factbook.json/central-asia/kg.json

{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "<p>A Central Asian country of incredible natural beauty and proud nomadic traditions, most of the territory of present-day Kyrgyzstan was formally annexed by the Russian Empire in 1876. The Kyrgyz staged a major revolt against the Tsarist Empire in 1916 in which almost one-sixth of the Kyrgyz population was killed. Kyrgyzstan became a Soviet republic in 1926 and achieved independence in 1991 when the USSR dissolved. Nationwide demonstrations in 2005 and 2010 resulted in the ouster of the country’s first two presidents, Askar AKAEV and Kurmanbek BAKIEV. Interim President Roza OTUNBAEVA led a transitional government and following a nation-wide election, President Almazbek ATAMBAEV was sworn in as president in 2011. In 2017, ATAMBAEV became the first Kyrgyzstani president to step down after serving one full six-year term as required in the country’s constitution. Former prime minister and ruling Social-Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan member, Sooronbay JEENBEKOV, replaced him after winning the 2017 presidential election, which was the most competitive in the country’s history, although international and local election observers noted cases of vote buying and abuse of public resources. In October 2020, protests against legislative election results spread across Kyrgyzstan, leading to JEENBEKOV’s resignation from the presidency, and catapulting previously imprisoned Sadyr JAPAROV to acting president. In January 2021, Kyrgyzstanis formerly elected JAPAROV as president and approved a referendum to move Kyrgyzstan from a parliamentary to a presidential system. In April 2021, Kyrgyzstanis voted in favor of draft constitutional changes that consolidated power in the presidency. Pro-government parties won a majority in the Jogorku Kenesh (Kyrgyzstan’s legislature) in November 2021 elections. Continuing concerns for Kyrgyzstan include the trajectory of democratization, endemic corruption, a history of tense, and at times violent, interethnic relations, border security vulnerabilities, and potential terrorist threats.</p>"
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Central Asia, west of China, south of Kazakhstan"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "41 00 N, 75 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Asia"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "199,951 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "191,801 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "8,150 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly smaller than South Dakota"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4,573 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "China 1,063 km; Kazakhstan 1,212 km; Tajikistan 984 km; Uzbekistan 1,314 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "0 km (landlocked)"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "text": "none (landlocked)"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan Mountains; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "peaks of the Tien Shan mountain range and associated valleys and basins encompass the entire country"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "highest point": {
        "text": "Jengish Chokusu (Pik Pobedy) 7,439 m"
      },
      "lowest point": {
        "text": "Kara-Daryya (Karadar'ya) 132 m"
      },
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "2,988 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "abundant hydropower; gold, rare earth metals; locally exploitable coal, oil, and natural gas; other deposits of nepheline, mercury, bismuth, lead, and zinc"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "55.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 6.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 48.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "5.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "39.5% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "10,233 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "Salt water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Ozero Issyk-Kul 6,240 sq km<br>note - second largest saline lake after the Caspian Sea; second highest mountain lake after Lake Titicaca; it is an endorheic mountain basin; although surrounded by snow capped mountains it never freezes"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Syr Darya river source (shared with Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan [m] ) - 3,078 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), <em>(Aral Sea basin)</em> Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "the vast majority of Kyrgyzstanis live in rural areas; densest population settlement is to the north in and around the capital, Bishkek, followed by Osh in the west; the least densely populated area is the east, southeast in the Tien Shan mountains"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "major flooding during snow melt; prone to earthquakes"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "landlocked; entirely mountainous, dominated by the Tien Shan range; 94% of the country is 1,000 m above sea level with an average elevation of 2,750 m; many tall peaks, glaciers, and high-altitude lakes"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "6,071,750 (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Kyrgyzstani(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Kyrgyzstani"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Kyrgyz 73.8%, Uzbek 14.8%, Russian 5.1%, Dungan 1.1%, other 5.2% (includes Uyghur, Tajik, Turk, Kazakh, Tatar, Ukrainian, Korean, German) (2021 est.)"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "Languages": {
        "text": "Kyrgyz (official) 71.4%, Uzbek 14.4%, Russian (official) 9%, other 5.2% (2009 est.)"
