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{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "Ahmad Shah DURRANI unified the Pashtun tribes and founded Afghanistan in 1747. The country served as a buffer between the British and Russian Empires until it won independence from notional British control in 1919. A brief experiment in democracy ended in a 1973 coup and a 1978 communist counter-coup. The Soviet Union invaded in 1979 to support the tottering Afghan communist regime, touching off a long and destructive war. The USSR withdrew in 1989 under relentless pressure by internationally supported anti-communist mujahedin rebels. A series of subsequent civil wars saw Kabul finally fall in 1996 to the Taliban, a hardline Pakistani-sponsored movement that emerged in 1994 to end the country's civil war and anarchy. Following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, a US, Allied, and anti-Taliban Northern Alliance military action toppled the Taliban for sheltering Osama BIN LADIN. The UN-sponsored Bonn Conference in 2001 established a process for political reconstruction that included the adoption of a new constitution, a presidential election in 2004, and National Assembly elections in 2005. In December 2004, Hamid KARZAI became the first democratically elected president of Afghanistan and the National Assembly was inaugurated the following December. KARZAI was re-elected in August 2009 for a second term. Despite gains toward building a stable central government, a resurgent Taliban and continuing provincial instability - particularly in the south and the east - remain serious challenges for the Afghan Government."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Southern Asia, north and west of Pakistan, east of Iran"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "33 00 N, 65 00 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "652,230 sq km",
"land": "652,230 sq km",
"water": "0 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly smaller than Texas"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "5,529 km",
"border_countries": "China 76 km, Iran 936 km, Pakistan 2,430 km, Tajikistan 1,206 km, Turkmenistan 744 km, Uzbekistan 137 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "0 km (landlocked)"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"text": "none (landlocked)"
},
"climate": {
"text": "arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwest"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Amu Darya 258 m",
"highest_point": "Noshak 7,485 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, chromite, talc, barites, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "11.95%",
"permanent_crops": "0.18%",
"other": "87.87% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "32,080 sq km (2003)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "65.33 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "20.28 cu km/yr (1%/1%/98%)",
"per_capita": "823.1 cu m/yr (2005)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; flooding; droughts"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "limited natural freshwater resources; inadequate supplies of potable water; soil degradation; overgrazing; deforestation (much of the remaining forests are being cut down for fuel and building materials); desertification; air and water pollution"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "landlocked; the Hindu Kush mountains that run northeast to southwest divide the northern provinces from the rest of the country; the highest peaks are in the northern Vakhan (Wakhan Corridor)"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Afghan(s)",
"adjective": "Afghan"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Aimak 4%, Turkmen 3%, Baloch 2%, other 4%"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Afghan Persian or Dari (official) 50%, Pashto (official) 35%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism, but Dari functions as the lingua franca",
"note": "the Turkic languages Uzbek and Turkmen, as well as Balochi, Pashai, Nuristani, and Pamiri are the third official languages in areas where the majority speaks them"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Sunni Muslim 80%, Shia Muslim 19%, other 1%"
},
"population": {
"text": "31,108,077 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "42.6% (male 6,733,097/female 6,520,116)",
"15_24_years": "21.9% (male 3,479,696/female 3,346,154)",
"25_54_years": "29.1% (male 4,623,203/female 4,440,635)",
"55_64_years": "3.8% (male 585,629/female 605,018)",
"65_years_and_over": "2.5% (male 360,395/female 414,134) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "96 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "91.4 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "4.6 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "21.7 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "17.9 years",
"male": "17.9 years",
"female": "18 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "2.25% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "39.05 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "14.35 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-2.16 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "23.5% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "4.41% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "KABUL (capital) 3.097 million (2011)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.03 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.97 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.87 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "1.03 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "20.1",
"note": "Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2010 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "460 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "119.41 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "127.18 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "111.25 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "50.11 years",
"male": "48.81 years",
"female": "51.47 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "5.54 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "21.8% (2010)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "7.6% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "0.21 physicians/1,000 population (2009)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "0.4 beds/1,000 population (2010)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 78% of population; rural: 42% of population; total: 50% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 22% of population; rural: 58% of population; total: 50% of population (2010)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 60% of population; rural: 30% of population; total: 37% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 40% of population; rural: 70% of population; total: 63% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.01% (2001 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "NA"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "NA"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "intermediate",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever",
"vectorborne_disease": "malaria",
"animal_contact_disease": "rabies",
"note": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "2.2% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "32.9% (2004)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "NA"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "28.1%",
"male": "43.1%",
"female": "12.6% (2000 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "8 years",
"male": "10 years",
"female": "6 years (2009)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "3,252,243",
"percentage": "25 %",
"note": "data on child labor in Afghanistan is uncertain and may be higher than the estimated 25% of children ages 5-14 derived from 2011 survey results; UNICEF estimated that 30% of children ages 5-14 in 2011 were engaged in child labor (2008 est.)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan",
"conventional_short_form": "Afghanistan",
"local_long_form": "Jamhuri-ye Islami-ye Afghanistan",
"local_short_form": "Afghanistan",
"former": "Republic of Afghanistan"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "Islamic republic"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Kabul",
"geographic_coordinates": "34 31 N, 69 11 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+4.5 (9.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "34 provinces (welayat, singular - welayat); Badakhshan, Badghis, Baghlan, Balkh, Bamyan, Daykundi, Farah, Faryab, Ghazni, Ghor, Helmand, Herat, Jowzjan, Kabul, Kandahar, Kapisa, Khost, Kunar, Kunduz, Laghman, Logar, Nangarhar, Nimroz, Nuristan, Paktika, Paktiya, Panjshir, Parwan, Samangan, Sar-e Pul, Takhar, Uruzgan, Wardak, Zabul"
},
"independence": {
"text": "19 August 1919 (from UK control over Afghan foreign affairs)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 19 August (1919)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "sixth constitution drafted 14 December 2003 - 4 January 2004; signed 16 January 2004; ratified 26 January 2004"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "mixed legal system of civil, customary, and Islamic law"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Hamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); First Vice President Mohammad FAHIM Khan (since 19 November 2009); Second Vice President Abdul Karim KHALILI (since 7 December 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government",
"head_of_government": "President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Hamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); First Vice President Mohammad FAHIM Khan (since 19 November 2009); Second Vice President Abdul Karim KHALILI (since 7 December 2004)",
"cabinet": "25 ministers; note - ministers are appointed by the president and approved by the National Assembly",
"elections": "the president and two vice presidents elected by direct vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); if no candidate receives 50% or more of the vote in the first round of voting, the two candidates with the most votes will participate in a second round; election last held on 20 August 2009 (next to be held on 5 April 2014)",
"election_results": "Hamid KARZAI reelected president; percent of vote (first round) - Hamid KARZAI 49.67%, Abdullah ABDULLAH 30.59%, Ramazan BASHARDOST 10.46%, Ashraf GHANI 2.94%; other 6.34%; note - ABDULLAH conceded the election to KARZAI following the first round vote"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "the bicameral National Assembly consists of the Meshrano Jirga or House of Elders (102 seats, two-thirds of members elected from provincial councils for four-year terms, and one-third nominated by the president for five-year terms) and the Wolesi Jirga or House of People (no more than 250 seats; members directly elected for five-year terms)",
"note": "on rare occasions the government may convene a Loya Jirga (Grand Council) on issues of independence, national sovereignty, and territorial integrity; it can amend the provisions of the constitution and prosecute the president; it is made up of members of the National Assembly and chairpersons of the provincial and district councils",
"elections": "last held on 18 September 2010 (next election expected in 2015)",
"election_results": "results by party - NA; note - ethnicity is the main factor influencing political alliances; composition of Loya Jirga seats by ethnic groups - Pashtun 96, Hazara 61, Tajik 53, Uzbek 15, Aimak 8, Arab 8, Turkmen 3, Nuristani 2, Baloch 1, Pahhai 1, Turkic 1; women hold 69 seats"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court or Stera Mahkama (consists of the Supreme Court Chief and 8 justices organized into criminal, public security, civil, and commercial divisions or dewans)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "court chief and justices appointed by the president with the approval of the Wolesi Jirga; court chief and justices serve single 10-year terms",
"subordinate_courts": "Appeals Courts; Primary Courts; Special Courts for issues including narcotics, security, property, family, and juveniles"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "note - the Ministry of Justice licensed 84 political parties as of December 2012"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"other": "religious groups, tribal leaders, ethnically based groups, Taliban"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ADB, CICA, CP, ECO, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE (partner), SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Eklil Ahmad HAKIMI",
"chancery": "2341 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 483-6410",
"fax": "[1] (202) 483-6488",
"consulates_general": "Los Angeles, New York"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador James B. CUNNINGHAM",
"embassy": "The Great Masood Road, Kabul",
"mailing_address": "U.S. Embassy Kabul, APO, AE 09806",
"telephone": "[93] 0700 108 001",
"fax": "[93] 0700 108 564"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), red, and green, with the national emblem in white centered on the red band and slightly overlapping the other two bands; the center of the emblem features a mosque with pulpit and flags on either side, below the mosque are numerals for the solar year 1298 (1919 in the Gregorian calendar, the year of Afghan independence from the UK); this central image is circled by a border consisting of sheaves of wheat on the left and right, in the upper-center is an Arabic inscription of the Shahada (Muslim creed) below which are rays of the rising sun over the Takbir (Arabic expression meaning \"God is great\"), and at bottom center is a scroll bearing the name Afghanistan; black signifies the past, red is for the blood shed for independence, and green can represent either hope for the future, agricultural prosperity, or Islam",
"note": "Afghanistan had more changes to its national flag in the 20th century than any other country; the colors black, red, and green appeared on most of them"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "lion"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Milli Surood\" (National Anthem)",
"lyrics_music": "Abdul Bari JAHANI/Babrak WASA",
"note": "adopted 2006; the 2004 constitution of the post-Taliban government mandated that a new national anthem should be written containing the phrase \"Allahu Akbar\" (God is Great) and mentioning the names of Afghanistan's ethnic groups"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Afghanistan's economy is recovering from decades of conflict. The economy has improved significantly since the fall of the Taliban regime in 2001 largely because of the infusion of international assistance, the recovery of the agricultural sector, and service sector growth. Despite the progress of the past few years, Afghanistan is extremely poor, landlocked, and highly dependent on foreign aid. Much of the population continues to suffer from shortages of housing, clean water, electricity, medical care, and jobs. Criminality, insecurity, weak governance, lack of infrastructure, and the Afghan Government's difficulty in extending rule of law to all parts of the country pose challenges to future economic growth. Afghanistan's living standards are among the lowest in the world. The international community remains committed to Afghanistan's development, pledging over $67 billion at nine donors' conferences between 2003-10. In July 2012, the donors at the Tokyo conference pledged an additional $16 billion in civilian aid through 2015. Despite this help, the Government of Afghanistan will need to overcome a number of challenges, including low revenue collection, anemic job creation, high levels of corruption, weak government capacity, and poor public infrastructure."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$34.29 billion (2012 est.); $31.12 billion (2011 est.); $29.09 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$19.91 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "10.2% (2012 est.); 7% (2011 est.); 8.4% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$1,100 (2012 est.); $1,000 (2011 est.); $1,000 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "96.5%",
"government_consumption": "23.3%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "25.4%",
"investment_in_inventories": "0%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "18.1%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "63.4% (2011 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "20%",
"industry": "25.6%",
"services": "54.4%",
"note": "data exclude opium production (2011 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "opium, wheat, fruits, nuts; wool, mutton, sheepskins, lambskins"
},
"industries": {
"text": "small-scale production of bricks, textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, apparel, food-products, non-alcoholic beverages, mineral water, cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, coal, copper"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "NA%"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "15 million (2004 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "78.6%",
"industry": "5.7%",
"services": "15.7% (FY08/09 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "35% (2008 est.); 40% (2005 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "36% (FY08/09)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "3.8%",
"highest_10%": "24% (2008)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$2.249 billion",
"expenditures": "$3.974 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "11.3% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-8.7% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "21 December - 20 December"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "10.2% (2011 est.); 0.9% (2010 est.)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "15% (31 December 2012 est.); 15.15% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$5.928 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $5.307 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$6.351 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $5.671 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$363.6 million (31 December 2008 est.); $20.06 million (31 December 2007 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "-$743.9 million (2011 est.); -$736 million (2010 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$376 million (2012 est.); $388 million (2011 est.)",
"note": "not including illicit exports or reexports"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "opium, fruits and nuts, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton, hides and pelts, precious and semi-precious gems"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "Pakistan 33.1%, India 24.9%, Tajikistan 8.7%, US 5.8% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$6.39 billion (2012 est.); $5.154 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "machinery and other capital goods, food, textiles, petroleum products"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "Pakistan 25.8%, US 17.4%, Russia 8.4%, India 5.5%, China 5.4%, Kazakhstan 4.5%, Germany 4.3% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$5.268 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $4.174 billion (2010 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$1.28 billion (FY10/11); $2.7 billion (FY08/09)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "afghanis (AFA) per US dollar -; 51 (2012 est.); 46.75 (2011 est.); 46.45 (2010)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "913.1 million kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "2.226 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "1.377 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "489,100 kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "23.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "76.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "1,950 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "87 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "4,229 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "5,193 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "38 million cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "30 million cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "49.55 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "790,200 Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "13,500 (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "17.558 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "limited fixed-line telephone service; an increasing number of Afghans utilize mobile-cellular phone networks",
"domestic": "aided by the presence of multiple providers, mobile-cellular telephone service continues to improve rapidly; the Afghan Ministry of Communications and Information claims that more than 90 percent of the population live in areas with access to mobile-cellular services",
"international": "country code - 93; multiple VSAT's provide international and domestic voice and data connectivity (2012)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "state-owned broadcaster, Radio Television Afghanistan (RTA), operates a series of radio and television stations in Kabul and the provinces; an estimated 150 private radio stations, 50 TV stations, and about a dozen international broadcasters are available (2007)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".af"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "223 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "1 million (2009)"
},
"communications_note": {
"text": "Internet access is growing through Internet cafes as well as public \"telekiosks\" in Kabul (2005)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "52 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "23",
"over_3_047_m": "4",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "4",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "11",
"914_to_1_523_m": "2",
"under_914_m": "2 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "29",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "4",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "13",
"914_to_1_523_m": "6",
"under_914_m": "6 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "9 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "gas 466 km (2013)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "42,150 km",
"paved": "12,350 km",
"unpaved": "29,800 km (2006)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "1,200 km; (chiefly Amu Darya, which handles vessels up to 500 DWT) (2011)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Kheyrabad, Shir Khan"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Afghan Armed Forces: Afghan National Army (ANA, includes Afghan Air Force (AAF)) (2011)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "7,056,339",
"females_age_16_49": "6,653,419 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "4,050,222",
"females_age_16_49": "3,797,087 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "392,116",
"female": "370,295 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "10% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "Afghan, Coalition, and Pakistan military meet periodically to clarify the alignment of the boundary on the ground and on maps; Afghan and Iranian commissioners have discussed boundary monument densification and resurvey; Iran protests Afghanistan's restricting flow of dammed Helmand River tributaries during drought; Pakistan has sent troops across and built fences along some remote tribal areas of its treaty-defined Durand Line border with Afghanistan which serve as bases for foreign terrorists and other illegal activities; Russia remains concerned about the smuggling of poppy derivatives from Afghanistan through Central Asian countries"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"refugees_country_of_origin": "16,147 (Pakistan) (2012)",
"idps": "492,777 (mostly Pashtuns and Kuchis displaced in the south and west due to drought and instability) (2013)"
},
"trafficking_in_persons": {
