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94
europe/al.json
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@ -90,6 +90,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "3,537 sq km (2014)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution, with somewhat higher concentrations of people in the western and central parts of the country"
},
@ -98,9 +101,6 @@
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links Adriatic Sea to Ionian Sea and Mediterranean Sea)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
}
},
"People and Society": {
@ -385,20 +385,6 @@
"text": "2.55 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "283 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "231.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "905 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "30.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter"
},
@ -422,6 +408,14 @@
"text": "28.2% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "63% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "1.29% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.18% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -432,14 +426,6 @@
"text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "63% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "1.29% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "1,142,964 tons (2015 est.)"
@ -447,6 +433,20 @@
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "283 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "231.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "905 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "30.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -636,14 +636,14 @@
"text": "<p>Albania, a formerly closed, centrally planned state, is a developing country with a modern open-market economy. Albania managed to weather the first waves of the global financial crisis but, the negative effects of the crisis caused a significant economic slowdown. Since 2014, Albania’s economy has steadily improved and economic growth reached 3.8% in 2017. However, close trade, remittance, and banking sector ties with Greece and Italy make Albania vulnerable to spillover effects of possible debt crises and weak growth in the euro zone.</p> <p>Remittances, a significant catalyst for economic growth, declined from 12-15% of GDP before the 2008 financial crisis to 5.8% of GDP in 2015, mostly from Albanians residing in Greece and Italy. The agricultural sector, which accounts for more than 40% of employment but less than one quarter of GDP, is limited primarily to small family operations and subsistence farming, because of a lack of modern equipment, unclear property rights, and the prevalence of small, inefficient plots of land. Complex tax codes and licensing requirements, a weak judicial system, endemic corruption, poor enforcement of contracts and property issues, and antiquated infrastructure contribute to Albania's poor business environment making attracting foreign investment difficult. Since 2015, Albania has launched an ambitious program to increase tax compliance and bring more businesses into the formal economy. In July 2016, Albania passed constitutional amendments reforming the judicial system in order to strengthen the rule of law and to reduce deeply entrenched corruption.</p> <p>Albania’s electricity supply is uneven despite upgraded transmission capacities with neighboring countries. However, the government has recently taken steps to stem non-technical losses and has begun to upgrade the distribution grid. Better enforcement of electricity contracts has improved the financial viability of the sector, decreasing its reliance on budget support. Also, with help from international donors, the government is taking steps to improve the poor road and rail networks, a long standing barrier to sustained economic growth.</p> <p>Inward foreign direct investment has increased significantly in recent years as the government has embarked on an ambitious program to improve the business climate through fiscal and legislative reforms. The government is focused on the simplification of licensing requirements and tax codes, and it entered into a new arrangement with the IMF for additional financial and technical support. Albania’s three-year IMF program, an extended fund facility arrangement, was successfully concluded in February 2017. The Albanian Government has strengthened tax collection amid moderate public wage and pension increases in an effort to reduce its budget deficit. The country continues to face high public debt, exceeding its former statutory limit of 60% of GDP in 2013 and reaching 72% in 2016.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$37.73 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$39.859 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$39.02 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$38.986 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$37.461 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$38.19 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -659,14 +659,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$13,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$13,965 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$13,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$13,601 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$13,037 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$13,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -808,11 +808,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$900.7 million (2017 est.)"
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$3.47 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2016": {
"text": "$789.1 million (2016 est.)"
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$4.82 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$4.78 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -822,11 +825,14 @@
"text": "leather footwear and parts, crude petroleum, iron alloys, clothing, electricity, perfumes (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$4.103 billion (2017 est.)"
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$5.67 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2016": {
"text": "$3.67 billion (2016 est.)"
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$6.93 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$6.85 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -964,7 +970,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "<p>Albania’s small telecom market has improved through signatory status of EU accession plan; EU financial aid will build infrastructure and enhance cooperation; operator committed €100 million to upgrade fixed-line infrastructure, supporting broadband services nationally; consistent with the region, fixed-line telephony use and penetration is declining as subscribers prefer mobile solutions; mobile sector is supported through LTE networks; operators have invested in 5G, including the intention to create a corridor with Kosovo; importer of broadcasting equipment from EU neighbors (2021)</p> (2020)"
"text": "<p>Albania’s small telecom market has improved through signatory status of EU accession plan; EU financial aid will build infrastructure and enhance cooperation; operator committed €100 million to upgrade fixed-line infrastructure, supporting broadband services nationally; consistent with the region, fixed-line telephony use and penetration is declining as subscribers prefer mobile solutions; mobile sector is supported through LTE networks; operators have invested in 5G, including the intention to create a corridor with Kosovo; importer of broadcasting equipment from EU neighbors </p> (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "fixed-line 8 per 100, teledensity continues to decline due to heavy use of mobile-cellular telephone services; mobile-cellular telephone use is widespread and generally effective, 91 per 100 for mobile-cellular (2019)"

20
europe/an.json
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@ -344,9 +344,6 @@
"text": "0.05 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "315.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers"
},
@ -370,11 +367,6 @@
"text": "26% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "87.9% of total population (2021)"
@ -383,10 +375,18 @@
"text": "0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "43,000 tons (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "315.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -486,13 +486,13 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "unicameral General Council of the Valleys or Consell General de les Valls (a minimum of 28 seats; 14 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies (parishes) by simple majority vote and 14 directly elected in a single national constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms); note - voters cast two separate ballots - one for a national list and one for a parish list"
"text": "unicameral General Council of the Valleys or Consell General de les Valls (a minimum of 28 seats; 14 members directly elected in twoi-seat constituencies (7 parishes) by simple majority vote and 14 directly elected in a single national constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms); note - voters cast two separate ballots - one for a national list and one for a parish list"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 7 April 2019 (next to be held&nbsp;on April&nbsp;2023)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - DA 35.1%, PS 30.6%, L'A 12.5%, Third Way/Lauredian Union 10.4%, other 22.4%; seats by party - DA 11, PS 7, L'A 4, Third Way/Lauredian Union 4, other 2; composition - men 14, women 14, percent of women 50%"
"text": "percent of vote by party - DA 35.1%, PS 30.6%, L'A 12.5%, Third Way/Lauredian Union 10.4%, other 22.4%; seats by party - DA 11, PS 7, L'A 4, Third Way/Lauredian Union 4, other 2; composition - men 15, women 13, percent of women 46.4%"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {

102
europe/au.json
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@ -85,6 +85,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "1,170 sq km (2012)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "the northern and eastern portions of the country are more densely populated; nearly two-thirds of the populace lives in urban areas"
},
@ -93,9 +96,6 @@
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "note 1: landlocked; strategic location at the crossroads of central Europe with many easily traversable Alpine passes and valleys; major river is the Danube; population is concentrated on eastern lowlands because of steep slopes, poor soils, and low temperatures elsewhere<br><br>note 2: the world's largest and longest ice cave system at 42 km (26 mi) is the Eisriesenwelt (Ice Giants World) inside the Hochkogel mountain near Werfen, about 40 km south of Salzburg; ice caves are bedrock caves that contain year-round ice formations; they differ from glacial caves, which are transient and are formed by melting ice and flowing water within and under glaciers"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
}
},
"People and Society": {
@ -365,20 +365,6 @@
"text": "6.34 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "720 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "2.695 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "77.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "77.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderate summers with occasional showers"
},
@ -402,6 +388,14 @@
"text": "14.4% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "59% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.07% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -412,14 +406,6 @@
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "59% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "4.836 million tons (2015 est.)"
@ -433,6 +419,20 @@
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "720 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "2.695 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "77.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "77.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -532,13 +532,13 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "bicameral Federal Assembly or Bundesversammlung consists of:<br>Federal Council or Bundesrat (61 seats; members appointed by state parliaments with each state receiving 3 to 12 seats in proportion to its population; members serve 5- or 6-year terms)<br>National Council or Nationalrat (183 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms) (e.g. 2019)"
"text": "bicameral Federal Assembly or Bundesversammlung consists of:<br>Federal Council or Bundesrat (61 seats; members appointed by state parliaments with each state receiving 3 to 12 seats in proportion to its population; members serve 5- or 6-year terms)<br>National Council or Nationalrat (183 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "<br>Federal Council - last appointed - NA<br>National Council - last held on 29 September 2019 (next to be held in 2024); note - election was originally scheduled for 2022, but President VAN DER BELLEN called for an early election (e.g. 2019)"
"text": "<br>Federal Council - last appointed - NA<br>National Council - last held on 29 September 2019 (next to be held in 2024); note - election was originally scheduled for 2022, but President VAN DER BELLEN called for an early election"
},
"election results": {
"text": "<br>Federal Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 44, women 17, percent of women 27.9% <br>National Council - percent of vote by party - OeVP 37.5%, SPOe 21.2%, FPOe 16.2%, The Greens 13.9%, NEOS 8.1%, other 3.1%; seats by party - OeVP 71, SPOe 40, FPOe 31, The Greens 26,  NEOS 15; composition - men 115, women 68, percent of women 37.2%; note - total Federal Assembly percent of women 34.8% (e.g. 2019)"
"text": "<br>Federal Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition (as of September 2021) - men 39, women 22, percent of women 36.1% <br>National Council - percent of vote by party - OeVP 37.5%, SPOe 21.2%, FPOe 16.2%, The Greens 13.9%, NEOS 8.1%, other 3.1%; seats by party - OeVP 71, SPOe 40, FPOe 31, The Greens 26,  NEOS 15; composition (as of September 2021) - men 109, women 74, percent of women 40.4%; note - total Federal Assembly percent of women 39.3%"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -622,14 +622,14 @@
"text": "<p>Austria is a well-developed market economy with skilled labor force and high standard of living. It is closely tied to other EU economies, especially Germany's, but also the US’, its third-largest trade partner. Its economy features a large service sector, a sound industrial sector, and a small, but highly developed agricultural sector.</p><p></p><p>Austrian economic growth strengthen in 2017, with a 2.9% increase in GDP. Austrian exports, accounting for around 60% of the GDP, were up 8.2% in 2017. Austria’s unemployment rate fell by 0.3% to 5.5%, which is low by European standards, but still at its second highest rate since the end of World War II, driven by an increased number of refugees and EU migrants entering the labor market.</p><p></p><p>Austria's fiscal position compares favorably with other euro-zone countries. The budget deficit stood at a low 0.7% of GDP in 2017 and public debt declined again to 78.4% of GDP in 2017, after reaching a post-war high 84.6% in 2015. The Austrian government has announced it plans to balance the fiscal budget in 2019. Several external risks, such as Austrian banks' exposure to Central and Eastern Europe, the refugee crisis, and continued unrest in Russia/Ukraine, eased in 2017, but are still a factor for the Austrian economy. Exposure to the Russian banking sector and a deep energy relationship with Russia present additional risks.</p><p></p><p>Austria elected a new pro-business government in October 2017 that campaigned on promises to reduce bureaucracy, improve public sector efficiency, reduce labor market protections, and provide positive investment incentives.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$463.12 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$498.78 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$495.8 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$491.803 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$479.433 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$488.86 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -645,14 +645,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$51,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$56,188 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$55,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$55,631 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$54,496 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$55,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -797,14 +797,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$226.79 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$270.888 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$247.17 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$263.145 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$249.312 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$253.3 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -814,14 +814,14 @@
"text": "cars, packaged medical supplies, vehicle parts, medical vaccines/cultures, flavored water (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$211.85 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$253.276 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$232.8 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$247.225 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$235.385 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$238.79 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -959,7 +959,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "<p>mature telecom market benefitting from effective competition; government and regulator are focused on improving telecom infrastructure; program to provide a national gigabit service by 2030 based on 5G networks; fixed-line broadband market is dominated by DSL sector, while cable broadband enjoys steady share of connections; fiber penetration remains low pending build out network infrastructure; EU-funded projects develop infrastructure to enable an 'Internet of Services; Vienna is a smart city; importer of broadcasting equipment from Vietnam and China (2021)</p> (2020)"
"text": "<p>mature telecom market benefitting from effective competition; government and regulator are focused on improving telecom infrastructure; program to provide a national gigabit service by 2030 based on 5G networks; fixed-line broadband market is dominated by DSL sector, while cable broadband enjoys steady share of connections; fiber penetration remains low pending build out network infrastructure; EU-funded projects develop infrastructure to enable an 'Internet of Services; Vienna is a smart city; importer of broadcasting equipment from Vietnam and China</p> (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "developed and efficient; 41 per 100 fixed-line for households, 174 per 100 for companies; 120 per 100 mobile-cellular; broadband: 138 per 100 on smartphones; 62 per 100 fixed broadband, 54 per 100 mobile broadband (2019)"
@ -1114,7 +1114,7 @@
"text": "290 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR stabilization force); 340 Kosovo (NATO); 180 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Sep 2021)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "registration requirement at age 17, the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; 18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service (6 months), or optionally, alternative civil/community service (9 months); males 18 to 50 years old in the militia or inactive reserve are subject to compulsory service; in a January 2012 referendum, a majority of Austrians voted in favor of retaining the system of compulsory military service (with the option of alternative/non-military service) instead of switching to a professional army system (2015)"
"text": "registration requirement at age 17, the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; 18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service (6 months), or optionally, alternative civil/community service (9 months); males 18 to 50 years old in the militia or inactive reserve are subject to compulsory service; in a January 2012 referendum, a majority of Austrians voted in favor of retaining the system of compulsory military service (with the option of alternative/non-military service) instead of switching to a professional army system (2019)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "<p>Austria is constitutionally non-aligned, but is an EU member and actively participates in EU peacekeeping and crisis management operations under the Common Security and Defense Policy; Austria is not a member of NATO, but joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace framework in 1995 and participates in NATO-led crisis-management and peacekeeping operations; as of 2021, more than 100,000 Austrian military and civilian personnel have taken part in more than 50 international peace support and humanitarian missions since 1960</p>"
@ -1132,7 +1132,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "51,955 (Syria), 37,276 (Afghanistan), 8,664 (Russia), 8,568 (Iraq), 7,636 (Somalia), 6,393 (Iran) (2019)"
"text": "54,903 (Syria), 40,096 (Afghanistan), 9,152 (Iraq), 8,074 (Somalia), 7,513 (Russia), 6,878 (Iran) (2020)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "3,267 (2020)"

98
europe/be.json
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@ -96,6 +96,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "230 sq km (2012)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Seine 78,919 sq km), Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "most of the population concentrated in the northern two-thirds of the country; the southeast is more thinly populated; considered to have one of the highest population densities in the world; approximately 97% live in urban areas"
},
@ -370,20 +373,6 @@
"text": "7.78 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "739 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "3.21 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "45 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "18.3 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy"
},
@ -407,6 +396,14 @@
"text": "33.5% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "98.1% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -417,14 +414,6 @@
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "98.1% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "4.708 million tons (2015 est.)"
@ -435,6 +424,23 @@
"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
"text": "34.3% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Seine 78,919 sq km), Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)"
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "739 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "3.21 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "45 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "18.3 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -532,13 +538,13 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br>Senate or Senaat (in Dutch), Senat (in French) (60 seats; 50 members indirectly elected by the community and regional parliaments based on their election results, and 10 elected by the 50 other senators; members serve 5-year terms)<br> Chamber of Representatives or Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers (in Dutch), Chambre des Representants (in French) (150 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br>Senate or Senaat (in Dutch), Senat (in French) (60 seats; 50 members indirectly elected by the community and regional parliaments based on their election results, and 10 elected by the 50 other senators; members serve 5-year terms)<br>Chamber of Representatives or Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers (in Dutch), Chambre des Representants (in French) (150 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "<p>Senate - last held 26 May 2019 (next to be held in 2024)</p> Chamber of Representatives - last held on 26 May 2019 (next to be held in 2024); note - elections coincided with the EU elections"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition men 32, women 28, percent of women 46.7%<br><br>Chamber of Representatives - percent of vote by party - N-VA 16.0%, VB 11.9%, PS 9.5%, CD&amp;V 8.9%, PVDA+/PTB 8.62%, Open VLD 8.5%, MR 7.6%, SP.A 6.7%, Ecolo 6.1%, Groen 6.1%, CDH 3.7%, Defi 2.2%, PP 1.1%, other 20.1%; seats by party - N-VA 25, VB 18, PS 20, CD&amp;V 12, PVDA+PTB 12, Open VLD 12, MR 14, SP.A 9, Ecolo 13, Groen 8, CDH 5, Defi 2; composition - men 86, women 64, percent of women 42.7%"
"text": "<br>Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition men 33, women 27, percent of women 45%<br>Chamber of Representatives - percent of vote by party - N-VA 16.0%, VB 11.9%, PS 9.5%, CD&amp;V 8.9%, PVDA+/PTB 8.62%, Open VLD 8.5%, MR 7.6%, SP.A 6.7%, Ecolo 6.1%, Groen 6.1%, CDH 3.7%, Defi 2.2%, PP 1.1%, other 20.1%; seats by party - N-VA 25, VB 18, PS 20, CD&amp;V 12, PVDA+PTB 12, Open VLD 12, MR 14, SP.A 9, Ecolo 13, Groen 8, CDH 5, Defi 2; composition - men 86, women 64, percent of women 42.7%; note - overall Parliament percent of women 43.8%"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the 1993 constitutional revision that further devolved Belgium into a federal state created three levels of government (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a complex division of responsibilities; this reality leaves six governments, each with its own legislative assembly; changes above occurred since the sixth state reform"
},
@ -620,14 +626,14 @@
"text": "<p>Belgium’s central geographic location and highly developed transport network have helped develop a well-diversified economy, with a broad mix of transport, services, manufacturing, and high tech. Service and high-tech industries are concentrated in the northern Flanders region while the southern region of Wallonia is home to industries like coal and steel manufacturing. Belgium is completely reliant on foreign sources of fossil fuels, and the planned closure of its seven nuclear plants by 2025 should increase its dependence on foreign energy. Its role as a regional logistical hub makes its economy vulnerable to shifts in foreign demand, particularly with EU trading partners. Roughly three-quarters of Belgium's trade is with other EU countries, and the port of Zeebrugge conducts almost half its trade with the United Kingdom alone, leaving Belgium’s economy vulnerable to the outcome of negotiations on the UK’s exit from the EU.</p><p></p><p>Belgium’s GDP grew by 1.7% in 2017 and the budget deficit was 1.5% of GDP. Unemployment stood at 7.3%, however the unemployment rate is lower in Flanders than Wallonia, 4.4% compared to 9.4%, because of industrial differences between the regions. The economy largely recovered from the March 2016 terrorist attacks that mainly impacted the Brussels region tourist and hospitality industry. Prime Minister Charles MICHEL's center-right government has pledged to further reduce the deficit in response to EU pressure to decrease Belgium's high public debt of about 104% of GDP, but such efforts would also dampen economic growth. In addition to restrained public spending, low wage growth and higher inflation promise to curtail a more robust recovery in private consumption.</p><p></p><p>The government has pledged to pursue a reform program to improve Belgium’s competitiveness, including changes to labor market rules and welfare benefits. These changes have generally made Belgian wages more competitive regionally, but have raised tensions with trade unions, which have called for extended strikes. In 2017, Belgium approved a tax reform plan to ease corporate rates from 33% to 29% by 2018 and down to 25% by 2020. The tax plan also included benefits for innovation and SMEs, intended to spur competitiveness and private investment.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$557.11 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$596.414 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$594.47 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$586.192 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$575.757 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$584.05 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -643,14 +649,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$48,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$51,934 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$51,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$51,299 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$50,615 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$51,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -795,14 +801,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$414.79 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$474.278 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$436.3 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$469.48 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$466.732 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$451.25 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -812,14 +818,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, medical cultures/vaccines, diamonds, natural gas (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$412.85 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$473.129 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$433.04 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$469.546 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$463.706 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$452.53 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -957,7 +963,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "<p>Belgium has a highly developed, technologically advanced telecom system; LTE is nearly universal; ongoing investment in 5G with services to dozens of cities and towns; competition between the DSL and cable platforms with investment in fiber networks; 5G; operators accelerating fiber roll-out program; Brussels Airport collaborating with operator to deploy 5G and IoT solutions; international connections through satellite and submarine cables; importer of broadcast equipment from EU neighbors (2021)</p> (2020)"
"text": "Belgium has a highly developed, technologically advanced telecom system; LTE is nearly universal; ongoing investment in 5G with services to dozens of cities and towns; competition between the DSL and cable platforms with investment in fiber networks; 5G; operators accelerating fiber roll-out program; Brussels Airport collaborating with operator to deploy 5G and IoT solutions; international connections through satellite and submarine cables; importer of broadcast equipment from EU neighbors (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "34 per 100 fixed-line, 100 per 100 mobile-cellular; nationwide mobile-cellular telephone system; extensive cable network; limited microwave radio relay network (2019)"
@ -1139,7 +1145,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "16,604 (Syria), 5,602 (Iraq), 5,070 (Afghanistan) (2019)"
"text": "16,693 (Syria), 5,515 (Iraq) (2020)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "1,264 (2020)"

