From fe43a86af429059d655f2e32da120fbda3b77b4d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Yo Robot Date: Thu, 21 Oct 2021 22:18:15 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] auto-update week 42 --- africa/ag.json | 98 ++++++++++++------------- africa/ao.json | 102 ++++++++++++++------------ africa/bc.json | 92 +++++++++++++---------- africa/bn.json | 86 ++++++++++++---------- africa/by.json | 80 ++++++++++---------- africa/cd.json | 80 ++++++++++---------- africa/cf.json | 76 +++++++++---------- africa/cg.json | 98 ++++++++++++------------- africa/cm.json | 96 ++++++++++++------------ africa/cn.json | 88 +++++++++++----------- africa/ct.json | 72 +++++++++--------- africa/cv.json | 86 ++++++++++++---------- africa/dj.json | 81 ++++++++++---------- africa/eg.json | 98 +++++++++++++------------ africa/ek.json | 64 ++++++++-------- africa/er.json | 28 +++---- africa/et.json | 86 +++++++++++----------- africa/ga.json | 81 ++++++++++---------- africa/gb.json | 78 ++++++++++---------- africa/gh.json | 89 +++++++++++----------- africa/gv.json | 80 ++++++++++---------- africa/iv.json | 90 ++++++++++++----------- africa/ke.json | 84 ++++++++++----------- africa/li.json | 74 +++++++++---------- africa/lt.json | 92 ++++++++++++----------- africa/ly.json | 88 +++++++++++----------- africa/ma.json | 72 +++++++++--------- africa/mi.json | 80 ++++++++++---------- africa/ml.json | 84 ++++++++++----------- africa/mo.json | 90 +++++++++++------------ africa/mp.json | 80 ++++++++++---------- africa/mr.json | 86 ++++++++++++---------- africa/mz.json | 92 +++++++++++------------ africa/ng.json | 94 ++++++++++++------------ africa/ni.json | 97 ++++++++++++------------ africa/od.json | 58 ++++++++------- africa/pu.json | 104 +++++++++++++------------- africa/rw.json | 86 +++++++++++----------- africa/se.json | 86 ++++++++++++---------- africa/sf.json | 92 +++++++++++------------ africa/sg.json | 84 ++++++++++++--------- africa/sh.json | 2 +- africa/sl.json | 85 ++++++++++----------- africa/so.json | 59 +++++++++------ africa/su.json | 94 ++++++++++++------------ africa/to.json | 86 ++++++++++++---------- africa/tp.json | 86 ++++++++++++---------- africa/ts.json | 88 +++++++++++----------- africa/tz.json | 86 +++++++++++----------- africa/ug.json | 78 ++++++++++---------- africa/uv.json | 82 +++++++++++---------- africa/wa.json | 98 ++++++++++++------------- africa/wz.json | 90 ++++++++++++----------- africa/za.json | 102 ++++++++++++++------------ africa/zi.json | 78 ++++++++++---------- australia-oceania/aq.json | 16 ++-- australia-oceania/as.json | 104 +++++++++++++------------- australia-oceania/bp.json | 64 ++++++++-------- australia-oceania/cq.json | 10 +-- australia-oceania/cw.json | 6 +- australia-oceania/fj.json | 88 +++++++++++----------- australia-oceania/fm.json | 29 ++++---- australia-oceania/gq.json | 16 ++-- australia-oceania/kr.json | 60 +++++++-------- australia-oceania/ne.json | 6 +- australia-oceania/nh.json | 58 +++++++-------- australia-oceania/nr.json | 34 ++++----- australia-oceania/nz.json | 84 ++++++++++----------- australia-oceania/ps.json | 24 +++--- australia-oceania/rm.json | 36 +++++---- australia-oceania/tl.json | 6 +- australia-oceania/tn.json | 52 +++++++------ australia-oceania/tv.json | 52 ++++++------- australia-oceania/ws.json | 48 ++++++------ central-america-n-caribbean/aa.json | 32 ++++---- central-america-n-caribbean/ac.json | 72 +++++++++--------- central-america-n-caribbean/bb.json | 66 ++++++++--------- central-america-n-caribbean/bf.json | 90 ++++++++++++++--------- central-america-n-caribbean/bh.json | 88 +++++++++++----------- central-america-n-caribbean/cj.json | 48 ++++++------ central-america-n-caribbean/cs.json | 98 ++++++++++++------------- central-america-n-caribbean/cu.json | 48 ++++++------ central-america-n-caribbean/do.json | 76 +++++++++---------- central-america-n-caribbean/dr.json | 88 +++++++++++----------- central-america-n-caribbean/es.json | 90 ++++++++++++----------- central-america-n-caribbean/gj.json | 72 +++++++++--------- central-america-n-caribbean/gt.json | 88 +++++++++++----------- central-america-n-caribbean/ha.json | 82 ++++++++++----------- central-america-n-caribbean/ho.json | 80 ++++++++++---------- central-america-n-caribbean/jm.json | 80 ++++++++++---------- central-america-n-caribbean/nn.json | 22 ++++-- central-america-n-caribbean/nu.json | 86 ++++++++++++---------- central-america-n-caribbean/pm.json | 86 ++++++++++++---------- central-america-n-caribbean/rq.json | 64 ++++++++-------- central-america-n-caribbean/sc.json | 72 +++++++++--------- central-america-n-caribbean/st.json | 78 ++++++++++---------- central-america-n-caribbean/td.json | 80 ++++++++++---------- central-america-n-caribbean/tk.json | 44 +++++------ central-america-n-caribbean/uc.json | 49 ++++++------- central-america-n-caribbean/vc.json | 72 +++++++++--------- central-america-n-caribbean/vq.json | 10 +-- central-asia/kg.json | 80 ++++++++++---------- central-asia/kz.json | 95 ++++++++++++------------ central-asia/rs.json | 100 ++++++++++++------------- central-asia/ti.json | 97 +++++++++++++----------- central-asia/tx.json | 64 +++++++++------- central-asia/uz.json | 94 +++++++++++++----------- east-n-southeast-asia/bm.json | 88 +++++++++++----------- east-n-southeast-asia/bx.json | 80 ++++++++++---------- east-n-southeast-asia/cb.json | 95 +++++++++++++----------- east-n-southeast-asia/ch.json | 110 ++++++++++++++-------------- east-n-southeast-asia/hk.json | 56 +++++++------- east-n-southeast-asia/id.json | 90 +++++++++++------------ east-n-southeast-asia/ja.json | 76 +++++++++---------- east-n-southeast-asia/kn.json | 28 +++---- east-n-southeast-asia/ks.json | 86 +++++++++++----------- east-n-southeast-asia/la.json | 80 ++++++++++---------- east-n-southeast-asia/mc.json | 53 +++++++------- east-n-southeast-asia/mg.json | 92 +++++++++++------------ east-n-southeast-asia/my.json | 86 +++++++++++----------- east-n-southeast-asia/pp.json | 74 +++++++++---------- east-n-southeast-asia/rp.json | 84 ++++++++++----------- east-n-southeast-asia/sn.json | 84 ++++++++++----------- east-n-southeast-asia/th.json | 92 +++++++++++------------ east-n-southeast-asia/tt.json | 86 ++++++++++++---------- east-n-southeast-asia/tw.json | 6 +- east-n-southeast-asia/vm.json | 78 +++++++++++--------- europe/al.json | 94 +++++++++++++----------- europe/an.json | 20 ++--- europe/au.json | 102 +++++++++++++------------- europe/be.json | 98 +++++++++++++------------ europe/bk.json | 90 +++++++++++------------ europe/bo.json | 94 +++++++++++++----------- europe/bu.json | 94 ++++++++++++------------ europe/cy.json | 86 +++++++++++----------- europe/da.json | 94 ++++++++++++------------ europe/ee.json | 12 +-- europe/ei.json | 72 +++++++++--------- europe/en.json | 84 ++++++++++----------- europe/ez.json | 94 ++++++++++++------------ europe/fi.json | 80 ++++++++++---------- europe/fo.json | 22 +++--- europe/fr.json | 108 +++++++++++++-------------- europe/gm.json | 98 ++++++++++++------------- europe/gr.json | 90 +++++++++++------------ europe/hr.json | 90 +++++++++++------------ europe/hu.json | 93 ++++++++++++----------- europe/ic.json | 86 +++++++++++----------- europe/im.json | 16 ++-- europe/it.json | 94 ++++++++++++------------ europe/kv.json | 54 ++++++++------ europe/lg.json | 84 ++++++++++----------- europe/lh.json | 84 ++++++++++----------- europe/lo.json | 90 ++++++++++++----------- europe/ls.json | 32 ++++---- europe/lu.json | 90 ++++++++++++----------- europe/md.json | 90 ++++++++++++----------- europe/mj.json | 88 +++++++++++----------- europe/mk.json | 92 ++++++++++++----------- europe/mn.json | 32 ++++---- europe/mt.json | 84 ++++++++++----------- europe/nl.json | 92 +++++++++++------------ europe/no.json | 90 +++++++++++------------ europe/pl.json | 90 ++++++++++++----------- europe/po.json | 84 ++++++++++----------- europe/ri.json | 98 ++++++++++++++----------- europe/ro.json | 90 +++++++++++------------ europe/si.json | 90 +++++++++++------------ europe/sm.json | 20 +++-- europe/sp.json | 90 +++++++++++------------ europe/sw.json | 86 +++++++++++----------- europe/sz.json | 92 +++++++++++------------ europe/uk.json | 86 +++++++++++----------- europe/up.json | 90 +++++++++++------------ europe/vt.json | 6 +- middle-east/ae.json | 52 ++++++------- middle-east/aj.json | 92 ++++++++++++----------- middle-east/am.json | 90 ++++++++++++----------- middle-east/ba.json | 76 +++++++++---------- middle-east/gg.json | 88 +++++++++++----------- middle-east/gz.json | 60 +++++++-------- middle-east/ir.json | 70 +++++++++--------- middle-east/is.json | 84 ++++++++++----------- middle-east/iz.json | 102 ++++++++++++++------------ middle-east/jo.json | 98 ++++++++++++------------- middle-east/ku.json | 82 ++++++++++----------- middle-east/le.json | 86 +++++++++++----------- middle-east/mu.json | 74 ++++++++++--------- middle-east/qa.json | 92 +++++++++++++---------- middle-east/sa.json | 98 +++++++++++++++---------- middle-east/sy.json | 36 ++++----- middle-east/tu.json | 92 +++++++++++------------ middle-east/we.json | 85 +++++++++++---------- middle-east/ym.json | 44 +++++------ north-america/bd.json | 26 +++---- north-america/ca.json | 103 +++++++++++++------------- north-america/gl.json | 18 ++--- north-america/mx.json | 98 ++++++++++++------------- north-america/us.json | 98 ++++++++++++------------- south-america/ar.json | 98 ++++++++++++------------- south-america/bl.json | 98 ++++++++++++------------- south-america/br.json | 96 ++++++++++++------------ south-america/ci.json | 86 +++++++++++----------- south-america/co.json | 96 ++++++++++++------------ south-america/ec.json | 90 ++++++++++++----------- south-america/gy.json | 88 +++++++++++----------- south-america/ns.json | 86 ++++++++++++---------- south-america/pa.json | 98 +++++++++++++++---------- south-america/pe.json | 84 ++++++++++----------- south-america/uy.json | 92 ++++++++++++----------- south-america/ve.json | 36 ++++----- south-asia/af.json | 98 +++++++++++++------------ south-asia/bg.json | 102 ++++++++++++++------------ south-asia/bt.json | 90 ++++++++++++----------- south-asia/ce.json | 72 +++++++++--------- south-asia/in.json | 100 ++++++++++++------------- south-asia/mv.json | 80 ++++++++++---------- south-asia/np.json | 100 ++++++++++++++----------- south-asia/pk.json | 98 ++++++++++++------------- world/xx.json | 18 ++--- 220 files changed, 8585 insertions(+), 8074 deletions(-) diff --git a/africa/ag.json b/africa/ag.json index 5770a452..1b3c600c 100644 --- a/africa/ag.json +++ b/africa/ag.json @@ -93,6 +93,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "13,600 sq km (2014)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Lullemeden-Irhazer Aquifer System, Murzuk-Djado Basin, North Western Sahara Aquifer, Taoudeni-Tanezrouft Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the vast majority of the populace is found in the extreme northern part of the country along the Mediterranean Coast as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -101,12 +107,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "largest country in Africa but 80% desert; canyons and caves in the southern Hoggar Mountains and in the barren Tassili n'Ajjer area in the southeast of the country contain numerous examples of prehistoric art - rock paintings and carvings depicting human activities and wild and domestic animals (elephants, giraffes, cattle) - that date to the African Humid Period, roughly 11,000 to 5,000 years ago, when the region was completely vegetated" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)
Lake Chad drainage (endorheic basin): Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Lullemeden-Irhazer Aquifer System, Murzuk-Djado Basin, North Western Sahara Aquifer, Taoudeni-Tanezrouft Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -388,20 +388,6 @@ "text": "49.94 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "3.6 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "191 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "6.671 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "11.667 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer" }, @@ -425,6 +411,14 @@ "text": "81.8% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "74.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.1% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -435,14 +429,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "74.3% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "12,378,740 tons (2016 est.)" @@ -455,10 +441,24 @@ } }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)
Lake Chad drainage (endorheic basin): Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Lullemeden-Irhazer Aquifer System, Murzuk-Djado Basin, North Western Sahara Aquifer, Taoudeni-Tanezrouft Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "3.6 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "191 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "6.671 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "11.667 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -643,14 +643,14 @@ "text": "

Algeria's economy remains dominated by the state, a legacy of the country's socialist post-independence development model. In recent years the Algerian Government has halted the privatization of state-owned industries and imposed restrictions on imports and foreign involvement in its economy, pursuing an explicit import substitution policy.

Hydrocarbons have long been the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 30% of GDP, 60% of budget revenues, and nearly 95% of export earnings. Algeria has the 10th-largest reserves of natural gas in the world - including the 3rd-largest reserves of shale gas - and is the 6th-largest gas exporter. It ranks 16th in proven oil reserves. Hydrocarbon exports enabled Algeria to maintain macroeconomic stability, amass large foreign currency reserves, and maintain low external debt while global oil prices were high. With lower oil prices since 2014, Algeria’s foreign exchange reserves have declined by more than half and its oil stabilization fund has decreased from about $20 billion at the end of 2013 to about $7 billion in 2017, which is the statutory minimum.

Declining oil prices have also reduced the government’s ability to use state-driven growth to distribute rents and fund generous public subsidies, and the government has been under pressure to reduce spending. Over the past three years, the government has enacted incremental increases in some taxes, resulting in modest increases in prices for gasoline, cigarettes, alcohol, and certain imported goods, but it has refrained from reducing subsidies, particularly for education, healthcare, and housing programs.

Algiers has increased protectionist measures since 2015 to limit its import bill and encourage domestic production of non-oil and gas industries. Since 2015, the government has imposed additional restrictions on access to foreign exchange for imports, and import quotas for specific products, such as cars. In January 2018 the government imposed an indefinite suspension on the importation of roughly 850 products, subject to periodic review.

President BOUTEFLIKA announced in fall 2017 that Algeria intends to develop its non-conventional energy resources. Algeria has struggled to develop non-hydrocarbon industries because of heavy regulation and an emphasis on state-driven growth. Algeria has not increased non-hydrocarbon exports, and hydrocarbon exports have declined because of field depletion and increased domestic demand.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$468.4 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$495.564 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$495.56 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$491.631 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$485.801 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$491.63 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -666,14 +666,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$10,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$11,511 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$11,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$11,642 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$11,737 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$11,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -804,11 +804,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$34.37 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$38.32 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$29.06 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$44.39 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -818,11 +818,11 @@ "text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, refined petroleum, fertilizers, ammonia (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$48.54 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$54.26 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$49.43 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$60.05 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -966,7 +966,7 @@ }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { - "text": "

Algeria has a steadily developing telecom infrastructure through sound regulatory measures and government policies aimed at providing Internet connections across the country, including underserved areas; mobile penetration and LTE services are growing steadily; in common with other markets in the region, mobile connections account for the vast majority of Internet accesses; well served by satellite and submarine cable connections; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2021)

(2020)" + "text": "

Algeria has a steadily developing telecom infrastructure through sound regulatory measures and government policies aimed at providing Internet connections across the country, including underserved areas; mobile penetration and LTE services are growing steadily; in common with other markets in the region, mobile connections account for the vast majority of Internet accesses; well served by satellite and submarine cable connections; importer of broadcasting equipment from China 

(2021)" }, "domestic": { "text": "a limited network of fixed-lines with a teledensity of less than 11 telephones per 100 persons has been offset by the rapid increase in mobile-cellular subscribership; mobile-cellular teledensity was roughly 109 telephones per 100 persons (2019)" @@ -1150,7 +1150,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "more than 100,000 (Sahrawi, mostly living in Algerian-sponsored camps in the southwestern Algerian town of Tindouf) (2018); 7,757 (Syria) (2019)" + "text": "more than 100,000 (Sahrawi, mostly living in Algerian-sponsored camps in the southwestern Algerian town of Tindouf) (2018); 6,627 (Syria) (2020)" } }, "Trafficking in persons": { diff --git a/africa/ao.json b/africa/ao.json index d091100f..3264a353 100644 --- a/africa/ao.json +++ b/africa/ao.json @@ -90,6 +90,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "860 sq km (2014)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Okavango Basin (863,866 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Congo Basin, Upper Kalahari-Cuvelai-Upper Zambezi Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "most people live in the western half of the country; urban areas account for the highest concentrations of people, particularly the capital of Luanda as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -98,12 +104,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the province of Cabinda is an exclave, separated from the rest of the country by the Democratic Republic of the Congo" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)
Okavango Basin drainage (endorheic basin): Okavango (863,866 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Congo Basin, Upper Kalahari-Cuvelai-Upper Zambezi Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -398,20 +398,6 @@ "text": "23.28 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "319.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "239.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "146.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "148.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)" }, @@ -432,6 +418,14 @@ "text": "54.3% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "67.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.36% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -442,14 +436,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "67.5% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -473,10 +459,24 @@ } }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)
Okavango Basin drainage (endorheic basin): Okavango (863,866 sq km)" + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Okavango Basin (863,866 sq km)" }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Congo Basin, Upper Kalahari-Cuvelai-Upper Zambezi Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "319.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "239.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "146.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "148.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -667,14 +667,14 @@ "text": "

Angola's economy is overwhelmingly driven by its oil sector. Oil production and its supporting activities contribute about 50% of GDP, more than 70% of government revenue, and more than 90% of the country's exports; Angola is an OPEC member and subject to its direction regarding oil production levels. Diamonds contribute an additional 5% to exports. Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for most of the people, but half of the country's food is still imported.

Increased oil production supported growth averaging more than 17% per year from 2004 to 2008. A postwar reconstruction boom and resettlement of displaced persons led to high rates of growth in construction and agriculture as well. Some of the country's infrastructure is still damaged or undeveloped from the 27-year-long civil war (1975-2002). However, the government since 2005 has used billions of dollars in credit from China, Brazil, Portugal, Germany, Spain, and the EU to help rebuild Angola's public infrastructure. Land mines left from the war still mar the countryside, and as a result, the national military, international partners, and private Angolan firms all continue to remove them.

The global recession that started in 2008 stalled Angola’s economic growth and many construction projects stopped because Luanda accrued billions in arrears to foreign construction companies when government revenue fell. Lower prices for oil and diamonds also resulted in GDP falling 0.7% in 2016. Angola formally abandoned its currency peg in 2009 but reinstituted it in April 2016 and maintains an overvalued exchange rate. In late 2016, Angola lost the last of its correspondent relationships with foreign banks, further exacerbating hard currency problems. Since 2013 the central bank has consistently spent down reserves to defend the kwanza, gradually allowing a 40% depreciation since late 2014. Consumer inflation declined from 325% in 2000 to less than 9% in 2014, before rising again to above 30% from 2015-2017.

Continued low oil prices, the depreciation of the kwanza, and slower than expected growth in non-oil GDP have reduced growth prospects, although several major international oil companies remain in Angola. Corruption, especially in the extractive sectors, is a major long-term challenge that poses an additional threat to the economy.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$203.71 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$212.285 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$212.29 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$213.619 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$217.987 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$213.62 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -690,14 +690,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$6,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$6,670 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$6,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$6,934 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$7,311 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$6,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -835,11 +835,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$33.07 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$21 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$31.03 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$35.18 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$41.39 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -849,11 +852,14 @@ "text": "crude petroleum, diamonds, natural gas, refined petroleum, ships (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$19.5 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$15.12 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$13.04 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$22.3 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$25.89 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -997,7 +1003,7 @@ }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { - "text": "

Angola’s telecom sector shows consistent recovery following political stability, encouraging foreign investment; while the government opened the telecom sector to new competitors, there has been slow progress in LTE network development; only a small proportion of the country is covered by the 3G network infrastructure; Internet and mobile phone penetration remains low, hindered by high costs and poor infrastructure that limits access, especially in rural areas; upgrading telecom will support e-commerce, and rural access to education and health care; AngoSat-2 satellite expected to be ready in 2021; government aims to connect an additional 160,000 people to free Wi-Fi; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2021)

(2020)" + "text": "

Angola’s telecom sector shows consistent recovery following political stability, encouraging foreign investment; while the government opened the telecom sector to new competitors, there has been slow progress in LTE network development; only a small proportion of the country is covered by the 3G network infrastructure; Internet and mobile phone penetration remains low, hindered by high costs and poor infrastructure that limits access, especially in rural areas; upgrading telecom will support e-commerce, and rural access to education and health care; AngoSat-2 satellite expected to be ready in 2021; government aims to connect an additional 160,000 people to free Wi-Fi; importer of broadcasting equipment from China

(2021)" }, "domestic": { "text": "only about one fixed-line per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity about 47 telephones per 100 persons (2019)" diff --git a/africa/bc.json b/africa/bc.json index 13dedce4..9fdd8e2c 100644 --- a/africa/bc.json +++ b/africa/bc.json @@ -85,6 +85,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "20 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Orange (941,351 sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Okavango Basin (863,866 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Lower Kalahari-Stampriet Basin, Upper Kalahari-Cuvelai-Upper Zambezi Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the population is primarily concentrated in the east with a focus in and around the captial of Gaborone, and the far central-eastern city of Francistown; population density remains low in other areas in the country, especially in the Kalahari to the west as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -380,20 +386,6 @@ "text": "5.73 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "100.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "23.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "69 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "12.24 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "semiarid; warm winters and hot summers" }, @@ -417,6 +409,14 @@ "text": "34.4% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "71.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.47% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.23% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -427,14 +427,6 @@ "text": "0.45% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "71.6% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.47% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -456,6 +448,26 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "1% (2005 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Orange (941,351 sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Okavango Basin (863,866 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Lower Kalahari-Stampriet Basin, Upper Kalahari-Cuvelai-Upper Zambezi Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "100.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "23.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "69 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "12.24 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -642,14 +654,14 @@ "text": "

Until the beginning of the global recession in 2008, Botswana maintained one of the world's highest economic growth rates since its independence in 1966. Botswana recovered from the global recession in 2010, but only grew modestly until 2017, primarily due to a downturn in the global diamond market, though water and power shortages also played a role. Through fiscal discipline and sound management, Botswana has transformed itself from one of the poorest countries in the world five decades ago into a middle-income country with a per capita GDP of approximately $18,100 in 2017. Botswana also ranks as one of the least corrupt and best places to do business in Sub-Saharan Africa.

 

Because of its heavy reliance on diamond exports, Botswana’s economy closely follows global price trends for that one commodity. Diamond mining fueled much of Botswana’s past economic expansion and currently accounts for one-quarter of GDP, approximately 85% of export earnings, and about one-third of the government's revenues. In 2017, Diamond exports increased to the highest levels since 2013 at about 22 million carats of output, driving Botswana’s economic growth to about 4.5% and increasing foreign exchange reserves to about 45% of GDP. De Beers, a major international diamond company, signed a 10-year deal with Botswana in 2012 and moved its rough stone sorting and trading division from London to Gaborone in 2013. The move was geared to support the development of Botswana's nascent downstream diamond industry.

 

Tourism is a secondary earner of foreign exchange and many Batswana engage in tourism-related services, subsistence farming, and cattle rearing. According to official government statistics, unemployment is around 20%, but unofficial estimates run much higher. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS is second highest in the world and threatens the country's impressive economic gains.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$37.72 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$40.928 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$40.95 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$39.749 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$38.045 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$39.75 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -665,14 +677,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$16,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$17,767 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$17,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$17,634 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$17,253 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$17,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -813,11 +825,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$5.934 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$6.16 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$7.226 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$7.53 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -827,11 +839,11 @@ "text": "diamonds, insulated wiring, gold, beef, carbonates (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$5.005 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$7.44 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$5.871 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$7.31 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/africa/bn.json b/africa/bn.json index 7b444a2a..dbf66c45 100644 --- a/africa/bn.json +++ b/africa/bn.json @@ -93,6 +93,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "230 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km), Volta (410,991 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the population is primarily located in the south, with the highest concentration of people residing in and around the cities on the Atlantic coast; most of the north remains sparsely populated with higher concentrations of residents in the west at shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -398,20 +401,6 @@ "text": "5.8 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "145 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "30 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "59 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "26.39 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north" }, @@ -435,6 +424,14 @@ "text": "28.7% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "49% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.74% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "2.24% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -445,14 +442,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "49% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.74% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -480,6 +469,23 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "25% (2005 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km), Volta (410,991 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "145 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "30 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "59 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "26.39 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -665,14 +671,14 @@ "text": "

The free market economy of Benin has grown consecutively for four years, though growth slowed in 2017, as its close trade links to Nigeria expose Benin to risks from volatile commodity prices. Cotton is a key export commodity, with export earnings significantly impacted by the price of cotton in the broader market. The economy began deflating in 2017, with the consumer price index falling 0.8%.

