factbook.json/africa/mp.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>Although known to Arab and European sailors since at least the early 1500s, the island of Mauritius was uninhabited until 1638 when the Dutch established a settlement named in honor of Prince Maurits van NASSAU. Their presence led to the rapid disappearance of the flightless dodo bird that has since become one of the most well-known examples of extinction in modern times. The Dutch abandoned their financially distressed settlement in 1710, although a number of formerly enslaved people remained. In 1722, the French established what would become a highly profitable settlement focused on sugar cane plantations that were reliant on the labor of enslaved people brought to Mauritius from other parts of Africa. In the 1790s, the island had a brief period of autonomous rule when plantation owners rejected French control because of laws ending slavery that were temporarily in effect during the French Revolution. Britain captured the island in 1810 as part of the Napoleonic Wars but kept most of the French administrative structure, which remains to this day in the form of the country’s legal codes and widespread use of the French Creole language. The abolition of slavery in 1835 -- later than most other British colonies -- led to increased reliance on contracted laborers from the Indian subcontinent to work on plantations. Today their descendants form the majority of the population. Mauritius remained a strategically important British naval base and later an air station, and it played a role during World War II in anti-submarine and convoy operations, as well as in the collection of signals intelligence.</p> <p>Mauritius gained independence from the UK in 1968 as a Parliamentary Republic and has remained a stable democracy with regular free elections and a positive human rights record. The country also attracted considerable foreign investment and now has one of Africa's highest per capita incomes. Mauritius’ often-fractious coalition politics has been dominated by two prominent families, each of which has had father-son pairs who have been prime minister over multiple, often nonconsecutive, terms. Seewoosagur RAMGOOLAM (1968-76) was Mauritius’ first prime minister, and he was succeeded by Anerood JUGNAUTH (1982-95, 2000-03, 2014-17); his son Navin RAMGOOLAM (1995-2000, 2005-14); and Paul Raymond BERENGER (2003-05), the only non-Hindu prime minister of post-independence Mauritius. In 2017, Pravind JUGNAUTH became prime minister after his father stepped down short of completing his term, and he was elected in his own right in 2019. <br><br>Mauritius claims the French island of Tromelin and the British Chagos Archipelago (British Indian Ocean Territory). Since 2017, Mauritius has secured favorable UN General Assembly resolutions and an International Court of Justice advisory opinion relating to its sovereignty dispute with the UK.</p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, about 800 km (500 mi) east of Madagascar"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "20 17 S, 57 33 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Africa"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total ": {
        "text": "2,040 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "2,030 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "10 sq km"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> includes Agalega Islands, Cargados Carajos Shoals (Saint Brandon), and Rodrigues"
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "almost 11 times the size of Washington, D.C."
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "0 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "177 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin"
      },
      "note": "measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "small coastal plain rising to discontinuous mountains encircling central plateau"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Mont Piton 828 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Indian Ocean 0 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "arable land, fish"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "43.1% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 37.6% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 2% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 3.5% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "19.5% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "37.5% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "143 sq km (2022)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population density is one of the highest in the world; urban clusters are found throughout the main island, with a greater density in and around Port Luis; population on Rodrigues Island is spread across the island with a slightly denser cluster on the north coast as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded by reefs that may pose maritime hazards"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "the main island, from which the country derives its name, is of volcanic origin and is almost entirely surrounded by coral reefs; former home of the dodo, a large flightless bird related to pigeons, driven to extinction by the end of the 17th century through a combination of hunting and the introduction of predatory species"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,310,504 (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "639,270"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "671,234"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Mauritian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Mauritian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Indo-Mauritian (compose approximately two thirds of the total population), Creole, Sino-Mauritian, Franco-Mauritian",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> Mauritius has not had a question on ethnicity on its national census since 1972"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "Creole 86.5%, Bhojpuri 5.3%, French 4.1%, two languages 1.4%, other 2.6% (includes English, one of the two official languages of the National Assembly, which is spoken by less than 1% of the population), unspecified 0.1% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Hindu 48.5%, Roman Catholic 26.3%, Muslim 17.3%, other Christian 6.4%, other 0.6%, none 0.7%, unspecified 0.1% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "15.1% (male 100,973/female 96,711)"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "71% (male 462,833/female 467,509)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "13.9% (2024 est.) (male 75,464/female 107,014)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "40.7"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "23.4"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "17.3"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "5.8 (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "39.6 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "38.1 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "41 years"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.07% (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "9.8 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "9 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "population density is one of the highest in the world; urban clusters are found throughout the main island, with a greater density in and around Port Luis; population on Rodrigues Island is spread across the island with a slightly denser cluster on the north coast as shown in this population distribution map"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "40.9% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "149,000 PORT LOUIS (capital) (2018)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-64 years": {
        "text": "0.99 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.71 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "84 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "11.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "13.1 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "10 deaths/1,000 live births"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "75.4 years (2024 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "72.6 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "78.4 years"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.36 children born/woman (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Gross reproduction rate": {
