factbook.json/middle-east/bh-bahrain.json

{
  "intro": {
    "background": {
      "text": "In 1783, the Sunni Al-Khalifa family captured Bahrain from the Persians. In order to secure these holdings, it entered into a series of treaties with the UK during the 19th century that made Bahrain a British protectorate. The archipelago attained its independence in 1971. Facing declining oil reserves, Bahrain has turned to petroleum processing and refining and has become an international banking center. Bahrain's small size and central location among Persian Gulf countries require it to play a delicate balancing act in foreign affairs among its larger neighbors. The Sunni-led government has struggled to manage relations with its large Shia-majority population. In early 2011, amid Arab uprisings elsewhere in the region, the Bahraini Government confronted similar protests at home with police and military action. The aftermath led to modest reforms, though continued dissatisfaction by Bahraini oppositionists with the extent of the reforms, has led to a broader dialogue between government officials, political societies, and legislators."
    }
  },
  "geo": {
    "location": {
      "text": "Middle East, archipelago in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia"
    },
    "geographic_coordinates": {
      "text": "26 00 N, 50 33 E"
    },
    "map_references": {
      "text": "Middle East"
    },
    "area": {
      "total": "760 sq km",
      "land": "760 sq km",
      "water": "0 sq km"
    },
    "area_comparative": {
      "text": "3.5 times the size of Washington, DC"
    },
    "land_boundaries": {
      "text": "0 km"
    },
    "coastline": {
      "text": "161 km"
    },
    "maritime_claims": {
      "territorial_sea": "12 nm",
      "contiguous_zone": "24 nm",
      "continental_shelf": "extending to boundaries to be determined"
    },
    "climate": {
      "text": "arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers"
    },
    "terrain": {
      "text": "mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment"
    },
    "elevation_extremes": {
      "lowest_point": "Persian Gulf 0 m",
      "highest_point": "Jabal ad Dukhan 122 m"
    },
    "natural_resources": {
      "text": "oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish, pearls"
    },
    "land_use": {
      "arable_land": "1.79%",
      "permanent_crops": "3.95%",
      "other": "94.26% (2011)"
    },
    "irrigated_land": {
      "text": "40.15 sq km (2003)"
    },
    "total_renewable_water_resources": {
      "text": "0.12 cu km (2011)"
    },
    "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
      "total": "0.36  cu km/yr (50%/6%/45%)",
      "per_capita": "386  cu m/yr (2003)"
    },
    "natural_hazards": {
      "text": "periodic droughts; dust storms"
    },
    "environment_current_issues": {
      "text": "desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land, periods of drought, and dust storms; coastal degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, and distribution stations; lack of freshwater resources (groundwater and seawater are the only sources for all water needs)"
    },
    "environment_international_agreements": {
      "party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands",
      "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
    },
    "geography_note": {
      "text": "close to primary Middle Eastern petroleum sources; strategic location in Persian Gulf, through which much of the Western world's petroleum must transit to reach open ocean"
    }
  },
  "people": {
    "nationality": {
      "noun": "Bahraini(s)",
      "adjective": "Bahraini"
    },
    "ethnic_groups": {
      "text": "Bahraini 46%, non-Bahraini 54% (2010 census)"
    },
    "languages": {
      "text": "Arabic (official), English, Farsi, Urdu"
    },
    "religions": {
      "text": "Muslim (Shia and Sunni) 81.2%, Christian 9%, other 9.8% (2001 census)"
    },
    "population": {
      "text": "1,281,332 July 2013 est.",
      "note": "includes 235,108 non-nationals"
    },
    "age_structure": {
      "0_14_years": "20% (male 130,097/female 126,067)",
      "15_24_years": "15.9% (male 113,973/female 89,602)",
      "25_54_years": "56.2% (male 472,537/female 247,873)",
      "55_64_years": "5.2% (male 43,884/female 23,352)",
      "65_years_and_over": "2.6% (male 16,262/female 17,685) (2013 est.)"