During the first two years of President TALON’s administration, which began in April 2016, the government has followed an ambitious action plan to kickstart development through investments in infrastructure, education, agriculture, and governance. Electricity generation, which has constrained Benin’s economic growth, has increased and blackouts have been considerably reduced. Private foreign direct investment is small, and foreign aid accounts for a large proportion of investment in infrastructure projects.

Benin has appealed for international assistance to mitigate piracy against commercial shipping in its territory, and has used equipment from donors effectively against such piracy. Pilferage has significantly dropped at the Port of Cotonou, though the port is still struggling with effective implementation of the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code. Projects included in Benin's $307 million Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) first compact (2006-11) were designed to increase investment and private sector activity by improving key institutional and physical infrastructure. The four projects focused on access to land, access to financial services, access to justice, and access to markets (including modernization of the port). The Port of Cotonou is a major contributor to Benin’s economy, with revenues projected to account for more than 40% of Benin’s national budget.

Benin will need further efforts to upgrade infrastructure, stem corruption, and expand access to foreign markets to achieve its potential. In September 2015, Benin signed a second MCC Compact for $375 million that entered into force in June 2017 and is designed to strengthen the national utility service provider, attract private sector investment, fund infrastructure investments in electricity generation and distribution, and develop off-grid electrification for poor and unserved households. As part of the Government of Benin’s action plan to spur growth, Benin passed public private partnership legislation in 2017 to attract more foreign investment, place more emphasis on tourism, facilitate the development of new food processing systems and agricultural products, encourage new information and communication technology, and establish Independent Power Producers. In April 2017, the IMF approved a three year $150.4 million Extended Credit Facility agreement to maintain debt sustainability and boost donor confidence.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$40.29 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$38.794 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$38.79 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$36.301 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$34.023 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$36.3 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -688,14 +694,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$3,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$3,287 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$3,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$3,161 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$3,045 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$3,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -822,11 +828,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$3.056 billion (2018 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$3.58 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$2.726 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$3.85 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -837,10 +843,10 @@ }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$5.458 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$4.31 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$5.279 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$4.67 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2017": { "text": "$5.035 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -987,7 +993,7 @@ }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { - "text": "

Benin’s telecom market is restricted by poor fixed-line infrastructure; low use of fixed-line voice and Internet; mobile networks account for almost all Internet and voice traffic; progress on fiber infrastructure through World Bank and the government investment to extend broadband and develop Smart Government program; monopolized fixed-line Internet services access is limited; ICT development will provide telecom services to 80% of the country, mostly via mobile and DSL infrastructure; Benin Smart City construction has begun; improved international Internet connectivity supports growth of m-commerce and m-banking; submarine cable connectivity from African coast to Europe (2021)

(2019)" + "text": "

Benin’s telecom market is restricted by poor fixed-line infrastructure; low use of fixed-line voice and Internet; mobile networks account for almost all Internet and voice traffic; progress on fiber infrastructure through World Bank and the government investment to extend broadband and develop Smart Government program; monopolized fixed-line Internet services access is limited; ICT development will provide telecom services to 80% of the country, mostly via mobile and DSL infrastructure; Benin Smart City construction has begun; improved international Internet connectivity supports growth of m-commerce and m-banking; submarine cable connectivity from African coast to Europe

(2021)" }, "domestic": { "text": "fixed-line teledensity only about 1 per 100 persons; spurred by the presence of multiple mobile-cellular providers, cellular telephone subscribership has increased rapidly, exceeding 88 per 100 persons (2019)" @@ -1144,7 +1150,7 @@ "text": "18-35 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary military service; a higher education diploma is required; both sexes are eligible for military service; conscript tour of duty - 18 months (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "Benin participates in the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) against Boko Haram along with Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; the Benin military contingent is in charge of MNJTF garrison duties (2020)" + "text": "Benin participates in the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) against Boko Haram along with Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; the Benin military contingent is in charge of MNJTF garrison duties (2021)" } }, "Terrorism": { diff --git a/africa/by.json b/africa/by.json index 2645bfc5..8e89a672 100644 --- a/africa/by.json +++ b/africa/by.json @@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "230 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "one of Africa's most densely populated countries; concentrations tend to be in the north and along the northern shore of Lake Tanganyika in the west; most people live on farms near areas of fertile volcanic soil as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -93,9 +96,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congo watershed; the Kagera, which drains into Lake Victoria, is the most remote headstream of the White Nile" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -399,20 +399,6 @@ "text": "1.42 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "43.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "15 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "222 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "12.536 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees Celsius but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; two wet seasons (February to May and September to November), and two dry seasons (June to August and December to January)" }, @@ -436,6 +422,14 @@ "text": "20.1% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "14.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "5.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "10.31% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -446,14 +440,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "14.1% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "5.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -483,6 +469,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "43.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "15 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "222 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "12.536 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -666,14 +666,14 @@ "text": "

Burundi is a landlocked, resource-poor country with an underdeveloped manufacturing sector. Agriculture accounts for over 40% of GDP and employs more than 90% of the population. Burundi's primary exports are coffee and tea, which account for more than half of foreign exchange earnings, but these earnings are subject to fluctuations in weather and international coffee and tea prices, Burundi is heavily dependent on aid from bilateral and multilateral donors, as well as foreign exchange earnings from participation in the African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM). Foreign aid represented 48% of Burundi's national income in 2015, one of the highest percentages in Sub-Saharan Africa, but this figure decreased to 33.5% in 2016 due to political turmoil surrounding President NKURUNZIZA’s bid for a third term. Burundi joined the East African Community (EAC) in 2009.

Burundi faces several underlying weaknesses – low governmental capacity, corruption, a high poverty rate, poor educational levels, a weak legal system, a poor transportation network, and overburdened utilities – that have prevented the implementation of planned economic reforms. The purchasing power of most Burundians has decreased as wage increases have not kept pace with inflation, which reached approximately 18% in 2017.

Real GDP growth dropped precipitously following political events in 2015 and has yet to recover to pre-conflict levels. Continued resistance by donors and the international community will restrict Burundi’s economic growth as the country deals with a large current account deficit.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$8.69 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$8.667 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$8.67 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$8.51 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$8.375 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$8.51 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -689,14 +689,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$752 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$762 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$774 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -821,9 +821,6 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$279 million (2019 est.)" - }, "Exports 2018": { "text": "$283 million (2018 est.)" }, @@ -838,9 +835,6 @@ "text": "gold, coffee, tea, raw earth metal ores, wheat flours (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$1.04 billion (2019 est.)" - }, "Imports 2018": { "text": "$927 million (2018 est.)" }, @@ -1075,7 +1069,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "National Defense Forces (Forces de Defense Nationale, FDN): Army (includes maritime wing, air wing), National Police (Police Nationale du Burundi) (2020)" + "text": "National Defense Forces (Forces de Defense Nationale, FDN): Army (includes maritime wing, air wing), National Police (Police Nationale du Burundi) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { @@ -1107,7 +1101,7 @@ "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; the armed forces law of 31 December 2004 did not specify a minimum age for enlistment, but the government claimed that no one younger than 18 was being recruited (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "in addition to its foreign deployments, the FDN is focused on internal security missions, particularly against rebel groups opposed to the regime such as National Forces of Liberation (FNL), the Resistance for the Rule of Law-Tabara (aka RED Tabara), and Popular Forces of Burundi (FPB or FOREBU); the groups are based in the neighboring Democratic Republic of Congo and have carried out sporadic attacks in Burundi (2020)" + "text": "in addition to its foreign deployments, the FDN as of 2021 was focused on internal security missions, particularly against rebel groups opposed to the regime such as National Forces of Liberation (FNL), the Resistance for the Rule of Law-Tabara (aka RED Tabara), and Popular Forces of Burundi (FPB or FOREBU); these groups were based in the neighboring Democratic Republic of Congo and have carried out sporadic attacks in Burundi" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/africa/cd.json b/africa/cd.json index d881d8b5..a821ad3b 100644 --- a/africa/cd.json +++ b/africa/cd.json @@ -85,6 +85,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "300 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Lake Chad Basin, Nubian Aquifer System" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the population is unevenly distributed due to contrasts in climate and physical geography; the highest density is found in the southwest, particularly around Lake Chad and points south; the dry Saharan zone to the north is the least densely populated as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -93,12 +99,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: Chad is the largest of Africa's 16 landlocked countries

note 2: not long ago - geologically speaking - what is today the Sahara was green savannah teeming with wildlife; during the African Humid Period, roughly 11,000 to 5,000 years ago, a vibrant animal community, including elephants, giraffes, hippos, and antelope lived there; the last remnant of the \"Green Sahara\" exists in the Lakes of Ounianga (oo-nee-ahn-ga) in northern Chad, a series of 18 interconnected freshwater, saline, and hypersaline lakes now protected as a World Heritage site

note 3: Lake Chad, the most significant water body in the Sahel, is a remnant of a former inland sea, paleolake Mega-Chad; at its greatest extent, sometime before 5000 B.C., Lake Mega-Chad was the largest of four Saharan paleolakes that existed during the African Humid Period; it covered an area of about 400,000 sq km (150,000 sq mi), roughly the size of today's Caspian Sea

" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)
Lake Chad drainage (endorheic basin): Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Lake Chad Basin, Nubian Aquifer System" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -400,20 +400,6 @@ "text": "30.69 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "103.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "103.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "672.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "45.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical in south, desert in north" }, @@ -437,6 +423,14 @@ "text": "51.3% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "23.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.1% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "3.81% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -447,14 +441,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "23.8% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.1% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -486,10 +472,24 @@ } }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)
Lake Chad drainage (endorheic basin): Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Lake Chad Basin, Nubian Aquifer System" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "103.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "103.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "672.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "45.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -673,14 +673,14 @@ "text": "

Chad’s landlocked location results in high transportation costs for imported goods and dependence on neighboring countries. Oil and agriculture are mainstays of Chad’s economy. Oil provides about 60% of export revenues, while cotton, cattle, livestock, and gum arabic provide the bulk of Chad's non-oil export earnings. The services sector contributes less than one-third of GDP and has attracted foreign investment mostly through telecommunications and banking.

Nearly all of Chad’s fuel is provided by one domestic refinery, and unanticipated shutdowns occasionally result in shortages. The country regulates the price of domestic fuel, providing an incentive for black market sales.

Although high oil prices and strong local harvests supported the economy in the past, low oil prices now stress Chad’s fiscal position and have resulted in significant government cutbacks. Chad relies on foreign assistance and foreign capital for most of its public and private sector investment. Investment in Chad is difficult due to its limited infrastructure, lack of trained workers, extensive government bureaucracy, and corruption. Chad obtained a three-year extended credit facility from the IMF in 2014 and was granted debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative in April 2015.

In 2018, economic policy will be driven by efforts that started in 2016 to reverse the recession and to repair damage to public finances and exports. The government is implementing an emergency action plan to counterbalance the drop in oil revenue and to diversify the economy. Chad’s national development plan (NDP) cost just over $9 billion with a financing gap of $6.7 billion. The NDP emphasized the importance of private sector participation in Chad’s development, as well as the need to improve the business environment, particularly in priority sectors such as mining and agriculture.

The Government of Chad reached a deal with Glencore and four other banks on the restructuring of a $1.45 billion oil-backed loan in February 2018, after a long negotiation. The new terms include an extension of the maturity to 2030 from 2022, a two-year grace period on principal repayments, and a lower interest rate of the London Inter-bank Offer Rate (Libor) plus 2% - down from Libor plus 7.5%. The original Glencore loan was to be repaid with crude oil assets, however, Chad's oil sales were hit by the downturn in the price of oil. Chad had secured a $312 million credit from the IMF in June 2017, but release of those funds hinged on restructuring the Glencore debt. Chad had already cut public spending to try to meet the terms of the IMF program, but that prompted strikes and protests in a country where nearly 40% of the population lives below the poverty line. Multinational partners, such as the African Development Bank, the EU, and the World Bank are likely to continue budget support in 2018, but Chad will remain at high debt risk, given its dependence on oil revenue and pressure to spend on subsidies and security.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$24.97 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$25.19 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$25.19 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$24.397 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$23.832 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$24.4 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -696,14 +696,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$1,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$1,580 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$1,576 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$1,587 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -1123,7 +1123,7 @@ "text": "20 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service, with a 3-year service obligation; 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary service; no minimum age restriction for volunteers with consent from a parent or guardian; women are subject to 1 year of compulsory military or civic service at age 21 (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the ANT is chiefly focused on counterinsurgency/counter-terrorist operations against Boko Haram (BH) and the Islamic State in West Africa (ISWA) in the Lake Chad Basin area (primarily the Lac Province) and countering the terrorist threat in the Sahel; in 2020, it conducted a large military operation against BH in the Lake Chad region; that same year, Chad sent troops to the tri-border area with Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger to combat ISWA militants (it also contributes a large force to the UN MINUSCA mission in Mali); the ANT has frequently conducted counter-insurgency operations against internal anti-government militias and armed dissident groups

several Chadian rebel groups, including the Union of Resistance Forces (UFR) and the Front for Change and Concord in Chad (FACT), operate in northern Chad from bases in Libya; former Chadian President Idriss DEBY was killed in April 2021 during fighting in the northern part of the country between FACT and the Chadian Army

" + "text": "as of 2021, the ANT was chiefly focused on counterterrorism and counterinsurgency operations; it was engaged with the Boko Haram (BH) and the Islamic State in West Africa (ISWA) terrorist groups in the Lake Chad Basin area (primarily the Lac Province) and in the Sahel; in 2020, it conducted a large military operation against BH in the Lake Chad region; that same year, Chad sent troops to the tri-border area with Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger to combat ISWA militants (it also contributes a large force to the UN MINUSCA mission in Mali); in addition, the ANT was conducting operations against internal anti-government militias and armed dissident groups; several Chadian rebel groups, including the Union of Resistance Forces (UFR) and the Front for Change and Concord in Chad (FACT), operate in northern Chad from bases in Libya; former Chadian President Idriss DEBY was killed in April 2021 during fighting in the northern part of the country between FACT and the Chadian Army" } }, "Terrorism": { diff --git a/africa/cf.json b/africa/cf.json index 00312542..125e013d 100644 --- a/africa/cf.json +++ b/africa/cf.json @@ -93,6 +93,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "20 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Congo Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the population is primarily located in the south, in and around the capital of Brazzaville as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -101,12 +107,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "about 70% of the population lives in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, or along the railroad between them" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Congo Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -395,20 +395,6 @@ "text": "2.24 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "63.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "24 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "832 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); persistent high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator" }, @@ -432,6 +418,14 @@ "text": "3.3% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "68.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "3.17% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -442,14 +436,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "68.3% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -488,6 +474,20 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Congo Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "63.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "24 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "832 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -672,14 +672,14 @@ "text": "

The Republic of the Congo’s economy is a mixture of subsistence farming, an industrial sector based largely on oil and support services, and government spending. Oil has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy, providing a major share of government revenues and exports. Natural gas is increasingly being converted to electricity rather than being flared, greatly improving energy prospects. New mining projects, particularly iron ore, which entered production in late 2013, may add as much as $1 billion to annual government revenue. The Republic of the Congo is a member of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC) and shares a common currency – the Central African Franc – with five other member states in the region.

The current administration faces difficult economic challenges of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty. The drop in oil prices that began in 2014 has constrained government spending; lower oil prices forced the government to cut more than $1 billion in planned spending. The fiscal deficit amounted to 11% of GDP in 2017. The government’s inability to pay civil servant salaries has resulted in multiple rounds of strikes by many groups, including doctors, nurses, and teachers. In the wake of a multi-year recession, the country reached out to the IMF in 2017 for a new program; the IMF noted that the country’s continued dependence on oil, unsustainable debt, and significant governance weakness are key impediments to the country’s economy. In 2018, the country’s external debt level will approach 120% of GDP. The IMF urged the government to renegotiate debts levels to sustainable levels before it agreed to a new macroeconomic adjustment package.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$19.03 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$19.763 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$20.68 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$20.489 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$21.844 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$20.63 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -695,14 +695,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$3,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$3,673 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$3,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$3,907 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$4,274 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$3,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, diff --git a/africa/cg.json b/africa/cg.json index d104747e..ff887531 100644 --- a/africa/cg.json +++ b/africa/cg.json @@ -90,6 +90,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "110 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Congo Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "urban clusters are spread throughout the country, particularly in the northeast along the boarder with Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi; the largest city is the capital, Kinshasha, located in the west along the Congo River; the south is least densely populated as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -98,12 +104,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: second largest country in Africa (after Algeria) and largest country in Sub-Saharan Africa; straddles the equator; dense tropical rain forest in central river basin and eastern highlands; the narrow strip of land that controls the lower Congo River is the DRC's only outlet to the South Atlantic Ocean

note 2: because of its speed, cataracts, rapids, and turbulence the Congo River, most of which flows through the DRC, has never been accurately measured along much of its length; nonetheless, it is conceded to be the deepest river in the world; estimates of its greatest depth vary between 220 and 250 meters

" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Congo Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -404,20 +404,6 @@ "text": "61.24 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "464.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "146.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "71.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "1.283 trillion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season (April to October), dry season (December to February); south of Equator - wet season (November to March), dry season (April to October)" }, @@ -441,6 +427,14 @@ "text": "20.7% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "46.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "8.72% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -451,14 +445,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "46.2% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -498,6 +484,20 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Congo Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "464.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "146.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "71.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "1.283 trillion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -690,14 +690,14 @@ "text": "

The economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - a nation endowed with vast natural resource wealth - continues to perform poorly. Systemic corruption since independence in 1960, combined with countrywide instability and intermittent conflict that began in the early-90s, has reduced national output and government revenue, and increased external debt. With the installation of a transitional government in 2003 after peace accords, economic conditions slowly began to improve as the government reopened relations with international financial institutions and international donors, and President KABILA began implementing reforms. Progress on implementing substantive economic reforms remains slow because of political instability, bureaucratic inefficiency, corruption, and patronage, which also dampen international investment prospects.

Renewed activity in the mining sector, the source of most export income, boosted Kinshasa's fiscal position and GDP growth until 2015, but low commodity prices have led to slower growth, volatile inflation, currency depreciation, and a growing fiscal deficit. An uncertain legal framework, corruption, and a lack of transparency in government policy are long-term problems for the large mining sector and for the economy as a whole. Much economic activity still occurs in the informal sector and is not reflected in GDP data.

Poverty remains widespread in DRC, and the country failed to meet any Millennium Development Goals by 2015. DRC also concluded its program with the IMF in 2015. The price of copper – the DRC’s primary export - plummeted in 2015 and remained at record lows during 2016-17, reducing government revenues, expenditures, and foreign exchange reserves, while inflation reached nearly 50% in mid-2017 – its highest level since the early 2000s.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$96.03 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$95.291 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$95.29 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$91.289 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$86.267 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$91.29 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -713,14 +713,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$1,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$1,098 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$1,086 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$1,060 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -850,14 +850,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$13.93 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$21.16 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$15.17 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$20.859 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$18.258 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$16.08 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -867,14 +867,14 @@ "text": "copper, cobalt, crude petroleum, diamonds (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$14.56 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$19.5 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$16.89 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$21.302 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$20.338 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$17.77 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1184,7 +1184,7 @@ "text": "18-45 years of age for voluntary and compulsory military service (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "

the modern FARDC was created out of the armed factions of the two Congo wars of 1996-1997 and 1998-2003; as part of the peace accords that ended the last war, the largest rebel groups were incorporated into the FARDC; many armed groups (at least 70 and by some recent estimates more than 100), however, continue to fight; as of late 2020, the FARDC was actively engaged in combat operations against numerous armed groups inside the country, particularly in the eastern provinces of Ituri, North Kivu, and South Kivu, although violence also continues in Maniema, Kasai, Kasai Central, and Tanganyika provinces; the military is widely assessed as being unable to provide adequate security throughout the country due to insufficient training, poor morale and leadership, ill-discipline and corruption, low equipment readiness, a fractious ethnic makeup, and the sheer size of the country and diversity of armed rebel groups


MONUSCO, the United Nations peacekeeping and stabilization force in the Democratic Republic of Congo, has operated in the central and eastern parts of the country since 1999; as of August 2021, MONUSCO comprised around 17,000 personnel; MONUSCO includes a Force Intervention Brigade (FIB; 3 infantry battalions, plus artillery and special forces), the first ever UN peacekeeping force specifically tasked to carry out targeted offensive operations to neutralize and disarm groups considered a threat to state authority and civilian security" + "text": "

the modern FARDC was created out of the armed factions of the two Congo wars of 1996-1997 and 1998-2003; as part of the peace accords that ended the last war, the largest rebel groups were incorporated into the FARDC; many armed groups (at least 70 and by some recent estimates more than 100), however, continue to fight; as of 2021, the FARDC was actively engaged in combat operations against numerous armed groups inside the country, particularly in the eastern provinces of Ituri, North Kivu, and South Kivu, although violence also continues in Maniema, Kasai, Kasai Central, and Tanganyika provinces; the military is widely assessed as being unable to provide adequate security throughout the country due to insufficient training, poor morale and leadership, ill-discipline and corruption, low equipment readiness, a fractious ethnic makeup, and the sheer size of the country and diversity of armed rebel groups


MONUSCO, the United Nations peacekeeping and stabilization force in the Democratic Republic of Congo, has operated in the central and eastern parts of the country since 1999; as of August 2021, MONUSCO comprised around 17,000 personnel; MONUSCO includes a Force Intervention Brigade (FIB; 3 infantry battalions, plus artillery and special forces), the first ever UN peacekeeping force specifically tasked to carry out targeted offensive operations to neutralize and disarm groups considered a threat to state authority and civilian security" } }, "Terrorism": { diff --git a/africa/cm.json b/africa/cm.json index b1170074..6d3b9289 100644 --- a/africa/cm.json +++ b/africa/cm.json @@ -90,6 +90,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "290 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), Niger (2,261,741 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Lake Chad Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "population concentrated in the west and north, with the interior of the country sparsely populated as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -98,12 +104,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa because of its central location on the continent and its position at the west-south juncture of the Gulf of Guinea; throughout the country there are areas of thermal springs and indications of current or prior volcanic activity; Mount Cameroon, the highest mountain in Sub-Saharan west Africa, is an active volcano" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), Niger (2,261,741 sq km)
Lake Chad drainage (endorheic basin): Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Lake Chad Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -409,20 +409,6 @@ "text": "30.71 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "246.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "104.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "737 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "283.15 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north" }, @@ -446,6 +432,14 @@ "text": "37.7% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "58.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "2.5% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -456,14 +450,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "58.1% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -501,10 +487,24 @@ } }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), Niger (2,261,741 sq km)
Lake Chad drainage (endorheic basin): Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), Niger (2,261,741 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Lake Chad Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "246.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "104.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "737 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "283.15 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -692,14 +692,14 @@ "text": "

Cameroon’s market-based, diversified economy features oil and gas, timber, aluminum, agriculture, mining and the service sector. Oil remains Cameroon’s main export commodity, and despite falling global oil prices, still accounts for nearly 40% of exports. Cameroon’s economy suffers from factors that often impact underdeveloped countries, such as stagnant per capita income, a relatively inequitable distribution of income, a top-heavy civil service, endemic corruption, continuing inefficiencies of a large parastatal system in key sectors, and a generally unfavorable climate for business enterprise.

Since 1990, the government has embarked on various IMF and World Bank programs designed to spur business investment, increase efficiency in agriculture, improve trade, and recapitalize the nation's banks. The IMF continues to press for economic reforms, including increased budget transparency, privatization, and poverty reduction programs. The Government of Cameroon provides subsidies for electricity, food, and fuel that have strained the federal budget and diverted funds from education, healthcare, and infrastructure projects, as low oil prices have led to lower revenues.