90
europe/bk.json
View file

@ -85,6 +85,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "30 sq km (2012)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "the northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated"
},
@ -93,9 +96,6 @@
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "within Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognized borders, the country is divided into a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation (about 51% of the territory) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska or RS (about 49% of the territory); the region called Herzegovina is contiguous to Croatia and Montenegro, and traditionally has been settled by an ethnic Croat majority in the west and an ethnic Serb majority in the east"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
}
},
"People and Society": {
@ -377,17 +377,6 @@
"text": "2.92 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "360.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "71.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "37.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast"
},
@ -411,6 +400,14 @@
"text": "15% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "49.4% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.49% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -421,14 +418,6 @@
"text": "0.34% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "49.4% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "1,248,718 tons (2015 est.)"
@ -442,6 +431,17 @@
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "360.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "71.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "37.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -640,14 +640,14 @@
"text": "<p>Bosnia and Herzegovina has a transitional economy with limited market reforms. The economy relies heavily on the export of metals, energy, textiles, and furniture as well as on remittances and foreign aid. A highly decentralized government hampers economic policy coordination and reform, while excessive bureaucracy and a segmented market discourage foreign investment. The economy is among the least competitive in the region. Foreign banks, primarily from Austria and Italy, control much of the banking sector, though the largest bank is a private domestic one. The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark) - the national currency introduced in 1998 - is pegged to the euro through a currency board arrangement, which has maintained confidence in the currency and has facilitated reliable trade links with European partners. Bosnia and Herzegovina became a full member of the Central European Free Trade Agreement in September 2007. In 2016, Bosnia began a three-year IMF loan program, but it has struggled to meet the economic reform benchmarks required to receive all funding installments.</p><p></p><p>Bosnia and Herzegovina's private sector is growing slowly, but foreign investment dropped sharply after 2007 and remains low. High unemployment remains the most serious macroeconomic problem. Successful implementation of a value-added tax in 2006 provided a steady source of revenue for the government and helped rein in gray-market activity, though public perceptions of government corruption and misuse of taxpayer money has encouraged a large informal economy to persist. National-level statistics have improved over time, but a large share of economic activity remains unofficial and unrecorded.</p><p></p><p>Bosnia and Herzegovina's top economic priorities are: acceleration of integration into the EU; strengthening the fiscal system; public administration reform; World Trade Organization membership; and securing economic growth by fostering a dynamic, competitive private sector.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$47.05 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$49.224 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$49.17 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$47.94 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$46.212 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$47.82 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -663,14 +663,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$14,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$14,912 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$14,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$14,423 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$13,788 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$14,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -810,14 +810,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$6.81 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$8.843 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$8.17 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$8.91 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$8.395 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$8.57 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -827,14 +827,14 @@
"text": "electricity, seating, leather shoes, furniture, insulated wiring (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$9.71 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$12.561 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$11.15 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$12.441 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$11.999 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$11.55 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -972,7 +972,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "<p>Bosnia-Herzegovina aims for national LTE coverage through integration with European Union (EU); roaming agreements with EU and Balkan neighbors; fixed-line broadband is underdeveloped, investments in mobile upgrades facilitate broadband connectivity to a greater extent than in Europe; DSL and cable are the main platforms for fixed-line connectivity while fiber broadband has a small market presence; operators support broadband in rural areas where fixed-line infrastructure is insufficient; LTE services under test licenses; 5G awaits market maturity; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2021)</p> (2020)"
"text": "<p>Bosnia-Herzegovina aims for national LTE coverage through integration with European Union (EU); roaming agreements with EU and Balkan neighbors; fixed-line broadband is underdeveloped, investments in mobile upgrades facilitate broadband connectivity to a greater extent than in Europe; DSL and cable are the main platforms for fixed-line connectivity while fiber broadband has a small market presence; operators support broadband in rural areas where fixed-line infrastructure is insufficient; LTE services under test licenses; 5G awaits market maturity; importer of broadcasting equipment from China</p> (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "fixed-line teledensity roughly 24 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular subscribership has been increasing rapidly and stands at roughly 112 telephones per 100 persons (2019)"
@ -1136,7 +1136,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "5,116 (Croatia) (2019)"
"text": "5,112 (Croatia) (2020)"
},
"IDPs": {
"text": "99,000 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks displaced by inter-ethnic violence, human rights violations, and armed conflict during the 1992-95 war) (2020)"
@ -1144,7 +1144,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "66 (2020)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 83,028 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-October 2021)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 83,369 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-October 2021)"
},
"Trafficking in persons": {
"current situation": {

94
europe/bo.json
View file

@ -85,6 +85,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "1,140 sq km (2012)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea) </em>Dnieper (533,966 sq km)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations"
},
@ -93,9 +96,6 @@
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "landlocked; glacial scouring accounts for the flatness of Belarusian terrain and for its 11,000 lakes"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea) </em>Dnieper (533,966 sq km)"
}
},
"People and Society": {
@ -379,20 +379,6 @@
"text": "17.19 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "523 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "443 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "431 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "57.9 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime"
},
@ -416,6 +402,14 @@
"text": "13.6% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "79.9% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "1.02% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -426,14 +420,6 @@
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "79.9% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "4.28 million tons (2015 est.)"
@ -447,6 +433,20 @@
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea) </em>Dnieper (533,966 sq km)"
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "523 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "443 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "431 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "57.9 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -635,14 +635,14 @@
"text": "<p>As part of the former Soviet Union, Belarus had a relatively well-developed industrial base, but it is now outdated, inefficient, and dependent on subsidized Russian energy and preferential access to Russian markets. The country’s agricultural base is largely dependent on government subsidies. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, an initial burst of economic reforms included privatization of state enterprises, creation of private property rights, and the acceptance of private entrepreneurship, but by 1994 the reform effort dissipated. About 80% of industry remains in state hands, and foreign investment has virtually disappeared. Several businesses have been renationalized. State-owned entities account for 70-75% of GDP, and state banks make up 75% of the banking sector.</p><p></p><p>Economic output declined for several years following the break-up of the Soviet Union, but revived in the mid-2000s. Belarus has only small reserves of crude oil and imports crude oil and natural gas from Russia at subsidized, below market, prices. Belarus derives export revenue by refining Russian crude and selling it at market prices. Russia and Belarus have had serious disagreements over prices and quantities for Russian energy. Beginning in early 2016, Russia claimed Belarus began accumulating debt – reaching $740 million by April 2017 – for paying below the agreed price for Russian natural gas and Russia cut back its export of crude oil as a result of the debt. In April 2017, Belarus agreed to pay its gas debt and Russia restored the flow of crude.</p><p></p><p>New non-Russian foreign investment has been limited in recent years, largely because of an unfavorable financial climate. In 2011, a financial crisis lead to a nearly three-fold devaluation of the Belarusian ruble. The Belarusian economy has continued to struggle under the weight of high external debt servicing payments and a trade deficit. In mid-December 2014, the devaluation of the Russian ruble triggered a near 40% devaluation of the Belarusian ruble.</p><p></p><p>Belarus’s economy stagnated between 2012 and 2016, widening productivity and income gaps between Belarus and neighboring countries. Budget revenues dropped because of falling global prices on key Belarusian export commodities. Since 2015, the Belarusian government has tightened its macro-economic policies, allowed more flexibility to its exchange rate, taken some steps towards price liberalization, and reduced subsidized government lending to state-owned enterprises. Belarus returned to modest growth in 2017, largely driven by improvement of external conditions and Belarus issued sovereign debt for the first time since 2011, which provided the country with badly-needed liquidity, and issued $600 million worth of Eurobonds in February 2018, predominantly to US and British investors.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$179.97 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$181.286 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$181.61 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$179.098 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$173.63 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$179.1 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -658,14 +658,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$19,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$19,150 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$19,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$18,885 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$18,280 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$18,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -810,11 +810,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$28.65 billion (2017 est.)"
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$37.04 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2016": {
"text": "$22.98 billion (2016 est.)"
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$41.97 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$42.27 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -824,11 +827,14 @@
"text": "refined petroleum, fertilizers, cheese, delivery trucks, crude petroleum (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$31.58 billion (2017 est.)"
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$35.16 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2016": {
"text": "$25.61 billion (2016 est.)"
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$42.38 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$41.34 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -966,7 +972,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "<p>government owns and administers backbone network and much of telecom market with no independent regulator; government and telecom regulator are concluding three major programs aimed at developing the telecom sector and digital economy to enable 5G services and extension of fiber infrastructure; growing applications for smart cities; developing mobile broadband and data services to rural areas; commercial LTE services extended to 80% of the population; operators provide standalone 5G service and NB-IoT services; international connection through fiber optic and terrestrial link, nascent satellite system; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2021)</p> (2020)"
"text": "<p>government owns and administers backbone network and much of telecom market with no independent regulator; government and telecom regulator are concluding three major programs aimed at developing the telecom sector and digital economy to enable 5G services and extension of fiber infrastructure; growing applications for smart cities; developing mobile broadband and data services to rural areas; commercial LTE services extended to 80% of the population; operators provide standalone 5G service and NB-IoT services; international connection through fiber optic and terrestrial link, nascent satellite system; importer of broadcasting equipment from China</p> (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "fixed-line teledensity is improving although rural areas continue to be underserved, 48 per 100 fixed-line; mobile-cellular teledensity now approaches 123 telephones per 100 persons (2019)"

94
europe/bu.json
View file

@ -93,6 +93,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "1,020 sq km (2012)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger populations"
},
@ -101,9 +104,6 @@
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes from Europe to Middle East and Asia"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
}
},
"People and Society": {
@ -385,20 +385,6 @@
"text": "6.77 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "882 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "3.942 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "834.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "21.3 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers"
},
@ -422,6 +408,14 @@
"text": "16.4% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "76% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "-0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.22% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -432,14 +426,6 @@
"text": "0.14% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "76% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "-0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "3.011 million tons (2015 est.)"
@ -453,6 +439,20 @@
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "882 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "3.942 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "834.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "21.3 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -643,14 +643,14 @@
"text": "<p>Bulgaria, a former communist country that entered the EU in 2007, has an open economy that historically has demonstrated strong growth, but its per-capita income remains the lowest among EU members and its reliance on energy imports and foreign demand for its exports makes its growth sensitive to external market conditions.</p><p></p><p>The government undertook significant structural economic reforms in the 1990s to move the economy from a centralized, planned economy to a more liberal, market-driven economy. These reforms included privatization of state-owned enterprises, liberalization of trade, and strengthening of the tax system - changes that initially caused some economic hardships but later helped to attract investment, spur growth, and make gradual improvements to living conditions. From 2000 through 2008, Bulgaria maintained robust, average annual real GDP growth in excess of 6%, which was followed by a deep recession in 2009 as the financial crisis caused domestic demand, exports, capital inflows and industrial production to contract, prompting the government to rein in spending. Real GDP growth remained slow - less than 2% annually - until 2015, when demand from EU countries for Bulgarian exports, plus an inflow of EU development funds, boosted growth to more than 3%. In recent years, strong domestic demand combined with low international energy prices have contributed to Bulgaria’s economic growth approaching 4% and have also helped to ease inflation. Bulgaria’s prudent public financial management contributed to budget surpluses both in 2016 and 2017.</p><p></p><p>Bulgaria is heavily reliant on energy imports from Russia, a potential vulnerability, and is a participant in EU-backed efforts to diversify regional natural gas supplies. In late 2016, the Bulgarian Government provided funding to Bulgaria’s National Electric Company to cover the $695 million compensation owed to Russian nuclear equipment manufacturer Atomstroyexport for the cancellation of the Belene Nuclear Power Plant project, which the Bulgarian Government terminated in 2012. As of early 2018, the government was floating the possibility of resurrecting the Belene project. The natural gas market, dominated by state-owned Bulgargaz, is also almost entirely supplied by Russia. Infrastructure projects such as the Inter-Connector Greece-Bulgaria and Inter-Connector Bulgaria-Serbia, which would enable Bulgaria to have access to non-Russian gas, have either stalled or made limited progress. In 2016, the Bulgarian Government established the State eGovernment Agency. This new agency is responsible for the electronic governance, coordinating national policies with the EU, and strengthening cybersecurity.</p><p></p><p>Despite a favorable investment regime, including low, flat corporate income taxes, significant challenges remain. Corruption in public administration, a weak judiciary, low productivity, lack of transparency in public procurements, and the presence of organized crime continue to hamper the country's investment climate and economic prospects.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$155.06 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$161.654 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$161.78 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$155.894 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$151.218 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$156.02 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -666,14 +666,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$22,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$23,174 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$23,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$22,191 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$21,371 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$22,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -819,14 +819,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$39.27 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$42.369 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$44.04 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$40.779 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$40.091 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$43.52 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -836,14 +836,14 @@
"text": "refined petroleum, packaged medicines, copper, wheat, electricity (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$38.07 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$44.853 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$41.84 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$42.841 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$40.53 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$41.91 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -1157,12 +1157,12 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "17,551 (Syria) (2019)"
"text": "18,310 (Syria) (2020)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "1,141 (2020)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 64,672 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-September 2021); Bulgaria is predominantly a transit country"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 64,658 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-September 2021); Bulgaria is predominantly a transit country"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "major European transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and, to a lesser degree, South American cocaine for the European market; limited producer of precursor chemicals; vulnerable to money laundering because of corruption, organized crime; some money laundering of drug-related proceeds through financial institutions"

86
europe/cy.json
View file

@ -388,20 +388,6 @@
"text": "0.86 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "110 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "17 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "184 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "780 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters"
},
@ -425,6 +411,14 @@
"text": "67.8% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "66.9% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.76% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -435,14 +429,6 @@
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "66.9% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.76% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "541,000 tons (2015 est.)"
@ -453,6 +439,20 @@
"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
"text": "13.3% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "110 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "17 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "184 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "780 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -647,14 +647,14 @@
"text": "<p>The area of the Republic of Cyprus under government control has a market economy dominated by a services sector that accounts for more than four-fifths of GDP. Tourism, finance, shipping, and real estate have traditionally been the most important services. Cyprus has been a member of the EU since May 2004 and adopted the euro as its national currency in January 2008.</p><p></p><p>During the first five years of EU membership, the Cyprus economy grew at an average rate of about 4%, with unemployment between 2004 and 2008 averaging about 4%. However, the economy tipped into recession in 2009 as the ongoing global financial crisis and resulting low demand hit the tourism and construction sectors. An overextended banking sector with excessive exposure to Greek debt added to the contraction. Cyprus’ biggest two banks were among the largest holders of Greek bonds in Europe and had a substantial presence in Greece through bank branches and subsidiaries. Following numerous downgrades of its credit rating, Cyprus lost access to international capital markets in May 2011. In July 2012, Cyprus became the fifth euro-zone government to request an economic bailout program from the European Commission, European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund - known collectively as the \"Troika.\"</p><p></p><p>Shortly after the election of President Nikos ANASTASIADES in February 2013, Cyprus reached an agreement with the Troika on a $13 billion bailout that triggered a two-week bank closure and the imposition of capital controls that remained partially in place until April 2015. Cyprus' two largest banks merged and the combined entity was recapitalized through conversion of some large bank deposits to shares and imposition of losses on bank bondholders. As with other EU countries, the Troika conditioned the bailout on passing financial and structural reforms and privatizing state-owned enterprises. Despite downsizing and restructuring, the Cypriot financial sector remains burdened by the largest stock of non-performing loans in the euro zone, equal to nearly half of all loans. Since the bailout, Cyprus has received positive appraisals by the Troika and outperformed fiscal targets but has struggled to overcome political opposition to bailout-mandated legislation, particularly regarding privatizations. The rate of non-performing loans (NPLs) is still very high at around 49%, and growth would accelerate if Cypriot banks could increase the pace of resolution of the NPLs.</p><p></p><p>In October 2013, a US-Israeli consortium completed preliminary appraisals of hydrocarbon deposits in Cyprus’ exclusive economic zone (EEZ), which estimated gross mean reserves of about 130 billion cubic meters. Though exploration continues in Cyprus’ EEZ, no additional commercially exploitable reserves have been identified. Developing offshore hydrocarbon resources remains a critical component of the government’s economic recovery efforts, but development has been delayed as a result of regional developments and disagreements about exploitation methods.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$33.67 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$35.353 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$35.48 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$34.299 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$32.591 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$34.42 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -670,14 +670,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$37,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$39,545 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$40,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$38,822 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$37,767 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$39,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -822,14 +822,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$16.1 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$20.65 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$17.92 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$20.735 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$19.198 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$19.02 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -839,14 +839,14 @@
"text": "ships, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, cheese, crude petroleum (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$17.58 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$21.07 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$18.2 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$20.666 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$19.782 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$18.6 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -1152,7 +1152,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "7,372 (Syria) (2019)"
"text": "8,797 (Syria) (2020)"
},
"IDPs": {
"text": "228,000 (both Turkish and Greek Cypriots; many displaced since 1974) (2020)"

94
europe/da.json
View file

@ -375,20 +375,6 @@
"text": "6.54 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "381.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "32.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "326.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "6 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers"
},
@ -413,6 +399,14 @@
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> highest percentage of arable land for any country in the world"
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "88.2% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.54% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -423,14 +417,6 @@
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "88.2% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.54% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "4.485 million tons (2015 est.)"
@ -441,6 +427,20 @@
"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
"text": "27.3% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "381.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "32.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "326.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "6 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -537,13 +537,13 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "unicameral People's Assembly or Folketing (179 seats, including 2 each representing Greenland and the Faroe Islands; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms unless the Folketing is dissolved earlier)"
"text": "unicameral People's Assembly or Folketing (179 seats, including 2 each representing Greenland and the Faroe Islands; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by party-list proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms unless the Folketing is dissolved earlier)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 5 June 2019 (next to be held on June 2023)"
"text": "last held on 5 June 2019 (next to be held in June 2023)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - SDP 25.9%, V 23.4%, DF 8.7%, SLP 8.6%, SF 7.7%, EL 6.9%, C 6.6%, A 3.0%, NB 2.4%, LA 2.3%; seats by party - SDP 48, V 43, DF 16, SLP 16, SF 14, EL 13, C 12, A 5, NB 4, LA 4; composition - men 109, women 70 (includes 2 from Greenland), percent of women 39.1%"
"text": "percent of vote by party - SDP 25.9%, V 23.4%, DF 8.7%, SLP 8.6%, SF 7.7%, EL 6.9%, C 6.6%, A 3.0%, NB 2.4%, LA 2.3%; seats by party - SDP 48, V 43, DF 16, SLP 16, SF 14, EL 13, C 12, A 5, NB 4, LA 4; composition (as of September 2021) - men 108, women 71 (includes 2 from Greenland), percent of women 39.7%"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -625,14 +625,14 @@
"text": "<p>This thoroughly modern market economy features advanced industry with world-leading firms in pharmaceuticals, maritime shipping, and renewable energy, and a high-tech agricultural sector. Danes enjoy a high standard of living, and the Danish economy is characterized by extensive government welfare measures and an equitable distribution of income. An aging population will be a long-term issue.</p><p></p><p>Denmark’s small open economy is highly dependent on foreign trade, and the government strongly supports trade liberalization. Denmark is a net exporter of food, oil, and gas and enjoys a comfortable balance of payments surplus, but depends on imports of raw materials for the manufacturing sector.</p><p></p><p>Denmark is a member of the EU but not the eurozone. Despite previously meeting the criteria to join the European Economic and Monetary Union, Denmark has negotiated an opt-out with the EU and is not required to adopt the euro.</p><p></p><p>Denmark is experiencing a modest economic expansion. The economy grew by 2.0% in 2016 and 2.1% in 2017. The expansion is expected to decline slightly in 2018. Unemployment stood at 5.5% in 2017, based on the national labor survey. The labor market was tight in 2017, with corporations experiencing some difficulty finding appropriately-skilled workers to fill billets. The Danish Government offers extensive programs to train unemployed persons to work in sectors that need qualified workers.</p><p></p><p>Denmark maintained a healthy budget surplus for many years up to 2008, but the global financial crisis swung the budget balance into deficit. Since 2014 the balance has shifted between surplus and deficit. In 2017 there was a surplus of 1.0%. The government projects a lower deficit in 2018 and 2019 of 0.7%, and public debt (EMU debt) as a share of GDP is expected to decline to 35.6% in 2018 and 34.8% in 2019. The Danish Government plans to address increasing municipal, public housing and integration spending in 2018.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$326.2 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$336.335 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$335.36 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$327.017 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$320.053 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$326.07 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -648,14 +648,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$55,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$57,804 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$57,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$56,444 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$55,517 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$56,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -800,14 +800,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$191.53 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$226.589 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$204.14 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$215.725 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$208.941 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$200.81 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -817,14 +817,14 @@
"text": "packaged medicines, electric generators, pork, refined petroleum, medical cultures/vaccines (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$170.33 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$197.818 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$178.44 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$193.107 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$184.338 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$179.95 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -1124,7 +1124,7 @@
"text": "the Danish military inventory is comprised of a mix of modern European, US, and domestically-produced equipment; the US is the largest supplier of military equipment to Denmark since 2010, followed by Germany and the Netherlands; the Danish defense industry is active in the production of naval vessels, defense electronics, and subcomponents of larger weapons systems, such as the US F-35 fighter aircraft (2020)"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "140 Middle East/Iraq (NATO/Operation Inherent Resolve) (2021)"
"text": "140 Middle East/Iraq (NATO) (2021)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscripts serve an initial training period that varies from 4 to 12 months depending on specialization; former conscripts are assigned to mobilization units; women eligible to volunteer for military service; in addition to full time employment, the Danish Military offers reserve contracts in all three branches (2019)"
@ -1145,7 +1145,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "20,046 (Syria), 5,320 (Eritrea) (2019)"
"text": "19,878 (Syria), 5,399 (Eritrea) (2020)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "11,655 (2020)"