    },
    "dependency_ratios": {
      "total_dependency_ratio": "30.3 %",
      "youth_dependency_ratio": "27.3 %",
      "elderly_dependency_ratio": "2.9 %",
      "potential_support_ratio": "34.3 (2013)"
    },
    "median_age": {
      "total": "31.4 years",
      "male": "32.8 years",
      "female": "28.6 years (2013 est.)"
    },
    "population_growth_rate": {
      "text": "2.57% (2013 est.)"
    },
    "birth_rate": {
      "text": "14.16 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
    },
    "death_rate": {
      "text": "2.65 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
    },
    "net_migration_rate": {
      "text": "14.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
    },
    "urbanization": {
      "urban_population": "88.7% of total population (2011)",
      "rate_of_urbanization": "2.21% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
    },
    "major_urban_areas_population": {
      "text": "MANAMA (capital) 262,000 (2011)"
    },
    "sex_ratio": {
      "at_birth": "1.03 male(s)/female",
      "0_14_years": "1.03 male(s)/female",
      "15_24_years": "1.26 male(s)/female",
      "25_54_years": "1.92 male(s)/female",
      "55_64_years": "1.89 male(s)/female",
      "65_years_and_over": "0.91 male(s)/female",
      "total_population": "1.54 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
    },
    "maternal_mortality_rate": {
      "text": "20 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
    },
    "infant_mortality_rate": {
      "total": "9.93 deaths/1,000 live births",
      "male": "11.1 deaths/1,000 live births",
      "female": "8.72 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
    },
    "life_expectancy_at_birth": {
      "total_population": "78.43 years",
      "male": "76.28 years",
      "female": "80.63 years (2013 est.)"
    },
    "total_fertility_rate": {
      "text": "1.83 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
    },
    "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
      "text": "61.8% (1995)"
    },
    "health_expenditures": {
      "text": "5% of GDP (2010)"
    },
    "physicians_density": {
      "text": "1.44 physicians/1,000 population (2008)"
    },
    "hospital_bed_density": {
      "text": "1.8 beds/1,000 population (2009)"
    },
    "drinking_water_source": {
      "improved": "urban: 100% of population (2010 est.)"
    },
    "sanitation_facility_access": {
      "improved": "urban: 100% of population (2010 est.)"
    },
    "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
      "text": "0.2% (2001 est.)"
    },
    "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
      "text": "fewer than 600 (2007 est.)"
    },
    "hiv_aids_deaths": {
      "text": "fewer than 200 (2003 est.)"
    },
    "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
      "text": "32.9% (2008)"
    },
    "education_expenditures": {
      "text": "2.9% of GDP (2008)"
    },
    "literacy": {
      "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
      "total_population": "94.6%",
      "male": "96.1%",
      "female": "91.6% (2010 est.)"
    },
    "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
      "total": "14 years",
      "male": "14 years",
      "female": "15 years (2006)"
    },
    "child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
      "total_number": "5,530",
      "percentage": "5 % (2000 est.)"