      "text": "0.66 (2024 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "63.8% (2014)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 99.8% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 99.9% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0.2% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0.1% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "6.4% of GDP (2021)"
    },
    "Physician density": {
      "text": "1.44 physicians/1,000 population (2022)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "3.7 beds/1,000 population (2020)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 99.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: NA"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: (2020 est.) NA"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "10.8% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3.39 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "1.94 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.23 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "0.88 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20.2% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "37.3% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "3% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
      "text": "62% (2023 est.)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "4.9% of GDP (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "92.2%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "93.5%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "90.5% (2021)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "15 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "14 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "16 years (2017)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "water pollution, degradation of coral reefs; soil erosion; wildlife preservation; solid waste disposal"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "43.1% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 37.6% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 2% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 3.5% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "19.5% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "37.5% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "40.9% of total population (2023)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "10.48 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "4.35 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "2.06 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "438,000 tons (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "290 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "10 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "310 million cubic meters (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "2.75 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Mauritius"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Mauritius"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Republic of Mauritius"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Mauritius"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "named after Prince Maurice VAN NASSAU, stadtholder (governor) of the Dutch Republic, in 1598"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> pronounced mah-rish-us"
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Port Louis"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "20 09 S, 57 29 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "named after LOUIS XV, who was king of France in 1736 when the port became the administrative center of Mauritius and a major reprovisioning stop for French ships traveling between Europe and Asia"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "9 districts and 3 dependencies*; Agalega Islands*, Black River, Cargados Carajos Shoals*, Flacq, Grand Port, Moka, Pamplemousses, Plaines Wilhems, Port Louis, Riviere du Rempart, Rodrigues*, Savanne"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "12 March 1968 (from the UK)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence and Republic Day, 12 March (1968 & 1992); note - became independent and a republic on the same date in 1968 and 1992 respectively"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil legal system based on French civil law with some elements of English common law"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "several previous; latest adopted 12 March 1968"
      },
      "amendment process": {
        "text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage of amendments affecting constitutional articles, including the sovereignty of the state, fundamental rights and freedoms, citizenship, or the branches of government, requires approval in a referendum by at least three-fourths majority of voters followed by a unanimous vote by the Assembly; passage of other amendments requires only two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly"
      }
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 out of the previous 7 years including the last 12 months"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Dharam GOKHOOL (since 7 December 2024)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Navin RAMGOOLAM (since 13 November 2024)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet of Ministers (Council of Ministers) appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president and vice president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for 5-year renewable terms; election last held on 7 November 2019 (next to be held in 2024); the president appoints the prime minister and deputy prime minister who have the majority support in the National Assembly"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em><br>2019</em>: Prithvirajsing ROOPUN (MSM) elected president by the National Assembly - unanimous vote<br><br><em>2015</em>: Ameenah GURIB-FAKIM (independent) elected president by the National Assembly - unanimous vote; note - GURIB-FAKIM, who was Mauritius' first female president, resigned on 23 March 2018; acting presidents served from March 2018 until ROOPUN's appointment in 2019<br>"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "legislature name": {
        "text": "National Assembly - Assemblée nationale"
      },
      "legislative structure": {
        "text": "unicameral"
      },
      "chamber name": {
        "text": "National Assembly"
      },
      "number of seats": {
        "text": "67 (62 directly elected; 4 appointed)"
      },
      "electoral system": {
        "text": "plurality/majority"
      },
      "scope of elections": {
        "text": "full renewal"
      },
      "term in office": {
        "text": "5 years"
      },
      "most recent election date": {
        "text": "11/10/2024"
      },
      "parties elected and seats per party": {
        "text": "Alliance Du Changement (Alliance for Change, AdC) (60); Other (2)"
      },
      "percentage of women in chamber": {
        "text": "17.9%"
      },
      "expected date of next election": {
        "text": "October 2029"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court of Mauritius (consists of the chief justice, a senior puisne judge, and 24 puisne judges)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "chief justice appointed by the president after consultation with the prime minister; senior puisne judge appointed by the president with the advice of the chief justice; other puisne judges appointed by the president with the advice of the Judicial and Legal Commission, a 4-member body of judicial officials including the chief justice; all judges serve until retirement at age 67"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "lower regional courts known as District Courts, Court of Civil Appeal; Court of Criminal Appeal; Public Bodies Appeal Tribunal"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) serves as the final court of appeal"
    },
    "Political parties": {