      },
      "major-language sample(s)": {
        "text": "<br>Дүйнөлүк фактылар китеби, негизги маалыматтын маанилүү булагы. (Kyrgyz)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Muslim 90% (majority Sunni), Christian 7% (Russian Orthodox 3%), other 3% (includes Jewish, Buddhist, Baha'i) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Demographic profile": {
      "text": "<p>Kyrgyzstan is a sparsely populated country whose population is unevenly distributed.  More than 50% of the population lives in or around the two cities of Bishkek and Osh and their surrounding districts, which together account for about 12% of the country’s area.  Kyrgyzstan’s population continues to grow rapidly owing to its high fertility rate and the traditional preference for larger families, a low mortality rate, a growing share of women of reproductive age, and measures to support families with children. The country has a youthful age structure; over 45% of the population is under the age of 25 as of 2022.  Nevertheless, Kyrgyzstan is transitioning from an agricultural society with high fertility and mortality rates to an industrial society with lower fertility and mortality rates.</p> <p>As part of the USSR, Kyrgyzstan’s rapid population growth was not problematic because its needs were redistributed among the Soviet States.  As an independent state, however, population growth became burdensome.  International labor migration continues to serve as a safety valve that decreases pressure on the labor market and resources (healthcare, education, and pensions), while also reducing poverty through much-needed remittances.  The main destinations for labor migrants are Russia and Kazakhstan, where wages are higher; almost a third of Kyrgyzstan’s working-age population migrates to Russia alone.  Outmigration was most pronounced in the 1990s, after the collapse of the USSR, when ethnic Russians, Ukrainians, and Germans left Kyrgyzstan, changing the proportion of ethnic Kyrgyz in the country from barely 50% in 1992 to almost three-quarters today.</p> <p>While Kyrgyzstan is a net emigration country, it does receive immigrants.  The majority of immigrants are from the Commonwealth of Independent States – particularly Kazakhstan, Russia, and Uzbekistan – but more recent arrivals also include persons from China, Turkey, and Turkmenistan.  Chinese immigrants work primarily in construction and gold mining, while Turkish immigrants mainly work in construction, trade, education, and services.  Border areas between Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan experience irregular migration, but many of these migrants plan to move on to Europe.</p>"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "30.39% (male 930,455/female 882,137)"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "15.7% (male 475,915/female 460,604)"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "40.02% (male 1,172,719/female 1,214,624)"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "8.09% (male 210,994/female 271,480)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "5.8% (2020 est.) (male 132,134/female 213,835)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "59.7"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "52.1"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "7.5"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "13.2 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "27.3 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "26.1 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "28.5 years (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.86% (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "19.54 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "6.12 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "-4.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "the vast majority of Kyrgyzstanis live in rural areas; densest population settlement is to the north in and around the capital, Bishkek, followed by Osh in the west; the least densely populated area is the east, southeast in the Tien Shan mountains"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "37.5% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "2.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "1.082 million BISHKEK (capital) (2022)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "1.03 male(s)/female"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "0.96 male(s)/female"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "0.78 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.5 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "22.6 years (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality ratio": {
      "text": "60 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "25.66 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "29.83 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "21.22 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "72.35 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "68.27 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "76.71 years (2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "2.5 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "39.4% (2018)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 89.9% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 93.6% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 10.1% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 6.4% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Current health expenditure": {
      "text": "4.5% of GDP (2019)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "2.21 physicians/1,000 population (2014)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "4.4 beds/1,000 population (2014)"
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 100% of population"
      },
      "improved: total": {
        "text": "total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: urban": {
        "text": "urban: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: rural": {
        "text": "rural: 0% of population"
      },
      "unimproved: total": {
        "text": "total: 0% of population (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "0.2% (2020 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
      "text": "9,200 (2020 est.)"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
      "text": "(2020 est.) <100"
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "16.6% (2016)"
    },
    "Alcohol consumption per capita": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "beer": {
        "text": "0.43 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "wine": {
        "text": "0.23 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "spirits": {
        "text": "3.35 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      },
      "other alcohols": {
        "text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Tobacco use": {
      "total": {
        "text": "25.4% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "48% (2020 est.)"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "2.8% (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
      "text": "1.8% (2018)"
    },
    "Child marriage": {
      "women married by age 15": {
        "text": "0.3%"
      },
      "women married by age 18": {
        "text": "12.9% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "5.4% of GDP (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "99.6%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "99.7%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "99.5% (2018)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "13 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "13 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "13 years (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9.6%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "7.8%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "13.4% (2018 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Environment": {
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "water pollution; many people get their water directly from contaminated streams and wells; as a result, water-borne diseases are prevalent; increasing soil salinity from faulty irrigation practices; air pollution due to rapid increase of traffic"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Air pollutants": {
      "particulate matter emissions": {
        "text": "18.12 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)"
      },
      "carbon dioxide emissions": {
        "text": "9.79 megatons (2016 est.)"