"current_situation": "Afghanistan is a source transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking, although domestic trafficking is more prevalent than transnational trafficking; Afghan men are subjected to forced labor and debt bondage in Iran, Pakistan, Greece, Turkey, and the Gulf states; Afghan women and girls are forced into prostitution and domestic servitude in Pakistan, Iran, and India, while women and girls from the Philippines, Pakistan, Iran, Tajikistan, and China are reportedly sexually exploited in Afghanistan; children are increasingly subjected to forced labor in carpet-making factories, domestic servitude, forced begging, and commercial sexual exploitation; some children are sold to settle debts",
"tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - Afghanistan does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking in persons; anti-trafficking law enforcement efforts have improved, though official complicity in human trafficking remains a problem; the first known convictions were made under the government's 2008 anti-trafficking law; Afghanistan has not developed or employed systematic procedures to identify trafficking victims or refer them to protective services and continues to rely on NGOs to provide the vast majority of victim assistance; the government has not made discernible progress in preventing human trafficking or protecting victims but has adopted an anti-trafficking action plan (2013)"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "world's largest producer of opium; while poppy cultivation was relatively stable at 119,000 hectares in 2010, a poppy blight affecting the high cultivation areas in 2010 reduced potential opium production to 3,200 metric tons, down over 40 percent from 2009; the Taliban and other antigovernment groups participate in and profit from the opiate trade, which is a key source of revenue for the Taliban inside Afghanistan; widespread corruption and instability impede counterdrug efforts; most of the heroin consumed in Europe and Eurasia is derived from Afghan opium; vulnerable to drug money laundering through informal financial networks; regional source of hashish (2011)"
}
}
}

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{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "Muslim conversions and settlement in the region now referred to as Bangladesh began in the 10th century, primarily from Arab and Persian traders and preachers. Europeans began to set up trading posts in the area in the 16th century. Eventually the area known as Bengal, primarily Hindu in the western section and mostly Muslim in the eastern half, became part of British India. Partition in 1947 resulted in an eastern wing of Pakistan in the Muslim-majority area, which became East Pakistan. Calls for greater autonomy and animosity between the eastern and western wings of Pakistan led to a Bengali independence movement. That movement, led by the Awami League (AL) and supported by India, won independence for Bangladesh in 1971, although at least 300,000 civilians died in the process. The post-independence, AL government faced daunting challenges and in 1975 was overthrown by the military, triggering a series of military coups that resulted in a military-backed government and subsequent creation of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP). That government also ended in a coup in 1981, followed by military-backed rule until democratic elections in 1991. The BNP and AL have alternately held power since then, with the exception of a military-backed, emergency caretaker regime that suspended parliamentary elections planned for January 2007 in an effort to reform the political system and root out corruption. That government returned the country to fully democratic rule in December 2008 with the election of the AL and Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA. With the help of international development assistance, Bangladesh has made great progress in food security since independence, and the economy has grown at an average of about 6 percent over the last two decades."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Southern Asia, bordering the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and India"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "24 00 N, 90 00 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "143,998 sq km",
"land": "130,168 sq km",
"water": "13,830 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly smaller than Iowa"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "4,246 km",
"border_countries": "Burma 193 km, India 4,053 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "580 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"contiguous_zone": "18 nm",
"exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm",
"continental_shelf": "up to the outer limits of the continental margin"
},
"climate": {
"text": "tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Indian Ocean 0 m",
"highest_point": "Keokradong 1,230 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "natural gas, arable land, timber, coal"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "52.97%",
"permanent_crops": "6.25%",
"other": "40.78% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "50,500 sq km (2008)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "1,227 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "35.87 cu km/yr (10%/2%/88%)",
"per_capita": "238.3 cu m/yr (2008)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "droughts; cyclones; much of the country routinely inundated during the summer monsoon season"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "many people are landless and forced to live on and cultivate flood-prone land; waterborne diseases prevalent in surface water; water pollution, especially of fishing areas, results from the use of commercial pesticides; ground water contaminated by naturally occurring arsenic; intermittent water shortages because of falling water tables in the northern and central parts of the country; soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; severe overpopulation"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "most of the country is situated on deltas of large rivers flowing from the Himalayas: the Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of the Brahmaputra) and later joins the Meghna to eventually empty into the Bay of Bengal"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Bangladeshi(s)",
"adjective": "Bangladeshi"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Bengali 98%, other 2% (includes tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims) (1998)"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Muslim 89.5%, Hindu 9.6%, other 0.9% (2004)"
},
"population": {
"text": "163,654,860 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "33% (male 27,393,912/female 26,601,199)",
"15_24_years": "18.8% (male 14,337,930/female 16,377,785)",
"25_54_years": "37.6% (male 29,091,046/female 32,455,670)",
"55_64_years": "5.7% (male 4,775,062/female 4,625,192)",
"65_years_and_over": "4.9% (male 3,918,341/female 4,078,723) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "53.3 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "46 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "7.3 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "13.6 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "23.9 years",
"male": "23.4 years",
"female": "24.4 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.59% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "22.07 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "5.67 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-0.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "28.4% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "2.96% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "DHAKA (capital) 15.391 million; Chittagong 4.816 million; Khulna 1.636 million; Rajshahi 853,000 (2011)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.03 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "0.87 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "0.9 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.96 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "0.95 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "18.1 (2007 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "240 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "47.3 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "49.79 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "44.71 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "70.36 years",
"male": "68.48 years",
"female": "72.31 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "2.5 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "61.2% (2011/12)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "3.5% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "0.3 physicians/1,000 population (2007)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "0.3 beds/1,000 population (2005)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 85% of population; rural: 80% of population; total: 81% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 15% of population; rural: 20% of population; total: 19% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 57% of population; rural: 55% of population; total: 56% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 43% of population; rural: 45% of population; total: 44% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "less than 0.1% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "6,300 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "fewer than 200 (2009 est.)"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "high",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever",
"vectorborne_diseases": "dengue fever and malaria are high risks in some locations",
"water_contact_disease": "leptospirosis",
"animal_contact_disease": "rabies",
"note": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "1.1% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "41.3% (2007)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "2.2% of GDP (2009)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "57.7%",
"male": "62%",
"female": "53.4% (2011 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "8 years",
"male": "8 years",
"female": "8 years (2007)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "4,485,497",
"percentage": "13 % (2006 est.)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "9.3%",
"male": "8%",
"female": "13.6% (2005)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "People's Republic of Bangladesh",
"conventional_short_form": "Bangladesh",
"local_long_form": "Gana Prajatantri Bangladesh",
"local_short_form": "Bangladesh",
"former": "East Bengal, East Pakistan"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "parliamentary democracy"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Dhaka",
"geographic_coordinates": "23 43 N, 90 24 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "7 divisions; Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Sylhet"
},
"independence": {
"text": "16 December 1971 (from West Pakistan)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 26 March (1971); Victory Day; note - March 1971 is the date of the Awami League's declaration of an independent Bangladesh, and 16 December, known as Victory Day, memorializes the military victory over Pakistan and the official creation of the state of Bangladesh"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "enacted 4 November 1972; effective 16 December 1972; suspended following coup of 24 March 1982; restored 10 November 1986; amended many times"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "mixed legal system of mostly English common law and Islamic law"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Abdul HAMID (since 24 April 2013); note - Abdul HAMID served as acting president following the death of Zillur RAHMAN in March 2013; HAMID was subsequently elected by the National Parliament and was sworn in 24 April 2013",
"head_of_government": "Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA (since 6 January 2009)",
"cabinet": "Cabinet selected by the prime minister and appointed by the president",
"elections": "president elected by National Parliament for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); last election held on 29 April 2013 (next must be held by 2018)",
"election_results": "President Abdul HAMID was elected by the National Parliament unopposed"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "unicameral National Parliament or Jatiya Sangsad; 300 seats (45 reserved for women) elected by popular vote from single territorial constituencies; members serve five-year terms",
"elections": "last held on 29 December 2008; note - general elections must be held within 90 days of the expiration of the Parliament or by 24 January 2014 or earlier if Parliament is dissolved before its term expires",
"election_results": "percent of vote by party - AL 49%, BNP 33.2%, JP 7%, JIB 4.6%, other 6.2%; seats by party - AL 230, BNP 30, JP 27, JIB 2, other 11"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court of Bangladesh (organized into the Appellate Division with 7 justices and the High Court Division with 99 justices)",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "chief justice and justices appointed by the president; justices serve until retirement at age 67",
"subordinate_courts": "civil courts include: Assistant Judge's Court; Joint District Judge's Court; Additional District Judge's Court; District Judge's Court; criminal courts include: Court of Sessions; Court of Metropolitan Sessions; special courts/tribunals; Metropolitan Magistrate Courts; Magistrate Court"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Awami League or AL [Sheikh HASINA]; Communist Party of Bangladesh or CPB [Manjurul A. KHAN]; Bangladesh Nationalist Party or BNP [Khaleda ZIA]; Bikalpa Dhara Bangladesh or BDB [Badrudozza CHOWDHURY]; Islami Oikya Jote or IOJ [multiple leaders]; Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh or JIB [Matiur Rahman NIZAMI]; Jatiya Party or JP (Ershad faction) [Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Oli AHMED]"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "Advocacy to End Gender-based Violence through the MoWCA (Ministry of Women's and Children's Affairs); Ain o Salish Kendro (Law and Order Center); Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee or BRAC; Bangladesh Center for Worker Solidarity; Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry; Odikhar (Human Rights)",
"other": "associations of madrassa teachers; business associations, including those intended to promote international trade; development and advocacy NGOs associated with the Grameen Bank; environmentalists; Islamist groups; labor rights advocacy groups; nongovernmental organizations focused on poverty, alleviation, and socioeconomic international trade; religious leaders; tribal groups and advocacy organizations; union leaders"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ADB, ARF, BIMSTEC, C, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNMIT, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Akramul QADER",
"chancery": "3510 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 244-0183",
"fax": "[1] (202) 244-7830/2771",
"consulates_general": "Los Angeles, New York"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Dan W. MOZENA",
"embassy": "Madani Avenue, Baridhara, Dhaka 1212",
"mailing_address": "G. P. O. Box 323, Dhaka 1000",
"telephone": "[880] (2) 885-5500",
"fax": "[880] (2) 882-3744"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "green field with a large red disk shifted slightly to the hoist side of center; the red disk represents the rising sun and the sacrifice to achieve independence; the green field symbolizes the lush vegetation of Bangladesh"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "Bengal tiger"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Amar Shonar Bangla\" (My Golden Bengal)",
"lyrics_music": "Rabindranath TAGORE",
"note": "adopted 1971; Rabindranath TAGORE, a Nobel laureate, also wrote India's national anthem"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "In real terms Bangladesh's economy has grown 5.8% per year since 1996 despite political instability, poor infrastructure, corruption, insufficient power supplies, and slow implementation of economic reforms. Bangladesh remains a poor, overpopulated, and inefficiently-governed nation. Although more than half of GDP is generated through the service sector, 45% of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector with rice as the single-most-important product. Bangladesh's growth was resilient during the 2008-09 global financial crisis and recession. Garment exports, totaling $12.3 billion in FY09 and remittances from overseas Bangladeshis, totaling $11 billion in FY10, accounted for almost 12% of GDP."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$311 billion (2012 est.); $293.3 billion (2011 est.); $275.4 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$122.7 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "6.1% (2012 est.); 6.5% (2011 est.); 6.4% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$2,100 (2012 est.); $2,000 (2011 est.); $1,900 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "25.9% of GDP (2012 est.); 25% of GDP (2011 est.); 26.7% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "75%",
"government_consumption": "5.7%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "25.4%",
"investment_in_inventories": "4.2%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "25%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-35.3% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "17.5%",
"industry": "28.5%",
"services": "53.9% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "rice, jute, tea, wheat, sugarcane, potatoes, tobacco, pulses, oilseeds, spices, fruit; beef, milk, poultry"
},
"industries": {
"text": "jute, cotton, garments, paper, leather, fertilizer, iron and steel, cement, petroleum products, tobacco, drugs and pharmaceuticals, ceramics, tea, salt, sugar, edible oils, soap and detergent, fabricated metal products, electricity and natural gas"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "9.5% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "77 million",
"note": "extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Qatar, and Malaysia; workers' remittances were $10.9 billion in FY09/10 (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "45%",
"industry": "30%",
"services": "25% (2008)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "5% (2012 est.); 5% (2011 est.)",
"note": "about 40% of the population is underemployed; many participants in the labor force work only a few hours a week, at low wages"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "31.5% (2010 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "4%",
"highest_10%": "27% (2010 est.)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "33.2 (2005); 33.6 (1996)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$14.03 billion",
"expenditures": "$19.69 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "11.4% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-4.6% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "31.7% of GDP (2012 est.); 34.6% of GDP (2011 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "1 July - 30 June"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "8.7% (2012 est.); 10.7% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "5% (31 December 2010 est.); 5% (31 December 2009 est.)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "13% (31 December 2012 est.); 13.25% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$14.85 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $13.19 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$66.84 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $66.14 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$79.32 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $68.57 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$23.55 billion (31 December 2011); $15.68 billion (31 December 2010); $7.068 billion (31 December 2009)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "-$941.9 million (2012 est.); $243.6 million (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$26.25 billion (2012 est.); $24.54 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "garments, knitwear, agricultural products, frozen food (fish and seafood), jute and jute goods, leather"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "US 16.7%, Germany 12.5%, UK 8.4%, France 5% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$34.56 billion (2012 est.); $32.61 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and steel, textiles, foodstuffs, petroleum products, cement"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "China 19.5%, India 13.4%, Singapore 4.9%, Malaysia 4.7%, South Korea 4.1% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$12.75 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $9.192 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$28.07 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $29.12 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$6.64 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $6.166 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$108 million (31 December 2012 est.); $107 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "taka (BDT) per US dollar -; 81.863 (2012 est.); 74.152 (2011 est.); 69.649 (2010 est.); 69.04 (2009); 68.554 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "35.7 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "34.83 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "5.819 million kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "95.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "5,200 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "26,460 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "28 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "24,790 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "108,900 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "2,928 bbl/day (2010 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "77,340 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "20.13 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "20.13 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "183.7 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "56.74 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "977,700 (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "84.369 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "inadequate for a modern country; introducing digital systems; trunk systems include VHF and UHF microwave radio relay links, and some fiber-optic cable in cities",
"domestic": "fixed-line teledensity remains only about 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has been increasing rapidly and now exceeds 50 telephones per 100 persons",
"international": "country code - 880; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-4 fiber-optic submarine cable system that provides links to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; satellite earth stations - 6; international radiotelephone communications and landline service to neighboring countries (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "state-owned Bangladesh Television (BTV) operates 1 terrestrial TV station, 3 radio networks, and about 10 local stations; 8 private satellite TV stations and 3 private radio stations also broadcasting; foreign satellite TV stations are gaining audience share in the large cities; several international radio broadcasters are available (2007)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".bd"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "71,164 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "617,300 (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "18 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "16",
"over_3_047_m": "2",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "2",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "6",
"914_to_1_523_m": "1",
"under_914_m": "5 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "2",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "1",
