centre-Nord and Sahel regions, insecurity continues to cause population displacements and, as of March 2022, about 1.85 million people had been displaced and required assistance; domestic cereal production in 2021 was estimated at a below-average level due to effects of adverse weather and civil conflict, further aggravating conditions; abnormally high prices of food are also a contributory factor that have constrained access to food; the coup d’état that occurred in January 2022 is an additional factor that could increase civil insecurity and further stress food insecurity conditions (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "2,575,251 tons (2015 est.)"
      },
      "municipal solid waste recycled annually": {
        "text": "309,030 tons (2005 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "12% (2005 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Volta river source (shared with Ghana [m]) - 1,600 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km), Volta (410,991 sq km)"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "375.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "21.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "420.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "13.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Burkina Faso"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Burkina Faso"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Upper Volta, Republic of Upper Volta"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "name translates as \"Land of the Honest (Incorruptible) Men\""
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Ouagadougou"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "12 22 N, 1 31 W"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "Ouagadougou is a Francophone spelling of the native name \"Wogodogo,\" meaning \"where people get honor and respect\""
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "13 regions; Boucle du Mouhoun, Cascades, Centre, Centre-Est, Centre-Nord, Centre-Ouest, Centre-Sud, Est, Hauts-Bassins, Nord, Plateau-Central, Sahel, Sud-Ouest"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "5 August 1960 (from France)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Republic Day, 11 December (1958); note - commemorates the day that Upper Volta became an autonomous republic in the French Community"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous; latest approved by referendum 2 June 1991, adopted 11 June 1991, temporarily suspended late October to mid-November 2014; initial draft of a new constitution to usher in the new republic was completed in January 2017 and a final draft was submitted to the government in December 2017; a constitutional referendum originally scheduled for adoption in March 2019 was postponed; on 1 March 2022 a transition charter was adopted, allowing military authorities to rule for three years and barring transitional President Lt. Col. Paul-Henri Sandaogo DAMIBA from being an electoral candidate after the transition"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the president, by a majority of National Assembly membership, or by petition of at least 30,000 eligible voters submitted to the Assembly; passage requires at least three-fourths majority vote in the Assembly; failure to meet that threshold requires majority voter approval in a referendum; constitutional provisions on the form of government, the multiparty system, and national sovereignty cannot be amended; amended several times"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law based on the French model and customary law; in mid-2019, the National Assembly amended the penal code"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Burkina Faso"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "10 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "transitional President Lt. Col. Paul-Henri Sandaogo DAMIBA (since 2 February 2022); note - on 24 January 2022, a military junta led by DAMIBA, leader of the Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration, took power and ousted President Roch Marc Christian KABORE"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Albert OUEDRAOGO (since 3 March 2022); note - transitional President Lt. Col. DAMIBA appointed OUEDRAOGO Prime Minister on 3 March 2022; the position had been vacant since 24 January 2022 when the military ousted former Prime Minister Lassina ZERBO"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second); last held on 22 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2025); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of the National Assembly; note - on 1 March 2022 a transition charter was adopted, allowing military authorities to rule for three years and barring transitional President Lt. Col. Paul-Henri Sandaogo DAMIBA from being an electoral candidate after the transition."
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em>2020:</em> Roch Marc Christian KABORE reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Roch Marc Christian KABORE (MPP) 57.9%, Eddie KOMBOIGO (CDP) 15.5%, Zephirin DIABRE (UPC)12.5%, other 14.1%<br><br><em>2015:</em> Roch Marc Christian KABORE elected president in first round; percent of vote - Roch Marc Christian KABORE (MPP) 53.5%, Zephirin DIABRE (UPC) 29.6%, Tahirou BARRY (PAREN) 3.1%, Benewende Stanislas SANKARA (UNIR-MS) 2.8%, other 10.9%"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral National Assembly (127 seats; 111 members directly elected in 13 multi-seat constituencies by party-list proportional representation vote and 26 members elected in a nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; all member serve 5-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on 22 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2025)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote by party - MPP 34.6%, CDP 13.3%, UPC 10.2%, NTD 5.6%, other 36.3%; seats by party - MPP 56, CDP 20, NTD 13, UPC 12, other 26; composition as of October 2021 - men 119, women 8, percent of women 6.3%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest courts": {