Cameroon devotes significant resources to several large infrastructure projects currently under construction, including a deep seaport in Kribi and the Lom Pangar Hydropower Project. Cameroon’s energy sector continues to diversify, recently opening a natural gas-powered electricity generating plant. Cameroon continues to seek foreign investment to improve its inadequate infrastructure, create jobs, and improve its economic footprint, but its unfavorable business environment remains a significant deterrent to foreign investment.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$94.94 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$94.248 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$94.25 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$90.868 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$87.32 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$90.87 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -715,14 +715,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$3,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$3,642 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$3,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$3,604 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$3,555 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$3,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -863,11 +863,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$4.732 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$7.73 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$4.561 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$7.3 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -877,11 +877,11 @@ "text": "crude petroleum, cocoa beans, lumber, gold, natural gas, bananas (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$4.812 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$9.09 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$4.827 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$8.42 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1185,7 +1185,7 @@ "text": "the FAC inventory includes a mix of mostly older or second-hand Chinese, Russian, and Western equipment, with a limited quantity of more modern weapons; since 2010, China is the leading supplier of armaments to the FAC (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "750 Central African Republic (MINUSCA) (Jan 2021)", + "text": "750 Central African Republic (MINUSCA) (Aug 2021)", "note": "note: Cameroon has committed approximately 2,000-2,500 troops to the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) against Boko Haram; national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own country territories, although cross‐border operations occur occasionally" }, "Maritime threats": { diff --git a/africa/cn.json b/africa/cn.json index e5d9ff85..b3422ad2 100644 --- a/africa/cn.json +++ b/africa/cn.json @@ -372,20 +372,6 @@ "text": "0.19 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "4.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "500,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "4.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "1.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)" }, @@ -409,6 +395,14 @@ "text": "14.2% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "29.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.97% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "1.39% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -419,18 +413,24 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "29.6% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.97% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "91,013 tons (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "4.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "500,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "4.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "1.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -600,14 +600,14 @@ "text": "

One of the world's poorest and smallest economies, the Comoros is made up of three islands that are hampered by inadequate transportation links, a young and rapidly increasing population, and few natural resources. The low educational level of the labor force contributes to a subsistence level of economic activity and a heavy dependence on foreign grants and technical assistance. Agriculture, including fishing, hunting, and forestry, accounts for about 50% of GDP, employs a majority of the labor force, and provides most of the exports. Export income is heavily reliant on the three main crops of vanilla, cloves, and ylang ylang (perfume essence); and the Comoros' export earnings are easily disrupted by disasters such as fires and extreme weather. Despite agriculture’s importance to the economy, the country imports roughly 70% of its food; rice, the main staple, and other dried vegetables account for more than 25% of imports. Remittances from about 300,000 Comorans contribute about 25% of the country’s GDP. France, Comoros’s colonial power, remains a key trading partner and bilateral donor.

Comoros faces an education system in need of upgrades, limited opportunities for private commercial and industrial enterprises, poor health services, limited exports, and a high population growth rate. Recurring political instability, sometimes initiated from outside the country, and an ongoing electricity crisis have inhibited growth. The government, elected in mid-2016, has moved to improve revenue mobilization, reduce expenditures, and improve electricity access, although the public sector wage bill remains one of the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. In mid-2017, Comoros joined the Southern African Development Community with 15 other regional member states.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$2.73 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$2.603 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$2.6 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$2.552 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$2.467 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$2.55 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -623,14 +623,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$3,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$3,060 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$3,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$3,067 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$3,032 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$3,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -754,11 +754,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$161 million (2018 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$140 million note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$135 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$150 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -768,11 +768,11 @@ "text": "cloves, essential oils, vacuum flask, vanilla, scrap vessels (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$471 million (2018 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$350 million note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$424 million (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$360 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1004,20 +1004,20 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "National Army for Development (l'Armee Nationale de Developpement, AND): Comoran Security Force (also called Comoran Defense Force (Force Comorienne de Defense, FCD), includes Gendarmerie); Ministry of Interior: Comoran Coast Guard, Comoran Federal Police (2019)", - "note": "note: when the Gendarmerie serves as the judicial police, it reports to the Minister of Justice" + "text": "National Army for Development (l'Armee Nationale de Developpement, AND): Comoran Security Force (also called Comoran Defense Force (Force Comorienne de Defense, FCD), includes Gendarmerie); Ministry of Interior: Comoran Coast Guard, Comoran Federal Police (2021)", + "note": "note - when the Gendarmerie serves as the judicial police, it reports to the Minister of Justice" }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { "text": "Comoran Defense Force has an estimated 600 personnel; est. 500 Comoran Federal Police (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the defense forces are lightly armed with a mix of equipment from a variety of countries, including France, Italy, Russia, and the US" + "text": "the defense forces are lightly armed with a mix of equipment from a variety of countries, including France, Italy, Russia, and the US (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18 years of age for 2-year voluntary male and female military service; no conscription (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the AND is limited in capabilities to performing search and rescue operations and maintaining internal security; a defense treaty with France provides naval resources for protection of territorial waters, training of Comoran military personnel, and air surveillance; France maintains a small maritime base and a Foreign Legion contingent on neighboring Mayotte" + "text": "the AND is limited in capabilities to performing search and rescue operations and maintaining internal security; a defense treaty with France provides naval resources for protection of territorial waters, training of Comoran military personnel, and air surveillance; France maintains a small maritime base and a Foreign Legion contingent on neighboring Mayotte (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/africa/ct.json b/africa/ct.json index 58ec76f4..ac74c628 100644 --- a/africa/ct.json +++ b/africa/ct.json @@ -85,6 +85,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "10 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Congo Basin, Lake Chad Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "majority of residents live in the western and central areas of the country, especially in and around the capital of Bangui as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -93,12 +99,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; almost the precise center of Africa" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)
Lake Chad drainage (endorheic basin): Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Congo Basin, Lake Chad Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -385,20 +385,6 @@ "text": "22.44 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "60.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "12 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "400,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "141 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers" }, @@ -422,6 +408,14 @@ "text": "55.7% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "42.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "8.99% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -432,14 +426,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "42.6% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -471,10 +457,24 @@ } }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)
Lake Chad drainage (endorheic basin): Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Congo Basin, Lake Chad Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "60.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "12 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "400,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "141 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -685,14 +685,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$945 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$933 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$913 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -1077,7 +1077,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Central African Armed Forces (Forces Armees Centrafricaines, FACA): Army (includes an air squadron, Escadrille Centrafricaine), General Directorate of Gendarmerie Inspection (DGIG); National Police (2020)" + "text": "Central African Armed Forces (Forces Armees Centrafricaines, FACA): Army (includes an air squadron, Escadrille Centrafricaine), General Directorate of Gendarmerie Inspection (DGIG); National Police (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { @@ -1097,7 +1097,7 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "information varies; approximately 10,000 active troops, including an air component of 100-200 and up to 2,000 Gendarmerie (2020)" + "text": "information varies; approximately 10,000 active troops, including an air component of 100-200 and up to 2,000 Gendarmerie (2021)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the FACA is lightly and poorly armed with mostly outdated weapons; since 2010, it has received small amounts of second-hand equipment from China, Russia, and Ukraine (2020)", diff --git a/africa/cv.json b/africa/cv.json index 109713ce..9d2aa0b5 100644 --- a/africa/cv.json +++ b/africa/cv.json @@ -371,20 +371,6 @@ "text": "0.13 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "1.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "400,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "25 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "300 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and erratic" }, @@ -408,6 +394,14 @@ "text": "60.4% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "67.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.83% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.38% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -418,18 +412,24 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "67.1% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.83% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "132,555 tons (2012 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "1.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "400,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "25 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "300 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -613,14 +613,14 @@ "text": "

Cabo Verde’s economy depends on development aid, foreign investment, remittances, and tourism. The economy is service-oriented with commerce, transport, tourism, and public services accounting for about three-fourths of GDP. Tourism is the mainstay of the economy and depends on conditions in the euro-zone countries. Cabo Verde annually runs a high trade deficit financed by foreign aid and remittances from its large pool of emigrants; remittances as a share of GDP are one of the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Although about 40% of the population lives in rural areas, the share of food production in GDP is low. The island economy suffers from a poor natural resource base, including serious water shortages, exacerbated by cycles of long-term drought, and poor soil for growing food on several of the islands, requiring it to import most of what it consumes. The fishing potential, mostly lobster and tuna, is not fully exploited.

Economic reforms are aimed at developing the private sector and attracting foreign investment to diversify the economy and mitigate high unemployment. The government’s elevated debt levels have limited its capacity to finance any shortfalls.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$3.36 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$3.944 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$3.94 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$3.732 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$3.57 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$3.73 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -636,14 +636,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$6,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$7,172 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$7,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$6,864 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$6,643 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$6,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -770,11 +770,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$189 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$420 million note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$148.4 million (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$1 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$960 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -784,11 +787,14 @@ "text": "processed and frozen fish, mollusks, clothing, scrap iron (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$836.1 million (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$1.02 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$687.3 million (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$1.29 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$1.34 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/africa/dj.json b/africa/dj.json index 3ab2ecda..9fddd809 100644 --- a/africa/dj.json +++ b/africa/dj.json @@ -373,20 +373,6 @@ "text": "0.52 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "16 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "300 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "desert; torrid, dry" }, @@ -410,6 +396,14 @@ "text": "26.4% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "78.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.56% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.26% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -420,14 +414,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "78.2% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.56% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -448,6 +434,20 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "114,997 tons (2002 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "16 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "300 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -631,14 +631,14 @@ "text": "

Djibouti's economy is based on service activities connected with the country's strategic location as a deepwater port on the Red Sea. Three-fourths of Djibouti's inhabitants live in the capital city; the remainder are mostly nomadic herders. Scant rainfall and less than 4% arable land limits crop production to small quantities of fruits and vegetables, and most food must be imported.

Djibouti provides services as both a transit port for the region and an international transshipment and refueling center. Imports, exports, and reexports represent 70% of port activity at Djibouti's container terminal. Reexports consist primarily of coffee from landlocked neighbor Ethiopia. Djibouti has few natural resources and little industry. The nation is, therefore, heavily dependent on foreign assistance to support its balance of payments and to finance development projects. An official unemployment rate of nearly 40% - with youth unemployment near 80% - continues to be a major problem. Inflation was a modest 3% in 2014-2017, due to low international food prices and a decline in electricity tariffs.

Djibouti’s reliance on diesel-generated electricity and imported food and water leave average consumers vulnerable to global price shocks, though in mid-2015 Djibouti passed new legislation to liberalize the energy sector. The government has emphasized infrastructure development for transportation and energy and Djibouti – with the help of foreign partners, particularly China – has begun to increase and modernize its port capacity. In 2017, Djibouti opened two of the largest projects in its history, the Doraleh Port and Djibouti-Addis Ababa Railway, funded by China as part of the \"Belt and Road Initiative,\" which will increase the country’s ability to capitalize on its strategic location.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$5.42 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$5.388 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$5.39 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$4.999 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$4.612 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$5 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -654,14 +654,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$5,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$5,535 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$5,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$5,214 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$4,885 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$5,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -788,8 +788,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$139.9 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$5.15 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$4.56 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -799,11 +802,11 @@ "text": "various animals, chlorides, dried legumes, industrial fatty acids/oils, coffee, chickpeas (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$726.4 million (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$4.76 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$705.2 million (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$4.19 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1101,7 +1104,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "12,139 (Somalia) (2020)" + "text": "12,139 (Somalia), 5,666 (Yemen) (2020)" } } } diff --git a/africa/eg.json b/africa/eg.json index 54bd72f5..490aa424 100644 --- a/africa/eg.json +++ b/africa/eg.json @@ -96,6 +96,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "36,500 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Nubian Aquifer System" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "approximately 95% of the population lives within 20 km of the Nile River and its delta; vast areas of the country remain sparsely populated or uninhabited as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -104,12 +110,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "note 1: controls Sinai Peninsula, the only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, a sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea; size, and juxtaposition to Israel, establish its major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics; dependence on upstream neighbors; dominance of Nile basin issues; prone to influxes of refugees from Sudan and the Palestinian territories

note 2: the earliest evidence for wild sorghum cultivation occurs in southern Egypt and dates to roughly 7500 B.C." - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Nubian Aquifer System" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -406,20 +406,6 @@ "text": "59.68 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "10.75 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "5.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "61.35 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "57.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters" }, @@ -443,11 +429,6 @@ "text": "96.3% (2018 est.)" } }, - "Revenue from forest resources": { - "forest revenues": { - "text": "0.15% of GDP (2018 est.)" - } - }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "42.9% of total population (2021)" @@ -456,6 +437,11 @@ "text": "1.9% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.15% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "intermediate (2020)" @@ -483,6 +469,20 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Nubian Aquifer System" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "10.75 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "5.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "61.35 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "57.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -673,14 +673,14 @@ "text": "

Occupying the northeast corner of the African continent, Egypt is bisected by the highly fertile Nile valley where most economic activity takes place. Egypt's economy was highly centralized during the rule of former President Gamal Abdel NASSER but opened up considerably under former Presidents Anwar EL-SADAT and Mohamed Hosni MUBARAK. Agriculture, hydrocarbons, manufacturing, tourism, and other service sectors drove the country’s relatively diverse economic activity.

Despite Egypt’s mixed record for attracting foreign investment over the past two decades, poor living conditions and limited job opportunities have contributed to public discontent. These socioeconomic pressures were a major factor leading to the January 2011 revolution that ousted MUBARAK. The uncertain political, security, and policy environment since 2011 has restricted economic growth and failed to alleviate persistent unemployment, especially among the young.

In late 2016, persistent dollar shortages and waning aid from its Gulf allies led Cairo to turn to the IMF for a 3-year, $12 billion loan program. To secure the deal, Cairo floated its currency, introduced new taxes, and cut energy subsidies - all of which pushed inflation above 30% for most of 2017, a high that had not been seen in a generation. Since the currency float, foreign investment in Egypt’s high interest treasury bills has risen exponentially, boosting both dollar availability and central bank reserves. Cairo will be challenged to obtain foreign and local investment in manufacturing and other sectors without a sustained effort to implement a range of business reforms.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$1,223,040,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$1,180,890,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1,180,890,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$1,118,715,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$1,062,265,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1,118,720,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -696,14 +696,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$12,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$11,763 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$11,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$11,366 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$11,014 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$11,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -848,11 +848,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$87.891 billion (2018 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$40.1 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$66.506 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$53.52 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$51.62 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -862,11 +865,14 @@ "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, gold, natural gas, fertilizers (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$115.345 billion (2018 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$72.48 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$103.636 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$78.95 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$76.33 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1178,13 +1184,13 @@ "text": "the EAF's inventory is comprised of a mix of domestically produced, imported Soviet-era, and more modern, particularly Western, weapons systems; in recent years, the EAF has embarked on an extensive equipment modernization program with major purchases from a variety of suppliers; since 2010, the leading suppliers of military hardware to Egypt are France, Russia, and the US; Egypt has an established defense industry that produces a range of products from small arms to armored vehicles and naval vessels; it also has licensed and co-production agreements with several countries (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "1,000 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,050 Mali (MINUSMA); 150 Sudan (UNAMID) (Jan 2021)" + "text": "1,000 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,050 Mali (MINUSMA) (Sep 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-30 years of age for male conscript military service; service obligation - 18-36 months, followed by a 9-year reserve obligation; voluntary enlistment possible from age 15 (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "

since 2011, the Egyptian Armed Forces, police, and other security forces have been actively engaged in counterinsurgency and counter-terrorism operations in the North Sinai governorate against several militant groups, particularly the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Sinai Province; as of 2020, Egypt reportedly had over 40,000 military troops, police, and other security personnel deployed to the Sinai for internal security duties; in addition, tribal militias were assisting Egyptian security forces

the military has a large stake in the civilian economy, including running banks, businesses, and shipping lines, producing consumer and industrial goods, importing commodities, and building and managing infrastructure projects, such as bridges, roads, hospitals, and housing

Egypt has Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) status with the US; MNNA is a designation under US law that provides foreign partners with certain benefits in the areas of defense trade and security cooperation; while MNNA status provides military and economic privileges, it does not entail any security commitments

the Multinational Force & Observers (MFO) has operated in the Sinai since 1982 as a peacekeeping and monitoring force to supervise the implementation of the security provisions of the 1979 Egyptian-Israeli Treaty of Peace; the MFO is an independent international organization, created by agreement between Egypt and Israel; as of 2021, it was composed of about 1,150 troops from 13 countries" + "text": "

since 2011, the Egyptian Armed Forces, police, and other security forces have been actively engaged in counterinsurgency and counter-terrorism operations in the North Sinai governorate against several militant groups, particularly the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Sinai Province; as of 2020, Egypt reportedly had over 40,000 military troops, police, and other security personnel deployed to the Sinai for internal security duties; in addition, tribal militias were assisting Egyptian security forces (2021)

the military has a large stake in the civilian economy, including running banks, businesses, and shipping lines, producing consumer and industrial goods, importing commodities, and building and managing infrastructure projects, such as bridges, roads, hospitals, and housing

Egypt has Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) status with the US; MNNA is a designation under US law that provides foreign partners with certain benefits in the areas of defense trade and security cooperation; while MNNA status provides military and economic privileges, it does not entail any security commitments

the Multinational Force & Observers (MFO) has operated in the Sinai since 1982 as a peacekeeping and monitoring force to supervise the implementation of the security provisions of the 1979 Egyptian-Israeli Treaty of Peace; the MFO is an independent international organization, created by agreement between Egypt and Israel; as of 2021, it was composed of about 1,150 troops from 13 countries" } }, "Terrorism": { @@ -1199,7 +1205,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "70,010 (West Bank and Gaza Strip) (2019); 134,952 (Syria) (refugees), 50,759 (Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 20,245 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 19,347 (Eritrea) (refugees and asylum seekers), 15,532 (Ethiopia) (refugees and asylum seekers), 9,449 (Yemen) (refugees and asylum seekers), 6,806 (Iraq) (refugees and asylum seekers), 6,770 (Somalia) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)" + "text": "70,022 (West Bank and Gaza Strip) (2020); 134,952 (Syria) (refugees), 50,759 (Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 20,245 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 19,347 (Eritrea) (refugees and asylum seekers), 15,532 (Ethiopia) (refugees and asylum seekers), 9,449 (Yemen) (refugees and asylum seekers), 6,806 (Iraq) (refugees and asylum seekers), 6,770 (Somalia) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "10 (2020)" diff --git a/africa/ek.json b/africa/ek.json index f27f476b..2cbe5c90 100644 --- a/africa/ek.json +++ b/africa/ek.json @@ -370,20 +370,6 @@ "text": "11.21 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "15.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "26 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; always hot, humid" }, @@ -407,6 +393,14 @@ "text": "32.4% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "73.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.62% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "1.52% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -417,14 +411,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "73.6% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.62% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -443,6 +429,20 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "198,443 tons (2016 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "15.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "26 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -626,14 +626,14 @@ "text": "

Exploitation of oil and gas deposits, beginning in the 1990s, has driven economic growth in Equatorial Guinea; a recent rebasing of GDP resulted in an upward revision of the size of the economy by approximately 30%. Forestry and farming are minor components of GDP. Although preindependence Equatorial Guinea counted on cocoa production for hard currency earnings, the neglect of the rural economy since independence has diminished the potential for agriculture-led growth. Subsistence farming is the dominant form of livelihood. Declining revenue from hydrocarbon production, high levels of infrastructure expenditures, lack of economic diversification, and corruption have pushed the economy into decline in recent years and limited improvements in the general population’s living conditions. Equatorial Guinea’s real GDP growth has been weak in recent years, averaging -0.5% per year from 2010 to 2014, because of a declining hydrocarbon sector. Inflation remained very low in 2016, down from an average of 4% in 2014.

As a middle income country, Equatorial Guinea is now ineligible for most low-income World Bank and the IMF funding. The government has been widely criticized for its lack of transparency and misuse of oil revenues and has attempted to address this issue by working toward compliance with the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. US foreign assistance to Equatorial Guinea is limited in part because of US restrictions pursuant to the Trafficking Victims Protection Act.

Equatorial Guinea hosted two economic diversification symposia in 2014 that focused on attracting investment in five sectors: agriculture and animal ranching, fishing, mining and petrochemicals, tourism, and financial services. Undeveloped mineral resources include gold, zinc, diamonds, columbite-tantalite, and other base metals. In 2017 Equatorial Guinea signed a preliminary agreement with Ghana to sell liquefied natural gas (LNG); as oil production wanes, the government believes LNG could provide a boost to revenues, but it will require large investments and long lead times to develop.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$23.86 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$25.164 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$25.09 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$26.65 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$28.459 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$26.68 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -649,14 +649,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$17,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$18,558 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$18,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$20,360 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$22,551 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$20,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, diff --git a/africa/er.json b/africa/er.json index 444d64fb..13005568 100644 --- a/africa/er.json +++ b/africa/er.json @@ -375,20 +375,6 @@ "text": "4.48 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "31 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "550 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "7.315 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest June to September); semiarid in western hills and lowlands" }, @@ -435,6 +421,20 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "726,957 tons (2011 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "31 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "550 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "7.315 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { diff --git a/africa/et.json b/africa/et.json index 63ee7cc6..ad603e4c 100644 --- a/africa/et.json +++ b/africa/et.json @@ -86,6 +86,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "2,900 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Ogaden-Juba Basin, Sudd Basin (Umm Ruwaba Aquifer)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "highest density is found in the highlands of the north and middle areas of the country, particularly around the centrally located capital city of Addis Ababa; the far east and southeast are sparsely populated as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -94,12 +100,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "note 1: landlocked - entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with the de jure independence of Eritrea on 24 May 1993; Ethiopia is, therefore, the most populous landlocked country in the world; the Blue Nile, the chief headstream of the Nile by water volume, rises in T'ana Hayk (Lake Tana) in northwest Ethiopia

note 2: three major crops are believed to have originated in Ethiopia: coffee, grain sorghum, and castor bean" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Ogaden-Juba Basin, Sudd Basin (Umm Ruwaba Aquifer)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -405,20 +405,6 @@ "text": "114.21 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "810 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "51.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "9.687 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "122 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation" }, @@ -442,6 +428,14 @@ "text": "51.5% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "22.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "5.81% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -452,14 +446,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "22.2% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -495,6 +481,20 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Ogaden-Juba Basin, Sudd Basin (Umm Ruwaba Aquifer)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "810 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "51.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "9.687 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "122 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -690,14 +690,14 @@ "text": "

Ethiopia - the second most populous country in Africa - is a one-party state with a planned economy. For more than a decade before 2016, GDP grew at a rate between 8% and 11% annually – one of the fastest growing states among the 188 IMF member countries. This growth was driven by government investment in infrastructure, as well as sustained progress in the agricultural and service sectors. More than 70% of Ethiopia’s population is still employed in the agricultural sector, but services have surpassed agriculture as the principal source of GDP.

Ethiopia has the lowest level of income-inequality in Africa and one of the lowest in the world, with a Gini coefficient comparable to that of the Scandinavian countries. Yet despite progress toward eliminating extreme poverty, Ethiopia remains one of the poorest countries in the world, due both to rapid population growth and a low starting base. Changes in rainfall associated with world-wide weather patterns resulted in the worst drought in 30 years in 2015-16, creating food insecurity for millions of Ethiopians.

The state is heavily engaged in the economy. Ongoing infrastructure projects include power production and distribution, roads, rails, airports and industrial parks. Key sectors are state-owned, including telecommunications, banking and insurance, and power distribution. Under Ethiopia's constitution, the state owns all land and provides long-term leases to tenants. Title rights in urban areas, particularly Addis Ababa, are poorly regulated, and subject to corruption.

Ethiopia’s foreign exchange earnings are led by the services sector - primarily the state-run Ethiopian Airlines - followed by exports of several commodities. While coffee remains the largest foreign exchange earner, Ethiopia is diversifying exports, and commodities such as gold, sesame, khat, livestock and horticulture products are becoming increasingly important. Manufacturing represented less than 8% of total exports in 2016, but manufacturing exports should increase in future years due to a growing international presence.

The banking, insurance, telecommunications, and micro-credit industries are restricted to domestic investors, but Ethiopia has attracted roughly $8.5 billion in foreign direct investment (FDI), mostly from China, Turkey, India and the EU; US FDI is $567 million. Investment has been primarily in infrastructure, construction, agriculture/horticulture, agricultural processing, textiles, leather and leather products.

