factbook.json/europe/kv.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>The Ottoman Empire took control of Kosovo in 1389 after defeating Serbian forces. Large numbers of Turks and Albanians moved to the region, and by the end of the 19th century, Albanians had replaced Serbs as the majority ethnic group in Kosovo. Serbia reacquired control of Kosovo during the First Balkan War of 1912, and after World War II, Kosovo became an autonomous province of Serbia in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). Increasing Albanian nationalism in the 1980s led to riots and calls for Kosovo's independence, but in 1989, Belgrade -- which has in turn served as the capital of Serbia and Yugoslavia -- revoked Kosovo's autonomous status. When the SFRY broke up in 1991, Kosovo Albanian leaders organized an independence referendum, and Belgrade's repressive response led to an insurgency. Kosovo remained part of Serbia, which joined with Montenegro to declare a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in 1992. <br><br>In 1998, Belgrade launched a brutal counterinsurgency campaign, with some 800,000 ethnic Albanians expelled from their homes in Kosovo. After international mediation failed, a NATO military operation began in March 1999 and forced Belgrade to withdraw its forces from Kosovo. UN Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999) placed Kosovo under the temporary control of the UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK). Negotiations in 2006-07 ended without agreement between Serbia and Kosovo, though the UN issued a comprehensive report that endorsed independence. On 17 February 2008, the Kosovo Assembly declared Kosovo independent. <br><br>Serbia continues to reject Kosovo's independence, but the two countries began EU-facilitated discussions in 2013 to normalize relations, which resulted in several agreements. Additional agreements were reached in 2015 and 2023, but implementation remains incomplete. In 2022, Kosovo formally applied for membership in the EU, which is contingent on fulfillment of accession criteria, and the Council of Europe. Kosovo is also seeking UN and NATO memberships.</p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Southeastern Europe, between Serbia and Macedonia"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "42 35 N, 21 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Europe"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "10,887 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "10,887 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "0 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly larger than Delaware"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "714 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Albania 112 km; North Macedonia 160 km; Montenegro 76 km; Serbia 366 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "0 km (landlocked)"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "text": "none (landlocked)"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "influenced by continental air masses resulting in relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns; Mediterranean and alpine influences create regional variation; maximum rainfall between October and December"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "flat fluvial basin at an elevation of 400-700 m above sea level surrounded by several high mountain ranges with elevations of 2,000 to 2,500 m"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Gjeravica/Deravica 2,656 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Drini i Bardhe/Beli Drim (located on the border with Albania) 297 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "450 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "nickel, lead, zinc, magnesium, lignite, kaolin, chrome, bauxite"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "52.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 27.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 1.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 23.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "41.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "5.5% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "Atlantic Ocean drainage": {
        "text": "<em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
      }
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population clusters exist throughout the country, with the largest in the east in and around the capital of Pristina"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "the 41-km (25-mi) Nerodimka River divides into two branches, each of which flows into a different sea: the northern branch flows into the Sitnica River, which via the Ibar, Morava, and Danube Rivers ultimately flows into the Black Sea; the southern branch flows via the Lepenac and Vardar Rivers into the Aegean Sea"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,977,093 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "1,017,992"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "959,101"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Kosovan"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Kosovan"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Kosovo, a neutral term, is sometimes also used as a noun or adjective as in Kosovo Albanian, Kosovo Serb, Kosovo minority, or Kosovo citizen"
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Albanians 92.9%, Bosniaks 1.6%, Serbs 1.5%, Turk 1.1%, Ashkali 0.9%, Egyptian 0.7%, Gorani 0.6%, Romani 0.5%, other/unspecified 0.2% (2011 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> these estimates may under-represent Serb, Romani, and some other ethnic minorities because they are based on the 2011 Kosovo national census, which excluded northern Kosovo (a largely Serb-inhabited region) and was partially boycotted by Serb and Romani communities in southern Kosovo"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Albanian (official) 94.5%, Bosnian 1.7%, Serbian (official) 1.6%, Turkish 1.1%, other 0.9% (includes Romani), unspecified 0.1% (2011 est.)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "Libri i fakteve boterore, burimi i pazevendesueshem per informacione elementare (Albanian)<br><br>Knjiga svetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Serbian)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> these estimates may under-represent Serb, Romani, and other ethnic minority languages because they are based on the 2011 Kosovo national census, which excluded northern Kosovo (a largely Serb-inhabited region) and was partially boycotted by Serb and Romani communities in southern Kosovo"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Muslim 95.6%, Roman Catholic 2.2%, Orthodox 1.5%, other 0.1%, none 0.1%, unspecified 0.6% (2011 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> these estimates may under-represent Serb, Romani, and some other ethnic minorities because they are based on the 2011 Kosovo national census, which excluded northern Kosovo (a largely Serb-inhabited region) and was partially boycotted by Serb and Romani communities in southern Kosovo"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "22.7% (male 233,010/female 216,304)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "68.9% (male 712,403/female 649,932)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "8.4% (2024 est.) (male 72,579/female 92,865)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "45.1 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "33 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "12.1 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "8.2 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "32 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "31.7 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "32.4 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.68% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "14.4 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "7.2 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population clusters exist throughout the country, with the largest in the east in and around the capital of Pristina"