        "text": "Supreme Court of Appeals or Cour de Cassation (consists of NA judges); Council of State (consists of NA judges); Constitutional Council or Conseil Constitutionnel (consists of the council president and 9 members)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court judge appointments mostly controlled by the president of Burkina Faso; judges have no term limits; Council of State judge appointment and tenure NA; Constitutional Council judges appointed by the president of Burkina Faso upon the proposal of the minister of justice and the president of the National Assembly; judges appointed for 9-year terms with one-third of membership renewed every 3 years"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Appeals Court; High Court; first instance tribunals; district courts; specialized courts relating to issues of labor, children, and juveniles; village (customary) courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Act Together [Kadre OUEDRAOGO]<br>African Democratic Rally/Alliance for Democracy and Federation or ADF/RDA [Gilbert Noel OUEDRAOGO]<br>Congress for Democracy and Progress or CDP [Eddie KOMBOIGO]<br>Convergence for Progress and Solidarity-Generation 3 or CPS-G3<br>Movement for the Future Burkina Faso or MBF<br>National Convention for Progress or CNP<br>New Era for Democracy or NTD [Vincent DABILGOU]<br>Pan-African Alliance for Refoundation or APR<br>Party for Democracy and Socialism/Metba or PDS/Metba [Philippe OUEDRAOGO]<br>Party for Development and Change or PDC [Aziz SEREME]<br>Patriotic Rally for Integrity or RPI<br>Peoples Movement for Progress or MPP [Roch Marc Christian KABORE]<br>Progressives United for Renewal or PUR<br>Union for Progress and Reform or UPC [Zephirin DIABRE]<br>Union for Rebirth - Sankarist Party or UNIR-PS [Benewende Stanislas SANKARA]<br><br><strong>note:</strong> only parties with seats in the National Assembly included"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, CD, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNITAR, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Charge d'Affaires Boulmonli Leonard LOMBO (since 15 April 2022)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2340 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 332-5577"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 667-1882"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>contact@burkina-usa.org<br><br>https://burkina-usa.org/"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Sandra E. CLARK (since 25 September 2020)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Secteur 15, Ouaga 2000, Avenue Sembene Ousmane, Rue 15.873, Ouagadougou"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "2440 Ouagadougou Place, Washington, DC&nbsp; 20521-2440"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "(226) 25-49-53-00"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "(226) 25-49-56-23"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>ouagaACS@state.gov<br><br>https://bf.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow five-pointed star in the center; red recalls the country's struggle for independence, green is for hope and abundance, and yellow represents the country's mineral wealth",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "white stallion; national colors: red, yellow, green"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Le Ditanye\" (Anthem of Victory)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Thomas SANKARA"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1974; also known as \"Une Seule Nuit\" (One Single Night); written by the country's former president, an avid guitar player"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "3 (2 cultural, 1 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Ruins of Lorop&eacute;ni (c); Ancient Ferrous Metallurgy Sites (c); W-Arly-Pendjari Complex (n)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "<p>Burkina Faso is a poor, landlocked country that depends on adequate rainfall. Irregular patterns of rainfall, poor soil, and the lack of adequate communications and other infrastructure contribute to the economy’s vulnerability to external shocks. About 80% of the population is engaged in subsistence farming and cotton is the main cash crop. The country has few natural resources and a weak industrial base.</p> <p> </p> <p>Cotton and gold are Burkina Faso’s key exports - gold has accounted for about three-quarters of the country’s total export revenues. Burkina Faso’s economic growth and revenue depends largely on production levels and global prices for the two commodities. The country has seen an upswing in gold exploration, production, and exports.</p> <p> </p> <p>In 2016, the government adopted a new development strategy, set forth in the 2016-2020 National Plan for Economic and Social Development, that aims to reduce poverty, build human capital, and to satisfy basic needs. A new three-year IMF program (2018-2020), approved in 2018, will allow the government to reduce the budget deficit and preserve critical spending on social services and priority public investments.</p> <p> </p> <p>While the end of the political crisis has allowed Burkina Faso’s economy to resume positive growth, the country’s fragile security situation could put these gains at risk. Political insecurity in neighboring Mali, unreliable energy supplies, and poor transportation links pose long-term challenges.</p>"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$45.16 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$44.27 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
        "text": "$41.88 billion (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
        "text": "6.4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2016": {
        "text": "5.9% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
        "text": "3.9% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$2,200 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$2,200 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2018": {
        "text": "$2,100 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$14.271 billion (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "-3.2% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
        "text": "1.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
        "text": "1.4% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "B (2017)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "31% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "23.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "44.9% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "56.5% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "23.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "24.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "28.4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-34.4% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "sorghum, maize, millet, cotton, cow peas, sugar cane, groundnuts, rice, sesame seed, vegetables"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "cotton lint, beverages, agricultural processing, soap, cigarettes, textiles, gold"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "10.4% (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "8.501 million (2016 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> a large part of the male labor force migrates annually to neighboring countries for seasonal employment"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "90%"
      },
      "industry and services": {
        "text": "10% (2000 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2004": {
        "text": "77% (2004)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "8.6%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "8.9%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "8.4% (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "41.4% (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": {
        "text": "35.3 (2014 est.)"