To support industrialization in sectors where Ethiopia has a comparative advantage, such as textiles and garments, leather goods, and processed agricultural products, Ethiopia plans to increase installed power generation capacity by 8,320 MW, up from a capacity of 2,000 MW, by building three more major dams and expanding to other sources of renewable energy. In 2017, the government devalued the birr by 15% to increase exports and alleviate a chronic foreign currency shortage in the country.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$264.05 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$248.972 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$248.97 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$229.755 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$215.094 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$229.76 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -713,14 +713,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$2,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$2,221 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$2,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$2,104 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$2,022 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$2,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -864,8 +864,8 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$3.23 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$7.62 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2016": { "text": "$2.814 billion (2016 est.)" @@ -878,8 +878,8 @@ "text": "coffee, sesame seeds, gold, cut flowers, zinc (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$15.59 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$19.93 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2016": { "text": "$14.69 billion (2016 est.)" @@ -1144,7 +1144,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF): Ground Forces, Ethiopian Air Force (Ye Ityopya Ayer Hayl, ETAF) (2020)", + "text": "Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF): Ground Forces, Ethiopian Air Force (Ye Ityopya Ayer Hayl, ETAF) (2021)", "note": "note(s): in January 2020 the Ethiopian Government announced it had re-established a navy, which was disbanded in 1996; in March 2019 Ethiopia signed a defense cooperation agreement with France which stipulated that France would support the establishment of an Ethiopian navy, which will reportedly be based out of Djibouti

in 2018, Ethiopia established a Republican Guard for protecting senior officials; the Republican Guard is a military unit accountable to the Prime Minister

" }, "Military expenditures": { diff --git a/africa/ga.json b/africa/ga.json index 306fbb34..2bac55ec 100644 --- a/africa/ga.json +++ b/africa/ga.json @@ -96,6 +96,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "50 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Senegalo-Mauritanian Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "settlements are found scattered along the Gambia River; the largest communities, including the capital of Banjul, and the country's largest city, Serekunda, are found at the mouth of the Gambia River along the Atlantic coast as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -405,20 +408,6 @@ "text": "1.96 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "41.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "21.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "39.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May)" }, @@ -442,6 +431,14 @@ "text": "0% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "63.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.75% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "2.47% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -452,14 +449,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "63.2% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.75% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -484,6 +473,23 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "193,441 tons (2002 est.)" } + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Senegalo-Mauritanian Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "41.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "21.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "39.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -658,14 +664,14 @@ "text": "

The government has invested in the agriculture sector because three-quarters of the population depends on the sector for its livelihood and agriculture provides for about one-third of GDP, making The Gambia largely reliant on sufficient rainfall. The agricultural sector has untapped potential - less than half of arable land is cultivated and agricultural productivity is low. Small-scale manufacturing activity features the processing of cashews, groundnuts, fish, and hides. The Gambia's reexport trade accounts for almost 80% of goods exports and China has been its largest trade partner for both exports and imports for several years.

The Gambia has sparse natural resource deposits. It relies heavily on remittances from workers overseas and tourist receipts. Remittance inflows to The Gambia amount to about one-fifth of the country’s GDP. The Gambia's location on the ocean and proximity to Europe has made it one of the most frequented tourist destinations in West Africa, boosted by private sector investments in eco-tourism and facilities. Tourism normally brings in about 20% of GDP, but it suffered in 2014 from tourists’ fears of Ebola virus in neighboring West African countries. Unemployment and underemployment remain high.

Economic progress depends on sustained bilateral and multilateral aid, on responsible government economic management, and on continued technical assistance from multilateral and bilateral donors. International donors and lenders were concerned about the quality of fiscal management under the administration of former President Yahya JAMMEH, who reportedly stole hundreds of millions of dollars of the country’s funds during his 22 years in power, but anticipate significant improvements under the new administration of President Adama BARROW, who assumed power in early 2017. As of April 2017, the IMF, the World Bank, the European Union, and the African Development Bank were all negotiating with the new government of The Gambia to provide financial support in the coming months to ease the country’s financial crisis.

The country faces a limited availability of foreign exchange, weak agricultural output, a border closure with Senegal, a slowdown in tourism, high inflation, a large fiscal deficit, and a high domestic debt burden that has crowded out private sector investment and driven interest rates to new highs. The government has committed to taking steps to reduce the deficit, including through expenditure caps, debt consolidation, and reform of state-owned enterprises.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$5.22 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$5.218 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$5.22 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$4.92 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$4.588 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$4.92 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -681,14 +687,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$2,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$2,223 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$2,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$2,158 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$2,073 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$2,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -813,9 +819,6 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$643 million (2019 est.)" - }, "Exports 2018": { "text": "$448 million (2018 est.)" }, @@ -830,9 +833,6 @@ "text": "lumber, cashews, refined petroleum, fish oil, ground nut oil (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$1.246 billion (2019 est.)" - }, "Imports 2018": { "text": "$851 million (2018 est.)" }, @@ -1095,10 +1095,7 @@ "text": "information varies; approximately 2,000 total active troops (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the GNA has a limited equipment inventory; the only reported weapons deliveries to the GNA since 2000 are second-hand patrol boats from Taiwan (2009) and one aircraft from Georgia (2004) (2020)" - }, - "Military deployments": { - "text": "130 Sudan (UNAMID) (Jan 2021)" + "text": "the GNA has a limited equipment inventory; since 2000, it has received only a few secondhand items (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-25 years of age for male and female voluntary military service (18-22 for officers); no conscription; service obligation 6 months (2020)" diff --git a/africa/gb.json b/africa/gb.json index 40c305ce..fe9652a0 100644 --- a/africa/gb.json +++ b/africa/gb.json @@ -93,6 +93,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "40 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Congo Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the relatively small population is spread in pockets throughout the country; the largest urban center is the capital of Libreville, located along the Atlantic coast in the northwest as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -101,12 +107,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "a small population and oil and mineral reserves have helped Gabon become one of Africa's wealthier countries; in general, these circumstances have allowed the country to maintain and conserve its pristine rain forest and rich biodiversity" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Congo Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -382,20 +382,6 @@ "text": "1.13 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "84.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "14.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "40.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "166 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; always hot, humid" }, @@ -419,6 +405,14 @@ "text": "0% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "90.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "2.6% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -429,14 +423,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "90.4% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -464,6 +450,20 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Congo Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "84.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "14.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "40.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "166 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -644,14 +644,14 @@ "text": "

Gabon enjoys a per capita income four times that of most Sub-Saharan African nations, but because of high income inequality, a large proportion of the population remains poor. Gabon relied on timber and manganese exports until oil was discovered offshore in the early 1970s. From 2010 to 2016, oil accounted for approximately 80% of Gabon’s exports, 45% of its GDP, and 60% of its state budget revenues.

Gabon faces fluctuating international prices for its oil, timber, and manganese exports. A rebound of oil prices from 2001 to 2013 helped growth, but declining production, as some fields passed their peak production, has hampered Gabon from fully realizing potential gains. GDP grew nearly 6% per year over the 2010-14 period, but slowed significantly from 2014 to just 1% in 2017 as oil prices declined. Low oil prices also weakened government revenue and negatively affected the trade and current account balances. In the wake of lower revenue, Gabon signed a 3-year agreement with the IMF in June 2017.

Despite an abundance of natural wealth, poor fiscal management and over-reliance on oil has stifled the economy. Power cuts and water shortages are frequent. Gabon is reliant on imports and the government heavily subsidizes commodities, including food, but will be hard pressed to tamp down public frustration with unemployment and corruption.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$32.05 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$32.48 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$32.48 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$31.247 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$30.986 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$31.25 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -667,14 +667,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$14,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$14,950 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$15,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$14,744 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$15,007 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$14,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -1137,7 +1137,7 @@ "text": "the FDG is lightly armed with an inventory comprised mostly of Brazilian, French, and South African equipment; since 2010, it has received limited amounts of equipment with France and South Africa as the leading suppliers (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "450 Central African Republic (MINUSCA) (Jan 2021)" + "text": "450 Central African Republic (MINUSCA) (Sep 2021)" }, "Maritime threats": { "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Niger Delta and Gulf of Guinea remain a very high risk for piracy and armed robbery of ships; in 2020, there were 98 reported incidents of piracy and armed robbery at sea in the Gulf of Guinea region; although a 24% decrease from the total number of incidents in 2019, it included all three hijackings and 9 of 11 ships fired upon worldwide; while boarding and attempted boarding to steal valuables from ships and crews are the most common types of incidents, almost a third of all incidents involve a hijacking and/or kidnapping; in 2020, a record 130 crew members were kidnapped in 22 separate incidents in the Gulf of Guinea, representing 95% of kidnappings worldwide; approximately 51% of all incidents of piracy and armed robbery are taking place off Nigeria, which is a decrease from the 71% in 2019 and an indication pirates are traveling further to target vessels; Nigerian pirates are well armed and very aggressive, operating as far as 200 nm offshore; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2021-002 - Gulf of Guinea-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Kidnapping for Ransom) effective 9 January 2021, which states in part, \"Piracy, armed robbery, and kidnapping for ransom continue to serve as significant threats to US-flagged vessels transiting or operating in the Gulf of Guinea.”" diff --git a/africa/gh.json b/africa/gh.json index d9fb8e73..afdca9ad 100644 --- a/africa/gh.json +++ b/africa/gh.json @@ -96,6 +96,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "340 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Volta (410,991 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "population is concentrated in the southern half of the country, with the highest concentrations being on or near the Atlantic coast as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -405,20 +408,6 @@ "text": "22.75 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "299.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "95 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1.07 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "56.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north" }, @@ -442,6 +431,14 @@ "text": "9.7% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "58% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.06% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "3.51% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -452,14 +449,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "58% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.06% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -484,6 +473,23 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "3,538,275 tons (2005 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Volta (410,991 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "299.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "95 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.07 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "56.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -663,14 +669,14 @@ "text": "

Ghana has a market-based economy with relatively few policy barriers to trade and investment in comparison with other countries in the region, and Ghana is endowed with natural resources. Ghana's economy was strengthened by a quarter century of relatively sound management, a competitive business environment, and sustained reductions in poverty levels, but in recent years has suffered the consequences of loose fiscal policy, high budget and current account deficits, and a depreciating currency.

Agriculture accounts for about 20% of GDP and employs more than half of the workforce, mainly small landholders. Gold, oil, and cocoa exports, and individual remittances, are major sources of foreign exchange. Expansion of Ghana’s nascent oil industry has boosted economic growth, but the fall in oil prices since 2015 reduced by half Ghana’s oil revenue. Production at Jubilee, Ghana's first commercial offshore oilfield, began in mid-December 2010. Production from two more fields, TEN and Sankofa, started in 2016 and 2017 respectively. The country’s first gas processing plant at Atuabo is also producing natural gas from the Jubilee field, providing power to several of Ghana’s thermal power plants.

As of 2018, key economic concerns facing the government include the lack of affordable electricity, lack of a solid domestic revenue base, and the high debt burden. The AKUFO-ADDO administration has made some progress by committing to fiscal consolidation, but much work is still to be done. Ghana signed a $920 million extended credit facility with the IMF in April 2015 to help it address its growing economic crisis. The IMF fiscal targets require Ghana to reduce the deficit by cutting subsidies, decreasing the bloated public sector wage bill, strengthening revenue administration, boosting tax revenues, and improving the health of Ghana’s banking sector. Priorities for the new administration include rescheduling some of Ghana’s $31 billion debt, stimulating economic growth, reducing inflation, and stabilizing the currency. Prospects for new oil and gas production and follow through on tighter fiscal management are likely to help Ghana’s economy in 2018.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$164.84 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$164.64 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$164.16 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$154.623 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$145.509 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$154.13 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -686,14 +692,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$5,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$5,413 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$5,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$5,194 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$4,997 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$5,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -835,11 +841,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$13.84 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$25.59 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$11.14 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$22.51 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -849,11 +855,11 @@ "text": "gold, crude petroleum, cocoa products, manganese, cashews (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$12.65 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$26.91 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$12.91 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$23.22 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1142,8 +1148,7 @@ "text": "the inventory of the Ghana Armed Forces is a mix of Russian, Chinese, and Western equipment; since 2010, it has received armaments from a variety of suppliers, led by
China, Germany, Russia, and Spain (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "150 Mali (MINUSMA); 875 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 850 South Sudan (UNMISS) (Jan 2021)", - "note": "note: Ghana has pledged to maintain about 1,000 military personnel in readiness for UN peacekeeping missions" + "text": "150 Mali (MINUSMA); 875 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 850 South Sudan (UNMISS) (Sep 2021)" }, "Maritime threats": { "text": "

the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Niger Delta and Gulf of Guinea remain a very high risk for piracy and armed robbery of ships; in 2020, there were 98 reported incidents of piracy and armed robbery at sea in the Gulf of Guinea region; although a 24% decrease from the total number of incidents in 2019, it included all three hijackings and 9 of 11 ships fired upon worldwide; while boarding and attempted boarding to steal valuables from ships and crews are the most common types of incidents, almost a third of all incidents involve a hijacking and/or kidnapping; in 2020, a record 130 crew members were kidnapped in 22 separate incidents in the Gulf of Guinea, representing 95% of kidnappings worldwide; approximately 51% of all incidents of piracy and armed robbery are taking place off Nigeria, which is a decrease from the 71% in 2019 and an indication pirates are traveling further to target vessels; Nigerian pirates are well armed and very aggressive, operating as far as 200 nm offshore; the Maritime Administration of the US Department of Transportation has issued a Maritime Advisory (2021-002 - Gulf of Guinea-Piracy/Armed Robbery/Kidnapping for Ransom) effective 9 January 2021, which states in part, \"Piracy, armed robbery, and kidnapping for ransom continue to serve as significant threats to US-flagged vessels transiting or operating in the Gulf of Guinea.”

" diff --git a/africa/gv.json b/africa/gv.json index c07a8a18..691429b7 100644 --- a/africa/gv.json +++ b/africa/gv.json @@ -90,6 +90,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "950 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km), Senegal (456,397 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "areas of highest density are in the west and south; interior is sparsely populated as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -399,20 +402,6 @@ "text": "11.13 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "224.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "56.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "292.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "226 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds" }, @@ -436,6 +425,14 @@ "text": "15.4% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "37.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.64% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "4.81% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -446,14 +443,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "37.3% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.64% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -490,6 +479,23 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "5% (2005 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km), Senegal (456,397 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "224.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "56.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "292.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "226 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -675,14 +681,14 @@ "text": "

Guinea is a poor country of approximately 12.9 million people in 2016 that possesses the world's largest reserves of bauxite and largest untapped high-grade iron ore reserves, as well as gold and diamonds. In addition, Guinea has fertile soil, ample rainfall, and is the source of several West African rivers, including the Senegal, Niger, and Gambia. Guinea's hydro potential is enormous and the country could be a major exporter of electricity. The country also has tremendous agriculture potential. Gold, bauxite, and diamonds are Guinea’s main exports. International investors have shown interest in Guinea's unexplored mineral reserves, which have the potential to propel Guinea's future growth.

Following the death of long-term President Lansana CONTE in 2008 and the coup that followed, international donors, including the G-8, the IMF, and the World Bank, significantly curtailed their development programs in Guinea. However, the IMF approved a 3-year Extended Credit Facility arrangement in 2012, following the December 2010 presidential elections. In September 2012, Guinea achieved Heavily Indebted Poor Countries completion point status. Future access to international assistance and investment will depend on the government’s ability to be transparent, combat corruption, reform its banking system, improve its business environment, and build infrastructure. In April 2013, the government amended its mining code to reduce taxes and royalties. In 2014, Guinea complied with requirements of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative by publishing its mining contracts. Guinea completed its program with the IMF in October 2016 even though some targeted reforms have been delayed. Currently Guinea is negotiating a new IMF program which will be based on Guinea’s new five-year economic plan, focusing on the development of higher value-added products, including from the agro-business sector and development of the rural economy.

Political instability, a reintroduction of the Ebola virus epidemic, low international commodity prices, and an enduring legacy of corruption, inefficiency, and lack of government transparency are factors that could impact Guinea’s future growth. Economic recovery will be a long process while the government adjusts to lower inflows of international donor aid following the surge of Ebola-related emergency support. Ebola stalled promising economic growth in the 2014-15 period and impeded several projects, such as offshore oil exploration and the Simandou iron ore project. The economy, however, grew by 6.6% in 2016 and 6.7% in 2017, mainly due to growth from bauxite mining and thermal energy generation as well as the resiliency of the agricultural sector. The 240-megawatt Kaleta Dam, inaugurated in September 2015, has expanded access to electricity for residents of Conakry. An combined with fears of Ebola virus, continue to undermine Guinea's economic viability.

Guinea’s iron ore industry took a hit in 2016 when investors in the Simandou iron ore project announced plans to divest from the project. In 2017, agriculture output and public investment boosted economic growth, while the mining sector continued to play a prominent role in economic performance.

Successive governments have failed to address the country's crumbling infrastructure. Guinea suffers from chronic electricity shortages; poor roads, rail lines and bridges; and a lack of access to clean water - all of which continue to plague economic development. The present government, led by President Alpha CONDE, is working to create an environment to attract foreign investment and hopes to have greater participation from western countries and firms in Guinea's economic development.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$35.08 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$32.72 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$32.78 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$30.985 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$29.176 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$31.03 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -698,14 +704,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$2,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$2,562 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$2,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$2,496 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$2,418 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$2,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -836,10 +842,10 @@ }, "Exports": { "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$5.041 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$4.04 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$5.073 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$4.08 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2017": { "text": "$4.733 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -853,10 +859,10 @@ }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$7.924 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$4.32 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$8.76 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$4.18 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2017": { "text": "$7.317 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -1137,7 +1143,7 @@ "text": "the inventory of the Guinean military consists largely of ageing and outdated (mostly Soviet-era) equipment; since 2010, it has received small amounts of equipment from France, Russia, and South Africa (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "660 Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2021)" + "text": "660 Mali (MINUSMA) (Sep 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "no compulsory military service (2021)" diff --git a/africa/iv.json b/africa/iv.json index 9f206b29..923864d1 100644 --- a/africa/iv.json +++ b/africa/iv.json @@ -93,6 +93,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "730 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km), Volta (410,991 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the population is primarily located in the forested south, with the highest concentration of people residing in and around the cities on the Atlantic coast; most of the northern savanna remains sparsely populated with higher concentrations located along transportation corridors as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -404,20 +407,6 @@ "text": "10.3 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "320 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "242 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "600 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "84.14 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October)" }, @@ -441,6 +430,14 @@ "text": "2.5% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "52.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "2.04% of GDP (2016 est.)" @@ -451,14 +448,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "52.2% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -489,6 +478,23 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "3% (2005 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km), Volta (410,991 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "320 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "242 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "600 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "84.14 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -675,14 +681,14 @@ "text": "

For the last 5 years Cote d'Ivoire's growth rate has been among the highest in the world. Cote d'Ivoire is heavily dependent on agriculture and related activities, which engage roughly two-thirds of the population. Cote d'Ivoire is the world's largest producer and exporter of cocoa beans and a significant producer and exporter of coffee and palm oil. Consequently, the economy is highly sensitive to fluctuations in international prices for these products and to climatic conditions. Cocoa, oil, and coffee are the country's top export revenue earners, but the country has targeted agricultural processing of cocoa, cashews, mangoes, and other commodities as a high priority. Mining gold and exporting electricity are growing industries outside agriculture.

Following the end of more than a decade of civil conflict in 2011, Cote d’Ivoire has experienced a boom in foreign investment and economic growth. In June 2012, the IMF and the World Bank announced $4.4 billion in debt relief for Cote d'Ivoire under the Highly Indebted Poor Countries Initiative.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$136.48 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$134.048 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$134.05 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$126.185 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$118.051 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$126.19 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -698,14 +704,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$5,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$5,213 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$5,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$5,033 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$4,831 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$5,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -837,11 +843,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$16.326 billion (2018 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$13.79 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$16.274 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$13.08 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -851,11 +857,11 @@ "text": "cocoa beans, gold, rubber, refined petroleum, crude petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$14.248 billion (2018 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$12.88 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$13.486 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$13.18 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1132,7 +1138,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Armed Forces of Cote d'Ivoire (Forces Armees de Cote d'Ivoire, FACI; aka Republican Forces of Ivory Coast, FRCI): Army (Armee de Terre), Navy (Marine Nationale), Cote Air Force (Force Aerienne Cote), Special Forces (Forces Speciale); National Gendarmerie (under the Ministry of Defense); National Police (under the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection); Coordination Center for Operational Decisions (a mix of police, gendarmerie, and FACI personnel for assisting police in providing security in some large cities) (2020)" + "text": "Armed Forces of Cote d'Ivoire (Forces Armees de Cote d'Ivoire, FACI; aka Republican Forces of Ivory Coast, FRCI): Army (Armee de Terre), Navy (Marine Nationale), Cote Air Force (Force Aerienne Cote), Special Forces (Forces Speciale); National Gendarmerie (under the Ministry of Defense); National Police (under the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection); Coordination Center for Operational Decisions (a mix of police, gendarmerie, and FACI personnel for assisting police in providing security in some large cities) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { @@ -1167,7 +1173,7 @@ "text": "18-25 years of age for compulsory and voluntary male and female military service; conscription is not enforced; voluntary recruitment of former rebels into the new national army is restricted to ages 22-29 (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the military has mutinied several times since the late 1990s, most recently in 2017, and has had a large role in the country’s political turmoil; currently, the FACI is focused on internal security and the growing threat posed by Islamic militants associated with the al-Qa’ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) terrorist group operating across the border in Burkina Faso; AQIM militants conducted significant attacks in the country in 2016 and 2020; Côte d’Ivoire since 2016 has stepped up border security and completed building a joint counter-terrorism training center with France near Abidjan in 2020

the UN maintained a 9,000-strong peacekeeping force in Cote d’Ivoire (UNOCI) from 2004 until 2017" + "text": "the military has mutinied several times since the late 1990s, most recently in 2017, and has had a large role in the country’s political turmoil; as of late 2021, the FACI was focused on internal security and the growing threat posed by Islamic militants associated with the al-Qa’ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) terrorist group operating across the border in Burkina Faso; AQIM militants conducted significant attacks in the country in 2016 and 2020; Côte d’Ivoire since 2016 has stepped up border security and completed building a joint counter-terrorism training center with France near Abidjan in 2020

the UN maintained a 9,000-strong peacekeeping force in Cote d’Ivoire (UNOCI) from 2004 until 2017" } }, "Terrorism": { diff --git a/africa/ke.json b/africa/ke.json index eccef0d0..851b5b68 100644 --- a/africa/ke.json +++ b/africa/ke.json @@ -93,6 +93,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "1,030 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Ogaden-Juba Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "population heavily concentrated in the west along the shore of Lake Victoria; other areas of high density include the capital of Nairobi, and in the southeast along the Indian Ocean coast as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -101,12 +107,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa; glaciers are found on Mount Kenya, Africa's second highest peak; unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and economic value; Lake Victoria, the world's largest tropical lake and the second largest fresh water lake, is shared among three countries: Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Ogaden-Juba Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -409,20 +409,6 @@ "text": "37.65 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "495 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "303 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "3.234 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "30.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior" }, @@ -446,6 +432,14 @@ "text": "45.8% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "28.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "1.3% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -456,14 +450,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "28.5% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -502,6 +488,20 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Ogaden-Juba Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "495 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "303 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "3.234 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "30.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -691,14 +691,14 @@ "text": "

Kenya is the economic, financial, and transport hub of East Africa. Kenya’s real GDP growth has averaged over 5% for the last decade. Since 2014, Kenya has been ranked as a lower middle income country because its per capita GDP crossed a World Bank threshold. While Kenya has a growing entrepreneurial middle class and steady growth, its economic development has been impaired by weak governance and corruption. Although reliable numbers are hard to find, unemployment and under-employment are extremely high, and could be near 40% of the population. In 2013, the country adopted a devolved system of government with the creation of 47 counties, and is in the process of devolving state revenues and responsibilities to the counties.

Agriculture remains the backbone of the Kenyan economy, contributing one-third of GDP. About 75% of Kenya’s population of roughly 48.5 million work at least part-time in the agricultural sector, including livestock and pastoral activities. Over 75% of agricultural output is from small-scale, rain-fed farming or livestock production. Tourism also holds a significant place in Kenya’s economy. In spite of political turmoil throughout the second half of 2017, tourism was up 20%, showcasing the strength of this sector. Kenya has long been a target of terrorist activity and has struggled with instability along its northeastern borders. Some high visibility terrorist attacks during 2013-2015 (e.g., at Nairobi’s Westgate Mall and Garissa University) affected the tourism industry severely, but the sector rebounded strongly in 2016-2017 and appears poised to continue growing.

Inadequate infrastructure continues to hamper Kenya’s efforts to improve its annual growth so that it can meaningfully address poverty and unemployment. The KENYATTA administration has been successful in courting external investment for infrastructure development. International financial institutions and donors remain important to Kenya's growth and development, but Kenya has also successfully raised capital in the global bond market issuing its first sovereign bond offering in mid-2014, with a second occurring in February 2018. The first phase of a Chinese-financed and constructed standard gauge railway connecting Mombasa and Nairobi opened in May 2017.

In 2016 the government was forced to take over three small and undercapitalized banks when underlying weaknesses were exposed. The government also enacted legislation that limits interest rates banks can charge on loans and set a rate that banks must pay their depositors. This measure led to a sharp shrinkage of credit in the economy. A prolonged election cycle in 2017 hurt the economy, drained government resources, and slowed GDP growth. Drought-like conditions in parts of the country pushed 2017 inflation above 8%, but the rate had fallen to 4.5% in February 2018.