      },
      "methane emissions": {
        "text": "4.47 megatons (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan Mountains; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "55.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: arable land": {
        "text": "arable land: 6.7% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent crops": {
        "text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
        "text": "permanent pasture: 48.3% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "5.1% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "39.5% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "37.5% of total population (2022)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "2.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from forest resources": {
      "forest revenues": {
        "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Revenue from coal": {
      "coal revenues": {
        "text": "0.21% of GDP (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Waste and recycling": {
      "municipal solid waste generated annually": {
        "text": "1,113,300 tons (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major lakes (area sq km)": {
      "Salt water lake(s)": {
        "text": "Ozero Issyk-Kul 6,240 sq km<br>note - second largest saline lake after the Caspian Sea; second highest mountain lake after Lake Titicaca; it is an endorheic mountain basin; although surrounded by snow capped mountains it never freezes"
      }
    },
    "Major rivers (by length in km)": {
      "text": "Syr Darya river source (shared with Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan [m] ) - 3,078 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
    },
    "Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
      "text": "Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), <em>(Aral Sea basin)</em> Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)"
    },
    "Total water withdrawal": {
      "municipal": {
        "text": "224 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industrial": {
        "text": "336 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      },
      "agricultural": {
        "text": "7.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total renewable water resources": {
      "text": "23.618 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Kyrgyz Republic"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Kyrgyzstan"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Kyrgyz Respublikasy"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Kyrgyzstan"
      },
      "former": {
        "text": "Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "a combination of the Turkic words \"kyrg\" (forty) and \"-yz\" (tribes) with the Persian suffix \"-stan\" (country) creating the meaning \"Land of the Forty Tribes\"; the name refers to the 40 clans united by the mythic Kyrgyz hero, MANAS"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Bishkek"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "42 52 N, 74 36 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "founded in 1868 as a Russian settlement on the site of a previously destroyed fortress named \"Pishpek\"; the name was retained and overtime became \"Bishkek\""
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "7 provinces (oblustar, singular - oblus) and 2 cities* (shaarlar, singular - shaar); Batken Oblusu, Bishkek Shaary*, Chuy Oblusu (Bishkek), Jalal-Abad Oblusu, Naryn Oblusu, Osh Oblusu, Osh Shaary*, Talas Oblusu, Ysyk-Kol Oblusu (Karakol)",
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "31 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 31 August (1991)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "previous 1993, 2007, 2010; latest approved by referendum in April 2021 that transitioned Kyrgyzstan from a parliamentary to a presidential system, and implemented changes that allow the president to serve for two 5-year terms rather that one 6-year term, reduced the number of seats in Kyrgyzstan's legislature from 120 to 90, and established a Kurultay - a public advisory council"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed as a draft law by the majority of the Supreme Council membership or by petition of 300,000 voters; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Council membership in each of at least three readings of the draft two months apart; the draft may be submitted to a referendum if approved by two thirds of the Council membership; adoption requires the signature of the president"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system, which includes features of French civil law and Russian Federation laws"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Kyrgyzstan"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes, but only if a mutual treaty on dual citizenship is in force"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Sadyr JAPAROV (since 28 January 2021)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "President Sadyr JAPAROV (since 28 January 2021)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 10 January 2021 (next to be held in 2027)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "<em>2021:</em> Sadyr JAPAROV elected president in first round; percent of vote - Sadyr JAPAROV (Mekenchil) 79.2%, Adakhan MADUMAROV (United Kyrgyzstan) 6.8%, other 14%<br><br><em>2017:</em> Sooronbay JEENBEKOV elected president; Sooronbay JEENBEKOV (Social Democratic Party of Kosovo) 54.7%, Omurbek BABANOV (independent) 33.8%, Adakhan MADUMAROV (United Kyrgyzstan) 6.6%, and other 4.9%"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the President is both Chief of State and Head of Government."
