factbook.json/africa/mz.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>In the first half of the second millennium A.D., northern Mozambican port towns were frequented by traders from Somalia, Ethiopia, Egypt, Arabia, Persia, and India. The Portuguese were able to wrest much of the coastal trade from Arab Muslims in the centuries after 1500, and they set up their own colonies. Portugal did not relinquish Mozambique until 1975. Large-scale emigration, economic dependence on South Africa, a severe drought, and a prolonged civil war hindered the country's development until the mid-1990s. <br><br>The ruling Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) party formally abandoned Marxism in 1989, and a new constitution the following year provided for multiparty elections and a free-market economy. A UN-negotiated peace agreement between FRELIMO and rebel Mozambique National Resistance (RENAMO) forces ended the fighting in 1992. In 2004, Mozambique underwent a delicate transition as Joaquim CHISSANO stepped down after 18 years in office. His elected successor, Armando GUEBUZA, served two terms and then passed executive power to Filipe NYUSI in 2015. RENAMO’s residual armed forces intermittently engaged in a low-level insurgency after 2012, but a 2016 cease-fire eventually led to the two sides signing a comprehensive peace deal in 2019. <br><br>Since 2017, violent extremists -- who an official ISIS media outlet recognized as ISIS's network in Mozambique for the first time in 2019 -- have been conducting attacks against civilians and security services in the northern province of Cabo Delgado. In 2021, Rwanda and the Southern African Development Community deployed forces to support Mozambique’s efforts to counter the extremist group.</p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Southeastern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel, between South Africa and Tanzania"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "18 15 S, 35 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Africa"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "799,380 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "786,380 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "13,000 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly more than five times the size of Georgia; slightly less than twice the size of California"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4,783 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Malawi 1498 km; South Africa 496 km; Eswatini 108 km; Tanzania 840 km; Zambia 439 km; Zimbabwe 1,402 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "2,470 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical to subtropical"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in northwest, mountains in west"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Monte Binga 2,436 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "345 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "coal, titanium, natural gas, hydropower, tantalum, graphite"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "52.7% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 7.2% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 45.1% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "46.1% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "1.2% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "1,180 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "fresh water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Lake Malawi (shared with Malawi and Tanzania) - 22,490"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Rio Zambeze (Zambezi) river mouth (shared with Zambia [s]), Angola, Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe) - 2,740 km; Rio Limpopo river mouth (shared with South Africa [s], Botswana, and Zimbabwe) - 1,800 km<br><br><strong>note:</strong> [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "Indian Ocean drainage": {
        "text": "Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)"
      }
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "three large population clusters are found along the southern coast between Maputo and Inhambane, in the central area between Beira and Chimoio along the Zambezi River, and in and around the northern cities of Nampula, Cidade de Nacala, and Pemba; the northwest and southwest are the least populated areas, as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "severe droughts; devastating cyclones and floods in central and southern provinces"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "the Zambezi River flows through the north-central and most fertile part of the country"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "33,350,954 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "16,449,734"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "16,901,220"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Mozambican(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Mozambican"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "African 99% (Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, and others), Mestizo 0.8%, other (includes European, Indian, Pakistani, Chinese) 0.2% (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "Makhuwa 26.1%, Portuguese (official) 16.6%, Tsonga 8.6%, Nyanja 8.1, Sena 7.1%, Lomwe 7.1%, Chuwabo 4.7%, Ndau 3.8%, Tswa 3.8%, other Mozambican languages 11.8%, other 0.5%, unspecified 1.8% (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Roman Catholic 27.2%, Muslim 18.9%, Zionist Christian 15.6%, Evangelical/Pentecostal 15.3%, Anglican 1.7%, other 4.8%, none 13.9%, unspecified 2.5% (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "44.7% (male 7,548,247/female 7,350,012)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "52.4% (male 8,428,457/female 9,061,065)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "2.9% (2024 est.) (male 473,030/female 490,143)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "90.7 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "85.2 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "5.5 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "18.2 (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "17.3 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "16.7 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "17.9 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "2.54% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "36.5 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "9.6 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-1.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "three large population clusters are found along the southern coast between Maputo and Inhambane, in the central area between Beira and Chimoio along the Zambezi River, and in and around the northern cities of Nampula, Cidade de Nacala, and Pemba; the northwest and southwest are the least populated areas, as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "38.8% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "4.24% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "1.852 million Matola, 1.163 million MAPUTO (capital), 969,000 Nampula (2023)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.93 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.97 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "19.2 years (2011 est.)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data represents median age at first birth among women 20-49"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "82 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "58.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "60.1 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "56.2 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "58.3 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "57.1 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "59.6 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "4.66 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "2.29 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 87.3% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 48.3% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 63.2% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 12.7% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 51.7% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 36.8% of population (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Health expenditure": {
      "Health expenditure (as % of GDP)": {
        "text": "9.1% of GDP (2021)"
      },
      "Health expenditure (as % of national budget)": {
        "text": "8% of national budget (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "0.18 physicians/1,000 population (2022)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "0.7 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 71.8% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 24.3% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 42.4% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 28.2% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 75.7% of population (2022 est.)"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 57.6% of population (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "7.2% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "1.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.22 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.21 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "14.3% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "23% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "5.6% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "14.8% (2019/20)"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "63.7% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Child marriage": {
      "women married by age 15": {
        "text": "16.8% (2015)"
      },
      "women married by age 18": {
        "text": "52.9% (2015)"
      },
      "men married by age 18": {
        "text": "9.7% (2015)"
      }
    },
    "Education expenditure": {
      "Education expenditure (% GDP)": {
        "text": "6% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Education expenditure (% national budget)": {
        "text": "18.8% national budget (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "60% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "72% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "49% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "10 years (2017 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "11 years (2017 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "10 years (2017 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environmental issues": {
      "text": "increased population migration to urban and coastal areas; desertification; soil erosion; deforestation; water pollution from artisanal mining; pollution of surface and coastal waters; wildlife preservation (elephant poaching for ivory)"
    },
    "International environmental agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical to subtropical"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "52.7% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 7.2% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 45.1% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "46.1% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "1.2% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "38.8% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "4.24% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "9.549 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "-68,287 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "6.244 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "3.373 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Particulate matter emissions": {
      "text": "17.5 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Methane emissions": {
      "energy": {
        "text": "320.1 kt (2022-2024 est.)"
      },
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "169.5 kt (2019-2021 est.)"
      },
      "waste": {
        "text": "117.5 kt (2019-2021 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "101.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "2.5 million tons (2024 est.)"
      },
      "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
        "text": "5.2% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "372 million cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "25 million cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "1.076 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "217.1 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Mozambique"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Mozambique"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Republica de Mocambique"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Mocambique"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Portuguese East Africa, People's Republic of Mozambique"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "named for an offshore island; the island was named after Mussa bin BIQUE (or Mussa Ibn MALIK), an influential Arab slave trader who set himself up as sultan on the island in the 15th century"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Maputo"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "25 57 S, 32 35 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "named after the Maputo River, which drains into Maputo Bay south of the city; the river is said to be named after the son of Muagobe, a local chief in the 18th century"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "10 provinces (<em>provincias</em>, singular - <em>provincia</em>), 1 city (<em>cidade</em>)*; Cabo Delgado, Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Cidade de Maputo*, Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "mixed system of Portuguese civil law and customary law"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "previous 1975, 1990; latest adopted 16 November 2004, effective 21 December 2004"
      },
      "amendment process": {
        "text": "proposed by the president of the republic or supported by at least one third of the Assembly of the Republic membership; passage of amendments affecting constitutional provisions, including the independence and sovereignty of the state, the republican form of government, basic rights and freedoms, and universal suffrage, requires at least a two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly and approval in a referendum; referenda not required for passage of other amendments"
      }
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Mozambique"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Daniel Francisco CHAPO (since 15 January 2025)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Maria Benvinda Delfina LEVI (since 17 January 2025)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet appointed by the president"
      },
      "election/appointment process": {