"under_914_m": "1 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "3 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "gas 2,950 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "2,622 km",
"broad_gauge": "946 km 1.676-m gauge",
"narrow_gauge": "1,676 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "21,269 km",
"paved": "1,063 km",
"unpaved": "20,206 km (2010)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "8,370 km (includes up to 3,060 km of main cargo routes; the network is reduced to 5,200 km in the dry season) (2011)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "62",
"by_type": "bulk carrier 25, cargo 28, chemical tanker 1, container 5, petroleum tanker 3",
"foreign_owned": "8 (China 1, Singapore 7)",
"registered_in_other_countries": "10 (Comoros 1, Hong Kong 1, Panama 5, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Sierra Leone 1, Singapore 1) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"major_seaports": "Chittagong",
"river_ports": "Mongla Port (Sela River)",
"container_ports": "Chittagong (1,392,104) (2011)"
},
"transportation_note": {
"text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial waters of Bangladesh remain a risk for armed robbery against ships; attacks against vessels have decreased over the last few years in response to improved local security"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Bangladesh Defense Force: Bangladesh Army (Sena Bahini), Bangladesh Navy (Noh Bahini, BN), Bangladesh Air Force (Biman Bahini, BAF) (2013)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "16-19 years of age for voluntary military service; Bangladeshi birth and 10th grade education required; initial obligation 15 years (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "36,520,491 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "30,486,086",
"females_age_16_49": "35,616,093 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "1,606,963",
"female": "1,689,442 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "1.4% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "Bangladesh referred its maritime boundary claims with Burma and India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea; Indian Prime Minister Singh's September 2011 visit to Bangladesh resulted in the signing of a Protocol to the 1974 Land Boundary Agreement between India and Bangladesh, which had called for the settlement of longstanding boundary disputes over undemarcated areas and the exchange of territorial enclaves, but which had never been implemented; Bangladesh struggles to accommodate 29,000 Rohingya, Burmese Muslim minority from Arakan State, living as refugees in Cox's Bazar; Burmese border authorities are constructing a 200 km (124 mi) wire fence designed to deter illegal cross-border transit and tensions from the military build-up along border"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"refugees_country_of_origin": "230,674 (Burma) (2012)",
"idps": "undetermined (land conflicts, religious persecution) (2012)"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "transit country for illegal drugs produced in neighboring countries"
}
}
}

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{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "The Sultanate of Brunei's influence peaked between the 15th and 17th centuries when its control extended over coastal areas of northwest Borneo and the southern Philippines. Brunei subsequently entered a period of decline brought on by internal strife over royal succession, colonial expansion of European powers, and piracy. In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate; independence was achieved in 1984. The same family has ruled Brunei for over six centuries. Brunei benefits from extensive petroleum and natural gas fields, the source of one of the highest per capita GDPs in Asia."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Southeastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and Malaysia"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "4 30 N, 114 40 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Southeast Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "5,765 sq km",
"land": "5,265 sq km",
"water": "500 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly smaller than Delaware"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "381 km",
"border_countries": "Malaysia 381 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "161 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm or to median line"
},
"climate": {
"text": "tropical; hot, humid, rainy"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly lowland in west"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "South China Sea 0 m",
"highest_point": "Bukit Pagon 1,850 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "petroleum, natural gas, timber"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "0.52%",
"permanent_crops": "0.87%",
"other": "98.61% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "10 sq km (2003)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "8.5 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "0.09 cu km/yr (97%/0%/3%)",
"per_capita": "301.6 cu m/yr (2009)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are rare"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in Indonesia"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "close to vital sea lanes through South China Sea linking Indian and Pacific Oceans; two parts physically separated by Malaysia; almost an enclave within Malaysia"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Bruneian(s)",
"adjective": "Bruneian"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Malay 66.3%, Chinese 11.2%, indigenous 3.4%, other 19.1% (2004 est.)"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Malay (official), English, Chinese"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Muslim (official) 67%, Buddhist 13%, Christian 10%, other (includes indigenous beliefs) 10%"
},
"population": {
"text": "415,717 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "24.6% (male 52,761/female 49,538)",
"15_24_years": "17.5% (male 35,879/female 36,767)",
"25_54_years": "46.8% (male 94,827/female 99,779)",
"55_64_years": "7.3% (male 15,594/female 14,642)",
"65_years_and_over": "3.8% (male 7,767/female 8,163) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "42 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "36 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "6.1 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "16.4 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "29 years",
"male": "28.7 years",
"female": "29.2 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.67% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "17.63 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "3.43 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "2.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "76% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "2.13% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN (capital) 241,000",
"note": "the boundaries of the capital city were expanded in 2007, greatly increasing the city area; the population of the capital increased tenfold (2011)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.07 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "0.97 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "0.96 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "1.07 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.95 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "1 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "24 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "10.81 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "12.89 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "8.64 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "76.57 years",
"male": "74.28 years",
"female": "78.97 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "1.83 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "2.8% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "1.42 physicians/1,000 population (2008)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "2.6 beds/1,000 population (2009)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "less than 0.1% (2003 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "fewer than 200 (2003 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "fewer than 200 (2003 est.)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "7.5% (2008)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "3.3% of GDP (2012)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "95.4%",
"male": "97%",
"female": "93.9% (2011 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "15 years",
"male": "15 years",
"female": "16 years (2011)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Brunei Darussalam",
"conventional_short_form": "Brunei",
"local_long_form": "Negara Brunei Darussalam",
"local_short_form": "Brunei"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "constitutional sultanate (locally known as Malay Islamic Monarchy)"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Bandar Seri Begawan",
"geographic_coordinates": "4 53 N, 114 56 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "4 districts (daerah-daerah, singular - daerah); Belait, Brunei-Muara, Temburong, Tutong"
},
"independence": {
"text": "1 January 1984 (from the UK)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "National Day, 23 February (1984); note - 1 January 1984 was the date of independence from the UK, 23 February 1984 was the date of independence from British protection"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1 January 1984)"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "mixed legal system based on English common law and Islamic law"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age for village elections; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chief of state (Yang Di-Pertuan Agong) and head of government",
"head_of_government": "Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967)",
"cabinet": "Council of Cabinet Ministers appointed and presided over by the monarch; deals with executive matters; note - there is also a Religious Council (members appointed by the monarch) that advises on religious matters, a Privy Council (members appointed by the monarch) that deals with constitutional matters, and the Council of Succession (members appointed by the monarch) that determines the succession to the throne if the need arises",
"elections": "none; the monarchy is hereditary"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "the Sultan appointed a Legislative Council with 29 members in September 2005; he increased the size of the council to 33 members in June 2011; the council meets annually in March",
"elections": "last held in March 1962 (date of next election NA)",
"note": "the Legislative Council met on 25 September 2004 for first time in 20 years with 21 members appointed by the Sultan; it passed constitutional amendments calling for a 45-seat council with 15 elected members; no timeframe for an election was announced"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of Court of Appeal and High Court, each with a chief justice and 2 judges); Sharia Court of Appeal (consists of judges appointed by the monarch) note - Brunei has a dual judicial system of secular and sharia (religious) courts; the Judicial Committee of Privy Council in London serves as the final appellate court for civil cases only",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the monarch to serve until age 65, and older if approved by the monarch; Sharia Court of Appeal judges appointed by the monarch; judge tenure NA",
"subordinate_courts": "Intermediate Court; Magistrate's Courts; Juvenile Court; small claims courts; lower sharia courts (2006)"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "National Development Party or NDP [YASSIN Affendi]",
"note": "Brunei National Solidarity Party or PPKB [Abdul LATIF bin Chuchu] and People's Awareness Party or PAKAR [Awang Haji MAIDIN bin Haji Ahmad] were deregistered in 2007; parties are small and have limited activity"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "NA"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, C, CP, EAS, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Dato Yusoff Abd HAMID",
"chancery": "3520 International Court NW #300, Washington, DC 20008",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 237-1838",
"fax": "[1] (202) 885-0560"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Daniel L. SHIELDS III",
"embassy": "Simpang 336-52-16-9, Jalan Kebangsaan, Bandar Seri Begawan, BC4115",
"mailing_address": "Unit 4280, Box 40, FPO AP 96507; P.O. Box 2991, Bandar Seri Begawan BS8675, Negara Brunei Darussalam",
"telephone": "[673] 238-4616",
"fax": "[673] 238-4604"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width) and black starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red is superimposed at the center; yellow is the color of royalty and symbolizes the sultanate; the white and black bands denote Brunei's chief ministers; the emblem includes five main components: a swallow-tailed flag, the royal umbrella representing the monarchy, the wings of four feathers symbolizing justice, tranquility, prosperity, and peace, the two upraised hands signifying the government's pledge to preserve and promote the welfare of the people, and the crescent moon denoting Islam, the state religion; the state motto \"Always render service with God's guidance\" appears in yellow Arabic script on the crescent; a ribbon below the crescent reads \"Brunei, the Abode of Peace\""
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Allah Peliharakan Sultan\" (God Bless His Majesty)",
"lyrics_music": "Pengiran Haji Mohamed YUSUF bin Pengiran Abdul Rahim/Awang Haji BESAR bin Sagap",
"note": "adopted 1951"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Brunei has a small well-to-do economy that depends on revenue from natural resource extraction but encompasses a mixture of foreign and domestic entrepreneurship, government regulation, welfare measures, and village tradition. Crude oil and natural gas production account for 60% of GDP and more than 90% of exports. Per capita GDP is among the highest in Asia, and substantial income from overseas investment supplements income from domestic production. For Bruneian citizens the government provides for all medical services and free education through the university level. The government of Brunei has been emphasizing through policy and resource investments it strong desire to diversity its economy both within the oil and gas sector and to new sectors."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$22.04 billion (2012 est.); $21.76 billion (2011 est.); $21.29 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$16.63 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.3% (2012 est.); 2.2% (2011 est.); 2.6% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$55,300 (2012 est.); $55,400 (2011 est.); $55,000 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "20.7%",
"government_consumption": "18%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "14.1%",
"investment_in_inventories": "0%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "78.9%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-31.7% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "0.6%",
"industry": "71.7%",
"services": "27.7% (2011 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "rice, vegetables, fruits; chickens, water buffalo, cattle, goats, eggs"
},
"industries": {
"text": "petroleum, petroleum refining, liquefied natural gas, construction, agriculture, transportation"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "0.1% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "205,800 (2011 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "4.2%",
"industry": "62.8%",
"services": "33% (2008 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "2.6% (2011); 2.7% (2010)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "NA%"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "NA%",
"highest_10%": "NA%"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$7.363 billion",
"expenditures": "$5.122 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "44.3% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "13.5% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "1 April - 31 March"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "0.5% (2012 est.); 2.1% (2011 est.)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "5.5% (31 December 2012 est.); 5.5% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$3.509 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $3.255 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$11.62 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $10.64 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$2.266 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.33 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "$3.977 billion (2009 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$12.75 billion (2011); $9.88 billion (2010)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "crude oil, natural gas, garments"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "Japan 46.5%, South Korea 15.5%, Australia 9.3%, India 7%, NZ 6.7% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$3.02 billion (2011 est.); $2.73 billion (2010 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "iron and steel, motor vehicles, machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, chemicals"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "Singapore 26.3%, China 21.3%, UK 21.3%, Malaysia 11.8% (2012)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$0 (2005)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "Bruneian dollars (BND) per US dollar -; 1.2496 (2012 est.); 1.2579 (2011 est.); 1.3635 (2010 est.); 1.45 (2009)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "3.723 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "3.391 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "894,000 kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "100% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "166,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "155,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "1.1 billion bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "14,720 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "14,640 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "1,016 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "11.8 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "2.97 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "8.83 billion cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "390.8 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "8.271 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "79,800 (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "443,200 (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "service throughout the country is good; international service is good to Southeast Asia, Middle East, Western Europe, and the US",
"domestic": "every service available",
"international": "country code - 673; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 optical telecommunications submarine cable that provides links to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; the Asia-America Gateway submarine cable network provides new links to Asia and the US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "state-controlled Radio Television Brunei (RTB) operates 5 channels; 3 Malaysian TV stations are available; foreign TV broadcasts are available via satellite and cable systems; RTB operates 5 radio networks and broadcasts on multiple frequencies; British Forces Broadcast Service (BFBS) provides radio broadcasts on 2 FM stations; some radio broadcast stations from Malaysia are available via repeaters (2009)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".bn"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "49,457 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "314,900 (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "1 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "1",
"over_3_047_m": "1 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "3 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "condensate 33 km; condensate/gas 86 km; gas 628 km; oil 492 km (2013)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "3,029 km",
"paved": "2,425 km",
"unpaved": "604 km (2010)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "209 km (navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 m; the Belait, Brunei, and Tutong rivers are major transport links) (2012)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "9",
"by_type": "chemical tanker 1, liquefied gas 8",
"foreign_owned": "2 (UK 2) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"major_seaports": "Muara",
"oil_gas_terminals": "Lumut, Seria"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Royal Brunei Armed Forces: Royal Brunei Land Forces, Royal Brunei Navy, Royal Brunei Air Force (Tentera Udara Diraja Brunei) (2013)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "17 years of age for voluntary military service; non-Malays are ineligible to serve; recruits from the army, navy, and air force all undergo 43-week initial training (2013)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "112,688",
"females_age_16_49": "117,536 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "95,141",
"females_age_16_49": "99,386 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "3,572",
"female": "3,465 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "2.4% of GDP (2011)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "per Letters of Exchange signed in 2009, Malaysia in 2010 ceded two hydrocarbon concession blocks to Brunei in exchange for Brunei's sultan dropping claims to the Limbang corridor, which divides Brunei; nonetheless, Brunei claims a maritime boundary extending as far as a median with Vietnam, thus asserting an implicit claim to Louisa Reef"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"stateless_persons": "21,009 (2012); note - thousands of stateless persons, often ethnic Chinese, are permanent residents and their families have lived in Brunei for generations; obtaining citizenship is difficult and requires individuals to pass rigorous tests on Malay culture, customs, and language; stateless residents receive an International Certificate of Identity, which enables them to travel overseas; the government is considering changing the law prohibiting non-Bruneians, including stateless permanent residents, from owning land"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "drug trafficking and illegally importing controlled substances are serious offenses in Brunei and carry a mandatory death penalty"
}
}
}

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{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "In 1865, Britain and Bhutan signed the Treaty of Sinchulu, under which Bhutan would receive an annual subsidy in exchange for ceding some border land to British India. Under British influence, a monarchy was set up in 1907; three years later, a treaty was signed whereby the British agreed not to interfere in Bhutanese internal affairs, and Bhutan allowed Britain to direct its foreign affairs. This role was assumed by independent India after 1947. Two years later, a formal Indo-Bhutanese accord returned to Bhutan the areas annexed by the British, formalized the annual subsidies the country received, and defined India's responsibilities in defense and foreign relations. In March 2005, King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK unveiled the government's draft constitution - which introduced major democratic reforms - and pledged to hold a national referendum for its approval. In December 2006, the King abdicated the throne in favor of his son, Jigme Khesar Namgyel WANGCHUCK, in order to give him experience as head of state before the democratic transition. In early 2007, India and Bhutan renegotiated their treaty to allow Bhutan greater autonomy in conducting its foreign policy, although Thimphu continues to coordinate policy decisions in this area with New Delhi. Elections for seating the country's first parliament were completed in March 2008; the king ratified the country's first constitution in July 2008. The disposition of some 43,000 Bhutanese refugees - housed in two UN refugee camps in Nepal - remains unresolved."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Southern Asia, between China and India"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "27 30 N, 90 30 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "38,394 sq km",