The economy, however, is well placed to resume its decade-long 5%-6% growth rate. While fiscal deficits continue to pose risks in the medium term, other economic indicators, including foreign exchange reserves, interest rates, current account deficits, remittances and FDI are positive. The credit and drought-related impediments were temporary. Now In his second term, President KENYATTA has pledged to make economic growth and development a centerpiece of his second administration, focusing on his \"Big Four\" initiatives of universal healthcare, food security, affordable housing, and expansion of manufacturing.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$226.94 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$227.638 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$227.64 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$216.046 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$203.206 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$216.05 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -714,14 +714,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$4,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$4,330 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$4,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$4,204 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$4,046 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$4,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -866,10 +866,10 @@ }, "Exports": { "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$10.078 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$11.49 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$10.1 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$11.56 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2017": { "text": "$9.723 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -883,10 +883,10 @@ }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$18.729 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$20.41 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$19.116 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$20.17 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2017": { "text": "$18.653 billion (2017 est.)" diff --git a/africa/li.json b/africa/li.json index 3c15a26e..c6fe80f3 100644 --- a/africa/li.json +++ b/africa/li.json @@ -392,20 +392,6 @@ "text": "6.56 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "80.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "53.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "12.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "232 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers" }, @@ -429,6 +415,14 @@ "text": "27.3% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "52.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.41% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "13.27% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -439,14 +433,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "52.6% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.41% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -471,6 +457,20 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "564,467 tons (2007 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "80.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "53.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "12.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "232 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -649,14 +649,14 @@ "text": "

Liberia is a low-income country that relies heavily on foreign assistance and remittances from the diaspora. It is richly endowed with water, mineral resources, forests, and a climate favorable to agriculture. Its principal exports are iron ore, rubber, diamonds, and gold. Palm oil and cocoa are emerging as new export products. The government has attempted to revive raw timber extraction and is encouraging oil exploration.

In the 1990s and early 2000s, civil war and government mismanagement destroyed much of Liberia's economy, especially infrastructure in and around the capital. Much of the conflict was fueled by control over Liberia’s natural resources. With the conclusion of fighting and the installation of a democratically elected government in 2006, businesses that had fled the country began to return. The country achieved high growth during the period 2010-13 due to favorable world prices for its commodities. However, during the 2014-2015 Ebola crisis, the economy declined and many foreign-owned businesses departed with their capital and expertise. The epidemic forced the government to divert scarce resources to combat the spread of the virus, reducing funds available for needed public investment. The cost of addressing the Ebola epidemic coincided with decreased economic activity reducing government revenue, although higher donor support significantly offset this loss. During the same period, global commodities prices for key exports fell and have yet to recover to pre-Ebola levels.

In 2017, gold was a key driver of growth, as a new mining project began its first full year of production; iron ore exports are also increased as Arcelor Mittal opened new mines at Mount Gangra. The completion of the rehabilitation of the Mount Coffee Hydroelectric Dam increased electricity production to support ongoing and future economic activity, although electricity tariffs remain high relative to other countries in the region and transmission infrastructure is limited. Presidential and legislative elections in October 2017 generated election-related spending pressures.

Revitalizing the economy in the future will depend on economic diversification, increasing investment and trade, higher global commodity prices, sustained foreign aid and remittances, development of infrastructure and institutions, combating corruption, and maintaining political stability and security.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$6.85 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$7.049 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$7.05 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$7.214 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$7.126 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$7.21 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -672,14 +672,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$1,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$1,428 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$1,497 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$1,516 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -807,10 +807,10 @@ }, "Exports": { "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$330 million (2019 est.)" + "text": "$550 million note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$362 million (2018 est.)" + "text": "$530 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2017": { "text": "$359 million (2017 est.)" @@ -824,10 +824,10 @@ }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$1.82 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1.24 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$1.956 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$1.25 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2017": { "text": "$2.118 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -1111,7 +1111,7 @@ "text": "the AFL has almost no significant combat hardware as nearly all aircraft, equipment, materiel, and facilities were damaged or destroyed during the country's civil war; it has received little new equipment outside of ammunition, small arms, and trucks from China in 2008, and boats and vehicles donated by the US in the 2010s (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "150 Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2021)" + "text": "150 Mali (MINUSMA) (Sep 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2019)" diff --git a/africa/lt.json b/africa/lt.json index f456813d..97bbb95c 100644 --- a/africa/lt.json +++ b/africa/lt.json @@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "30 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Orange (941,351 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "relatively higher population density in the western half of the nation, with the capital of Maseru, and the smaller cities of Mafeteng, Teyateyaneng, and Leribe attracting the most people as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -378,20 +381,6 @@ "text": "2.56 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "20 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "20 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "3.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "3.022 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers" }, @@ -415,6 +404,14 @@ "text": "22.4% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "29.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.77% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "3.34% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -425,14 +422,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "29.5% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.77% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "intermediate (2020)" @@ -450,6 +439,23 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "73,457 tons (2006 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Orange (941,351 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "20 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "20 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "3.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "3.022 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -630,14 +636,14 @@ "text": "

Small, mountainous, and completely landlocked by South Africa, Lesotho depends on a narrow economic base of textile manufacturing, agriculture, remittances, and regional customs revenue. About three-fourths of the people live in rural areas and engage in animal herding and subsistence agriculture, although Lesotho produces less than 20% of the nation's demand for food. Agriculture is vulnerable to weather and climate variability.

Lesotho relies on South Africa for much of its economic activity; Lesotho imports 85% of the goods it consumes from South Africa, including most agricultural inputs. Households depend heavily on remittances from family members working in South Africa in mines, on farms, and as domestic workers, though mining employment has declined substantially since the 1990s. Lesotho is a member of the Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU), and revenues from SACU accounted for roughly 26% of total GDP in 2016; however, SACU revenues are volatile and expected to decline over the next 5 years. Lesotho also gains royalties from the South African Government for water transferred to South Africa from a dam and reservoir system in Lesotho. However, the government continues to strengthen its tax system to reduce dependency on customs duties and other transfers.

The government maintains a large presence in the economy - government consumption accounted for about 26% of GDP in 2017. The government remains Lesotho's largest employer; in 2016, the government wage bill rose to 23% of GDP – the largest in Sub-Saharan Africa. Lesotho's largest private employer is the textile and garment industry - approximately 36,000 Basotho, mainly women, work in factories producing garments for export to South Africa and the US. Diamond mining in Lesotho has grown in recent years and accounted for nearly 35% of total exports in 2015. Lesotho managed steady GDP growth at an average of 4.5% from 2010 to 2014, dropping to about 2.5% in 2015-16, but poverty remains widespread around 57% of the total population.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$4.88 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$5.747 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$5.49 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$5.794 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$5.82 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$5.51 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -653,14 +659,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$2,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$2,704 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$2,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$2,749 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$2,783 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$2,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -794,14 +800,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$900 million note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$1.106 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1.09 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$1.271 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$1.145 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1.25 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -811,14 +817,14 @@ "text": "diamonds, clothing and apparel, low-voltage protection equipment, wheat products, footwear (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$1.96 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$2.613 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$2.2 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$2.707 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$2.688 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$2.39 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1066,7 +1072,7 @@ "text": "the Lesotho Defense Force (LDF) has approximately 2,000 personnel (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the LDF has a small inventory of older equipment from a variety of countries; the only reported delivery to the LDF since 2007 was two second-hand helicopters from France in 2017 and 2019 (2019 est.)" + "text": "the LDF has a small inventory of older equipment from a variety of countries; since 2007, it has received only very small quantities of second hand equipment (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-24 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; women can serve as commissioned officers (2019)" diff --git a/africa/ly.json b/africa/ly.json index bf032eec..683cc49c 100644 --- a/africa/ly.json +++ b/africa/ly.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "Introduction": { "Background": { - "text": "

Berbers have inhabited central north Africa since ancient times, but the region has been settled and ruled by Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, Persians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Vandals. In the the 7th century, Islam spread through the region; in the mid-16th century, Ottoman rule began. The Italians supplanted the Ottoman Turks in the area around Tripoli in 1911 and did not relinquish their hold until 1943 when they were defeated in World War II. Libya then passed to UN administration and achieved independence in 1951. Following a 1969 military coup, Col. Muammar al-QADHAFI assumed leadership and began to espouse his political system at home, which was a combination of socialism and Islam. During the 1970s, QADHAFI used oil revenues to promote his ideology outside Libya, supporting subversive and terrorist activities that included the downing of two airliners - one over Scotland, another in Northern Africa - and a discotheque bombing in Berlin. UN sanctions in 1992 isolated QADHAFI politically and economically following the attacks; sanctions were lifted in 2003 following Libyan acceptance of responsibility for the bombings and agreement to claimant compensation. QADHAFI also agreed to end Libya's program to develop weapons of mass destruction, and he made significant strides in normalizing relations with Western nations.

Unrest that began in several Middle Eastern and North African countries in late 2010 erupted in Libyan cities in early 2011. QADHAFI's brutal crackdown on protesters spawned a civil war that triggered UN authorization of air and naval intervention by the international community. After months of seesaw fighting between government and opposition forces, the QADHAFI regime was toppled in mid-2011 and replaced by a transitional government known as the National Transitional Council (NTC). In 2012, the NTC handed power to an elected parliament, the General National Congress (GNC). Voters chose a new parliament to replace the GNC in June 2014 - the House of Representatives (HoR), which relocated to the eastern city of Tobruk after fighting broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi in July 2014.

In December 2015, the UN brokered an agreement among a broad array of Libyan political parties and social groups - known as the Libyan Political Agreement (LPA). Members of the Libyan Political Dialogue, including representatives of the HoR and GNC, signed the LPA in December 2015. The LPA called for the formation of an interim Government of National Accord or GNA, with a nine-member Presidency Council, the HoR, and an advisory High Council of State that most ex-GNC members joined. The LPA’s roadmap for a transition to a new constitution and elected government was subsequently endorsed by UN Security Council Resolution 2259, which also called upon member states to cease official contact with parallel institutions. In January 2016, the HoR voted to approve the LPA, including the Presidency Council, while voting against a controversial provision on security leadership positions and the Presidency Council’s proposed cabinet of ministers. In March 2016, the GNA Presidency Council seated itself in Tripoli. In 2016, the GNA twice announced a slate of ministers who operate in an acting capacity, but the HoR did not endorse the ministerial list. The HoR and defunct-GNC-affiliated political hardliners continued to oppose the GNA and hamper the LPA’s implementation. In September 2017, UN Special Representative Ghassan SALAME announced a new roadmap for national political reconciliation. SALAME’s plan called for amendments to the LPA, a national conference of Libyan leaders, and a constitutional referendum and general elections. In November 2018, the international partners supported SALAME’s recalibrated Action Plan for Libya that aimed to break the political deadlock by holding a National Conference in Libya in 2019 on a timeline for political transition.  The National Conference was delayed following a failure of the parties to implement an agreement mediated by SALAME in Abu Dhabi on February 27, and the subsequent military action by Khalifa HAFTAR’s Libyan National Army against GNA forces in Tripoli that began in April 2019. 

" + "text": "

Berbers have inhabited central north Africa since ancient times, but the region has been settled and ruled by Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, Persians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Vandals. In the the 7th century, Islam spread through the region; in the mid-16th century, Ottoman rule began. The Italians supplanted the Ottoman Turks in the area around Tripoli in 1911 and did not relinquish their hold until 1943 when they were defeated in World War II. Libya then passed to UN administration and achieved independence in 1951. Following a 1969 military coup, Col. Muammar al-QADHAFI assumed leadership and began to espouse his political system at home, which was a combination of socialism and Islam. During the 1970s, QADHAFI used oil revenues to promote his ideology outside Libya, supporting subversive and terrorist activities that included the downing of two airliners - one over Scotland, another in Northern Africa - and a discotheque bombing in Berlin. UN sanctions in 1992 isolated QADHAFI politically and economically following the attacks; sanctions were lifted in 2003 following Libyan acceptance of responsibility for the bombings and agreement to claimant compensation. QADHAFI also agreed to end Libya's program to develop weapons of mass destruction, and he made significant strides in normalizing relations with Western nations.

Unrest that began in several Middle Eastern and North African countries in late 2010 erupted in Libyan cities in early 2011. QADHAFI's brutal crackdown on protesters spawned an eight-month civil war that saw UN authorization of air and naval intervention by the international community, the toppling of the QADHAFI regime, and the setting up of a National Transitional Council (NTC). In 2012, the NTC handed power to an elected parliament, the General National Congress (GNC). Voters chose a new parliament to replace the GNC in June 2014 - the House of Representatives (HoR), which relocated to the eastern city of Tobruk after fighting broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi in July 2014.

In December 2015, the UN brokered an agreement among a broad array of Libyan political parties and social groups - known as the Libyan Political Agreement (LPA). Members of the Libyan Political Dialogue signed the LPA in December 2015. In January 2016, The HoR and defunct-GNC-affiliated political hardliners continued to oppose the GNA and hamper the LPA’s implementation. In September 2017, UN Special Representative Ghassan SALAME announced a new roadmap for national political reconciliation. In November 2018, the international partners supported SALAME’s recalibrated Action Plan for Libya that aimed to break the political deadlock by holding a National Conference, subsequently held in early 2019, but attendees failed to reach an agreement. Despite continued clashes since then, the warring parties agreed to a UN-administered ceasefire in October 2020. In early 2021, the UN-led Libyan Political Dialogue Forum selected an interim president and prime minister of its executive council. The council was charged with preparing for December 2021 presidential and parliamentary elections.

" } }, "Geography": { @@ -91,6 +91,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "4,700 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Nubian Aquifer System, North Western Sahara Aquifer System, Murzuk-Djado Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "well over 90% of the population lives along the Mediterranean coast in and between Tripoli to the west and Al Bayda to the east; the interior remains vastly underpopulated due to the Sahara and lack of surface water as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -99,12 +105,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "note 1: more than 90% of the country is desert or semidesert

note 2: the volcano Waw an Namus lies in south central Libya in the middle of the Sahara; the caldera is an oasis - the name means \"oasis of mosquitoes\" - containing several small lakes surrounded by vegetation and hosting various insects and a large diversity of birds" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Lake Chad drainage (endorheic basin): Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Nubian Aquifer System, North Western Sahara Aquifer System, Murzuk-Djado Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -352,20 +352,6 @@ "text": "45.76 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "700 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "280 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "4.85 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "700 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior" }, @@ -389,6 +375,14 @@ "text": "91.1% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "81% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.06% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -399,14 +393,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "81% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Food insecurity": { "severe localized food insecurity": { "text": "due to civil insecurity, economic and political instability, and high food prices - an estimated 1.3 million people (23% of the population) are in need of humanitarian assistance of which 700,000 require food assistance; half of the people in need of humanitarian assistance are internally displaced or migrants that are residing in, or transiting through, the country (2021)" @@ -418,10 +404,24 @@ } }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Lake Chad drainage (endorheic basin): Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" + "text": "Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Nubian Aquifer System, North Western Sahara Aquifer System, Murzuk-Djado Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "700 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "280 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "4.85 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "700 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -591,14 +591,14 @@ "text": "

Libya's economy, almost entirely dependent on oil and gas exports, has struggled since 2014 given security and political instability, disruptions in oil production, and decline in global oil prices. The Libyan dinar has lost much of its value since 2014 and the resulting gap between official and black market exchange rates has spurred the growth of a shadow economy and contributed to inflation. The country suffers from widespread power outages, caused by shortages of fuel for power generation. Living conditions, including access to clean drinking water, medical services, and safe housing have all declined since 2011. Oil production in 2017 reached a five-year high, driving GDP growth, with daily average production rising to 879,000 barrels per day. However, oil production levels remain below the average pre-Revolution highs of 1.6 million barrels per day.

The Central Bank of Libya continued to pay government salaries to a majority of the Libyan workforce and to fund subsidies for fuel and food, resulting in an estimated budget deficit of about 17% of GDP in 2017. Low consumer confidence in the banking sector and the economy as a whole has driven a severe liquidity shortage.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$70.65 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$102.842 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$102.84 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$100.298 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$87.115 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$100.3 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -614,14 +614,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$10,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$15,174 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$15,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$15,018 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$13,238 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$15,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -740,8 +740,8 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$18.38 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$29.96 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2016": { "text": "$11.99 billion (2016 est.)" @@ -754,8 +754,8 @@ "text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, gold, refined petroleum, scrap iron (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$11.36 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$18.85 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2016": { "text": "$8.667 billion (2016 est.)" diff --git a/africa/ma.json b/africa/ma.json index fd70d2e4..d3c98341 100644 --- a/africa/ma.json +++ b/africa/ma.json @@ -398,20 +398,6 @@ "text": "10.14 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "395 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "161.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "13 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "337 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south" }, @@ -435,6 +421,14 @@ "text": "7.4% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "39.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.26% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "4.34% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -445,14 +439,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "39.2% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.26% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -479,6 +465,20 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "3,768,759 tons (2016 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "395 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "161.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "13 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "337 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -665,14 +665,14 @@ "text": "

Madagascar is a mostly unregulated economy with many untapped natural resources, but no capital markets, a weak judicial system, poorly enforced contracts, and rampant government corruption. The country faces challenges to improve education, healthcare, and the environment to boost long-term economic growth. Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is a mainstay of the economy, accounting for more than one-fourth of GDP and employing roughly 80% of the population. Deforestation and erosion, aggravated by bushfires, slash-and-burn clearing techniques, and the use of firewood as the primary source of fuel, are serious concerns to the agriculture dependent economy.

After discarding socialist economic policies in the mid-1990s, Madagascar followed a World Bank- and IMF-led policy of privatization and liberalization until a 2009 coup d’état led many nations, including the United States, to suspend non-humanitarian aid until a democratically-elected president was inaugurated in 2014. The pre-coup strategy had placed the country on a slow and steady growth path from an extremely low starting point. Exports of apparel boomed after gaining duty-free access to the US market in 2000 under the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA); however, Madagascar's failure to comply with the requirements of the AGOA led to the termination of the country's duty-free access in January 2010, a sharp fall in textile production, a loss of more than 100,000 jobs, and a GDP drop of nearly 11%.

Madagascar regained AGOA access in January 2015 and ensuing growth has been slow and fragile. Madagascar produces around 80% of the world’s vanilla and its reliance on this commodity for most of its foreign exchange is a significant source of vulnerability. Economic reforms have been modest and the country’s financial sector remains weak, limiting the use of monetary policy to control inflation. An ongoing IMF program aims to strengthen financial and investment management capacity.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$41.82 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$44.419 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$43.65 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$42.363 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$40.514 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$41.81 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -688,14 +688,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$1,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$1,647 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$1,613 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$1,584 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -818,10 +818,10 @@ }, "Exports": { "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$5.272 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$4.09 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$5.06 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$4.41 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2017": { "text": "$4.839 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -835,10 +835,10 @@ }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$5.855 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$4.7 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$5.56 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$4.82 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2017": { "text": "$5.796 billion (2017 est.)" diff --git a/africa/mi.json b/africa/mi.json index 583207f5..580dbef4 100644 --- a/africa/mi.json +++ b/africa/mi.json @@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "740 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "population density is highest south of Lake Nyasa as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -93,9 +96,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; Lake Nyasa, some 580 km long, is the country's most prominent physical feature; it contains more fish species than any other lake on earth" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -394,20 +394,6 @@ "text": "11.12 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "143.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "47.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1.166 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "17.28 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November)" }, @@ -431,6 +417,14 @@ "text": "6.8% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "17.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "6.19% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -441,14 +435,6 @@ "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "17.7% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -478,6 +464,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "143.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "47.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.166 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "17.28 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -661,14 +661,14 @@ "text": "

Landlocked Malawi ranks among the world's least developed countries. The country’s economic performance has historically been constrained by policy inconsistency, macroeconomic instability, poor infrastructure, rampant corruption, high population growth, and poor health and education outcomes that limit labor productivity. The economy is predominately agricultural with about 80% of the population living in rural areas. Agriculture accounts for about one-third of GDP and 80% of export revenues. The performance of the tobacco sector is key to short-term growth as tobacco accounts for more than half of exports, although Malawi is looking to diversify away from tobacco to other cash crops.

The economy depends on substantial inflows of economic assistance from the IMF, the World Bank, and individual donor nations. Donors halted direct budget support from 2013 to 2016 because of concerns about corruption and fiscal carelessness, but the World Bank resumed budget support in May 2017. In 2006, Malawi was approved for relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) program but recent increases in domestic borrowing mean that debt servicing in 2016 exceeded the levels prior to HIPC debt relief.

Heavily dependent on rain-fed agriculture, with corn being the staple crop, Malawi’s economy was hit hard by the El Nino-driven drought in 2015 and 2016, and now faces threat from the fall armyworm. The drought also slowed economic activity, led to two consecutive years of declining economic growth, and contributed to high inflation rates. Depressed food prices over 2017 led to a significant drop in inflation (from an average of 21.7% in 2016 to 12.3% in 2017), with a similar drop in interest rates.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$28.44 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$19.741 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$28.22 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$18.914 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$18.333 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$26.69 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -684,14 +684,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$1,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$1,060 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$1,043 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$1,038 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -822,10 +822,10 @@ }, "Exports": { "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$10.718 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1.16 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$10.326 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$1.11 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2017": { "text": "$9.658 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -839,10 +839,10 @@ }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$12.818 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$3.2 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$12.372 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$2.92 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2017": { "text": "$11.631 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -1129,7 +1129,7 @@ "text": "the Malawi Defense Force inventory is comprised of mostly obsolescent or second-hand equipment from Europe and South Africa; since 2010, it has taken deliveries of limited amounts of mostly second-hand equipment from China, South Africa, and the UK, as well as non-lethal equipment donated by the US (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "700 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) (Jan 2021)" + "text": "700 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) (Sep 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; high school equivalent required for enlisted recruits and college equivalent for officer recruits; initial engagement is 7 years for enlisted personnel and 10 years for officers (2021)" diff --git a/africa/ml.json b/africa/ml.json index 6bc126b9..b38ecbf5 100644 --- a/africa/ml.json +++ b/africa/ml.json @@ -85,6 +85,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "3,780 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km), Senegal (456,397 sq km), Volta (410,991 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Lullemeden-Irhazer Basin, Taodeni-Tanezrouft Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the overwhelming majority of the population lives in the southern half of the country, with greater density along the border with Burkina Faso as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -93,12 +99,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; divided into three natural zones: the southern, cultivated Sudanese; the central, semiarid Sahelian; and the northern, arid Saharan" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km), Senegal (456,397 sq km), Volta (410,991 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Lullemeden-Irhazer Basin, Taodeni-Tanezrouft Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -399,20 +399,6 @@ "text": "19.16 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "107 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "5.075 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "120 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "subtropical to arid; hot and dry (February to June); rainy, humid, and mild (June to November); cool and dry (November to February)" }, @@ -436,6 +422,14 @@ "text": "55.7% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "44.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.57% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "2.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -446,14 +440,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "44.7% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.57% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -489,6 +475,20 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Lullemeden-Irhazer Basin, Taodeni-Tanezrouft Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "107 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "5.075 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "120 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -673,14 +673,14 @@ "text": "

Among the 25 poorest countries in the world, landlocked Mali depends on gold mining and agricultural exports for revenue. The country's fiscal status fluctuates with gold and agricultural commodity prices and the harvest; cotton and gold exports make up around 80% of export earnings. Mali remains dependent on foreign aid.

Economic activity is largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger River; about 65% of Mali’s land area is desert or semidesert. About 10% of the population is nomadic and about 80% of the labor force is engaged in farming and fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. The government subsidizes the production of cereals to decrease the country’s dependence on imported foodstuffs and to reduce its vulnerability to food price shocks.

Mali is developing its iron ore extraction industry to diversify foreign exchange earnings away from gold, but the pace will depend on global price trends. Although the political coup in 2012 slowed Mali’s growth, the economy has since bounced back, with GDP growth above 5% in 2014-17, although physical insecurity, high population growth, corruption, weak infrastructure, and low levels of human capital continue to constrain economic development. Higher rainfall helped to boost cotton output in 2017, and the country’s 2017 budget increased spending more than 10%, much of which was devoted to infrastructure and agriculture. Corruption and political turmoil are strong downside risks in 2018 and beyond.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$44.89 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$45.637 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$45.64 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$43.567 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$41.593 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$43.57 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -696,14 +696,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$2,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$2,322 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$2,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$2,284 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$2,247 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$2,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -835,8 +835,8 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$3.06 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$4.18 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2016": { "text": "$2.803 billion (2016 est.)" @@ -849,8 +849,8 @@ "text": "gold, cotton, sesame seeds, lumber, vegetable oils/residues (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$3.644 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$6.08 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2016": { "text": "$3.403 billion (2016 est.)" diff --git a/africa/mo.json b/africa/mo.json index cf07dbe2..43d5f3a2 100644 --- a/africa/mo.json +++ b/africa/mo.json @@ -423,22 +423,6 @@ }, "note": "note:  data does not include former Western Sahara" }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "1.063 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "212 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "9.156 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "note": "note:  data does not include former Western Sahara" - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "29 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)", - "note": "note:  data does not include former Western Sahara" - }, "Climate": { "text": "Mediterranean in the north, becoming more extreme in the interior; in the south, hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew", "note": "note:  data does not include former Western Sahara" @@ -464,6 +448,15 @@ }, "note": "note: does not include the area of the former Western Sahara, which is almost exclusively desert" }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "64.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.88% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + }, + "note": "note:  data does not include former Western Sahara" + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.13% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -474,15 +467,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "64.1% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.88% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - }, - "note": "note:  data does not include former Western Sahara" - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "text": "note: clusters of cases of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) are occurring in Morocco; as of 6 October 2021, Morocco has reported a total of 936,236 cases of COVID-19 or 2,536.5 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 38.94 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 2 October 2021, 60.91% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" }, @@ -500,6 +484,22 @@ "text": "8% (2014 est.)" }, "note": "note:  data does not include former Western Sahara" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "1.063 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "212 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "9.156 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "note": "note:  data does not include former Western Sahara" + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "29 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)", + "note": "note:  data does not include former Western Sahara" } }, "Government": { @@ -690,14 +690,14 @@ "text": "

Morocco has capitalized on its proximity to Europe and relatively low labor costs to work towards building a diverse, open, market-oriented economy. Key sectors of the economy include agriculture, tourism, aerospace, automotive, phosphates, textiles, apparel, and subcomponents. Morocco has increased investment in its port, transportation, and industrial infrastructure to position itself as a center and broker for business throughout Africa. Industrial development strategies and infrastructure improvements - most visibly illustrated by a new port and free trade zone near Tangier - are improving Morocco's competitiveness.