    },
    "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
      "total": "28.3%",
      "male": "25.7%",
      "female": "32.6% (2004)"
    }
  },
  "govt": {
    "country_name": {
      "conventional_long_form": "Kingdom of Bahrain",
      "conventional_short_form": "Bahrain",
      "local_long_form": "Mamlakat al Bahrayn",
      "local_short_form": "Al Bahrayn",
      "former": "Dilmun, State of Bahrain"
    },
    "government_type": {
      "text": "constitutional monarchy"
    },
    "capital": {
      "name": "Manama",
      "geographic_coordinates": "26 14 N, 50 34 E",
      "time_difference": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
    },
    "administrative_divisions": {
      "text": "5 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Asamah (Capital), Janubiyah (Southern), Muharraq, Shamaliyah (Northern), Wasat (Central)",
      "note": "each governorate administered by an appointed governor"
    },
    "independence": {
      "text": "15 August 1971 (from the UK)"
    },
    "national_holiday": {
      "text": "National Day, 16 December (1971); note - 15 August 1971 was the date of independence from the UK, 16 December 1971 was the date of independence from British protection"
    },
    "constitution": {
      "text": "adopted 14 February 2002"
    },
    "legal_system": {
      "text": "mixed legal system of Islamic law, English common law, Egyptian civil, criminal, and commercial codes; customary law"
    },
    "international_law_organization_participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "suffrage": {
      "text": "20 years of age; universal; note - Bahraini Cabinet in May 2011 endorsed a draft law lowering eligibility to 18 years"
    },
    "executive_branch": {
      "chief_of_state": "King HAMAD bin Isa Al-Khalifa (since 6 March 1999); Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad Al-Khalifa (son of the monarch, born 21 October 1969)",
      "head_of_government": "Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al-Khalifa (since 1971); First Deputy Prime Minister SALMAN bin Hamad Al Khalifa (since 11 March 2013); Deputy Prime Ministers ALI bin Khalifa bin Salman Al-Khalifa, Jawad bin Salim al-ARAIDH, KHALID bin Abdallah Al Khalifa, MUHAMMAD bin Mubarak Al-Khalifa",
      "cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the monarch",
      "elections": "the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch"
    },
    "legislative_branch": {
      "text": "bicameral National Assembly consists of the Shura Council or Consultative Council (40 members appointed by the King) and the Council of Representatives or Chamber of Deputies (40 seats; members directly elected to serve four-year terms)",
      "elections": "Council of Representatives - last held in two rounds on 23 and 30 October 2010 (next election to be held in 2014); byelections to fill 18 vacated seats held in two rounds on 24 September and 1 October 2011",
      "election_results": "Council of Representatives (2010) - percent of vote by society - NA; seats by society - Wifaq (Shia) 18, Asalah (Sunni Salafi) 3, Minbar (Sunni Muslim Brotherhood) 2, independents 17; Council of Representatives byelection for 18 seats vacated by Wifaq (2011) - seats by society - independent Sunni 8, independent Shia 8, other 2; note - Bahrain has societies rather than parties"
    },
    "judicial_branch": {
      "highest_courts": "Court of Cassation (consists of a chairman and 3 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of a president and 6 members) note - the judiciary of Bahrain is divided into the civil law and sharia law courts",
      "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Court of Cassation and Constitutional Court judges appointed by royal decree and serve for a specified tenure",
      "subordinate_courts": "High Court of Appeal; middle and lower civil courts; higher and lower shariah courts, and the High Shariah Court of Appeal"
    },
    "political_parties_and_leaders": {
      "note": "political parties are prohibited but political societies were legalized per a July 2005 law",
      "progovernment": "Arab Islamic Center Society [Ahmad Sanad AL-BENALI]; Constitutional Gathering Society; Islamic Asalah [Abd al-Halim MURAD]; Islamic Saff Society [Abdullah Khalil BU GHAMAR]; Islamic Shura Society; Movement of National Justice Society [Muhi al-Din KHAN]; National Action Charter Society [Muhammad AL-BUAYNAYN]; National Dialogue Society; National Islamic Minbar [Ali AHMAD]; National Unity Gathering [Abdullah AL-HUWAYHI]",
      "oppositon": "National Democratic Action Society [Ibrahim SHARIF]; National Democratic Assembly [Hasan AL-ALI]; National Fraternity Society [Musa AL-ANSARI]; National Progressive Tribune [Abd al-Nabi SALMAN]; Unitary National Democratic Assemblage [Fadhil ABBAS]; Wifaq National Islamic Society [Ali SALMAN]"
    },
    "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
      "sunni": "Al-Fatih Awakening",