      },
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 1994": {
        "text": "48.2 (1994)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "2.9%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "32.2% (2009 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "2.666 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "3.655 billion (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-7.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "38.1% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "38.3% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "21.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2017": {
        "text": "-$1.019 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2016": {
        "text": "-$820 million (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$4.47 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2018": {
        "text": "$4.51 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Switzerland 59%, India 21% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "gold, cotton, zinc, cashews, sesame seeds (2019)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$5.02 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2018": {
        "text": "$5.17 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2017": {
        "text": "$5.3 billion (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Cote d'Ivoire 15%, China 9%, Ghana 8%, France 8%, India 6%, United States 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, delivery trucks, packaged medicines, electricity, aircraft (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$49 million (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$50.9 million (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$3.056 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$2.88 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "605.3 (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2016": {
        "text": "593.01 (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2015": {
        "text": "593.01 (2015 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2014": {
        "text": "591.45 (2014 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2013": {
        "text": "494.42 (2013 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "22% (2019)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "69% (2019)"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "2% (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "392,000 kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "2,033,520,000 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "600 million kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "248 million kWh (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "89.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "3.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "6.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "30,800 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "0 barrels/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "0 barrels/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "0 barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "23,580 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "4.444 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "4.444 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "3.23 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "75,039 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "(2020 est.) less than 1"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "22,117,218 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "106 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Burkina Faso&rsquo;s telecom sector in recent years has made some gains in providing the necessary infrastructure and bandwidth to support telecom services; an IXP completed in September 2020 increased international bandwidth capacity by a third, while in mid-2021 the government was able to start the second phase of a national fiber backbone project; this will link the capital city to an addition 145 municipalities, and provide additional connectivity to terrestrial cables in neighboring countries; this new infrastructure is also making it possible for the government to trial tele medicine, and so address the very poor availability of medical services in almost all parts of the country; the activities of the militants in side areas of the country jeopardize overall security, and render it difficult for the telcos to safeguard their networks and equipment; Burkina Faso joins G5 Sahel countries to eliminate roaming fees (2022)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line connections stand at less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage nearly 106 per 100, with multiple providers there is competition and the hope for growth from a low base; Internet penetration is 16% (2020)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 226; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress towards 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services"
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "since the official inauguration of Terrestrial Digital Television (TNT) in December 2017, Burkina Faso now has 14 digital TV channels among which 2 are state-owned; there are more than 140 radio stations (commercial, religious, community) available throughout the country including a national and regional state-owned network; the state-owned Radio Burkina and the private Radio Omega are among the most widespread stations and both include broadcasts in French and local languages (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".bf"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4,598,721 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "22% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "13,979 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "0.1 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "3"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "151,531 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "100,000 (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "XT"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "total": {
        "text": "23 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "2,438 to 3,047 m": {
        "text": "1 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "21"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "3"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "13"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "5 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "622 km (2014)"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "622 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> another 660 km of this railway extends into Cote d'Ivoire"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "15,304 km (2014)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "3,642 km (2014)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "11,662 km (2014)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Armed Forces of Burkina Faso (FABF): Army of Burkina Faso (L’Armee de Terre, LAT), Air Force of Burkina Faso (Force Aerienne de Burkina Faso, FABF), National Gendarmerie; Volunteers for the Defense of the Fatherland (VDP) (2022)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> the National Gendarmerie officially reports to the Ministry of Defense, but usually operates in support of the Ministry of Security and the Ministry of Justice; Gendarmerie troops are typically integrated with Army forces in anti-terrorism operations<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the VDP is a civilian defense force established in 2019 to act as auxiliaries to the Army in the fight against militants; the volunteers receive two weeks of training and typically assist with carrying out surveillance, information-gathering, and escort duties"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "2.4% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "2.4% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "2.2% of GDP (2019 est.) (approximately $450 million)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "1.9% of GDP (2018 est.) (approximately $370 million)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2017": {
        "text": "1.4% of GDP (2017 est.) (approximately $260 million)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 12,000 personnel (7,000 Army; 500 Air Force; 4,500 National Gendarmerie) (2022)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the FABF has a mix of foreign-supplied weapons; since 2010, it has received limited amounts of mostly donated second-hand equipment from a variety of countries (2022)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; women may serve in supporting roles (2021)"
    },
    "Military deployments": {
      "text": "650 (plus about 180 police) Mali (MINUSMA) (May 2022)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Burkina Faso is part of a four (formerly five)-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G4 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Chad, Mali (withdrew in 2022), Mauritania, and Niger; it has committed 550 troops and 100 gendarmes to the force; as of 2020, defense forces from each of the participating states were allowed to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the force is backed by France, the UN, and the US"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "including the most recent in January 2022, the military has conducted seven coups since 1960; as of 2022, the military was also actively engaged in combat operations with terrorist groups linked to al-Qa'ida and ISIS, particularly in the northern and eastern regions; in the north, the terrorist group Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM), a coalition of al-Qa'ida linked militant groups, has exploited ethnic tensions and perceptions of state neglect, as well as grievances over corruption, patronage politics, social stratification, and land disputes; in 2022, JNIM conducted attacks in 10 of the country's 13 provinces; the east is considered a stronghold of the Islamic State-Greater Sahara (ISIS-GS) terrorist group (2022)"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Ansarul Islam; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Greater Sahara (ISIS-GS); al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun); Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p>adding to illicit cross-border activities, Burkina Faso has issues concerning unresolved boundary alignments with its neighbors; demarcation is currently underway with Mali; the dispute with Niger was referred to the ICJ in 2010, and a dispute over several villages with Benin persists; Benin retains a border dispute with Burkina Faso around the town of Koualau/Kourou</p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "26,609 (Mali) (2022)"
      },
      "IDPs": {
        "text": "<p>1,850,293 (2022)</p>"
      }
    }
  }
}