"land": "38,394 sq km",
"water": "0 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "about one-half the size of Indiana"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "1,075 km",
"border_countries": "China 470 km, India 605 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "0 km (landlocked)"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"text": "none (landlocked)"
},
"climate": {
"text": "varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Drangeme Chhu 97 m",
"highest_point": "Gangkar Puensum 7,570 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbonate"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "2.49%",
"permanent_crops": "0.46%",
"other": "97.06% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "319.1 sq km (2010)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "78 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "0.34 cu km/yr (5%/1%/94%)",
"per_capita": "458 cu m/yr (2008)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "violent storms from the Himalayas are the source of the country's name, which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon; frequent landslides during the rainy season"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "soil erosion; limited access to potable water"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "Law of the Sea"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "landlocked; strategic location between China and India; controls several key Himalayan mountain passes"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Bhutanese (singular and plural)",
"adjective": "Bhutanese"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35% (includes Lhotsampas - one of several Nepalese ethnic groups), indigenous or migrant tribes 15%"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Sharchhopka 28%, Dzongkha (official) 24%, Lhotshamkha 22%, other 26%"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Lamaistic Buddhist 75%, Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism 25%"
},
"population": {
"text": "725,296 (July 2013 est.)",
"note": "the Factbook population estimate is consistent with the first modern census of Bhutan, conducted in 2005; previous Factbook population estimates for this country, which were on the order of three times the total population reported here, were based on Bhutanese government publications that did not include the census"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "27.8% (male 102,991/female 98,730)",
"15_24_years": "20.6% (male 76,202/female 73,273)",
"25_54_years": "39.9% (male 155,216/female 134,363)",
"55_64_years": "5.7% (male 22,295/female 19,285)",
"65_years_and_over": "5.9% (male 22,546/female 20,395) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "48.9 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "41.8 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "7.1 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "14 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "25.7 years",
"male": "26.3 years",
"female": "25.1 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.15% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "18.43 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "6.88 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "35.6% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "3.65% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "THIMPHU (capital) 99,000 (2011)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.04 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "1.16 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "1.16 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "1.11 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "1.1 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "180 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "39.97 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "40.52 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "39.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "68.44 years",
"male": "67.54 years",
"female": "69.38 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "2.07 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "65.6% (2010)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "5.2% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "0.02 physicians/1,000 population (2007)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "1.8 beds/1,000 population (2011)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 100% of population; rural: 94% of population; total: 96% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 0% of population; rural: 6% of population; total: 4% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 73% of population; rural: 29% of population; total: 44% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 27% of population; rural: 71% of population; total: 56% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.2% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "fewer than 100 (2009 est.)"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "high",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever",
"vectorborne_diseases": "dengue fever and malaria (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "5.3% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "12.7% (2010)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "4.7% of GDP (2011)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "52.8%",
"male": "65%",
"female": "38.7% (2005 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "12 years",
"male": "12 years",
"female": "12 years (2011)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "25,801",
"percentage": "18 % (2010 est.)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "9.4%",
"male": "6.8%",
"female": "10.9% (2011)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Kingdom of Bhutan",
"conventional_short_form": "Bhutan",
"local_long_form": "Druk Gyalkhap",
"local_short_form": "Druk Yul"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "constitutional monarchy"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Thimphu",
"geographic_coordinates": "27 28 N, 89 38 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "20 districts (dzongkhag, singular and plural); Bumthang, Chhukha, Chirang, Daga, Gasa, Geylegphug, Ha, Lhuntshi, Mongar, Paro, Pemagatsel, Punakha, Samchi, Samdrup Jongkhar, Shemgang, Tashigang, Tashi Yangtse, Thimphu, Tongsa, Wangdi Phodrang"
},
"independence": {
"text": "1907 (became a unified kingdom under its first hereditary king)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "National Day (Ugyen WANGCHUCK became first hereditary king), 17 December (1907)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "ratified 18 July 2008"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law based on Buddhist religious law"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "King Jigme Khesar Namgyel WANGCHUCK (since 14 December 2006); note - King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK abdicated the throne on 14 December 2006 and his son immediately succeeded him; the nearly two-year delay between the former King's abdication and his son's coronation on 6 November 2008 was to ensure an astrologically auspicious coronation date and to give the new king, who had limited experience, deeper administrative expertise under the guidance of his father",
"head_of_government": "Prime Minister Tshering TOBGAY (since July 2013)",
"cabinet": "Council of Ministers (Lhengye Zhungtshog) nominated by the monarch in consultation with the prime minister and approved by the National Assembly; members serve fixed, five-year terms; the leader of the majority party is nominated as the prime minister",
"elections": "the monarchy is hereditary, but the 2008 constitution grants the Parliament authority to remove the monarch with two-thirds vote; election of a new National Assembly occurred in March 2008"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Chi Tshog consists of the non-partisan National Council or Gyelyong Tshogde (25 seats; 20 members elected by each of the 20 administrative districts (dzongkhags) for four-year terms and 5 members appointed by the king); and the National Assembly or Tshogdu (47 seats; members nominated by the two parties and elected by direct, popular vote for five-year terms)",
"elections": "National Council elections last held on 23 April 2013 (next to be held in 2017); National Assembly elections (first round) last held on 31 May 2013; second round held on 13 July 2013",
"election_results": "National Council - independents 20; note - all candidates ran as independents; National Assembly - first round poll held on 31 May 2013 - percent of vote by party - DPT 44.52%; PDP 32.53%; DNT 17.04%; DCT 5.9%; second round poll held on 13 July 2013 - percent of vote by party - PDP 54.88%, DPT 45.12%; seats by party - PDP 32, DPT 15"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court (consists of 5 justices including the chief justice ) note - the Supreme Court has sole jurisdiction in constitutional matters",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court chief justice appointed by the monarch in consultation with the National Judicial Commission; other judges appointed by the monarch from among the High Court judges selected by the National Judicial Commission; judge tenure NA",
"subordinate_courts": "High Court (first appellate court); District or Dzongkhag Courts; sub-district or Dungkhag Courts"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party (Druk Phuensum Tshogpa) or DPT [Jigme THINLEY]; People's Democratic Party or PDP [Tshering TOBGAY]; Druk Nymrub Tshogpa or DNT; Druck Chirwang Tshogpa or DCT"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "United Front for Democracy (exiled); Druk National Congress (exiled)",
"other": "Buddhist clergy; ethnic Nepalese organizations leading militant antigovernment campaign; Indian merchant community"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ADB, BIMSTEC, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"text": "none; note - the Permanent Mission to the UN for Bhutan has consular jurisdiction in the US; the permanent representative to the UN is Lhatu WANGCHUK; address: 343 East 43rd Street, New York, NY 10017; telephone [1] (212) 682-2268; FAX [1] (212) 661-0551",
"consulates_general": "New York"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"text": "the US and Bhutan have no formal diplomatic relations, although informal contact is maintained between the Bhutanese and US Embassy in New Delhi (India)"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "divided diagonally from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is yellow and the lower triangle is orange; centered along the dividing line is a large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side; the dragon, called the Druk (Thunder Dragon), is the emblem of the nation; its white color stands for purity and the jewels in its claws symbolize wealth; the background colors represent spiritual and secular powers within Bhutan: the orange is associated with Buddhism, while the yellow denotes the ruling dynasty"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "thunder dragon known as Druk"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Druk tsendhen\" (The Thunder Dragon Kingdom)",
"lyrics_music": "Gyaldun Dasho Thinley DORJI/Aku TONGMI",
"note": "adopted 1953"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Bhutan's economy, small and less developed, is based on agriculture and forestry, which provide the main livelihood for more than 40% of the population. Agriculture consists largely of subsistence farming and animal husbandry. Rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. The economy is closely aligned with India's through strong trade and monetary links and is dependent on India's financial assistance. The industrial sector is technologically backward with most production of the cottage industry type. Most development projects, such as road construction, rely on Indian migrant labor. Model education, social, and environment programs are underway with support from multilateral development organizations. Each economic program takes into account the government''s desire to protect the country's environment and cultural traditions. For example, the government, in its cautious expansion of the tourist sector, encourages visits by upscale, environmentally conscientious tourists. Complicated controls and uncertain policies in areas such as industrial licensing, trade, labor, and finance continue to hamper foreign investment. The import of equipment and fuel to build hydropower plants is leading to large trade and current account deficits, though new hydropower projects and electricity exports to India are creating employment and will probably sustain growth in the coming years. GDP has rebounded strongly since the global recession began in 2008."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$5.036 billion (2012 est.); $4.591 billion (2011 est.); $4.23 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$2.196 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "9.7% (2012 est.); 8.5% (2011 est.); 11.7% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$6,800 (2012 est.); $6,200 (2011 est.); $5,800 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "36.3%",
"government_consumption": "22.5%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "63.6%",
"investment_in_inventories": "0%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "37.4%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-59.9% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "16.7%",
"industry": "45.4%",
"services": "37.9% (2011 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "rice, corn, root crops, citrus; dairy products, eggs"
},
"industries": {
"text": "cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium carbide, tourism"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "NA%"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "299,900",
"note": "major shortage of skilled labor (2008)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "43.7%",
"industry": "39.1%",
"services": "17.2% (2004 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "4% (2009); 2.5% (2004)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "23.2% (2008)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "2.3%",
"highest_10%": "37.6% (2003)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$615.7 million",
"expenditures": "$651.2 million",
"note": "the government of India finances nearly one-quarter of Bhutan's budget expenditures (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "28% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-1.6% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "64% of GDP (2011 est.); 55% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "1 July - 30 June"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "10.9% (2012 est.); 8.8% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "NA%"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "14% (31 December 2012 est.); 14.16% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$191.9 million (31 December 2012 est.); $623.4 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$1.018 billion (31 December 2011 est.); $1.16 billion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$788.6 million (31 December 2012 est.); $747.5 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "-$312.1 million (2012 est.); -$354.9 million (2010 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$721.8 million (2012 est.); $662.2 million (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "electricity (to India), ferrosilicon, cement, calcium carbide, copper wire, manganese, vegetable oil"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$1.28 billion (2012 est.); $1.185 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "fuel and lubricants, passenger cars, machinery and parts, fabrics, rice"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$1.275 billion (2011); $836 million (2009)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "ngultrum (BTN) per US dollar -; 53.437 (2012 est.); 46.67 (2011 est.); 45.73 (2010 est.); 46.68 (2009 est.); 43.51 (2008 est.)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "6.826 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "1.161 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "5.5 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "20 million kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "1.505 million kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "1.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "98.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "1,719 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "1,590 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "276,300 Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "27,500 (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "484,200 (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "urban towns and district headquarters have telecommunications services",
"domestic": "low teledensity; domestic service is poor especially in rural areas; mobile-cellular service, started in 2003, is now widely available",
"international": "country code - 975; international telephone and telegraph service via landline and microwave relay through India; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (2012)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "state-owned TV station established in 1999; cable TV service offers dozens of Indian and other international channels; first radio station, privately launched in 1973, is now state-owned; 5 private radio stations are currently broadcasting (2012)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".bt"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "14,590 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "50,000 (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "2 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "2",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "1",
"914_to_1_523_m": "1 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "1",
"914_to_1_523_m": "1 (2012)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "8,050 km",
"paved": "4,991 km (includes 622 km of expressways)",
"unpaved": "3,059 km (2003)"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Royal Bhutan Army (includes Royal Bodyguard and Royal Bhutan Police) (2009)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; militia training is compulsory for males aged 20-25, over a 3-year period (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "202,407",
"females_age_16_49": "180,349 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "157,664",
"females_age_16_49": "144,861 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "7,363",
"female": "7,095 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "1% of GDP (2005 est.)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and China continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment to resolve territorial disputes arising from substantial cartographic discrepancies, the largest of which lie in Bhutan's northwest and along the Chumbi salient"
}
}
}

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{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "For centuries China stood as a leading civilization, outpacing the rest of the world in the arts and sciences, but in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the country was beset by civil unrest, major famines, military defeats, and foreign occupation. After World War II, the communists under MAO Zedong established an autocratic socialist system that, while ensuring China's sovereignty, imposed strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. After 1978, MAO's successor DENG Xiaoping and other leaders focused on market-oriented economic development and by 2000 output had quadrupled. For much of the population, living standards have improved dramatically and the room for personal choice has expanded, yet political controls remain tight. Since the early 1990s, China has increased its global outreach and participation in international organizations."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Eastern Asia, bordering the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea, between North Korea and Vietnam"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "35 00 N, 105 00 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "9,596,961 sq km",
"land": "9,569,901 sq km",
"water": "27,060 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly smaller than the US"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "22,117 km",
"border_countries": "Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, Burma 2,185 km, India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km, North Korea 1,416 km, Kyrgyzstan 858 km, Laos 423 km, Mongolia 4,677 km, Nepal 1,236 km, Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast) 3,605 km, Russia (northwest) 40 km, Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281 km",
"regional_borders": "Hong Kong 30 km, Macau 0.34 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "14,500 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"contiguous_zone": "24 nm",
"exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm",
"continental_shelf": "200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin"
},
"climate": {
"text": "extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in east"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Turpan Pendi -154 m",
"highest_point": "Mount Everest 8,850 m (highest point in Asia)"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "coal, iron ore, petroleum, natural gas, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, rare earth elements, uranium, hydropower potential (world's largest)"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "11.62%",
"permanent_crops": "1.53%",
"other": "86.84% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "629,380 sq km (2006)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "2,840 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "554.1 cu km/yr (12%/23%/65%)",
"per_capita": "409.9 cu m/yr (2005)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "frequent typhoons (about five per year along southern and eastern coasts); damaging floods; tsunamis; earthquakes; droughts; land subsidence",
"volcanism": "China contains some historically active volcanoes including Changbaishan (also known as Baitoushan, Baegdu, or P'aektu-san), Hainan Dao, and Kunlun although most have been relatively inactive in recent centuries"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "air pollution (greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide particulates) from reliance on coal produces acid rain; China is the world's largest single emitter of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels; water shortages, particularly in the north; water pollution from untreated wastes; deforestation; estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural land since 1949 to soil erosion and economic development; desertification; trade in endangered species"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "world's fourth largest country (after Russia, Canada, and US); Mount Everest on the border with Nepal is the world's tallest peak"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Chinese (singular and plural)",
"adjective": "Chinese"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Han Chinese 91.5%, Zhuang, Manchu, Hui, Miao, Uighur, Tujia, Yi, Mongol, Tibetan, Buyi, Dong, Yao, Korean, and other nationalities 8.5% (2000 census)"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry)",
"note": "Mongolian is official in Nei Mongol, Uighur is official in Xinjiang Uygur, and Tibetan is official in Xizang (Tibet)"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Daoist (Taoist), Buddhist, Christian 3%-4%, Muslim 1%-2%",
"note": "officially atheist (2002 est.)"