      "shia": "14 February Revolution Youth Coalition; Bahrain Islamic Freedom Movement [Said SHIHABI]; Haqq Movement [Hasan MUSHAYMA]; Islamic Amal [Muhammad Ali AL-MAHFUDH]; Khalas [Abd al-Rauf AL-SHAYIB]; Wafa Islamic Society [Abd al-Wahab HUSAYN]"
    },
    "international_organization_participation": {
      "text": "ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, CICA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
      "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Huda Azra Ibrahim NUNU",
      "chancery": "3502 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008",
      "telephone": "[1] (202) 342-1111",
      "fax": "[1] (202) 362-2192",
      "consulates_general": "New York"
    },
    "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
      "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Thomas C. KRAJESKI",
      "embassy": "Building #979, Road 3119 (next to Al-Ahli Sports Club), Block 331, Zinj District, Manama",
      "mailing_address": "PSC 451, Box 660, FPO AE 09834-5100; international mail: American Embassy, Box 26431, Manama",
      "telephone": "[973] 1724-2700",
      "fax": "[973] 1727-0547"
    },
    "flag_description": {
      "text": "red, the traditional color for flags of Persian Gulf states, with a white serrated band (five white points) on the hoist side; the five points represent the five pillars of Islam",
      "note": "until 2002 the flag had eight white points, but this was reduced to five to avoid confusion with the Qatari flag"
    },
    "national_anthem": {
      "name": "\"Bahrainona\" (Our Bahrain)",
      "lyrics_music": "unknown",
      "note": "adopted 1971; although Mohamed Sudqi AYYASH wrote the original lyrics, they were changed in 2002 following the transformation of Bahrain from an emirate to a kingdom"
    }
  },
  "econ": {
    "economy_overview": {
      "text": "Bahrain has taken great strides in diversifying its economy and its highly developed communication and transport facilities make Bahrain home to numerous multinational firms with business in the Gulf. As part of its diversification plans, Bahrain implemented a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the US in August 2006, the first FTA between the US and a Gulf state. Bahrain's economy, however, continues to depend heavily on oil. Petroleum production and refining account for more than 60% of Bahrain's export receipts, 70% of government revenues, and 11% of GDP. Other major economic activities are production of aluminum - Bahrain's second biggest export after oil - finance, and construction. Bahrain competes with Malaysia as a worldwide center for Islamic banking and continues to seek new natural gas supplies as feedstock to support its expanding petrochemical and aluminum industries. In 2011 and 2012, Bahrain experienced economic setbacks as a result of domestic unrest, however, several factors indicate that the economy is beginning to recover, such as the return of the formula one race and tourist cruise ships to Bahrain. Economic policies aimed at restoring confidence in Bahrain's economy, such as the suspension of an expatriate labor tax and frequent bailouts of Gulf Air, will make Bahrain's foremost long-term economic challenges - youth unemployment and the growth of government debt - more difficult to address."
    },
    "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
      "text": "$33.63 billion (2012 est.); $32.39 billion (2011 est.); $31.72 billion (2010 est.)",
      "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
    },
    "gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
      "text": "$27.03 billion (2012 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_real_growth_rate": {
      "text": "3.9% (2012 est.); 2.1% (2011 est.); 4.7% (2010 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
      "text": "$29,200 (2012 est.); $28,700 (2011 est.); $28,700 (2010 est.)",
      "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
    },
    "gross_national_saving": {
      "text": "31.8% of GDP (2012 est.); 29.3% of GDP (2011 est.); 30.3% of GDP (2010 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
      "household_consumption": "42.4%",
      "government_consumption": "14.2%",
      "investment_in_fixed_capital": "20.4%",
      "investment_in_inventories": "0.5%",
      "exports_of_goods_and_services": "84.6%",
      "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-62.1% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
      "agriculture": "0.4%",
      "industry": "51.3%",
      "services": "48.4% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "agriculture_products": {
      "text": "fruit, vegetables; poultry, dairy products; shrimp, fish"
    },
    "industries": {
      "text": "petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, iron pelletization, fertilizers, Islamic and offshore banking, insurance, ship repairing, tourism"
    },
    "industrial_production_growth_rate": {
      "text": "1.8% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "labor_force": {
      "text": "705,900",
      "note": "44% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national (2012 est.)"