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral Supreme Council or Jogorku Kenesh (90 seats statutory, current 88; 54 seats allocated for proportional division among political party lists from the national vote and 36 seats allocated for candidates running in single-seat constituencies; members serve 5-year terms; parties must receive 5% of the vote to win seats in the Council)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on 28 November 2021 (next to be held in 2026)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote by party - AJK 19.1%, Ishenim 15%, Yntymak 12.1%, Alliance 9.2%, Butun Kyrgyzstan 7.8%, Yiman Nuru 6.8%, other 30%; seats by party - AJK 15, Ishenim 12, Yntymak 9, Alliance 7, Butun Kyrgyzstan 6, Yiman Nuru 5, other 36; composition - men 70, women 18, percent of women 20.5%"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court (consists of 25 judges); Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court (consists of the chairperson, deputy chairperson, and 9 judges)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judges appointed by the Supreme Council on the recommendation of the president; Supreme Court judges serve for 10 years, Constitutional Court judges serve for 15 years; mandatory retirement at age 70 for judges of both courts"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Higher Court of Arbitration; oblast (provincial) and city courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Alliance [Mirlan JEENCHOROEV]<br>Ata-Jurt Kyrgyzstan (Homeland) or AJK [Aybek MATKERIMOV]<br>Butun Kyrgyzstan (All Kyrgyzstan) [Adakhan MADUMAROV]<br>Ishenim (Trust in Kyrgyz) [Rysbat AMATOV]<br>Mekenchil (Patriotic Party) [Sadyr JAPAROV]<br>Social Democratic Party of Kosovo or SDPK (dissolved in 2020)<br>Social Democrats or SDK [Temirlan SULTANBEKOV]<br>United Kyrgyzstan [Adakhan Kumsanbayevich MADUMAROV]<br>Yntymak (Unity) [Marlen MAMATALIEV]<br>Yyman Nuru (Light of Faith) [Nurjigit KADYRBEKOV]"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (compliant country), FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Baktybek AMANBAYEV (since 7 July 2021)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "2360 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 449-9822"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 449-8275"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>kgembassy.usa@mfa.gov.kg; kgconsulate.washington@mfa.gov.kg"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Sonata COULTER (since September 2021)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "171 Prospect Mira, Bishkek 720016"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "7040 Bishkek Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-7040"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[996] (312) 597-000"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[996] (312) 597-744"
      },
      "email address and website": {
        "text": "<br>ConsularBishkek@state.gov<br><br>https://kg.usembassy.gov/"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "red field with a yellow sun in the center having 40 rays representing the 40 Kyrgyz tribes; on the obverse side the rays run counterclockwise, on the reverse, clockwise; in the center of the sun is a red ring crossed by two sets of three lines, a stylized representation of a \"tunduk\" - the crown of a traditional Kyrgyz yurt; red symbolizes bravery and valor, the sun evinces peace and wealth"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "white falcon; national colors: red, yellow"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Kyrgyz Respublikasynyn Mamlekettik Gimni\" (National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Djamil SADYKOV and Eshmambet KULUEV/Nasyr DAVLESOV and Kalyi MOLDOBASANOV"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> adopted 1992"
    },
    "National heritage": {
      "total World Heritage Sites": {
        "text": "3 (2 cultural, 1 natural)"
      },
      "selected World Heritage Site locales": {
        "text": "Sulaiman-Too Sacred Mountain (c); Silk Roads: the Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor (c); Western Tien Shan (n)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economic overview": {
      "text": "<p>Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked, mountainous, lower middle income country with an economy dominated by minerals extraction, agriculture, and reliance on remittances from citizens working abroad. Cotton, wool, and meat are the main agricultural products, although only cotton is exported in any quantity. Other exports include gold, mercury, uranium, natural gas, and - in some years - electricity. The country has sought to attract foreign investment to expand its export base, including construction of hydroelectric dams, but a difficult investment climate and an ongoing legal battle with a Canadian firm over the joint ownership structure of the nation’s largest gold mine deter potential investors. Remittances from Kyrgyz migrant workers, predominantly in Russia and Kazakhstan, are equivalent to more than one-quarter of Kyrgyzstan’s GDP.</p> <p> </p> <p>Following independence, Kyrgyzstan rapidly implemented market reforms, such as improving the regulatory system and instituting land reform. In 1998, Kyrgyzstan was the first Commonwealth of Independent States country to be accepted into the World Trade Organization. The government has privatized much of its ownership shares in public enterprises. Despite these reforms, the country suffered a severe drop in production in the early 1990s and has again faced slow growth in recent years as the global financial crisis and declining oil prices have dampened economies across Central Asia. The Kyrgyz government remains dependent on foreign donor support to finance its annual budget deficit of approximately 3 to 5% of GDP.</p> <p> </p> <p>Kyrgyz leaders hope the country’s August 2015 accession to the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) will bolster trade and investment, but slowing economies in Russia and China and low commodity prices continue to hamper economic growth. Large-scale trade and investment pledged by Kyrgyz leaders has been slow to develop. Many Kyrgyz entrepreneurs and politicians complain that non-tariff measures imposed by other EAEU member states are hurting certain sectors of the Kyrgyz economy, such as meat and dairy production, in which they have comparative advantage. Since acceding to the EAEU, the Kyrgyz Republic has continued harmonizing its laws and regulations to meet EAEU standards, though many local entrepreneurs believe this process as disjointed and incomplete. Kyrgyzstan’s economic development continues to be hampered by corruption, lack of administrative transparency, lack of diversity in domestic industries, and difficulty attracting foreign aid and investment.</p>"