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "218,782 PRISTINA (capital) (2020)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.08 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.08 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "1.1 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.78 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "22.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "24.2 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "21.5 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "73.1 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "71 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "75.5 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.87 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.9 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "0.2 physicians/1,000 population (2015)"
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environmental issues": {
      "text": "air pollution from power plants and lignite mines; water scarcity and pollution; land degradation"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "influenced by continental air masses resulting in relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns; Mediterranean and alpine influences create regional variation; maximum rainfall between October and December"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "52.8% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 27.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 1.9% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 23.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "41.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "5.5% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "7.444 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "5.005 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "2.439 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "319,000 tons (2024 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Kosovo"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Kosovo"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Republika e Kosoves (Albanian)/ Republika Kosovo (Serbian)"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Kosove (Albanian)/ Kosovo (Serbian)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "name may derive from the Serbian word <em>kos</em>, meaning \"blackbird,\" or from a personal name"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Pristina (Prishtine, Prishtina)"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "42 40 N, 21 10 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the town takes its name from the river; the origin of the river's name is unclear but could come from a pre-Slavic language"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "38 municipalities (<em>komunat</em>, singular - <em>komuna </em>(Albanian); <em>opstine</em>, singular - <em>opstina </em>(Serbian)); Decan (Decani), Dragash (Dragas), Ferizaj (Urosevac), Fushe Kosove (Kosovo Polje), Gjakove (Dakovica), Gjilan (Gnjilane), Gllogovc (Glogovac), Gracanice (Gracanica), Hani i Elezit (Deneral Jankovic), Istog (Istok), Junik, Kacanik, Kamenice (Kamenica), Kline (Klina), Kllokot (Klokot), Leposaviq (Leposavic), Lipjan (Lipljan), Malisheve (Malisevo), Mamushe (Mamusa), Mitrovice e Jugut (Juzna Mitrovica) [South Mitrovica], Mitrovice e Veriut (Severna Mitrovica) [North Mitrovica], Novoberde (Novo Brdo), Obiliq (Obilic), Partesh (Partes), Peje (Pec), Podujeve (Podujevo), Prishtine (Pristina), Prizren, Rahovec (Orahovac), Ranillug (Ranilug), Shterpce (Strpce), Shtime (Stimlje), Skenderaj (Srbica), Suhareke (Suva Reka), Viti (Vitina), Vushtrri (Vucitrn), Zubin Potok, Zvecan"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "previous 1974, 1990; latest (post-independence) draft finalized 2 April 2008, signed 7 April 2008, ratified 9 April 2008, entered into force 15 June 2008"
      },
      "amendment process": {
        "text": "proposed by the government, by the president of the republic, or by one fourth of Assembly deputies; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, including two-thirds majority vote of deputies representing non-majority communities, followed by a favorable Constitutional Court assessment"
      }
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Kosovo"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Vjosa OSMANI-Sadriu (since 4 April 2021)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Acting Prime Minister Albin KURTI (since 15 April 2025)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet elected by the Assembly"
      },
      "election/appointment process": {
        "text": "president indirectly elected for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term) by at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; if a candidate does not reach this threshold in the first two ballots, the candidate winning a simple majority vote in the third ballot is elected; prime minister indirectly elected by the Assembly"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "3-4 April 2021"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em><br>2021: </em> Vjosa OSMANI-Sadriu elected president in third ballot; Assembly vote - Vjosa OSMANI-Sadriu (Guxo!) 71 votes; Albin KURTI (LVV) elected prime minister; Assembly vote - 67 for, 30 against<br><br><em>2017: </em>Ramush HARADINAJ (AAK) elected prime minister; Assembly vote - 61 for, 1 abstention, 0 against (opposition boycott)<br><br><em>2016:</em> Hashim THACI elected president in third ballot; Assembly vote - Hashim THACI (PDK) 71 votes"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "2026"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>Prime Minister Albin KURTI resigned on 15 April 2025; a replacement has not yet been selected"
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "Assembly (Kuvendi i Kosoves/Skupstina Kosova)"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "unicameral"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "120 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "proportional representation"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "4 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "2/14/2021"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Self-Determination Movement (LVV) (58), Democratic Party of Kosovo (PDK) (19), Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK) (15), Serb List (10), Alliance for the Future of Kosovo (AAK) (8), other (10)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "34%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "2025"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> 20 seats reserved for ethnic minorities -- 10 for Serbs and 10 for other minorities"