In the 1980s, Morocco was a heavily indebted country before pursuing austerity measures and pro-market reforms, overseen by the IMF. Since taking the throne in 1999, King MOHAMMED VI has presided over a stable economy marked by steady growth, low inflation, and gradually falling unemployment, although poor harvests and economic difficulties in Europe contributed to an economic slowdown. To boost exports, Morocco entered into a bilateral Free Trade Agreement with the US in 2006 and an Advanced Status agreement with the EU in 2008. In late 2014, Morocco eliminated subsidies for gasoline, diesel, and fuel oil, dramatically reducing outlays that weighed on the country’s budget and current account. Subsidies on butane gas and certain food products remain in place. Morocco also seeks to expand its renewable energy capacity with a goal of making renewable more than 50% of installed electricity generation capacity by 2030.

Despite Morocco's economic progress, the country suffers from high unemployment, poverty, and illiteracy, particularly in rural areas. Key economic challenges for Morocco include reforming the education system and the judiciary.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$259.42 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$279.295 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$279.3 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$272.531 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$264.212 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$272.53 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -713,14 +713,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$6,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$7,515 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$7,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$7,438 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$7,314 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$7,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -864,14 +864,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$37.52 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$48.565 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$44.05 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$46.608 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$44.033 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$43.25 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -881,14 +881,14 @@ "text": "cars, insulated wiring, fertilizers, phosphoric acid, clothing and apparel (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$46.26 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$64.12 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$54.1 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$61.535 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$57.257 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$55.38 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/africa/mp.json b/africa/mp.json index 9a0b0f57..7f49ecfd 100644 --- a/africa/mp.json +++ b/africa/mp.json @@ -373,20 +373,6 @@ "text": "2.06 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "260 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "12 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "344 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "2.751 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)" }, @@ -410,6 +396,14 @@ "text": "38.9% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "40.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -420,18 +414,24 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "40.8% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "438,000 tons (2016 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "260 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "12 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "344 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "2.751 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -614,14 +614,14 @@ "text": "

Since independence in 1968, Mauritius has undergone a remarkable economic transformation from a low-income, agriculturally based economy to a diversified, upper middle-income economy with growing industrial, financial, and tourist sectors. Mauritius has achieved steady growth over the last several decades, resulting in more equitable income distribution, increased life expectancy, lowered infant mortality, and a much-improved infrastructure.

 

The economy currently depends on sugar, tourism, textiles and apparel, and financial services, but is expanding into fish processing, information and communications technology, education, and hospitality and property development. Sugarcane is grown on about 90% of the cultivated land area but sugar makes up only around 3-4% of national GDP. Authorities plan to emphasize services and innovation in the coming years. After several years of slow growth, government policies now seek to stimulate economic growth in five areas: serving as a gateway for international investment into Africa; increasing the use of renewable energy; developing smart cities; growing the ocean economy; and upgrading and modernizing infrastructure, including public transportation, the port, and the airport.

 

Mauritius has attracted more than 32,000 offshore entities, many aimed at commerce in India, South Africa, and China. The Mauritius International Financial Center is under scrutiny by international bodies promoting fair tax competition and Mauritius has been cooperating with the European Union and the United states in the automatic exchange of account information. Mauritius is also a member of the OECD/G20’s Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting and is under pressure to review its Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements. The offshore sector is vulnerable to changes in the tax framework and authorities have been working on a Financial Services Sector Blueprint to enable Mauritius to transition to a jurisdiction of higher value added. Mauritius’ textile sector has taken advantage of the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act, a preferential trade program that allows duty free access to the US market, with Mauritian exports to the US growing by 35.6 % from 2000 to 2014. However, lack of local labor as well as rising labor costs eroding the competitiveness of textile firms in Mauritius.

 

Mauritius' sound economic policies and prudent banking practices helped mitigate negative effects of the global financial crisis in 2008-09. GDP grew in the 3-4% per year range in 2010-17, and the country continues to expand its trade and investment outreach around the globe. Growth in the US and Europe fostered goods and services exports, including tourism, while lower oil prices kept inflation low. Mauritius continues to rank as one of the most business-friendly environments on the continent and passed a Business Facilitation Act to improve competitiveness and long-term growth prospects. A new National Economic Development Board was set up in 2017-2018 to spearhead efforts to promote exports and attract inward investment.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$24.64 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$28.947 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$28.95 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$28.1 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$27.081 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$28.1 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -637,14 +637,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$19,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$22,870 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$22,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$22,208 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$21,415 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$22,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -782,11 +782,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$2.36 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$5.17 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$2.359 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$5.59 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -796,11 +796,11 @@ "text": "fish products, raw sugar, clothing and apparel, diamonds, refined petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$4.986 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$7.41 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$4.406 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$7.53 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/africa/mr.json b/africa/mr.json index dc55f4b4..8b4971ad 100644 --- a/africa/mr.json +++ b/africa/mr.json @@ -96,6 +96,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "450 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km), Senegal (456,397 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Senegalo-Mauritanian Basin, Taodeni-Tanzerouft Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "with most of the country being a desert, vast areas of the country, particularly in the central, northern, and eastern areas, are without sizeable population clusters; half the population lives in or around the coastal capital of Nouakchott; smaller clusters are found near the southern border with Mali and Senegal as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -398,20 +404,6 @@ "text": "6.16 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "95.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "31.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1.223 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "11.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty" }, @@ -435,6 +427,14 @@ "text": "61.3% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "56.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.84% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "1.3% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -445,14 +445,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "56.1% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.84% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -485,6 +477,26 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "8% (2009 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km), Senegal (456,397 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Senegalo-Mauritanian Basin, Taodeni-Tanzerouft Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "95.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "31.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.223 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "11.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -666,14 +678,14 @@ "text": "

Mauritania's economy is dominated by extractive industries (oil and mines), fisheries, livestock, agriculture, and services. Half the population still depends on farming and raising livestock, even though many nomads and subsistence farmers were forced into the cities by recurrent droughts in the 1970s, 1980s, 2000s, and 2017. Recently, GDP growth has been driven largely by foreign investment in the mining and oil sectors.

Mauritania's extensive mineral resources include iron ore, gold, copper, gypsum, and phosphate rock, and exploration is ongoing for tantalum, uranium, crude oil, and natural gas. Extractive commodities make up about three-quarters of Mauritania's total exports, subjecting the economy to price swings in world commodity markets. Mining is also a growing source of government revenue, rising from 13% to 30% of total revenue from 2006 to 2014. The nation's coastal waters are among the richest fishing areas in the world, and fishing accounts for about 15% of budget revenues, 45% of foreign currency earnings. Mauritania processes a total of 1,800,000 tons of fish per year, but overexploitation by foreign and national fleets threaten the sustainability of this key source of revenue.

The economy is highly sensitive to international food and extractive commodity prices. Other risks to Mauritania's economy include its recurring droughts, dependence on foreign aid and investment, and insecurity in neighboring Mali, as well as significant shortages of infrastructure, institutional capacity, and human capital. In December 2017, Mauritania and the IMF agreed to a three year agreement under the Extended Credit Facility to foster economic growth, maintain macroeconomic stability, and reduce poverty. Investment in agriculture and infrastructure are the largest components of the country’s public expenditures.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$23.17 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$23.52 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$23.52 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$22.203 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$21.743 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$22.2 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -689,14 +701,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$5,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$5,197 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$5,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$5,042 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$5,077 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$5,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -831,10 +843,10 @@ }, "Exports": { "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$321 million (2019 est.)" + "text": "$2.52 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$290 million (2018 est.)" + "text": "$2.06 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2017": { "text": "$302 million (2017 est.)" @@ -848,10 +860,10 @@ }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$318 million (2019 est.)" + "text": "$3.68 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$321 million (2018 est.)" + "text": "$3.28 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2017": { "text": "$319 million (2017 est.)" @@ -1163,7 +1175,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "26,001 (Sahrawis) (2019); 70,912 (Mali) (2021)" + "text": "26,001 (Sahrawis) (2020); 70,912 (Mali) (2021)" } }, "Trafficking in persons": { diff --git a/africa/mz.json b/africa/mz.json index d3fcb85b..7506060c 100644 --- a/africa/mz.json +++ b/africa/mz.json @@ -90,6 +90,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "1,180 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "three large populations clusters are found along the southern coast between Maputo and Inhambane, in the central area between Beira and Chimoio along the Zambezi River, and in and around the northern cities of Nampula, Cidade de Nacala, and Pemba; the northwest and southwest are the least populated areas as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -98,9 +101,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the Zambezi River flows through the north-central and most fertile part of the country" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -398,20 +398,6 @@ "text": "16.26 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "372 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "25 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1.076 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "217.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical to subtropical" }, @@ -435,6 +421,14 @@ "text": "0% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "37.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.24% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "6.46% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -445,14 +439,6 @@ "text": "4.17% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "37.6% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.24% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -488,6 +474,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "372 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "25 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.076 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "217.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -672,14 +672,14 @@ "text": "

At independence in 1975, Mozambique was one of the world's poorest countries. Socialist policies, economic mismanagement, and a brutal civil war from 1977 to 1992 further impoverished the country. In 1987, the government embarked on a series of macroeconomic reforms designed to stabilize the economy. These steps, combined with donor assistance and with political stability since the multi-party elections in 1994, propelled the country’s GDP, in purchasing power parity terms, from $4 billion in 1993 to about $37 billion in 2017. Fiscal reforms, including the introduction of a value-added tax and reform of the customs service, have improved the government's revenue collection abilities. In spite of these gains, about half the population remains below the poverty line and subsistence agriculture continues to employ the vast majority of the country's work force.

Mozambique's once substantial foreign debt was reduced through forgiveness and rescheduling under the IMF's Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) and Enhanced HIPC initiatives. However, in 2016, information surfaced revealing that the Mozambican Government was responsible for over $2 billion in government-backed loans secured between 2012-14 by state-owned defense and security companies without parliamentary approval or national budget inclusion; this prompted the IMF and international donors to halt direct budget support to the Government of Mozambique. An international audit was performed on Mozambique’s debt in 2016-17, but debt restructuring and resumption of donor support have yet to occur.

Mozambique grew at an average annual rate of 6%-8% in the decade leading up to 2015, one of Africa's strongest performances, but the sizable external debt burden, donor withdrawal, elevated inflation, and currency depreciation contributed to slower growth in 2016-17.

Two major International consortiums, led by American companies ExxonMobil and Anadarko, are seeking approval to develop massive natural gas deposits off the coast of Cabo Delgado province, in what has the potential to become the largest infrastructure project in Africa. . The government predicts sales of liquefied natural gas from these projects could generate several billion dollars in revenues annually sometime after 2022.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$38.42 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$38.91 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$38.91 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$38.042 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$36.775 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$38.04 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -692,14 +692,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$1,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$1,281 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$1,290 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$1,284 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -843,14 +843,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$4.35 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$3.349 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$5.6 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$3.874 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$2.505 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$5.97 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -860,14 +860,14 @@ "text": "coal, aluminum, natural gas, tobacco, electricity, gold, lumber (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$8.38 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$7.371 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$9.57 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$7.614 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$5.076 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$10.52 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1175,7 +1175,7 @@ "text": "registration for military service is mandatory for all males and females at 18 years of age; 18-35 years of age for selective compulsory military service; 18 years of age for voluntary service; 2-year service obligation; women may serve as officers or enlisted (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the Government of Mozambique is facing a growing insurgency driven by militants with ties to the Islamic State terrorist group (ISIS-Mozambique, which was declared a Foreign Terrorist Organization by the US State Department in March 2021) in the northern province of Cabo Delgado, an area known for rich liquid natural gas deposits; insurgent attacks in the province began in 2017 and as of mid-2021, the fighting had left an estimated 2,500 dead and approximately 700,000 displaced; the FADM is widely assessed as lacking the training, equipment, and overall capabilities to address the insurgency; as of September 2021, several countries from the Southern Africa Development Community and the European Union, as well as Rwanda and the US are providing various forms of military assistance" + "text": "the Government of Mozambique is facing a growing insurgency driven by militants with ties to the Islamic State terrorist group (ISIS-Mozambique, which was declared a Foreign Terrorist Organization by the US State Department in March 2021) in the northern province of Cabo Delgado, an area known for rich liquid natural gas deposits; insurgent attacks in the province began in 2017 and as of late 2021, the fighting had left an estimated 2,500 dead and approximately 700,000 displaced; the FADM is widely assessed as lacking the training, equipment, and overall capabilities to address the insurgency; as of late 2021, several countries from the Southern Africa Development Community and the European Union, as well as Rwanda and the US are providing various forms of military assistance" } }, "Terrorism": { diff --git a/africa/ng.json b/africa/ng.json index 7b319733..ae3e1489 100644 --- a/africa/ng.json +++ b/africa/ng.json @@ -85,6 +85,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "1,000 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Lake Chad Basin, Lullemeden-Irhazer Basin, Murzuk-Djado Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "majority of the populace is located in the southernmost extreme of the country along the border with Nigeria and Benin as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -93,12 +99,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; one of the hottest countries in the world; northern four-fifths is desert, southern one-fifth is savanna, suitable for livestock and limited agriculture" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)
Lake Chad drainage (endorheic basin): Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Lake Chad Basin, Lullemeden-Irhazer Basin, Murzuk-Djado Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -398,20 +398,6 @@ "text": "22.99 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "178.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "36 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1.536 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "34.05 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south" }, @@ -435,6 +421,14 @@ "text": "63.9% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "16.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.72% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "4.41% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -445,14 +439,6 @@ "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "16.8% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.72% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -490,10 +476,24 @@ } }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)
Lake Chad drainage (endorheic basin): Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Lake Chad Basin, Lullemeden-Irhazer Basin, Murzuk-Djado Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "178.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "36 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.536 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "34.05 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -677,14 +677,14 @@ "text": "

Niger is a landlocked, Sub-Saharan nation, whose economy centers on subsistence crops, livestock, and some of the world's largest uranium deposits. Agriculture contributes approximately 40% of GDP and provides livelihood for over 80% of the population. The UN ranked Niger as the second least developed country in the world in 2016 due to multiple factors such as food insecurity, lack of industry, high population growth, a weak educational sector, and few prospects for work outside of subsistence farming and herding.

Since 2011 public debt has increased due to efforts to scale-up public investment, particularly that related to infrastructure, as well as due to increased security spending. The government relies on foreign donor resources for a large portion of its fiscal budget. The economy in recent years has been hurt by terrorist activity near its uranium mines and by instability in Mali and in the Diffa region of the country; concerns about security have resulted in increased support from regional and international partners on defense. Low uranium prices, demographics, and security expenditures may continue to put pressure on the government’s finances.

The Government of Niger plans to exploit oil, gold, coal, and other mineral resources to sustain future growth. Although Niger has sizable reserves of oil, the prolonged drop in oil prices has reduced profitability. Food insecurity and drought remain perennial problems for Niger, and the government plans to invest more in irrigation. Niger’s three-year $131 million IMF Extended Credit Facility (ECF) agreement for the years 2012-15 was extended until the end of 2016. In February 2017, the IMF approved a new 3-year $134 million ECF. In June 2017, The World Bank’s International Development Association (IDA) granted Niger $1 billion over three years for IDA18, a program to boost the country’s development and alleviate poverty. A $437 million Millennium Challenge Account compact for Niger, commencing in FY18, will focus on large-scale irrigation infrastructure development and community-based, climate-resilient agriculture, while promoting sustainable increases in agricultural productivity and sales.

Formal private sector investment needed for economic diversification and growth remains a challenge, given the country’s limited domestic markets, access to credit, and competitiveness. Although President ISSOUFOU is courting foreign investors, including those from the US, as of April 2017, there were no US firms operating in Niger. In November 2017, the National Assembly passed the 2018 Finance Law that was geared towards raising government revenues and moving away from international support.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$28.97 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$28.544 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$28.54 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$26.953 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$25.138 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$26.95 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -700,14 +700,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$1,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$1,225 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$1,201 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$1,164 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -845,11 +845,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$1.525 billion (2018 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$1.39 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$1.466 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$1.45 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -859,11 +859,11 @@ "text": "gold, sesame seeds, uranium, natural gas, refined petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$2.999 billion (2018 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$3.4 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$2.88 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$3.37 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/africa/ni.json b/africa/ni.json index eff21071..34dd41f0 100644 --- a/africa/ni.json +++ b/africa/ni.json @@ -93,6 +93,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "2,930 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Lake Chad Basin, Lullemeden-Irhazer Aquifer System" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "largest population of any African nation; significant population clusters are scattered throughout the country, with the highest density areas being in the south and southwest as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -101,12 +107,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the Niger River enters the country in the northwest and flows southward through tropical rain forests and swamps to its delta in the Gulf of Guinea" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)
Lake Chad drainage (endorheic basin): Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Lake Chad Basin, Lullemeden-Irhazer Aquifer System" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -409,20 +409,6 @@ "text": "143.99 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "1.965 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "5.51 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "286.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north" }, @@ -446,6 +432,14 @@ "text": "12.5% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "52.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.92% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "1.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -456,14 +450,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "52.7% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.92% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -499,10 +485,24 @@ } }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)
Lake Chad drainage (endorheic basin): Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Lake Chad Basin, Lullemeden-Irhazer Aquifer System" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.965 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "5.51 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "286.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -683,14 +683,14 @@ "text": "

Nigeria is Sub Saharan Africa’s largest economy and relies heavily on oil as its main source of foreign exchange earnings and government revenues. Following the 2008-09 global financial crises, the banking sector was effectively recapitalized and regulation enhanced. Since then, Nigeria’s economic growth has been driven by growth in agriculture, telecommunications, and services. Economic diversification and strong growth have not translated into a significant decline in poverty levels; over 62% of Nigeria's over 180 million people still live in extreme poverty.

Despite its strong fundamentals, oil-rich Nigeria has been hobbled by inadequate power supply, lack of infrastructure, delays in the passage of legislative reforms, an inefficient property registration system, restrictive trade policies, an inconsistent regulatory environment, a slow and ineffective judicial system, unreliable dispute resolution mechanisms, insecurity, and pervasive corruption. Regulatory constraints and security risks have limited new investment in oil and natural gas, and Nigeria's oil production had been contracting every year since 2012 until a slight rebound in 2017.

President BUHARI, elected in March 2015, has established a cabinet of economic ministers that includes several technocrats, and he has announced plans to increase transparency, diversify the economy away from oil, and improve fiscal management, but has taken a primarily protectionist approach that favors domestic producers at the expense of consumers. President BUHARI ran on an anti-corruption platform, and has made some headway in alleviating corruption, such as implementation of a Treasury Single Account that allows the government to better manage its resources and a more transparent government payroll and personnel system that eliminated duplicate and \"ghost workers.\" The government also is working to develop stronger public-private partnerships for roads, agriculture, and power.

Nigeria entered recession in 2016 as a result of lower oil prices and production, exacerbated by militant attacks on oil and gas infrastructure in the Niger Delta region, coupled with detrimental economic policies, including foreign exchange restrictions. GDP growth turned positive in 2017 as oil prices recovered and output stabilized.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$1,013,530,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$1,032,048,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1,032,050,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$1,009,748,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$990.7 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1,009,750,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -706,14 +706,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$4,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$5,136 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$5,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$5,155 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$5,190 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$5,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -858,13 +858,13 @@ }, "Exports": { "Exports 2020": { - "text": "$34.545 billion (2020 est.)" + "text": "$39.94 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$62.531 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$69.93 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$60.547 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$66.04 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -874,11 +874,14 @@ "text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, scrap vessels, flexible metal tubing, cocoa beans (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$32.67 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$72.18 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$35.24 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$100.82 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$71.64 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1189,7 +1192,7 @@ "text": "size estimates for the Nigerian Armed Forces vary; approximately 135,000 active personnel (100,000 Army; 20,000 Navy/Coast Guard; 15,000 Air Force); est. 80,000 Security and Civil Defense Corps (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Nigerian Armed Forces' inventory consists of a wide variety of imported weapons systems of Chinese, European, Middle Eastern, Russian (including Soviet-era), and US origin; since 2010, Nigeria has undertaken a considerable military modernization program, and has received equipment from some 20 countries with China, Russia, and the US as the leading suppliers; Nigeria has been the largest arms importer in sub-Saharan Africa since 2014; Nigeria is also developing a defense-industry capacity, including small arms, armored personnel vehicles, and small-scale naval production (2020)" + "text": "the Nigerian Armed Forces' inventory consists of a wide variety of imported weapons systems of Chinese, European, Middle Eastern, Russian (including Soviet-era), and US origin; since 2010, Nigeria has undertaken a considerable military modernization program, and has received equipment from some 20 countries with China, Russia, and the US as the leading suppliers; Nigeria has been the largest arms importer in sub-Saharan Africa since 2014; Nigeria is also developing a defense-industry capacity, including small arms, armored personnel vehicles, and small-scale naval production (2021)" }, "Military deployments": { "text": "200 Ghana (ECOMIG); MNJTF (1 brigade or approximately 3,000 troops committed; note - the national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own country territories, although cross‐border operations are conducted periodically) (2021)" diff --git a/africa/od.json b/africa/od.json index 7fc61c88..d92842e8 100644 --- a/africa/od.json +++ b/africa/od.json @@ -80,14 +80,14 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "1,000 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "clusters found in urban areas, particularly in the western interior and around the White Nile as shown in this population distribution map" }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; The Sudd is a vast swamp in the north central region of South Sudan, formed by the White Nile, its size is variable but can reach some 15% of the country's total area during the rainy season; it is one of the world's largest wetlands" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -371,20 +371,6 @@ "text": "7.61 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "193 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "225 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "240 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "49.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "hot with seasonal rainfall influenced by the annual shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone; rainfall heaviest in upland areas of the south and diminishes to the north" }, @@ -405,11 +391,6 @@ "text": "43.5% (2018)" } }, - "Revenue from forest resources": { - "forest revenues": { - "text": "2.65% of GDP (2015 est.)" - } - }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "20.5% of total population (2021)" @@ -418,6 +399,11 @@ "text": "4.12% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "2.65% of GDP (2015 est.)" + } + }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -450,6 +436,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "193 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "225 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "240 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "49.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -720,8 +720,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$1.13 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$3.01 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$3.09 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -731,8 +734,11 @@ "text": "crude petroleum, gold, forage crops, lumber, insect resins (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$3.795 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$3.07 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$3.57 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/africa/pu.json b/africa/pu.json index d28470c8..d3b53855 100644 --- a/africa/pu.json +++ b/africa/pu.json @@ -90,6 +90,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "250 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Senegalo-Mauritanian Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "approximately one-fifth of the population lives in the capital city of Bissau along the Atlantic coast; the remainder is distributed among the eight other, mainly rural, regions as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -98,9 +101,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "this small country is swampy along its western coast and low-lying inland" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Senegalo-Mauritanian Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -371,20 +371,6 @@ "text": "1.46 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "34.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "11.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "144 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "31.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds" }, @@ -408,6 +394,14 @@ "text": "0% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "44.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.22% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "9.24% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -418,14 +412,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "44.6% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.22% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -450,6 +436,20 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Senegalo-Mauritanian Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "34.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "11.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "144 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "31.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -613,14 +613,14 @@ "text": "

Guinea-Bissau is highly dependent on subsistence agriculture, cashew nut exports, and foreign assistance. Two out of three Bissau-Guineans remain below the absolute poverty line. The legal economy is based on cashews and fishing. Illegal logging and trafficking in narcotics also play significant roles. The combination of limited economic prospects, weak institutions, and favorable geography have made this West African country a way station for drugs bound for Europe.

Guinea-Bissau has substantial potential for development of mineral resources, including phosphates, bauxite, and mineral sands. Offshore oil and gas exploration has begun. The country’s climate and soil make it feasible to grow a wide range of cash crops, fruit, vegetables, and tubers; however, cashews generate more than 80% of export receipts and are the main source of income for many rural communities.