},
"population": {
"text": "1,349,585,838 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "17.2% (male 124,773,577/female 107,286,198)",
"15_24_years": "15.4% (male 109,922,192/female 98,325,568)",
"25_54_years": "46.7% (male 322,161,347/female 308,101,780)",
"55_64_years": "11.3% (male 77,374,476/female 75,289,733)",
"65_years_and_over": "9.4% (male 60,597,243/female 65,753,724) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "36.8 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "24.7 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "12.1 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "8.2 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "36.3 years",
"male": "35.5 years",
"female": "37.2 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "0.46% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "12.25 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "7.31 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-0.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "50.6% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "2.85% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "Shanghai 16.575 million; BEIJING (capital) 15.594 million; Chongqing 9.401 million; Shenzhen 9.005 million; Guangzhou 8.884 million (2011)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.12 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.17 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.11 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "1.03 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.92 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "1.06 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "37 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "15.2 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "15.16 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "15.25 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "74.99 years",
"male": "72.96 years",
"female": "77.27 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "1.55 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "84.6% (2006)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "5.1% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "1.42 physicians/1,000 population (2009)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "4.2 beds/1,000 population (2009)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 98% of population; rural: 85% of population; total: 91% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 2% of population; rural: 15% of population; total: 9% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 74% of population; rural: 56% of population; total: 64% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 26% of population; rural: 44% of population; total: 36% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.1% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "740,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "26,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "intermediate",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever",
"vectorborne_disease": "Japanese encephalitis",
"soil_contact_disease": "hantaviral hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)",
"note": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds\r\n (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "5.7% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "3.4% (2010)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "NA"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "95.1%",
"male": "97.5%",
"female": "92.7% (2010 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "12 years",
"male": "12 years",
"female": "12 years (2011)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "People's Republic of China",
"conventional_short_form": "China",
"local_long_form": "Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo",
"local_short_form": "Zhongguo",
"abbreviation": "PRC"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "Communist state"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Beijing",
"geographic_coordinates": "39 55 N, 116 23 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)",
"note": "despite its size, all of China falls within one time zone; many people in Xinjiang Province observe an unofficial \"Xinjiang time zone\" of UTC+6, two hours behind Beijing"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions (zizhiqu, singular and plural), and 4 municipalities (shi, singular and plural)",
"provinces": "Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang; (see note on Taiwan)",
"autonomous_regions": "Guangxi, Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), Ningxia, Xinjiang Uygur, Xizang (Tibet)",
"municipalities": "Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Tianjin",
"note": "China considers Taiwan its 23rd province; see separate entries for the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau"
},
"independence": {
"text": "1 October 1949 (People's Republic of China established); notable earlier dates: 221 B.C. (unification under the Qin Dynasty); 1 January 1912 (Qing Dynasty replaced by the Republic of China)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, 1 October (1949)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "most recent promulgation 4 December 1982; amended several times"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law influenced by Soviet and continental European civil law systems; legislature retains power to interpret statutes; note - criminal procedure law revised in early 2012"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President XI Jinping (since 14 March 2013); Vice President LI Yuanchao (since 14 March 2013)",
"head_of_government": "Premier LI Keqiang (since 16 March 2013); Executive Vice Premier ZHANG Gaoli (since 16 March 2013), Vice Premier LIU Yandong (since 16 March 2013), Vice Premier MA Kai (since 16 March 2013), and Vice Premier WANG Yang (since 16 March 2013)",
"cabinet": "State Council appointed by National People's Congress",
"elections": "president and vice president elected by National People's Congress for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); elections last held on 5-17 March 2013 (next to be held in March 2018); premier nominated by president, confirmed by National People's Congress",
"election_results": "XI Jinping elected president by National People's Congress with a total of 2,952 votes; LI Yuanchao elected vice president with a total of 2,940 votes"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "unicameral National People's Congress or Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui (2,987 seats; members elected by municipal, regional, and provincial people's congresses, and People's Liberation Army to serve five-year terms)",
"elections": "last held in December 2007-February 2008 (next to be held in late 2012 to early 2013)",
"election_results": "percent of vote - NA; seats - 2,987",
"note": "in practice, only members of the CCP, its eight allied parties, and CCP-approved independent candidates are elected"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme People's Court (consists of over 340 judges including the chief justice, 13 grand justices organized into a civil committee and tribunals for civil, economic, administrative, complaint and appeal, and communication and transportation cases) note - in October 2012, China issued a white paper on planned judicial reform",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "chief justice appointed by the People's National Congress; term limited to two consecutive 5-year terms; other justices and judges nominated by the chief justice and appointed by the Standing Committee of the People's National Congress; term of other justices and judges NA",
"subordinate_courts": "Higher People's Courts; Intermediate People's Courts; District and County People's Courts; Autonomous Region People's Courts; Special People's Courts for military, maritime, transportation, and forestry issues"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Chinese Communist Party or CCP [XI Jinping]; eight nominally independent small parties ultimately controlled by the CCP"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "no substantial political opposition groups exist"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ADB, AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, CDB, CICA, EAS, FAO, FATF, G-20, G-24 (observer), G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), SCO, SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNMIT, UNOCI, UNSC (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador CUI Tiankai",
"chancery": "3505 International Place NW, Washington, DC 20008",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 495-2266",
"fax": "[1] (202) 495-2138",
"consulates_general": "Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Gary LOCKE",
"embassy": "55 An Jia Lou Lu, 100600 Beijing",
"mailing_address": "PSC 461, Box 50, FPO AP 96521-0002",
"telephone": "[86] (10) 8531-3000",
"fax": "[86] (10) 8531-3300",
"consulates_general": "Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Shenyang, Wuhan"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the flag) in the upper hoist-side corner; the color red represents revolution, while the stars symbolize the four social classes - the working class, the peasantry, the urban petty bourgeoisie, and the national bourgeoisie (capitalists) - united under the Communist Party of China"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "dragon"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Yiyongjun Jinxingqu\" (The March of the Volunteers)",
"lyrics_music": "TIAN Han/NIE Er",
"note": "adopted 1949; the anthem, though banned during the Cultural Revolution, is more commonly known as \"Zhongguo Guoge\" (Chinese National Song); it was originally the theme song to the 1935 Chinese movie, \"Sons and Daughters in a Time of Storm\""
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Since the late 1970s China has moved from a closed, centrally planned system to a more market-oriented one that plays a major global role - in 2010 China became the world's largest exporter. Reforms began with the phasing out of collectivized agriculture, and expanded to include the gradual liberalization of prices, fiscal decentralization, increased autonomy for state enterprises, creation of a diversified banking system, development of stock markets, rapid growth of the private sector, and opening to foreign trade and investment. China has implemented reforms in a gradualist fashion. In recent years, China has renewed its support for state-owned enterprises in sectors it considers important to \"economic security,\" explicitly looking to foster globally competitive national champions. After keeping its currency tightly linked to the US dollar for years, in July 2005 China revalued its currency by 2.1% against the US dollar and moved to an exchange rate system that references a basket of currencies. From mid 2005 to late 2008 cumulative appreciation of the renminbi against the US dollar was more than 20%, but the exchange rate remained virtually pegged to the dollar from the onset of the global financial crisis until June 2010, when Beijing allowed resumption of a gradual appreciation. The restructuring of the economy and resulting efficiency gains have contributed to a more than tenfold increase in GDP since 1978. Measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis that adjusts for price differences, China in 2012 stood as the second-largest economy in the world after the US, having surpassed Japan in 2001. The dollar values of China's agricultural and industrial output each exceed those of the US; China is second to the US in the value of services it produces. Still, per capita income is below the world average. The Chinese government faces numerous economic challenges, including: (a) reducing its high domestic savings rate and correspondingly low domestic demand; (b) sustaining adequate job growth for tens of millions of migrants and new entrants to the work force; (c) reducing corruption and other economic crimes; and (d) containing environmental damage and social strife related to the economy's rapid transformation. Economic development has progressed further in coastal provinces than in the interior, and by 2011 more than 250 million migrant workers and their dependents had relocated to urban areas to find work. One consequence of population control policy is that China is now one of the most rapidly aging countries in the world. Deterioration in the environment - notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of the water table, especially in the North - is another long-term problem. China continues to lose arable land because of erosion and economic development. The Chinese government is seeking to add energy production capacity from sources other than coal and oil, focusing on nuclear and alternative energy development. In 2010-11, China faced high inflation resulting largely from its credit-fueled stimulus program. Some tightening measures appear to have controlled inflation, but GDP growth consequently slowed to under 8% for 2012. An economic slowdown in Europe contributed to China's, and is expected to further drag Chinese growth in 2013. Debt overhang from the stimulus program, particularly among local governments, and a property price bubble challenge policy makers currently. The government's 12th Five-Year Plan, adopted in March 2011, emphasizes continued economic reforms and the need to increase domestic consumption in order to make the economy less dependent on exports in the future. However, China has made only marginal progress toward these rebalancing goals."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$12.61 trillion (2012 est.); $11.7 trillion (2011 est.); $10.7 trillion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$8.227 trillion",
"note": "because China's exchange rate is determine by fiat, rather than by market forces, the official exchange rate measure of GDP is not an accurate measure of China's output; GDP at the official exchange rate substantially understates the actual level of China's output vis-a-vis the rest of the world; in China's situation, GDP at purchasing power parity provides the best measure for comparing output across countries (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "7.8% (2012 est.); 9.3% (2011 est.); 10.4% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$9,300 (2012 est.); $8,700 (2011 est.); $8,000 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "50.4% of GDP (2012 est.); 51.1% of GDP (2011 est.); 52.1% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "35.7%",
"government_consumption": "13.5%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "46.1%",
"investment_in_inventories": "2%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "26.9%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-24.1% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "10.1%",
"industry": "45.3%",
"services": "44.6% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "world leader in gross value of agricultural output; rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, apples, cotton, oilseed; pork; fish"
},
"industries": {
"text": "world leader in gross value of industrial output; mining and ore processing, iron, steel, aluminum, and other metals, coal; machine building; armaments; textiles and apparel; petroleum; cement; chemicals; fertilizers; consumer products, including footwear, toys, and electronics; food processing; transportation equipment, including automobiles, rail cars and locomotives, ships, and aircraft; telecommunications equipment, commercial space launch vehicles, satellites"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "8.1% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "798.5 million",
"note": "by the end of 2012, China's population at working age (15-64 years) was 1.0040 billion"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "34.8%",
"industry": "29.5%",
"services": "35.7% (2011 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "6.5% (2012 est.); 6.5% (2011 est.)",
"note": "registered urban unemployment, which excludes private enterprises and migrants, was 4.1% in 2012"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "13.4%",
"note": "in 2011, China set a new poverty line at RMB 2300 (approximately US $3,630) (2011)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "3.5%",
"highest_10%": "15%",
"note": "data are for urban households only (2008)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "47.4 (2012); 48.4 (2007)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$1.857 trillion",
"expenditures": "$1.992 trillion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "22.6% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-1.6% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "31.7% of GDP (2012 est.); 38.5% of GDP (2011)",
"note": "official data; data cover both central government debt and local government debt, which China's National Audit Office estimated at RMB 10.72 trillion (approximately US$1.66 trillion) in 2011; data exclude policy bank bonds, Ministry of Railway debt, China Asset Management Company debt, and non-performing loans"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "2.6% (2012 est.); 5.5% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "2.25% (31 December 2012 est.); 2.25% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "6% (31 December 2012 est.); 6.56% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$4.907 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $4.6 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$15.49 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $13.52 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$12.81 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $10.92 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$3.665 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $3.408 trillion (31 December 2011); $4.763 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "$213.8 billion (2012 est.); $201.7 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$2.057 trillion (2012 est.); $1.812 trillion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "electrical and other machinery, including data processing equipment, apparel, radio telephone handsets, textiles, integrated circuits"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "US 17.2%, Hong Kong 15.8%, Japan 7.4%, South Korea 4.3% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$1.735 trillion (2012 est.); $1.57 trillion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "electrical and other machinery, oil and mineral fuels, optical and medical equipment, metal ores, motor vehicles"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "Japan 9.8%, South Korea 9.2%, US 7.1%, Germany 5.1%, Australia 4.3% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$3.341 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $3.213 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$770.8 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $685.4 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$1.344 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.232 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$502 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $424.8 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "Renminbi yuan (RMB) per US dollar -; 6.3123 (2012 est.); 6.4615 (2011 est.); 6.7703 (2010 est.); 6.8314 (2009); 6.9385 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "4.94 trillion kWh (2012)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "4.693 trillion kWh (2011)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "17.65 billion kWh (2012)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "6.874 billion kWh (2012)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "1.146 billion kW (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "69.5% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "1.1% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "21.8% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "7.6% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "4.15 million bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "48,700 bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "5.422 million bbl/day (2012 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "14.8 billion bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "8.992 million bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "9.79 million bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "623,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "1.571 million bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "107.7 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "147.1 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "3.21 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "42.5 billion cu m (2012 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "3.2 trillion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "8.321 billion Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "285.115 million (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "986.253 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "domestic and international services are increasingly available for private use; unevenly distributed domestic system serves principal cities, industrial centers, and many towns; China continues to develop its telecommunications infrastructure; China in the summer of 2008 began a major restructuring of its telecommunications industry, resulting in the consolidation of its six telecom service operators to three, China Telecom, China Mobile and China Unicom, each providing both fixed-line and mobile services",
"domestic": "interprovincial fiber-optic trunk lines and cellular telephone systems have been installed; mobile-cellular subscribership is increasing rapidly; the number of Internet users exceeded 564 million by the end of 2012; a domestic satellite system with several earth stations is in place",
"international": "country code - 86; a number of submarine cables provide connectivity to Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and the US; satellite earth stations - 7 (5 Intelsat - 4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean; 1 Intersputnik - Indian Ocean region; and 1 Inmarsat - Pacific and Indian Ocean regions) (2012)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "all broadcast media are owned by, or affiliated with, the Communist Party of China or a government agency; no privately owned TV or radio stations; state-run Chinese Central TV, provincial, and municipal stations offer more than 2,000 channels; the Central Propaganda Department lists subjects that are off limits to domestic broadcast media with the government maintaining authority to approve all programming; foreign-made TV programs must be approved prior to broadcast"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".cn"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "20.602 million (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "389 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "507 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "463",
"over_3_047_m": "71",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "158",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "123",
"914_to_1_523_m": "25",
"under_914_m": "86 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "44",
"over_3_047_m": "4",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "7",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "6",
"914_to_1_523_m": "9",
"under_914_m": "18 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "47 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "condensate 9 km; gas 48,502 km; oil 23,072 km; oil/gas/water 31 km; refined products 15,298 km; water 9 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "86,000 km",
"standard_gauge": "86,000 km 1.435-m gauge (36,000 km electrified) (2008)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "4,106,387 km",
"paved": "3,453,890 km (includes 84,946 km of expressways)",
"unpaved": "652,497 km (2011)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "110,000 km (navigable waterways) (2011)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "2,030",