        "text": "president elected directly by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for 2 consecutive terms); election last held on 9 October 2024 (next to be held by October 2029); prime minister appointed by the president"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "9 October 2024"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em><br>2024</em>: Daniel CHAPO elected president in first round; percent of vote - Daniel CHAPO (FRELIMO) 65.2%, Venâncio MONDLANE (PODEMOS) 24.2%, Ossufo MOMADE (RENAMO) 6.6%"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica)"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "unicameral"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "250 (all directly elected)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "proportional representation"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "5 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "10/9/2024"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) (171); Optimist Party for the Development of Mozambique (PODEMOS) (43); Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO) (28); Other (8)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "38.3%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "October 2029"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 5 judges); Constitutional Council (consists of 7 judges)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court president appointed by the president of the republic; vice president appointed by the president in consultation with the Higher Council of the Judiciary (CSMJ) and ratified by the Assembly of the Republic; other judges elected by the Assembly; judges serve 5-year renewable terms; Constitutional Council judges appointed - 1 by the president, 5 by the Assembly, and 1 by the CSMJ; judges serve 5-year nonrenewable terms"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Administrative Court (capital city only); provincial courts or Tribunais Judicias de Provincia; District Courts or Tribunais Judicias de Districto; customs courts; maritime courts; courts marshal; labor courts; community courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "Democratic Movement of Mozambique (Movimento Democratico de Mocambique) or MDM<br>Liberation Front of Mozambique (Frente de Liberatacao de Mocambique) or FRELIMO<br>Mozambican National Resistance (Resistencia Nacional Mocambicana) or RENAMO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Alfredo Fabi&atilde;o NUVUNGA (since 19 April 2023)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "1525 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 293-7147"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 835-0245"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>washington.dc@embamoc.gov.mz<br><br>https://usa.embamoc.gov.mz/"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d&rsquo;Affaires Abigail L. DRESSEL (since 11 August 2025)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Avenida Marginal 5467, Maputo"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "2330 Maputo Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-2330"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[258] (84) 095-8000"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>MaputaConsular@state.gov<br><br>https://mz.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CD, CPLP, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIC, OIF (observer), OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNEP,&nbsp; UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, Union Latina, UPU, WCO, WFP, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "25 June 1975 (from Portugal)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 25 June (1975)"
    },
    "Flag": {
      "text": "<strong>description:</strong> three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow, with a red isosceles triangle based on the left side; the black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a five-pointed yellow star with a crossed black-and-white rifle and hoe, on top of an open white book<br><br><strong>meaning:</strong> green stands for the riches of the land, white for peace, black for the African continent, yellow for the country's minerals, and red for the fight for independence; the rifle stands for defense and vigilance, the hoe for agriculture, the open book for the importance of education, and the star for Marxism and internationalism",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> one of two national flags featuring a firearm; the other is Guatemala"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "rifle, hoe, and book"
    },
    "National color(s)": {
      "text": "green, black, yellow, white, red"
    },
    "National anthem(s)": {
      "title": {
        "text": "&ldquo;P&aacute;tria Amada&rdquo; (Lovely Fatherland)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Salom&atilde;o J. MANHICA/unkown"
      },
      "history": {
        "text": "adopted 2002; the new anthem reflects the new multi-party political system"
      }
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "1 (cultural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Island of Mozambique"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "low-income East African economy; subsistence farming dominates labor force; return to growth led by agriculture and extractive industries; Islamist insurgency threatens natural gas projects in north; ongoing foreign debt restructuring and resolution under IMF Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024": {
        "text": "$51.786 billion (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$50.844 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$48.222 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2024": {
        "text": "1.9% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "5.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "4.4% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2024": {
        "text": "$1,500 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$1,500 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$1,500 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$22.417 billion (2024 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024": {
        "text": "4.1% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": {
        "text": "7.1% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "10.3% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "26.3% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "24.6% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "38.4% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "69% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "17.1% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "24.1% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "42.7% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-52.9% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "cassava, maize, sugarcane, tomatoes, beans, potatoes, sweet potatoes, bananas, coconuts, onions (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "aluminum, petroleum products, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints), textiles, cement, glass, asbestos, tobacco, food, beverages"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "2.9% (2024 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "15.173 million (2024 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2024": {
        "text": "3.6% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "3.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "3.6% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7.4% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "7.5% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "7.2% (2024 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "62.8% (2019 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019": {
        "text": "50.3 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "1.7% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "41.1% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2024": {
        "text": "1.2% of GDP (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "1.2% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "0.9% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$6.243 billion (2024 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$7.223 billion (2024 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2022": {
        "text": "76.6% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government debt as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "22.7% (of GDP) (2022 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2024": {
        "text": "-$2.498 billion (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "-$2.207 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "-$6.367 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2024": {
        "text": "$9.358 billion (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$9.405 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$9.409 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "India 18%, China 13%, South Africa 9%, UAE 6%, Thailand 4% (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "coal, natural gas, aluminum, gold, precious stones (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2024": {