The government was deposed in August 2015, and since then, a political stalemate has resulted in weak governance and reduced donor support.

The country is participating in a three-year, IMF extended credit facility program that was suspended because of a planned bank bailout. The program was renewed in 2017, but the major donors of direct budget support (the EU, World Bank, and African Development Bank) have halted their programs indefinitely. Diversification of the economy remains a key policy goal, but Guinea-Bissau’s poor infrastructure and business climate will constrain this effort.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$3.64 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$3.821 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$3.73 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$3.653 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$3.519 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$3.56 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -636,14 +636,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$1,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$1,989 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$1,949 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$1,925 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -765,11 +765,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$188 million (2018 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$290 million note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$183 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$380 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -779,11 +779,11 @@ "text": "cashews, gold, fish, lumber, aluminum ores (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$383 million (2018 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$500 million note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$348 million (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$460 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1027,20 +1027,20 @@ "text": "People's Revolutionary Armed Force (FARP): Army, Navy, Air Force; Guard Nacional (a gendarmerie force under the Ministry of Internal Administration) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2020": { + "text": "1.7% of GDP (2020 est.)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2019": { + "text": "1.7% of GDP (2019)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2018": { + "text": "1.4% of GDP (2018)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "1.4% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "1.3% of GDP (2016)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "1.6% of GDP (2015)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2014": { - "text": "2% of GDP (2014)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2013": { - "text": "2.1% of GDP (2013)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { diff --git a/africa/rw.json b/africa/rw.json index 717c4a64..2eb0a4ae 100644 --- a/africa/rw.json +++ b/africa/rw.json @@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "96 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "one of Africa's most densely populated countries; large concentrations tend to be in the central regions and along the shore of Lake Kivu in the west as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -93,9 +96,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; most of the country is intensively cultivated and rugged with the population predominantly rural" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -392,20 +392,6 @@ "text": "2.92 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "61.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "20.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "102 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "13.3 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible" }, @@ -429,6 +415,14 @@ "text": "7.5% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "17.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.07% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "3.75% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -439,14 +433,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "17.6% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.07% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -468,6 +454,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "61.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "20.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "102 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "13.3 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -652,14 +652,14 @@ "text": "

Rwanda is a rural, agrarian country with agriculture accounting for about 63% of export earnings, and with some mineral and agro-processing. Population density is high but, with the exception of the capital Kigali, is not concentrated in large cities – its 12 million people are spread out on a small amount of land (smaller than the state of Maryland). Tourism, minerals, coffee, and tea are Rwanda's main sources of foreign exchange. Despite Rwanda's fertile ecosystem, food production often does not keep pace with demand, requiring food imports. Energy shortages, instability in neighboring states, and lack of adequate transportation linkages to other countries continue to handicap private sector growth.

The 1994 genocide decimated Rwanda's fragile economic base, severely impoverished the population, particularly women, and temporarily stalled the country's ability to attract private and external investment. However, Rwanda has made substantial progress in stabilizing and rehabilitating its economy well beyond pre-1994 levels. GDP has rebounded with an average annual growth of 6%-8% since 2003 and inflation has been reduced to single digits. In 2015, 39% of the population lived below the poverty line, according to government statistics, compared to 57% in 2006.

The government has embraced an expansionary fiscal policy to reduce poverty by improving education, infrastructure, and foreign and domestic investment. Rwanda consistently ranks well for ease of doing business and transparency.

The Rwandan Government is seeking to become a regional leader in information and communication technologies and aims to reach middle-income status by 2020 by leveraging the service industry. In 2012, Rwanda completed the first modern Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in Kigali. The SEZ seeks to attract investment in all sectors, but specifically in agribusiness, information and communications, trade and logistics, mining, and construction. In 2016, the government launched an online system to give investors information about public land and its suitability for agricultural development.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$27.18 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$28.118 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$28.13 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$25.695 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$23.665 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$25.7 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -675,14 +675,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$2,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$2,227 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$2,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$2,089 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$1,975 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$2,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -823,11 +823,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$1.05 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$2.25 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$745 million (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$2.04 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -837,11 +837,11 @@ "text": "gold, refined petroleum, coffee, tea, tin (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$1.922 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$3.74 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$2.036 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$3.34 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/africa/se.json b/africa/se.json index 6f166e3b..d3171b7d 100644 --- a/africa/se.json +++ b/africa/se.json @@ -346,20 +346,6 @@ "text": "0.1 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "3.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "900,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)" }, @@ -383,6 +369,14 @@ "text": "5% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "58% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.09% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -393,18 +387,24 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "58% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "48,000 tons (2012 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "3.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "900,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -573,14 +573,14 @@ "text": "

Since independence in 1976, per capita output in this Indian Ocean archipelago has expanded to roughly seven times the pre-independence, near-subsistence level, moving the island into the high income group of countries. Growth has been led by the tourism sector, which directly employs about 26% of the labor force and directly and indirectly accounts for more than 55% of GDP, and by tuna fishing. In recent years, the government has encouraged foreign investment to upgrade hotels and tourism industry services. At the same time, the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of the offshore financial, information, and communication sectors and renewable energy.

In 2008, having depleted its foreign exchange reserves, Seychelles defaulted on interest payments due on a $230 million Eurobond, requested assistance from the IMF, and immediately enacted a number of significant structural reforms, including liberalization of the exchange rate, reform of the public sector to include layoffs, and the sale of some state assets. In December 2013, the IMF declared that Seychelles had successfully transitioned to a market-based economy with full employment and a fiscal surplus. However, state-owned enterprises still play a prominent role in the economy. Effective 1 January 2017, Seychelles was no longer eligible for trade benefits under the US African Growth and Opportunities Act after having gained developed country status. Seychelles grew at 5% in 2017 because of a strong tourism sector and low commodity prices. The Seychellois Government met the IMF’s performance criteria for 2017 but recognizes a need to make additional progress to reduce high income inequality, represented by a Gini coefficient of 46.8.

As a very small open economy dependent on tourism, Seychelles remains vulnerable to developments such as economic downturns in countries that supply tourists, natural disasters, and changes in local climatic conditions and ocean temperature. One of the main challenges facing the government is implementing strategies that will increase Seychelles' long-term resilience to climate change without weakening economic growth.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$2.4 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$2.852 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$2.69 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$2.709 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$2.611 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$2.65 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -596,14 +596,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$24,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$29,223 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$27,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$27,997 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$27,243 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$27,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -738,11 +738,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$564.8 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$1.09 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$477.6 million (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$1.61 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$1.68 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -752,11 +755,14 @@ "text": "refined petroleum, fish, recreational boats, cigarettes, animal meal (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$1.155 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$1.35 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$991 million (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$1.79 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$1.86 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/africa/sf.json b/africa/sf.json index 1cdcf483..9b0c2124 100644 --- a/africa/sf.json +++ b/africa/sf.json @@ -97,6 +97,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "16,700 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Orange (941,351 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Karoo Basin, Lower Kalahari-Stampriet Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the population concentrated along the southern and southeastern coast, and inland around Pretoria; the eastern half of the country is more densly populated than the west as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -105,12 +111,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "South Africa completely surrounds Lesotho and almost completely surrounds Eswatini" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Orange (941,351 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Karoo Basin, Lower Kalahari-Stampriet Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -405,20 +405,6 @@ "text": "55.89 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "3.89 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "4.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "11.39 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "51.35 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny days, cool nights" }, @@ -442,11 +428,6 @@ "text": "13% (2018 est.)" } }, - "Revenue from coal": { - "coal revenues": { - "text": "2.4% of GDP (2018 est.)" - } - }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "67.8% of total population (2021)" @@ -455,6 +436,11 @@ "text": "1.72% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, + "Revenue from coal": { + "coal revenues": { + "text": "2.4% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "intermediate (2020)" @@ -483,6 +469,20 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Karoo Basin, Lower Kalahari-Stampriet Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "3.89 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "4.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "11.39 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "51.35 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -670,14 +670,14 @@ "text": "

South Africa is a middle-income emerging market with an abundant supply of natural resources; well-developed financial, legal, communications, energy, and transport sectors; and a stock exchange that is Africa’s largest and among the top 20 in the world.

Economic growth has decelerated in recent years, slowing to an estimated 0.7% in 2017. Unemployment, poverty, and inequality - among the highest in the world - remain a challenge. Official unemployment is roughly 27% of the workforce, and runs significantly higher among black youth. Even though the country's modern infrastructure supports a relatively efficient distribution of goods to major urban centers throughout the region, unstable electricity supplies retard growth. Eskom, the state-run power company, is building three new power stations and is installing new power demand management programs to improve power grid reliability but has been plagued with accusations of mismanagement and corruption and faces an increasingly high debt burden.

South Africa's economic policy has focused on controlling inflation while empowering a broader economic base; however, the country faces structural constraints that also limit economic growth, such as skills shortages, declining global competitiveness, and frequent work stoppages due to strike action. The government faces growing pressure from urban constituencies to improve the delivery of basic services to low-income areas, to increase job growth, and to provide university level-education at affordable prices. Political infighting among South Africa’s ruling party and the volatility of the rand risks economic growth. International investors are concerned about the country’s long-term economic stability; in late 2016, most major international credit ratings agencies downgraded South Africa’s international debt to junk bond status.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$680.04 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$730.913 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$730.91 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$729.799 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$724.1 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$729.8 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -693,14 +693,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$11,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$12,482 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$12,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$12,631 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$12,703 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$12,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -844,14 +844,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$93.01 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$123.864 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$104.85 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$127.055 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$123.79 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$110.07 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -861,14 +861,14 @@ "text": "gold, platinum, cars, iron products, coal, manganese, diamonds  (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$77.86 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$131.721 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$103.12 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$132.365 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$128.141 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$108.91 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1199,7 +1199,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "27,113 (Somalia), 17,726 (Ethiopia), 5,273 (Republic of the Congo) (2019); 57,595 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)" + "text": "23,054 (Somalia), 15,629 (Ethiopia) (2020); 57,595 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "5,000 (2020)" diff --git a/africa/sg.json b/africa/sg.json index 97030fef..26e645bb 100644 --- a/africa/sg.json +++ b/africa/sg.json @@ -96,6 +96,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "1,200 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Senegal (456,397 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Senegalo-Mauritanian Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the population is concentrated in the west, with Dakar anchoring a well-defined core area; approximately 70% of the population is rural as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -403,20 +409,6 @@ "text": "11.74 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "98 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "58 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "2.065 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "38.97 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind" }, @@ -440,6 +432,14 @@ "text": "9.4% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "48.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.59% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "1.46% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -450,14 +450,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "48.6% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.59% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -487,6 +479,26 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "2,454,059 tons (2016 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Senegal (456,397 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Senegalo-Mauritanian Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "98 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "58 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "2.065 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "38.97 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -671,14 +683,14 @@ "text": "

Senegal’s economy is driven by mining, construction, tourism, fisheries and agriculture, which are the primary sources of employment in rural areas. The country's key export industries include phosphate mining, fertilizer production, agricultural products and commercial fishing and Senegal is also working on oil exploration projects. It relies heavily on donor assistance, remittances and foreign direct investment. Senegal reached a growth rate of 7% in 2017, due in part to strong performance in agriculture despite erratic rainfall.

President Macky SALL, who was elected in March 2012 under a reformist policy agenda, inherited an economy with high energy costs, a challenging business environment, and a culture of overspending. President SALL unveiled an ambitious economic plan, the Emerging Senegal Plan (ESP), which aims to implement priority economic reforms and investment projects to increase economic growth while preserving macroeconomic stability and debt sustainability. Bureaucratic bottlenecks and a challenging business climate are among the perennial challenges that may slow the implementation of this plan.

Senegal receives technical support from the IMF under a Policy Support Instrument (PSI) to assist with implementation of the ESP. The PSI implementation continues to be satisfactory as concluded by the IMF’s fifth review in December 2017. Financial markets have signaled confidence in Senegal through successful Eurobond issuances in 2014, 2017, and 2018.

The government is focusing on 19 projects under the ESP to continue The government’s goal under the ESP is structural transformation of the economy. Key projects include the Thiès-Touba Highway, the new international airport opened in December 2017, and upgrades to energy infrastructure. The cost of electricity is a chief constraint for Senegal’s development. Electricity prices in Senegal are among the highest in the world. Power Africa, a US presidential initiative led by USAID, supports Senegal’s plans to improve reliability and increase generating capacity.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$55.26 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$55.324 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$54.78 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$52.553 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$49.402 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$52.47 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -694,14 +706,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$3,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$3,395 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$3,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$3,315 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$3,204 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$3,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -836,8 +848,8 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$2.362 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$5.29 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2016": { "text": "$2.498 billion (2016 est.)" @@ -850,8 +862,8 @@ "text": "gold, refined petroleum, phosphoric acid, fish, ground nuts (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$5.217 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$8.96 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2016": { "text": "$4.966 billion (2016 est.)" diff --git a/africa/sh.json b/africa/sh.json index 477473da..1c0c8069 100644 --- a/africa/sh.json +++ b/africa/sh.json @@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ "text": "unicameral Legislative Council (17 seats including the speaker and deputy speaker; 12 members directly elected in a single countrywide constituency by simple majority vote and 3 ex-officio members - the chief secretary, financial secretary, and attorney general; members serve 4-year terms)" }, "elections": { - "text": "last held on 26 July 2017 (next to be held in 2021)" + "text": "last held on 13 October 2021 (next to be held in 2025)" }, "election results": { "text": "percent of vote - NA; seats by party - independent 12; composition - men 14, women 3, percent women 17.6%" diff --git a/africa/sl.json b/africa/sl.json index c300af1d..a2ec2507 100644 --- a/africa/sl.json +++ b/africa/sl.json @@ -96,6 +96,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "300 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "population clusters are found in the lower elevations of the south and west; the northern third of the country is less populated as shown on this population distribution map" }, @@ -389,20 +392,6 @@ "text": "3.16 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "111 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "55.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "45.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "160 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April)" }, @@ -426,6 +415,14 @@ "text": "6.3% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "43.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.02% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "6.92% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -436,14 +433,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "43.4% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.02% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -473,6 +462,23 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "610,222 tons (2004 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "111 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "55.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "45.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "160 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -650,14 +656,14 @@ "text": "

Sierra Leone is extremely poor and nearly half of the working-age population engages in subsistence agriculture. The country possesses substantial mineral, agricultural, and fishery resources, but it is still recovering from a civil war that destroyed most institutions before ending in the early 2000s.

In recent years, economic growth has been driven by mining - particularly iron ore. The country’s principal exports are iron ore, diamonds, and rutile, and the economy is vulnerable to fluctuations in international prices. Until 2014, the government had relied on external assistance to support its budget, but it was gradually becoming more independent. The Ebola outbreak of 2014 and 2015, combined with falling global commodities prices, caused a significant contraction of economic activity in all areas. While the World Health Organization declared an end to the Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone in November 2015, low commodity prices in 2015-2016 contributed to the country’s biggest fiscal shortfall since 2001. In 2017, increased iron ore exports, together with the end of the Ebola epidemic, supported a resumption of economic growth.

Continued economic growth will depend on rising commodities prices and increased efforts to diversify the sources of growth. Non-mining activities will remain constrained by inadequate infrastructure, such as power and roads, even though power sector projects may provide some additional electricity capacity in the near term. Pervasive corruption and undeveloped human capital will continue to deter foreign investors. Sustained international donor support in the near future will partially offset these fiscal constraints.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$13.15 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$13.425 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$13.44 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$12.724 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$12.3 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$12.72 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -673,14 +679,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$1,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$1,718 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$1,663 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$1,643 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -813,11 +819,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$1.085 billion (2018 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$740 million note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$1.632 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$720 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -827,14 +833,11 @@ "text": "titanium, lumber, diamonds, aluminum, cocoa beans (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2020": { - "text": "$2.619 billion (2020 est.)" - }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$2.414 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1.82 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$2.072 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$1.59 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/africa/so.json b/africa/so.json index a9882e65..109e95d3 100644 --- a/africa/so.json +++ b/africa/so.json @@ -90,6 +90,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "2,000 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Ogaden-Juba Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "distribution varies greatly throughout the country; least densely populated areas are in the northeast and central regions, as well as areas along the Kenyan border; most populated areas are in and around the cities of Mogadishu, Marka, Boorama, Hargeysa, and Baidoa as shown on this population distribution map" }, @@ -360,20 +363,6 @@ "text": "20.13 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "15 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "3.281 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "14.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "principally desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), moderate temperatures in north and hot in south; southwest monsoon (May to October), torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons" }, @@ -431,6 +420,23 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "2,326,099 tons (2016 est.)" } + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Ogaden-Juba Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "15 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "3.281 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "14.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -612,14 +618,14 @@ "text": "

Despite the lack of effective national governance, Somalia maintains an informal economy largely based on livestock, remittance/money transfer companies, and telecommunications. Somalia's government lacks the ability to collect domestic revenue and external debt – mostly in arrears – was estimated at about 77% of GDP in 2017.

Agriculture is the most important sector, with livestock normally accounting for about 40% of GDP and more than 50% of export earnings. Nomads and semi-pastoralists, who are dependent upon livestock for their livelihood, make up a large portion of the population. Economic activity is estimated to have increased by 2.4% in 2017 because of growth in the agriculture, construction and telecommunications sector. Somalia's small industrial sector, based on the processing of agricultural products, has largely been looted and the machinery sold as scrap metal.

In recent years, Somalia's capital city, Mogadishu, has witnessed the development of the city's first gas stations, supermarkets, and airline flights to Turkey since the collapse of central authority in 1991. Mogadishu's main market offers a variety of goods from food to electronic gadgets. Hotels continue to operate and are supported with private-security militias. Formalized economic growth has yet to expand outside of Mogadishu and a few regional capitals, and within the city, security concerns dominate business. Telecommunication firms provide wireless services in most major cities and offer the lowest international call rates on the continent. In the absence of a formal banking sector, money transfer/remittance services have sprouted throughout the country, handling up to $1.6 billion in remittances annually, although international concerns over the money transfers into Somalia continues to threaten these services’ ability to operate in Western nations. In 2017, Somalia elected a new president and collected a record amount of foreign aid and investment, a positive sign for economic recovery.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$20.44 billion (2017 est.)" + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$13.19 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2016": { - "text": "$19.98 billion (2016 est.)" + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { + "text": "$13.39 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015": { - "text": "$19.14 billion (2015 est.)" + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { + "text": "$13.01 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2016 US dollars" }, @@ -634,6 +640,17 @@ "text": "3.9% (2015 est.)" } }, + "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, + "Real GDP per capita 2019": { + "text": "$900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Real GDP per capita 2018": { + "text": "$900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" + } + }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { "text": "$7.052 billion (2017 est.)" }, @@ -1046,7 +1063,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "13,235 (Yemen) (2019)" + "text": "6,371 (Yemen) (2020)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "2.968 million (civil war since 1988, clan-based competition for resources; 2011 famine; insecurity because of fighting between al-Shabaab and the Transitional Federal Government's allied forces) (2020)" diff --git a/africa/su.json b/africa/su.json index 7c2952cc..b6b62167 100644 --- a/africa/su.json +++ b/africa/su.json @@ -94,6 +94,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "18,900 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Nubian Aquifer System, Sudd Basin (Umm Ruwaba Aquifer)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "with the exception of a ribbon of settlement that corresponds to the banks of the Nile, northern Sudan, which extends into the dry Sahara, is sparsely populated; more abundant vegetation and broader access to water increases population distribution in the south extending habitable range along nearly the entire border with South Sudan; sizeable areas of population are found around Khartoum, southeast between the Blue and White Nile Rivers, and througout South Darfur as shown on this population distribution map" }, @@ -102,12 +108,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the Nile is Sudan's primary water source; its major tributaries, the White Nile and the Blue Nile, meet at Khartoum to form the River Nile which flows northward through Egypt to the Mediterranean Sea" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)
Lake Chad drainage (endorheic basin): Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Nubian Aquifer System, Sudd Basin (Umm Ruwaba Aquifer)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -405,20 +405,6 @@ "text": "75.1 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "950 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "75 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "25.91 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "37.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "hot and dry; arid desert; rainy season varies by region (April to November)" }, @@ -442,6 +428,14 @@ "text": "0% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "35.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "3.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -452,14 +446,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "35.6% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -491,10 +477,24 @@ } }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)
Lake Chad drainage (endorheic basin): Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)" }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Nubian Aquifer System, Sudd Basin (Umm Ruwaba Aquifer)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "950 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "75 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "25.91 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "37.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -676,14 +676,14 @@ "text": "

Sudan has experienced protracted social conflict and the loss of three quarters of its oil production due to the secession of South Sudan. The oil sector had driven much of Sudan's GDP growth since 1999. For nearly a decade, the economy boomed on the back of rising oil production, high oil prices, and significant inflows of foreign direct investment. Since the economic shock of South Sudan's secession, Sudan has struggled to stabilize its economy and make up for the loss of foreign exchange earnings. The interruption of oil production in South Sudan in 2012 for over a year and the consequent loss of oil transit fees further exacerbated the fragile state of Sudan’s economy. Ongoing conflicts in Southern Kordofan, Darfur, and the Blue Nile states, lack of basic infrastructure in large areas, and reliance by much of the population on subsistence agriculture, keep close to half of the population at or below the poverty line.

Sudan was subject to comprehensive US sanctions, which were lifted in October 2017. Sudan is attempting to develop non-oil sources of revenues, such as gold mining and agriculture, while carrying out an austerity program to reduce expenditures. The world’s largest exporter of gum Arabic, Sudan produces 75-80% of the world’s total output. Agriculture continues to employ 80% of the work force.

Sudan introduced a new currency, still called the Sudanese pound, following South Sudan's secession, but the value of the currency has fallen since its introduction. Khartoum formally devalued the currency in June 2012, when it passed austerity measures that included gradually repealing fuel subsidies. Sudan also faces high inflation, which reached 47% on an annual basis in November 2012 but fell to about 35% per year in 2017.

(2017)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$176.4 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$168.28 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$179.2 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$172.601 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$176.646 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$181.61 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -699,14 +699,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$4,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$3,958 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$4,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$4,161 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$4,363 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$4,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -836,11 +836,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$4.1 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$5.11 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$3.094 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$5 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -850,11 +850,11 @@ "text": "gold, crude petroleum, sesame seeds, sheep, goats, cotton, ground nuts (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$8.22 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$9.79 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$7.48 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$8.24 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/africa/to.json b/africa/to.json index 377f96f0..a6a5f231 100644 --- a/africa/to.json +++ b/africa/to.json @@ -90,6 +90,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "70 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Volta (410,991 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "one of the more densely populated African nations with most of the population residing in rural communities, density is highest in the south on or near the Atlantic coast as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -399,20 +402,6 @@ "text": "3.06 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "140.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "6.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "76 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "14.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north" }, @@ -436,6 +425,14 @@ "text": "27.7% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "43.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.6% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "3.96% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -446,14 +443,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "43.4% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.6% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -484,6 +473,23 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "2% (2012 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Volta (410,991 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "140.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "6.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "76 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "14.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -668,14 +674,14 @@ "text": "

Togo has enjoyed a period of steady economic growth fueled by political stability and a concerted effort by the government to modernize the country’s commercial infrastructure, but discontent with President Faure GNASSINGBE has led to a rapid rise in protests, creating downside risks. The country completed an ambitious large-scale infrastructure improvement program, including new principal roads, a new airport terminal, and a new seaport. The economy depends heavily on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, providing employment for around 60% of the labor force. Some basic foodstuffs must still be imported. Cocoa, coffee, and cotton and other agricultural products generate about 20% of export earnings with cotton being the most important cash crop. Togo is among the world's largest producers of phosphate and seeks to develop its carbonate phosphate reserves, which provide more than 20% of export earnings.

Supported by the World Bank and the IMF, the government's decade-long effort to implement economic reform measures, encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues in line with expenditures has moved slowly. Togo completed its IMF Extended Credit Facility in 2011 and reached a Heavily Indebted Poor Country debt relief completion point in 2010 at which 95% of the country's debt was forgiven. Togo continues to work with the IMF on structural reforms, and in January 2017, the IMF signed an Extended Credit Facility arrangement consisting of a three-year $238 million loan package. Progress depends on follow through on privatization, increased transparency in government financial operations, progress toward legislative elections, and continued support from foreign donors.