    },
    "labor_force_by_occupation": {
      "agriculture": "1%",
      "industry": "79%",
      "services": "20% (1997 est.)"
    },
    "unemployment_rate": {
      "text": "15% (2005 est.)"
    },
    "population_below_poverty_line": {
      "text": "NA%"
    },
    "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
      "lowest_10%": "NA%",
      "highest_10%": "NA%"
    },
    "budget": {
      "revenues": "$8.378 billion",
      "expenditures": "$8.675 billion (2012 est.)"
    },
    "taxes_and_other_revenues": {
      "text": "31% of GDP (2012 est.)"
    },
    "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
      "text": "-1.1% of GDP (2012 est.)"
    },
    "public_debt": {
      "text": "54.3% of GDP (2012 est.); 47.8% of GDP (2011 est.)"
    },
    "fiscal_year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
      "text": "2.8% (2012 est.); -0.4% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
      "text": "6.3% (31 December 2012 est.); 6.83% (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_narrow_money": {
      "text": "$7.777 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $7.013 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_broad_money": {
      "text": "$24.38 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $21.64 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_domestic_credit": {
      "text": "$24.31 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $20.78 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
      "text": "$17.15 billion (31 December 2011); $20.43 billion (31 December 2010); $16.93 billion (31 December 2009)"
    },
    "current_account_balance": {
      "text": "$2.846 billion (2012 est.); $3.247 billion (2011 est.)"
    },
    "exports": {
      "text": "$21.4 billion (2012 est.); $19.91 billion (2011 est.)"
    },
    "exports_commodities": {
      "text": "petroleum and petroleum products, aluminum, textiles"
    },
    "exports_partners": {
      "text": "Saudi Arabia 3%, India 2.2%, UAE 2%, South Korea 1.9% (2012)"
    },
    "imports": {
      "text": "$15.17 billion (2012 est.); $12.11 billion (2011 est.)"
    },
    "imports_commodities": {
      "text": "crude oil, machinery, chemicals"
    },
    "imports_partners": {
      "text": "Saudi Arabia 26.8%, US 9.7%, China 9.6%, Japan 6.4%, India 4.9%, France 4.7% (2012)"
    },
    "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
      "text": "$4.853 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $4.245 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "debt_external": {
      "text": "$27.12 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $27.04 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
      "text": "$16.87 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $15.94 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
      "text": "$10.02 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $8.777 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "exchange_rates": {
      "text": "Bahraini dinars (BHD) per US dollar -; 0.376 (2012 est.); 0.376 (2011 est.); 0.376 (2010 est.); 0.376 (2009); 0.376 (2008)"
    }
  },
  "energy": {
    "electricity_production": {
      "text": "13.16 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_consumption": {
      "text": "12.97 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_exports": {
      "text": "0 kWh (2011 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_imports": {
      "text": "214 million kWh (2011 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
      "text": "3.168 million kW (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
      "text": "100% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_production": {
      "text": "44,800 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_exports": {
      "text": "152,600 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_imports": {
      "text": "256,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
      "text": "107.2 million bbl (1 January 2013 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_production": {
      "text": "270,800 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
      "text": "51,450 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
      "text": "226,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_production": {
      "text": "12.58 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_consumption": {
      "text": "12.25 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_exports": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_imports": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
      "text": "92.03 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
    },
    "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
      "text": "30.69 million Mt (2010 est.)"