12
europe/ee.json
View file

@ -252,9 +252,6 @@
"text": "2,881.62 megatons (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "2,057.76 cubic meters (2011)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "cold temperate; potentially subarctic in the north to temperate; mild wet winters; hot dry summers in the south"
},
@ -270,6 +267,9 @@
},
"Major infectious diseases": {
"text": "<strong>note:</strong> widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring regionally; the US Department of Homeland Security has issued instructions requiring US passengers who have been in the European Union’s Schengen Area (comprised of the following 26 European states: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland) to travel through select airports where the US Government has implemented enhanced screening procedures"
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "2,057.76 cubic meters (2011)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -823,7 +823,7 @@
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "<p>the EU's Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP) provides the civilian, military, and political structures for EU crisis management and security issues; the highest bodies are:</p> <p>the <strong>Political and Security Committee (PSC)</strong>, which meets at the ambassadorial level as a preparatory body for the Council of the EU; it assists with defining policies and preparing a crisis response</p> <p>the <strong>European Union Military Committee (EUMC)</strong> is the EU's highest military body; it is composed of the chiefs of defense (CHODs) of the Member States, who are regularly represented by their permanent Military Representatives; the EUMC provides the PSC with advice and recommendations on all military matters within the EU</p> <p>the <strong>Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management (CIVCOM) </strong>provides advice and recommendations to the PSC in parallel with the EUMC on civilian aspects of crisis management</p> <p>the<strong> Politico-Military Group (PMG)</strong> provides advice and recommendations to the PSC on political aspects of EU military and civil-military issues, including concepts, capabilities and operations and missions, and monitors implementation</p> <p>other bodies set up under the CSDP include; the Security and Defense Policy Directorate (SECDEFPOL), the Integrated approach for Security and Peace Directorate (ISP), the EU Military Staff (EUMS), the Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability (CPCC), the Military  Planning  and  Conduct  Capability (MPCC), the European Defense Agency, the European Security and Defense College (ESDC), the EU Institute for Security Studies, and the EU Satellite Center</p>"
"text": "<p>the EU's Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP) provides the civilian, military, and political structures for EU crisis management and security issues; the highest bodies are:</p> <p>the <strong>Political and Security Committee (PSC)</strong>, which meets at the ambassadorial level as a preparatory body for the Council of the EU; it assists with defining policies and preparing a crisis response</p> <p>the <strong>European Union Military Committee (EUMC)</strong> is the EU's highest military body; it is composed of the chiefs of defense (CHODs) of the Member States, who are regularly represented by their permanent Military Representatives; the EUMC provides the PSC with advice and recommendations on all military matters within the EU</p> <p>the <strong>Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management (CIVCOM) </strong>provides advice and recommendations to the PSC in parallel with the EUMC on civilian aspects of crisis management</p> <p>the<strong> Politico-Military Group (PMG)</strong> provides advice and recommendations to the PSC on political aspects of EU military and civil-military issues, including concepts, capabilities and operations and missions, and monitors implementation</p> <p>other bodies set up under the CSDP include; the Security and Defense Policy Directorate (SECDEFPOL), the Integrated approach for Security and Peace Directorate (ISP), the EU Military Staff (EUMS), the Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability (CPCC), the Military  Planning  and  Conduct  Capability (MPCC), the European Defense Agency, the European Security and Defense College (ESDC), the EU Institute for Security Studies, and the EU Satellite Center</p> (2021)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"Military Expenditures 2020": {
@ -843,10 +843,10 @@
}
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "since 2003, the EU has launched more than 30 civilian and military crisis-management, advisory, and training missions in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East, as well as counter-piracy operations off the coast of Somalia and a naval operation in the Mediterranean to disrupt human smuggling and trafficking networks and prevent the loss of life at sea"
"text": "since 2003, the EU has launched more than 30 civilian and military crisis-management, advisory, and training missions in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East, as well as counter-piracy operations off the coast of Somalia and a naval operation in the Mediterranean to disrupt human smuggling and trafficking networks and prevent the loss of life at sea (2021)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the EU partners with NATO<br><br>Eurocorps, which supports both the EU and NATO, was formally established in 1992 and activated the following year; originated in 1987 with the French-German Brigade; Belgium (1993), Spain (1994), and Luxembourg (1996) joined over the next few years; five additional countries participate in Eurocorps as associated nations: Greece, Poland, and Turkey (since 2002), Italy and Romania (since 2009 and 2016 respectively); Eurocorps is headquartered in Strasbourg, France"
"text": "the EU partners with NATO<br><br>Eurocorps, which supports both the EU and NATO, was formally established in 1992 and activated the following year; originated in 1987 with the French-German Brigade; Belgium (1993), Spain (1994), and Luxembourg (1996) joined over the next few years; five additional countries participate in Eurocorps as associated nations: Greece, Poland, and Turkey (since 2002), Italy and Romania (since 2009 and 2016 respectively); Eurocorps is headquartered in Strasbourg, France (2021)"
}
},
"Terrorism": {

72
europe/ei.json
View file

@ -361,20 +361,6 @@
"text": "13.67 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "631 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "51 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "179 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "52 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time"
},
@ -398,6 +384,14 @@
"text": "23% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "63.9% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "1.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -408,14 +402,6 @@
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "63.9% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "1.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "2,692,537 tons (2012 est.)"
@ -426,6 +412,20 @@
"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
"text": "33% (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "631 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "51 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "179 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "52 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -613,14 +613,14 @@
"text": "<p>Ireland is a small, modern, trade-dependent economy. It was among the initial group of 12 EU nations that began circulating the euro on 1 January 2002. GDP growth averaged 6% in 1995-2007, but economic activity dropped sharply during the world financial crisis and the subsequent collapse of its domestic property market and construction industry during 2008-11. Faced with sharply reduced revenues and a burgeoning budget deficit from efforts to stabilize its fragile banking sector, the Irish Government introduced the first in a series of draconian budgets in 2009. These measures were not sufficient to stabilize Ireland’s public finances. In 2010, the budget deficit reached 32.4% of GDP - the world's largest deficit, as a percentage of GDP. In late 2010, the former COWEN government agreed to a $92 billion loan package from the EU and IMF to help Dublin recapitalize Ireland’s banking sector and avoid defaulting on its sovereign debt. In March 2011, the KENNY government intensified austerity measures to meet the deficit targets under Ireland's EU-IMF bailout program.</p><p></p><p>In late 2013, Ireland formally exited its EU-IMF bailout program, benefiting from its strict adherence to deficit-reduction targets and success in refinancing a large amount of banking-related debt. In 2014, the economy rapidly picked up. In late 2014, the government introduced a fiscally neutral budget, marking the end of the austerity program. Continued growth of tax receipts has allowed the government to lower some taxes and increase public spending while keeping to its deficit-reduction targets. In 2015, GDP growth exceeded 26%. The magnitude of the increase reflected one-off statistical revisions, multinational corporate restructurings in intellectual property, and the aircraft leasing sector, rather than real gains in the domestic economy, which was still growing. Growth moderated to around 4.1% in 2017, but the recovering economy assisted lowering the deficit to 0.6% of GDP.</p><p></p><p>In the wake of the collapse of the construction sector and the downturn in consumer spending and business investment during the 2008-11 economic crisis, the export sector, dominated by foreign multinationals, has become an even more important component of Ireland's economy. Ireland’s low corporation tax of 12.5% and a talented pool of high-tech laborers have been some of the key factors in encouraging business investment. Loose tax residency requirements made Ireland a common destination for international firms seeking to pay less tax or, in the case of U.S. multinationals, defer taxation owed to the United States. In 2014, amid growing international pressure, the Irish government announced it would phase in more stringent tax laws, effectively closing a commonly used loophole. The Irish economy continued to grow in 2017 and is forecast to do so through 2019, supported by a strong export sector, robust job growth, and low inflation, to the point that the Government must now address concerns about overheating and potential loss of competitiveness. The greatest risks to the economy are the UK’s scheduled departure from the European Union (\"Brexit\") in March 2019, possible changes to international taxation policies that could affect Ireland’s revenues, and global trade pressures.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$447.97 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$428.825 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$433.17 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$406.277 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$375.592 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$410.33 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -636,14 +636,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$89,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$86,781 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$87,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$83,471 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$78,128 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$84,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -789,10 +789,10 @@
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$541.789 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$502.31 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$489.89 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$471.6 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$440.693 billion (2017 est.)"
@ -806,10 +806,10 @@
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$489.957 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$452.98 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$371.221 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$361.12 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$359.725 billion (2017 est.)"

84
europe/en.json
View file

@ -384,20 +384,6 @@
"text": "0.99 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "59.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "1.721 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "4.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "12.806 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "maritime; wet, moderate winters, cool summers"
},
@ -421,6 +407,14 @@
"text": "25.7% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "69.4% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "-0.03% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.85% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -431,14 +425,6 @@
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "69.4% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "-0.03% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Major infectious diseases": {
"degree of risk": {
"text": "intermediate (2020)"
@ -457,6 +443,20 @@
"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
"text": "24.7% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "59.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "1.721 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "4.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "12.806 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -646,14 +646,14 @@
"text": "<p>Estonia, a member of the EU since 2004 and the euro zone since 2011, has a modern market-based economy and one of the higher per capita income levels in Central Europe and the Baltic region, but its economy is highly dependent on trade, leaving it vulnerable to external shocks. Estonia's successive governments have pursued a free market, pro-business economic agenda, and sound fiscal policies that have resulted in balanced budgets and the lowest debt-to-GDP ratio in the EU.</p><p></p><p>The economy benefits from strong electronics and telecommunications sectors and strong trade ties with Finland, Sweden, Germany, and Russia. The economy’s 4.9% GDP growth in 2017 was the fastest in the past six years, leaving the Estonian economy in its best position since the financial crisis 10 years ago. For the first time in many years, labor productivity increased faster than labor costs in 2017. Inflation also rose in 2017 to 3.5% alongside increased global prices for food and energy, which make up a large share of Estonia’s consumption.</p><p></p><p>Estonia is challenged by a shortage of labor, both skilled and unskilled, although the government has amended its immigration law to allow easier hiring of highly qualified foreign workers, and wage growth that outpaces productivity gains. The government is also pursuing efforts to boost productivity growth with a focus on innovations that emphasize technology start-ups and e-commerce.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$47.44 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$48.987 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$48.87 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$46.655 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$44.708 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$46.54 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -669,14 +669,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$35,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$36,927 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$36,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$35,293 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$33,937 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$35,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -821,14 +821,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$21.69 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$23.95 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$22.94 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$22.546 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$21.677 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$22.69 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -838,14 +838,14 @@
"text": "broadcasting equipment, refined petroleum, coal tar oil, cars, prefabricated buildings (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$21.73 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$23.323 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$21.68 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$22.485 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$21.273 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$21.89 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {

94
europe/ez.json
View file

@ -85,6 +85,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "320 sq km (2012)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, but the northern and eastern regions tend to have larger urban concentrations"
},
@ -93,9 +96,6 @@
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "<strong>note 1:</strong> landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and most significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional military corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the Hranice Abyss in Czechia is the world's deepest surveyed underwater cave at 404 m (1,325 ft); its survey is not complete and it could end up being some 800-1,200 m deep"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
}
},
"People and Society": {
@ -376,20 +376,6 @@
"text": "13.11 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "616.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "967.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "46.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "13.15 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters"
},
@ -413,6 +399,14 @@
"text": "10.8% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "74.2% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.2% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.17% of GDP (2017 est.)"
@ -423,14 +417,6 @@
"text": "0.14% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "74.2% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.2% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "3.337 million tons (2015 est.)"
@ -444,6 +430,20 @@
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "616.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "967.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "46.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "13.15 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -498,7 +498,7 @@
"text": "previous 1960; latest ratified 16 December 1992, effective 1 January 1993"
},
"amendments": {
"text": "passage requires at least three-fifths concurrence of members present in both houses of Parliament; amended several times, last in 2013"
"text": "passage requires at least three-fifths concurrence of members present in both houses of Parliament; amended several times, last in 2021"
}
},
"Legal system": {
@ -631,14 +631,14 @@
"text": "<p>Czechia is a prosperous market economy that boasts one of the highest GDP growth rates and lowest unemployment levels in the EU, but its dependence on exports makes economic growth vulnerable to contractions in external demand. Czechia’s exports comprise some 80% of GDP and largely consist of automobiles, the country’s single largest industry. Czechia acceded to the EU in 2004 but has yet to join the euro-zone. While the flexible koruna helps Czechia weather external shocks, it was one of the world’s strongest performing currencies in 2017, appreciating approximately 16% relative to the US dollar after the central bank (Czech National Bank - CNB) ended its cap on the currency’s value in early April 2017, which it had maintained since November 2013. The CNB hiked rates in August and November 2017 - the first rate changes in nine years - to address rising inflationary pressures brought by strong economic growth and a tight labor market.</p><p></p><p>Since coming to power in 2014, the new government has undertaken some reforms to try to reduce corruption, attract investment, and improve social welfare programs, which could help increase the government’s revenues and improve living conditions for Czechs. The government introduced in December 2016 an online tax reporting system intended to reduce tax evasion and increase revenues. The government also plans to remove labor market rigidities to improve the business climate, bring procurement procedures in line with EU best practices, and boost wages. The country's low unemployment rate has led to steady increases in salaries, and the government is facing pressure from businesses to allow greater migration of qualified workers, at least from Ukraine and neighboring Central European countries.</p><p></p><p>Long-term challenges include dealing with a rapidly aging population, a shortage of skilled workers, a lagging education system, funding an unsustainable pension and health care system, and diversifying away from manufacturing and toward a more high-tech, services-based, knowledge economy.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$409.97 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$435.987 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$434.31 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$426.038 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$412.902 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$424.48 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -654,14 +654,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$38,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$40,862 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$40,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$40,079 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$38,974 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$39,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -805,14 +805,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$174.92 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$229.578 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$186.54 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$226.887 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$218.794 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$191.69 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -822,14 +822,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, computers, broadcasting equipment, office machinery/parts, seating (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$157.95 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$211.922 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$171.43 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$209.225 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$197.808 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$176.78 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -1120,7 +1120,7 @@
"text": "the Czech military has a mix of Soviet-era and more modern equipment, mostly of European origin; since 2010, the leading suppliers of military equipment to Czechia are Austria and Spain (2020)"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "<p>the Czechia military has small numbers of troops deployed under EU, NATO, and UN command in several countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Central African Republic, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, and Mali</p> <p> </p>"
"text": "the Czechia military has small numbers of troops deployed under EU, NATO, and UN command in several countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Central African Republic, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, and Mali (2021)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-28 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription abolished 2004 (2019)"

80
europe/fi.json
View file

@ -371,20 +371,6 @@
"text": "4.46 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "400 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "1.417 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "50 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "110 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes"
},
@ -408,6 +394,14 @@
"text": "19.6% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "85.6% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.42% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.36% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -418,14 +412,6 @@
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "85.6% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.42% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "2.738 million tons (2015 est.)"
@ -436,6 +422,20 @@
"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
"text": "28.1% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "400 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "1.417 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "50 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "110 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -535,13 +535,13 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; 199 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 1 member in the province of Aland directly elected by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms) (e.g. 2019)"
"text": "unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; 199 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 1 member in the province of Aland directly elected by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 14 April 2019 (next to be held on April 2023) (e.g. 2019)"
"text": "last held on 14 April 2019 (next to be held in April 2023)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party/coalition - SDP 17.7%, Finn Party 17.5%, Kok 17.0%. Centre Party&nbsp; 13.8%, Green League 11.5%, Left Alliance 8.2%; seats by party/coalition -SDP 40, Finn Party 39, Kok 38, Centre Party 31, Green League 20, Left Alliance 16; composition men 107, women 93, percent of women 46.5% (e.g. 2019)"
"text": "percent of vote by party/coalition - SDP 17.7%, Finn Party 17.5%, Kok 17.0%. Centre Party&nbsp; 13.8%, Green League 11.5%, Left Alliance 8.2%; seats by party/coalition -SDP 40, Finn Party 39, Kok 38, Centre Party 31, Green League 20, Left Alliance 16; composition men 108, women 92, percent of women 46%"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -622,14 +622,14 @@
"text": "<p>Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free-market economy with per capita GDP almost as high as that of Austria and the Netherlands and slightly above that of Germany and Belgium. Trade is important, with exports accounting for over one-third of GDP in recent years. The government is open to, and actively takes steps to attract, foreign direct investment.</p><p></p><p>Finland is historically competitive in manufacturing, particularly in the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics industries. Finland excels in export of technology as well as promotion of startups in the information and communications technology, gaming, cleantech, and biotechnology sectors. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of the cold climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export industry, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population.</p><p></p><p>Finland had been one of the best performing economies within the EU before 2009 and its banks and financial markets avoided the worst of global financial crisis. However, the world slowdown hit exports and domestic demand hard in that year, causing Finland’s economy to contract from 2012 to 2014. The recession affected general government finances and the debt ratio. The economy returned to growth in 2016, posting a 1.9% GDP increase before growing an estimated 3.3% in 2017, supported by a strong increase in investment, private consumption, and net exports. Finnish economists expect GDP to grow a rate of 2-3% in the next few years.</p><p></p><p>Finland's main challenges will be reducing high labor costs and boosting demand for its exports. In June 2016, the government enacted a Competitiveness Pact aimed at reducing labor costs, increasing hours worked, and introducing more flexibility into the wage bargaining system. As a result, wage growth was nearly flat in 2017. The Government was also seeking to reform the health care system and social services. In the long term, Finland must address a rapidly aging population and decreasing productivity in traditional industries that threaten competitiveness, fiscal sustainability, and economic growth.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$261.39 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$268.662 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$268.84 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$265.619 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$261.649 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$265.46 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -645,14 +645,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$47,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$48,668 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$48,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$48,159 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$47,502 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$48,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -799,10 +799,10 @@
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$119.887 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$108.22 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$111.339 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$106.01 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$109.513 billion (2017 est.)"
@ -816,10 +816,10 @@
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$120.437 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$107.39 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$116.628 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$109.45 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$110.701 billion (2017 est.)"
@ -1134,7 +1134,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "8,862 (Iraq) (2019)"
"text": "8,398 (Iraq) (2020)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "3,428 (2020)"

22
europe/fo.json
View file

@ -286,9 +286,6 @@
"text": "0.63 megatons (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy"
},
@ -312,11 +309,6 @@
"text": "97.8% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0% of GDP (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "42.6% of total population (2021)"
@ -325,6 +317,11 @@
"text": "0.89% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0% of GDP (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "61,000 tons (2014 est.)"
@ -335,6 +332,9 @@
"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
"text": "67% (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -429,7 +429,7 @@
"text": "Faroese Parliament - last held on 31 August 2019 (next to be held in 2023)<br>Faroese seats in the Danish Parliament last held on 5 June 2019 (next to be held no later than June 2023)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Faroese Parliament percent of vote by party - People's Party 24.5%, JF 22.1%, Union Party 20.3%, Republic 18.1%, Center Party 5.4%, Progressive Party 4.6%, New Self-Government Party 3.4%, other 1.4%, seats by party - People's Party 8, JF 7, Union Party 7, Republic 6, Center Party 2, Progressive Party 2, New Self-Government Party 1, composition - men 25, women 8; percent of women 24.2% <br>Faroese seats in Danish Parliament - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Social Democratic Party 1, Republican Party 1; composition - 2 men"
"text": "Faroese Parliament percent of vote by party - People's Party 24.5%, JF 22.1%, Union Party 20.3%, Republic 18.1%, Center Party 5.4%, Progressive Party 4.6%, New Self-Government Party 3.4%, other 1.4%, seats by party - People's Party 8, JF 7, Union Party 7, Republic 6, Center Party 2, Progressive Party 2, New Self-Government Party 1, composition - men 25, women 8; percent of women 24.2% <br>Faroese seats in Danish Parliament - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Social Democratic Party 1, Republican Party 1; composition - men 2"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -843,10 +843,10 @@
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "no regular military forces or conscription; the Government of Denmark has responsibility for defense; as such, the Danish military&rsquo;s Joint Arctic Command in Nuuk, Greenland is responsible for territorial defense of the Faroe Islands; the Joint Arctic Command has a contact element in the capital of Torshavn (2021)"
"text": "no regular military forces or conscription (2021)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the Danish military&rsquo;s Joint Arctic Command in Nuuk is responsible for the defense of the Faroe Islands"
"text": "the Government of Denmark has responsibility for defense; as such, the Danish military&rsquo;s Joint Arctic Command in Nuuk, Greenland is responsible for territorial defense of the Faroe Islands; the Joint Arctic Command has a contact element in the capital of Torshavn"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {

108
europe/fr.json
View file

@ -106,6 +106,12 @@
"text": "26,420 sq km 26,950 sq km (2012)",
"note": "<strong>metropolitan France: </strong>26,000 sq km (2012)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Loire (115,282 sq km), Seine 78,919 sq km), Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), <em>(Adriatic Sea)</em> Po (76,997 sq km), <em>(Mediterranean Sea) </em>Rhone (100,543 sq km)"
},
"Major aquifers": {
"text": "Paris Basin"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "much of the population is concentrated in the north and southeast; although there are many urban agglomerations throughout the country, Paris is by far the largest city, with Lyon ranked a distant second"
},
@ -114,12 +120,6 @@
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "largest West European nation; most major French rivers - the Meuse, Seine, Loire, Charente, Dordogne, and Garonne - flow northward or westward into the Atlantic Ocean, only the Rhone flows southward into the Mediterranean Sea"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Loire (115,282 sq km), Seine 78,919 sq km), Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), <em>(Adriatic Sea)</em> Po (76,997 sq km), <em>(Mediterranean Sea) </em>Rhone (100,543 sq km)"
},
"Major aquifers": {
"text": "Paris Basin"
}
},
"People and Society": {
@ -389,20 +389,6 @@
"text": "55.99 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "5.175 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "18.15 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "3.113 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "211 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "<p><strong>metropolitan France:</strong> generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as the mistral;</p> <p><strong>French Guiana:</strong> tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation;</p> <p><strong>Guadeloupe and Martinique:</strong> subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average;</p> <p><strong>Mayotte:</strong> tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November);</p> <p><strong>Reunion:</strong> tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry (May to November), hot and rainy (November to April)</p>"
},
@ -426,6 +412,14 @@
"text": "18.1% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "81.2% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.67% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -436,14 +430,6 @@
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "81.2% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.67% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Major infectious diseases": {
"text": "<strong>note:</strong> widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout France; as of 6 October 2021, France has reported a total of 6,816,783 cases of COVID-19 or 10,481.01 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 176.58 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 4 October 2021, 66.20% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine"
},
@ -463,6 +449,20 @@
},
"Major aquifers": {
"text": "Paris Basin"
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "5.175 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "18.15 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "3.113 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "211 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -570,13 +570,13 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of:<br>Senate or Senat (348 seats - 328 for metropolitan France and overseas departments and regions of Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, Reunion, and Mayotte, 2 for New Caledonia, 2 for French Polynesia, 1 for Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, 1 for Saint-Barthelemy, 1 for Saint-Martin, 1 for Wallis and Futuna, and 12 for French nationals abroad; members indirectly elected by departmental electoral colleges using absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for departments with 1-3 members and proportional representation vote in departments with 4 or more members; members serve 6-year terms with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years)<br> National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (577 seats - 556 for metropolitan France, 10 for overseas departments, and 11 for citizens abroad; members directly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed to serve 5-year terms)"
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of:<br>Senate or Senat (348 seats - 328 for metropolitan France and overseas departments and regions of Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, Reunion, and Mayotte, 2 for New Caledonia, 2 for French Polynesia, 1 for Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, 1 for Saint-Barthelemy, 1 for Saint-Martin, 1 for Wallis and Futuna, and 12 for French nationals abroad; members indirectly elected by departmental electoral colleges using absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for departments with 1-3 members, and proportional representation vote in departments with 4 or more members; members serve 6-year terms with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years)<br>National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (577 seats - 556 for metropolitan France, 10 for overseas departments, and 11 for citizens abroad; members directly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed to serve 5-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "<br>Senate - last held on 24 September 2017 (next to be held on 24 September 2020)<br> National Assembly - last held on 11 and 18 June 2017 (next to be held in June 2022)"
"text": "<br>Senate - last held on 24 and 27 September 2020 (next to be held in September 2023)<br>National Assembly - last held on 11 and 18 June 2017 (next to be held in June 2022)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "<br>Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by political caucus (party or group of parties)  - LR 144, PS 73, UC 51. LREM 23, RDSE 22, CRCE 16, RTLI 13, other 6; composition - men 246, women 102, percent of women 29.3%<br> National Assembly - percent of vote by party first round - LREM 28.2%, LR 15.8%. FN 13.2%, FI 11%, PS 7.4%, other 24.4%; percent of vote by party second round - LREM 43.1%, LR 22.2%, FN 8.8%, MoDEM 6.1%, PS 5.7%. FI 4.9%, other 9.2%; seats by political caucus (party or group of parties) - LREM 306, LR 104, MoDEM 46, UDI/Agir 29, PS 29, UDI 18, FI 17, Liberties and Territories 16, PCF 16, other 14; composition - men 349, women 228, percent of women 39.5%; note - total Parliament percent of women 35.7%"
"text": "<br>Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by political caucus (party or group of parties)  - NA; composition (as of September 2021) - men 226, women 122, percent of women 35.1%<br>National Assembly - percent of vote by party first round - LREM 28.2%, LR 15.8%. FN 13.2%, FI 11%, PS 7.4%, other 24.4%; percent of vote by party second round - LREM 43.1%, LR 22.2%, FN 8.8%, MoDEM 6.1%, PS 5.7%. FI 4.9%, other 9.2%; seats by political caucus (party or group of parties) - LREM 306, LR 104, MoDEM 46, UDI/Agir 29, PS 29, UDI 18, FI 17, Liberties and Territories 16, PCF 16, other 14; composition - men 349, women 228, percent of women 39.5%; note - total Parliament percent of women 37.8%"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -665,14 +665,14 @@
"text": "<p>The French economy is diversified across all sectors. The government has partially or fully privatized many large companies, including Air France, France Telecom, Renault, and Thales. However, the government maintains a strong presence in some sectors, particularly power, public transport, and defense industries. France is the most visited country in the world with 89 million foreign tourists in 2017. France's leaders remain committed to a capitalism in which they maintain social equity by means of laws, tax policies, and social spending that mitigate economic inequality.</p><p></p><p>France's real GDP grew by 1.9% in 2017, up from 1.2% the year before. The unemployment rate (including overseas territories) increased from 7.8% in 2008 to 10.2% in 2015, before falling to 9.0% in 2017. Youth unemployment in metropolitan France decreased from 24.6% in the fourth quarter of 2014 to 20.6% in the fourth quarter of 2017.</p><p></p><p>France’s public finances have historically been strained by high spending and low growth. In 2017, the budget deficit improved to 2.7% of GDP, bringing it in compliance with the EU-mandated 3% deficit target. Meanwhile, France's public debt rose from 89.5% of GDP in 2012 to 97% in 2017.</p><p></p><p>Since entering office in May 2017, President Emmanuel MACRON launched a series of economic reforms to improve competitiveness and boost economic growth. President MACRON campaigned on reforming France’s labor code and in late 2017 implemented a range of reforms to increase flexibility in the labor market by making it easier for firms to hire and fire and simplifying negotiations between employers and employees. In addition to labor reforms, President MACRON’s 2018 budget cuts public spending, taxes, and social security contributions to spur private investment and increase purchasing power. The government plans to gradually reduce corporate tax rate for businesses from 33.3% to 25% by 2022.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$2,832,170,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$3,097,061,000,000 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$3,082,300,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$3,051,034,000,000 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$2,997,296,000,000 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$3,036,490,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -688,14 +688,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$42,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$46,184 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$45,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$45,561 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$44,827 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$45,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -841,14 +841,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$746.91 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$969.077 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$891.18 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$952.316 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$910.613 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$918.97 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -858,14 +858,14 @@
"text": "aircraft, packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, gas turbines, wine (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$803.66 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$1,021,633,000,000 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$919.63 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$995.937 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$965.949 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$947.31 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -1179,7 +1179,7 @@
}
},
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
"text": "the French military has approximately 205,000 active duty troops (115,000 Army; 35,000 Navy; 40,000 Air Force; 15,000 other, such as joint staffs, medical service, etc.); approximately 100,000 National Gendarmerie; approximately 75,000 National Guard (2020)"
"text": "the French military has approximately 205,000 active duty troops (115,000 Army; 35,000 Navy; 40,000 Air Force; 15,000 other, such as joint staffs, medical service, etc.); approximately 100,000 National Gendarmerie; approximately 75,000 National Guard (2021)"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the French military's inventory consists almost entirely of domestically-produced weapons systems, including some jointly-produced with other European countries; there is a limited mix of armaments from other Western countries, particularly the US; since 2010, the US is the leading foreign supplier of military hardware to France; France has a defense industry capable of manufacturing the full spectrum of air, land, and naval military weapons systems (2020)"
@ -1193,7 +1193,7 @@
"note": "note - men between the ages of 17.5 and 39.5 years of age, of any nationality, may join the French Foreign Legion; those volunteers selected for service sign 5-year contracts"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "France was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty), which created NATO in 1949; in 1966, President Charles DE GAULLE decided to withdraw France from NATO’s integrated military structure, reflecting his desire for greater military independence, particularly vis-à-vis the US, and the refusal to integrate France’s nuclear deterrent or accept any form of control over its armed forces; it did, however, sign agreements with NATO setting out procedures in the event of Soviet aggression; beginning with the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, France distanced itself from the 1966 decision and has regularly contributed troops to NATO’s military operations, being one of the largest troop-contributing states; in 2009 it officially announced its decision to fully participate in NATO structures<br> <p>in 2010, France and the UK signed a declaration on defense and security cooperation that included greater military interoperability and a Combined Joint Expeditionary Force (CJEF), a deployable, combined Anglo-French military force for use in a wide range of crisis scenarios, up to and including high intensity combat operations; the CJEF has no standing forces, but would be available at short notice for French-UK bilateral, NATO, EU, UN, or other operations; combined training exercises began in 2011; as of 2020, the CJEF was assessed as having full operating capacity with the ability to rapidly deploy over 10,000 personnel capable of high intensity operations, peacekeeping, disaster relief, and humanitarian assistance</p> <p>the French Foreign Legion, established in 1831, is a military force that is open to foreign recruits willing to serve in the French Armed Forces for service in France and abroad; the Foreign Legion is an integrated part of the French Army and is comprised of approximately 8,000 personnel in eight regiments, a regiment-sized demi-brigade, a battalion-sized overseas detachment, a battalion-sized recruiting group, and a command staff; the combat units are a mix of armored cavalry and airborne, light, mechanized, and motorized infantry</p>"
"text": "France was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty), which created NATO in 1949; in 1966, President Charles DE GAULLE decided to withdraw France from NATO’s integrated military structure, reflecting his desire for greater military independence, particularly vis-à-vis the US, and the refusal to integrate France’s nuclear deterrent or accept any form of control over its armed forces; it did, however, sign agreements with NATO setting out procedures in the event of Soviet aggression; beginning with the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, France distanced itself from the 1966 decision and has regularly contributed troops to NATO’s military operations, being one of the largest troop-contributing states; in 2009 it officially announced its decision to fully participate in NATO structures<br><br> <p>in 2010, France and the UK signed a declaration on defense and security cooperation that included greater military interoperability and a Combined Joint Expeditionary Force (CJEF), a deployable, combined Anglo-French military force for use in a wide range of crisis scenarios, up to and including high intensity combat operations; the CJEF has no standing forces, but would be available at short notice for French-UK bilateral, NATO, EU, UN, or other operations; combined training exercises began in 2011; as of 2020, the CJEF was assessed as having full operating capacity with the ability to rapidly deploy over 10,000 personnel capable of high intensity operations, peacekeeping, disaster relief, and humanitarian assistance</p> <p>the French Foreign Legion, established in 1831, is a military force that is open to foreign recruits willing to serve in the French Armed Forces for service in France and abroad; the Foreign Legion is an integrated part of the French Army and is comprised of approximately 8,000 personnel in eight regiments, a regiment-sized demi-brigade, a battalion-sized overseas detachment, a battalion-sized recruiting group, and a command staff; the combat units are a mix of armored cavalry and airborne, light, mechanized, and motorized infantry</p> (2021)"
}
},
"Terrorism": {
@ -1208,7 +1208,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "24,293 (Afghanistan), 23,821 (Sri Lanka), 18,473 (Sudan), 18,244 (Syria), 17,512 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 16,412 (Russia), 14,141 (Serbia and Kosovo), 11,863 (Turkey), 11,038 (Guinea), 11,021 (Cambodia), 8,829 (Iraq), 7,735 (Vietnam), 6,918 (China), 6,464 (Laos), 6,372 (Eritrea), 6,156 (Bangladesh), 5,675 (Mauritania), 5,652 (Cote d'Ivoire), 5,169 (Mali) (2019)"
"text": "31,546 (Afghanistan), 23,764 (Sri Lanka), 21,849 (Syria), 20,236 (Sudan), 18,332 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 16,775 (Russia), 14,268 (Serbia and Kosovo), 13,277 (Guinea), 12,459 (Turkey), 10,894 (Cambodia), 9,075 (Iraq), 8,343 (China), 7,6,71 (Vietnam), 7,318 (Eritrea), 7,023 (Cote d'Ivoire), 6,496 (Bangladesh), 6,397 (Laos), 6,229 (Albania), 5,891 (Mauritania), 5,774 (Somalia), 5,576 (Mali) (2020)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "2,068 (2020)"

98
europe/gm.json
View file

@ -93,6 +93,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "6,500 sq km (2012)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "most populous country in Europe; a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations, particularly in the far western part of the industrial state of North Rhine-Westphalia"
},
@ -101,9 +104,6 @@
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to the Baltic Sea; most major rivers in Germany - the Rhine, Weser, Oder, Elbe - flow northward; the Danube, which originates in the Black Forest, flows eastward"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
}
},
"People and Society": {
@ -374,20 +374,6 @@
"text": "49.92 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "4.388 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "19.75 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "299.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "154 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind"
},
@ -411,6 +397,14 @@
"text": "20.2% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "77.5% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.13% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -421,14 +415,6 @@
"text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "77.5% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.13% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "51.046 million tons (2015 est.)"
@ -442,6 +428,20 @@
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "4.388 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "19.75 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "299.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "154 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -544,13 +544,13 @@
},
"Legislative branch": {
"description": {
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of:<br>Federal Council or Bundesrat (69 seats; members appointed by each of the 16 state governments)<br>Federal Diet or Bundestag (735 seats for the 2021-25 term - total seats can vary each electoral term; approximately one-half of members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and approximately one-half directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
"text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of:<br>Federal Council or Bundesrat (69 seats; members appointed by each of the 16 state governments)<br>Federal Diet or Bundestag (735 seats for the 2021-25 term - total seats can vary each electoral term; approximately one-half of members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and approximately one-half directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote; members' terms depend upon the states they represent)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "<br>Bundesrat - none; determined by the composition of the state-level governments; the composition of the Bundesrat has the potential to change any time one of the 16 states holds an election<br>Bundestag - last held on 26 September 2021 (next to be held in September 2025 at the latest); most postwar German governments have been coalitions"
},
"election results": {
"text": "<br>Bundesrat - composition - men 50, women 19, percent of women 27.5%<br>Bundestag - percent of vote by party - SPD 25.7%, CDU/CSU 24.1%, Alliance '90/Greens 14.8%, FDP 11.5%, AfD 10.3%, The Left 4.9%, other 8.7%; seats by party - SPD 206, CDU/CSU 196, Alliance '90/Greens 118, FDP 92, AfD 83, The Left 39, other 1; note - total Bundestag percent of women NA%"
"text": "<br>Bundesrat - composition - men 50, women 23, percent of women 33.3%<br>Bundestag - percent of vote by party - SPD 25.7%, CDU/CSU 24.1%, Alliance '90/Greens 14.8%, FDP 11.5%, AfD 10.3%, The Left 4.9%, other 8.7%; seats by party - SPD 206, CDU/CSU 196, Alliance '90/Greens 118, FDP 92, AfD 83, The Left 39, other 1; note - total Bundestag percent of women NA%"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -634,14 +634,14 @@
"text": "<p>The German economy - the fifth largest economy in the world in PPP terms and Europe's largest - is a leading exporter of machinery, vehicles, chemicals, and household equipment. Germany benefits from a highly skilled labor force, but, like its Western European neighbors, faces significant demographic challenges to sustained long-term growth. Low fertility rates and a large increase in net immigration are increasing pressure on the country's social welfare system and necessitate structural reforms.</p><p></p><p>Reforms launched by the government of Chancellor Gerhard SCHROEDER (1998-2005), deemed necessary to address chronically high unemployment and low average growth, contributed to strong economic growth and falling unemployment. These advances, as well as a government subsidized, reduced working hour scheme, help explain the relatively modest increase in unemployment during the 2008-09 recession - the deepest since World War II. The German Government introduced a minimum wage in 2015 that increased to $9.79 (8.84 euros) in January 2017.</p><p></p><p>Stimulus and stabilization efforts initiated in 2008 and 2009 and tax cuts introduced in Chancellor Angela MERKEL's second term increased Germany's total budget deficit - including federal, state, and municipal - to 4.1% in 2010, but slower spending and higher tax revenues reduced the deficit to 0.8% in 2011 and in 2017 Germany reached a budget surplus of 0.7%. A constitutional amendment approved in 2009 limits the federal government to structural deficits of no more than 0.35% of GDP per annum as of 2016, though the target was already reached in 2012.</p><p></p><p>Following the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, Chancellor Angela MERKEL announced in May 2011 that eight of the country's 17 nuclear reactors would be shut down immediately and the remaining plants would close by 2022. Germany plans to replace nuclear power largely with renewable energy, which accounted for 29.5% of gross electricity consumption in 2016, up from 9% in 2000. Before the shutdown of the eight reactors, Germany relied on nuclear power for 23% of its electricity generating capacity and 46% of its base-load electricity production.</p><p></p><p>The German economy suffers from low levels of investment, and a government plan to invest 15 billion euros during 2016-18, largely in infrastructure, is intended to spur needed private investment. Domestic consumption, investment, and exports are likely to drive German GDP growth in 2018, and the country’s budget and trade surpluses are likely to remain high.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$4,238,800,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$4,482,448,000,000 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$4,457,050,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$4,457,688,000,000 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$4,401,873,000,000 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$4,432,430,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -657,14 +657,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$50,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$53,919 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$53,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$53,768 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$53,255 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$53,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -810,14 +810,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$1,671,650,000,000 note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$2,004,158,000,000 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$1,813,190,000,000 note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$1,984,745,000,000 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$1,937,273,000,000 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$1,881,510,000,000 note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -827,14 +827,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, aircraft, medical cultures/vaccines, industrial machinery (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$1,452,560,000,000 note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$1,804,453,000,000 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$1,593,720,000,000 note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$1,759,299,000,000 (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$1,695,300,000,000 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$1,635,580,000,000 note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -1153,7 +1153,7 @@
"text": "17-23 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription ended July 2011; service obligation 8-23 months or 12 years; women have been eligible for voluntary service in all military branches and positions since 2001 (2019)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the Federal Republic of Germany joined NATO in May 1955; with the reunification of Germany in October 1990, the states of the former German Democratic Republic joined the Federal Republic of Germany in its membership of NATO<br> <p>the German Army has incorporated a joint Franco-German mechanized infantry brigade since 1989, a Dutch airmobile infantry brigade since 2014, and a Dutch mechanized infantry brigade since 2016; in addition, the German Navy’s Sea Battalion (includes marine infantry, naval divers, reconnaissance, and security forces) has worked closely with the Dutch Marine Corps since 2016, including as a binational amphibious landing group</p>"
"text": "the Federal Republic of Germany joined NATO in May 1955; with the reunification of Germany in October 1990, the states of the former German Democratic Republic joined the Federal Republic of Germany in its membership of NATO<br><br> <p>the German Army has incorporated a joint Franco-German mechanized infantry brigade since 1989, a Dutch airmobile infantry brigade since 2014, and a Dutch mechanized infantry brigade since 2016; in addition, the German Navy’s Sea Battalion (includes marine infantry, naval divers, reconnaissance, and security forces) has worked closely with the Dutch Marine Corps since 2016, including as a binational amphibious landing group</p> (2021)"
}
},
"Terrorism": {
@ -1168,7 +1168,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "572,818 (Syria), 141,650 (Iraq), 140,366 (Afghanistan), 58,569 (Eritrea), 43,244 (Iran), 28,470 (Turkey), 26,015 (Somalia), 8,722 (Russia), 8,639 (Serbia and Kosovo), 8,125 (Pakistan), 7,828 (Nigeria) (2019)"
"text": "605,338 (Syria), 147,994 (Afghanistan), 146,009 (Iraq), 61,226 (Eritrea), 44,965 (Iran), 33,345 (Turkey), 28,061 (Somalia), 9,172 (Russia), 8,813 (Nigeria), 8,475 (Pakistan), 7,926 (Serbia and Kosovo), 5,385 (Ethiopia) (2020)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "26,675 (2020)"

90
europe/gr.json
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File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long

90
europe/hr.json
View file

@ -90,6 +90,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "240 sq km (2012)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "more of the population lives in the northern half of the country, with approximately a quarter of the populace residing in and around the capital of Zagreb; many of the islands are sparsely populated"
},
@ -98,9 +101,6 @@
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "controls most land routes from Western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish Straits; most Adriatic Sea islands lie off the coast of Croatia - some 1,200 islands, islets, ridges, and rocks"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
}
},
"People and Society": {
@ -392,20 +392,6 @@
"text": "3.98 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "455 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "184 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "76 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "105.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast"
},
@ -429,6 +415,14 @@
"text": "41.9% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "57.9% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.26% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -439,14 +433,6 @@
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "57.9% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Major infectious diseases": {
"degree of risk": {
"text": "intermediate (2020)"
@ -468,6 +454,20 @@
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "455 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "184 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "76 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "105.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -663,14 +663,14 @@
"text": "<p>Though still one of the wealthiest of the former Yugoslav republics, Croatia’s economy suffered badly during the 1991-95 war. The country's output during that time collapsed, and Croatia missed the early waves of investment in Central and Eastern Europe that followed the fall of the Berlin Wall. Between 2000 and 2007, however, Croatia's economic fortunes began to improve with moderate but steady GDP growth between 4% and 6%, led by a rebound in tourism and credit-driven consumer spending. Inflation over the same period remained tame and the currency, the kuna, stable.</p><p></p><p>Croatia experienced an abrupt slowdown in the economy in 2008; economic growth was stagnant or negative in each year between 2009 and 2014, but has picked up since the third quarter of 2014, ending 2017 with an average of 2.8% growth. Challenges remain including uneven regional development, a difficult investment climate, an inefficient judiciary, and loss of educated young professionals seeking higher salaries elsewhere in the EU. In 2016, Croatia revised its tax code to stimulate growth from domestic consumption and foreign investment. Income tax reduction began in 2017, and in 2018 various business costs were removed from income tax calculations. At the start of 2018, the government announced its economic reform plan, slated for implementation in 2019.</p><p></p><p>Tourism is one of the main pillars of the Croatian economy, comprising 19.6% of Croatia’s GDP. Croatia is working to become a regional energy hub, and is undertaking plans to open a floating liquefied natural gas (LNG) regasification terminal by the end of 2019 or early in 2020 to import LNG for re-distribution in southeast Europe.</p><p></p><p>Croatia joined the EU on July 1, 2013, following a decade-long accession process. Croatia has developed a plan for Eurozone accession, and the government projects Croatia will adopt the Euro by 2024. In 2017, the Croatian government decreased public debt to 78% of GDP, from an all-time high of 84% in 2014, and realized a 0.8% budget surplus - the first surplus since independence in 1991. The government has also sought to accelerate privatization of non-strategic assets with mixed success. Croatia’s economic recovery is still somewhat fragile; Croatia’s largest private company narrowly avoided collapse in 2017, thanks to a capital infusion from an American investor. Restructuring is ongoing, and projected to finish by mid-July 2018.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$107.11 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$116.339 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$116.89 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$113.105 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$110.016 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$113.64 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -686,14 +686,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$26,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$28,602 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$28,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$27,669 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$26,674 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$27,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -837,14 +837,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$23.66 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$36.28 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$31.07 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$33.97 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$32.75 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$30.71 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -854,14 +854,14 @@
"text": "refined petroleum, packaged medicines, cars, medical cultures/vaccines, lumber (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$27.59 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$37.612 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$31.39 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$35.367 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$32.899 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$31.32 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {

93
europe/hu.json
View file

@ -85,14 +85,14 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "1,721 sq km (2012)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin; the north-south flowing Duna (Danube) and Tisza Rivers divide the country into three large regions"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
}
},
"People and Society": {
@ -382,20 +382,6 @@
"text": "7.25 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "624.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "3.358 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "518.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "104 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers"
},
@ -419,6 +405,14 @@
"text": "18.6% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "72.2% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.1% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -429,14 +423,6 @@
"text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "72.2% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Major infectious diseases": {
"degree of risk": {
"text": "intermediate (2016)"
@ -458,6 +444,20 @@
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "624.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "3.358 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "518.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "104 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -647,14 +647,14 @@
"text": "<p>Hungary has transitioned from a centrally planned to a market-driven economy with a per capita income approximately two thirds of the EU-28 average; however, in recent years the government has become more involved in managing the economy. Budapest has implemented unorthodox economic policies to boost household consumption and has relied on EU-funded development projects to generate growth.</p> <p> </p> <p>Following the fall of communism in 1990, Hungary experienced a drop-off in exports and financial assistance from the former Soviet Union. Hungary embarked on a series of economic reforms, including privatization of state-owned enterprises and reduction of social spending programs, to shift from a centrally planned to a market-driven economy, and to reorient its economy towards trade with the West. These efforts helped to spur growth, attract investment, and reduce Hungary’s debt burden and fiscal deficits. Despite these reforms, living conditions for the average Hungarian initially deteriorated as inflation increased and unemployment reached double digits. Conditions slowly improved over the 1990s as the reforms came to fruition and export growth accelerated. Economic policies instituted during that decade helped position Hungary to join the European Union in 2004. Hungary has not yet joined the euro-zone. Hungary suffered a historic economic contraction as a result of the global economic slowdown in 2008-09 as export demand and domestic consumption dropped, prompting it to take an IMF-EU financial assistance package.</p> <p> </p> <p>Since 2010, the government has backpedaled on many economic reforms and taken a more populist approach towards economic management. The government has favored national industries and government-linked businesses through legislation, regulation, and public procurements. In 2011 and 2014, Hungary nationalized private pension funds, which squeezed financial service providers out of the system, but also helped Hungary curb its public debt and lower its budget deficit to below 3% of GDP, as subsequent pension contributions have been channeled into the state-managed pension fund. Hungary’s public debt (at 74.5% of GDP) is still high compared to EU peers in Central Europe. Real GDP growth has been robust in the past few years due to increased EU funding, higher EU demand for Hungarian exports, and a rebound in domestic household consumption. To further boost household consumption ahead of the 2018 election, the government embarked on a six-year phased increase to minimum wages and public sector salaries, decreased taxes on foodstuffs and services, cut the personal income tax from 16% to 15%, and implemented a uniform 9% business tax for small and medium-sized enterprises and large companies. Real GDP growth slowed in 2016 due to a cyclical decrease in EU funding, but increased to 3.8% in 2017 as the government pre-financed EU funded projects ahead of the 2018 election.</p> <p> </p> <p>Systemic economic challenges include pervasive corruption, labor shortages driven by demographic declines and migration, widespread poverty in rural areas, vulnerabilities to changes in demand for exports, and a heavy reliance on Russian energy imports.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$302.32 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$321.869 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$318.09 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$307.778 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$291.995 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$303.98 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -670,14 +670,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$31,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$32,945 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$32,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$31,485 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$29,832 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$31,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -823,14 +823,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$123.83 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$167.99 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$134.55 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$158.802 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$151.185 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$134.66 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -840,14 +840,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, spark-ignition engines, video displays, broadcasting equipment (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$120.25 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$159.63 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$129.9 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$148.471 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$138.773 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$127.52 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -1122,8 +1122,7 @@
},
"Military and Security": {
"Military and security forces": {
"text": "Hungarian Defense Forces: Land Forces (Army); Air Forces (note - both the air and land components are subordinate to a Joint Forces Combat Command); Logistics Center; Preparation and Training Command (2020)",
"note": "note: the Hungarian Defense Forces are organized into a joint force structure with ground, air, and logistic components"
"text": "the Hungarian Defense Forces are a unified force (Joint Force Command) with Land Forces, Air Forces, and Logistics components (2021)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"Military Expenditures 2020": {

86
europe/ic.json
View file

@ -362,20 +362,6 @@
"text": "0.59 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "80 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "198 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "300,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "170 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers"
},
@ -399,6 +385,14 @@
"text": "81% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "93.9% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.74% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -409,14 +403,6 @@
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "93.9% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.74% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "525,000 tons (2015 est.)"
@ -427,6 +413,20 @@
"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
"text": "55.8% (2013 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "80 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "198 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "300,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "170 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -610,14 +610,14 @@
"text": "<p>Iceland's economy combines a capitalist structure and free-market principles with an extensive welfare system. Except for a brief period during the 2008 crisis, Iceland has in recent years achieved high growth, low unemployment, and a remarkably even distribution of income. Iceland's economy has been diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in the last decade, particularly within the fields of tourism, software production, and biotechnology. Abundant geothermal and hydropower sources have attracted substantial foreign investment in the aluminum sector, boosted economic growth, and sparked some interest from high-tech firms looking to establish data centers using cheap green energy.</p><p></p><p>Tourism, aluminum smelting, and fishing are the pillars of the economy. For decades the Icelandic economy depended heavily on fisheries, but tourism has now surpassed fishing and aluminum as Iceland’s main export industry. Tourism accounted for 8.6% of Iceland’s GDP in 2016, and 39% of total exports of merchandise and services. From 2010 to 2017, the number of tourists visiting Iceland increased by nearly 400%. Since 2010, tourism has become a main driver of Icelandic economic growth, with the number of tourists reaching 4.5 times the Icelandic population in 2016. Iceland remains sensitive to fluctuations in world prices for its main exports, and to fluctuations in the exchange rate of the Icelandic Krona.</p><p></p><p>Following the privatization of the banking sector in the early 2000s, domestic banks expanded aggressively in foreign markets, and consumers and businesses borrowed heavily in foreign currencies. Worsening global financial conditions throughout 2008 resulted in a sharp depreciation of the krona vis-a-vis other major currencies. The foreign exposure of Icelandic banks, whose loans and other assets totaled nearly nine times the country's GDP, became unsustainable. Iceland's three largest banks collapsed in late 2008. GDP fell 6.8% in 2009, and unemployment peaked at 9.4% in February 2009. Three new banks were established to take over the domestic assets of the collapsed banks. Two of them have majority ownership by the state, which intends to re-privatize them.</p><p></p><p>Since the collapse of Iceland's financial sector, government economic priorities have included stabilizing the krona, implementing capital controls, reducing Iceland's high budget deficit, containing inflation, addressing high household debt, restructuring the financial sector, and diversifying the economy. Capital controls were lifted in March 2017, but some financial protections, such as reserve requirements for specified investments connected to new inflows of foreign currency, remain in place.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$19.16 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$20.187 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$20.52 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$19.807 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$19.08 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$20.01 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -633,14 +633,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$52,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$55,874 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$56,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$56,158 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$55,562 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$56,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -784,14 +784,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$7.43 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$10.415 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$11.01 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$10.923 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$10.742 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$12.26 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -801,14 +801,14 @@
"text": "aluminum and aluminum products, fish products, aircraft, iron alloys, animal meal (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$7.55 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$9.399 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$9.76 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$10.364 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$10.314 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$11.34 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -1063,7 +1063,7 @@
"text": "the Icelandic Coast Guard has approximately 250 personnel (2021)"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the Icelandic Coast Guard's inventory consists of equipment from European suppliers (2020)"
"text": "the Icelandic Coast Guard's inventory consists of equipment from European suppliers (2021)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "Iceland was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) in 1949; Iceland is the only NATO member that has no standing military force; defense of Iceland remains a NATO commitment and NATO maintains an air policing presence in Icelandic airspace; Iceland participates in international peacekeeping missions with the civilian-manned Icelandic Crisis Response Unit (ICRU)<br> <p>Iceland cooperates with the militaries of other Nordic countries through the Nordic Defense Cooperation (NORDEFCO), which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden; areas of cooperation include armaments, education, human resources, training and exercises, and operations; NORDEFCO was established in 2009</p> <p> </p>"

16
europe/im.json
View file

@ -300,11 +300,6 @@
"text": "19.2% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0% of GDP (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "53.1% of total population (2021)"
@ -313,6 +308,11 @@
"text": "0.97% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0% of GDP (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "50,551 tons (2011 est.)"
@ -394,16 +394,16 @@
"text": "Lord of Mann Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Lieutenant Governor Sir John LORIMER (since 29 September 2021)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Chief Minister Howard QUAYLE (since 4 October 2016)"
"text": "Chief Minister Alfred CANNAN (since 12 October 2021)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the lieutenant governor"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; lieutenant governor appointed by the monarch; chief minister indirectly elected by the Tynwald for a 5-year term (eligible for second term); election last held on 4 October 2016 (next to be held in 2021)"
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; lieutenant governor appointed by the monarch; chief minister indirectly elected by the Tynwald for a 5-year term (eligible for second term); election last held on 23 September 2021"
},
"election results": {
"text": "Howard QUAYLE (independent) elected chief minister; Tynwald vote - 21 of 33"
"text": "Alfred CANNAN (independent) elected chief minister; Tynwald House of Keys vote - 21 of 24"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {

94
europe/it.json
View file

@ -91,6 +91,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "39,500 sq km (2012)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km), <em>(Adriatic Sea)</em> Po (76,997 sq km), <em>(Mediterranean Sea) </em>Rhone (100,543 sq km)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "despite a distinctive pattern with an industrial north and an agrarian south, a fairly even population distribution exists throughout most of the country, with coastal areas, the Po River Valley, and urban centers (particularly Milan, Rome, and Naples), attracting larger and denser populations"
},
@ -99,9 +102,6 @@
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as southern sea and air approaches to Western Europe"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km), <em>(Adriatic Sea)</em> Po (76,997 sq km), <em>(Mediterranean Sea) </em>Rhone (100,543 sq km)"
}
},
"People and Society": {
@ -387,20 +387,6 @@
"text": "41.3 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "9.488 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "7.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "17 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "191.3 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "predominantly Mediterranean; alpine in far north; hot, dry in south"
},
@ -424,6 +410,14 @@
"text": "21.5% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "71.3% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -434,14 +428,6 @@
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "71.3% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Major infectious diseases": {
"respiratory diseases": {
"text": "Covid-19 (see note) (2020)"
@ -461,6 +447,20 @@
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km), <em>(Adriatic Sea)</em> Po (76,997 sq km), <em>(Mediterranean Sea) </em>Rhone (100,543 sq km)"
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "9.488 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "7.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "17 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "191.3 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -658,14 +658,14 @@
"text": "<p>Italy’s economy comprises a developed industrial north, dominated by private companies, and a less-developed, highly subsidized, agricultural south, with a legacy of unemployment and underdevelopment. The Italian economy is driven in large part by the manufacture of high-quality consumer goods produced by small and medium-sized enterprises, many of them family-owned. Italy also has a sizable underground economy, which by some estimates accounts for as much as 17% of GDP. These activities are most common within the agriculture, construction, and service sectors.</p><p></p><p>Italy is the third-largest economy in the euro zone, but its exceptionally high public debt and structural impediments to growth have rendered it vulnerable to scrutiny by financial markets. Public debt has increased steadily since 2007, reaching 131% of GDP in 2017. Investor concerns about Italy and the broader euro-zone crisis eased in 2013, bringing down Italy's borrowing costs on sovereign government debt from euro-era records. The government still faces pressure from investors and European partners to sustain its efforts to address Italy's longstanding structural economic problems, including labor market inefficiencies, a sluggish judicial system, and a weak banking sector. Italy’s economy returned to modest growth in late 2014 for the first time since 2011. In 2015-16, Italy’s economy grew at about 1% each year, and in 2017 growth accelerated to 1.5% of GDP. In 2017, overall unemployment was 11.4%, but youth unemployment remained high at 37.1%. GDP growth is projected to slow slightly in 2018.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$2,322,140,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$2,562,135,000,000 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$2,548,190,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$2,553,384,000,000 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$2,529,503,000,000 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$2,540,890,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -681,14 +681,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$39,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$42,492 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$42,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$42,259 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$41,785 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$42,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -833,14 +833,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$558.26 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$687.34 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$636.01 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$678.788 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$667.866 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$656.06 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -850,14 +850,14 @@
"text": "packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, valves, trunks/cases, wine (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$486.35 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$647.058 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$569.7 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$649.963 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$631.54 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$605.44 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -1186,12 +1186,12 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "25,241 (Nigeria), 20,063 (Pakistan), 17,849 (Afghanistan), 15,842 (Mali), 14,029 (Somalia), 12,968 (Gambia), 8,974 (Bangladesh), 7,659 (Cote d'Ivoire), 7,644 (Senegal), 7,118 (Eritrea), 6,995 (Iraq), 6,353 (Ukraine), 5,953 (Ghana) (2019)"
"text": "18,473 (Nigeria), 14,484 (Pakistan), 12,096 (Afghanistan), 10,063 (Mali), 7,704 (Somalia), 5,740 (Gambia) (2020)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "3,000 (2020)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 571,601 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-October 2021)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 573,436 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-October 2021)"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "important gateway for and consumer of Latin American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin entering the European market; money laundering by organized crime and from smuggling"

54
europe/kv.json
View file

@ -85,14 +85,14 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "population clusters exist throughout the country, the largest being in the east in and around the capital of Pristina"
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "the 41-km long Nerodimka River divides into two branches each of which flows into a different sea: the northern branch flows into the Sitnica River, which via the Ibar, Morava, and Danube Rivers ultimately flows into the Black Sea; the southern branch flows via the Lepenac and Vardar Rivers into the Aegean Sea"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
}
},
"People and Society": {
@ -527,14 +527,14 @@
"text": "<p>Kosovo's economy has shown progress in transitioning to a market-based system and maintaining macroeconomic stability, but it is still highly dependent on the international community and the diaspora for financial and technical assistance. Remittances from the diaspora - located mainly in Germany, Switzerland, and the Nordic countries - are estimated to account for about 17% of GDP and international donor assistance accounts for approximately 10% of GDP. With international assistance, Kosovo has been able to privatize a majority of its state-owned enterprises.</p><p></p><p>Kosovo's citizens are the second poorest in Europe, after Moldova, with a per capita GDP (PPP) of $10,400 in 2017. An unemployment rate of 33%, and a youth unemployment rate near 60%, in a country where the average age is 26, encourages emigration and fuels a significant informal, unreported economy. Most of Kosovo's population lives in rural towns outside of the capital, Pristina. Inefficient, near-subsistence farming is common - the result of small plots, limited mechanization, and a lack of technical expertise. Kosovo enjoys lower labor costs than the rest of the region. However, high levels of corruption, little contract enforcement, and unreliable electricity supply have discouraged potential investors. The official currency of Kosovo is the euro, but the Serbian dinar is also used illegally in Serb majority communities. Kosovo's tie to the euro has helped keep core inflation low.</p><p></p><p>Minerals and metals production - including lignite, lead, zinc, nickel, chrome, aluminum, magnesium, and a wide variety of construction materials - once the backbone of industry, has declined because of aging equipment and insufficient investment, problems exacerbated by competing and unresolved ownership claims of Kosovo’s largest mines. A limited and unreliable electricity supply is a major impediment to economic development. The US Government is cooperating with the Ministry of Economic Development (MED) and the World Bank to conclude a commercial tender for the construction of Kosovo C, a new lignite-fired power plant that would leverage Kosovo’s large lignite reserves. MED also has plans for the rehabilitation of an older bituminous-fired power plant, Kosovo B, and the development of a coal mine that could supply both plants.</p><p></p><p>In June 2009, Kosovo joined the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, the Central Europe Free Trade Area (CEFTA) in 2006, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in 2012, and the Council of Europe Development Bank in 2013. In 2016, Kosovo implemented the Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) negotiations with the EU, focused on trade liberalization. In 2014, nearly 60% of customs duty-eligible imports into Kosovo were EU goods. In August 2015, as part of its EU-facilitated normalization process with Serbia, Kosovo signed agreements on telecommunications and energy distribution, but disagreements over who owns economic assets, such as the Trepca mining conglomerate, within Kosovo continue.</p><p></p><p>Kosovo experienced its first federal budget deficit in 2012, when government expenditures climbed sharply. In May 2014, the government introduced a 25% salary increase for public sector employees and an equal increase in certain social benefits. Central revenues could not sustain these increases, and the government was forced to reduce its planned capital investments. The government, led by Prime Minister MUSTAFA - a trained economist - recently made several changes to its fiscal policy, expanding the list of duty-free imports, decreasing the Value Added Tax (VAT) for basic food items and public utilities, and increasing the VAT for all other goods.</p><p></p><p>While Kosovo’s economy continued to make progress, unemployment has not been reduced, nor living standards raised, due to lack of economic reforms and investment.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$19.13 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$20.396 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$20.55 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$19.579 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$18.86 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$19.58 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -550,14 +550,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$10,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$11,368 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$11,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$10,895 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$10,530 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$10,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2016 US dollars"
},
@ -689,11 +689,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$428 million (2017 est.)"
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$1.69 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2016": {
"text": "$340 million (2016 est.)"
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$2.31 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$2.28 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -703,11 +706,14 @@
"text": "mining and processed metal products, scrap metals, leather products, machinery, appliances, prepared foodstuffs, beverages and tobacco, vegetable products, textiles and apparel"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$3.223 billion (2017 est.)"
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$4.19 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2016": {
"text": "$2.876 billion (2016 est.)"
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$4.45 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$4.5 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -932,6 +938,9 @@
"text": "Kosovo Security Force (KSF): Land Force Command; Logistics Command; Doctrine and Training Command; National Guard Command (2021)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"Military Expenditures 2020": {
"text": "1.1% of GDP (2020)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2019": {
"text": "0.8% of GDP (2019)"
},
@ -943,9 +952,6 @@
},
"Military Expenditures 2016": {
"text": "0.8% of GDP (2016)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2015": {
"text": "0.8% of GDP (2015)"
}
},
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {

84
europe/lg.json
View file

@ -390,20 +390,6 @@
"text": "1.85 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "94.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "25.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "61.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "34.94 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "maritime; wet, moderate winters"
},
@ -427,6 +413,14 @@
"text": "16.7% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "68.4% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "-0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.85% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -437,14 +431,6 @@
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "68.4% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "-0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Major infectious diseases": {
"degree of risk": {
"text": "intermediate (2020)"
@ -463,6 +449,20 @@
"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
"text": "21.2% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "94.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "25.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "61.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "34.94 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -649,14 +649,14 @@
"text": "<p>Latvia is a small, open economy with exports contributing more than half of GDP. Due to its geographical location, transit services are highly-developed, along with timber and wood-processing, agriculture and food products, and manufacturing of machinery and electronics industries. Corruption continues to be an impediment to attracting foreign direct investment and Latvia's low birth rate and decreasing population are major challenges to its long-term economic vitality.</p><p></p><p>Latvia's economy experienced GDP growth of more than 10% per year during 2006-07, but entered a severe recession in 2008 as a result of an unsustainable current account deficit and large debt exposure amid the slowing world economy. Triggered by the collapse of the second largest bank, GDP plunged by more than 14% in 2009 and, despite strong growth since 2011, the economy took until 2017 return to pre-crisis levels in real terms. Strong investment and consumption, the latter stoked by rising wages, helped the economy grow by more than 4% in 2017, while inflation rose to 3%. Continued gains in competitiveness and investment will be key to maintaining economic growth, especially in light of unfavorable demographic trends, including the emigration of skilled workers, and one of the highest levels of income inequality in the EU.</p><p></p><p>In the wake of the 2008-09 crisis, the IMF, EU, and other international donors provided substantial financial assistance to Latvia as part of an agreement to defend the currency's peg to the euro in exchange for the government's commitment to stringent austerity measures. The IMF/EU program successfully concluded in December 2011, although, the austerity measures imposed large social costs. The majority of companies, banks, and real estate have been privatized, although the state still holds sizable stakes in a few large enterprises, including 80% ownership of the Latvian national airline. Latvia officially joined the World Trade Organization in February 1999 and the EU in May 2004. Latvia also joined the euro zone in 2014 and the OECD in 2016.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$56.92 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$59.102 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$59.06 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$57.912 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$55.672 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$57.88 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -672,14 +672,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$29,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$30,898 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$30,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$30,050 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$28,664 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$30,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -824,14 +824,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$20.23 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$20.444 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$20.5 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$20.007 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$19.153 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$21.12 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -841,14 +841,14 @@
"text": "lumber, broadcasting equipment, whiskey and other hard liquors, wheat, packaged medicines (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$19.84 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$22.049 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$20.79 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$21.397 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$20.096 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$21.38 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {

84
europe/lh.json
View file

@ -383,20 +383,6 @@
"text": "3.15 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "130.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "69.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "58.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "24.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "transitional, between maritime and continental; wet, moderate winters and summers"
},
@ -420,6 +406,14 @@
"text": "20.6% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "68.2% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "-0.12% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.31% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -430,14 +424,6 @@
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "68.2% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "-0.12% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Major infectious diseases": {
"degree of risk": {
"text": "intermediate (2020)"
@ -456,6 +442,20 @@
"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
"text": "22.9% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "130.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "69.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "58.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "24.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -645,14 +645,14 @@
"text": "<p>After the country declared independence from the Soviet Union in 1990, Lithuania faced an initial dislocation that is typical during transitions from a planned economy to a free-market economy. Macroeconomic stabilization policies, including privatization of most state-owned enterprises, and a strong commitment to a currency board arrangement led to an open and rapidly growing economy and rising consumer demand. Foreign investment and EU funding aided in the transition. Lithuania joined the WTO in May 2001, the EU in May 2004, and the euro zone in January 2015, and is now working to complete the OECD accession roadmap it received in July 2015. In 2017, joined the OECD Working Group on Bribery, an important step in the OECD accession process.</p><p></p><p>The Lithuanian economy was severely hit by the 2008-09 global financial crisis, but it has rebounded and become one of the fastest growing in the EU. Increases in exports, investment, and wage growth that supported consumption helped the economy grow by 3.6% in 2017. In 2015, Russia was Lithuania’s largest trading partner, followed by Poland, Germany, and Latvia; goods and services trade between the US and Lithuania totaled $2.2 billion. Lithuania opened a self-financed liquefied natural gas terminal in January 2015, providing the first non-Russian supply of natural gas to the Baltic States and reducing Lithuania’s dependence on Russian gas from 100% to approximately 30% in 2016.</p><p></p><p>Lithuania’s ongoing recovery hinges on improving the business environment, especially by liberalizing labor laws, and improving competitiveness and export growth, the latter hampered by economic slowdowns in the EU and Russia. In addition, a steady outflow of young and highly educated people is causing a shortage of skilled labor, which, combined with a rapidly aging population, could stress public finances and constrain long-term growth.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$102.66 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$103.756 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$103.56 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$99.442 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$95.675 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$99.25 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -668,14 +668,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$36,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$37,231 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$37,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$35,496 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$33,827 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$35,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -820,14 +820,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$41.48 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$45.358 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$42.3 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$41.433 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$38.763 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$40.36 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -837,14 +837,14 @@
"text": "refined petroleum, furniture, cigarettes, wheat, polyethylene (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$36.06 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$43.733 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$39.46 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$41.131 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$38.745 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$39.38 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {

90
europe/lo.json
View file

@ -85,6 +85,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "869 sq km (2012)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country; slightly larger concentration in the west in proximity to the Czech border"
},
@ -360,20 +363,6 @@
"text": "4.43 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "293.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "231.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "31.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "50.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters"
},
@ -397,6 +386,14 @@
"text": "19.7% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "53.8% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.17% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.22% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -407,14 +404,6 @@
"text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "53.8% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.17% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "1.784 million tons (2015 est.)"
@ -425,6 +414,23 @@
"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
"text": "7.6% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "293.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "231.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "31.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "50.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -612,14 +618,14 @@
"text": "<p>Slovakia’s economy suffered from a slow start in the first years after its separation from the Czech Republic in 1993, due to the country’s authoritarian leadership and high levels of corruption, but economic reforms implemented after 1998 have placed Slovakia on a path of strong growth. With a population of 5.4 million, the Slovak Republic has a small, open economy driven mainly by automobile and electronics exports, which account for more than 80% of GDP. Slovakia joined the EU in 2004 and the euro zone in 2009. The country’s banking sector is sound and predominantly foreign owned.</p><p></p><p>Slovakia has been a regional FDI champion for several years, attractive due to a relatively low-cost yet skilled labor force, and a favorable geographic location in the heart of Central Europe. Exports and investment have been key drivers of Slovakia’s robust growth in recent years. The unemployment rate fell to historical lows in 2017, and rising wages fueled increased consumption, which played a more prominent role in 2017 GDP growth. A favorable outlook for the Eurozone suggests continued strong growth prospects for Slovakia during the next few years, although inflation is also expected to pick up.</p><p></p><p>Among the most pressing domestic issues potentially threatening the attractiveness of the Slovak market are shortages in the qualified labor force, persistent corruption issues, and an inadequate judiciary, as well as a slow transition to an innovation-based economy. The energy sector in particular is characterized by unpredictable regulatory oversight and high costs, in part driven by government interference in regulated tariffs. Moreover, the government’s attempts to maintain low household energy prices could harm the profitability of domestic energy firms while undercutting energy efficiency initiatives.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$165.57 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$178.513 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$173.83 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$174.47 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$168.134 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$169.57 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -635,14 +641,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$30,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$32,730 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$31,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$32,032 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$30,911 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$31,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -787,14 +793,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$89.92 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$113.964 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$97.04 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$113.092 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$107.518 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$100.76 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -804,14 +810,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, video displays, broadcasting equipment, tires, refined petroleum (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$87.95 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$107.88 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$96.75 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$105.67 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$100.689 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$99.92 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {

32
europe/ls.json
View file

@ -82,6 +82,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "0 sq km (2012)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "most of the population is found in the western half of the country along the Rhine River"
},
@ -308,14 +311,6 @@
"text": "0.02 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "7.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers"
},
@ -339,11 +334,6 @@
"text": "19.3% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0% of GDP (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "14.5% of total population (2021)"
@ -352,6 +342,11 @@
"text": "1.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0% of GDP (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "32,382 tons (2015 est.)"
@ -362,6 +357,17 @@
"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
"text": "64.6% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)"
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "7.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {

90
europe/lu.json
View file

@ -85,6 +85,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "0 sq km (2012)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "most people live in the south, on or near the border with France"
},
@ -355,20 +358,6 @@
"text": "0.61 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "43.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "1.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "400,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "3.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "modified continental with mild winters, cool summers"
},
@ -392,6 +381,14 @@
"text": "15.8% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "91.7% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -402,14 +399,6 @@
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "91.7% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "356,000 tons (2015 est.)"
@ -420,6 +409,23 @@
"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
"text": "28.4% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)"
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "43.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "1.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "400,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "3.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -603,14 +609,14 @@
"text": "<p>This small, stable, high-income economy has historically featured solid growth, low inflation, and low unemployment. Luxembourg, the only Grand Duchy in the world, is a landlocked country in northwestern Europe surrounded by Belgium, France, and Germany. Despite its small landmass and small population, Luxembourg is the fifth-wealthiest country in the world when measured on a gross domestic product (PPP) per capita basis. Luxembourg has one of the highest current account surpluses as a share of GDP in the euro zone, and it maintains a healthy budgetary position, with a 2017 surplus of 0.5% of GDP, and the lowest public debt level in the region.</p><p></p><p>Since 2002, Luxembourg’s government has proactively implemented policies and programs to support economic diversification and to attract foreign direct investment. The government focused on key innovative industries that showed promise for supporting economic growth: logistics, information and communications technology (ICT); health technologies, including biotechnology and biomedical research; clean energy technologies, and more recently, space technology and financial services technologies. The economy has evolved and flourished, posting strong GDP growth of 3.4% in 2017, far outpacing the European average of 1.8%.</p><p></p><p>Luxembourg remains a financial powerhouse – the financial sector accounts for more than 35% of GDP - because of the exponential growth of the investment fund sector through the launch and development of cross-border funds (UCITS) in the 1990s. Luxembourg is the world’s second-largest investment fund asset domicile, after the US, with $4 trillion of assets in custody in financial institutions.</p><p></p><p>Luxembourg has lost some of its advantage as a favorable tax location because of OECD and EU pressure, as well as the \"LuxLeaks\" scandal, which revealed advantageous tax treatments offered to foreign corporations. In 2015, the government’s compliance with EU requirements to implement automatic exchange of tax information on savings accounts - thus ending banking secrecy - has constricted banking activity. Likewise, changes to the way EU members collect taxes from e-commerce has cut Luxembourg’s sales tax revenues, requiring the government to raise additional levies and to reduce some direct social benefits as part of the tax reform package of 2017. The tax reform package also included reductions in the corporate tax rate and increases in deductions for families, both intended to increase purchasing power and increase competitiveness.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$69.72 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$70.966 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$70.64 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$69.373 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$67.28 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$69.06 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -626,14 +632,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$110,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$114,482 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$113,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$114,110 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$112,823 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$113,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -779,14 +785,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$137.09 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$133.61 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$133.59 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$132.487 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$131.834 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$136.11 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -796,14 +802,14 @@
"text": "iron and iron products, tires, cars, broadcasting equipment, clothing and apparel&nbsp; (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$110.1 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$111.287 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$108.29 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$110.275 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$110.656 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$110.28 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {

90
europe/md.json
View file

@ -85,6 +85,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "2,283 sq km (2012)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "pockets of agglomeration exist throughout the country, the largest being in the center of the country around the capital of Chisinau, followed by Tiraspol and Balti"
},
@ -373,20 +376,6 @@
"text": "3.29 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "148 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "650 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "42 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "12.27 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "moderate winters, warm summers"
},
@ -410,6 +399,14 @@
"text": "13.2% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "43% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.26% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -420,14 +417,6 @@
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "43% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "3,981,200 tons (2015 est.)"
@ -438,6 +427,23 @@
"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
"text": "15.3% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "148 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "650 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "42 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "12.27 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -626,14 +632,14 @@
"text": "<p>Despite recent progress, Moldova remains one of the poorest countries in Europe. With a moderate climate and productive farmland, Moldova's economy relies heavily on its agriculture sector, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, wheat, and tobacco. Moldova also depends on annual remittances of about $1.2 billion - almost 15% of GDP - from the roughly one million Moldovans working in Europe, Israel, Russia, and elsewhere.</p><p></p><p>With few natural energy resources, Moldova imports almost all of its energy supplies from Russia and Ukraine. Moldova's dependence on Russian energy is underscored by a more than $6 billion debt to Russian natural gas supplier Gazprom, largely the result of unreimbursed natural gas consumption in the breakaway region of Transnistria. Moldova and Romania inaugurated the Ungheni-Iasi natural gas interconnector project in August 2014. The 43-kilometer pipeline between Moldova and Romania, allows for both the import and export of natural gas. Several technical and regulatory delays kept gas from flowing into Moldova until March 2015. Romanian gas exports to Moldova are largely symbolic. In 2018, Moldova awarded a tender to Romanian Transgaz to construct a pipeline connecting Ungheni to Chisinau, bringing the gas to Moldovan population centers. Moldova also seeks to connect with the European power grid by 2022.</p><p></p><p>The government's stated goal of EU integration has resulted in some market-oriented progress. Moldova experienced better than expected economic growth in 2017, largely driven by increased consumption, increased revenue from agricultural exports, and improved tax collection. During fall 2014, Moldova signed an Association Agreement and a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement with the EU (AA/DCFTA), connecting Moldovan products to the world’s largest market. The EU AA/DCFTA has contributed to significant growth in Moldova’s exports to the EU. In 2017, the EU purchased over 65% of Moldova’s exports, a major change from 20 years previously when the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) received over 69% of Moldova’s exports. A $1 billion asset-stripping heist of Moldovan banks in late 2014 delivered a significant shock to the economy in 2015; the subsequent bank bailout increased inflationary pressures and contributed to the depreciation of the leu and a minor recession. Moldova’s growth has also been hampered by endemic corruption, which limits business growth and deters foreign investment, and Russian restrictions on imports of Moldova’s agricultural products. The government’s push to restore stability and implement meaningful reform led to the approval in 2016 of a $179 million three-year IMF program focused on improving the banking and fiscal environments, along with additional assistance programs from the EU, World Bank, and Romania. Moldova received two IMF tranches in 2017, totaling over $42.5 million.</p><p></p><p>Over the longer term, Moldova's economy remains vulnerable to corruption, political uncertainty, weak administrative capacity, vested bureaucratic interests, energy import dependence, Russian political and economic pressure, heavy dependence on agricultural exports, and unresolved separatism in Moldova's Transnistria region.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$32.26 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$34.68 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$34.68 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$33.482 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$32.101 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$33.48 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -649,14 +655,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$12,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$13,050 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$13,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$12,373 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$11,651 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$12,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -795,14 +801,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$3.24 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$3.985 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$3.66 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$3.826 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$3.57 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$3.45 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -812,14 +818,14 @@
"text": "insulated wiring, sunflower seeds, wine, corn, seats (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$5.93 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$7.113 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$6.62 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$6.765 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$6.165 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$6.39 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {

88
europe/mj.json
View file

@ -90,6 +90,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "24 sq km (2012)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "highest population density is concentrated in the south, southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area"
},
@ -98,9 +101,6 @@
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "strategic location along the Adriatic coast"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
}
},
"People and Society": {
@ -394,17 +394,6 @@
"text": "0.75 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "96.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "62.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "1.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Climate": {
"text": "Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland"
},
@ -428,6 +417,14 @@
"text": "21.4% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "67.8% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.43% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -438,14 +435,6 @@
"text": "0.12% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "67.8% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Major infectious diseases": {
"degree of risk": {
"text": "intermediate (2020)"
@ -470,6 +459,17 @@
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "96.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "62.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "1.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
"Government": {
@ -659,14 +659,14 @@
"text": "<p>Montenegro's economy is transitioning to a market system. Around 90% of Montenegrin state-owned companies have been privatized, including 100% of banking, telecommunications, and oil distribution. Tourism, which accounts for more than 20% of Montenegro’s GDP, brings in three times as many visitors as Montenegro’s total population every year. Several new luxury tourism complexes are in various stages of development along the coast, and a number are being offered in connection with nearby boating and yachting facilities. In addition to tourism, energy and agriculture are considered two distinct pillars of the economy. Only 20% of Montenegro’s hydropower potential is utilized. Montenegro plans to become a net energy exporter, and the construction of an underwater cable to Italy, which will be completed by the end of 2018, will help meet its goal.</p><p></p><p>Montenegro uses the euro as its domestic currency, though it is not an official member of the euro zone. In January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF, and in December 2011, the WTO. Montenegro began negotiations to join the EU in 2012, having met the conditions set down by the European Council, which called on Montenegro to take steps to fight corruption and organized crime.</p><p></p><p>The government recognizes the need to remove impediments in order to remain competitive and open the economy to foreign investors. Net foreign direct investment in 2017 reached $848 million and investment per capita is one of the highest in Europe, due to a low corporate tax rate. The biggest foreign investors in Montenegro in 2017 were Norway, Russia, Italy, Azerbaijan and Hungary.</p><p></p><p>Montenegro is currently planning major overhauls of its road and rail networks, and possible expansions of its air transportation system. In 2014, the Government of Montenegro selected two Chinese companies to construct a 41 km-long section of the country’s highway system, which will become part of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Cheaper borrowing costs have stimulated Montenegro’s growing debt, which currently sits at 65.9% of GDP, with a forecast, absent fiscal consolidation, to increase to 80% once the repayment to China’s Ex/Im Bank of a €800 million highway loan begins in 2019. Montenegro first instituted a value-added tax (VAT) in April 2003, and introduced differentiated VAT rates of 17% and 7% (for tourism) in January 2006. The Montenegrin Government increased the non-tourism Value Added Tax (VAT) rate to 21% as of January 2018, with the goal of reducing its public debt.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$11.36 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$13.357 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$13.39 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$12.835 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$12.215 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$12.87 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -682,14 +682,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$18,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$21,470 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$21,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$20,629 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$19,627 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$20,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -831,11 +831,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$422.2 million (2017 est.)"
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$1.24 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2016": {
"text": "$362 million (2016 est.)"
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$2.42 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$2.35 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -845,11 +848,14 @@
"text": "aluminum, packaged medicines, cars, zinc, wine (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$2.618 billion (2017 est.)"
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$2.9 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2016": {
"text": "$2.29 billion (2016 est.)"
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$3.59 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$3.67 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -1140,7 +1146,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "472 (2020)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 20,220 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-October 2021)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 20,290 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-October 2021)"
}
}
}

92
europe/mk.json
View file

@ -85,6 +85,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "1,280 sq km (2012)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations"
},
@ -93,9 +96,6 @@
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
}
},
"People and Society": {
@ -377,20 +377,6 @@
"text": "2.28 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "277.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "225,809,581.6 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "329,217,707.7 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "6.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall"
},
@ -414,6 +400,14 @@
"text": "15.9% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "58.8% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.15% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -424,14 +418,6 @@
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "58.8% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "796,585 tons (2016 est.)"
@ -445,6 +431,20 @@
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "277.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "225,809,581.6 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "329,217,707.7 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "6.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -634,14 +634,14 @@
"text": "<p>Since its independence in 1991, Macedonia has made progress in liberalizing its economy and improving its business environment. Its low tax rates and free economic zones have helped to attract foreign investment, which is still low relative to the rest of Europe. Corruption and weak rule of law remain significant problems. Some businesses complain of opaque regulations and unequal enforcement of the law.</p> <p> </p> <p>Macedonia’s economy is closely linked to Europe as a customer for exports and source of investment, and has suffered as a result of prolonged weakness in the euro zone. Unemployment has remained consistently high at about 23% but may be overstated based on the existence of an extensive gray market, estimated to be between 20% and 45% of GDP, which is not captured by official statistics.</p> <p> </p> <p>Macedonia is working to build a country-wide natural gas pipeline and distribution network. Currently, Macedonia receives its small natural gas supplies from Russia via Bulgaria. In 2016, Macedonia signed a memorandum of understanding with Greece to build an interconnector that could connect to the Trans Adriatic Pipeline that will traverse the region once complete, or to an LNG import terminal in Greece.</p> <p> </p> <p>Macedonia maintained macroeconomic stability through the global financial crisis by conducting prudent monetary policy, which keeps the domestic currency pegged to the euro, and inflation at a low level. However, in the last two years, the internal political crisis has hampered economic performance, with GDP growth slowing in 2016 and 2017, and both domestic private and public investments declining. Fiscal policies were lax, with unproductive public expenditures, including subsidies and pension increases, and rising guarantees for the debt of state owned enterprises, and fiscal targets were consistently missed. In 2017, public debt stabilized at about 47% of GDP, still relatively low compared to its Western Balkan neighbors and the rest of Europe.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$33.02 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$34.333 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$34.59 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$33.268 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$32.331 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$33.52 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>data are in 2017 dollars; Macedonia has a large informal sector that may not be reflected in these data"
},
@ -657,14 +657,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$15,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$16,479 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$16,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$15,972 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$15,529 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$16,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -806,11 +806,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$4.601 billion (2017 est.)"
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$7.18 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2016": {
"text": "$3.75 billion (2016 est.)"
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$7.78 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$7.61 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -820,11 +823,14 @@
"text": "support catalysts, centrifuges, insulated wiring, vehicle parts, buses, seats (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$6.63 billion (2017 est.)"
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$8.76 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2016": {
"text": "$5.805 billion (2016 est.)"
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$9.6 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$9.23 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {

32
europe/mn.json
View file

@ -328,17 +328,6 @@
"text": "0.05 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Climate": {
"text": "Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers"
},
@ -362,11 +351,6 @@
"text": "99% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "100% of total population (2021)"
@ -375,6 +359,11 @@
"text": "0.5% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "46,000 tons (2012 est.)"
@ -385,6 +374,17 @@
"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
"text": "5.4% (2012 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
"Government": {

84
europe/mt.json
View file

@ -374,20 +374,6 @@
"text": "0.2 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "37.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "25.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "50.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "Mediterranean; mild, rainy winters; hot, dry summers"
},
@ -411,6 +397,14 @@
"text": "66.8% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "94.8% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -421,14 +415,6 @@
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "94.8% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "269,000 tons (2015 est.)"
@ -439,6 +425,20 @@
"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
"text": "6.7% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "37.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "25.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "50.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -619,14 +619,14 @@
"text": "<p>Malta’s free market economy – the smallest economy in the euro-zone – relies heavily on trade in both goods and services, principally with Europe. Malta produces less than a quarter of its food needs, has limited fresh water supplies, and has few domestic energy sources. Malta's economy is dependent on foreign trade, manufacturing, and tourism. Malta joined the EU in 2004 and adopted the euro on 1 January 2008.</p><p></p><p>Malta has weathered the euro-zone crisis better than most EU member states due to a low debt-to-GDP ratio and financially sound banking sector. It maintains one of the lowest unemployment rates in Europe, and growth has fully recovered since the 2009 recession. In 2014 through 2016, Malta led the euro zone in growth, expanding more than 4.5% per year.</p><p></p><p>Malta’s services sector continues to grow, with sustained growth in the financial services and online gaming sectors. Advantageous tax schemes remained attractive to foreign investors, though EU discussions of anti-tax avoidance measures have raised concerns among Malta’s financial services and insurance providers, as the measures could have a significant impact on those sectors. The tourism sector also continued to grow, with 2016 showing record-breaking numbers of both air and cruise passenger arrivals.</p><p></p><p>Malta’s GDP growth remains strong and is supported by a strong labor market. The government has implemented new programs, including free childcare, to encourage increased labor participation. The high cost of borrowing and small labor market remain potential constraints to future economic growth. Increasingly, other EU and European migrants are relocating to Malta for employment, though wages have remained low compared to other European countries. Inflation remains low.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$20.6 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$22.133 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$22.15 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$21.095 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$20.056 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$20.99 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -642,14 +642,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$39,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$44,032 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$44,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$43,528 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$42,856 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$43,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -794,14 +794,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$19.04 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$23.868 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$20.76 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$22.475 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$22.607 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$20.19 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -811,14 +811,14 @@
"text": "integrated circuits, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, children's toys and stuffed animals, postage stamps&nbsp; (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$18.01 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$21.94 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$18.45 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$20.335 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$20.257 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$17.87 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {

92
europe/nl.json
View file

@ -94,6 +94,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "4,860 sq km (2012)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "an area known as the Randstad, anchored by the cities of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, the Hague, and Utrecht, is the most densely populated region; the north tends to be less dense, though sizeable communities can be found throughout the entire country"
},
@ -102,9 +105,6 @@
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas or Meuse, and Schelde); about a quarter of the country lies below sea level and only about half of the land exceeds one meter above sea level"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)"
}
},
"People and Society": {
@ -374,20 +374,6 @@
"text": "17.79 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "1.26 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "14.74 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "76.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "91 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters"
},
@ -411,6 +397,14 @@
"text": "34.1% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "92.6% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.59% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -421,14 +415,6 @@
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "92.6% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.59% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "8.855 million tons (2015 est.)"
@ -442,6 +428,20 @@
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)"
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "1.26 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "14.74 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "76.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "91 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -638,14 +638,14 @@
"text": "<p>The Netherlands, the sixth-largest economy in the European Union, plays an important role as a European transportation hub, with a consistently high trade surplus, stable industrial relations, and low unemployment. Industry focuses on food processing, chemicals, petroleum refining, and electrical machinery. A highly mechanized agricultural sector employs only 2% of the labor force but provides large surpluses for food-processing and underpins the country’s status as the world’s second largest agricultural exporter.</p><p></p><p>The Netherlands is part of the euro zone, and as such, its monetary policy is controlled by the European Central Bank. The Dutch financial sector is highly concentrated, with four commercial banks possessing over 80% of banking assets, and is four times the size of Dutch GDP.</p><p></p><p>In 2008, during the financial crisis, the government budget deficit hit 5.3% of GDP. Following a protracted recession from 2009 to 2013, during which unemployment doubled to 7.4% and household consumption contracted for four consecutive years, economic growth began inching forward in 2014. Since 2010, Prime Minister Mark RUTTE’s government has implemented significant austerity measures to improve public finances and has instituted broad structural reforms in key policy areas, including the labor market, the housing sector, the energy market, and the pension system. In 2017, the government budget returned to a surplus of 0.7% of GDP, with economic growth of 3.2%, and GDP per capita finally surpassed pre-crisis levels. The fiscal policy announced by the new government in the 2018-2021 coalition plans for increases in government consumption and public investment, fueling domestic demand and household consumption and investment. The new government’s policy also plans to increase demand for workers in the public and private sector, forecasting a further decline in the unemployment rate, which hit 4.8% in 2017.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$945.48 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$986.847 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$982.22 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$970.567 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$948.181 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$966.02 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -661,14 +661,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$54,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$56,935 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$56,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$56,325 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$55,348 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$56,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -813,14 +813,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$719.78 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$857.574 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$755.77 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$835.759 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$801.942 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$773.74 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -830,14 +830,14 @@
"text": "refined petroleum, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, photography equipment, computers (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$622.66 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$755.65 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$661.18 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$732.865 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$700.657 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$677.38 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -1159,7 +1159,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "31,694 (Syria), 14,809 (Eritrea), 13,007 (Somalia), 8,423 (Iraq), 5,815 (Afghanistan) (2019)"
"text": "22,547 (Syria), 11,961 (Eritrea), 11,642 (Somalia), 7,365 (Iraq), 5,212 (Afghanistan) (2020)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "2,006 (2020)"

90
europe/no.json
View file

@ -374,20 +374,6 @@
"text": "4.81 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "775.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "1.071 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "844.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "393 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers; rainy year-round on west coast"
},
@ -411,6 +397,15 @@
"text": "69.5% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "83.3% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "1.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data include Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands"
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.05% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -421,15 +416,6 @@
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "83.3% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "1.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data include Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands"
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "2.187 million tons (2015 est.)"
@ -440,6 +426,20 @@
"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
"text": "26.2% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "775.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "1.071 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "844.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "393 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -528,7 +528,7 @@
"text": "King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991); Heir Apparent Crown Prince HAAKON MAGNUS (son of the monarch, born 20 July 1973)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Prime Minister Erna SOLBERG (since 16 October 2013)"
"text": "Prime Minister Jonas Gahr STORE (since 14 October 2021); note - Prime Minister Erna SOLBERG resigned on 12 October 2021"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of State appointed by the monarch, approved by Parliament"
@ -626,14 +626,14 @@
"text": "<p>Norway has a stable economy with a vibrant private sector, a large state sector, and an extensive social safety net. Norway opted out of the EU during a referendum in November 1994. However, as a member of the European Economic Area, Norway partially participates in the EU’s single market and contributes sizably to the EU budget.</p><p></p><p>The country is richly endowed with natural resources such as oil and gas, fish, forests, and minerals. Norway is a leading producer and the world’s second largest exporter of seafood, after China. The government manages the country’s petroleum resources through extensive regulation. The petroleum sector provides about 9% of jobs, 12% of GDP, 13% of the state’s revenue, and 37% of exports, according to official national estimates. Norway is one of the world's leading petroleum exporters, although oil production is close to 50% below its peak in 2000. Gas production, conversely, has more than doubled since 2000. Although oil production is historically low, it rose in 2016 for the third consecutive year due to the higher production of existing oil fields and to new fields coming on stream. Norway’s domestic electricity production relies almost entirely on hydropower.</p><p></p><p>In anticipation of eventual declines in oil and gas production, Norway saves state revenue from petroleum sector activities in the world's largest sovereign wealth fund, valued at over $1 trillion at the end of 2017. To help balance the federal budget each year, the government follows a \"fiscal rule,\" which states that spending of revenues from petroleum and fund investments shall correspond to the expected real rate of return on the fund, an amount it estimates is sustainable over time. In February 2017, the government revised the expected rate of return for the fund downward from 4% to 3%.</p><p></p><p>After solid GDP growth in the 2004-07 period, the economy slowed in 2008, and contracted in 2009, before returning to modest, positive growth from 2010 to 2017. The Norwegian economy has been adjusting to lower energy prices, as demonstrated by growth in labor force participation and employment in 2017. GDP growth was about 1.5% in 2017, driven largely by domestic demand, which has been boosted by the rebound in the labor market and supportive fiscal policies. Economic growth is expected to remain constant or improve slightly in the next few years.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$342.06 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$340.303 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$344.69 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$336.418 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$332.135 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$341.78 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -649,14 +649,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$63,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$63,633 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$64,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$63,333 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$62,941 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$64,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -801,14 +801,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$117.06 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$185.101 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$146.71 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$184.094 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$185.952 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$165.37 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -818,14 +818,14 @@
"text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, fish, refined petroleum, aluminum (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$119.08 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$158.037 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$140.14 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$150.972 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$148.802 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$140.3 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -1128,7 +1128,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "14,359 (Syria), 14,038 (Eritrea),&nbsp;6,518 (Somalia), 5,108 (Afghanistan) (2019)"
"text": "15,311 (Syria), 12,520 (Eritrea), 5,263 (Somalia) (2020)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "4,206 (2020)"

90
europe/pl.json
View file

@ -90,6 +90,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "970 sq km (2012)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "population concentrated in the southern area around Krakow and the central area around Warsaw and Lodz, with an extension to the northern coastal city of Gdansk"
},
@ -387,20 +390,6 @@
"text": "46.62 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "2.028 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "7.035 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "1.018 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "60.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers"
},
@ -424,6 +413,14 @@
"text": "21.2% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "60.1% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "-0.16% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.17% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -434,14 +431,6 @@
"text": "0.27% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "60.1% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "-0.16% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Major infectious diseases": {
"degree of risk": {
"text": "intermediate (2016)"
@ -460,6 +449,23 @@
"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
"text": "26.4% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "2.028 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "7.035 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "1.018 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "60.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -654,14 +660,14 @@
"text": "<p>Poland has the sixth-largest economy in the EU and has long had a reputation as a business-friendly country with largely sound macroeconomic policies. Since 1990, Poland has pursued a policy of economic liberalization. During the 2008-09 economic slowdown Poland was the only EU country to avoid a recession, in part because of the government’s loose fiscal policy combined with a commitment to rein in spending in the medium-term Poland is the largest recipient of EU development funds and their cyclical allocation can significantly impact the rate of economic growth.</p><p></p><p>The Polish economy performed well during the 2014-17 period, with the real GDP growth rate generally exceeding 3%, in part because of increases in government social spending that have helped to accelerate consumer-driven growth. However, since 2015, Poland has implemented new business restrictions and taxes on foreign-dominated economic sectors, including banking and insurance, energy, and healthcare, that have dampened investor sentiment and has increased the government’s ownership of some firms. The government reduced the retirement age in 2016 and has had mixed success in introducing new taxes and boosting tax compliance to offset the increased costs of social spending programs and relieve upward pressure on the budget deficit. Some credit ratings agencies estimate that Poland during the next few years is at risk of exceeding the EU’s 3%-of-GDP limit on budget deficits, possibly impacting its access to future EU funds. Poland’s economy is projected to perform well in the next few years in part because of an anticipated cyclical increase in the use of its EU development funds and continued, robust household spending.</p><p></p><p>Poland faces several systemic challenges, which include addressing some of the remaining deficiencies in its road and rail infrastructure, business environment, rigid labor code, commercial court system, government red tape, and burdensome tax system, especially for entrepreneurs. Additional long-term challenges include diversifying Poland’s energy mix, strengthening investments in innovation, research, and development, as well as stemming the outflow of educated young Poles to other EU member states, especially in light of a coming demographic contraction due to emigration, persistently low fertility rates, and the aging of the Solidarity-era baby boom generation.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$1,223,460,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$1,261,433,000,000 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$1,257,440,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$1,206,640,000,000 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$1,145,323,000,000 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$1,202,820,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -677,14 +683,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$32,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$33,221 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$33,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$31,775 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$30,160 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$31,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -829,14 +835,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$333.54 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$394.848 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$330.68 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$375.525 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$351.125 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$324.22 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -846,14 +852,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, seats, furniture, computers, video displays (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$292.44 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$364.993 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$302.87 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$353.423 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$328.919 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$306.43 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {

84
europe/po.json
View file

@ -381,20 +381,6 @@
"text": "10.93 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "914.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "1.497 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "8.767 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "77.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south"
},
@ -418,6 +404,14 @@
"text": "22.5% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "66.8% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.44% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.13% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -428,14 +422,6 @@
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "66.8% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.44% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "4.71 million tons (2014 est.)"
@ -446,6 +432,20 @@
"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
"text": "16.2% (2014 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "914.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "1.497 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "8.767 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "77.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -642,14 +642,14 @@
"text": "<p>Portugal has become a diversified and increasingly service-based economy since joining the European Community - the EU's predecessor - in 1986. Over the following two decades, successive governments privatized many state-controlled firms and liberalized key areas of the economy, including the financial and telecommunications sectors. The country joined the Economic and Monetary Union in 1999 and began circulating the euro on 1 January 2002 along with 11 other EU members.</p><p></p><p>The economy grew by more than the EU average for much of the 1990s, but the rate of growth slowed in 2001-08. After the global financial crisis in 2008, Portugal’s economy contracted in 2009 and fell into recession from 2011 to 2013, as the government implemented spending cuts and tax increases to comply with conditions of an EU-IMF financial rescue package, signed in May 2011. Portugal successfully exited its EU-IMF program in May 2014, and its economic recovery gained traction in 2015 because of strong exports and a rebound in private consumption. GDP growth accelerated in 2016, and probably reached 2.5 % in 2017. Unemployment remained high, at 9.7% in 2017, but has improved steadily since peaking at 18% in 2013.</p><p></p><p>The center-left minority Socialist government has unwound some unpopular austerity measures while managing to remain within most EU fiscal targets. The budget deficit fell from 11.2% of GDP in 2010 to 1.8% in 2017, the country’s lowest since democracy was restored in 1974, and surpassing the EU and IMF projections of 3%. Portugal exited the EU’s excessive deficit procedure in mid-2017.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$331.64 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$358.344 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$358.78 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$350.507 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$340.796 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$350.07 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -665,14 +665,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$32,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$34,894 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$34,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$34,083 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$33,086 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$34,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -817,14 +817,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$85.28 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$114.512 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$104.77 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$110.591 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$106.201 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$105.76 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -834,14 +834,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, leather footwear, paper products, tires (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$89.31 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$120.334 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$103.05 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$114.957 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$109.515 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$103.59 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {

98
europe/ri.json
View file

@ -85,6 +85,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "950 sq km (2012)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations"
},
@ -389,20 +392,6 @@
"text": "11.96 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "659.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "4.057 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "660.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "162.2 billion cubic meters (note - includes Kosovo) (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well-distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)"
},
@ -426,6 +415,15 @@
"text": "10.5% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "56.7% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data include Kosovo"
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.38% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -436,15 +434,6 @@
"text": "0.25% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "56.7% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data include Kosovo"
},
"Major infectious diseases": {
"degree of risk": {
"text": "intermediate (2020)"
@ -463,6 +452,23 @@
"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
"text": "0.8% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "659.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "4.057 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "660.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "162.2 billion cubic meters (note - includes Kosovo) (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -655,14 +661,14 @@
"text": "<p>Serbia has a transitional economy largely dominated by market forces, but the state sector remains significant in certain areas. The economy relies on manufacturing and exports, driven largely by foreign investment. MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement of the economy, an extended period of international economic sanctions, civil war, and the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry during the NATO airstrikes in 1999 left the economy worse off than it was in 1990. In 2015, Serbia’s GDP was 27.5% below where it was in 1989.</p><p></p><p>After former Federal Yugoslav President MILOSEVIC was ousted in September 2000, the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition government implemented stabilization measures and embarked on a market reform program. Serbia renewed its membership in the IMF in December 2000 and rejoined the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Serbia has made progress in trade liberalization and enterprise restructuring and privatization, but many large enterprises - including the power utilities, telecommunications company, natural gas company, and others - remain state-owned. Serbia has made some progress towards EU membership, gaining candidate status in March 2012. In January 2014, Serbia's EU accession talks officially opened and, as of December 2017, Serbia had opened 12 negotiating chapters including one on foreign trade. Serbia's negotiations with the WTO are advanced, with the country's complete ban on the trade and cultivation of agricultural biotechnology products representing the primary remaining obstacle to accession. Serbia maintains a three-year Stand-by Arrangement with the IMF worth approximately $1.3 billion that is scheduled to end in February 2018. The government has shown progress implementing economic reforms, such as fiscal consolidation, privatization, and reducing public spending.</p><p></p><p>Unemployment in Serbia, while relatively low (16% in 2017) compared with its Balkan neighbors, remains significantly above the European average. Serbia is slowly implementing structural economic reforms needed to ensure the country's long-term prosperity. Serbia reduced its budget deficit to 1.7% of GDP and its public debt to 71% of GDP in 2017. Public debt had more than doubled between 2008 and 2015. Serbia's concerns about inflation and exchange-rate stability preclude the use of expansionary monetary policy.</p><p></p><p>Major economic challenges ahead include: stagnant household incomes; the need for private sector job creation; structural reforms of state-owned companies; strategic public sector reforms; and the need for new foreign direct investment. Other serious longer-term challenges include an inefficient judicial system, high levels of corruption, and an aging population. Factors favorable to Serbia's economic growth include the economic reforms it is undergoing as part of its EU accession process and IMF agreement, its strategic location, a relatively inexpensive and skilled labor force, and free trade agreements with the EU, Russia, Turkey, and countries that are members of the Central European Free Trade Agreement.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$125.8 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$126.625 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$127.04 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$121.464 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$116.239 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$121.87 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -678,14 +684,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$18,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$18,233 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$18,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$17,395 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$16,556 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$17,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -827,11 +833,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$15.92 billion (2017 est.)"
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$25.42 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2016": {
"text": "$13.99 billion (2016 est.)"
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$26.13 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$24.97 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -841,11 +850,14 @@
"text": "insulated wiring, tires, corn, cars, iron products, copper (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$20.44 billion (2017 est.)"
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$30.15 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2016": {
"text": "$17.63 billion (2016 est.)"
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$31.29 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$29.78 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -1145,7 +1157,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "17,972 (Croatia), 8,198 (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (2019)"
"text": "17,675 (Croatia), 8,129 (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (2019)"
},
"IDPs": {
"text": "196,995 (most are Kosovar Serbs, some are Roma, Ashkalis, and Egyptian (RAE); some RAE IDPs are unregistered) (2021)"
@ -1153,7 +1165,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "2,144 (includes stateless persons in Kosovo) (2020)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 794,042 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-September 2021); Serbia is predominantly a transit country and hosts an estimated 5,255 migrants and asylum seekers as of May 2021"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 795,629 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-October 2021); Serbia is predominantly a transit country and hosts an estimated 5,255 migrants and asylum seekers as of May 2021"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route; economy vulnerable to money laundering"

90
europe/ro.json
View file

@ -96,6 +96,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "31,490 sq km (2012)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "urbanization is not particularly high, and a fairly even population distribution can be found throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; Hungarians, the country's largest minority, have a particularly strong presence in eastern Transylvania"
},
@ -104,9 +107,6 @@
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "controls the most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine; the Carpathian Mountains dominate the center of the country, while the Danube River forms much of the southern boundary with Serbia and Bulgaria"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
}
},
"People and Society": {
@ -390,20 +390,6 @@
"text": "27.62 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "1.048 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "4.234 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "1.491 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "212.01 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms"
},
@ -427,6 +413,14 @@
"text": "10.6% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "54.3% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "-0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.16% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -437,14 +431,6 @@
"text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "54.3% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "-0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "4.895 million tons (2015 est.)"
@ -458,6 +444,20 @@
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "1.048 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "4.234 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "1.491 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "212.01 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -648,14 +648,14 @@
"text": "<p>Romania, which joined the EU on 1 January 2007, began the transition from communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs. Romania's macroeconomic gains have only recently started to spur creation of a middle class and to address Romania's widespread poverty. Corruption and red tape continue to permeate the business environment.</p><p></p><p>In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, Romania signed a $26 billion emergency assistance package from the IMF, the EU, and other international lenders, but GDP contracted until 2011. In March 2011, Romania and the IMF/EU/World Bank signed a 24-month precautionary standby agreement, worth $6.6 billion, to promote fiscal discipline, encourage progress on structural reforms, and strengthen financial sector stability; no funds were drawn. In September 2013, Romanian authorities and the IMF/EU agreed to a follow-on standby agreement, worth $5.4 billion, to continue with reforms. This agreement expired in September 2015, and no funds were drawn. Progress on structural reforms has been uneven, and the economy still is vulnerable to external shocks.</p><p></p><p>Economic growth rebounded in the 2013-17 period, driven by strong industrial exports, excellent agricultural harvests, and, more recently, expansionary fiscal policies in 2016-2017 that nearly quadrupled Bucharest’s annual fiscal deficit, from +0.8% of GDP in 2015 to -3% of GDP in 2016 and an estimated -3.4% in 2017. Industry outperformed other sectors of the economy in 2017. Exports remained an engine of economic growth, led by trade with the EU, which accounts for roughly 70% of Romania trade. Domestic demand was the major driver, due to tax cuts and large wage increases that began last year and are set to continue in 2018.</p><p></p><p>An aging population, emigration of skilled labor, significant tax evasion, insufficient health care, and an aggressive loosening of the fiscal package compromise Romania’s long-term growth and economic stability and are the economy's top vulnerabilities.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$556.07 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$579.549 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$578.39 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$556.442 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$532.611 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$555.47 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -671,14 +671,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$28,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$29,941 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$29,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$28,576 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$27,192 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$28,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -823,14 +823,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$93.01 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$114.311 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$100.9 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$110.685 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$105.188 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$101.11 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -840,14 +840,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, insulated wiring, refined petroleum, electrical control boards, seats (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$104.16 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$136.091 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$111.18 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$127.553 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$117.292 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$109.26 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {

90
europe/si.json
View file

@ -87,6 +87,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "60 sq km (2012)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; pockets in the mountainous northwest exhibit less density than elsewhere"
},
@ -95,9 +98,6 @@
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "despite its small size, this eastern Alpine country controls some of Europe's major transit routes"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
}
},
"People and Society": {
@ -379,20 +379,6 @@
"text": "2.1 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "169.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "758 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "3.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "31.87 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east"
},
@ -416,6 +402,14 @@
"text": "14.9% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "55.4% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.54% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.2% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -426,14 +420,6 @@
"text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "55.4% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.54% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "926,000 tons (2015 est.)"
@ -447,6 +433,20 @@
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "169.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "758 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "3.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "31.87 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -636,14 +636,14 @@
"text": "<p>With excellent infrastructure, a well-educated work force, and a strategic location between the Balkans and Western Europe, Slovenia has one of the highest per capita GDPs in Central Europe, despite having suffered a protracted recession in the 2008-09 period in the wake of the global financial crisis. Slovenia became the first 2004 EU entrant to adopt the euro (on 1 January 2007) and has experienced a stable political and economic transition.</p> <p> </p> <p>In March 2004, Slovenia became the first transition country to graduate from borrower status to donor partner at the World Bank. In 2007, Slovenia was invited to begin the process for joining the OECD; it became a member in 2012. From 2014 to 2016, export-led growth, fueled by demand in larger European markets, pushed annual GDP growth above 2.3%. Growth reached 5.0% in 2017 and is projected to near or reach 5% in 2018. What used to be stubbornly high unemployment fell below 5.5% in early 2018, driven by strong exports and increasing consumption that boosted labor demand. Continued fiscal consolidation through increased tax collection and social security contributions will likely result in a balanced government budget in 2019.</p> <p> </p> <p>Prime Minister CERAR’s government took office in September 2014, pledging to press ahead with commitments to privatize a select group of state-run companies, rationalize public spending, and further stabilize the banking sector. Efforts to privatize Slovenia’s largely state-owned banking sector have largely stalled, however, amid concerns about an ongoing dispute over Yugoslav-era foreign currency deposits.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$76.75 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$81.614 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$81.25 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$79.095 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$75.773 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$78.74 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -659,14 +659,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$36,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$39,088 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$38,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$38,139 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$36,670 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$38,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -811,14 +811,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$41.73 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$49.872 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$45.41 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$48.001 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$45.096 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$45.93 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -828,14 +828,14 @@
"text": "packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, electrical lighting/signaling equipment, electricity (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$36.6 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$45.489 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$40.8 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$43.637 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$40.625 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$41.32 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {

20
europe/sm.json
View file

@ -351,11 +351,6 @@
"text": "83.3% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "97.6% of total population (2021)"
@ -364,6 +359,11 @@
"text": "0.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "17,175 tons (2016 est.)"
@ -543,8 +543,11 @@
"text": "<p>San Marino's economy relies heavily on tourism, banking, and the manufacture and export of ceramics, clothing, fabrics, furniture, paints, spirits, tiles, and wine. The manufacturing and financial sectors account for more than half of San Marino's GDP. The per capita level of output and standard of living are comparable to those of the most prosperous regions of Italy.</p><p></p><p>San Marino's economy contracted considerably in the years since 2008, largely due to weakened demand from Italy - which accounts for nearly 90% of its export market - and financial sector consolidation. Difficulties in the banking sector, the global economic downturn, and the sizable decline in tax revenues all contributed to negative real GDP growth. The government adopted measures to counter the downturn, including subsidized credit to businesses and is seeking to shift its growth model away from a reliance on bank and tax secrecy. San Marino does not issue public debt securities; when necessary, it finances deficits by drawing down central bank deposits.</p><p></p><p>The economy benefits from foreign investment due to its relatively low corporate taxes and low taxes on interest earnings. The income tax rate is also very low, about one-third the average EU level. San Marino continues to work towards harmonizing its fiscal laws with EU and international standards. In September 2009, the OECD removed San Marino from its list of tax havens that have yet to fully adopt global tax standards, and in 2010 San Marino signed Tax Information Exchange Agreements with most major countries. In 2013, the San Marino Government signed a Double Taxation Agreement with Italy, but a referendum on EU membership failed to reach the quorum needed to bring it to a vote.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$2.06 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$2.008 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$2.01 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$1.982 billion (2017 est.)"
@ -563,8 +566,11 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$60,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$59,439 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$59,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$58,867 (2017 est.)"

90
europe/sp.json
View file

@ -394,20 +394,6 @@
"text": "36.94 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "4.89 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "5.966 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "20.36 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "111.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast"
},
@ -431,6 +417,15 @@
"text": "9.1% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "81.1% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.24% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data include Canary Islands, Ceuta, and Melilla"
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -441,15 +436,6 @@
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "81.1% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.24% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data include Canary Islands, Ceuta, and Melilla"
},
"Major infectious diseases": {
"respiratory diseases": {
"text": "Covid-19 (see note) (2020)"
@ -466,6 +452,20 @@
"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
"text": "16.8% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "4.89 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "5.966 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "20.36 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "111.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -661,14 +661,14 @@
"text": "<p>After a prolonged recession that began in 2008 in the wake of the global financial crisis, Spain marked the fourth full year of positive economic growth in 2017, with economic activity surpassing its pre-crisis peak, largely because of increased private consumption. The financial crisis of 2008 broke 16 consecutive years of economic growth for Spain, leading to an economic contraction that lasted until late 2013. In that year, the government successfully shored up its struggling banking sector - heavily exposed to the collapse of Spain’s real estate boom - with the help of an EU-funded restructuring and recapitalization program.</p><p></p><p>Until 2014, contraction in bank lending, fiscal austerity, and high unemployment constrained domestic consumption and investment. The unemployment rate rose from a low of about 8% in 2007 to more than 26% in 2013, but labor reforms prompted a modest reduction to 16.4% in 2017. High unemployment strained Spain's public finances, as spending on social benefits increased while tax revenues fell. Spain’s budget deficit peaked at 11.4% of GDP in 2010, but Spain gradually reduced the deficit to about 3.3% of GDP in 2017. Public debt has increased substantially – from 60.1% of GDP in 2010 to nearly 96.7% in 2017.</p><p></p><p>Strong export growth helped bring Spain's current account into surplus in 2013 for the first time since 1986 and sustain Spain’s economic growth. Increasing labor productivity and an internal devaluation resulting from moderating labor costs and lower inflation have improved Spain’s export competitiveness and generated foreign investor interest in the economy, restoring FDI flows.</p><p></p><p>In 2017, the Spanish Government’s minority status constrained its ability to implement controversial labor, pension, health care, tax, and education reforms. The European Commission expects the government to meet its 2017 budget deficit target and anticipates that expected economic growth in 2018 will help the government meet its deficit target. Spain’s borrowing costs are dramatically lower since their peak in mid-2012, and increased economic activity has generated a modest level of inflation, at 2% in 2017.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$1,714,860,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$1,925,576,000,000 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$1,923,330,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$1,888,743,000,000 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$1,843,934,000,000 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$1,886,540,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -684,14 +684,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$36,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$40,903 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$40,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$40,360 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$39,575 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$40,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -835,14 +835,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$392.85 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$533.771 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$486.15 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$521.855 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$510.327 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$499.55 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -852,14 +852,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, delivery trucks, clothing and apparel (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$373.67 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$463.145 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$444.31 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$459.742 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$441.197 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$460.98 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -1189,12 +1189,12 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "14,133 (Syria) (2019); 415,000 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2021)"
"text": "14,660 (Syria) (2020); 415,000 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2021)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "5,914 (2020)"
},
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>196,402 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-October 2021)"
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>193,685 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-October 2021)"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "despite rigorous law enforcement efforts, North African, Latin American, Galician, and other European traffickers take advantage of Spain's long coastline to land large shipments of cocaine and hashish for distribution to the European market; consumer for Latin American cocaine and North African hashish; destination and minor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin; money-laundering site for Colombian narcotics trafficking organizations and organized crime"

86
europe/sw.json
View file

@ -371,20 +371,6 @@
"text": "4.42 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "955 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "1.345 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "75 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "174 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north"
},
@ -408,6 +394,14 @@
"text": "23.8% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "88.2% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.89% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.21% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -418,14 +412,6 @@
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "88.2% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.89% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "4.377 million tons (2015 est.)"
@ -436,6 +422,20 @@
"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
"text": "32.4% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "955 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "1.345 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "75 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "174 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -619,14 +619,14 @@
"text": "<p>Sweden’s small, open, and competitive economy has been thriving and Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living with its combination of free-market capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. Sweden remains outside the euro zone largely out of concern that joining the European Economic and Monetary Union would diminish the country’s sovereignty over its welfare system.</p> <p> </p> <p>Timber, hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of a manufacturing economy that relies heavily on foreign trade. Exports, including engines and other machines, motor vehicles, and telecommunications equipment, account for more than 44% of GDP. Sweden enjoys a current account surplus of about 5% of GDP, which is one of the highest margins in Europe.</p> <p> </p> <p>GDP grew an estimated 3.3% in 2016 and 2017 driven largely by investment in the construction sector. Swedish economists expect economic growth to ease slightly in the coming years as this investment subsides. Global economic growth boosted exports of Swedish manufactures further, helping drive domestic economic growth in 2017. The Central Bank is keeping an eye on deflationary pressures and bank observers expect it to maintain an expansionary monetary policy in 2018. Swedish prices and wages have grown only slightly over the past few years, helping to support the country’s competitiveness.</p> <p> </p> <p>In the short and medium term, Sweden’s economic challenges include providing affordable housing and successfully integrating migrants into the labor market.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$524.75 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$547.595 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$539.96 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$540.776 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$530.433 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$532.67 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -642,14 +642,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$50,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$53,240 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$52,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$53,146 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$52,739 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$52,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -794,14 +794,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$240.08 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$302.65 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$254.53 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$291.846 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$279.461 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$254.25 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -811,14 +811,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, lumber (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$217.68 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$276.622 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$232.81 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$273.125 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$262.597 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$241.53 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -1135,7 +1135,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "113,418 (Syria), 27,933 (Eritrea), 30,546 (Afghanistan), 17,593 (Somalia), 12,460 (Iraq), 7,408 (Iran) (2019)"
"text": "114,609 (Syria), 29,927 (Afghanistan), 27,421 (Eritrea), 12,784 (Somalia), 11,635 (Iraq), 7,507 (Iran) (2020)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "50,414 (2020); note - the majority of stateless people are from the Middle East and Somalia"

92
europe/sz.json
View file

@ -85,6 +85,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "630 sq km (2012)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km), <em>(Adriatic Sea)</em> Po (76,997 sq km), <em>(Mediterranean Sea) </em>Rhone (100,543 sq km)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "population distribution corresponds to elevation with the northern and western areas far more heavily populated; the higher Alps of the south limit settlement"
},
@ -93,9 +96,6 @@
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "landlocked; crossroads of northern and southern Europe; along with southeastern France, northern Italy, and southwestern Austria, has the highest elevations in the Alps"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km), <em>(Adriatic Sea)</em> Po (76,997 sq km), <em>(Mediterranean Sea) </em>Rhone (100,543 sq km)"
}
},
"People and Society": {
@ -365,20 +365,6 @@
"text": "4.98 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "931 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "642.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "160.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "53.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers"
},
@ -402,6 +388,14 @@
"text": "29.8% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "74% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.79% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -412,14 +406,6 @@
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "74% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.79% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "6.056 million tons (2016 est.)"
@ -433,6 +419,20 @@
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km), <em>(Adriatic Sea)</em> Po (76,997 sq km), <em>(Mediterranean Sea) </em>Rhone (100,543 sq km)"
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "931 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "642.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "160.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "53.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -625,14 +625,14 @@
"text": "<p>Switzerland, a country that espouses neutrality, is a prosperous and modern market economy with low unemployment, a highly skilled labor force, and a per capita GDP among the highest in the world. Switzerland's economy benefits from a highly developed service sector, led by financial services, and a manufacturing industry that specializes in high-technology, knowledge-based production. Its economic and political stability, transparent legal system, exceptional infrastructure, efficient capital markets, and low corporate tax rates also make Switzerland one of the world's most competitive economies.</p><p></p><p>The Swiss have brought their economic practices largely into conformity with the EU's to gain access to the Union’s Single Market and enhance the country’s international competitiveness. Some trade protectionism remains, however, particularly for its small agricultural sector. The fate of the Swiss economy is tightly linked to that of its neighbors in the euro zone, which purchases half of Swiss exports. The global financial crisis of 2008 and resulting economic downturn in 2009 stalled demand for Swiss exports and put Switzerland into a recession. During this period, the Swiss National Bank (SNB) implemented a zero-interest rate policy to boost the economy, as well as to prevent appreciation of the franc, and Switzerland's economy began to recover in 2010.</p><p></p><p>The sovereign debt crises unfolding in neighboring euro-zone countries, however, coupled with economic instability in Russia and other Eastern European economies drove up demand for the Swiss franc by investors seeking a safehaven currency. In January 2015, the SNB abandoned the Swiss franc’s peg to the euro, roiling global currency markets and making active SNB intervention a necessary hallmark of present-day Swiss monetary policy. The independent SNB has upheld its zero interest rate policy and conducted major market interventions to prevent further appreciation of the Swiss franc, but parliamentarians have urged it to do more to weaken the currency. The franc's strength has made Swiss exports less competitive and weakened the country's growth outlook; GDP growth fell below 2% per year from 2011 through 2017.</p><p></p><p>In recent years, Switzerland has responded to increasing pressure from neighboring countries and trading partners to reform its banking secrecy laws, by agreeing to conform to OECD regulations on administrative assistance in tax matters, including tax evasion. The Swiss Government has also renegotiated its double taxation agreements with numerous countries, including the US, to incorporate OECD standards.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$590.71 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$588.472 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$608.16 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$583.056 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$567.448 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$601.65 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -648,14 +648,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$68,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$68,628 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$70,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$68,479 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$67,139 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$70,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -801,14 +801,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$470.91 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$443.997 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$478.34 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$444.605 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$430.129 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$482.58 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> trade data exclude trade with Switzerland"
},
@ -819,14 +819,14 @@
"text": "gold, packaged medicines, medical cultures/vaccines, watches, jewelry (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$401.91 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$344.477 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$394 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$344.557 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$343.367 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$395.86 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -1140,7 +1140,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "36,698 (Eritrea), 18,755 (Syria), 13,455 (Afghanistan), 5,819 (Sri Lanka) (2019)"
"text": "37,816 (Eritrea), 19,869 (Syria), 14,523 (Afghanistan), 6,016 (Sri Lanka), 5,447 (Turkey) (2020)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "711 (2020)"

86
europe/uk.json
View file

@ -373,20 +373,6 @@
"text": "49.16 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "6.227 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "1.01 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "1.183 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "147 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast"
},
@ -410,6 +396,14 @@
"text": "17.1% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "84.2% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.8% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -420,14 +414,6 @@
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "84.2% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0.8% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Major infectious diseases": {
"respiratory diseases": {
"text": "Covid-19 (see note) (2020)"
@ -444,6 +430,20 @@
"percent of municipal solid waste recycled": {
"text": "27.3% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "6.227 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "1.01 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "1.183 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "147 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -637,14 +637,14 @@
"text": "<p>The UK, a leading trading power and financial center, is the third largest economy in Europe after Germany and France. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with less than 2% of the labor force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil resources, but its oil and natural gas reserves are declining; the UK has been a net importer of energy since 2005. Services, particularly banking, insurance, and business services, are key drivers of British GDP growth. Manufacturing, meanwhile, has declined in importance but still accounts for about 10% of economic output.</p> <p>In 2008, the global financial crisis hit the economy particularly hard, due to the importance of its financial sector. Falling home prices, high consumer debt, and the global economic slowdown compounded the UK’s economic problems, pushing the economy into recession in the latter half of 2008 and prompting the then BROWN (Labour) government to implement a number of measures to stimulate the economy and stabilize the financial markets. Facing burgeoning public deficits and debt levels, in 2010 the then CAMERON-led coalition government (between Conservatives and Liberal Democrats) initiated an austerity program, which has continued under the Conservative government. However, the deficit still remains one of the highest in the G7, standing at 3.6% of GDP as of 2017, and the UK has pledged to lower its corporation tax from 20% to 17% by 2020. The UK had a debt burden of 90.4% GDP at the end of 2017.</p> <p>The UK economy has begun to slow since the referendum vote to leave the EU in June 2016. A sustained depreciation of the British pound has increased consumer and producer prices, weighing on consumer spending without spurring a meaningful increase in exports. The UK has an extensive trade relationship with other EU members through its single market membership, and economic observers have warned the exit will jeopardize its position as the central location for European financial services. The UK is slated to leave the EU at the end of January 2020.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$2,797,980,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$3,118,396,000,000 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$3,101,640,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$3,073,442,000,000 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$3,032,781,000,000 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$3,059,690,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -660,14 +660,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$41,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$46,659 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$46,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$46,245 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$45,910 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$46,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -812,14 +812,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$741.95 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$901.882 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$879.92 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$877.501 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$851.693 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$882.65 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -829,14 +829,14 @@
"text": "cars, gas turbines, gold, crude petroleum, packaged medicines (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$752.77 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$987.018 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$914.96 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$955.655 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$930.354 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$916.4 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -1172,7 +1172,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "19,744 (Iran), 13,755 (Eritrea), 10,575 (Sudan), 10,389 (Syria), 9,513 (Afghanistan), 8,164 (Pakistan), 5,522 (Sri Lanka) (2019)"
"text": "20,433 (Iran), 14,016 (Eritrea), 10,994 (Sudan), 10,919 (Syria), 9,351 (Afghanistan), 8,350 (Pakistan), 6,399 (Iraq), 5,338 (Sri Lanka) (2020)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "4,662 (2020)"

90
europe/up.json
View file

@ -94,6 +94,9 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "21,670 sq km (2012)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km), Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "densest settlement in the eastern (Donbas) and western regions; noteable concentrations in and around major urban areas of Kyiv, Kharkiv, Donets'k, Dnipropetrovs'k, and Odesa"
},
@ -102,9 +105,6 @@
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second-largest country in Europe after Russia"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km), Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)"
}
},
"People and Society": {
@ -387,20 +387,6 @@
"text": "63.37 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "2.397 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "3.577 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "3.206 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "175.28 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; warm summers across the greater part of the country, hot in the south"
},
@ -424,6 +410,14 @@
"text": "12% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "69.8% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "-0.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.34% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -434,14 +428,6 @@
"text": "0.42% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "69.8% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "-0.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Waste and recycling": {
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
"text": "15,242,025 tons (2016 est.)"
@ -455,6 +441,20 @@
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km), Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)"
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "2.397 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "3.577 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "3.206 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "175.28 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -648,14 +648,14 @@
"text": "<p>After Russia, the Ukrainian Republic was the most important economic component of the former Soviet Union, producing about four times the output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil accounted for more than one fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its diversified heavy industry supplied unique equipment such as large diameter pipes and vertical drilling apparatus, and raw materials to industrial and mining sites in other regions of the former USSR.</p> <p> </p> <p>Shortly after independence in August 1991, the Ukrainian Government liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework for privatization, but widespread resistance to reform within the government and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led to some backtracking. Output by 1999 had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991 level. Outside institutions - particularly the IMF encouraged Ukraine to quicken the pace and scope of reforms to foster economic growth. Ukrainian Government officials eliminated most tax and customs privileges in a March 2005 budget law, bringing more economic activity out of Ukraine's large shadow economy. From 2000 until mid-2008, Ukraine's economy was buoyant despite political turmoil between the prime minister and president. The economy contracted nearly 15% in 2009, among the worst economic performances in the world. In April 2010, Ukraine negotiated a price discount on Russian gas imports in exchange for extending Russia's lease on its naval base in Crimea.</p> <p> </p> <p>Ukraine’s oligarch-dominated economy grew slowly from 2010 to 2013 but remained behind peers in the region and among Europe’s poorest. After former President YANUKOVYCH fled the country during the Revolution of Dignity, Ukraine’s economy fell into crisis because of Russia’s annexation of Crimea, military conflict in the eastern part of the country, and a trade war with Russia, resulting in a 17% decline in GDP, inflation at nearly 60%, and dwindling foreign currency reserves. The international community began efforts to stabilize the Ukrainian economy, including a March 2014 IMF assistance package of $17.5 billion, of which Ukraine has received four disbursements, most recently in April 2017, bringing the total disbursed as of that date to approximately $8.4 billion. Ukraine has made progress on reforms designed to make the country prosperous, democratic, and transparent, including creation of a national anti-corruption agency, overhaul of the banking sector, establishment of a transparent VAT refund system, and increased transparency in government procurement. But more improvements are needed, including fighting corruption, developing capital markets, improving the business environment to attract foreign investment, privatizing state-owned enterprises, and land reform. The fifth tranche of the IMF program, valued at $1.9 billion, was delayed in mid-2017 due to lack of progress on outstanding reforms, including adjustment of gas tariffs to import parity levels and adoption of legislation establishing an independent anti-corruption court.</p> <p> </p> <p>Russia’s occupation of Crimea in March 2014 and ongoing Russian aggression in eastern Ukraine have hurt economic growth. With the loss of a major portion of Ukraine’s heavy industry in Donbas and ongoing violence, the economy contracted by 6.6% in 2014 and by 9.8% in 2015, but it returned to low growth in in 2016 and 2017, reaching 2.3% and 2.0%, respectively, as key reforms took hold. Ukraine also redirected trade activity towards the EU following the implementation of a bilateral Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement, displacing Russia as its largest trading partner. A prohibition on commercial trade with separatist-controlled territories in early 2017 has not impacted Ukraine’s key industrial sectors as much as expected, largely because of favorable external conditions. Ukraine returned to international debt markets in September 2017, issuing a $3 billion sovereign bond.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$516.68 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$538.388 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$538.33 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$521.524 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$504.35 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$521.52 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -671,14 +671,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$12,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$12,810 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$12,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$12,338 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$11,871 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$12,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -826,14 +826,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$60.67 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$161.231 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$63.56 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$151.075 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$153.046 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$59.18 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -843,14 +843,14 @@
"text": "corn, sunflower seed oils, iron and iron products, wheat, insulated wiring, rapeseed (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$62.46 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$207.335 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$76.07 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$195.071 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$189.402 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$70.56 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {

6
europe/vt.json
View file

@ -198,9 +198,6 @@
"text": "0 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to May) with hot, dry summers (May to September)"
},
@ -219,6 +216,9 @@
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "0% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {