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{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "In 1783, the Sunni Al-Khalifa family captured Bahrain from the Persians. In order to secure these holdings, it entered into a series of treaties with the UK during the 19th century that made Bahrain a British protectorate. The archipelago attained its independence in 1971. Facing declining oil reserves, Bahrain has turned to petroleum processing and refining and has become an international banking center. Bahrain's small size and central location among Persian Gulf countries require it to play a delicate balancing act in foreign affairs among its larger neighbors. The Sunni-led government has struggled to manage relations with its large Shia-majority population. In early 2011, amid Arab uprisings elsewhere in the region, the Bahraini Government confronted similar protests at home with police and military action. The aftermath led to modest reforms, though continued dissatisfaction by Bahraini oppositionists with the extent of the reforms, has led to a broader dialogue between government officials, political societies, and legislators."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Middle East, archipelago in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "26 00 N, 50 33 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Middle East"
},
"area": {
"total": "760 sq km",
"land": "760 sq km",
"water": "0 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "3.5 times the size of Washington, DC"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"text": "0 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "161 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"contiguous_zone": "24 nm",
"continental_shelf": "extending to boundaries to be determined"
},
"climate": {
"text": "arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Persian Gulf 0 m",
"highest_point": "Jabal ad Dukhan 122 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish, pearls"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "1.79%",
"permanent_crops": "3.95%",
"other": "94.26% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "40.15 sq km (2003)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "0.12 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "0.36 cu km/yr (50%/6%/45%)",
"per_capita": "386 cu m/yr (2003)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "periodic droughts; dust storms"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land, periods of drought, and dust storms; coastal degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, and distribution stations; lack of freshwater resources (groundwater and seawater are the only sources for all water needs)"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "close to primary Middle Eastern petroleum sources; strategic location in Persian Gulf, through which much of the Western world's petroleum must transit to reach open ocean"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Bahraini(s)",
"adjective": "Bahraini"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Bahraini 46%, non-Bahraini 54% (2010 census)"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Arabic (official), English, Farsi, Urdu"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Muslim (Shia and Sunni) 81.2%, Christian 9%, other 9.8% (2001 census)"
},
"population": {
"text": "1,281,332 July 2013 est.",
"note": "includes 235,108 non-nationals"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "20% (male 130,097/female 126,067)",
"15_24_years": "15.9% (male 113,973/female 89,602)",
"25_54_years": "56.2% (male 472,537/female 247,873)",
"55_64_years": "5.2% (male 43,884/female 23,352)",
"65_years_and_over": "2.6% (male 16,262/female 17,685) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "30.3 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "27.3 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "2.9 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "34.3 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "31.4 years",
"male": "32.8 years",
"female": "28.6 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "2.57% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "14.16 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "2.65 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "14.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "88.7% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "2.21% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "MANAMA (capital) 262,000 (2011)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.03 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.03 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.26 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "1.92 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "1.89 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.91 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "1.54 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "20 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "9.93 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "11.1 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "8.72 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "78.43 years",
"male": "76.28 years",
"female": "80.63 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "1.83 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "61.8% (1995)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "5% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "1.44 physicians/1,000 population (2008)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "1.8 beds/1,000 population (2009)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 100% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 100% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.2% (2001 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "fewer than 600 (2007 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "fewer than 200 (2003 est.)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "32.9% (2008)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "2.9% of GDP (2008)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "94.6%",
"male": "96.1%",
"female": "91.6% (2010 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "14 years",
"male": "14 years",
"female": "15 years (2006)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "5,530",
"percentage": "5 % (2000 est.)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "28.3%",
"male": "25.7%",
"female": "32.6% (2004)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Kingdom of Bahrain",
"conventional_short_form": "Bahrain",
"local_long_form": "Mamlakat al Bahrayn",
"local_short_form": "Al Bahrayn",
"former": "Dilmun, State of Bahrain"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "constitutional monarchy"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Manama",
"geographic_coordinates": "26 14 N, 50 34 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "5 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Asamah (Capital), Janubiyah (Southern), Muharraq, Shamaliyah (Northern), Wasat (Central)",
"note": "each governorate administered by an appointed governor"
},
"independence": {
"text": "15 August 1971 (from the UK)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "National Day, 16 December (1971); note - 15 August 1971 was the date of independence from the UK, 16 December 1971 was the date of independence from British protection"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "adopted 14 February 2002"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "mixed legal system of Islamic law, English common law, Egyptian civil, criminal, and commercial codes; customary law"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "20 years of age; universal; note - Bahraini Cabinet in May 2011 endorsed a draft law lowering eligibility to 18 years"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "King HAMAD bin Isa Al-Khalifa (since 6 March 1999); Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad Al-Khalifa (son of the monarch, born 21 October 1969)",
"head_of_government": "Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al-Khalifa (since 1971); First Deputy Prime Minister SALMAN bin Hamad Al Khalifa (since 11 March 2013); Deputy Prime Ministers ALI bin Khalifa bin Salman Al-Khalifa, Jawad bin Salim al-ARAIDH, KHALID bin Abdallah Al Khalifa, MUHAMMAD bin Mubarak Al-Khalifa",
"cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the monarch",
"elections": "the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "bicameral National Assembly consists of the Shura Council or Consultative Council (40 members appointed by the King) and the Council of Representatives or Chamber of Deputies (40 seats; members directly elected to serve four-year terms)",
"elections": "Council of Representatives - last held in two rounds on 23 and 30 October 2010 (next election to be held in 2014); byelections to fill 18 vacated seats held in two rounds on 24 September and 1 October 2011",
"election_results": "Council of Representatives (2010) - percent of vote by society - NA; seats by society - Wifaq (Shia) 18, Asalah (Sunni Salafi) 3, Minbar (Sunni Muslim Brotherhood) 2, independents 17; Council of Representatives byelection for 18 seats vacated by Wifaq (2011) - seats by society - independent Sunni 8, independent Shia 8, other 2; note - Bahrain has societies rather than parties"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Court of Cassation (consists of a chairman and 3 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of a president and 6 members) note - the judiciary of Bahrain is divided into the civil law and sharia law courts",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Court of Cassation and Constitutional Court judges appointed by royal decree and serve for a specified tenure",
"subordinate_courts": "High Court of Appeal; middle and lower civil courts; higher and lower shariah courts, and the High Shariah Court of Appeal"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"note": "political parties are prohibited but political societies were legalized per a July 2005 law",
"progovernment": "Arab Islamic Center Society [Ahmad Sanad AL-BENALI]; Constitutional Gathering Society; Islamic Asalah [Abd al-Halim MURAD]; Islamic Saff Society [Abdullah Khalil BU GHAMAR]; Islamic Shura Society; Movement of National Justice Society [Muhi al-Din KHAN]; National Action Charter Society [Muhammad AL-BUAYNAYN]; National Dialogue Society; National Islamic Minbar [Ali AHMAD]; National Unity Gathering [Abdullah AL-HUWAYHI]",
"oppositon": "National Democratic Action Society [Ibrahim SHARIF]; National Democratic Assembly [Hasan AL-ALI]; National Fraternity Society [Musa AL-ANSARI]; National Progressive Tribune [Abd al-Nabi SALMAN]; Unitary National Democratic Assemblage [Fadhil ABBAS]; Wifaq National Islamic Society [Ali SALMAN]"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"sunni": "Al-Fatih Awakening",
"shia": "14 February Revolution Youth Coalition; Bahrain Islamic Freedom Movement [Said SHIHABI]; Haqq Movement [Hasan MUSHAYMA]; Islamic Amal [Muhammad Ali AL-MAHFUDH]; Khalas [Abd al-Rauf AL-SHAYIB]; Wafa Islamic Society [Abd al-Wahab HUSAYN]"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, CICA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Huda Azra Ibrahim NUNU",
"chancery": "3502 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 342-1111",
"fax": "[1] (202) 362-2192",
"consulates_general": "New York"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Thomas C. KRAJESKI",
"embassy": "Building #979, Road 3119 (next to Al-Ahli Sports Club), Block 331, Zinj District, Manama",
"mailing_address": "PSC 451, Box 660, FPO AE 09834-5100; international mail: American Embassy, Box 26431, Manama",
"telephone": "[973] 1724-2700",
"fax": "[973] 1727-0547"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "red, the traditional color for flags of Persian Gulf states, with a white serrated band (five white points) on the hoist side; the five points represent the five pillars of Islam",
"note": "until 2002 the flag had eight white points, but this was reduced to five to avoid confusion with the Qatari flag"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Bahrainona\" (Our Bahrain)",
"lyrics_music": "unknown",
"note": "adopted 1971; although Mohamed Sudqi AYYASH wrote the original lyrics, they were changed in 2002 following the transformation of Bahrain from an emirate to a kingdom"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Bahrain has taken great strides in diversifying its economy and its highly developed communication and transport facilities make Bahrain home to numerous multinational firms with business in the Gulf. As part of its diversification plans, Bahrain implemented a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the US in August 2006, the first FTA between the US and a Gulf state. Bahrain's economy, however, continues to depend heavily on oil. Petroleum production and refining account for more than 60% of Bahrain's export receipts, 70% of government revenues, and 11% of GDP. Other major economic activities are production of aluminum - Bahrain's second biggest export after oil - finance, and construction. Bahrain competes with Malaysia as a worldwide center for Islamic banking and continues to seek new natural gas supplies as feedstock to support its expanding petrochemical and aluminum industries. In 2011 and 2012, Bahrain experienced economic setbacks as a result of domestic unrest, however, several factors indicate that the economy is beginning to recover, such as the return of the formula one race and tourist cruise ships to Bahrain. Economic policies aimed at restoring confidence in Bahrain's economy, such as the suspension of an expatriate labor tax and frequent bailouts of Gulf Air, will make Bahrain's foremost long-term economic challenges - youth unemployment and the growth of government debt - more difficult to address."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$33.63 billion (2012 est.); $32.39 billion (2011 est.); $31.72 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$27.03 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "3.9% (2012 est.); 2.1% (2011 est.); 4.7% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$29,200 (2012 est.); $28,700 (2011 est.); $28,700 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "31.8% of GDP (2012 est.); 29.3% of GDP (2011 est.); 30.3% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "42.4%",
"government_consumption": "14.2%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "20.4%",
"investment_in_inventories": "0.5%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "84.6%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-62.1% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "0.4%",
"industry": "51.3%",
"services": "48.4% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "fruit, vegetables; poultry, dairy products; shrimp, fish"
},
"industries": {
"text": "petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, iron pelletization, fertilizers, Islamic and offshore banking, insurance, ship repairing, tourism"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.8% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "705,900",
"note": "44% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "1%",
"industry": "79%",
"services": "20% (1997 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "15% (2005 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "NA%"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "NA%",
"highest_10%": "NA%"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$8.378 billion",
"expenditures": "$8.675 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "31% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-1.1% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "54.3% of GDP (2012 est.); 47.8% of GDP (2011 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "2.8% (2012 est.); -0.4% (2011 est.)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "6.3% (31 December 2012 est.); 6.83% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$7.777 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $7.013 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$24.38 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $21.64 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$24.31 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $20.78 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$17.15 billion (31 December 2011); $20.43 billion (31 December 2010); $16.93 billion (31 December 2009)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "$2.846 billion (2012 est.); $3.247 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$21.4 billion (2012 est.); $19.91 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "petroleum and petroleum products, aluminum, textiles"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "Saudi Arabia 3%, India 2.2%, UAE 2%, South Korea 1.9% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$15.17 billion (2012 est.); $12.11 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "crude oil, machinery, chemicals"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "Saudi Arabia 26.8%, US 9.7%, China 9.6%, Japan 6.4%, India 4.9%, France 4.7% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$4.853 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $4.245 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$27.12 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $27.04 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$16.87 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $15.94 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$10.02 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $8.777 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "Bahraini dinars (BHD) per US dollar -; 0.376 (2012 est.); 0.376 (2011 est.); 0.376 (2010 est.); 0.376 (2009); 0.376 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "13.16 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "12.97 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "214 million kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "3.168 million kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "100% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "44,800 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "152,600 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "256,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "107.2 million bbl (1 January 2013 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "270,800 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "51,450 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "226,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "12.58 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "12.25 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "92.03 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "30.69 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "276,500 (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "1.694 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "modern system",
"domestic": "modern fiber-optic integrated services; digital network with rapidly growing use of mobile-cellular telephones",
"international": "country code - 973; landing point for the Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) submarine cable network that provides links to Asia, Middle East, Europe, and US; tropospheric scatter to Qatar and UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; satellite earth station - 1 (2007)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "state-run Bahrain Radio and Television Corporation (BRTC) operates 5 terrestrial TV networks and several radio stations; satellite TV systems provide access to international broadcasts; 1 private FM station directs broadcasts to Indian listeners; radio and TV broadcasts from countries in the region are available (2007)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".bh"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "47,727 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "419,500 (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "4 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "4",
"over_3_047_m": "3",
"914_to_1_523_m": "1 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "1 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "gas 20 km; oil 54 km (2013)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "4,122 km",
"paved": "3,392 km",
"unpaved": "730 km (2010)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "8",
"by_type": "bulk carrier 2, container 4, petroleum tanker 2",
"foreign_owned": "5 (Kuwait 5)",
"registered_in_other_countries": "5 (Honduras 5) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"major_seaports": "Mina' Salman, Sitrah"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Bahrain Defense Force (BDF): Royal Bahraini Army (RBA), Royal Bahraini Navy (RBN), Royal Bahraini Air Force (RBAF), Royal Bahraini Air Defense Force (RBADF) (2013)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; 15 years of age for NCOs, technicians, and cadets; no conscription (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "508,863",
"females_age_16_49": "290,801 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "423,757",
"females_age_16_49": "245,302 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "8,988",
"female": "8,117 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "4.5% of GDP (2006)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "none"
},
"trafficking_in_persons": {
"current_situation": "Bahrain is a destination country for men and women subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; unskilled and domestic workers from India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, Ethiopia, Ghana, and Eritrea migrate willingly to Bahrain, but some face conditions of forced labor through the withholding of passports, restrictions on movement, nonpayment, threats, and abuse; many Bahraini labor recruitment agencies and some employers charge foreign workers exorbitant fees that make them vulnerable to forced labor and debt bondage; domestic workers are particularly vulnerable to forced labor and sexual exploitation because they are not protected under labor laws; women from Thailand, the Philippines, Morocco, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, China, Vietnam, Russia, Ukraine, and Eastern European countries are forced into prostitution in Bahrain",
"tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - Bahrain does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has made few discernible efforts to investigate, prosecute, and convict trafficking offenses; cases of unpaid or withheld wages, passport retention, and other abuses - common indicators of trafficking - are treated as labor disputes and taken to civil court rather than criminal court; the government has made no indication of taking steps to institute a formal trafficking victim identification procedure and referral mechanism, resulting in the majority of victims seeking shelter at their embassies or the NGO-operated trafficking shelter; most victims have not filed lawsuits against employers because of a distrust of the legal system or a fear of reprisals (2013)"
}
}
}

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{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "Following World War II, the British withdrew from their mandate of Palestine, and the UN partitioned the area into Arab and Jewish states, an arrangement rejected by the Arabs. Subsequently, the Israelis defeated the Arabs in a series of wars without ending the deep tensions between the two sides. (The territories Israel occupied since the 1967 war are not included in the Israel country profile, unless otherwise noted.) On 25 April 1982, Israel withdrew from the Sinai pursuant to the 1979 Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty. In keeping with the framework established at the Madrid Conference in October 1991, bilateral negotiations were conducted between Israel and Palestinian representatives and Syria to achieve a permanent settlement. Israel and Palestinian officials signed on 13 September 1993 a Declaration of Principles (also known as the \"Oslo Accords\") guiding an interim period of Palestinian self-rule. Outstanding territorial and other disputes with Jordan were resolved in the 26 October 1994 Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace. Progress toward a permanent status agreement was undermined by Israeli-Palestinian violence between September 2003 and February 2005. Israel in 2005 unilaterally disengaged from the Gaza Strip, evacuating settlers and its military while retaining control over most points of entry into the Gaza Strip. The election of HAMAS to head the Palestinian Legislative Council in 2006 froze relations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority (PA). In 2006 Israel engaged in a 34-day conflict with Hizballah in Lebanon in June-August 2006 and a 23-day conflict with HAMAS in the Gaza Strip during December 2008 and January 2009. Prime Minister Binyamin NETANYAHU formed a coalition in March 2009 following a February 2009 general election. Direct talks with the PA launched in September 2010 collapsed following the expiration of Israel's 10-month partial settlement construction moratorium in the West Bank."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and Lebanon"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "31 30 N, 34 45 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Middle East"
},
"area": {
"total": "20,770 sq km",
"land": "20,330 sq km",
"water": "440 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly larger than New Jersey"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "1,017 km",
"border_countries": "Egypt 266 km, Gaza Strip 51 km, Jordan 238 km, Lebanon 79 km, Syria 76 km, West Bank 307 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "273 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"continental_shelf": "to depth of exploitation"
},
"climate": {
"text": "temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "Negev desert in the south; low coastal plain; central mountains; Jordan Rift Valley"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Dead Sea -408 m",
"highest_point": "Har Meron 1,208 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "timber, potash, copper ore, natural gas, phosphate rock, magnesium bromide, clays, sand"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "13.68%",
"permanent_crops": "3.69%",
"other": "82.62% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "2,250 sq km (2004)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "1.78 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "1.95 cu km/yr (39%/6%/55%)",
"per_capita": "282.4 cu m/yr (2009)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; droughts; periodic earthquakes"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "limited arable land and natural freshwater resources pose serious constraints; desertification; air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; groundwater pollution from industrial and domestic waste, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "Marine Life Conservation"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "Lake Tiberias (Sea of Galilee) is an important freshwater source; the Dead Sea is the second saltiest body of water in the world (after Lake Assal in Djibouti); there are about 355 Israeli civilian sites including about 145 small outpost communities in the West Bank, 41 sites in the Golan Heights, and 32 in East Jerusalem (2010 est.)"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Israeli(s)",
"adjective": "Israeli"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Jewish 76.4% (of which Israel-born 67.1%, Europe/America-born 22.6%, Africa-born 5.9%, Asia-born 4.2%), non-Jewish 23.6% (mostly Arab) (2004)"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Hebrew (official), Arabic (used officially for Arab minority), English (most commonly used foreign language)"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Jewish 75.6%, Muslim 16.9%, Christian 2%, Druze 1.7%, other 3.8% (2008)"
},
"population": {
"text": "7,707,042 (July 2013 est.)",
"note": "approximately 325,500 Israeli settlers live in the West Bank (2011); approximately 18,700 Israeli settlers live in the Golan Heights (2011); approximately 186,929 Israeli settlers live in East Jerusalem (2010)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "27.3% (male 1,077,081/female 1,028,192)",
"15_24_years": "15.7% (male 619,091/female 590,551)",
"25_54_years": "37.7% (male 1,485,292/female 1,422,352)",
"55_64_years": "8.8% (male 328,943/female 348,695)",
"65_years_and_over": "10.5% (male 355,049/female 451,796) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "62.5 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "45.1 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "17.4 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "5.7 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "29.7 years",
"male": "29 years",
"female": "30.4 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.5% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "18.71 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "5.52 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "1.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "91.9% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "1.73% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "Tel Aviv-Yafo 3.219 million; Haifa 1.027 million; JERUSALEM (capital) 768,000 (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.94 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.78 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "1.01 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "27.3 (2011 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "7 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "4.03 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "4.2 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "3.84 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "81.17 years",
"male": "78.96 years",
"female": "83.49 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "2.65 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "7.6% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "3.63 physicians/1,000 population (2007)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "3.5 beds/1,000 population (2010)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.2% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "7,500 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "fewer than 100 (2009 est.)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "26.2% (2008)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "5.9% of GDP (2009)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "97.1%",
"male": "98.5%",
"female": "95.9% (2004 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "16 years",
"male": "15 years",
"female": "16 years (2009)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "11.6%",
"male": "11.8%",
"female": "11.3% (2011)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "State of Israel",
"conventional_short_form": "Israel",
"local_long_form": "Medinat Yisra'el",
"local_short_form": "Yisra'el"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "parliamentary democracy"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Jerusalem",
"geographic_coordinates": "31 46 N, 35 14 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)",
"daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins Friday before the last Sunday in March; ends the first Sunday in October; note - if the end of DST falls on Rosh Hashanah, then the end of DST will fall on the first Monday after 1 October",
"note": "Israel proclaimed Jerusalem as its capital in 1950, but the US, like all other countries, maintains its Embassy in Tel Aviv"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "6 districts (mehozot, singular - mehoz); Central, Haifa, Jerusalem, Northern, Southern, Tel Aviv"
},
"independence": {
"text": "14 May 1948 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 14 May (1948); note - Israel declared independence on 14 May 1948, but the Jewish calendar is lunar and the holiday may occur in April or May"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the Basic Laws of the parliament (Knesset), and the Israeli citizenship law; note - since May 2003 the Constitution, Law, and Justice Committee of the Knesset has been working on a draft constitution"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "mixed legal system of English common law, British Mandate regulations, and Jewish, Christian, and Muslim religious laws"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; withdrew acceptance of ICCt jurisdiction in 2002"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Shimon PERES (since 15 July 2007)",
"head_of_government": "Prime Minister Binyamin NETANYAHU (since 31 March 2009)",
"cabinet": "Cabinet selected by prime minister and approved by the Knesset",
"elections": "president largely a ceremonial role and is elected by the Knesset for a seven-year term (one-term limit); election last held 13 June 2007 (next to be held in 2014 but can be called earlier); following legislative elections, the president, in consultation with party leaders, assigns the task of forming a governing coalition to a Knesset member whom he or she determines is most likely to accomplish that task",
"election_results": "Shimon PERES elected president; number of votes in first round - Shimon PERES 58, Reuven RIVLIN 37, Colette AVITAL 21; PERES elected president in second round with 86 votes (unopposed)"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "unicameral Knesset (120 seats; political parties are elected by popular vote and assigned seats for members on a proportional basis; members serve four-year terms)",
"elections": "last held on 22 January 2013 (next to be held in 2017)",
"election_results": "percent of vote by party - Likud-Ahi 23.3%, Yesh Atid 14.3%, Labor 11.4%, The Jewish Home 9.1%, SHAS 8.7%, United Torah Judaism 5.2%, The Movement 5%, Meretz 4.5%, United Arab List 3.6%, HADASH 3%, Balad 2.6%, Kadima 2.1%; other 7.2%; seats by party - Likud-Ahi 31, Yesh Atid 19, Labor 15, The Jewish Home 12, SHAS 11, United Torah Judaism 7, The Movement 6, Meretz 6, United Arab List 4, HADASH 4, Balad 3, Kadima 2",
"note": "Ehud BARAK and four others on 17 January 2011 split from the Labor Party and formed the Atzmaut (Independence) Party; the Labor Party holds 8 seats in the Knesset and the Independence Party holds 5 seats; Aztmaut did not submit a candidate list for the election on 22 January 2013"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court ( consists of the chief justice and 14 judges)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "judges selected by the Judicial Selection Committee, made up of all three branches of the government and chaired by the Minister of Justice; judges can serve up to mandatory retirement age of 70",
"subordinate_courts": "district and magistrate courts; national and regional labor courts; special and religious courts"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Atzmaut (Independence) Party [Ehud BARAK]; Balad [Jamal ZAHALKA]; Democratic Front for Peace and Equality (HADASH) [Muhammad BARAKEH]; Kadima [Shaul MOFAZ]; Labor Party [Shelly YECHIMOVICH]; Likud-Ahi [Binyamin NETANYAHU]; National Union Uri ARIEL]; SHAS [Eliyahu YISHAI]; The Jewish Home (HaBayit HaYehudi) [Naftali BENNETT]; The Movement (Hatnuah) [Tzipora \"Tzipi\" LIVNI]; The New Movement-Meretz [Haim ORON]; United Arab List-Ta'al [Ibrahim SARSUR]; United Torah Judaism or UTJ [Yaakov LITZMAN]; Yesh Atid [Yair LAPID]; Yisrael Beiteinu or YB [Avigdor LIEBERMAN]"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "B'Tselem [Jessica MONTELL, Executive Director] monitors human rights abuses; Peace Now [Yariv OPPENHEIMER, Secretary General] supports territorial concessions in the West Bank and Gaza Strip; YESHA Council of Settlements [Danny DAYAN, Chairman] promotes settler interests and opposes territorial compromise; Breaking the Silence [Yehuda SHAUL, Executive Director] collects testimonies from soldiers who served in the West Bank and Gaza Strip"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "BIS, BSEC (observer), CE (observer), CICA, EBRD, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW (signatory), OSCE (partner), Paris Club (associate), PCA, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Michael B. OREN",
"chancery": "3514 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 364-5500",
"fax": "[1] (202) 364-5647",
"consulates_general": "Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Daniel B. SHAPIRO",
"embassy": "71 Hayarkon Street, Tel Aviv 63903",
"telephone": "[972] (3) 519-7475",
"fax": "[972] (3) 516-4390",
"consulates_general": "Jerusalem; note - an independent US mission, established in 1928, whose members are not accredited to a foreign government"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as the Magen David (Shield of David) centered between two equal horizontal blue bands near the top and bottom edges of the flag; the basic design resembles a Jewish prayer shawl (tallit), which is white with blue stripes; the hexagram as a Jewish symbol dates back to medieval times"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "Star of David"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Hatikvah\" (The Hope)",
"lyrics_music": "Naftali Herz IMBER/traditional, arranged by Samuel COHEN",
"note": "adopted 2004, unofficial since 1948; used as the anthem of the Zionist movement since 1897; the 1888 arrangement by Samuel COHEN is thought to be based on the Romanian folk song \"Carul cu boi\" (The Ox Driven Cart)"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Israel has a technologically advanced market economy. Its major imports include crude oil, grains, raw materials, and military equipment. Cut diamonds, high-technology equipment, and pharmaceuticals are among the leading exports. Israel usually posts sizable trade deficits, which are covered by tourism and other service exports, as well as significant foreign investment inflows. The global financial crisis of 2008-09 spurred a brief recession in Israel, but the country entered the crisis with solid fundamentals - following years of prudent fiscal policy and a resilient banking sector. The economy has recovered better than most advanced, comparably sized economies. In 2010, Israel formally acceded to the OECD. Israel's economy also has weathered the Arab Spring because strong trade ties outside the Middle East have insulated the economy from spillover effects. Natural gasfields discovered off Israel's coast during the past two years have brightened Israel''s energy security outlook. The Leviathan field was one of the world''s largest offshore natural gas finds this past decade, and production from the Tama field is expected to meet all of Israel''s natural gas demand beginning mid-2013. In mid-2011, public protests arose around income inequality and rising housing and commodity prices. The government formed committees to address some of the grievances but has maintained that it will not engage in deficit spending to satisfy populist demands."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$252.8 billion (2012 est.); $245.2 billion (2011 est.); $234.4 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$240.9 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "3.1% (2012 est.); 4.6% (2011 est.); 5% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$32,800 (2012 est.); $32,600 (2011 est.); $31,800 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "19.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 19% of GDP (2011 est.); 18.4% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "57.5%",
"government_consumption": "24.3%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "19.1%",
"investment_in_inventories": "0.2%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "37.4%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-38.5% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "2.5%",
"industry": "31.4%",
"services": "66.1% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "citrus, vegetables, cotton; beef, poultry, dairy products"
},
"industries": {
"text": "high-technology products (including aviation, communications, computer-aided design and manufactures, medical electronics, fiber optics), wood and paper products, potash and phosphates, food, beverages, and tobacco, caustic soda, cement, construction, metals products, chemical products, plastics, diamond cutting, textiles, footwear"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "4% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "3.606 million (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "2%",
"industry": "16%",
"services": "82% (September 2008)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "6.9% (2012 est.); 5.6% (2011 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "23.6%",
"note": "Israel's poverty line is $7.30 per person per day (2007)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "2.5%",
"highest_10%": "24.3% (2008)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "39.2 (2008); 35.5 (2001)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$63.54 billion",
"expenditures": "$73.65 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "26.4% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-4.2% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "73.6% of GDP (2012 est.); 72.6% of GDP (2011 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "1.7% (2012 est.); 3.5% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "2.75% (31 December 2011 est.); 2.02% (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "5.14% (31 December 2012 est.); 5.54% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$32.48 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $30.21 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$208.8 billion (31 December 2009 est.); $195.7 billion (31 December 2008 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$192.3 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $178 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$145 billion (31 December 2011); $218.1 billion (31 December 2010); $182.1 billion (31 December 2009)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "-$2.579 billion (2012 est.); $1.873 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$61.45 billion (2012 est.); $64.19 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, software, cut diamonds, agricultural products, chemicals, textiles and apparel"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "US 27.8%, Hong Kong 7.7%, UK 5.7%, Belgium 4.6%, China 4.3% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$71.4 billion (2012 est.); $72.03 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "raw materials, military equipment, investment goods, rough diamonds, fuels, grain, consumer goods"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "US 12.9%, China 7.3%, Germany 6.3%, Switzerland 5.5%, Belgium 4.8% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$75.91 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $74.87 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$94.34 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $104.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$75.94 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $66.59 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$74.75 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $70.74 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "new Israeli shekels (ILS) per US dollar -; 3.8559 (2012 est.); 3.5781 (2011 est.); 3.739 (2010 est.); 3.93 (2009); 3.588 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "53.55 billion kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "45.59 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "3.783 billion kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "12.07 million kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "99.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "0.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "100 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "224,400 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "11.8 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "242,100 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "238,400 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "71,100 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "50,490 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "1.55 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "3.65 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "2.1 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "270.7 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "70.32 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "3.5 million (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "9.2 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "most highly developed system in the Middle East",
"domestic": "good system of coaxial cable and microwave radio relay; all systems are digital; four privately owned mobile-cellular service providers with countrywide coverage",
"international": "country code - 972; submarine cables provide links to Europe, Cyprus, and parts of the Middle East; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "state broadcasting network, operated by the Israel Broadcasting Authority (IBA), broadcasts on 2 channels, one in Hebrew and the other in Arabic; 5 commercial channels including a channel broadcasting in Russian, a channel broadcasting Knesset proceedings, and a music channel supervised by a public body; multi-channel satellite and cable TV packages provide access to foreign channels; IBA broadcasts on 8 radio networks with multiple repeaters and Israel Defense Forces Radio broadcasts over multiple stations; about 15 privately owned radio stations; overall more than 100 stations and repeater stations (2008)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".il"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "2.483 million (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "4.525 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "47 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "29",
"over_3_047_m": "2",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "5",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "6",
"914_to_1_523_m": "11",
"under_914_m": "5 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "18",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "1",
"914_to_1_523_m": "3",
"under_914_m": "14 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "3 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "gas 763 km; oil 442 km; refined products 261 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "975 km",
"standard_gauge": "975 km 1.435-m gauge (2008)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "18,566 km",
"paved": "18,566 km (includes 449 km of expressways) (2011)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "8",
"by_type": "cargo 1, container 7",
"registered_in_other_countries": "48 (Bermuda 3, Georgia 1, Honduras 1, Liberia 34, Malta 3, Moldova 2, Panama 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Ashdod, Elat (Eilat), Hadera, Haifa"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Israel Defense Forces (IDF), Israel Naval Force (IN), Israel Air Force (IAF) (2010)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for compulsory (Jews, Druzes) military service; 17 years of age for voluntary (Christians, Muslims, Circassians) military service; both sexes are obligated to military service; conscript service obligation - 36 months for enlisted men, 21 months for enlisted women, 48 months for officers; pilots commit to 9 years service; reserve obligation to age 41-51 (men), 24 (women) \r\n (2013)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "1,797,960",
"females_age_16_49": "1,713,230 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "1,517,510",
"females_age_16_49": "1,446,132 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "62,304",
"female": "59,418 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "7.4% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement - permanent status to be determined through further negotiation; Israel continues construction of a \"seam line\" separation barrier along parts of the Green Line and within the West Bank; Israel withdrew its settlers and military from the Gaza Strip and from four settlements in the West Bank in August 2005; Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied (Lebanon claims the Shab'a Farms area of Golan Heights); since 1948, about 350 peacekeepers from the UN Truce Supervision Organization headquartered in Jerusalem monitor ceasefires, supervise armistice agreements, prevent isolated incidents from escalating, and assist other UN personnel in the region"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"refugees_country_of_origin": "37,347 (Eritrea); 10,743 (Sudan) (2012)",
"stateless_persons": "14 (2012)"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "increasingly concerned about ecstasy, cocaine, and heroin abuse; drugs arrive in country from Lebanon and, increasingly, from Jordan; money-laundering center"
}
}
}

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{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "Formerly part of the Ottoman Empire, Iraq was occupied by Britain during the course of World War I; in 1920, it was declared a League of Nations mandate under UK administration. In stages over the next dozen years, Iraq attained its independence as a kingdom in 1932. A \"republic\" was proclaimed in 1958, but in actuality a series of strongmen ruled the country until 2003. The last was SADDAM Husayn. Territorial disputes with Iran led to an inconclusive and costly eight-year war (1980-88). In August 1990, Iraq seized Kuwait but was expelled by US-led, UN coalition forces during the Gulf War of January-February 1991. Following Kuwait's liberation, the UN Security Council (UNSC) required Iraq to scrap all weapons of mass destruction and long-range missiles and to allow UN verification inspections. Continued Iraqi noncompliance with UNSC resolutions over a period of 12 years led to the US-led invasion of Iraq in March 2003 and the ouster of the SADDAM Husayn regime. US forces remained in Iraq under a UNSC mandate through 2009 and under a bilateral security agreement thereafter, helping to provide security and to train and mentor Iraqi security forces. In October 2005, Iraqis approved a constitution in a national referendum and, pursuant to this document, elected a 275-member Council of Representatives (COR) in December 2005. The COR approved most cabinet ministers in May 2006, marking the transition to Iraq's first constitutional government in nearly a half century. In January 2009, Iraq held elections for provincial councils in all governorates except for the three governorates comprising the Kurdistan Regional Government and Kirkuk Governorate. Iraq held a national legislative election in March 2010 - choosing 325 legislators in an expanded COR - and, after nine months of deadlock the COR approved the new government in December 2010. Nearly nine years after the start of the Second Gulf War in Iraq, US military operations there ended in mid-December 2011."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iran and Kuwait"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "33 00 N, 44 00 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Middle East"
},
"area": {
"total": "438,317 sq km",
"land": "437,367 sq km",
"water": "950 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly more than twice the size of Idaho"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "3,650 km",
