factbook.json/africa/ma.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "Madagascar was one of the last major habitable landmasses on earth settled by humans. While there is some evidence of human presence on the island in the millennia B.C., large-scale settlement began between A.D. 350 and 550 with settlers from present-day Indonesia. The island attracted Arab and Persian traders as early as the 7th century, and migrants from Africa arrived around A.D. 1000. Madagascar was a pirate stronghold during the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and served as a slave trading center into the 19th century. From the 16th to the late 19th century, a native Merina Kingdom dominated much of Madagascar. The island was conquered by the French in 1896 who made it a colony; independence was regained in 1960. <br><br>During 1992-93, free presidential and National Assembly elections were held ending 17 years of single-party rule. In 1997, in the second presidential race, Didier RATSIRAKA, the leader during the 1970s and 1980s, returned to the presidency. The 2001 presidential election was contested between the followers of Didier RATSIRAKA and Marc RAVALOMANANA, nearly causing secession of half of the country. In 2002, the High Constitutional Court announced RAVALOMANANA the winner. RAVALOMANANA won a second term in 2006 but, following protests in 2009, handed over power to the military, which then conferred the presidency on the mayor of Antananarivo, Andry RAJOELINA, in what amounted to a coup d'etat. Following a lengthy mediation process led by the Southern African Development Community, Madagascar held UN-supported presidential and parliamentary elections in 2013. Former de facto finance minister Hery RAJAONARIMAMPIANINA won a runoff election in December 2013 and was inaugurated in January 2014. In January 2019, RAJOELINA was declared the winner of a runoff election against RAVALOMANANA; both RATSIRAKA and RAJAONARIMAMPIANINA also ran in the first round of the election, which took place in November 2018."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Mozambique"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "20 00 S, 47 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Africa"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "587,041 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "581,540 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "5,501 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "almost four times the size of Georgia; slightly less than twice the size of Arizona"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "4,828 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200 nm or 100 nm from the 2,500-m isobath"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in center"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Maromokotro 2,876 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "615 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, rare earth elements, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish, hydropower"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "71.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 64.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "21.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "7.4% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "10,860 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "most of population lives on the eastern half of the island; significant clustering is found in the central highlands and eastern coastline as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "<p>periodic cyclones; drought; and locust infestation</p><p><strong>volcanism:</strong> Madagascar's volcanoes have not erupted in historical times</p>"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "world's fourth-largest island; strategic location along Mozambique Channel; despite Madagascar’s close proximity to the African continent, ocean currents isolate the island resulting in high rates of endemic plant and animal species; approximately 90% of the flora and fauna on the island are found nowhere else"
    },
    "Map description": {
      "text": "<p>Madagascar map showing major cities of this island country in the Indian Ocean.</p>"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "28,172,462 (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Malagasy (singular and plural)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Malagasy"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers (mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry - Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian, Creole, Comoran"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "Malagasy (official) 99.9%, French (official) 23.6%, English 8.2%, other 0.6% (2018 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar/Malagasy Lutheran Church/Anglican Church 34%, Roman Catholic 32.3%, other Christian 8.1%, traditional/Animist 1.7%, Muslim 1.4%, other 0.6%, none 21.9% (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>Madagascar’s youthful population – just over 60% are under the age of 25 – and high total fertility rate of more than 4 children per women ensures that the Malagasy population will continue its rapid growth trajectory for the foreseeable future. The population is predominantly rural and poor; chronic malnutrition is prevalent, and large families are the norm. Many young Malagasy girls are withdrawn from school, marry early (often pressured to do so by their parents), and soon begin having children. Early childbearing, coupled with Madagascar’s widespread poverty and lack of access to skilled health care providers during delivery, increases the risk of death and serious health problems for young mothers and their babies.</p><p>Child marriage perpetuates gender inequality and is prevalent among the poor, the uneducated, and rural households – as of 2013, of Malagasy women aged 20 to 24, more than 40% were married and more than a third had given birth by the age of 18. Although the legal age for marriage is 18, parental consent is often given for earlier marriages or the law is flouted, especially in rural areas that make up nearly 65% of the country. Forms of arranged marriage whereby young girls are married to older men in exchange for oxen or money are traditional. If a union does not work out, a girl can be placed in another marriage, but the dowry paid to her family diminishes with each unsuccessful marriage.</p><p>Madagascar’s population consists of 18 main ethnic groups, all of whom speak the same Malagasy language. Most Malagasy are multi-ethnic, however, reflecting the island’s diversity of settlers and historical contacts (see Background). Madagascar’s legacy of hierarchical societies practicing domestic slavery (most notably the Merina Kingdom of the 16th to the 19th century) is evident today in persistent class tension, with some ethnic groups maintaining a caste system. Slave descendants are vulnerable to unequal access to education and jobs, despite Madagascar’s constitutional guarantee of free compulsory primary education and its being party to several international conventions on human rights. Historical distinctions also remain between central highlanders and coastal people.