    }
  },
  "comm": {
    "telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
      "text": "276,500 (2011)"
    },
    "telephones_mobile_cellular": {
      "text": "1.694 million (2011)"
    },
    "telephone_system": {
      "general_assessment": "modern system",
      "domestic": "modern fiber-optic integrated services; digital network with rapidly growing use of mobile-cellular telephones",
      "international": "country code - 973; landing point for the Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) submarine cable network that provides links to Asia, Middle East, Europe, and US; tropospheric scatter to Qatar and UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; satellite earth station - 1 (2007)"
    },
    "broadcast_media": {
      "text": "state-run Bahrain Radio and Television Corporation (BRTC) operates 5 terrestrial TV networks and several radio stations; satellite TV systems provide access to international broadcasts; 1 private FM station directs broadcasts to Indian listeners; radio and TV broadcasts from countries in the region are available (2007)"
    },
    "internet_country_code": {
      "text": ".bh"
    },
    "internet_hosts": {
      "text": "47,727 (2012)"
    },
    "internet_users": {
      "text": "419,500 (2009)"
    }
  },
  "trans": {
    "airports": {
      "text": "4 (2013)"
    },
    "airports_with_paved_runways": {
      "total": "4",
      "over_3_047_m": "3",
      "914_to_1_523_m": "1 (2013)"
    },
    "heliports": {
      "text": "1 (2013)"
    },
    "pipelines": {
      "text": "gas 20 km; oil 54 km (2013)"
    },
    "roadways": {
      "total": "4,122 km",
      "paved": "3,392 km",
      "unpaved": "730 km (2010)"
    },
    "merchant_marine": {
      "total": "8",
      "by_type": "bulk carrier 2, container 4, petroleum tanker 2",
      "foreign_owned": "5 (Kuwait 5)",
      "registered_in_other_countries": "5 (Honduras 5) (2010)"
    },
    "ports_and_terminals": {
      "major_seaports": "Mina' Salman, Sitrah"
    }
  },
  "military": {
    "military_branches": {
      "text": "Bahrain Defense Force (BDF): Royal Bahraini Army (RBA), Royal Bahraini Navy (RBN), Royal Bahraini Air Force (RBAF), Royal Bahraini Air Defense Force (RBADF) (2013)"
    },
    "military_service_age_and_obligation": {
      "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; 15 years of age for NCOs, technicians, and cadets; no conscription (2012)"
    },
    "manpower_available_for_military_service": {
      "males_age_16_49": "508,863",
      "females_age_16_49": "290,801 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
      "males_age_16_49": "423,757",
      "females_age_16_49": "245,302 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
      "male": "8,988",
      "female": "8,117 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "military_expenditures": {
      "text": "4.5% of GDP (2006)"
    }
  },
  "issues": {
    "disputes_international": {
      "text": "none"
    },
    "trafficking_in_persons": {
      "current_situation": "Bahrain is a destination country for men and women subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; unskilled and domestic workers from India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, Ethiopia, Ghana, and Eritrea migrate willingly to Bahrain, but some face conditions of forced labor through the withholding of passports, restrictions on movement, nonpayment, threats, and abuse; many Bahraini labor recruitment agencies and some employers charge foreign workers exorbitant fees that make them vulnerable to forced labor and debt bondage; domestic workers are particularly vulnerable to forced labor and sexual exploitation because they are not protected under labor laws; women from Thailand, the Philippines, Morocco, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, China, Vietnam, Russia, Ukraine, and Eastern European countries are forced into prostitution in Bahrain",
      "tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - Bahrain does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has made few discernible efforts to investigate, prosecute, and convict trafficking offenses; cases of unpaid or withheld wages, passport retention, and other abuses - common indicators of trafficking - are treated as labor disputes and taken to civil court rather than criminal court; the government has made no indication of taking steps to institute a formal trafficking victim identification procedure and referral mechanism, resulting in the majority of victims seeking shelter at their embassies or the NGO-operated trafficking shelter; most victims have not filed lawsuits against employers because of a distrust of the legal system or a fear of reprisals (2013)"
    }
  }
}