"border_countries": "Iran 1,458 km, Jordan 181 km, Kuwait 240 km, Saudi Arabia 814 km, Syria 605 km, Turkey 352 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "58 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"continental_shelf": "not specified"
},
"climate": {
"text": "mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "mostly broad plains; reedy marshes along Iranian border in south with large flooded areas; mountains along borders with Iran and Turkey"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Persian Gulf 0 m",
"highest_point": "unnamed peak; 3,611 m; note - this peak is neither Gundah Zhur 3,607 m nor Kuh-e Hajji-Ebrahim 3,595 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "9.19%",
"permanent_crops": "0.48%",
"other": "90.33% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "35,250 sq km (2003)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "89.86 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "66 cu km/yr (7%/15%/79%)",
"per_capita": "2,616 cu m/yr (2000)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "dust storms; sandstorms; floods"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "government water control projects have drained most of the inhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or diverting the feeder streams and rivers; a once sizable population of Marsh Arabs, who inhabited these areas for thousands of years, has been displaced; furthermore, the destruction of the natural habitat poses serious threats to the area's wildlife populations; inadequate supplies of potable water; development of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers system contingent upon agreements with upstream riparian Turkey; air and water pollution; soil degradation (salination) and erosion; desertification"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "Environmental Modification"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "strategic location on Shatt al Arab waterway and at the head of the Persian Gulf"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Iraqi(s)",
"adjective": "Iraqi"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian, or other 5%"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Arabic (official), Kurdish (official), Turkmen (a Turkish dialect) and Assyrian (Neo-Aramaic) are official in areas where they constitute a majority of the population), Armenian"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Muslim (official) 97% (Shia 60%-65%, Sunni 32%-37%), Christian or other 3%",
"note": "while there has been voluntary relocation of many Christian families to northern Iraq, recent reporting indicates that the overall Christian population may have dropped by as much as 50 percent since the fall of the Saddam HUSSEIN regime in 2003, with many fleeing to Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon"
},
"population": {
"text": "31,858,481 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "37.2% (male 6,029,869/female 5,818,752)",
"15_24_years": "19.6% (male 3,175,754/female 3,082,880)",
"25_54_years": "35.8% (male 5,823,608/female 5,585,217)",
"55_64_years": "4.2% (male 637,889/female 698,691)",
"65_years_and_over": "3.2% (male 467,858/female 537,963) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "76.2 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "70.6 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "5.6 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "17.8 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "21.3 years",
"male": "21.2 years",
"female": "21.4 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "2.29% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "27.51 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "4.65 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "66.5% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "3.05% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "BAGHDAD (capital) 5.751 million; Mosul 1.447 million; Erbil 1.009 million; Basra 923,000; As Sulaymaniyah 836,000 (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.03 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.91 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.87 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "1.03 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "63 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "38.86 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "42.98 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "34.55 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "71.14 years",
"male": "69.67 years",
"female": "72.67 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "3.5 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "51.2% (2011)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "8.4% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "0.69 physicians/1,000 population (2009)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "1.3 beds/1,000 population (2010)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 91% of population; rural: 56% of population; total: 79% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 9% of population; rural: 44% of population; total: 21% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 76% of population; rural: 67% of population; total: 73% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 24% of population; rural: 33% of population; total: 27% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "less than 0.1% (2001 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "fewer than 500 (2003 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "NA"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "intermediate",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever",
"note": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds\r\n (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "27% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "7.1% (2006)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "NA"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "78.5%",
"male": "86%",
"female": "71.2% (2011 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "10 years",
"male": "11 years",
"female": "9 years (2004)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "715,737",
"percentage": "11 % (2006 est.)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Republic of Iraq",
"conventional_short_form": "Iraq",
"local_long_form": "Jumhuriyat al-Iraq/Komar-i Eraq",
"local_short_form": "Al Iraq/Eraq"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "parliamentary democracy"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Baghdad",
"geographic_coordinates": "33 20 N, 44 24 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "18 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah (Arabic); parezgakan, singular - parezga (Kurdish)) and 1 region*; Al Anbar; Al Basrah; Al Muthanna; Al Qadisiyah (Ad Diwaniyah); An Najaf; Arbil (Erbil) (Arabic), Hewler (Kurdish); As Sulaymaniyah (Arabic), Slemani (Kurdish); Babil; Baghdad; Dahuk (Arabic), Dihok (Kurdish); Dhi Qar; Diyala; Karbala'; Kirkuk; Kurdistan Regional Government*; Maysan; Ninawa; Salah ad Din; Wasit"
},
"independence": {
"text": "3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration); note - on 28 June 2004 the Coalition Provisional Authority transferred sovereignty to the Iraqi Interim Government"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Republic Day, July 14 (1958); note - the Government of Iraq has yet to declare an official national holiday but still observes Republic Day"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "ratified 15 October 2005 (subject to review by the Constitutional Review Committee and a possible public referendum)"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "mixed legal system of civil and Islamic law"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Jalal TALABANI (since 6 April 2005)",
"head_of_government": "Prime Minister Nuri al-MALIKI (since 20 May 2006)",
"cabinet": "The Council of Ministers consists of the prime minister and cabinet ministers the prime minister proposes; approved by an absolute majority vote by the Council of Representatives",
"elections": "president elected by Council of Representatives (parliament) to serve a four-year term (eligible for a second term); presidential election in parliament last held on 11 November 2010 (next to be held in 2014)",
"election_results": "President Jalal TALABANI reelected on 11 November 2010; Council of Representatives vote count on second ballot - 195 votes; Nuri al-MALIKI reelected prime minister"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "unicameral Council of Representatives (325 seats consisting of 317 members elected by an optional open-list and representing a specific governorate, proportional representation system and 8 seats reserved for minorities; members serve four-year terms); note - Iraq's Constitution calls for the establishment of an upper house, the Federation Council",
"elections": "last held on 7 March 2010 for an enlarged 325-seat parliament (next to be held in 2014)",
"election_results": "Council of Representatives - percent of vote by coalition - Iraqi National Movement 25.9%, State of Law coalition 25.8%, Iraqi National Alliance 19.4%, Kurdistan Alliance 15.3%, Goran (Change) List 4.4%, Tawafuq Front 2.7%, Iraqi Unity Alliance 2.9%, Kurdistan Islamic Union 2.3%, Kurdistan Islamic Group 1.4%; seats by coalition - NA"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Federal Supreme Court or FSC (consists of 9 judges); note - court jurisdiction limited to constitutional issues); Court of Cassation (consists of a court president, 5 vice-presidents, and at least 24 judges)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Federal Supreme Court and Court of Cassation judges appointed by the Higher Juridical Council, a 26-member independent committee of judicial officials; FSC members appointed for life ; Court of Cassation judges appointed for 1-year probationary period and upon satisfactory performance may be confirmed for permanent tenure until retirement at age 63",
"subordinate_courts": "Courts of Appeal (governorate level); courts of first instance; personal status, labor, criminal, juvenile, and religious courts"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Badr Organization [Hadi al-AMIRI]; Da'wa Party (Islamic) [Prime Minister Nuri al-MALIKI]; Da'wa Tanzim [Hashim al-MUSAWI branch]; Da-wa Tanzim [Abd al-Karim al-ANZI branch]; Fadilah Party [Hasan al-SHAMMARI and Ammar TUAMA]; Goran (Change) List (also known as the Movement for Change) [Nushirwan MUSTAFA]; Iraqi Covenant Gathering [Ahmad Abd al-Ghafur al-SAMARRAI]; Iraqi Constitutional Party [Jawad al-BULANI]; Iraqi Front for National Dialogue [Deputy Prime Minister Salih al-MUTLAQ]; Iraqi Islamic Party or IIP [Usama al-TIKRITI]; Iraqi Justice and Reform Movement [Shaykh Abdallah al-YAWR]; Iraqi National Accord or INA [Ayad ALLAWI]; Iraqi National Alliance [Ibrahim al-JAFARI]; Iraqi National Congress or INC [Ahmad CHALABI]; Iraqi National Movement (see Iraqi National Accord); Iraqi Unity Alliance [Nauaf Saud ZAID]; Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq or ISCI [Ammar al-HAKIM]; Kurdistan Alliance; Kurdistan Democratic Party or KDP [Kurdistan Regional Government President Masud BARZANI]; Kurdistan Islamic Group (also called Islamic Group of Kurdistan) [Ali BAPIR]; Kurdistan Islamic Union [ Mohammed FARAI]; Future National Gathering [Finance Minister Rafi al-ISSAWI]; National Iraqiyun Gathering [Usama al-NUJAYFI]; National Movement for Reform and Development [Jamal al-KARBULI]; National Reform Trend (part of the National Iraqi Alliance) [former Prime Minister Ibrahim al-JAFARI]; Patriotic Union of Kurdistan or PUK [President Jalal TALABANI]; Renewal List [Vice President Tariq al-HASHIMI]; Sadrist Trend [Muqtada al-SADR]; Sahawa al-Iraq [Ahmad al-RISHAWI]; State of Law Coalition [Nouri al-MALIKI]; Tawafuq Front (also known as the Iraqi Accord Front); ",
"note": "numerous smaller local, tribal, and minority parties"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "Sunni militias; Shia militias, some associated with political parties"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, CICA, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Luqman Abd al-Rahim FAYLI",
"chancery": "3421 Massachusetts Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20007",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 742-1600",
"fax": "[1] (202) 333-1129",
"consulates_general": "Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Robert Stephen BEECROFT",
"embassy": "Al-Kindi Street, International Zone, Baghdad",
"mailing_address": "APO AE 09316",
"telephone": "0760-030-3000",
"fax": "NA"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the Takbir (Arabic expression meaning \"God is great\") in green Arabic script is centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white); the Council of Representatives approved this flag in 2008 as a compromise temporary replacement for the Ba'athist Saddam-era flag",
"note": "similar to the flag of Syria, which has two stars but no script, Yemen, which has a plain white band, and that of Egypt, which has a gold Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "golden eagle"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Mawtini\" (My Homeland)",
"lyrics_music": "Ibrahim TOUQAN/Mohammad FLAYFEL",
"note": "adopted 2004; following the ousting of Saddam HUSSEIN, Iraq adopted \"Mawtini,\" a popular folk song throughout the Arab world, which also serves as an unofficial anthem of the Palestinian people"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "An improving security environment and foreign investment are helping to spur economic activity, particularly in the energy, construction, and retail sectors. Broader economic development, long-term fiscal health, and sustained improvements in the overall standard of living still depend on the central government passing major policy reforms. Iraq's largely state-run economy is dominated by the oil sector, which provides more than 90% of government revenue and 80% of foreign exchange earnings. Iraq in 2012 boosted oil exports to a 30-year high of 2.6 million barrels per day, a significant increase from Iraq's average of 2.2 million in 2011. Government revenues increased as global oil prices remained persistently high for much of 2012. Iraq's contracts with major oil companies have the potential to further expand oil exports and revenues, but Iraq will need to make significant upgrades to its oil processing, pipeline, and export infrastructure to enable these deals to reach their economic potential. The Iraqi Kurdistan Region's (IKR) autonomous Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) passed its own oil law in 2007, and has directly signed about 50 contracts to develop IKR energy reserves. The federal government has disputed the legal authority of the KRG to conclude most of these contracts, some of which are also in areas with unresolved administrative boundaries in dispute between the federal and regional government. Iraq is making slow progress enacting laws and developing the institutions needed to implement economic policy, and political reforms are still needed to assuage investors' concerns regarding the uncertain business climate, which may have been harmed by the November 2012 standoff between Baghdad and Erbil and the removal of the Central Bank Governor in October 2012. The government of Iraq is eager to attract additional foreign direct investment, but it faces a number of obstacles including a tenuous political system and concerns about security and societal stability. Rampant corruption, outdated infrastructure, insufficient essential services, skilled labor shortages, and antiquated commercial laws stifle investment and continue to constrain growth of private, nonoil sectors. Iraq is considering a package of laws to establish a modern legal framework for the oil sector and a mechanism to equitably divide oil revenues within the nation, although these reforms are still under contentious and sporadic negotiation. Under the Iraqi Constitution, some competencies relevant to the overall investment climate are either shared by the federal government and the regions or are devolved entirely to the regions. Investment in the IKR operates within the framework of the Kurdistan Region Investment Law (Law 4 of 2006) and the Kurdistan Board of Investment, which is designed to provide incentives to help economic development in areas under the authority of the KRG. Inflation has remained under control since 2006 as security improved. However, Iraqi leaders remain hard pressed to translate macroeconomic gains into an improved standard of living for the Iraqi populace. Unemployment remains a problem throughout the country despite a bloated public sector. Encouraging private enterprise through deregulation would make it easier for Iraqi citizens and foreign investors to start new businesses. Rooting out corruption and implementing reforms - such as restructuring banks and developing the private sector - would be important steps in this direction."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$242.5 billion (2012 est.); $223.7 billion (2011 est.); $206 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$212.5 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "8.4% (2012 est.); 8.6% (2011 est.); 5.9% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$7,200 (2012 est.); $6,800 (2011 est.); $6,500 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "3.4%",
