factbook.json/asia/bd-bangladesh.json

{
  "intro": {
    "background": {
      "text": "Muslim conversions and settlement in the region now referred to as Bangladesh began in the 10th century, primarily from Arab and Persian traders and preachers. Europeans began to set up trading posts in the area in the 16th century. Eventually the area known as Bengal, primarily Hindu in the western section and mostly Muslim in the eastern half, became part of British India. Partition in 1947 resulted in an eastern wing of Pakistan in the Muslim-majority area, which became East Pakistan. Calls for greater autonomy and animosity between the eastern and western wings of Pakistan led to a Bengali independence movement. That movement, led by the Awami League (AL) and supported by India, won independence for Bangladesh in 1971, although at least 300,000 civilians died in the process. The post-independence, AL government faced daunting challenges and in 1975 was overthrown by the military, triggering a series of military coups that resulted in a military-backed government and subsequent creation of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP). That government also ended in a coup in 1981, followed by military-backed rule until democratic elections in 1991. The BNP and AL have alternately held power since then, with the exception of a military-backed, emergency caretaker regime that suspended parliamentary elections planned for January 2007 in an effort to reform the political system and root out corruption. That government returned the country to fully democratic rule in December 2008 with the election of the AL and Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA. With the help of international development assistance, Bangladesh has made great progress in food security since independence, and the economy has grown at an average of about 6 percent over the last two decades."
    }
  },
  "geo": {
    "location": {
      "text": "Southern Asia, bordering the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and India"
    },
    "geographic_coordinates": {
      "text": "24 00 N, 90 00 E"
    },
    "map_references": {
      "text": "Asia"
    },
    "area": {
      "total": "143,998 sq km",
      "land": "130,168 sq km",
      "water": "13,830 sq km"
    },
    "area_comparative": {
      "text": "slightly smaller than Iowa"
    },
    "land_boundaries": {
      "total": "4,246 km",
      "border_countries": "Burma 193 km, India 4,053 km"
    },
    "coastline": {
      "text": "580 km"
    },
    "maritime_claims": {
      "territorial_sea": "12 nm",
      "contiguous_zone": "18 nm",
      "exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm",
      "continental_shelf": "up to the outer limits of the continental margin"
    },
    "climate": {
      "text": "tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)"
    },
    "terrain": {
      "text": "mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast"
    },
    "elevation_extremes": {
      "lowest_point": "Indian Ocean 0 m",
      "highest_point": "Keokradong 1,230 m"
    },
    "natural_resources": {
      "text": "natural gas, arable land, timber, coal"
    },
    "land_use": {
      "arable_land": "52.97%",
      "permanent_crops": "6.25%",
      "other": "40.78% (2011)"
    },
    "irrigated_land": {
      "text": "50,500 sq km (2008)"
    },
    "total_renewable_water_resources": {
      "text": "1,227 cu km (2011)"
    },
    "freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
      "total": "35.87  cu km/yr (10%/2%/88%)",
      "per_capita": "238.3  cu m/yr (2008)"
    },
    "natural_hazards": {
      "text": "droughts; cyclones; much of the country routinely inundated during the summer monsoon season"
    },
    "environment_current_issues": {
      "text": "many people are landless and forced to live on and cultivate flood-prone land; waterborne diseases prevalent in surface water; water pollution, especially of fishing areas, results from the use of commercial pesticides; ground water contaminated by naturally occurring arsenic; intermittent water shortages because of falling water tables in the northern and central parts of the country; soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; severe overpopulation"
    },
    "environment_international_agreements": {
      "party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands",
      "signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
    },
    "geography_note": {
      "text": "most of the country is situated on deltas of large rivers flowing from the Himalayas: the Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of the Brahmaputra) and later joins the Meghna to eventually empty into the Bay of Bengal"
    }
  },
  "people": {
    "nationality": {
      "noun": "Bangladeshi(s)",
      "adjective": "Bangladeshi"
    },
    "ethnic_groups": {
      "text": "Bengali 98%, other 2% (includes tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims) (1998)"
    },
    "languages": {
      "text": "Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English"
    },
    "religions": {
      "text": "Muslim 89.5%, Hindu 9.6%, other 0.9% (2004)"
    },
    "population": {
      "text": "163,654,860 (July 2013 est.)"