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "38.86% (male 5,278,838/female 5,196,036)"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "20.06% (male 2,717,399/female 2,689,874)"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "33.02% (male 4,443,147/female 4,456,691)"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "4.6% (male 611,364/female 627,315)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "3.47% (2020 est.) (male 425,122/female 509,951)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "75.9"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "70.5"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "5.5"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "18.3 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20.3 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "20.1 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "20.5 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "2.27% (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "28.68 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "6 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "most of population lives on the eastern half of the island; significant clustering is found in the central highlands and eastern coastline as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "39.9% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "4.26% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "3.700 million ANTANANARIVO (capital) (2022)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.02 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "1.02 male(s)/female"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "1 male(s)/female"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "0.98 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.78 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "1 male(s)/female (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "19.5 years (2021 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> median age at first birth among women 25-29"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "335 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "39.04 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "42.33 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "35.65 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "68.17 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "66.8 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "69.57 years (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "3.62 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "44.4% (2018)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 85% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 38% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 56.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 15% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 62% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 43.9% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "3.7% (2019)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "0.2 physicians/1,000 population (2018)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "0.2 beds/1,000 population"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 49.2% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 22.1% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 32.6% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 50.8% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 77.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 67.4% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "0.3% (2020 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
      "text": "42,000 (2020 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
      "text": "1,800 (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "very high (2020)"
      },
      "food or waterborne diseases": {
        "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "malaria and dengue fever"
      },
      "water contact diseases": {
        "text": "schistosomiasis"
      },
      "animal contact diseases": {
        "text": "rabies"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Madagascar is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and <em>that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus</em>; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, the CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine"
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "5.3% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0.89 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "0.5 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.07 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.32 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "27.8% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "42.7% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "12.8% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "26.4% (2018)"
    },
    "Child marriage": {
      "women married by age 15": {
        "text": "12.7%"
      },
      "women married by age 18": {
        "text": "40.3%"
      },
      "men married by age 18": {
        "text": "11.8% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "2.9% of GDP (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "76.7%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "78.4%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "75.1% (2018)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "10 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "10 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "10 years (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3.4%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "3.9%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "3% (2015 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "erosion and soil degredation results from deforestation and overgrazing; desertification; agricultural fires; surface water contaminated with raw sewage and other organic wastes;&nbsp;wildlife preservation (endangered species of flora and fauna unique to the island)"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "21.44 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "3.91 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "10.14 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "71.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 64.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "21.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "7.4% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "39.9% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "4.26% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "forest revenues": {
        "text": "4.34% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "coal revenues": {
        "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "very high (2020)"
      },
      "food or waterborne diseases": {
        "text": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "malaria and dengue fever"
      },
      "water contact diseases": {
        "text": "schistosomiasis"
      },
      "animal contact diseases": {