"industry": "64.9%",
"services": "31.7% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "wheat, barley, rice, vegetables, dates, cotton; cattle, sheep, poultry"
},
"industries": {
"text": "petroleum, chemicals, textiles, leather, construction materials, food processing, fertilizer, metal fabrication/processing"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "11.3% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "8.9 million (2010 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "21.6%",
"industry": "18.7%",
"services": "59.8% (2008 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "16% (2012 est.); 15% (2010 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "25% (2008 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "3.6%",
"highest_10%": "25.7% (2007 est.)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$103.4 billion",
"expenditures": "$88.34 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "48.7% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "7.1% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "6.1% (2012 est.); 5.6% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "6% (December 2012); 6% (December 2011)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "6% (31 December 2012 est.); 6% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$54.68 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $53.4 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$71.48 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $61.81 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$1.779 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $1.727 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$4 billion (9 December 2011); $2.6 billion (31 July 2010); $2 billion (31 July 2009 est.)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "$20.63 billion (2012 est.); $21.68 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$93.91 billion (2012 est.); $79.68 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "crude oil 84%, crude materials excluding fuels, food and live animals"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "US 21.4%, India 21.1%, China 13.8%, South Korea 11.2%, Canada 4.8%, Italy 4.5%, Spain 4.3% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$56.89 billion (2012 est.); $40.63 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "food, medicine, manufactures"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "Turkey 27.8%, Syria 15.9%, China 12.6%, US 5.2%, South Korea 4.8% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$70.33 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $61.04 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$50.26 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $50.79 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "Iraqi dinars (IQD) per US dollar -; 1,166 (2012 est.); 1,170 (2011 est.); 1,170 (2010 est.); 1,170 (2009); 1,176 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "47.4 billion kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "35.12 billion kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "12.28 billion kWh (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "10.11 million kW (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "69% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "31% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "2.9 million bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "2.6 million bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "143.1 billion bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "410,500 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "818,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "144,100 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "1.303 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "1.3 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "3.171 trillion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "118.3 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "1.794 million (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "27 million (2012)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "the 2003 liberation of Iraq severely disrupted telecommunications throughout Iraq including international connections; widespread government efforts to rebuild domestic and international communications through fiber optic links are in progress; the mobile cellular market has expanded rapidly to some 27 million subscribers by the end of 2012",
"domestic": "repairs to switches and lines destroyed during 2003 continue; additional switching capacity is improving access; 3 GSM operators since 2007 have expanded beyond their regional roots and offer near country-wide access to second-generation services; third-generation mobile services are not available nationwide; wireless local loop is available in some metropolitan areas and additional licenses have been issued with the hope of overcoming the lack of fixed-line infrastructure",
"international": "country code - 964; satellite earth stations - 4 (2 Intelsat - 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean, 1 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocean region, and 1 Arabsat (inoperative)); local microwave radio relay connects border regions to Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey; international terrestrial fiber-optic connections have been established with Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Kuwait, Jordan, and Iran; links to the Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) and the Gulf Bridge International (GBI) submarine fiber-optic cables have been established (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "the number of private radio and TV stations has increased rapidly since 2003; government-owned TV and radio stations are operated by the publicly funded Iraqi Public Broadcasting Service; private broadcast media are mostly linked to political, ethnic, or religious groups; satellite TV is available to an estimated 70% of viewers and many of the broadcasters are based abroad; transmissions of multiple international radio broadcasters are accessible (2007)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".iq"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "26 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "325,900 (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "102 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "72",
"over_3_047_m": "20",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "34",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "4",
"914_to_1_523_m": "7",
"under_914_m": "7 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "30",
"over_3_047_m": "3",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "5",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "3",
"914_to_1_523_m": "13",
"under_914_m": "6 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "16 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "gas 2,455 km; liquid petroleum gas 913 km; oil 5,432 km; refined products 1,637 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "2,370 km",
"standard_gauge": "2,370 km 1.435-m gauge (2012)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "59,623 km",
"paved": "59,623 km (includes Kurdistan Region) (2012)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "5,279 km (the Euphrates River (2,815 km), Tigris River (1,899 km), and Third River (565 km) are the principal waterways) (2012)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "2",
"by_type": "petroleum tanker 2",
"registered_in_other_countries": "2 (Marshall Islands 2) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Al Basrah, Khawr az Zubayr, Umm Qasr"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Counterterrorism Service Forces: Counterterrorism Command; Iraqi Special Operations Forces (ISOF); Ministry of Defense Forces: Iraqi Army (includes Army Aviation Directorate, former National Guard Iraqi Intervention Forces, and Strategic Infrastructure Battalions), Iraqi Navy (former Iraqi Coastal Defense Force, includes Iraq Marine Force), Iraqi Air Force (Al-Quwwat al-Jawwiya al-Iraqiya) (2011)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18-40 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2013)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "7,767,329",
"females_age_16_49": "7,461,766 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "6,591,185",
"females_age_16_49": "6,421,717 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "332,194",
"female": "322,010 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "8.6% of GDP (2006)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "approximately two million Iraqis have fled the conflict in Iraq, with the majority taking refuge in Syria and Jordan, and lesser numbers to Egypt, Lebanon, Iran, and Turkey; Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf; Turkey has expressed concern over the autonomous status of Kurds in Iraq"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"refugees_country_of_origin": "15,496 (Turkey); 11,467 (West Bank and Gaza Strip); 8,259 (Iran) (2012); 183,195 (Syria) (2013)",
"idps": "1.1 million (since 2006 from ethno-sectarian violence) (2013)",
"stateless_persons": "120,000 (2012); note - in the 1970s and 1980s under Saddam Hussein's administration, thousands of Iraq's Faili Kurds, followers of Shia Islam, were stripped of their Iraqi citizenship, had their property seized by the government, and many were deported; some Faili Kurds had their citizenship reinstated under the 2006 Iraqi Nationality Law, but others lack the documentation to prove their Iraqi origins; some Palestinian refugees, who were also persecuted under the Saddam Hussein regime, still remain stateless in Iraq"
}
}
}

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{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "Known as Persia until 1935, Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979 after the ruling monarchy was overthrown and Shah Mohammad Reza PAHLAVI was forced into exile. Conservative clerical forces led by Ayatollah Ruhollah KHOMEINI established a theocratic system of government with ultimate political authority vested in a learned religious scholar referred to commonly as the Supreme Leader who, according to the constitution, is accountable only to the Assembly of Experts - a popularly elected 86-member body of clerics. US-Iranian relations became strained when a group of Iranian students seized the US Embassy in Tehran in November 1979 and held embassy personnel hostages until mid-January 1981. The US cut off diplomatic relations with Iran in April 1980. During the period 1980-88, Iran fought a bloody, indecisive war with Iraq that eventually expanded into the Persian Gulf and led to clashes between US Navy and Iranian military forces. Iran has been designated a state sponsor of terrorism for its activities in Lebanon and elsewhere in the world and remains subject to US, UN, and EU economic sanctions and export controls because of its continued involvement in terrorism and its nuclear weapons ambitions. Following the election of reformer Hojjat ol-Eslam Mohammad KHATAMI as president in 1997 and a reformist Majles (legislature) in 2000, a campaign to foster political reform in response to popular dissatisfaction was initiated. The movement floundered as conservative politicians, through control of unelected institutions, prevented reform measures from being enacted and increased repressive measures. Starting with nationwide municipal elections in 2003 and continuing through Majles elections in 2004, conservatives reestablished control over Iran's elected government institutions, which culminated with the August 2005 inauguration of hardliner Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD as president. His controversial reelection in June 2009 sparked nationwide protests over allegations of electoral fraud. The UN Security Council has passed a number of resolutions calling for Iran to suspend its uranium enrichment and reprocessing activities and comply with its IAEA obligations and responsibilities. In mid-February 2011, opposition activists conducted the largest antiregime rallies since December 2009, spurred by the success of uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt. Protester turnout probably was at most tens of thousands and security forces were deployed to disperse protesters. Additional protests in March 2011 failed to elicit significant participation largely because of the robust security response, although discontent still smolders. Deteriorating economic conditions due primarily to government mismanagement and international sanctions prompted at least two major economically based protests in July and October 2012."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "32 00 N, 53 00 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Middle East"
},
"area": {
"total": "1,648,195 sq km",
"land": "1,531,595 sq km",
"water": "116,600 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly smaller than Alaska"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "5,440 km",
"border_countries": "Afghanistan 936 km, Armenia 35 km, Azerbaijan-proper 432 km, Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave 179 km, Iraq 1,458 km, Pakistan 909 km, Turkey 499 km, Turkmenistan 992 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "2,440 km; note - Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"contiguous_zone": "24 nm",
"exclusive_economic_zone": "bilateral agreements or median lines in the Persian Gulf",
"continental_shelf": "natural prolongation"
},
"climate": {
"text": "mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both coasts"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Caspian Sea -28 m",
"highest_point": "Kuh-e Damavand 5,671 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulfur"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "10.05%",
"permanent_crops": "1.08%",
"other": "88.86% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "87,000 sq km (2009)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "137 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "93.3 cu km/yr (7%/1%/92%)",
"per_capita": "1,306 cu m/yr (2004)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakes"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents; deforestation; overgrazing; desertification; oil pollution in the Persian Gulf; wetland losses from drought; soil degradation (salination); inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution from raw sewage and industrial waste; urbanization"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "strategic location on the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz, which are vital maritime pathways for crude oil transport"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Iranian(s)",
"adjective": "Iranian"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Persian 61%, Azeri 16%, Kurd 10%, Lur 6%, Baloch 2%, Arab 2%, Turkmen and Turkic tribes 2%, other 1%"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Persian (official) 53%, Azeri Turkic and Turkic dialects 18%, Kurdish 10%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 7%, Luri 6%, Balochi 2%, Arabic 2%, other 2%"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Muslim (official) 98% (Shia 89%, Sunni 9%), other (includes Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and Baha'i) 2%"
},
"population": {
"text": "79,853,900 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "23.8% (male 9,733,762/female 9,251,929)",
"15_24_years": "19.8% (male 8,116,169/female 7,671,139)",
"25_54_years": "45.3% (male 18,380,525/female 17,766,409)",
"55_64_years": "6.1% (male 2,383,360/female 2,472,140)",
"65_years_and_over": "5.1% (male 1,902,743/female 2,175,724) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "41 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "33.6 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "7.5 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "13.4 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "27.8 years",
"male": "27.5 years",
"female": "28.1 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.24% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "18.4 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "5.94 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-0.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "69.1% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "1.25% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "TEHRAN (capital) 7.19 million; Mashhad 2.592 million; Esfahan 1.704 million; Karaj 1.531 million; Tabriz 1.459 million (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.06 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "1.03 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.96 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.89 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "1.03 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "21 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "40.02 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "40.54 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "39.48 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "70.62 years",