    },
    "age_structure": {
      "0_14_years": "33% (male 27,393,912/female 26,601,199)",
      "15_24_years": "18.8% (male 14,337,930/female 16,377,785)",
      "25_54_years": "37.6% (male 29,091,046/female 32,455,670)",
      "55_64_years": "5.7% (male 4,775,062/female 4,625,192)",
      "65_years_and_over": "4.9% (male 3,918,341/female 4,078,723) (2013 est.)"
    },
    "dependency_ratios": {
      "total_dependency_ratio": "53.3 %",
      "youth_dependency_ratio": "46 %",
      "elderly_dependency_ratio": "7.3 %",
      "potential_support_ratio": "13.6 (2013)"
    },
    "median_age": {
      "total": "23.9 years",
      "male": "23.4 years",
      "female": "24.4 years (2013 est.)"
    },
    "population_growth_rate": {
      "text": "1.59% (2013 est.)"
    },
    "birth_rate": {
      "text": "22.07 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
    },
    "death_rate": {
      "text": "5.67 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
    },
    "net_migration_rate": {
      "text": "-0.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
    },
    "urbanization": {
      "urban_population": "28.4% of total population (2011)",
      "rate_of_urbanization": "2.96% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
    },
    "major_urban_areas_population": {
      "text": "DHAKA (capital) 15.391 million; Chittagong 4.816 million; Khulna 1.636 million; Rajshahi 853,000 (2011)"
    },
    "sex_ratio": {
      "at_birth": "1.04 male(s)/female",
      "0_14_years": "1.03 male(s)/female",
      "15_24_years": "0.87 male(s)/female",
      "25_54_years": "0.9 male(s)/female",
      "55_64_years": "1.05 male(s)/female",
      "65_years_and_over": "0.96 male(s)/female",
      "total_population": "0.95 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
    },
    "mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
      "text": "18.1 (2007 est.)"
    },
    "maternal_mortality_rate": {
      "text": "240 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
    },
    "infant_mortality_rate": {
      "total": "47.3 deaths/1,000 live births",
      "male": "49.79 deaths/1,000 live births",
      "female": "44.71 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
    },
    "life_expectancy_at_birth": {
      "total_population": "70.36 years",
      "male": "68.48 years",
      "female": "72.31 years (2013 est.)"
    },
    "total_fertility_rate": {
      "text": "2.5 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
    },
    "contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
      "text": "61.2% (2011/12)"
    },
    "health_expenditures": {
      "text": "3.5% of GDP (2010)"
    },
    "physicians_density": {
      "text": "0.3 physicians/1,000 population (2007)"
    },
    "hospital_bed_density": {
      "text": "0.3 beds/1,000 population (2005)"
    },
    "drinking_water_source": {
      "improved": "urban: 85% of population; rural: 80% of population; total: 81% of population",
      "unimproved": "urban: 15% of population; rural: 20% of population; total: 19% of population (2010 est.)"
    },
    "sanitation_facility_access": {
      "improved": "urban: 57% of population; rural: 55% of population; total: 56% of population",
      "unimproved": "urban: 43% of population; rural: 45% of population; total: 44% of population (2010 est.)"
    },
    "hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
      "text": "less than 0.1% (2009 est.)"
    },
    "hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
      "text": "6,300 (2009 est.)"
    },
    "hiv_aids_deaths": {
      "text": "fewer than 200 (2009 est.)"
    },
    "major_infectious_diseases": {
      "degree_of_risk": "high",
      "food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever",
      "vectorborne_diseases": "dengue fever and malaria are high risks in some locations",
      "water_contact_disease": "leptospirosis",
      "animal_contact_disease": "rabies",
      "note": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)"
    },
    "obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
      "text": "1.1% (2008)"
    },
    "children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
      "text": "41.3% (2007)"
    },
    "education_expenditures": {
      "text": "2.2% of GDP (2009)"
    },
    "literacy": {
      "definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
      "total_population": "57.7%",
      "male": "62%",
      "female": "53.4% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
      "total": "8 years",
      "male": "8 years",
      "female": "8 years (2007)"
    },
    "child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
      "total_number": "4,485,497",
      "percentage": "13 % (2006 est.)"