    },
    "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
        "text": "$31.02 billion (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
        "text": "$33.95 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
        "text": "$32.46 billion (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "Real GDP growth rate": {
      "Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
        "text": "4.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2016": {
        "text": "4.3% (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
        "text": "3.9% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Real GDP per capita": {
      "Real GDP per capita 2020": {
        "text": "$4,700 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2019": {
        "text": "$5,300 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Real GDP per capita 2018": {
        "text": "$5,100 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$8.442 billion (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
        "text": "1.1% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
        "text": "1.5% (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
        "text": "3.1% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Credit ratings": {
      "Moody's rating": {
        "text": "B2 (2015)"
      },
      "Standard & Poors rating": {
        "text": "NR (2016)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "14.6% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "31.2% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "54.2% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "85.4% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "18.9% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "33.2% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "1.8% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "39.7% (2017 est.)"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-79% (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agricultural products": {
      "text": "milk, potatoes, sugar beet, maize, wheat, barley, tomatoes, watermelons, onions, carrots/turnips"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "small machinery, textiles, food processing, cement, shoes, lumber, refrigerators, furniture, electric motors, gold, rare earth metals"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "10.9% (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "2.841 million (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "48%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "12.5%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "39.5% (2005 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "Unemployment rate 2019": {
        "text": "3.18% (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Unemployment rate 2018": {
        "text": "2.59% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "9.6%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "7.8%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "13.4% (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "20.1% (2019 est.)"
    },
    "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": {
        "text": "27.7 (2018 est.)"
      },
      "Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2001": {
        "text": "29 (2001)"
      }
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "4.4%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "22.9% (2014 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "2.169 billion (2017 est.)"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "2.409 billion (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-3.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "Public debt 2017": {
        "text": "56% of GDP (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Public debt 2016": {
        "text": "55.9% of GDP (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "28.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "Current account balance 2017": {
        "text": "-$306 million (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Current account balance 2016": {
        "text": "-$792 million (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports": {
      "Exports 2019": {
        "text": "$3.11 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2018": {
        "text": "$2.73 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Exports 2017": {
        "text": "$2.352 billion (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "United Kingdom 56%, Kazakhstan 13%, Russia 13%, Uzbekistan 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "gold, precious metals, various beans, refined petroleum, scrap copper (2019)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "Imports 2019": {
        "text": "$5.67 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2018": {
        "text": "$5.86 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
      },
      "Imports 2017": {
        "text": "$4.953 billion (2017 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "China 53%, Russia 17%, Kazakhstan 7%, Uzbekistan 7%, Turkey 5% (2019)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "refined petroleum, footwear, clothing and apparel, broadcasting equipment, walnuts (2019)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
        "text": "$2.177 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
      },
      "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
        "text": "$1.97 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "Debt - external 2019": {
        "text": "$8.372 billion (2019 est.)"
      },
      "Debt - external 2018": {
        "text": "$8.066 billion (2018 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "Currency": {
        "text": "soms (KGS) per US dollar -"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2017": {
        "text": "68.35 (2017 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2016": {
        "text": "69.914 (2016 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2015": {
        "text": "69.914 (2015 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2014": {
        "text": "64.462 (2014 est.)"
      },
      "Exchange rates 2013": {
        "text": "53.654 (2013 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity access": {
      "electrification - total population": {
        "text": "100% (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity": {
      "installed generating capacity": {
        "text": "4.626 million kW (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "12,324,140,000 kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "271 million kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "269 million kWh (2019 est.)"