        "text": "rabies"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Madagascar is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and <em>that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus</em>; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, the CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine"
    },
    "Food insecurity": {
      "severe localized food insecurity": {
        "text": "<em>due to the effects of extreme weather events and slow economic recovery - </em>according to the latest May 2022 analysis, the prevalence of food insecurity in the southern regions is projected to peak at 2.1 million people by December 2022 until at least March 2023; overall, the number of people requiring humanitarian assistance by the end of 2022 is expected to be about 30 percent higher compared to the peak number in 2021; the poor food security situation is mainly the consequence of six consecutive poor agricultural seasons that culminated in very tight food supplies for rural households and curbed incomes from crop sales; high rates of poverty and increased prices of essential food commodities, combined with a high reliance on market supplies due to low harvests for own consumption, are also contributing to the high rates of food insecurity across the southern regions (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "3,768,759 tons (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "395 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "161.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "13 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "337 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Madagascar"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Madagascar"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Republique de Madagascar/Repoblikan'i Madagasikara"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Madagascar/Madagasikara"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Malagasy Republic"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the name \"Madageiscar\" was first used by the 13th-century Venetian explorer Marco POLO, as a corrupted transliteration of Mogadishu, the Somali port with which POLO confused the island"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "semi-presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Antananarivo"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "18 55 S, 47 31 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the name, which means \"City of the Thousand,\" was bestowed by 17th century King ADRIANJAKAKING to honor the soldiers assigned to guard the city"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "6 provinces (faritany); Antananarivo, Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa, Mahajanga, Toamasina, Toliara"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "26 June 1960 (from France)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 26 June (1960)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "previous 1992; latest passed by referendum 17 November 2010, promulgated 11 December 2010"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the president of the republic in consultation with the cabinet or supported by a least two thirds of both the Senate and National Assembly membership; passage requires at least three-fourths approval of both the Senate and National Assembly and approval in a referendum; constitutional articles, including the form and powers of government, the sovereignty of the state, and the autonomy of Madagascar&rsquo;s collectivities, cannot be amended"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system based on the old French civil code and customary law in matters of marriage, family, and obligation"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "the father must be a citizen of Madagascar; in the case of a child born out of wedlock, the mother must be a citizen"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "unknown"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Andry RAJOELINA (since 21 January 2019)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Christian NTSAY (since 6 June 2018)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 7 November and&nbsp;19 December 2018 (next to be held in 2023); prime minister nominated by the National Assembly, appointed by the president"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em>2018</em>: Andry RAJOELINA elected President in second round; percent of vote in first round - Andry RAJOELINA (TGV) 39.2%, Marc RAVALOMANANA (TIM) 35.4%, other 25.4%; percent of vote in second round - Andry RAJOELINA (TGV) 55.7%, Marc RAVALOMANANA (TIM) 44.3% <br><em><br>2013</em>: Hery Martial RAJAONARIMAMPIANINA elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Hery Martial RAJAONARIMAMPIANINA (HVM) 15.9%, Jean Louis ROBINSON (AVANA) 21.1%, other 63%; percent of vote in second round - Hery Martial RAJAONARIMAMPIANINA (HVM) 53.5%, Jean Louis ROBINSON (AVANA) 46.5%"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br>Senate or Antenimieran-Doholona (18 seats; 12 members indirectly elected by an electoral college of municipal, communal, regional, and provincial leaders and 6 appointed by the president; members serve 5-year terms)<br>National Assembly or Antenimierampirenena (151 seats; 87 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 64 directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed-list proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "Senate - last held on 11 December 2020 (next to be held in  December 2025)<br>National Assembly - last held on 27 May 2019 (next to be held in May 2024)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "2020:<br>Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; elected seats by party - Irmar 10, Malagasy Miara Miainga 2; composition - men 16, women 2, percent of women 11%<br>2019:<br>National Assembly - percent of vote by party -Independent Pro-HVM 18%, MAPAR 17%, MAPAR pro-HVM 16%, TIM 13%' VPM-MMM 10%, GPS/ARD 7%, HIARAKA ISIKA 3%, LEADER FANILO 3%, VERTS 3%, TAMBATRA 1%, independent 9%; composition - men 123, women 28, percent of women 18.5%; note - total Parliament percent of women 17.8%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest courts": {