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court (consists of the court president and 18 judges and organized into Appeals Panel of the Kosovo Property Agency and Special Chamber); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 7 judges)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the Kosovo Judicial Council, a 13-member independent body staffed by judges and lay members, and also responsible for overall administration of Kosovo's judicial system; judges appointed by the president of the Republic of Kosovo; judges appointed until mandatory retirement age; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the Kosovo Assembly and appointed by the president of the republic to serve single, 9-year terms"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Court of Appeals (organized into 4 departments: General, Serious Crime, Commercial Matters, and Administrative Matters); Basic Court (located in 7 municipalities, each with several branches)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> in 2015, the Kosovo Assembly approved a constitutional amendment that established the Kosovo Relocated Specialist Judicial Institution, also referred to as the Kosovo Specialist Chambers or \"Special Court\"; the court, located at the Hague in the Netherlands, began operating in 2016 and has jurisdiction to try crimes against humanity, war crimes, and other crimes under Kosovo law that occurred in the 1998-2000 period"
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "Alliance for the Future of Kosovo or AAK<br>Ashkali Party for Integration or PAI<br>Civic Initiative for Freedom, Justice, and Survival<br>Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK<br>Democratic Party of Kosovo or PDK<br>New Democratic Initiative of Kosovo or IRDK<br>New Democratic Party or NDS <br>Progressive Movement of Kosovar Roma or LPRK<br>Romani Initiative<br>Self-Determination Movement (Lëvizja Vetevendosje or Vetevendosie) or LVV or VV<br>Serb List or SL<br>Social Democratic Union or SDU<br>Turkish Democratic Party of Kosovo or KDTP<br>Unique Gorani Party or JGP<br>Vakat Coalition or VAKAT"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Ilir DUGOLLI (since 13 January 2022)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "3612 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, D.C. 20007"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 450-2130"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 735-0609"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>embassy.usa@rks-gov.net<br><br>U.S. Embassies of the Republic of Kosovo (ambasadat.net)"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "New York"
      },
      "consulate(s)": {
        "text": "Des Moines (IA)"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador&nbsp;(vacant); Charg&eacute; d'Affaires Anu PRATTIPATI (since January 2025)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Arberia/Dragodan, Rr.&nbsp; 4 KORRIKU Nr. 25, Pristina"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "9520 Pristina Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-9520"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[383] 38-59-59-3000"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[383] 38-604-890"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>PristinaACS@state.gov<br><br>https://xk.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "FIFA, IBRD, IDA, IFC, IMF, IOC, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OIF (observer)"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "17 February 2008 (from Serbia)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 17 February (2008)"
    },
    "Flag": {
      "text": "<strong>description:</strong> a dark blue field with a gold-colored silhouette of Kosovo in the center, with six five-pointed white stars in a slight arc over it<br><br><strong>meaning: </strong>each star represents one of the major ethnic groups of Kosovo: Albanians, Serbs, Turks, Gorani, Roma, and Bosniaks",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> one of two national flags that uses a map as a design element; the flag of Cyprus is the other"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "six five-pointed white stars"
    },
    "National color(s)": {
      "text": "blue, gold, white"
    },
    "National coat of arms": {
      "text": "uses the national colors of blue, gold, and white, and is featured on the country&rsquo;s flag; the golden map symbolizes a rich and peaceful Kosovo, with a blue background that represents the country&rsquo;s aspirations for Euro-Atlantic integration; the six white stars stand for the major ethnic groups in Kosovo: Albanians, Serbs, Bosniaks, Turks, Roma (including Ashkali and Egyptians), and Gorani"
    },
    "National anthem(s)": {
      "title": {
        "text": "\"Europe\""
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "no lyrics/Mendi MENGJIQI"
      },
      "history": {
        "text": "adopted 2008; Kosovo chose not to include lyrics in its anthem to avoid offending the country's minority ethnic groups"
      }
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "1 (cultural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Medieval Monuments in Kosovo"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "small-but-growing European economy; non-EU member but unilateral euro user; very high unemployment, especially youth; vulnerable reliance on diaspora tourism services, curtailed by COVID-19 disruptions; unclear public loan portfolio health"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024": {
        "text": "$25.019 billion (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$23.962 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$23.025 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2024": {
        "text": "4.4% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "4.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "4.3% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2024": {
        "text": "$16,400 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$14,200 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$13,000 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$11.149 billion (2024 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024": {
        "text": "1.6% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": {
        "text": "4.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "11.6% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "6.9% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "26.2% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "45.7% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "84.3% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "12.3% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "33.8% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "41.9% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-72.3% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "wheat, corn, berries, potatoes, peppers, fruit; dairy, livestock; fish"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "mineral mining, construction materials, base metals, leather, machinery, appliances, foodstuffs and beverages, textiles"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "4% (2024 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "500,300 (2017 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> includes those estimated to be employed in the gray economy"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "17.6% (2015 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021": {