      },
      "transmission/distribution losses": {
        "text": "2.514 billion kWh (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Electricity generation sources": {
      "fossil fuels": {
        "text": "8.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "nuclear": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "solar": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "wind": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "hydroelectricity": {
        "text": "91.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "tide and wave": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "geothermal": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      },
      "biomass and waste": {
        "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Coal": {
      "production": {
        "text": "2.287 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "1.717 million metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "984,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "481,000 metric tons (2020 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "971 million metric tons (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Petroleum": {
      "total petroleum production": {
        "text": "700 bbl/day (2021 est.)"
      },
      "refined petroleum consumption": {
        "text": "32,100 bbl/day (2019 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate exports": {
        "text": "1,400 barrels/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil and lease condensate imports": {
        "text": "8,200 barrels/day (2018 est.)"
      },
      "crude oil estimated reserves": {
        "text": "40 million barrels (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "6,996 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "2,290 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "34,280 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas": {
      "production": {
        "text": "25.542 million cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "consumption": {
        "text": "207.845 million cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "exports": {
        "text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      },
      "imports": {
        "text": "191.478 million cubic meters (2019 est.)"
      },
      "proven reserves": {
        "text": "5.663 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions": {
      "total emissions": {
        "text": "7.88 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from coal and metallurgical coke": {
        "text": "2.967 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from petroleum and other liquids": {
        "text": "4.505 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      },
      "from consumed natural gas": {
        "text": "408,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Energy consumption per capita": {
      "Total energy consumption per capita 2019": {
        "text": "35.059 million Btu/person (2019 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "299,000 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "5 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "8.511 million (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "130 (2020 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telecommunication systems": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "the country&rsquo;s telecom sector (specifically the mobile segment) has likewise been able to prosper; ongoing political tension, increasing repression of the media and information, and continuing problems with corporate governance may be putting a strain on further growth by reducing the country&rsquo;s appeal to much-needed foreign investors; Kyrgyzstan has been reasonably successful in its attempts to liberalize its economy and open up its telecom market to competition; the privatization of state-owned entities particularly the fixed-line incumbent provider Kyrgyztelecom and the mobile operator Alfa Telecom has been less well received, with government ownership continuing despite repeated attempts to offload its stakes in those companies; they simply haven&rsquo;t been able to generate enough interest from the private sector; the mobile market has achieved high levels of penetration (140% in 2021) along with a fairly competitive operating environment with four major players; mobile broadband has come along strongly, reaching over 125% penetration in 2019 before falling back slightly during the Covid-19 crisis; slow-to-moderate growth is expected for both segments in coming years, supported by the anticipated rollout of 5G services starting from late 2022. (2022)"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "fixed-line penetration at nearly 5 per 100 persons remains low and concentrated in urban areas; mobile-cellular subscribership up to over 134 per 100 persons (2019)"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 996; connections with other CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States, 9 members post-Soviet Republics in EU) countries by landline or microwave radio relay and with other countries by leased connections with Moscow international gateway switch and by satellite; satellite earth stations - 2 (1 Intersputnik, 1 Intelsat) (2019)"
      },
      "note": "<strong>note:</strong> the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress toward 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services"
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "state-funded public TV broadcaster KTRK has nationwide coverage; also operates Ala-Too 24 news channel which broadcasts 24/7 and&nbsp;4 other educational, cultural, and sports channels; ELTR and Channel 5 are&nbsp;state-owned stations with national reach; the switchover to digital TV in 2017 resulted in private TV station growth; approximately 20 stations are struggling to increase their own content up to 50% of airtime, as required by law, instead of rebroadcasting primarily&nbsp;programs from Russian channels&nbsp;or airing unlicensed movies and music; 3 Russian TV stations also broadcast; state-funded radio stations and about 10 significant private radio stations also exist (2019)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".kg"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3,683,700 (July 2022 est.)"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "55% (July 2022 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
      "total": {