        "text": "$10.488 billion (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$11.18 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$15.932 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "South Africa 34%, China 14%, India 13%, UAE 6%, Singapore 3% (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, chromium ore, iron alloys, iron ore, palm oil (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024": {
        "text": "$3.843 billion (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": {
        "text": "$3.637 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$2.939 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2023": {
        "text": "$8.274 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> present value of external debt in current US dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "meticais (MZM) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2024": {
        "text": "63.905 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "63.886 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "63.851 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "65.465 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "69.465 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "33.2% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "79.4%"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "5%"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "2.86 million kW (2023 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "12.983 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "11.483 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "8.287 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "3.38 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "16.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "82.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "10.583 million metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "13,000 metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "10.658 million metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "900 metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "1.792 billion metric tons (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "42,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "8.873 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "1.625 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "7.09 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "2.832 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2023": {
        "text": "5.789 million Btu/person (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "29,000 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "(2022 est.) less than 1"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "15 million (2022 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "42 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "1 state-run TV station supplemented by a private TV station; Portuguese state TV's African service, RTP Africa, and Brazilian-owned TV Miramar are available; state-run radio provides nearly 100% territorial coverage and broadcasts in multiple languages; a number of privately owned and community-operated stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".mz"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "20% (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "65,000 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "(2022 est.) less than 1"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "C9"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "92 (2025)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4,787 km (2014)"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "4,787 km (2014) 1.067-m gauge"
      }
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "36 (2023)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 9, other 27"
      }
    },
    "Ports": {
      "total ports": {
        "text": "11 (2024)"
      },
      "large": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "medium": {
        "text": "2"
      },
      "small": {
        "text": "5"
      },
      "very small": {
        "text": "4"
      },
      "ports with oil terminals": {
        "text": "3"
      },
      "key ports": {
        "text": "Beira, Chinde, Inhambane, Maputo, Mocambique, Pebane, Porto Belo"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Armed Forces for the Defense of Mozambique (Forcas Armadas de Defesa de Mocambique, FADM): Army, Mozambique Navy, Mozambique Air Force <br><br>Ministry of Interior: Mozambique National Police (PRM; includes the Rapid Intervention Unit, UIR), the National Criminal Investigation Service (SERNIC), Border Security Force; other security forces include the Presidential Guard and the Force for the Protection of High-Level Individuals (2025)",
      "note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>the FADM and other security forces are referred to collectively as the Mozambican Defense and Security Forces (FDS)<br><strong><br>note 2:</strong> the PRM, SERNIC, and the UIR are responsible for law enforcement and internal security; the Border Security Force is responsible for protecting the country’s international borders and for carrying out police duties within 24 miles of borders<br><br><strong>note 3:</strong> in 2023, the Mozambique Government legalized local militias that have been assisting security forces operating in Cabo Delgado against Islamic militants since 2020; this Local Force is comprised of ex-combatants and other civilians and receives training, uniforms, weapons, and logistical support from the FADM"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2024": {
        "text": "2% of GDP (2024 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2023": {
        "text": "2% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2022": {
        "text": "2% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "2% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "1.5% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "estimated 12,000 active FADM (2025)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the FADM's inventory consists primarily of Russian and Soviet-era equipment, although in recent years it has received some more modern equipment from a variety of countries, mostly as aid/donations (2024)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "has conscription and voluntary service; registration for military service is mandatory for all men and women at 18 years of age; 18-35 years of age for selective compulsory military service; 18 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; initial 60-month service obligation (2025)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the FADM is responsible for external security, cooperating with police on internal security, and responding to natural disasters and other emergencies; the primary focus of the FADM is countering an insurgency in the northern province of Cabo Delgado by militants affiliated with the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham terrorist group (ISIS-Mozambique; known locally as Ahl al-Sunna wal-Jama&lsquo;a); since 2017, the conflict has claimed an estimated 6,000 lives and displaced an estimated one million persons; at Mozambique's request, Rwanda and several southern African countries under the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) deployed forces to Mozambique to combat the insurgency in 2021; the SADC forces departed in 2024; as of 2025, Rwanda continued to provide approximately 3,000 military and police personnel to assist Mozambican Defense and Security Forces, along with several hundred Tanzanian troops; the EU has also provided training assistance (2025)"
    }
  },
  "Terrorism": {
    "Terrorist group(s)": {
      "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Mozambique (ISIS-M)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees": {
        "text": "24,250 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "IDPs": {
        "text": "718,154 (2024 est.)"
      }
    }
  }
}