"by_type": "barge carrier 7, bulk carrier 621, cargo 566, carrier 10, chemical tanker 140, container 206, liquefied gas 60, passenger 9, passenger/cargo 81, petroleum tanker 264, refrigerated cargo 33, roll on/roll off 8, specialized tanker 2, vehicle carrier 23",
"foreign_owned": "22 (Hong Kong 18, Indonesia 2, Japan 2)",
"registered_in_other_countries": "1,559 (Bangladesh 1, Belize 61, Cambodia 177, Comoros 1, Cyprus 6, Georgia 10, Honduras 2, Hong Kong 500, India 1, Indonesia 1, Kiribati 26, Liberia 4, Malta 6, Marshall Islands 14, North Korea 3, Panama 534, Philippines 4, Saint Kitts and Nevis 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 65, Sao Tome and Principe 1, Sierra Leone 19, Singapore 29, South Korea 6, Thailand 1, Togo 1, Tuvalu 4, UK 7, Vanuatu 1, unknown 73) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"major_seaports": "Dalian, Ningbo, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Tianjin",
"river_ports": "Guangzhou (Pearl)",
"container_ports": "Dalian (6,400,300), Guangzhou (14,260,400), Ningbo (14,719,200), Qingdao (13,020,100), Shanghai (31,739,000), Shenzhen (22,570,800), Tianjin (11,587,600)(2011)"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "People's Liberation Army (PLA): Ground Forces, Navy (PLAN; includes marines and naval aviation), Air Force (Zhongguo Renmin Jiefangjun Kongjun, PLAAF; includes Airborne Forces), and Second Artillery Corps (strategic missile force); People's Armed Police (Renmin Wuzhuang Jingcha Budui, PAP); PLA Reserve Force (2012)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18-24 years of age for selective compulsory military service, with a 2-year service obligation; no minimum age for voluntary service (all officers are volunteers); 18-19 years of age for women high school graduates who meet requirements for specific military jobs; a recent military decision allows women in combat roles; the first class of women warship commanders was in 2011 (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "385,821,101",
"females_age_16_49": "363,789,674 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "318,265,016",
"females_age_16_49": "300,323,611 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "10,406,544",
"female": "9,131,990 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "2.6% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "continuing talks and confidence-building measures work toward reducing tensions over Kashmir that nonetheless remains militarized with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; China and India continue their security and foreign policy dialogue started in 2005 related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, and other matters; China claims most of India's Arunachal Pradesh to the base of the Himalayas; lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and China continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment to resolve territorial disputes arising from substantial cartographic discrepancies, the largest of which lie in Bhutan's northwest and along the Chumbi salient; Burmese forces attempting to dig in to the largely autonomous Shan State to rout local militias tied to the drug trade, prompts local residents to periodically flee into neighboring Yunnan Province in China; Chinese maps show an international boundary symbol off the coasts of the littoral states of the South China Seas, where China has interrupted Vietnamese hydrocarbon exploration; China asserts sovereignty over Scarborough Reef along with the Philippines and Taiwan, and over the Spratly Islands together with Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Brunei; the 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea eased tensions in the Spratlys but is not the legally binding code of conduct sought by some parties; Vietnam and China continue to expand construction of facilities in the Spratlys and in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord on marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; China occupies some of the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; China and Taiwan continue to reject both Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared equidistance line in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation; certain islands in the Yalu and Tumen rivers are in dispute with North Korea; North Korea and China seek to stem illegal migration to China by North Koreans, fleeing privations and oppression, by building a fence along portions of the border and imprisoning North Koreans deported by China; China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with their 2004 Agreement; China and Tajikistan have begun demarcating the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; the decade-long demarcation of the China-Vietnam land boundary was completed in 2009; citing environmental, cultural, and social concerns, China has reconsidered construction of 13 dams on the Salween River, but energy-starved Burma, with backing from Thailand, remains intent on building five hydro-electric dams downstream despite regional and international protests; Chinese and Hong Kong authorities met in March 2008 to resolve ownership and use of lands recovered in Shenzhen River channelization, including 96-hectare Lok Ma Chau Loop; Hong Kong developing plans to reduce 2,000 out of 2,800 hectares of its restricted Closed Area by 2010"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"refugees_country_of_origin": "300,897 (Vietnam); estimated 30,000-50,000 (North Korea) (2012)",
"idps": "90,000 (2010)"
},
"trafficking_in_persons": {
"current_situation": "China is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation and forced labor; the majority of trafficking in China occurs within the country's borders, there are many reports that Chinese men, women, and children may be subjected to conditions of sex trafficking and forced labor in numerous countries and territories worldwide; women and children are trafficked to China from Burma, Vietnam, Laos, Mongolia, Russia, North Korea, and even as far away as Europe and Africa for forced labor and prostitution; some Chinese adults and children are forced into prostitution and various forms of forced labor, including begging, stealing, and working in brick kilns, coal mines, and factories",
"tier_rating": "Tier 3 - China does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and was downgraded to Tier 3 after the maximum of two consecutive annual waivers; the government has not demonstrated significant efforts to comprehensively prohibit and punish all forms of trafficking and to prosecute traffickers; the government also has not reported providing comprehensive victim protection services to domestic or foreign, male or female victims of trafficking; in 2013, the government released an eight-year national action plan, which includes measures to improve interagency and other internal coordination among anti-trafficking stakeholders and victim protection (2013)"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "major transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden Triangle region of Southeast Asia; growing domestic consumption of synthetic drugs, and heroin from Southeast and Southwest Asia; source country for methamphetamine and heroin chemical precursors, despite new regulations on its large chemical industry\r\n (2008)"
}
}
}

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{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "The Indus Valley civilization, one of the world's oldest, flourished during the 3rd and 2nd millennia B.C. and extended into northwestern India. Aryan tribes from the northwest infiltrated the Indian subcontinent about 1500 B.C.; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. The Maurya Empire of the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. - which reached its zenith under ASHOKA - united much of South Asia. The Golden Age ushered in by the Gupta dynasty (4th to 6th centuries A.D.) saw a flowering of Indian science, art, and culture. Islam spread across the subcontinent over a period of 700 years. In the 10th and 11th centuries, Turks and Afghans invaded India and established the Delhi Sultanate. In the early 16th century, the Emperor BABUR established the Mughal Dynasty which ruled India for more than three centuries. European explorers began establishing footholds in India during the 16th century. By the 19th century, Great Britain had become the dominant political power on the subcontinent. The British Indian Army played a vital role in both World Wars. Years of nonviolent resistance to British rule, led by Mohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU, eventually resulted in Indian independence, which was granted in 1947. Large-scale communal violence took place before and after the subcontinent partition into two separate states - India and Pakistan. The neighboring nations have fought three wars since independence, the last of which was in 1971 and resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. India's nuclear weapons tests in 1998 emboldened Pakistan to conduct its own tests that same year. In November 2008, terrorists originating from Pakistan conducted a series of coordinated attacks in Mumbai, India's financial capital. Despite pressing problems such as significant overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and widespread corruption, economic growth following the launch of economic reforms in 1991 and a massive youthful population are driving India's emergence as a regional and global power."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "20 00 N, 77 00 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "3,287,263 sq km",
"land": "2,973,193 sq km",
"water": "314,070 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly more than one-third the size of the US"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "14,103 km",
"border_countries": "Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma 1,463 km, China 3,380 km, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "7,000 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"contiguous_zone": "24 nm",
"exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm",
"continental_shelf": "200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin"
},
"climate": {
"text": "varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Indian Ocean 0 m",
"highest_point": "Kanchenjunga 8,598 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, rare earth elements, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone, arable land"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "47.87%",
"permanent_crops": "3.74%",
"other": "48.39% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "663,340 sq km (2008)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "1,911 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "761 cu km/yr (7%/2%/90%)",
"per_capita": "613 cu m/yr (2010)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread and destructive flooding from monsoonal rains; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes",
"volcanism": "Barren Island (elev. 354 m) in the Andaman Sea has been active in recent years"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification; air pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides; tap water is not potable throughout the country; huge and growing population is overstraining natural resources"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "none of the selected agreements"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean trade routes; Kanchenjunga, third tallest mountain in the world, lies on the border with Nepal"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Indian(s)",
"adjective": "Indian"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Hindi 41%, Bengali 8.1%, Telugu 7.2%, Marathi 7%, Tamil 5.9%, Urdu 5%, Gujarati 4.5%, Kannada 3.7%, Malayalam 3.2%, Oriya 3.2%, Punjabi 2.8%, Assamese 1.3%, Maithili 1.2%, other 5.9%",
"note": "English enjoys the status of subsidiary official language but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is the most widely spoken language and primary tongue of 41% of the people; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language (2001 census)"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.9%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.1% (2001 census)"
},
"population": {
"text": "1,220,800,359 (July 2013 est.)"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "28.9% (male 187,236,677/female 165,219,615)",
"15_24_years": "18.2% (male 117,385,009/female 104,516,448)",
"25_54_years": "40.4% (male 253,642,261/female 239,219,931)",
"55_64_years": "6.9% (male 42,307,170/female 41,785,413)",
"65_years_and_over": "5.7% (male 32,992,850/female 36,494,985) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "52.4 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "44.3 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "8 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "12.4 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "26.7 years",
"male": "26.1 years",
"female": "27.4 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.28% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "20.24 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "7.39 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "31.3% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "2.47% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "NEW DELHI (capital) 21.72 million; Mumbai 19.695 million; Kolkata 15.294 million; Chennai 7.416 million; Bangalore 7.079 million (2009)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.12 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.13 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "1.12 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "1.06 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "1.01 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.91 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "1.08 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "19.9 (2006 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "200 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "44.6 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "43.28 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "46.08 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "67.48 years",
"male": "66.38 years",
"female": "68.7 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "2.55 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "54.8% (2007/08)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "4.1% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "0.6 physicians/1,000 population (2005)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "0.9 beds/1,000 population (2005)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 97% of population; rural: 90% of population; total: 92% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 3% of population; rural: 10% of population; total: 8% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 58% of population; rural: 23% of population; total: 34% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 42% of population; rural: 77% of population; total: 66% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.3% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "2.4 million (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "170,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "very high",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever",
"vectorborne_diseases": "dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and malaria",
"water_contact_disease": "leptospirosis",
"animal_contact_disease": "rabies",
"note": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "1.9% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "43.5% (2006)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "3.3% of GDP (2010)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "62.8%",
"male": "75.2%",
"female": "50.8% (2006 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "11 years",
"male": "11 years",
"female": "10 years (2010)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "26,965,074",
"percentage": "12 % (2006 est.)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "10.2%",
"male": "9.8%",
"female": "11.5% (2010)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Republic of India",
"conventional_short_form": "India",
"local_long_form": "Republic of India/Bharatiya Ganarajya",
"local_short_form": "India/Bharat"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "federal republic"
},
"capital": {
"name": "New Delhi",
"geographic_coordinates": "28 36 N, 77 12 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+5.5 (10.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "28 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and Nicobar Islands*, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*, Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli*, Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Puducherry*, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal",
"note": "although its status is that of a union territory, the official name of Delhi is National Capital Territory of Delhi"
},
"independence": {
"text": "15 August 1947 (from the UK)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Republic Day, 26 January (1950)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "26 January 1950; amended many times"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "common law system based on the English model; separate personal law codes apply to Muslims, Christians, and Hindus; judicial review of legislative acts"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCt"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "President Pranab MUKHERJEE (since 22 July 2012); Vice President Mohammad Hamid ANSARI (since 11 August 2007)",
"head_of_government": "Prime Minister Manmohan SINGH (since 22 May 2004)",
"cabinet": "Union Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister",
"elections": "president elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament and the legislatures of the states for a five-year term (no term limits); election last held in July 2012 (next to be held in July 2017); vice president elected by both houses of Parliament for a five-year term; election last held in August 2012 (next to be held in August 2017); prime minister chosen by parliamentary members of the majority party following legislative elections; election last held April - May 2009 (next to be held no later than May 2014)",
"election_results": "Pranab MUKHERJEE elected president; percent of vote - Pranab MUKHERJEE 69.31%, Purno SANGMA - 30.69%"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Sansad consists of the Council of States or Rajya Sabha (a body consisting of 245 seats up to 12 of which are appointed by the president, the remainder chosen in staggered elections by the elected members of the state and territorial assemblies; members serve six-year terms) and the People's Assembly or Lok Sabha (545 seats; 543 members elected by popular vote, 2 appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms)",
"elections": "People's Assembly - last held in five phases on 16, 22-23, 30 April and 7, 13 May 2009 (next must be held by May 2014)",
"election_results": "People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - INC 206, BJP 116, SP 23, BSP 21, JD(U) 20, TMC 19, DMK 18, CPI(M) 16, BJD 14, SS 11, AIADMK 9, NCP 9, TDP 6, RLD 5, CPI 4, RJD 4, SAD 4, independent 9, other 29, vacant 2; note - seats by party (as of February 2013) - INC 204, BJP 115, SP 22, BSP 21, JD(U) 20, AITC 19, DMK 18, CPI(M) 16, BJD 14, SS 11, AIADMK 9, NCP 9, TDP 6, RLD 5, CPI 4, RJD 4, SAD 4, independents 9, other 31, nominated (INC) 2, vacant 2"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court (the chief justice and 25 associate justices); note - parliament approved an additional 5 judges in 2008 note - in mid-2011 India’s Cabinet approved the program, National Mission for Justice Delivery and Legal Reform, to eliminate judicial corruption and reduce the backlog of cases",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "justices appointed by the president to serve until age 65",
"subordinate_courts": "District Courts; Labour Court"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Aam Aadmi Party or AAP [Arvind KEJRIWAL]; All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or AIADMK [J. JAYALALITHAA]; All India Trinamool Congress or TMC [Mamata BANERJEE]; Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP [MAYAWATI]; Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP [Rajnath SINGH]; Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK]; Communist Party of India or CPI [A.B. BARDHAN]; Communist Party of India-Marxist or CPI(M) [Prakash KARAT]; Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or DMK [M.KARUNANIDHI]; Indian National Congress or INC [Sonia GANDHI]; Janata Dal (United) or JD(U) [Sharad YADAV]; Nationalist Congress Party or NCP [Sharad PAWAR]; Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Lalu Prasad YADAV]; Rashtriya Lok Dal or RLD [Ajit SINGH]; Samajwadi Party or SP [Mulayam Singh YADAV]; Shiromani Akali Dal or SAD [Parkash Singh BADAL]; Shiv Sena or SS [Uddhav THACKERAY]; Telugu Desam Party or TDP [Chandrababu NAIDU]; ",
"note": "India has dozens of national and regional political parties; only parties with four or more seats in the People's Assembly are listed"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "All Parties Hurriyat Conference in the Kashmir Valley (separatist group); Bajrang Dal (religious organization); India Against Corruption [Anna HAZAREI]; Jamiat Ulema-e Hind (religious organization); Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh [Mohan BHAGWAT] (religious organization); Vishwa Hindu Parishad [Ashok SINGHAL] (religious organization); ",
"other": "numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations; hundreds of social reform, anti-corruption, and environmental groups at state and local level; various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ABEDA, ADB, AfDB (nonregional member), ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIMSTEC, BIS, BRICS, C, CD, CERN (observer), CICA, CP, EAS, FAO, FATF, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNITAR, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNSC (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Nirupama RAO",
"chancery": "2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; note - Consular Wing located at 2536 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 939-7000",
"fax": "[1] (202) 265-4351",
"consulates_general": "Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, New York, San Francisco"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador Nancy J. POWELL",
"embassy": "Shantipath, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110021",
"mailing_address": "use embassy street address",
"telephone": "[91] (11) 2419-8000",
"fax": "[91] (11) 2419-0017",
"consulates_general": "Chennai (Madras), Hyderabad; Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay)"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "three equal horizontal bands of saffron (subdued orange) (top), white, and green, with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; saffron represents courage, sacrifice, and the spirit of renunciation; white signifies purity and truth; green stands for faith and fertility; the blue chakra symbolizes the wheel of life in movement and death in stagnation",
"note": "similar to the flag of Niger, which has a small orange disk centered in the white band"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "the Lion Capital of Ashoka, which depicts four Asiatic lions standing back to back mounted on a circular abacus, is the official emblem; the Bengal tiger is the national animal"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Jana-Gana-Mana\" (Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People)",
"lyrics_music": "Rabindranath TAGORE",