        "text": "289,000 (2020 est.)"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "4 (2020 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "5 (2020)"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "17"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "709,198 (2018)"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "EX"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "total": {
        "text": "28 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "18"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "2,438 to 3,047 m": {
        "text": "3"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "11"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "3 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "10"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "8 (2021)"
      }
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "4,195 km gas (2022), 16 km oil (2022) (2022)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "424 km (2022)"
      },
      "broad gauge": {
        "text": "424 km (2018) 1.520-m gauge"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "34,000 km (2022)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "576 km (2022)"
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "lake port(s)": {
        "text": "Balykchy (Ysyk-Kol or Rybach'ye)(Lake Ysyk-Kol)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military and security forces": {
      "text": "Armed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic: Land Forces, Air Defense Forces, National Guard; Internal Troops; State Committee for National Security (GKNB): Border Service (2022)"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "Military Expenditures 2021": {
        "text": "1.7% of GDP (2021 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2020": {
        "text": "1.8% of GDP (2020 est.)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2019": {
        "text": "2.3% of GDP (2019 est.) (approximately $410 million)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2018": {
        "text": "2.3% of GDP (2018 est.) (approximately $400 million)"
      },
      "Military Expenditures 2017": {
        "text": "2.3% of GDP (2017 est.) (approximately $390 million)"
      }
    },
    "Military and security service personnel strengths": {
      "text": "approximately 12,000 active duty troops (8,500 Land Forces; 2,500 Air Force/Air Defense; 1,000 National Guard) (2022)"
    },
    "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
      "text": "the Kyrgyz military inventory is comprised of mostly older Russian and Soviet-era equipment; Kyrgyzstan relies on donations of military equipment, which come mostly from Russia under a 2013 agreement between Bishkek and Moscow (2022)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary male military service in the Armed Forces or Interior Ministry; 12-month service obligation (9 months for university graduates), with optional fee-based 3-year service in the call-up mobilization reserve; women may volunteer at age 19; 16-17 years of age for military cadets, who cannot take part in military operations (2022)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "Kyrgyzstan has been a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) since 1994 and contributes troops to CSTO's rapid reaction force (2022)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "<p><em>Kyrgyzstan-China</em>: a 2009 treaty settled a border dispute, with Kyrgyzstan receiving the Khan Tengri Peak and Kyrgyzstan ceding to China the Uzengi-Kush area</p> <p><em>Kyrgyzstan-Kazakhstan</em>: in January 2019, Kyrgyzstan ratified the 2017 agreement on the demarcation of the Kyrgyzstan-Kazakhstan border</p> <p><em>Kyrgyzstan-Tajikistan</em>: as the last major Central Asian boundary dispute with lengthy undelimited sections, the lowland (NE part) of the Kyrgz-Tajik line seems intractable despite recent Kyrgyz-Uzbek compromises and agreements on delimitation and demarcation</p> <p><em>Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan</em>: delimitation of approximately 15% or 200 km of border with Uzbekistan is hampered by serious disputes over enclaves and other areas; Kyrgyz and Uzbek officials signed an agreement in March 2021 on the final delimitation and demarcation of the Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan border; the accord included several land swaps that gave Kyrgyzstan more territory but was offset by Uzbekistan retaining use of reservoirs on Kyrgyz land; although a Kyrgyz official returned from the March 2021 meetings and said the decades-old border dispute was 100% resolved, his talks with residents in some affected areas showed that agreement had not been reached on all border segments</p>"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "16 (mid-year 2021)"
      }
    },
    "Trafficking in persons": {
      "current situation": {
        "text": "human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Kyrgyzstan and Kyrgyzstanis abroad; Kyrgyz men, women, and children are exploited in forced labor in Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkey and other European countries specifically in agriculture, construction, textiles, domestic service, and childcare; sex traffickers exploit Kyrgyz women and girls domestically and in India, Kazakhstan, Russia, South Korea, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates; problems with police misconduct and corruption include allegations that police threaten and extort sex trafficking victims and accept bribes from alleged traffickers to drop cases; street children who beg or do domestic work are vulnerable to traffickers"
      },
      "tier rating": {
        "text": "Tier 2 Watch List —<strong> </strong>Kyrgyzstan does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; the government adopted a National Referral Mechanism (NRM) that established formal policies on victim identification and the provision of social services;  the government established an interagency focus group to accelerate implementation of the NRM and improve law enforcement investigations; authorities increased investigations but did not prosecute or convict any traffickers; the government conducted limited training on the NRM; some officials reportedly  dropped charges or tipped off suspects and allowed victims to be pressured or paid to drop charges against alleged traffickers; the government’s written plan, if implemented, would meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking, Kyrgyzstan was granted a waiver per the Trafficking Victims Protection Act from an otherwise required downgrade to Tier 3 (2020)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "<p>a prime transshipment location; illegal drugs move from Afghanistan to Russia, and sometimes into Europe</p> <p> </p>"
    }
  }
}