        "text": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of 11 members; addresses judicial administration issues only); High Constitutional Court or Haute Cour Constitutionnelle (consists of 9 members); note - the judiciary includes a High Court of Justice responsible for adjudicating crimes and misdemeanors by government officials, including the president"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court heads elected by the president and judiciary officials to serve 3-year, single renewable terms; High Constitutional Court members appointed - 3 each by the president, by both legislative bodies, and by the Council of Magistrates; members serve single, 7-year terms"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Courts of Appeal; Courts of First Instance"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "<p>Economic Liberalism and Democratic Action for National Recovery or LEADER FANILO [Jean Max RAKOTOMAMONJY]<br>FOMBA [Ny Rado RAFALIMANANA]<br>Gideons Fighting Against Poverty in Madagascar (Gedeona Miady amin'ny Fahantrana eto Madagascar) or GFFM [Andre Christian Dieu Donne MAILHOL]<br>Green Party or VERTS (Antoko Maintso) [Alexandre GEORGET]<br>I Love Madagascar (Tiako I Madagasikara) or TIM [Marc RAVALOMANANA]<br>Irmar<br>Malagasy Aware (Malagasy Tonga Saina) or MTS [Roland RATSIRAKA]<br>Malagasy Raising Together (Malagasy Miara-Miainga) or MMM [Hajo ANDRIANAINARIVELO]<br>New Force for Madagascar (Hery Vaovao ho an'ny Madagasikara) or HVM [Hery Martial RAJAONARIMAMPIANINA Rakotoarimanana]<br>Total Refoundation of Madagascar (Refondation Totale de Madagascar) or RTM [Joseph Martin RANDRIAMAMPIONONA]<br>Vanguard for the Renovation of Madagascar (Avant-Garde pour la renovation de Madagascar) or AREMA [Didier RATSIRAKA]<br>Young Malagasies Determined (Malagasy: Tanora malaGasy Vonona) or TGV [Andry RAJOELINA] and MAPAR [Andry RAJOELINA], and IRD (We are all with Andry Rajoelina) [Andry RAJOELINA]</p>"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, CD, COMESA, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Amielle Pelenne NIRINIAVISOA MARCEDA (since 31 October 2019)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2374 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 265-5525"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 265-3034"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>contact@us-madagascar-embassy.org<br><br>https://us-madagascar-embassy.org/"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "New York"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Tobias H. GLUCKSMAN"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Lot 207A, Andranoro, Antehiroka, 105 Antananarivo"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "2040 Antananarivo Place, Washington&nbsp; DC 20521-2040"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[261] 20-23-480-00"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[261] 20-23-480-35"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>antanACS@state.gov<br><br>https://mg.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a vertical white band of the same width on hoist side; by tradition, red stands for sovereignty, green for hope, white for purity"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "traveller's palm, zebu; national colors: red, green, white"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Ry Tanindraza nay malala o\" (Oh, Our Beloved Fatherland)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Pasteur RAHAJASON/Norbert RAHARISOA"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1959"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "3 (1 cultural, 2 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve (n); Ambohimanga Royal Hill (c); Atsinanana Rainforests&nbsp; (n)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "<p>Madagascar is a mostly unregulated economy with many untapped natural resources, but no capital markets, a weak judicial system, poorly enforced contracts, and rampant government corruption. The country faces challenges to improve education, healthcare, and the environment to boost long-term economic growth. Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is a mainstay of the economy, accounting for more than one-fourth of GDP and employing roughly 80% of the population. Deforestation and erosion, aggravated by bushfires, slash-and-burn clearing techniques, and the use of firewood as the primary source of fuel, are serious concerns to the agriculture dependent economy.</p> <p> </p> <p>After discarding socialist economic policies in the mid-1990s, Madagascar followed a World Bank- and IMF-led policy of privatization and liberalization until a 2009 coup d’état led many nations, including the United States, to suspend non-humanitarian aid until a democratically-elected president was inaugurated in 2014. The pre-coup strategy had placed the country on a slow and steady growth path from an extremely low starting point. Exports of apparel boomed after gaining duty-free access to the US market in 2000 under the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA); however, Madagascar's failure to comply with the requirements of the AGOA led to the termination of the country's duty-free access in January 2010, a sharp fall in textile production, a loss of more than 100,000 jobs, and a GDP drop of nearly 11%.</p> <p> </p> <p>Madagascar regained AGOA access in January 2015 and ensuing growth has been slow and fragile. Madagascar produces around 80% of the world’s vanilla and its reliance on this commodity for most of its foreign exchange is a significant source of vulnerability. Economic reforms have been modest and the country’s financial sector remains weak, limiting the use of monetary policy to control inflation. An ongoing IMF program aims to strengthen financial and investment management capacity.</p>"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$41.82 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$43.65 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
        "text": "$41.81 billion (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
        "text": "4.2% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2016": {
        "text": "4.2% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
        "text": "3.1% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$1,500 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$1,600 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2018": {
        "text": "$1,600 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$13.964 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "5.6% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
        "text": "8.6% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
        "text": "8.5% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "24% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "19.5% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "56.4% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "67.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "11.2% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "15.1% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "8.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "31.5% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-33.7% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "rice, sugar cane, cassava, sweet potatoes, milk, vegetables, bananas, mangoes/guavas, tropical fruit, potatoes"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "meat processing, seafood, soap, beer, leather, sugar, textiles, glassware, cement, automobile assembly plant, paper, petroleum, tourism, mining"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "5.2% (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "13.4 million (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2017": {
        "text": "1.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2016": {
        "text": "1.8% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3.4%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "3.9%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "3% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "70.7% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2012": {
        "text": "42.6 (2012 est.)"