      "text": "Alliance Morisien (Mauritian Alliance)<br>Jean-Claude Barbier Movement (Mouvement Jean-Claude Barbier) or MJCB<br>Mauritian Militant Movement (Mouvement Militant Mauricien) or MMM<br>Mauritian Social Democratic Party (Parti Mauricien Social Democrate) or PMSD<br>Mauritius Labor Party (Parti Travailliste) or PTR or MLP<br>Militant Platform (Plateforme Militante) or PM<br>Militant Socialist Movement (Mouvement Socialist Mauricien) or MSM<br>Muvman Liberater or ML<br>National Alliance<br>Patriotic Movement (Mouvement Patriotique) or MAG<br>Rodrigues Peoples Organization (Organisation du Peuple Rodriguais) or OPR"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ACP, AfDB, AOSIS, AU, CD, COMESA, CPLP (associate), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, SAARC (observer), SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d'Affaires Dhanandjay GOBOODUN (since 9 January 2025)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "1709 N Street NW, Washington, DC 20036"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 244-1491"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 966-0983"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>mauritius.embassy@verizon.net<br><br>https://mauritius-washington.govmu.org/Pages/index.aspx"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Henry V. JARDINE (since 22 February 2023); note - also accredited to Seychelles"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "4th Floor, Rogers House, John Kennedy Avenue, Port Louis"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "2450 Port Louis Place, Washington, DC 20521-2450"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[230] 202-4400"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[230] 208-9534"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>PTLConsular@state.gov<br><br>https://mu.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green; red represents self-determination and independence, blue the Indian Ocean surrounding the island, yellow has been interpreted as the new light of independence, golden sunshine, or the bright future, and green can symbolize either agriculture or the lush vegetation of the island",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> while many national flags consist of three - and in some cases five - horizontal bands of color, the flag of Mauritius is the world's only national flag to consist of four horizontal color bands"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "dodo bird, Trochetia Boutoniana flower; national colors: red, blue, yellow, green"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Motherland\""
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Jean Georges PROSPER/Philippe GENTIL"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1968"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "2 (both cultural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Aapravasi Ghat; Le Morne Cultural Landscape"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "upper middle-income Indian Ocean island economy; diversified portfolio; investing in maritime security; strong tourism sector decimated by COVID-19; expanding in information and financial services; environmentally fragile"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023": {
        "text": "$33.532 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022": {
        "text": "$31.35 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
        "text": "$28.793 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2023": {
        "text": "6.96% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2022": {
        "text": "8.88% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
        "text": "3.4% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2023": {
        "text": "$26,600 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2022": {
        "text": "$24,800 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2021": {
        "text": "$22,700 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$14.645 billion (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023": {
        "text": "7.05% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022": {
        "text": "10.77% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
        "text": "4.03% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices"
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "Baa1 (2012)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained."
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "3.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "18.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "64.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "66.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "13.8% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "23.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "-0.2% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "52.5% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-55.4% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection"
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "sugarcane, chicken, pumpkins/squash, tomatoes, eggs, potatoes, cabbages, bananas, onions, cucumbers/gherkins (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "food processing (largely sugar milling), textiles, clothing, mining, chemicals, metal products, transport equipment, nonelectrical machinery, tourism"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "10.47% (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "594,000 (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work"
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2023": {
        "text": "6.06% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2022": {
        "text": "6.32% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2021": {
        "text": "7.72% (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment"
    },
    "Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20.9% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "19% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "23.6% (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "10.3% (2017 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
        "text": "36.8 (2017 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality"
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "2.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "29.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population"
    },
    "Remittances": {
      "Remittances 2023": {
        "text": "2.15% of GDP (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2022": {
        "text": "2.12% of GDP (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Remittances 2021": {
        "text": "2.37% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$3.134 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$3.647 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2019": {
        "text": "57.96% of GDP (2019 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government debt as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "19.79% (of GDP) (2023 est.)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2023": {
        "text": "-$647.743 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2022": {
        "text": "-$1.437 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2021": {
        "text": "-$1.497 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2023": {
        "text": "$5.495 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2022": {
        "text": "$5.004 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exports 2021": {
        "text": "$3.194 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "USA 11%, France 11%, Zimbabwe 10%, South Africa 7%, Zambia 7% (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "fish, garments, raw sugar, fertilizers, diamonds (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2023": {
        "text": "$8.027 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2022": {
        "text": "$8.052 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Imports 2021": {
        "text": "$6.057 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 15%, UAE 11%, India 10%, South Africa 9%, France 6% (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, cars, fish, coal, packaged medicine (2023)",
      "note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023": {
        "text": "$7.248 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022": {
        "text": "$7.793 billion (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021": {
        "text": "$8.563 billion (2021 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2023": {
        "text": "$3.77 billion (2023 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<b>note:</b> present value of external debt in current US dollars"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "Mauritian rupees (MUR) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2023": {
        "text": "45.267 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2022": {
        "text": "44.183 (2022 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2021": {
        "text": "41.692 (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2020": {
        "text": "39.347 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2019": {
        "text": "35.474 (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2022 est.)"