"note": "adopted 1950; Rabindranath TAGORE, a Nobel laureate, also wrote Bangladesh's national anthem"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "India is developing into an open-market economy, yet traces of its past autarkic policies remain. Economic liberalization measures, including industrial deregulation, privatization of state-owned enterprises, and reduced controls on foreign trade and investment, began in the early 1990s and have served to accelerate the country's growth, which averaged under 7% per year since 1997. India's diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of services. Slightly more than half of the work force is in agriculture, but services are the major source of economic growth, accounting for nearly two-thirds of India's output, with less than one-third of its labor force. India has capitalized on its large educated English-speaking population to become a major exporter of information technology services, business outsourcing services, and software workers. In 2010, the Indian economy rebounded robustly from the global financial crisis - in large part because of strong domestic demand - and growth exceeded 8% year-on-year in real terms. However, India's economic growth began slowing in 2011 because of a slowdown in government spending and a decline in investment, caused by investor pessimism about the government's commitment to further economic reforms and about the global situation. High international crude prices have exacerbated the government's fuel subsidy expenditures, contributing to a higher fiscal deficit and a worsening current account deficit. In late 2012, the Indian Government announced additional reforms and deficit reduction measures to reverse India's slowdown, including allowing higher levels of foreign participation in direct investment in the economy. The outlook for India's medium-term growth is positive due to a young population and corresponding low dependency ratio, healthy savings and investment rates, and increasing integration into the global economy. India has many long-term challenges that it has yet to fully address, including poverty, corruption, violence and discrimination against women and girls, an inefficient power generation and distribution system, ineffective enforcement of intellectual property rights, decades-long civil litigation dockets, inadequate transport and agricultural infrastructure, limited non-agricultural employment opportunities, inadequate availability of quality basic and higher education, and accommodating rural-to-urban migration."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$4.761 trillion (2012 est.); $4.579 trillion (2011 est.); $4.25 trillion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$1.825 trillion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "6.5% (2012 est.); 7.7% (2011 est.); 11.2% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$3,900 (2012 est.); $3,800 (2011 est.); $3,600 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "27.9% of GDP (2012 est.); 30.1% of GDP (2011 est.); 31.9% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "56.9%",
"government_consumption": "11.8%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "29.9%",
"investment_in_inventories": "8.4%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "24.3%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-31.3% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "17.4%",
"industry": "26.1%",
"services": "56.5% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, lentils, onions, potatoes; dairy products, sheep, goats, poultry; fish"
},
"industries": {
"text": "textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software, pharmaceuticals"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "3.1% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "486.6 million (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "53%",
"industry": "19%",
"services": "28% (2011 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "8.5% (2012 est.); 9.8% (2011 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "29.8% (2010 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "3.6%",
"highest_10%": "31.1% (2005)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "36.8 (2004); 37.8 (1997)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$169.4 billion",
"expenditures": "$267.7 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "9.3% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-5.4% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "49.6% of GDP (2012 est.); 49.8% of GDP (2011 est.)",
"note": "data cover central government debt, and exclude debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "1 April - 31 March"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "9.3% (2012 est.); 8.9% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "5.5% (31 December 2010 est.); 6% (31 December 2009 est.)",
"note": "the Indian central bank's policy rate - the repurchase rate - was 8% during December 2012"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "10.63% (31 December 2012 est.); 10.19% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$323 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $305.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$1.451 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.293 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$1.412 trillion (31 December 2012 est.); $1.249 trillion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$1.015 trillion (31 December 2011); $1.616 trillion (31 December 2010); $1.179 trillion (31 December 2009)"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "-$80.15 billion (2012 est.); -$46.91 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$298.4 billion (2012 est.); $307.2 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "petroleum products, precious stones, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, vehicles, apparel"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "US 12.7%, UAE 12.3%, China 5%, Singapore 5%, Hong Kong 4.1% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$500.4 billion (2012 est.); $475.3 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "crude oil, precious stones, machinery, fertilizer, iron and steel, chemicals"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "China 11%, UAE 7.7%, Saudi Arabia 6.7%, Switzerland 5.9%, US 4.9% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$297.8 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $297.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$376.3 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $334.3 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home": {
"text": "$229.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $203.9 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad": {
"text": "$117.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $108.8 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "Indian rupees (INR) per US dollar -; 53.437 (2012 est.); 46.671 (2011 est.); 45.726 (2010 est.); 48.405 (2009); 43.319 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "880 billion kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "637.6 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "519 million kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "10.53 billion kWh (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "189.3 million kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "69.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "2.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "20.9% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "7% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "897,300 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "2.768 million bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "8.935 billion bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "3.226 million bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "3.292 million bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "812,100 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "380,900 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "46.1 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "61.1 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "12.15 billion cu m (2011 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "1.154 trillion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "1.696 billion Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "32.685 million (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "893.862 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "supported by recent deregulation and liberalization of telecommunications laws and policies, India has emerged as one of the fastest growing telecom markets in the world; total telephone subscribership base exceeded 900 million in 2011, an overall teledensity of roughly 75%, and subscribership is currently growing more than 20 million per month; urban teledensity now exceeds 100% and rural teledensity is steadily growing",
"domestic": "mobile cellular service introduced in 1994 and organized nationwide into four metropolitan areas and 19 telecom circles each with multiple private service providers and one or more state-owned service providers; in recent years significant trunk capacity added in the form of fiber-optic cable and one of the world's largest domestic satellite systems, the Indian National Satellite system (INSAT), with 6 satellites supporting 33,000 very small aperture terminals (VSAT)",
"international": "country code - 91; a number of major international submarine cable systems, including Sea-Me-We-3 with landing sites at Cochin and Mumbai (Bombay), Sea-Me-We-4 with a landing site at Chennai, Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) with a landing site at Mumbai (Bombay), South Africa - Far East (SAFE) with a landing site at Cochin, the i2i cable network linking to Singapore with landing sites at Mumbai (Bombay) and Chennai (Madras), and Tata Indicom linking Singapore and Chennai (Madras), provide a significant increase in the bandwidth available for both voice and data traffic; satellite earth stations - 8 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region); 9 gateway exchanges operating from Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, Kolkata (Calcutta), Chennai (Madras), Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad, and Ernakulam (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "Doordarshan, India's public TV network, operates about 20 national, regional, and local services; a large and increasing number of privately owned TV stations are distributed by cable and satellite service providers; by 2011, more than 100 million homes had access to cable and satellite TV offering more than 700 TV channels; government controls AM radio with All India Radio operating domestic and external networks; news broadcasts via radio are limited to the All India Radio Network; since 2000, privately-owned FM stations have been permitted and their numbers have increased rapidly (2007)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".in"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "6.746 million (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "61.338 million (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "346 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "253",
"over_3_047_m": "22",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "59",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "76",
"914_to_1_523_m": "82",
"under_914_m": "14 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "93",
"over_3_047_m": "1",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "3",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "6",
"914_to_1_523_m": "38",
"under_914_m": "45 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "45 (2013)"
},
"pipelines": {
"text": "condensate/gas 9 km; gas 13,581 km; liquid petroleum gas 2,054 km; oil 8,943 km; oil/gas/water 20 km; refined products 11,069 km (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "63,974 km",
"broad_gauge": "54,257 km 1.676-m gauge (18,927 km electrified)",
"narrow_gauge": "7,180 km 1.000-m gauge; 2,537 km 0.762-m gauge and 0.610-m gauge (2009)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "4,689,842 km",
"note": "includes 79,116 km of national highways and expressways, 155,716 km of state highways, and 4,455,010 km of other roads (2013)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "14,500 km (5,200 km on major rivers and 485 km on canals suitable for mechanized vessels) (2012)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "340",
"by_type": "bulk carrier 104, cargo 78, chemical tanker 22, container 14, liquefied gas 11, passenger 4, passenger/cargo 15, petroleum tanker 92",
"foreign_owned": "10 (China 1, Hong Kong 2, Jersey 2, Malaysia 1, UAE 4)",
"registered_in_other_countries": "76 (Cyprus 4, Dominica 2, Liberia 8, Malta 3, Marshall Islands 10, Nigeria 1, Panama 24, Saint Kitts and Nevis 2, Singapore 21, unknown 1) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"text": "Chennai, Jawaharal Nehru Port, Kandla, Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay), Sikka, Vishakhapatnam"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Army, Navy (includes naval air arm), Air Force, Coast Guard (2011)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "16-18 years of age for voluntary military service (Army 17 1/2, Air Force 17, Navy 16 1/2); no conscription; women may join as officers, but for noncombat roles only (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "319,129,420",
"females_age_16_49": "296,071,637 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "249,531,562",
"females_age_16_49": "240,039,958 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "12,151,065",
"female": "10,745,891 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "1.8% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "since China and India launched a security and foreign policy dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to Pakistan, and other matters continue; Kashmir remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India and Pakistan resumed bilateral dialogue in February 2011 after a two-year hiatus, have maintained the 2003 cease-fire in Kashmir, and continue to have disputes over water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries; UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; Prime Minister Singh's September 2011 visit to Bangladesh resulted in the signing of a Protocol to the 1974 Land Boundary Agreement between India and Bangladesh, which had called for the settlement of longstanding boundary disputes over undemarcated areas and the exchange of territorial enclaves, but which had never been implemented; Bangladesh referred its maritime boundary claims with Burma and India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea; Joint Border Committee with Nepal continues to examine contested boundary sections, including the 400 square kilometer dispute over the source of the Kalapani River; India maintains a strict border regime to keep out Maoist insurgents and control illegal cross-border activities from Nepal"
},
"refugees_and_internally_displaced_persons": {
"refugees_country_of_origin": "100,003 (Tibet/China); 67,165 (Sri Lanka); 9,633 (Afghanistan); 7,671 (Burma) (2012)",
"idps": "at least 506,000 (about half are Kashmiri Pandits from Jammu and Kashmir) (2012)"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "world's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceutical trade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicit international drug markets; transit point for illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries and throughout Southwest Asia; illicit producer of methaqualone; vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through the hawala system; licit ketamine and precursor production"
}
}
}

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{
"intro": {
"background": {
"text": "Most Cambodians consider themselves to be Khmers, descendants of the Angkor Empire that extended over much of Southeast Asia and reached its zenith between the 10th and 13th centuries. Attacks by the Thai and Cham (from present-day Vietnam) weakened the empire, ushering in a long period of decline. The king placed the country under French protection in 1863, and it became part of French Indochina in 1887. Following Japanese occupation in World War II, Cambodia gained full independence from France in 1953. In April 1975, after a five-year struggle, communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh and evacuated all cities and towns. At least 1.5 million Cambodians died from execution, forced hardships, or starvation during the Khmer Rouge regime under POL POT. A December 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside, began a 10-year Vietnamese occupation, and touched off almost 13 years of civil war. The 1991 Paris Peace Accords mandated democratic elections and a ceasefire, which was not fully respected by the Khmer Rouge. UN-sponsored elections in 1993 helped restore some semblance of normalcy under a coalition government. Factional fighting in 1997 ended the first coalition government, but a second round of national elections in 1998 led to the formation of another coalition government and renewed political stability. The remaining elements of the Khmer Rouge surrendered in early 1999. Some of the surviving Khmer Rouge leaders have been tried or are awaiting trial for crimes against humanity by a hybrid UN-Cambodian tribunal supported by international assistance. Elections in July 2003 were relatively peaceful, but it took one year of negotiations between contending political parties before a coalition government was formed. In October 2004, King Norodom SIHANOUK abdicated the throne and his son, Prince Norodom SIHAMONI, was selected to succeed him. Local elections were held in Cambodia in April 2007, with little of the pre-election violence that preceded prior elections. National elections in July 2008 were relatively peaceful, as were commune council elections in June 2012."
}
},
"geo": {
"location": {
"text": "Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos"
},
"geographic_coordinates": {
"text": "13 00 N, 105 00 E"
},
"map_references": {
"text": "Southeast Asia"
},
"area": {
"total": "181,035 sq km",
"land": "176,515 sq km",
"water": "4,520 sq km"
},
"area_comparative": {
"text": "slightly smaller than Oklahoma"
},
"land_boundaries": {
"total": "2,572 km",
"border_countries": "Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km"
},
"coastline": {
"text": "443 km"
},
"maritime_claims": {
"territorial_sea": "12 nm",
"contiguous_zone": "24 nm",
"exclusive_economic_zone": "200 nm",
"continental_shelf": "200 nm"
},
"climate": {
"text": "tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation"
},
"terrain": {
"text": "mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north"
},
"elevation_extremes": {
"lowest_point": "Gulf of Thailand 0 m",
"highest_point": "Phnum Aoral 1,810 m"
},
"natural_resources": {
"text": "oil and gas, timber, gemstones, iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower potential"
},
"land_use": {
"arable_land": "22.09%",
"permanent_crops": "0.86%",
"other": "77.05% (2011)"
},
"irrigated_land": {
"text": "3,536 sq km (2006)"
},
"total_renewable_water_resources": {
"text": "476.1 cu km (2011)"
},
"freshwater_withdrawal_domestic_industrial_agricultural": {
"total": "2.18 cu km/yr (4%/2%/94%)",
"per_capita": "159.8 cu m/yr (2006)"
},
"natural_hazards": {
"text": "monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts"
},
"environment_current_issues": {
"text": "illegal logging activities throughout the country and strip mining for gems in the western region along the border with Thailand have resulted in habitat loss and declining biodiversity (in particular, destruction of mangrove swamps threatens natural fisheries); soil erosion; in rural areas, most of the population does not have access to potable water; declining fish stocks because of illegal fishing and overfishing"
},
"environment_international_agreements": {
"party_to": "Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling",
"signed_but_not_ratified": "Law of the Sea"
},
"geography_note": {
"text": "a land of paddies and forests dominated by the Mekong River and Tonle Sap (Southeast Asia's largest freshwater lake)"
}
},
"people": {
"nationality": {
"noun": "Cambodian(s)",
"adjective": "Cambodian"
},
"ethnic_groups": {
"text": "Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%"
},
"languages": {
"text": "Khmer (official) 95%, French, English"
},
"religions": {
"text": "Buddhist (official) 96.4%, Muslim 2.1%, other 1.3%, unspecified 0.2% (1998 census)"
},
"population": {
"text": "15,205,539 (July 2013 est.)",
"note": "estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected"
},
"age_structure": {
"0_14_years": "31.7% (male 2,428,507/female 2,397,327)",
"15_24_years": "21.2% (male 1,597,990/female 1,627,161)",
"25_54_years": "38.2% (male 2,828,752/female 2,985,226)",
"55_64_years": "4.9% (male 287,073/female 464,991)",
"65_years_and_over": "3.9% (male 221,356/female 367,156) (2013 est.)"
},
"dependency_ratios": {
"total_dependency_ratio": "57.3 %",
"youth_dependency_ratio": "48.9 %",
"elderly_dependency_ratio": "8.4 %",
"potential_support_ratio": "11.9 (2013)"
},
"median_age": {
"total": "23.7 years",
"male": "23 years",
"female": "24.4 years (2013 est.)"
},
"population_growth_rate": {
"text": "1.67% (2013 est.)"
},
"birth_rate": {
"text": "24.88 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"death_rate": {
"text": "7.88 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"net_migration_rate": {
"text": "-0.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)"
},
"urbanization": {
"urban_population": "20% of total population (2011)",
"rate_of_urbanization": "2.13% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
},
"major_urban_areas_population": {
"text": "PHNOM PENH (capital) 1.55 million (2011)"
},
"sex_ratio": {
"at_birth": "1.05 male(s)/female",
"0_14_years": "1.01 male(s)/female",
"15_24_years": "0.98 male(s)/female",
"25_54_years": "0.94 male(s)/female",
"55_64_years": "0.63 male(s)/female",
"65_years_and_over": "0.6 male(s)/female",
"total_population": "0.94 male(s)/female (2013 est.)"
},
"mother_s_mean_age_at_first_birth": {
"text": "22.8",
"note": "Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2010 est.)"
},
"maternal_mortality_rate": {
"text": "250 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)"
},
"infant_mortality_rate": {
"total": "52.7 deaths/1,000 live births",
"male": "59.54 deaths/1,000 live births",
"female": "45.55 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)"
},
"life_expectancy_at_birth": {
"total_population": "63.41 years",
"male": "61.01 years",
"female": "65.93 years (2013 est.)"
},
"total_fertility_rate": {
"text": "2.72 children born/woman (2013 est.)"
},
"contraceptive_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "50.5% (2010/11)"
},
"health_expenditures": {
"text": "5.6% of GDP (2010)"
},
"physicians_density": {
"text": "0.23 physicians/1,000 population (2008)"
},
"hospital_bed_density": {
"text": "0.84 beds/1,000 population (2010)"
},
"drinking_water_source": {
"improved": "urban: 87% of population; rural: 58% of population; total: 64% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 13% of population; rural: 42% of population; total: 36% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"sanitation_facility_access": {
"improved": "urban: 73% of population; rural: 20% of population; total: 31% of population",
"unimproved": "urban: 27% of population; rural: 80% of population; total: 69% of population (2010 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "0.5% (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_people_living_with_hiv_aids": {
"text": "63,000 (2009 est.)"
},
"hiv_aids_deaths": {
"text": "3,100 (2009 est.)"
},
"major_infectious_diseases": {
"degree_of_risk": "very high",
"food_or_waterborne_diseases": "bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever",
"vectorborne_diseases": "dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and malaria",
"note": "highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)"
},
"obesity_adult_prevalence_rate": {
"text": "2.1% (2008)"
},
"children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight": {
"text": "29% (2011)"
},
"education_expenditures": {
"text": "2.6% of GDP (2010)"
},
"literacy": {
"definition": "age 15 and over can read and write",
"total_population": "73.9%",
"male": "82.8%",
"female": "65.9% (2009 est.)"
},
"school_life_expectancy_primary_to_tertiary_education": {
"total": "10 years",
"male": "11 years",
"female": "10 years (2008)"
},
"child_labor_children_ages_5_14": {
"total_number": "1,345,269",
"percentage": "39 % (2001 est.)"