      },
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2010": {
        "text": "42.7 (2010)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "2.2%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "34.7% (2010 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "1.828 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "2.136 billion (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-2.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "36% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "38.4% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "15.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2017": {
        "text": "-$35 million (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2016": {
        "text": "$57 million (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$4.09 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2018": {
        "text": "$4.41 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2017": {
        "text": "$4.839 billion (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "United States 19%, France 18%, United Arab Emirates 7%, China 6%, Japan 6%, Germany 5%, India 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "vanilla, nickel, gold, clothing and apparel, gemstones (2019)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$4.7 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2018": {
        "text": "$4.82 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2017": {
        "text": "$5.796 billion (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 24%, France 11%, United Arab Emirates 9%, India 7%, South Africa 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, rice, cars, packaged medicines, clothing and apparel (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$1.6 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$1.076 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2019": {
        "text": "$3.085 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 2018": {
        "text": "$4.107 billion (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Malagasy ariary (MGA) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "3,116.1 (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2016": {
        "text": "3,176.5 (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2015": {
        "text": "3,176.5 (2015 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2014": {
        "text": "2,933.5 (2014 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2013": {
        "text": "2,414.8 (2013 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "39% (2019)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "64% (2019)"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "23% (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "587,000 kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "1,720,140,000 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 kWh (2020 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "131 million kWh (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "59.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "1.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "38.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "107,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "115,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "0 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "21,100 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "0 barrels/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "0 barrels/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "0 barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "18,880 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "4.218 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "1.044 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "3.175 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "2.307 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "69,000 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "15.869 million (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "57 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "Telecom services in Madagascar have benefited from intensifying competition between the main operators, including Orange Madagascar, Airtel, and the incumbent telco Telma; there have been positive developments with the country&rsquo;s link to international submarine cables, particularly the METISS cable connecting to South Africa and Mauritius; in addition, the country&rsquo;s connection to the Africa-1 cable, expected in late 2023, will provide it with links to Kenya, Djibouti, countries in north and south Africa, as well Pakistan, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and France; a national fiber backbone has been implemented connecting the major cities; Telma has progressively expanded the network to reach smaller towns; in addition, the government has progressed with its five-year plan to develop a digital platform running to 2024; various schemes within the program have been managed by a unit within the President&rsquo;s office; penetration rates in all market sectors remain below the average for the African region, and so there remains considerable growth potential; much progress was made in 2020, stimulated by the particular conditions related to the pandemic, which encouraged greater use of voice and data services. (2022)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "less than 1 per 100 for fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity about 34 per 100 persons (2019)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 261; landing points for the EASSy, METISS, and LION fiber-optic submarine cable systems connecting to numerous Indian Ocean Islands, South Africa, and Eastern African countries; satellite earth stations - 2 (1 Intelsat - Indian Ocean, 1 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocean region) (2019)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress towards 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services"
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "state-owned Radio Nationale Malagasy (RNM) and Television Malagasy (TVM) have an extensive national network reach; privately owned radio and TV broadcasters in cities and major towns; state-run radio dominates in rural areas; relays of 2 international broadcasters are available in Antananarivo (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".mg"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,696,931 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "10% (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "32,000 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "0.1 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "4 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "18"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "541,290 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "16.25 million (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "5R"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "total": {
        "text": "83 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "26"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "2,438 to 3,047 m": {
        "text": "2"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "6"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "16"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "1 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "57"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "38"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "18 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "836 km (2018)"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "836 km (2018) 1.000-m gauge"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "31,640 km (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "600 km (2011) (432 km navigable)"
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "27"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 14, oil tanker 2, other 11 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Antsiranana (Diego Suarez), Mahajanga, Toamasina, Toliara (Tulear)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Madagascar People's Armed Forces (PAF): Army, Navy, Air Force; National Gendarmerie (operates under the Ministry of Defense); Ministry of Public Security: National Police (2022)",
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>the National Gendarmerie is responsible for maintaining law and order in rural areas at the village level, protecting government facilities, and operating a maritime police contingent; the National Police is responsible for maintaining law and order in urban areas"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "0.7% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "0.7% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "0.5% of GDP (2019 est.) (approximately $130 million)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "0.5% of GDP (2018 est.) (approximately $130 million)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2017": {
        "text": "0.5% of GDP (2017 est.) (approximately $120 million)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 13,000 personnel (12,000 Army; 500 Navy; 500 Air Force); estimated 10,000 Gendarmerie (2022)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the PAF's inventory consists mostly of aging Soviet-era equipment; since 2010, it has received limited amounts of second-hand equipment from France, South Africa, and UAE (2022)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-25 years of age for males; service obligation 18 months; no conscription; women are permitted to serve in all branches (2022)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "one of the military&rsquo;s duties is assisting the gendarmerie with maintaining law and order in rural areas, particularly in areas affected by banditry, cattle rustling (cattle thieves are known as dahalo), and criminal groups (2022)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p><em>Madagascar-France</em>: claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, and Juan de Nova Island (all administered by France); the vegetated drying cays of Banc du Geyser, which were claimed by Madagascar in 1976, also fall within the EEZ claim of France</p> <p><em>Madagascar-Comoros</em>: the vegetated drying cays of Banc du Geyser, which were claimed by Madagascar in 1976, also fall within the EEZ claim of the Comoros</p>"
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild varieties) used mostly for domestic consumption; transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin"
    }
  }
}