"male": "69.09 years",
"female": "72.24 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "1.86 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "73.3% (2002)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "5.6% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "0.89 physicians/1,000 population (2005)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "1.7 beds/1,000 population (2009)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 97% of population; rural: 92% of population; total: 96% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 3% of population; rural: 8% of population; total: 4% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 100% of population; total: 100% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 0% of population; rural: 0% of population; total: 0% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.2% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "92,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "6,400 (2009 est.)"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "intermediate",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial diarrhea",
"vectorborne_diseases": "Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever",
"note": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds\r\n (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "19.4% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "4.6% (2004)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "4.7% of GDP (2010)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "85%",
"male": "89.3%",
"female": "80.7% (2008 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "14 years",
"male": "14 years",
"female": "14 years (2011)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "23%",
"male": "20.2%",
"female": "33.9% (2008)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Islamic Republic of Iran",
"conventional_short_form": "Iran",
"local_long_form": "Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran",
"local_short_form": "Iran",
"former": "Persia"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "theocratic republic"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Tehran",
"geographic_coordinates": "35 42 N, 51 25 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+3.5 (8.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)",
"daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins fourth Tuesday in March; ends fourth Thursday in September"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "31 provinces (ostanha, singular - ostan); Alborz, Ardabil, Azarbayjan-e Gharbi (West Azerbaijan), Azarbayjan-e Sharqi (East Azerbaijan), Bushehr, Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman, Kermanshah, Khorasan-e Jonubi (South Khorasan), Khorasan-e Razavi (Razavi Khorasan), Khorasan-e Shomali (North Khorasan), Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh va Bowyer Ahmad, Kordestan, Lorestan, Markazi, Mazandaran, Qazvin, Qom, Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan, Tehran, Yazd, Zanjan"
},
"independence": {
"text": "1 April 1979 (Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed); notable earlier dates: ca. 625 B.C. (unification of Iran under the Medes); ca. A.D. 1501 (Iran reunified under the Safavids); 12 December 1925 (modern Iran established under the Pahlavis)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Republic Day, 1 April (1979)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "2-3 December 1979; revised 1989",
"note": "the revision in 1989 expanded powers of the presidency and eliminated the prime ministership"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "religious legal system based on sharia law"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "Supreme Leader Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI (since 4 June 1989)",
"head_of_government": "President Hasan Fereidun RUHANI (since 3 August 2013); First Vice President Mohammad Reza RAHIMI (since 13 September 2009)",
"cabinet": "Council of Ministers selected by the president with legislative approval; the Supreme Leader has some control over appointments to the more sensitive ministries",
"note": "also considered part of the Executive branch of government are three oversight bodies: 1) Assembly of Experts (Majles-e Khoebregan), a popularly elected body charged with determining the succession of the Supreme Leader, reviewing his performance, and deposing him if deemed necessary; 2) Expediency Council or the Council for the Discernment of Expediency (Majma-ye- Tashkhis-e -Maslahat-e- Nezam) exerts supervisory authority over the executive, judicial, and legislative branches and resolves legislative issues when the Majles and the Council of Guardians disagree and since 1989 has been used to advise national religious leaders on matters of national policy; in 2005 the Council's powers were expanded to act as a supervisory body for the government; 3) Council of Guardians of the Constitution or Council of Guardians or Guardians Council (Shora-ye Negban-e Qanon-e Asasi) determines whether proposed legislation is both constitutional and faithful to Islamic law, vets candidates in popular elections for suitability, and supervises national elections",
"elections": "supreme leader appointed for life by the Assembly of Experts; president elected by popular vote for a four-year term (eligible for a second term and additional nonconsecutive term); election last held on 14 June 2013 (next presidential election to be held in June 2017)",
"election_results": "Hasan Fereidun RUHANI 50.7%, Mohammad Baqer QALIBAF 16.6%, Saeed JALILI 11.4%, Mohsen REZAI 10.6%, Ali Akber VELAYATI 6.2%, other 4.5%"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly or Majles-e Shura-ye Eslami or Majles (290 seats; members elected by popular vote from single and multimember districts to serve four-year terms)",
"elections": "last held on 2 March 2012 (first round); second round held on 4 May 2012; (next election to be held in 2016)",
"election_results": "percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of a president and NA judges)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court president appointed by the head of the Supreme Judicial Council in consultation with judges of the Supreme Court; president appointed for a 5-year term; other judge appointments and tenure NA",
"subordinate_courts": "Penal Courts I and II; Islamic Revolutionary Courts; Courts of Peace; Special Clerical Court (functions outside the judicial system and handles cases involving clerics); military courts"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"note": "formal political parties are a relatively new phenomenon in Iran and most conservatives still prefer to work through political pressure groups rather than parties; often political parties or coalitions are formed prior to elections and disbanded soon thereafter; a loose pro-reform coalition called the 2nd Khordad Front, which includes political parties as well as less formal groups and organizations, achieved considerable success in elections for the sixth Majles in early 2000; groups in the coalition included the Islamic Iran Participation Front (IIPF), Executives of Construction Party (Kargozaran), Solidarity Party, Islamic Labor Party, Mardom Salari, Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization (MIRO), and Militant Clerics Society (MCS; Ruhaniyun); the coalition participated in the seventh Majles elections in early 2004 but boycotted them after 80 incumbent reformists were disqualified; following his defeat in the 2005 presidential elections, former MCS Secretary General and sixth Majles Speaker Mehdi KARUBI formed the National Trust Party; a new conservative group, Islamic Iran Developers Coalition (Abadgaran), took a leading position in the new Majles after winning a majority of the seats in February 2004; ahead of the 2008 Majles elections, traditional and hardline conservatives attempted to close ranks under the United Front of Principlists and the Broad Popular Coalition of Principlists; several reformist groups, such as the MIRO and the IIPF, also came together as a reformist coalition in advance of the 2008 Majles elections; the IIPF has repeatedly complained that the overwhelming majority of its candidates were unfairly disqualified from the 2008 elections"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"groups_that_generally_support_the_islamic_republic": "Ansar-e Hizballah-; Followers of the Line of the Imam and the Leader; Islamic Coalition Party (Motalefeh); Islamic Engineers Society; Tehran Militant Clergy Association (MCA; Ruhaniyat); ",
"active_pro_reform_student_group": "Office of Strengthening Unity (OSU); ",
"opposition_groups": "Freedom Movement of Iran; Green Path movement [Mehdi KARUBI, Mir-Hosein MUSAVI]; Marz-e Por Gohar; National Front; various ethnic and monarchist organizations; ",
"armed_political_groups_repressed_by_the_government": "Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (KDPI); Jundallah; Komala; Mojahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK or MKO); People's Fedayeen; People's Free Life Party of Kurdistan (PJAK)"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "CICA, CP, D-8, ECO, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, SAARC (observer), SCO (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"text": "none; note - Iran has an Interests Section in the Pakistani Embassy; address: Iranian Interests Section, Pakistani Embassy, 2209 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007; telephone: [1] (202) 965-4990; FAX [1] (202) 965-1073"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"text": "none; note - the US Interests Section is located in the Embassy of Switzerland No. 39 Shahid Mousavi (Golestan 5th), Pasdaran Ave., Tehran, Iran; telephone [98] 21 2254 2178/2256 5273; FAX [98] 21 2258 0432"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the national emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah in the shape of a tulip, a symbol of martyrdom) in red is centered in the white band; ALLAH AKBAR (God is Great) in white Arabic script is repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along the top edge of the red band; green is the color of Islam and also represents growth, white symbolizes honesty and peace, red stands for bravery and martyrdom"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "lion"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Soroud-e Melli-ye Jomhouri-ye Eslami-ye Iran\" (National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran)",
"lyrics_music": "multiple authors/Hassan RIAHI",
"note": "adopted 1990"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Iran's economy is marked by statist policies and an inefficient state sector, which create major distortions throughout the system, and reliance on oil, which provides a large share of government revenues. Price controls, subsidies, and other rigidities weigh down the economy, undermining the potential for private-sector-led growth. Private sector activity is typically limited to small-scale workshops, farming, some manufacturing, and services. Significant informal market activity flourishes and corruption is widespread. Tehran since the early 1990s has recognized the need to reduce these inefficiencies, and in December 2010 the Majles passed President Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD's Targeted Subsidies Law (TSL) to reduce state subsidies on food and energy. This was the most extensive economic reform since the government implemented gasoline rationing in 2007. Over a five-year period the legislation sought to phase out subsidies that previously cost Tehran $60-$100 billion annually and mostly benefited Iran''s upper and middle classes. Cash payouts of $45 per person to more than 90% of Iranian households mitigated initial widespread resistance to the TSL program. However, inflation in 2012 reached its highest level in four years, eroding the value of these cash payouts and motivating the Majles to halt planned price increases for the second half of 2012 through at least March 2013. New fiscal and monetary constraints on Tehran, following international sanctions in January against Iran''s Central Bank and oil exports, significantly reduced Iran''s oil revenue, forced government spending cuts, and fueled a 20% currency depreciation. Economic growth turned negative for the first time in two decades. Iran also continues to suffer from double-digit unemployment and underemployment. Underemployment among Iran''s educated youth has convinced many to seek jobs overseas, resulting in a significant \"brain drain.\""
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$1.016 trillion (2012 est.); $1.035 trillion (2011 est.); $1.005 trillion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$548.9 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "-1.9% (2012 est.); 3% (2011 est.); 5.9% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$13,300 (2012 est.); $13,800 (2011 est.); $13,500 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "31.3% of GDP (2012 est.); 38.2% of GDP (2011 est.); 34.2% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "44.8%",
"government_consumption": "13.4%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "31.8%",
"investment_in_inventories": "1.5%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "24.8%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-16.3% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "11.3%",
"industry": "37.6%",
"services": "51% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "wheat, rice, other grains, sugar beets, sugarcane, fruits, nuts, cotton; dairy products, wool; caviar"
},
"industries": {
"text": "petroleum, petrochemicals, fertilizers, caustic soda, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), ferrous and non-ferrous metal fabrication, armaments"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "-5.7% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "27.05 million",
"note": "shortage of skilled labor (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "25%",
"industry": "31%",
"services": "45% (June 2007)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "15.5% (2012 est.); 15.3% (2011 est.)",
"note": "data are according to the Iranian Government"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "18.7% (2007 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "2.6%",
"highest_10%": "29.6% (2005)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "44.5 (2006)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$131.2 billion",
"expenditures": "$92.63 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "23.9% of GDP (2011 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "7% of GDP (2011 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "19.9% of GDP (2012 est.); 19.9% of GDP (2011 est.)",
"note": "includes publicly guaranteed debt"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "21 March - 20 March"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "27.1% (2012 est.); 20.6% (2011 est.)",
"note": "official Iranian estimate"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "NA%"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "12.8% (31 December 2012 est.); 11% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$42.91 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $40.06 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$199.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $183.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$77.74 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $77.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$107.2 billion (31 December 2011); $86.62 billion (31 December 2010); $63.3 billion (31 December 2009)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "-$7.215 billion (2012 est.); $45 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$65.33 billion (2012 est.); $106.8 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "petroleum 80%, chemical and petrochemical products, fruits and nuts, carpets"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "China 22.1%, India 11.9%, Turkey 10.6%, South Korea 7.6%, Japan 7.1% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$66.97 billion (2012 est.); $74.41 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "industrial supplies, capital goods, foodstuffs and other consumer goods, technical services"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "UAE 32.2%, China 13.8%, Turkey 11.8%, South Korea 7.4% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$69.86 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $79.86 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$14.84 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $19.11 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$24.76 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $23.61 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$2.881 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $2.531 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar -; 12,175.5 (2012 est.); 10,616.3 (2011 est.); 10,254.18 (2010 est.); 9,864.3 (2009); 9,142.8 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "213.7 billion kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "173.1 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "6.154 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "2.068 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "56.17 million kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "86.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "13.7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "4.231 million bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "2.295 million bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "151.2 billion bbl (1 January 2013 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "1.801 million bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "1.694 million bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "246,500 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "187,200 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "146.1 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "144.6 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "8.42 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "6.85 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "33.07 trillion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "560.3 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "27.767 million (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "56.043 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "currently being modernized and expanded with the goal of not only improving the efficiency and increasing the volume of the urban service but also bringing telephone service to several thousand villages, not presently connected",