    },
    "unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
      "total": "9.3%",
      "male": "8%",
      "female": "13.6% (2005)"
    }
  },
  "govt": {
    "country_name": {
      "conventional_long_form": "People's Republic of Bangladesh",
      "conventional_short_form": "Bangladesh",
      "local_long_form": "Gana Prajatantri Bangladesh",
      "local_short_form": "Bangladesh",
      "former": "East Bengal, East Pakistan"
    },
    "government_type": {
      "text": "parliamentary democracy"
    },
    "capital": {
      "name": "Dhaka",
      "geographic_coordinates": "23 43 N, 90 24 E",
      "time_difference": "UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
    },
    "administrative_divisions": {
      "text": "7 divisions; Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Sylhet"
    },
    "independence": {
      "text": "16 December 1971 (from West Pakistan)"
    },
    "national_holiday": {
      "text": "Independence Day, 26 March (1971); Victory Day; note - March 1971 is the date of the Awami League's declaration of an independent Bangladesh, and 16 December, known as Victory Day, memorializes the military victory over Pakistan and the official creation of the state of Bangladesh"
    },
    "constitution": {
      "text": "enacted 4 November 1972; effective 16 December 1972; suspended following coup of 24 March 1982; restored 10 November 1986; amended many times"
    },
    "legal_system": {
      "text": "mixed legal system of mostly English common law and Islamic law"
    },
    "international_law_organization_participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "executive_branch": {
      "chief_of_state": "President Abdul HAMID (since 24 April 2013); note - Abdul HAMID served as acting president following the death of Zillur RAHMAN in March 2013; HAMID was subsequently elected by the National Parliament and was sworn in 24 April 2013",
      "head_of_government": "Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA (since 6 January 2009)",
      "cabinet": "Cabinet selected by the prime minister and appointed by the president",
      "elections": "president elected by National Parliament for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); last election held on 29 April 2013 (next must be held by 2018)",
      "election_results": "President Abdul HAMID was elected by the National Parliament unopposed"
    },
    "legislative_branch": {
      "text": "unicameral National Parliament or Jatiya Sangsad; 300 seats (45 reserved for women) elected by popular vote from single territorial constituencies; members serve five-year terms",
      "elections": "last held on 29 December 2008; note - general elections must be held within 90 days of the expiration of the Parliament or by 24 January 2014 or earlier if Parliament is dissolved before its term expires",
      "election_results": "percent of vote by party - AL 49%, BNP 33.2%, JP 7%, JIB 4.6%, other 6.2%; seats by party - AL 230, BNP 30, JP 27, JIB 2, other 11"
    },
    "judicial_branch": {
      "highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Bangladesh (organized into the Appellate Division with 7 justices and the High Court Division with 99 justices)",
      "judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "chief justice and justices appointed by the president; justices serve until retirement at age 67",
      "subordinate_courts": "civil courts include: Assistant Judge's Court; Joint District Judge's Court; Additional District Judge's Court; District Judge's Court; criminal courts include: Court of Sessions; Court of Metropolitan Sessions; special courts/tribunals; Metropolitan Magistrate Courts; Magistrate Court"
    },
    "political_parties_and_leaders": {
      "text": "Awami League or AL [Sheikh HASINA]; Communist Party of Bangladesh or CPB [Manjurul A. KHAN]; Bangladesh Nationalist Party or BNP [Khaleda ZIA]; Bikalpa Dhara Bangladesh or BDB [Badrudozza CHOWDHURY]; Islami Oikya Jote or IOJ [multiple leaders]; Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh or JIB [Matiur Rahman NIZAMI]; Jatiya Party or JP (Ershad faction) [Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Oli AHMED]"
    },
    "political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
      "text": "Advocacy to End Gender-based Violence through the MoWCA (Ministry of Women's and Children's Affairs); Ain o Salish Kendro (Law and Order Center); Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee or BRAC; Bangladesh Center for Worker Solidarity; Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry; Odikhar (Human Rights)",
      "other": "associations of madrassa teachers; business associations, including those intended to promote international trade; development and advocacy NGOs associated with the Grameen Bank; environmentalists; Islamist groups; labor rights advocacy groups; nongovernmental organizations focused on poverty, alleviation, and socioeconomic international trade; religious leaders; tribal groups and advocacy organizations; union leaders"