      },
      "electrification - urban areas": {
        "text": "99%"
      },
      "electrification - rural areas": {
        "text": "100%"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "955,000 kW (2023 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "3.084 billion kWh (2023 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "179.996 million kWh (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "82.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "4.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "0.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "2.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "9.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "consumption": {
        "text": "651,000 metric tons (2023 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "610,000 metric tons (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "28,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "5.551 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "1.495 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "4.056 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2023": {
        "text": "60.188 million Btu/person (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "464,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "36 (2023 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "2.1 million (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "161 (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "the telecom sector in Mauritius has long been supported by the varied needs of tourists; this has stimulated the mobile market, leading to a particularly high penetration rate; the response of the country&rsquo;s telcos to tourist requirements also contributed to the country being among the first in the region to provide services based on 3G and WiMAX technologies; the incumbent telco provides comprehensive LTE and fiber broadband coverage, and in late 2021 it launched a gigabit fiber-based broadband service; the country has seen improved international internet capacity in recent years, with direct cables linking to India, Madagascar, and South Africa, as well as other connections to Rodrigues and Reunion; mobile subscribers in Mauritius secured 5G services in mid-2021;&nbsp; this followed the regulator&rsquo;s award of spectrum in two bands to the MNOs (2022)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line teledensity over 36 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular services teledensity 152 per 100 persons (2021)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 230; landing points for the SAFE, MARS, IOX Cable System, METISS&nbsp;and LION submarine cable system that provides links to Asia, Africa, Southeast Asia, Indian Ocean Islands of Reunion, Madagascar, and Mauritius; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean); new microwave link to Reunion; HF radiotelephone links to several countries (2019)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "the Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation is the national public television and radio broadcaster; it broadcasts programming in French, English, Hindi, Creole and Chinese, it provides 17 television channels in Mauritius; there are nine Mauritian FM radio stations and two operating on the AM band<br> (2022)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".mu"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "76% (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "343,000 (2023 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "27 (2023 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "13"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "1,745,291 (2018)"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "233.72 million (2018) mt-km"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "3B"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "5 (2025)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "1 (2025)"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,428 km"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "2,379 km (includes 99 km of expressways)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "49 km (2015)"
      }
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "32 (2023)"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "general cargo 1, oil tanker 4, other 27"
      }
    },
    "Ports": {
      "total ports": {
        "text": "2 (2024)"
      },
      "large": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "medium": {
        "text": "0"
      },
      "small": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "very small": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "ports with oil terminals": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "key ports": {
        "text": "Port Louis, Port Mathurin"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "no regular military forces; the Mauritius Police Force (MPF) under the Ministry of Defense includes a paramilitary unit known as the Special Mobile Force, which includes some motorized infantry and light armored units; the MPF also has a Police Helicopter Squadron, a Special Support Unit (riot police), and the National Coast Guard (also includes an air squadron) (2024)",
      "note": "<strong>note: </strong>the MPF is responsible for law enforcement and maintenance of order within the country; a police commissioner heads the force and has authority over all police and other security forces, including the Coast Guard and Special Mobile Forces; the Special Mobile Forces share responsibility with police for internal security"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the MPF's inventory is comprised of mostly secondhand equipment from Western European countries and India (2024)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "the MPF's primary security partner is India, which provides training and other support to the National Coast Guard; Indian naval vessels often patrol the country's waters; the MPF has also received assistance and training from France, the UK, and the US; the MPF’s chief security concerns are piracy and narcotics trafficking<br><br>the Special Mobile Force was created in 1960 following the withdrawal of the British garrison (2024)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>consumer and transshipment point for heroin from South Asia; small amounts of cannabis produced and consumed locally; significant offshore financial industry creates potential for money laundering</p>"
    }
  }
}