"domestic": "the addition of new fiber cables and modern switching and exchange systems installed by Iran's state-owned telecom company have improved and expanded the fixed-line network greatly; fixed-line availability has more than doubled to more than 27 million lines since 2000; additionally, mobile-cellular service has increased dramatically serving roughly 56 million subscribers in 2011; combined fixed and mobile-cellular subscribership now exceeds 100 per 100 persons",
"international": "country code - 98; submarine fiber-optic cable to UAE with access to Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG); Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line runs from Azerbaijan through the northern portion of Iran to Turkmenistan with expansion to Georgia and Azerbaijan; HF radio and microwave radio relay to Turkey, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; satellite earth stations - 13 (9 Intelsat and 4 Inmarsat) (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "state-run broadcast media with no private, independent broadcasters; Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB), the state-run TV broadcaster, operates 5 nationwide channels, a news channel, about 30 provincial channels, and several international channels; about 20 foreign Persian-language TV stations broadcasting on satellite TV are capable of being seen in Iran; satellite dishes are illegal and, while their use had been tolerated, authorities began confiscating satellite dishes following the unrest stemming from the 2009 presidential election; IRIB operates 8 nationwide radio networks, a number of provincial stations, and an external service; most major international broadcasters transmit to Iran (2009)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".ir"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "197,804 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "8.214 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "319 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "140",
"over_3_047_m": "42",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "29",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "26",
"914_to_1_523_m": "36",
"under_914_m": "7 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "179",
"over_3_047_m": "1",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "2",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "9",
"914_to_1_523_m": "135",
"under_914_m": "32 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "26 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "condensate 7 km; condensate/gas 973 km; gas 20,794 km; liquid petroleum gas 570 km; oil 8,625 km; refined products 7,937 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "8,442 km",
"broad_gauge": "94 km 1.676-m gauge",
"standard_gauge": "8,348 km 1.435-m gauge (148 km electrified) (2008)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "198,866 km",
"paved": "160,366 km (includes 1,948 km of expressways)",
"unpaved": "38,500 km (2010)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "850 km (on Karun River; some navigation on Lake Urmia) (2012)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "76",
"by_type": "bulk carrier 8, cargo 51, chemical tanker 3, container 4, liquefied gas 1, passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 2, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 2",
"foreign_owned": "2 (UAE 2)",
"registered_in_other_countries": "71 (Barbados 5, Cyprus 10, Hong Kong 3, Malta 48, Panama 5) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Bandar-e Asaluyeh, Bandar Abbas, Bandar Emam Khomeyni"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Islamic Republic of Iran Regular Forces (Artesh): Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force (IRIAF), Khatemolanbia Air Defense Headquarters; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (Sepah-e Pasdaran-e Enqelab-e Eslami, IRGC): Ground Resistance Forces, Navy, Aerospace Force, Quds Force (special operations); Law Enforcement Forces (2011)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for compulsory military service; 16 years of age for volunteers; 17 years of age for Law Enforcement Forces; 15 years of age for Basij Forces (Popular Mobilization Army); conscript military service obligation is 18 months; women exempt from military service (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "23,619,215",
"females_age_16_49": "22,628,341 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "20,149,222",
"females_age_16_49": "19,417,275 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "715,111",
"female": "677,372 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "2.5% of GDP (2006)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "Iran protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed Helmand River tributaries during drought; Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf; Iran and UAE dispute Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island, which are occupied by Iran; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea; Afghan and Iranian commissioners have discussed boundary monument densification and resurvey"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"refugees_country_of_origin": "2.4 million (1 million registered, 1.4 million undocumented) (Afghanistan); 42,500 (Iraq) (2013)"
},
"trafficking_in_persons": {
"current_situation": "Iran is a presumed source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; Iranian and Afghan boys and girls are forced into prostitution domestically; Iranian women are subjected to sex trafficking in Iran, Pakistan, the Persian Gulf, and Europe; Azerbaijani women and children are also sexually exploited in Iran; Afghan migrants and refugees and Pakistani men and women are subjected to conditions of forced labor in Iran; NGO reports indicate that criminal organizations play a significant role in human trafficking in Iran",
"tier_rating": "Tier 3 - Iran does not comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking, and is not making significant efforts to do so; the government does not share information on its anti-trafficking efforts, making it difficult to assess the country's human trafficking problem or the government's attempts to curb it; NGOs report that laws against human trafficking, forced labor, and debt bondage remain unenforced because of a lack of political will and widespread political corruption; there is no evidence that the government has a process to identify trafficking victims, refers victims to protective services, or has made efforts to prevent human trafficking (2013)"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "despite substantial interdiction efforts and considerable control measures along the border with Afghanistan, Iran remains one of the primary transshipment routes for Southwest Asian heroin to Europe; suffers one of the highest opiate addiction rates in the world, and has an increasing problem with synthetic drugs; lacks anti-money laundering laws; has reached out to neighboring countries to share counter-drug intelligence"
}
}
}

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{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "Following World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, the League of Nations awarded Britain the mandate to govern much of the Middle East. Britain demarcated a semi-autonomous region of Transjordan from Palestine in the early 1920s. The area gained its independence in 1946 and thereafter became The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The country's long-time ruler, King HUSSEIN (1953-99), successfully navigated competing pressures from the major powers (US, USSR, and UK), various Arab states, Israel, and a large internal Palestinian population. Jordan lost the West Bank to Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War. King HUSSEIN in 1988 permanently relinquished Jordanian claims to the West Bank; in 1994 he signed a peace treaty with Israel. King ABDALLAH II, King HUSSEIN's eldest son, assumed the throne following his father's death in 1999. He implemented modest political and economic reforms, but in the wake of the \"Arab Revolution\" across the Middle East, Jordanians continue to press for further political liberalization, government reforms, and economic improvements."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Middle East, northwest of Saudi Arabia, between Israel (to the west) and Iraq"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "31 00 N, 36 00 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Middle East"
},
"area": {
"total": "89,342 sq km",
"land": "88,802 sq km",
"water": "540 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly smaller than Indiana"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "1,635 km",
"border_countries": "Iraq 181 km, Israel 238 km, Saudi Arabia 744 km, Syria 375 km, West Bank 97 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "26 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "3 nm"
},
"climate": {
"text": "mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "mostly desert plateau in east, highland area in west; Great Rift Valley separates East and West Banks of the Jordan River"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Dead Sea -408 m",
"highest_point": "Jabal Umm ad Dami 1,854 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "phosphates, potash, shale oil"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "1.97%",
"permanent_crops": "0.95%",
"other": "97.08% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "788.6 sq km (2004)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "0.94 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "0.94 cu km/yr (31%/4%/65%)",
"per_capita": "166 cu m/yr (2005)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "droughts; periodic earthquakes"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "limited natural freshwater resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "strategic location at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba and as the Arab country that shares the longest border with Israel and the occupied West Bank"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Jordanian(s)",
"adjective": "Jordanian"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Arabic (official), English (widely understood among upper and middle classes)"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Sunni Muslim 92% (official), Christian 6% (majority Greek Orthodox, but some Greek and Roman Catholics, Syrian Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Armenian Orthodox, and Protestant denominations), other 2% (several small Shia Muslim and Druze populations) (2001 est.)"
},
"population": {
"text": "6,482,081 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "34.6% (male 1,154,791/female 1,089,901)",
"15_24_years": "19.9% (male 661,516/female 625,311)",
"25_54_years": "36.2% (male 1,181,882/female 1,164,957)",
"55_64_years": "4.3% (male 133,371/female 142,636)",
"65_years_and_over": "5.1% (male 158,514/female 169,202) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "60.2 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "54.5 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "5.7 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "17.6 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "22.6 years",
"male": "22.2 years",
"female": "22.9 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "0.14% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "26.23 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "2.8 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-22.02 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "82.7% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "2.17% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "AMMAN (capital) 1.088 million (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.06 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.06 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.06 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "1.02 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.93 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.95 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "1.03 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "24.9",
"note": "Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2009 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "63 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "15.26 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "15.89 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "14.59 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "80.3 years",
"male": "78.91 years",
"female": "81.77 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "3.32 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "59.3% (2009)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "8% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "2.45 physicians/1,000 population (2009)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "1.8 beds/1,000 population (2010)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 98% of population; rural: 92% of population; total: 97% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 2% of population; rural: 8% of population; total: 3% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 98% of population; rural: 98% of population; total: 98% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 2% of population; rural: 2% of population; total: 2% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "less than 0.1% (2001 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "600 (2007 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "fewer than 500 (2003 est.)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "30% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "1.9% (2009)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "NA"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "95.9%",
"male": "97.7%",
"female": "93.9% (2011 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "13 years",
"male": "12 years",
"female": "13 years (2010)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "29.9%",
"male": "26.2%",
"female": "46.8% (2011)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan",
"conventional_short_form": "Jordan",
"local_long_form": "Al Mamlakah al Urduniyah al Hashimiyah",
"local_short_form": "Al Urdun",
"former": "Transjordan"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "constitutional monarchy"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Amman",
"geographic_coordinates": "31 57 N, 35 56 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)",
"daylight_saving_time": "+1hr, begins first Friday in April; ends last Friday in October",
"note": "Jordan remains on DST following a decision by the government to cancel a change back to Standard Time in October 2012; DST currently scheduled to end the fourth Friday in October"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "12 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Ajlun, Al 'Aqabah, Al Balqa', Al Karak, Al Mafraq, 'Amman, At Tafilah, Az Zarqa', Irbid, Jarash, Ma'an, Madaba"
},
"independence": {
"text": "25 May 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 25 May (1946)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "1 January 1952; amended many times"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "mixed legal system of civil law and Islamic religious law; judicial review of legislative acts in a specially provided High Tribunal"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "King ABDALLAH II (since 7 February 1999); Crown Prince HUSSEIN (born 28 June 1994), eldest son of King ABDALLAH II",
"head_of_government": "Prime Minister Abdullah NSOUR (since 11 October 2012)",
"cabinet": "Cabinet appointed by the prime minister in consultation with the monarch; note - a new cabinet was sworn in 30 March 2013",
"elections": "the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "bicameral National Assembly or Majlis al-'Umma consists of the Senate, also called the House of Notables or Majlis al-Ayan (60 seats; members appointed by the monarch to serve four-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies, also called the House of Representatives or Majlis al-Nuwaab (150 seats; 123 members elected using the single, non-transferable vote system in multi-member districts, and 27 seats elected using a closed national list system based on proportional representation; all legislators serve four-year terms); note - the new electoral law enacted in July 2012 allocated an additional 10 seats (6 seats added to the number reserved for women, bringing the total to 15; 2 additional seats for Amman; and 1 seat each for the cities of Zarqa and Irbid; unchanged are 9 seats reserved for Christian candidates, 9 for Bedouin candidates, and 3 for Jordanians of Chechen or Circassian descent",
"elections": "Chamber of Deputies - last held on 23 January 2013 (next election NA); note - the King dissolved the previous Chamber of Deputies in November 2012, midway through the parliamentary term",
"election_results": "Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - 27 elected on closed national list to include: Islamic Centrist Party 3, Nation 2, National Union 2, Stronger Jordan 2, Ahl al-Himma 1, Al-Bayyan 1, Citizenship 1, Construction 1, Cooperation 1, Dawn 1, Dignity 1, Free Voice 1, Labor and Trade 1, National Accord Youth Block 1, National Action 1, National Current 1 (member resigned in February 2013), National Unity 1, Nobel Jerusalem 1, Salvation 1, The People 1, Unified Front 1, Voice of Nation 1; other 123; note - the IAF boycotted the election"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Court of Cassation or Supreme Court (consists of 7 judges including the chief justice; 7-judge panels for important cases and 5 judge panels for most appeals cases)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "chief justice appointed by the king; other judges nominated by the Higher Judicial Council and approved by the king; judge tenure NA",
"subordinate_courts": "courts of appeal; magistrate courts; courts of first instance; religious courts; State Security Court"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Ahl al-Himma; Al-Bayyan; Al-Hayah Jordanian Pary [Zahier AMR]; Arab Ba'ath Socialist Party [Akram al-HIMSI]; Ba'ath Arab Progressive Party [Fuad DABBOUR]; Citizenship; Construction; Cooperation; Dawn; Democratic People's Party [Ablah ABU ULBAH]; Democratic Popular Unity Party [Sa'id DIAB]; Dignity; Du'a Party [Muhammed ABU BAKR]; Free Voice; Islamic Action Front or IAF [Hamzah MANSOUR]; Islamic Centrist Party [Muhammad al-HAJ]; Jordanian Communist Party [Munir HAMARNAH]; Jordanian National Party [Muna ABU BAKR]; Jordanian United Front [Amjad al-MAJALI]; Labor and Trade; Nation; National Accord Youth Block; National Action; National Constitution Party [Ahmad al-SHUNAQ]; National Current Party [Abd al-Hadi al-MAJALI]; National Movement for Direct Democracy [Muhammad al-QAQ]; National Union; National Unity; Nobel Jerusalem; Risalah Party [Hazem QASHOU]; Salvation; Stronger Jordan; The Direct Democratic Nationalists Movement Party [Nash'at KHALIFAH]; The People; Unified Front; United Front; Voice of the Nation"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "15 April Movement [Mohammad SUNEID, chairman]; 24 March Movement [Mu'az al-KHAWALIDAH, Abdel Rahman HASANEIN, spokespersons]; 1952 Constitution Movement; Anti-Normalization Committee [Hamzah MANSOUR, chairman]; Economic and Social Association of Retired Servicemen and Veterans or ESARSV [Abdulsalam al-HASSANAT, chairman]; Group of 36; Higher Coordination Committee of Opposition Parties [Said DIAB]; Higher National Committee for Military Retirees or HNCMR [Ali al-HABASHNEH, chairman]; Hirak; Jordan Bar Association [Saleh al-ARMUTI, chairman]; Jordanian Campaign for Change or Jayin; Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood [Dr. Hamam SAID, controller general]; Jordanian Press Association [Sayf al-SHARIF, president]; National Front for Reform or NFR [Ahmad OBEIDAT, chairman]; Popular Gathering for Reform; Professional Associations Council [Abd al-Hadi al-FALAHAT, chairman]; Sons of Jordan"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, CD, CICA, EBRD, FAO, G-11, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Alia Hatough BOURAN",
"chancery": "3504 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 966-2664",
"fax": "[1] (202) 966-3110"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Stuart E. JONES",
"embassy": "Abdoun, Al-Umawyeen St., Amman",
"mailing_address": "P. O. Box 354, Amman 11118 Jordan; Unit 70200, Box 5, DPO AE 09892-0200",
"telephone": "[962] (6) 590-6000",
"fax": "[962] (6) 592-0163"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "three equal horizontal bands of black (top), representing the Abbassid Caliphate, white, representing the Ummayyad Caliphate, and green, representing the Fatimid Caliphate; a red isosceles triangle on the hoist side, representing the Great Arab Revolt of 1916, and bearing a small white seven-pointed star symbolizing the seven verses of the opening Sura (Al-Fatiha) of the Holy Koran; the seven points on the star represent faith in One God, humanity, national spirit, humility, social justice, virtue, and aspirations; design is based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "eagle"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"As-salam al-malaki al-urdoni\" (Long Live the King of Jordan)",
"lyrics_music": "Abdul-Mone'm al-RIFAI'/Abdul-Qader al-TANEER",
"note": "adopted 1946; the shortened version of the anthem is used most commonly, while the full version is reserved for special occasions"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Jordan's economy is among the smallest in the Middle East, with insufficient supplies of water, oil, and other natural resources, underlying the government's heavy reliance on foreign assistance. Other economic challenges for the government include chronic high rates of poverty, unemployment, inflation, and a large budget deficit. Since assuming the throne in 1999, King ABDALLAH has implemented significant economic reforms, such as opening the trade regime, privatizing state-owned companies, and eliminating some fuel subsidies, which in the last decade spurred economic growth by attracting foreign investment and creating some jobs. The global economic slowdown and regional turmoil, however, have depressed Jordan''s GDP growth, impacting export-oriented sectors, construction, and tourism. In 2011 and 2012, the government approved two economic relief packages and a budgetary supplement, meant to improve the living conditions for the middle and poor classes. Jordan''s finances have also been strained by a series of natural gas pipeline attacks in Egypt, causing Jordan to substitute more expensive diesel imports, primarily from Saudi Arabia, to generate electricity. Jordan is currently exploring nuclear power generation in addition to the exploitation of abundant oil shale reserves and renewable technologies to forestall energy shortfalls. In 2012, to correct budgetary and balance of payments imbalances, Jordan entered into a $2.1 billion, multiple year International Monetary Fund Stand-By Arrangement. Jordan''s financial sector has been relatively isolated from the international financial crisis because of its limited exposure to overseas capital markets. Jordan will continue to depend heavily on foreign assistance to finance the deficit in 2013."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$39.29 billion (2012 est.); $38.22 billion (2011 est.); $37.25 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$31.21 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "2.8% (2012 est.); 2.6% (2011 est.); 2.3% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$6,100 (2012 est.); $6,100 (2011 est.); $6,100 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "6.2% of GDP (2012 est.); 12.6% of GDP (2011 est.); 19.6% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "73.6%",
"government_consumption": "21.8%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "25.9%",
"investment_in_inventories": "-1.6%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "44.7%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-64.4% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "3.1%",
"industry": "30.1%",
"services": "66.8% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "citrus, tomatoes, cucumbers, olives, strawberries, stone fruits; sheep, poultry, dairy"
},
"industries": {
"text": "clothing, fertilizers, potash, phosphate mining, pharmaceuticals, petroleum refining, cement, inorganic chemicals, light manufacturing, tourism"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "0.8% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "1.835 million (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "2.7%",
"industry": "20%",
"services": "77.4% (2007 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "12.5% (2012 est.); 12.3% (2011 est.)",
"note": "official rate; unofficial rate is approximately 30%"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "14.2% (2002)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "3.4%",
"highest_10%": "28.7% (2010 est.)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "39.7 (2007); 36.4 (1997)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$6.668 billion",
"expenditures": "$9.678 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "21.4% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-9.6% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "75% of GDP (2012 est.); 70.7% of GDP (2011 est.)",
"note": "data cover central government debt, and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "4.8% (2012 est.); 4.4% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "0.3% (31 December 2010 est.); 4.75% (31 December 2009 est.)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "8.95% (31 December 2012 est.); 8.67% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$10.17 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $10.26 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$38.61 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $34.02 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$35.39 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $30.81 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$27 billion (31 December 2012); $27.18 billion (31 December 2011); $30.86 billion (31 December 2010)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "-$3.359 billion (2012 est.); -$2.871 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$7.897 billion (2012 est.); $8.018 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "clothing, fertilizers, potash, phosphates, vegetables, pharmaceuticals"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "US 16.6%, Iraq 15.1%, Saudi Arabia 11%, India 10.5%, Indonesia 4.2% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$18.4 billion (2012 est.); $16.85 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, iron, cereals"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "Saudi Arabia 23.6%, China 9.4%, US 6.7%, Italy 4.7%, Turkey 4.6% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$8.829 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $12.11 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$17.71 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $17.63 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$24.33 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $22.92 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "Jordanian dinars (JOD) per US dollar -; 0.709 (2012 est.); 0.709 (2011 est.); 0.71 (2010 est.); 0.709 (2009); 0.709 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "14.64 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "13.54 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "86 million kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "1.738 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "3.14 million kW (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "99.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "0.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "20 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "29,310 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "1 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "79,190 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "107,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "18,620 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "226.5 million cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "1.4 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "793 million cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "6.031 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "19.07 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "465,400 (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "7.483 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "service has improved recently with increased use of digital switching equipment; microwave radio relay transmission and coaxial and fiber-optic cable are employed on trunk lines; growing mobile-cellular usage in both urban and rural areas is reducing use of fixed-line services",
"domestic": "1995 telecommunications law opened all non-fixed-line services to private competition; in 2005, monopoly over fixed-line services terminated and the entire telecommunications sector was opened to competition; currently multiple mobile-cellular providers with subscribership reaching 115 per 100 persons in 2011",
"international": "country code - 962; landing point for the Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) FEA and FLAG Falcon submarine cable networks; satellite earth stations - 33 (3 Intelsat, 1 Arabsat, and 29 land and maritime Inmarsat terminals); fiber-optic cable to Saudi Arabia and microwave radio relay link with Egypt and Syria; participant in Medarabtel (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "radio and TV dominated by the government-owned Jordan Radio and Television Corporation (JRTV) that operates a main network, a sports network, a film network, and a satellite channel; first independent TV broadcaster aired in 2007; international satellite TV and Israeli and Syrian TV broadcasts are available; roughly 30 radio stations with JRTV operating the main government-owned station; transmissions of multiple international radio broadcasters are available (2007)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".jo"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "69,473 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "1.642 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "18 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "16",
"over_3_047_m": "8",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "5",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "2",
"914_to_1_523_m": "1 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "2",
"under_914_m": "2 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "1 (2012)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "gas 473 km; oil 49 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "507 km",
"narrow_gauge": "507 km 1.050-m gauge (2008)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "7,891 km",
"paved": "7,891 km (2009)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "12",
"by_type": "cargo 4, passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1",
"foreign_owned": "2 (UAE 2)",
"registered_in_other_countries": "16 (Bahamas 2, Egypt 2, Indonesia 1, Panama 11) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Al 'Aqabah"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF): Royal Jordanian Land Force (RJLF), Royal Jordanian Navy, Royal Jordanian Air Force (Al-Quwwat al-Jawwiya al-Malakiya al-Urduniya, RJAF), Special Operations Command (Socom); Public Security Directorate (normally falls under Ministry of Interior, but comes under JAF in wartime or crisis) (2013)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "17 years of age for voluntary male military service; initial service term 2 years, with option to reenlist for 18 years; conscription at age 18 suspended in 1999; women not subject to conscription, but can volunteer to serve in noncombat military positions in the Royal Jordanian Arab Army Women's Corps and RJAF (2013)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "1,674,260",
"females_age_16_49": "1,611,315 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "1,439,192",
"females_age_16_49": "1,384,500 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "73,574",
"female": "69,420 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "9.5% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "2004 Agreement settles border dispute with Syria pending demarcation"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"refugees_country_of_origin": "1,979,580 (Palestinian refugees (UNRWA)) (2011); 63,037 (Iraq) (2012); 519,676 (Syria) (2013)"
}
}
}