        "text": "49.4 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "0.4% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "32.9% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "17.5% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "17.2% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "18% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$1.951 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$2.547 billion (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "19.4% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "-$785.09 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "-$983.283 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$818.351 million (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$4.156 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$3.579 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$3.138 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "United States 16%, Albania 15%, North Macedonia 12%, Germany 8%, Italy 8% (2021)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "mattress materials, iron alloys, metal piping, scrap iron, building plastics (2021)",
      "note": "top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$7.362 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$6.661 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$6.128 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 13%, Turkey 13%, China 10%, Serbia 7%, Italy 6% (2021)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, cars, iron rods, electricity, cigars, packaged medicines (2021)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024": {
        "text": "$1.31 billion (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": {
        "text": "$1.245 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$1.248 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2023": {
        "text": "$785.739 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> present value of external debt in current US dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2024": {
        "text": "0.924 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "0.925 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "0.951 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "0.877 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>Kosovo, which is neither an EU member state nor a party to a formal EU monetary agreement, uses the euro as its de facto currency"
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "1.555 million kW (2023 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "6.571 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "2.442 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "3.449 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "789.167 million kWh (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "87.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "6.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "6.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "6.924 million metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "6.931 million metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "13,000 metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "20,000 metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "1.564 billion metric tons (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "16,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2023": {
        "text": "52.085 million Btu/person (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "383,763 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "7 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "1,777,859 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "98 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".xk",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> assigned as a temporary code under UN Security Council resolution 1244/99"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "89% (2018 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "Z6"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "2 (2025)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "11 (2025)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "437 km (2020)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Kosovo Security Force (KSF; Forca e Sigurisë së Kosovës or FSK): Land Force, National Guard (2025)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Kosovo Police are under the Ministry of Internal Affairs"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2024": {
        "text": "1.5% of GDP (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2023": {
        "text": "1.3% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "1.1% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "1.1% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "1% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 3,300 Kosovo Security Forces, including about 800 reserves (2024)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the KSF is equipped with small arms and light vehicles and has relied on limited amounts of donated equipment from several countries, particularly Turkey and the US (2025)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "any citizen of Kosovo over the age of 18 is eligible to serve in the Kosovo Security Force; upper age for enlisting is 30 for officers, 25 for other ranks, although these may be waived for recruits with key skills considered essential for the KSF<br> (2024)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the Kosovo Security Force (KSF) was established in 2009 as a small (1,500 personnel), lightly armed disaster response force; the NATO-led Kosovo Force (KFOR) was charged with assisting in the development of the KSF and bringing it up to standards designated by NATO; the KSF was certified as fully operational by the North Atlantic Council in 2013, indicating the then 2,200-strong KSF was entirely capable of performing the tasks assigned under its mandate, which included non-military security functions that were not appropriate for the police, plus missions such as search and rescue, explosive ordnance disposal, control and clearance of hazardous materials, firefighting, and other humanitarian assistance tasks<br><br>in 2019, Kosovo approved legislation that began a process to transition the KSF by 2028 into a professional military (the Kosovo Armed Forces) led by a General Staff and comprised of a Land Force, a National Guard, a Logistics Command, and a Doctrine and Training Command; it would have a strength of up to 5,000 with about 3,000 reserves; at the same time, the KSF’s mission was expanded to include traditional military functions, such as territorial defense and international peacekeeping; the KSF’s first international mission was the deployment of a small force to Kuwait in 2021 <br><br>the NATO-led KFOR has operated in the country as a peace support force since 1999; in addition to assisting in the development of the KSF, KFOR is responsible for providing a safe and secure environment and ensuring freedom of movement for all citizens; as of 2025, it had approximately 4,700 troops from more than 30 countries (2025)"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "IDPs": {
        "text": "15,582 (2024 est.)"
      }
    }
  }
}