    },
    "international_organization_participation": {
      "text": "ADB, ARF, BIMSTEC, C, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNMIT, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
    },
    "diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
      "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Akramul QADER",
      "chancery": "3510 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008",
      "telephone": "[1] (202) 244-0183",
      "fax": "[1] (202) 244-7830/2771",
      "consulates_general": "Los Angeles, New York"
    },
    "diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
      "chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Dan W. MOZENA",
      "embassy": "Madani Avenue, Baridhara, Dhaka 1212",
      "mailing_address": "G. P. O. Box 323, Dhaka 1000",
      "telephone": "[880] (2) 885-5500",
      "fax": "[880] (2) 882-3744"
    },
    "flag_description": {
      "text": "green field with a large red disk shifted slightly to the hoist side of center; the red disk represents the rising sun and the sacrifice to achieve independence; the green field symbolizes the lush vegetation of Bangladesh"
    },
    "national_symbols": {
      "text": "Bengal tiger"
    },
    "national_anthem": {
      "name": "\"Amar Shonar Bangla\" (My Golden Bengal)",
      "lyrics_music": "Rabindranath TAGORE",
      "note": "adopted 1971; Rabindranath TAGORE, a Nobel laureate, also wrote India's national anthem"
    }
  },
  "econ": {
    "economy_overview": {
      "text": "In real terms Bangladesh's economy has grown 5.8% per year since 1996 despite political instability, poor infrastructure, corruption, insufficient power supplies, and slow implementation of economic reforms. Bangladesh remains a poor, overpopulated, and inefficiently-governed nation. Although more than half of GDP is generated through the service sector, 45% of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector with rice as the single-most-important product. Bangladesh's growth was resilient during the 2008-09 global financial crisis and recession. Garment exports, totaling $12.3 billion in FY09 and remittances from overseas Bangladeshis, totaling $11 billion in FY10, accounted for almost 12% of GDP."
    },
    "gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
      "text": "$311 billion (2012 est.); $293.3 billion (2011 est.); $275.4 billion (2010 est.)",
      "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
    },
    "gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
      "text": "$122.7 billion (2012 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_real_growth_rate": {
      "text": "6.1% (2012 est.); 6.5% (2011 est.); 6.4% (2010 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
      "text": "$2,100 (2012 est.); $2,000 (2011 est.); $1,900 (2010 est.)",
      "note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
    },
    "gross_national_saving": {
      "text": "25.9% of GDP (2012 est.); 25% of GDP (2011 est.); 26.7% of GDP (2010 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
      "household_consumption": "75%",
      "government_consumption": "5.7%",
      "investment_in_fixed_capital": "25.4%",
      "investment_in_inventories": "4.2%",
      "exports_of_goods_and_services": "25%",
      "imports_of_goods_and_services": "-35.3% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
      "agriculture": "17.5%",
      "industry": "28.5%",
      "services": "53.9% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "agriculture_products": {
      "text": "rice, jute, tea, wheat, sugarcane, potatoes, tobacco, pulses, oilseeds, spices, fruit; beef, milk, poultry"
    },
    "industries": {
      "text": "jute, cotton, garments, paper, leather, fertilizer, iron and steel, cement, petroleum products, tobacco, drugs and pharmaceuticals, ceramics, tea, salt, sugar, edible oils, soap and detergent, fabricated metal products, electricity and natural gas"
    },
    "industrial_production_growth_rate": {
      "text": "9.5% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "labor_force": {
      "text": "77 million",
      "note": "extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Qatar, and Malaysia; workers' remittances were $10.9 billion in FY09/10 (2012 est.)"
    },
    "labor_force_by_occupation": {
      "agriculture": "45%",
      "industry": "30%",
      "services": "25% (2008)"
    },
    "unemployment_rate": {
      "text": "5% (2012 est.); 5% (2011 est.)",
      "note": "about 40% of the population is underemployed; many participants in the labor force work only a few hours a week, at low wages"
    },
    "population_below_poverty_line": {
      "text": "31.5% (2010 est.)"
    },
    "household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
      "lowest_10%": "4%",
      "highest_10%": "27% (2010 est.)"
    },
    "distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
      "text": "33.2 (2005); 33.6 (1996)"
    },
    "budget": {
      "revenues": "$14.03 billion",
      "expenditures": "$19.69 billion (2012 est.)"
    },
    "taxes_and_other_revenues": {
      "text": "11.4% of GDP (2012 est.)"
    },
    "budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
      "text": "-4.6% of GDP (2012 est.)"
    },
    "public_debt": {
      "text": "31.7% of GDP (2012 est.); 34.6% of GDP (2011 est.)"
    },
    "fiscal_year": {
      "text": "1 July - 30 June"
    },
    "inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
      "text": "8.7% (2012 est.); 10.7% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "central_bank_discount_rate": {
      "text": "5% (31 December 2010 est.); 5% (31 December 2009 est.)"
    },
    "commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
      "text": "13% (31 December 2012 est.); 13.25% (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_narrow_money": {
      "text": "$14.85 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $13.19 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_broad_money": {
      "text": "$66.84 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $66.14 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_domestic_credit": {
      "text": "$79.32 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $68.57 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
      "text": "$23.55 billion (31 December 2011); $15.68 billion (31 December 2010); $7.068 billion (31 December 2009)"
    },
    "current_account_balance": {
      "text": "-$941.9 million (2012 est.); $243.6 million (2011 est.)"
    },
    "exports": {
      "text": "$26.25 billion (2012 est.); $24.54 billion (2011 est.)"
    },
    "exports_commodities": {
      "text": "garments, knitwear, agricultural products, frozen food (fish and seafood), jute and jute goods, leather"
    },
    "exports_partners": {
      "text": "US 16.7%, Germany 12.5%, UK 8.4%, France 5% (2012)"
    },
    "imports": {
      "text": "$34.56 billion (2012 est.); $32.61 billion (2011 est.)"
    },
    "imports_commodities": {
      "text": "machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and steel, textiles, foodstuffs, petroleum products, cement"
    },
    "imports_partners": {
      "text": "China 19.5%, India 13.4%, Singapore 4.9%, Malaysia 4.7%, South Korea 4.1% (2012)"
    },
    "reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
      "text": "$12.75 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $9.192 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "debt_external": {
      "text": "$28.07 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $29.12 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
      "text": "$6.64 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $6.166 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
      "text": "$108 million (31 December 2012 est.); $107 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
    },
    "exchange_rates": {
      "text": "taka (BDT) per US dollar -; 81.863 (2012 est.); 74.152 (2011 est.); 69.649 (2010 est.); 69.04 (2009); 68.554 (2008)"
    }
  },
  "energy": {
    "electricity_production": {
      "text": "35.7 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_consumption": {
      "text": "34.83 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_exports": {
      "text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_imports": {
      "text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
      "text": "5.819 million kW (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
      "text": "95.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
      "text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
      "text": "4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
    },
    "electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
      "text": "0.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_production": {
      "text": "5,200 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_exports": {
      "text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_imports": {
      "text": "26,460 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
    },
    "crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
      "text": "28 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_production": {
      "text": "24,790 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
      "text": "108,900 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
      "text": "2,928 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
    },
    "refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
      "text": "77,340 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_production": {
      "text": "20.13 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_consumption": {
      "text": "20.13 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_exports": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_imports": {
      "text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
    },
    "natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
      "text": "183.7 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
    },
    "carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
      "text": "56.74 million Mt (2010 est.)"
    }
  },
  "comm": {
    "telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
      "text": "977,700 (2011)"
    },
    "telephones_mobile_cellular": {
      "text": "84.369 million (2011)"
    },
    "telephone_system": {
      "general_assessment": "inadequate for a modern country; introducing digital systems; trunk systems include VHF and UHF microwave radio relay links, and some fiber-optic cable in cities",
      "domestic": "fixed-line teledensity remains only about 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has been increasing rapidly and now exceeds 50 telephones per 100 persons",
      "international": "country code - 880; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-4 fiber-optic submarine cable system that provides links to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; satellite earth stations - 6; international radiotelephone communications and landline service to neighboring countries (2011)"
    },
    "broadcast_media": {
      "text": "state-owned Bangladesh Television (BTV) operates 1 terrestrial TV station, 3 radio networks, and about 10 local stations; 8 private satellite TV stations and 3 private radio stations also broadcasting; foreign satellite TV stations are gaining audience share in the large cities; several international radio broadcasters are available (2007)"
    },
    "internet_country_code": {
      "text": ".bd"
    },
    "internet_hosts": {
      "text": "71,164 (2012)"
    },
    "internet_users": {
      "text": "617,300 (2009)"
    }
  },
  "trans": {
    "airports": {
      "text": "18 (2013)"
    },
    "airports_with_paved_runways": {
      "total": "16",
      "over_3_047_m": "2",
      "2_438_to_3_047_m": "2",
      "1_524_to_2_437_m": "6",
      "914_to_1_523_m": "1",
      "under_914_m": "5 (2013)"
    },
    "airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
      "total": "2",
      "1_524_to_2_437_m": "1",
      "under_914_m": "1 (2013)"
    },
    "heliports": {
      "text": "3 (2013)"
    },
    "pipelines": {
      "text": "gas 2,950 km (2013)"
    },
    "railways": {
      "total": "2,622 km",
      "broad_gauge": "946 km 1.676-m gauge",
      "narrow_gauge": "1,676 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)"
    },
    "roadways": {
      "total": "21,269 km",
      "paved": "1,063 km",
      "unpaved": "20,206 km (2010)"
    },
    "waterways": {
      "text": "8,370 km (includes up to 3,060 km of main cargo routes; the network is reduced to 5,200 km in the dry season) (2011)"
    },
    "merchant_marine": {
      "total": "62",
      "by_type": "bulk carrier 25, cargo 28, chemical tanker 1, container 5, petroleum tanker 3",
      "foreign_owned": "8 (China 1, Singapore 7)",
      "registered_in_other_countries": "10 (Comoros 1, Hong Kong 1, Panama 5, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Sierra Leone 1, Singapore 1) (2010)"
    },
    "ports_and_terminals": {
      "major_seaports": "Chittagong",
      "river_ports": "Mongla Port (Sela River)",
      "container_ports": "Chittagong (1,392,104) (2011)"
    },
    "transportation_note": {
      "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial waters of Bangladesh remain a risk for armed robbery against ships; attacks against vessels have decreased over the last few years in response to improved local security"
    }
  },
  "military": {
    "military_branches": {
      "text": "Bangladesh Defense Force: Bangladesh Army (Sena Bahini), Bangladesh Navy (Noh Bahini, BN), Bangladesh Air Force (Biman Bahini, BAF) (2013)"
    },
    "military_service_age_and_obligation": {
      "text": "16-19 years of age for voluntary military service; Bangladeshi birth and 10th grade education required; initial obligation 15 years (2012)"
    },
    "manpower_available_for_military_service": {
      "males_age_16_49": "36,520,491 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
      "males_age_16_49": "30,486,086",
      "females_age_16_49": "35,616,093 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
      "male": "1,606,963",
      "female": "1,689,442 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "military_expenditures": {
      "text": "1.4% of GDP (2012)"
    }
  },
  "issues": {
    "disputes_international": {
      "text": "Bangladesh referred its maritime boundary claims with Burma and India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea; Indian Prime Minister Singh's September 2011 visit to Bangladesh resulted in the signing of a Protocol to the 1974 Land Boundary Agreement between India and Bangladesh, which had called for the settlement of longstanding boundary disputes over undemarcated areas and the exchange of territorial enclaves, but which had never been implemented; Bangladesh struggles to accommodate 29,000 Rohingya, Burmese Muslim minority from Arakan State, living as refugees in Cox's Bazar; Burmese border authorities are constructing a 200 km (124 mi) wire fence designed to deter illegal cross-border transit and tensions from the military build-up along border"
    },
    "refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
      "refugees_country_of_origin": "230,674 (Burma) (2012)",
      "idps": "undetermined (land conflicts, religious persecution) (2012)"
    },
    "illicit_drugs": {
      "text": "transit country for illegal drugs produced in neighboring countries"
    }
  }
}