},
"unemployment_youth_ages_15_24": {
"total": "3.4%",
"male": "3.5%",
"female": "3.3% (2008)"
}
},
"govt": {
"country_name": {
"conventional_long_form": "Kingdom of Cambodia",
"conventional_short_form": "Cambodia",
"local_long_form": "Preahreacheanachakr Kampuchea (phonetic pronunciation)",
"local_short_form": "Kampuchea",
"former": "Khmer Republic, Democratic Kampuchea, People's Republic of Kampuchea, State of Cambodia"
},
"government_type": {
"text": "multiparty democracy under a constitutional monarchy"
},
"capital": {
"name": "Phnom Penh",
"geographic_coordinates": "11 33 N, 104 55 E",
"time_difference": "UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)"
},
"administrative_divisions": {
"text": "23 provinces (khett, singular and plural) and 1 municipality (krong, singular and plural)",
"provinces": "Banteay Meanchey, Battambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Speu, Kampong Thom, Kampot, Kandal, Kep, Koh Kong, Kratie, Mondolkiri, Oddar Meanchey, Pailin, Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Pursat, Ratanakiri, Siem Reap, Sihanoukville, Stung Treng, Svay Rieng, Takeo",
"municipalities": "Phnom Penh (Phnum Penh)"
},
"independence": {
"text": "9 November 1953 (from France)"
},
"national_holiday": {
"text": "Independence Day, 9 November (1953)"
},
"constitution": {
"text": "promulgated 21 September 1993"
},
"legal_system": {
"text": "civil law system (influenced by the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia) customary law, Communist legal theory, and common law"
},
"international_law_organization_participation": {
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
},
"suffrage": {
"text": "18 years of age; universal"
},
"executive_branch": {
"chief_of_state": "King Norodom SIHAMONI (since 29 October 2004)",
"head_of_government": "Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 14 January 1985) [co-prime minister from 1993 to 1997]; Permanent Deputy Prime Minister MEN SAM AN (since 25 September 2008); Deputy Prime Ministers SAR KHENG (since 3 February 1992); SOK AN, TEA BANH, HOR NAMHONG, NHEK BUNCHHAY (since 16 July 2004); BIN CHHIN (since 5 September 2007); KEAT CHHON, YIM CHHAI LY (since 24 September 2008); KE KIMYAN (since 12 March 2009)",
"cabinet": "Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and appointed by the monarch",
"elections": "the king chosen by a Royal Throne Council from among all eligible males of royal descent; following legislative elections, a member of the majority party or majority coalition named prime minister by the Chairman of the National Assembly and appointed by the king"
},
"legislative_branch": {
"text": "bicameral, consists of the Senate (61 seats; 2 members appointed by the monarch, 2 elected by the National Assembly, and 57 elected by parliamentarians and commune councils; members serve five-year terms) and the National Assembly (123 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)",
"elections": "Senate - last held on 4 February 2012 (next to be held in February 2018); National Assembly - last held on 28 July 2013 (next to be held in July 2018)",
"election_results": "Senate - percent of vote by party - CPP 77.8%, CNRP (SRP) 22.2%; seats by party - CPP 46, CNRP (SRP) 11; National Assembly (preliminary results) - percent of vote by party - CPP 49.4%, NRP 44.3%, FUNCINPEC 3.3%, others 3.0%; seats by party - CPP 67, CNRP 56"
},
"judicial_branch": {
"highest_courts": "Supreme Court (organized into 5- and 9-judge panels and includes a court chief and deputy chief); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members) note - in 1997, the Cambodian Government requested UN assistance in establishing trials to prosecute former Khmer Rouge senior leaders for crimes against humanity committed during the 1975-1979 Khmer Rouge regime; the Extraordinary Chambers of the Courts in Cambodia were established and began hearings for the first case in 2009",
"judge_selection_and_term_of_office": "Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judge candidates recommended by the Supreme Council of Magistracy, a 9-member body chaired by the monarch and includes other high-level judicial officers; judges of both courts appointed by the monarch; Supreme Court judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges appointed for 9-year terms with one-third of the court renewed every 3 years",
"subordinate_courts": "municipal and provincial courts; appellate courts; military court"
},
"political_parties_and_leaders": {
"text": "Cambodian People's Party or CPP [CHEA SIM]; Cambodian National Rescue Party or CNRP [SAM RANGSI also spelled SAM RAINSY]; National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia or FUNCINPEC [KEV PUT REAKSMEI]; Nationalist Party or NP former Norodom Ranariddh Party or NRP [SAO RANY]",
"note": "the CNRP is a merger between the former Human Rights Party or HRP [KHEM SOKHA, also spelled KEM SOKHA] and the Sam Rangsi Party or SRP"
},
"political_pressure_groups_and_leaders": {
"text": "Cambodian Freedom Fighters or CFF; Partnership for Transparency Fund or PTF (anti-corruption organization); Students Movement for Democracy; The Committee for Free and Fair Elections or Comfrel",
"other": "human rights organizations; vendors"
},
"international_organization_participation": {
"text": "ADB, ARF, ASEAN, CICA, CICA (observer), EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
},
"diplomatic_representation_in_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador HENG HEM",
"chancery": "4530 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011",
"telephone": "[1] (202) 726-7742",
"fax": "[1] (202) 726-8381"
},
"diplomatic_representation_from_the_us": {
"chief_of_mission": "Ambassador William E. TODD",
"embassy": "#1, Street 96, Sangkat Wat Phnom, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh",
"mailing_address": "Box P, APO AP 96546",
"telephone": "[855] (23) 728-000",
"fax": "[855] (23) 728-600"
},
"flag_description": {
"text": "three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width), and blue with a white three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat outlined in black in the center of the red band; red and blue are traditional Cambodian colors",
"note": "only national flag to incorporate an actual building in its design"
},
"national_symbols": {
"text": "Angkor Wat temple; kouprey (wild ox)"
},
"national_anthem": {
"name": "\"Nokoreach\" (Royal Kingdom)",
"lyrics_music": "CHUON NAT/F. PERRUCHOT and J. JEKYLL",
"note": "adopted 1941, restored 1993; the anthem, based on a Cambodian folk tune, was restored after the defeat of the Communist regime"
}
},
"econ": {
"economy_overview": {
"text": "Since 2004, garments, construction, agriculture, and tourism have driven Cambodia's growth. GDP climbed more than 6% per year between 2010 and 2012. The garment industry currently employs more about 400,000 people and accounts for about 70% of Cambodia's total exports. In 2005, exploitable oil deposits were found beneath Cambodia's territorial waters, representing a potential revenue stream for the government, if commercial extraction becomes feasible. Mining also is attracting some investor interest and the government has touted opportunities for mining bauxite, gold, iron and gems. The tourism industry has continued to grow rapidly with foreign arrivals exceeding 2 million per year since 2007 and reaching over 3 million visitors in 2012. Cambodia, nevertheless, remains one of the poorest countries in Asia and long-term economic development remains a daunting challenge, inhibited by endemic corruption, limited educational opportunities, high income inequality, and poor job prospects. Approximately 4 million people live on less than $1.25 per day, and 37% of Cambodian children under the age of 5 suffer from chronic malnutrition. More than 50% of the population is less than 25 years old. The population lacks education and productive skills, particularly in the impoverished countryside, which also lacks basic infrastructure. The Cambodian Government is working with bilateral and multilateral donors, including the Asian Development Bank, the World Bank and IMF, to address the country's many pressing needs; more than 50% of the government budget comes from donor assistance. The major economic challenge for Cambodia over the next decade will be fashioning an economic environment in which the private sector can create enough jobs to handle Cambodia's demographic imbalance."
},
"gdp_purchasing_power_parity": {
"text": "$37.25 billion (2012 est.); $34.99 billion (2011 est.); $32.68 billion (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gdp_official_exchange_rate": {
"text": "$14.24 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_real_growth_rate": {
"text": "6.5% (2012 est.); 7.1% (2011 est.); 6.1% (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_per_capita_ppp": {
"text": "$2,400 (2012 est.); $2,300 (2011 est.); $2,200 (2010 est.)",
"note": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"gross_national_saving": {
"text": "12.9% of GDP (2012 est.); 14.3% of GDP (2011 est.); 10.6% of GDP (2010 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_end_use": {
"household_consumption": "74%",
"government_consumption": "8%",
"investment_in_fixed_capital": "20.3%",
"investment_in_inventories": "2.5%",
"exports_of_goods_and_services": "63.5%",
"imports_of_goods_and_services": "-68.3% (2012 est.)"
},
"gdp_composition_by_sector_of_origin": {
"agriculture": "36%",
"industry": "24.3%",
"services": "39.7% (2012 est.)"
},
"agriculture_products": {
"text": "rice, rubber, corn, vegetables, cashews, cassava (manioc), silk"
},
"industries": {
"text": "tourism, garments, construction, rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining, textiles"
},
"industrial_production_growth_rate": {
"text": "9.8% (2012 est.)"
},
"labor_force": {
"text": "7.9 million (2011 est.)"
},
"labor_force_by_occupation": {
"agriculture": "55.8%",
"industry": "16.9%",
"services": "27.3% (2010 est.)"
},
"unemployment_rate": {
"text": "0% (2011 est.); 0.3% (2010 est.)"
},
"population_below_poverty_line": {
"text": "20% (2012 est.)"
},
"household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share": {
"lowest_10%": "3%",
"highest_10%": "37.3% (2007)"
},
"distribution_of_family_income_gini_index": {
"text": "37.9 (2008 est.); 41.9 (2004 est.)"
},
"budget": {
"revenues": "$2.393 billion",
"expenditures": "$2.83 billion (2012 est.)"
},
"taxes_and_other_revenues": {
"text": "16.8% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"budget_surplus_+_or_deficit": {
"text": "-3.1% of GDP (2012 est.)"
},
"public_debt": {
"text": "NA% of GDP"
},
"fiscal_year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"inflation_rate_consumer_prices": {
"text": "2.9% (2012 est.); 5.5% (2011 est.)"
},
"central_bank_discount_rate": {
"text": "NA% (31 December 2012); 5.25% (31 December 2007)"
},
"commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate": {
"text": "12.98% (31 December 2012 est.); 15.22% (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_narrow_money": {
"text": "$995.1 million (31 December 2012 est.); $965.8 million (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_broad_money": {
"text": "$5.695 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $5.037 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"stock_of_domestic_credit": {
"text": "$4.801 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $3.115 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares": {
"text": "$NA"
},
"current_account_balance": {
"text": "-$1.508 billion (2012 est.); -$1.122 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "$5.794 billion (2012 est.); $5.22 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"exports_commodities": {
"text": "clothing, timber, rubber, rice, fish, tobacco, footwear"
},
"exports_partners": {
"text": "US 32.7%, UK 8.4%, Germany 7.7%, Canada 7.7%, Singapore 6.6%, Vietnam 5.8%, Japan 4.7% (2012)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "$7.837 billion (2012 est.); $6.71 billion (2011 est.)"
},
"imports_commodities": {
"text": "petroleum products, cigarettes, gold, construction materials, machinery, motor vehicles, pharmaceutical products"
},
"imports_partners": {
"text": "Thailand 27.2%, Vietnam 20%, China 19.5%, Singapore 7.1%, Hong Kong 5.9%, South Korea 4.3% (2012)"
},
"reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold": {
"text": "$4.938 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $4.069 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"debt_external": {
"text": "$4.446 billion (31 December 2012 est.); $4.336 billion (31 December 2011 est.)"
},
"exchange_rates": {
"text": "riels (KHR) per US dollar -; 4,033 (2012 est.); 4,058.5 (2011 est.); 4,184.9 (2010 est.); 4,139 (2009); 4,070.94 (2008)"
}
},
"energy": {
"electricity_production": {
"text": "1.019 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_consumption": {
"text": "2.573 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_exports": {
"text": "0 kWh (2010 est.)"
},
"electricity_imports": {
"text": "1.83 billion kWh (2011 est.)"
},
"electricity_installed_generating_capacity": {
"text": "390,900 kW (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_fossil_fuels": {
"text": "95.2% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_nuclear_fuels": {
"text": "0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_hydroelectric_plants": {
"text": "3.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"electricity_from_other_renewable_sources": {
"text": "1.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_production": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_imports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2009 est.)"
},
"crude_oil_proved_reserves": {
"text": "0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_production": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_consumption": {
"text": "39,350 bbl/day (2011 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_exports": {
"text": "0 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"refined_petroleum_products_imports": {
"text": "34,340 bbl/day (2008 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_production": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_consumption": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_exports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_imports": {
"text": "0 cu m (2010 est.)"
},
"natural_gas_proved_reserves": {
"text": "0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)"
},
"carbon_dioxide_emissions_from_consumption_of_energy": {
"text": "3.59 million Mt (2010 est.)"
}
},
"comm": {
"telephones_main_lines_in_use": {
"text": "530,000 (2011)"
},
"telephones_mobile_cellular": {
"text": "13.757 million (2011)"
},
"telephone_system": {
"general_assessment": "adequate fixed-line and/or cellular service in Phnom Penh and other provincial cities; mobile-cellular phone systems are widely used in urban areas to bypass deficiencies in the fixed-line network; mobile-phone coverage is rapidly expanding in rural areas",
"domestic": "fixed-line connections stand at about 4 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage, aided by competition among service providers, is increasing rapidly and stands at 92 per 100 persons",
"international": "country code - 855; adequate but expensive landline and cellular service available to all countries from Phnom Penh and major provincial cities; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region) (2011)"
},
"broadcast_media": {
"text": "mixture of state-owned, joint public-private, and privately owned broadcast media; 9 TV broadcast stations with most operating on multiple channels, including 1 state-operated station broadcasting from multiple locations, 6 stations either jointly operated or privately owned with some broadcasting from several locations, and 2 TV relay stations - one relaying a French TV station and the other relaying a Vietnamese TV station; multi-channel cable and satellite systems are available; roughly 50 radio broadcast stations - 1 state-owned broadcaster with multiple stations and a large mixture of public and private broadcasters; several international broadcasters are available (2009)"
},
"internet_country_code": {
"text": ".kh"
},
"internet_hosts": {
"text": "13,784 (2012)"
},
"internet_users": {
"text": "78,500 (2009)"
}
},
"trans": {
"airports": {
"text": "16 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_paved_runways": {
"total": "6",
"2_438_to_3_047_m": "3",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "2",
"914_to_1_523_m": "1 (2013)"
},
"airports_with_unpaved_runways": {
"total": "10",
"1_524_to_2_437_m": "2",
"914_to_1_523_m": "7",
"under_914_m": "1 (2013)"
},
"heliports": {
"text": "1 (2013)"
},
"railways": {
"total": "690 km",
"narrow_gauge": "690 km 1.000-m gauge",
"note": "under restoration (2010)"
},
"roadways": {
"total": "39,618 km",
"paved": "2,492 km",
"unpaved": "37,126 km (2009)"
},
"waterways": {
"text": "3,700 km (mainly on Mekong River) (2012)"
},
"merchant_marine": {
"total": "544",
"by_type": "bulk carrier 38, cargo 459, carrier 7, chemical tanker 4, container 4, liquefied gas 1, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 8, refrigerated cargo 11, roll on/roll off 4, vehicle carrier 1",
"foreign_owned": "352 (Belgium 1, Canada 2, China 177, Cyprus 4, Egypt 4, Estonia 1, French Polynesia 1, Gabon 1, Greece 2, Hong Kong 10, Indonesia 2, Ireland 1, Japan 1, Lebanon 5, Russia 50, Singapore 3, South Korea 10, Syria 22, Taiwan 1, Turkey 15, UAE 2, UK 1, Ukraine 35, Vietnam 1) (2010)"
},
"ports_and_terminals": {
"major_seaports": "Sihanoukville (Kampong Saom)",
"river_ports": "Phnom Penh (Mekong)"
}
},
"military": {
"military_branches": {
"text": "Royal Cambodian Armed Forces: Royal Cambodian Army, Royal Khmer Navy, Royal Cambodian Air Force (2013)"
},
"military_service_age_and_obligation": {
"text": "18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory and voluntary military service (2012)"
},
"manpower_available_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "3,883,724",
"females_age_16_49": "4,003,585 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_fit_for_military_service": {
"males_age_16_49": "2,638,167",
"females_age_16_49": "2,965,328 (2010 est.)"
},
"manpower_reaching_militarily_significant_age_annually": {
"male": "151,143",
"female": "154,542 (2010 est.)"
},
"military_expenditures": {
"text": "2.4% of GDP (2012)"
}
},
"issues": {
"disputes_international": {
"text": "Cambodia is concerned about Laos' extensive upstream dam construction; Cambodia and Thailand dispute sections of boundary; in 2011 Thailand and Cambodia resorted to arms in the dispute over the location of the boundary on the precipice surmounted by Preah Vihear Temple ruins, awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962 and part of a UN World Heritage site; Cambodia accuses Vietnam of a wide variety of illicit cross-border activities; progress on a joint development area with Vietnam is hampered by an unresolved dispute over sovereignty of offshore islands"
},
"trafficking_in_persons": {
"current_situation": "Cambodia is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; Cambodian men, women, and children migrate to countries within the region for legitimate work but are subsequently subjected to sex trafficking, domestic servitude, debt bondage, or forced labor; the inability to understand formal obligations, read contracts, or pay processing fees, and inadequate government regulatory oversight renders some Cambodian migrant workers vulnerable to such exploitation; poor Cambodian children are subject to forced labor, including forced begging in Thailand and Vietnam; Cambodian and ethnic Vietnamese women and girls are trafficked from rural areas to urban centers for sexual exploitation; Cambodian men are the main exploiters of child prostitutes, but men from other Asian countries, the US, and Europe travel to Cambodia for child sex tourism",
"tier_rating": "Tier 2 Watch List - Cambodia does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has prosecuted and convicted fewer trafficking offenders and identified fewer victims than in the previous year; corruption continues to impede anti-trafficking endeavors; authorities systematically refer identified victims to NGO shelters, which provide the majority of services but lack long-term care services, making victims, particularly children, vulnerable to re-trafficking; the government has established a migration working group within its anti-trafficking committee to better address the exploitation of Cambodian workers abroad, but laws governing migrant workers abroad remain weak (2013)"
},
"illicit_drugs": {
"text": "narcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some in the government, military, and police; limited methamphetamine production; vulnerable to money laundering due to its cash-based economy and porous borders"
}
}
}