Togo’s 2017 economic growth probably remained steady at 5.0%, largely driven by infusions of foreign aid, infrastructure investment in its port and mineral industry, and improvements in the business climate. Foreign direct investment inflows have slowed in recent years.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$17.45 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$12.904 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$17.15 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$12.25 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$11.674 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$16.26 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -691,14 +697,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$2,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$1,597 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$2,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$1,553 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$1,517 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$2,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -833,11 +839,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$1.862 billion (2018 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$1.67 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$1.881 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$1.7 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -847,11 +853,11 @@ "text": "refined petroleum, crude petroleum, electricity, calcium phosphates, cotton (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$2.911 billion (2018 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$2.26 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$2.789 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$2.33 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/africa/tp.json b/africa/tp.json index 928c5e69..8c7507b7 100644 --- a/africa/tp.json +++ b/africa/tp.json @@ -386,20 +386,6 @@ "text": "0.04 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "14.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "600,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "25.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "2.18 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)" }, @@ -423,6 +409,14 @@ "text": "21.2% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "75.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.96% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "1.9% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -433,14 +427,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "75.1% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.96% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -459,6 +445,20 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "25,587 tons (2014 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "14.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "600,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "25.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "2.18 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -628,14 +628,14 @@ "text": "

The economy of São Tomé and Príncipe is small, based mainly on agricultural production, and, since independence in 1975, increasingly dependent on the export of cocoa beans. Cocoa production has substantially declined in recent years because of drought and mismanagement. Sao Tome depends heavily on imports of food, fuels, most manufactured goods, and consumer goods, and changes in commodity prices affect the country’s inflation rate. Maintaining control of inflation, fiscal discipline, and increasing flows of foreign direct investment into the nascent oil sector are major economic problems facing the country. In recent years the government has attempted to reduce price controls and subsidies. In 2017, several business-related laws were enacted that aim to improve the business climate.

São Tomé and Príncipe has had difficulty servicing its external debt and has relied heavily on concessional aid and debt rescheduling. In April 2011, the country completed a Threshold Country Program with The Millennium Challenge Corporation to help increase tax revenues, reform customs, and improve the business environment. In 2016, Sao Tome and Portugal signed a five-year cooperation agreement worth approximately $64 million, some of which will be provided as loans. In 2017, China and São Tomé signed a mutual cooperation agreement in areas such as infrastructure, health, and agriculture worth approximately $146 million over five years.

Considerable potential exists for development of tourism, and the government has taken steps to expand tourist facilities in recent years. Potential also exists for the development of petroleum resources in São Tomé and Príncipe's territorial waters in the oil-rich Gulf of Guinea, some of which are being jointly developed in a 60-40 split with Nigeria, but production is at least several years off.

Volatile aid and investment inflows have limited growth, and poverty remains high. Restricteded capacity at the main port increases the periodic risk of shortages of consumer goods. Contract enforcement in the country’s judicial system is difficult. The IMF in late 2016 expressed concern about vulnerabilities in the country’s banking sector, although the country plans some austerity measures in line with IMF recommendations under their three year extended credit facility. Deforestation, coastal erosion, poor waste management, and misuse of natural resources also are challenging issues.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$890 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$853 million (2019 est.)" + "text": "$860 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$842 million (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$818 million (2017 est.)" + "text": "$840 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -651,14 +651,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$4,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$3,970 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$4,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$3,993 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$3,953 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$4,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -788,11 +788,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$15.6 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$50 million note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$9.31 million (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$70 million note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$100 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -802,11 +805,14 @@ "text": "gas turbines, cocoa beans, aircraft parts, iron products, chocolate (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$127.7 million (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$160 million note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$119.1 million (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$190 million note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$200 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/africa/ts.json b/africa/ts.json index 1d6e5c34..e0ec4202 100644 --- a/africa/ts.json +++ b/africa/ts.json @@ -93,6 +93,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "4,590 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "North Western Sahara Aquifer System" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the overwhelming majority of the population is located in the northern half of the country; the south remains largely underpopulated as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -101,9 +104,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location in central Mediterranean; Malta and Tunisia are discussing the commercial exploitation of the continental shelf between their countries, particularly for oil exploration" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "North Western Sahara Aquifer System" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -384,20 +384,6 @@ "text": "7.89 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "137 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "965 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "3.773 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "4.615 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south" }, @@ -421,6 +407,14 @@ "text": "28.6% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "69.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.34% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.21% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -431,14 +425,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "69.9% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.34% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "2.7 million tons (2014 est.)" @@ -452,6 +438,20 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "North Western Sahara Aquifer System" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "137 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "965 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "3.773 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "4.615 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ "text": "President Kais SAIED (elected 13 October, sworn in 23 October 2019)" }, "head of government": { - "text": "prime minister (vacant); on 25 July 2021, President SAIED removed Prime Minister Hichem MECHICHI from office" + "text": "Prime Minister Najla Bouden ROMDHANE (since 11 October 2021)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "selected by the prime minister and approved by the Assembly of the Representatives of the People" @@ -634,14 +634,14 @@ "text": "

Tunisia's economy – structurally designed to favor vested interests – faced an array of challenges exposed by the 2008 global financial crisis that helped precipitate the 2011 Arab Spring revolution. After the revolution and a series of terrorist attacks, including on the country’s tourism sector, barriers to economic inclusion continued to add to slow economic growth and high unemployment.

Following an ill-fated experiment with socialist economic policies in the 1960s, Tunisia focused on bolstering exports, foreign investment, and tourism, all of which have become central to the country's economy. Key exports now include textiles and apparel, food products, petroleum products, chemicals, and phosphates, with about 80% of exports bound for Tunisia's main economic partner, the EU. Tunisia's strategy, coupled with investments in education and infrastructure, fueled decades of 4-5% annual GDP growth and improved living standards. Former President Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (1987-2011) continued these policies, but as his reign wore on cronyism and corruption stymied economic performance, unemployment rose, and the informal economy grew. Tunisia’s economy became less and less inclusive. These grievances contributed to the January 2011 overthrow of BEN ALI, further depressing Tunisia's economy as tourism and investment declined sharply.

Tunisia’s government remains under pressure to boost economic growth quickly to mitigate chronic socio-economic challenges, especially high levels of youth unemployment, which has persisted since the 2011 revolution. Successive terrorist attacks against the tourism sector and worker strikes in the phosphate sector, which combined account for nearly 15% of GDP, slowed growth from 2015 to 2017. Tunis is seeking increased foreign investment and working with the IMF through an Extended Fund Facility agreement to fix fiscal deficiencies.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$114.97 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$125.783 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$125.78 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$124.485 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$121.254 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$124.48 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -657,14 +657,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$9,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$10,756 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$10,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$10,764 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$10,605 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$10,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -808,11 +808,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$13.82 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$19.17 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$13.57 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$19.42 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -822,11 +822,11 @@ "text": "insulated wiring, clothing and apparel, crude petroleum, olive oil, vehicle parts (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$19.09 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$23.42 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$18.37 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$24.65 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/africa/tz.json b/africa/tz.json index ff7b8711..eb3777c7 100644 --- a/africa/tz.json +++ b/africa/tz.json @@ -91,6 +91,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "1,840 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the largest and most populous East African country; population distribution is extremely uneven, but greater population clusters occur in the northern half of country and along the east coast as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -99,9 +102,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "Kilimanjaro is the highest point in Africa and one of only three mountain ranges on the continent that has glaciers (the others are Mount Kenya [in Kenya] and the Ruwenzori Mountains [on the Uganda-Democratic Republic of the Congo border]); Tanzania is bordered by three of the largest lakes on the continent: Lake Victoria (the world's second-largest freshwater lake) in the north, Lake Tanganyika (the world's second deepest) in the west, and Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) in the southwest" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -405,20 +405,6 @@ "text": "59.08 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "527 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "25 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "4.632 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "96.27 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands" }, @@ -442,6 +428,14 @@ "text": "19% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "36% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.89% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "2.19% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -452,14 +446,6 @@ "text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "36% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.89% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -489,6 +475,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "527 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "25 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "4.632 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "96.27 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -674,14 +674,14 @@ "text": "

Tanzania has achieved high growth rates based on its vast natural resource wealth and tourism with GDP growth in 2009-17 averaging 6%-7% per year. Dar es Salaam used fiscal stimulus measures and easier monetary policies to lessen the impact of the global recession and in general, benefited from low oil prices. Tanzania has largely completed its transition to a market economy, though the government retains a presence in sectors such as telecommunications, banking, energy, and mining.

The economy depends on agriculture, which accounts for slightly less than one-quarter of GDP and employs about 65% of the work force, although gold production in recent years has increased to about 35% of exports. All land in Tanzania is owned by the government, which can lease land for up to 99 years. Proposed reforms to allow for land ownership, particularly foreign land ownership, remain unpopular.

The financial sector in Tanzania has expanded in recent years and foreign-owned banks account for about 48% of the banking industry's total assets. Competition among foreign commercial banks has resulted in significant improvements in the efficiency and quality of financial services, though interest rates are still relatively high, reflecting high fraud risk. Banking reforms have helped increase private-sector growth and investment.

The World Bank, the IMF, and bilateral donors have provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzania's aging infrastructure, including rail and port, which provide important trade links for inland countries. In 2013, Tanzania completed the world's largest Millennium Challenge Compact (MCC) grant, worth $698 million, but in late 2015, the MCC Board of Directors deferred a decision to renew Tanzania’s eligibility because of irregularities in voting in Zanzibar and concerns over the government's use of a controversial cybercrime bill.

The new government elected in 2015 has developed an ambitious development agenda focused on creating a better business environment through improved infrastructure, access to financing, and education progress, but implementing budgets remains challenging for the government. Recent policy moves by President MAGUFULI are aimed at protecting domestic industry and have caused concern among foreign investors.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$152.79 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$149.785 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$149.79 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$141.585 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$134.274 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$141.59 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -697,14 +697,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$2,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$2,660 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$2,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$2,590 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$2,530 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$2,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -839,11 +839,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$7.827 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$9.66 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$5.697 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$8.46 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -853,11 +853,11 @@ "text": "gold, tobacco, cashews, sesame seeds, refined petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$9.972 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$10.36 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$8.464 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$10.2 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/africa/ug.json b/africa/ug.json index 6709fb9e..56dc519f 100644 --- a/africa/ug.json +++ b/africa/ug.json @@ -82,6 +82,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "140 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "population density is relatively high in comparison to other African nations; most of the population is concentrated in the central and southern parts of the country, particularly along the shores of Lake Victoria and Lake Albert; the northeast is least populated as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -90,9 +93,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; fertile, well-watered country with many lakes and rivers; Lake Victoria, the world's largest tropical lake and the second largest fresh water lake, is shared among three countries: Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -390,20 +390,6 @@ "text": "30.24 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "328 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "50 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "259 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "60.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast" }, @@ -427,6 +413,14 @@ "text": "14.3% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "25.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "5.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "7.32% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -437,14 +431,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "25.6% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "5.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -480,6 +466,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "328 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "50 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "259 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "60.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -654,14 +654,14 @@ "text": "

Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils, regular rainfall, substantial reserves of recoverable oil, and small deposits of copper, gold, and other minerals. Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the economy, employing 72% of the work force. The country’s export market suffered a major slump following the outbreak of conflict in South Sudan, but has recovered lately, largely due to record coffee harvests, which account for 16% of exports, and increasing gold exports, which account for 10% of exports. Uganda has a small industrial sector that is dependent on imported inputs such as refined oil and heavy equipment. Overall, productivity is hampered by a number of supply-side constraints, including insufficient infrastructure, lack of modern technology in agriculture, and corruption.

Uganda’s economic growth has slowed since 2016 as government spending and public debt has grown. Uganda’s budget is dominated by energy and road infrastructure spending, while Uganda relies on donor support for long-term drivers of growth, including agriculture, health, and education. The largest infrastructure projects are externally financed through concessional loans, but at inflated costs. As a result, debt servicing for these loans is expected to rise.

Oil revenues and taxes are expected to become a larger source of government funding as oil production starts in the next three to 10 years. Over the next three to five years, foreign investors are planning to invest $9 billion in production facilities projects, $4 billion in an export pipeline, as well as in a $2-3 billion refinery to produce petroleum products for the domestic and East African Community markets. Furthermore, the government is looking to build several hundred million dollars’ worth of highway projects to the oil region.

Uganda faces many economic challenges. Instability in South Sudan has led to a sharp increase in Sudanese refugees and is disrupting Uganda's main export market. Additional economic risks include: poor economic management, endemic corruption, and the government’s failure to invest adequately in the health, education, and economic opportunities for a burgeoning young population. Uganda has one of the lowest electrification rates in Africa - only 22% of Ugandans have access to electricity, dropping to 10% in rural areas.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$99.61 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$96.838 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$96.84 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$90.669 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$85.406 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$90.67 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -677,14 +677,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$2,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$2,187 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$2,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$2,122 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$2,075 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$2,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -826,10 +826,10 @@ }, "Exports": { "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$7.686 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$6.12 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$6.511 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$5.63 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2017": { "text": "$5.958 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -843,10 +843,10 @@ }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$9.991 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$9.54 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$8.006 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$8.65 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2017": { "text": "$7.44 billion (2017 est.)" diff --git a/africa/uv.json b/africa/uv.json index d9c256a8..aa276ec9 100644 --- a/africa/uv.json +++ b/africa/uv.json @@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "550 sq km (2016)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km), Volta (410,991 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "

Most of the population is located in the center and south. Nearly one-third of the population lives in cities. The capital and largest city is Ouagadougou (Ouaga), with a population of 1.8 million as shown in this population distribution map

(2019)" }, @@ -393,20 +396,6 @@ "text": "12.85 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "375.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "21.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "420.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "13.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "

three climate zones including a hot tropical savanna with a short rainy season in the southern half, a tropical hot semi-arid steppe climate typical of the Sahel region in the northern half, and small area of hot desert in the very north of the country bordering the Sahara Desert

" }, @@ -430,6 +419,14 @@ "text": "36.5% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "31.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.75% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "4.54% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -440,14 +437,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "31.2% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.75% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -483,6 +472,23 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "12% (2005 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km), Volta (410,991 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "375.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "21.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "420.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "13.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -667,14 +673,14 @@ "text": "

Burkina Faso is a poor, landlocked country that depends on adequate rainfall. Irregular patterns of rainfall, poor soil, and the lack of adequate communications and other infrastructure contribute to the economy’s vulnerability to external shocks. About 80% of the population is engaged in subsistence farming and cotton is the main cash crop. The country has few natural resources and a weak industrial base.

Cotton and gold are Burkina Faso’s key exports - gold has accounted for about three-quarters of the country’s total export revenues. Burkina Faso’s economic growth and revenue depends largely on production levels and global prices for the two commodities. The country has seen an upswing in gold exploration, production, and exports.

In 2016, the government adopted a new development strategy, set forth in the 2016-2020 National Plan for Economic and Social Development, that aims to reduce poverty, build human capital, and to satisfy basic needs. A new three-year IMF program (2018-2020), approved in 2018, will allow the government to reduce the budget deficit and preserve critical spending on social services and priority public investments.

While the end of the political crisis has allowed Burkina Faso’s economy to resume positive growth, the country’s fragile security situation could put these gains at risk. Political insecurity in neighboring Mali, unreliable energy supplies, and poor transportation links pose long-term challenges.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$45.16 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$44.266 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$44.27 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$41.879 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$39.238 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$41.88 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -690,14 +696,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$2,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$2,178 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$2,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$2,120 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$2,044 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$2,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -830,11 +836,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$3.902 billion (2018 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$4.47 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$3.954 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$4.51 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -845,10 +851,10 @@ }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$5.294 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$5.02 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$5.381 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$5.17 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2017": { "text": "$5.3 billion (2017 est.)" diff --git a/africa/wa.json b/africa/wa.json index 11c4a715..de018ebd 100644 --- a/africa/wa.json +++ b/africa/wa.json @@ -93,6 +93,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "80 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Orange (941,351 sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Okavango Basin (863,866 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Lower Kalahari-Stampriet Basin, Upper Kalahari-Cuvelai-Upper Zambezi Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "population density is very low, with the largest clustering found in the extreme north-central area along the border with Angola as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -101,12 +107,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the Namib Desert, after which the country is named, is considered to be the oldest desert in the world; Namibia is the first country in the world to incorporate the protection of the environment into its constitution; some 14% of the land is protected, including virtually the entire Namib Desert coastal strip; Namib-Naukluft National Park (49,768 sq km), is the largest game park in Africa and one of the largest in the world" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Orange (941,351 sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)
Okavango Basin drainage (endorheic basin): Okavango (863,866 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Lower Kalahari-Stampriet Basin, Upper Kalahari-Cuvelai-Upper Zambezi Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -391,20 +391,6 @@ "text": "10.4 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "73 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "14 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "201 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "39.91 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic" }, @@ -428,6 +414,14 @@ "text": "44% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "53% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.64% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.47% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -438,14 +432,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "53% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.64% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -477,10 +463,24 @@ } }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Orange (941,351 sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)
Okavango Basin drainage (endorheic basin): Okavango (863,866 sq km)" + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Orange (941,351 sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Okavango Basin (863,866 sq km)" }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Lower Kalahari-Stampriet Basin, Upper Kalahari-Cuvelai-Upper Zambezi Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "73 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "14 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "201 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "39.91 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -667,14 +667,14 @@ "text": "

Namibia’s economy is heavily dependent on the extraction and processing of minerals for export. Mining accounts for about 12.5% of GDP, but provides more than 50% of foreign exchange earnings. Rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a primary source for gem-quality diamonds. Marine diamond mining is increasingly important as the terrestrial diamond supply has dwindled. The rising cost of mining diamonds, especially from the sea, combined with increased diamond production in Russia and China, has reduced profit margins. Namibian authorities have emphasized the need to add value to raw materials, do more in-country manufacturing, and exploit the services market, especially in the logistics and transportation sectors.

Namibia is one of the world’s largest producers of uranium. The Chinese-owned Husab uranium mine began producing uranium ore in 2017, and is expected to reach full production in August 2018 and produce 15 million pounds of uranium a year. Namibia also produces large quantities of zinc and is a smaller producer of gold and copper. Namibia's economy remains vulnerable to world commodity price fluctuations and drought.

Namibia normally imports about 50% of its cereal requirements; in drought years, food shortages are problematic in rural areas. A high per capita GDP, relative to the region, obscures one of the world's most unequal income distributions; the current government has prioritized exploring wealth redistribution schemes while trying to maintain a pro-business environment. GDP growth in 2017 slowed to about 1%, however, due to contractions in both the construction and mining sectors, as well as an ongoing drought. Growth is expected to recover modestly in 2018.

A five-year Millennium Challenge Corporation compact ended in September 2014. As an upper middle income country, Namibia is ineligible for a second compact. The Namibian economy is closely linked to South Africa with the Namibian dollar pegged one-to-one to the South African rand. Namibia receives 30%-40% of its revenues from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU); volatility in the size of Namibia's annual SACU allotment and global mineral prices complicates budget planning.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$22.6 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$24.04 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$24.56 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$24.316 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$24.147 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$24.71 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -690,14 +690,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$8,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$9,637 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$9,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$9,932 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$10,051 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$10,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -839,14 +839,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$3.56 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$6.087 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$4.56 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$6.225 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$5.347 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$4.95 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -856,14 +856,14 @@ "text": "copper, diamonds, uranium, thorium, gold, radioactive chemicals, fish (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$4.54 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$9.921 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$5.77 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$9.611 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$9.249 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$6.33 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/africa/wz.json b/africa/wz.json index 2f0c9c2d..3c506318 100644 --- a/africa/wz.json +++ b/africa/wz.json @@ -383,20 +383,6 @@ "text": "1.9 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "41.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "20.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1.006 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "4.51 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "varies from tropical to near temperate" }, @@ -420,6 +406,14 @@ "text": "0% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "24.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.42% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "2.25% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -430,14 +424,6 @@ "text": "0.1% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "24.4% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.42% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "intermediate (2020)" @@ -461,6 +447,20 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "218,199 tons (2016 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "41.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "20.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.006 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "4.51 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -642,14 +642,14 @@ "text": "

A small, landlocked kingdom, Eswatini is bordered in the north, west and south by the Republic of South Africa and by Mozambique in the east. Eswatini depends on South Africa for a majority of its exports and imports. Eswatini's currency is pegged to the South African rand, effectively relinquishing Eswatini's monetary policy to South Africa. The government is dependent on customs duties from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) for almost half of its revenue. Eswatini is a lower middle income country. As of 2017, more than one-quarter of the adult population was infected by HIV/AIDS; Eswatini has the world’s highest HIV prevalence rate, a financial strain and source of economic instability.

The manufacturing sector diversified in the 1980s and 1990s, but manufacturing has grown little in the last decade. Sugar and soft drink concentrate are the largest foreign exchange earners, although a drought in 2015-16 decreased sugar production and exports. Overgrazing, soil depletion, drought, and floods are persistent problems. Mining has declined in importance in recent years. Coal, gold, diamond, and quarry stone mines are small scale, and the only iron ore mine closed in 2014. With an estimated 28% unemployment rate, Eswatini's need to increase the number and size of small and medium enterprises and to attract foreign direct investment is acute.

Eswatini's national development strategy, which expires in 2022, prioritizes increases in infrastructure, agriculture production, and economic diversification, while aiming to reduce poverty and government spending. Eswatini's revenue from SACU receipts are likely to continue to decline as South Africa pushes for a new distribution scheme, making it harder for the government to maintain fiscal balance without introducing new sources of revenue.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$9.74 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$9.898 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$9.9 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$9.681 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$9.457 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$9.68 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -665,14 +665,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$8,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$8,622 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$8,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$8,521 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$8,408 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$8,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -804,11 +804,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$2.389 billion (2018 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$1.81 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$2.154 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$2.07 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$1.9 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -818,11 +821,14 @@ "text": "soft drink concentrates, sugar, timber, cotton yarn, refrigerators, citrus, and canned fruit" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$2.605 billion (2018 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$1.7 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$2.853 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$1.93 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$2.07 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1046,7 +1052,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Umbutfo Eswatini Defense Force (UEDF): Army (includes a small air wing) (2020)" + "text": "Umbutfo Eswatini Defense Force (UEDF): Army (includes a small air wing) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { @@ -1069,7 +1075,7 @@ "text": "the Umbutfo Eswatini Defense Force has approximately 3,000 active personnel (2020)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the UEDF is lightly armed with mostly South African weapons and equipment; the only publicly recorded military acquisitions since 2010 were two secondhand utility helicopters from Taiwan that were delivered in 2020 (2021)" + "text": "the UEDF is lightly armed with mostly South African material; it has received minimal amounts of secondhand equipment since 2010  (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-30 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription; compulsory HIV testing required, only HIV-negative applicants accepted (2019)" diff --git a/africa/za.json b/africa/za.json index 6bcc9676..e7706017 100644 --- a/africa/za.json +++ b/africa/za.json @@ -85,6 +85,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "1,560 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Upper Kalahari-Cuvelai-Upper Zambezi Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "one of the highest levels of urbanization in Africa; high density in the central area, particularly around the cities of Lusaka, Ndola, Kitwe, and Mufulira as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -93,12 +99,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; the Zambezi forms a natural riverine boundary with Zimbabwe; Lake Kariba on the Zambia-Zimbabwe border forms the world's largest reservoir by volume (180 cu km; 43 cu mi)" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Upper Kalahari-Cuvelai-Upper Zambezi Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -386,20 +386,6 @@ "text": "14.1 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "290 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "130 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1.152 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "104.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)" }, @@ -423,6 +409,14 @@ "text": "2% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "45.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "4.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "4.45% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -433,14 +427,6 @@ "text": "0.04% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "45.2% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "4.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -473,6 +459,20 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Upper Kalahari-Cuvelai-Upper Zambezi Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "290 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "130 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.152 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "104.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -566,13 +566,13 @@ }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { - "text": "unicameral National Assembly (167 seats; 156 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote in 2 rounds if needed, and up to 8 appointed by the president; members serve 5-year terms); 11 are appointed" + "text": "unicameral National Assembly (167 seats; 156 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote in 2 rounds if needed, and up to 8 appointed by the president; members serve 5-year terms); 3   ex-officio members elected by National Assembly membership" }, "elections": { "text": "last held on 12 August 2021 (next to be held in 2026)" }, "election results": { - "text": "percent of vote by party - UPND 53.9%, PF 38.1%, PNUP 0.6%, independent 7.4%; seats by party - UPND 82, PF 61, PNUP 1, independent 11; composition - men 135, women 20, percent of women 13.5%; 155 seats were filled with one seat left vacant; the election for Kaumbwe Constituency is scheduled for 21 October 2021." + "text": "percent of vote by party - UPND 53.9%, PF 38.1%, PNUP 0.6%, independent 7.4%; seats by party - UPND 82, PF 61, PNUP 1, independent 11; composition - men 135, women 20, percent of women 13.5%; 155 seats were filled with one seat left vacant; the election for Kaumbwe Constituency is scheduled for 21 October 2021" } }, "Judicial branch": { @@ -650,14 +650,14 @@ "text": "

Zambia had one of the world’s fastest growing economies for the ten years up to 2014, with real GDP growth averaging roughly 6.7% per annum, though growth slowed during the period 2015 to 2017, due to falling copper prices, reduced power generation, and depreciation of the kwacha. Zambia’s lack of economic diversification and dependency on copper as its sole major export makes it vulnerable to fluctuations in the world commodities market and prices turned downward in 2015 due to declining demand from China; Zambia was overtaken by the Democratic Republic of Congo as Africa’s largest copper producer. GDP growth picked up in 2017 as mineral prices rose.

Despite recent strong economic growth and its status as a lower middle-income country, widespread and extreme rural poverty and high unemployment levels remain significant problems, made worse by a high birth rate, a relatively high HIV/AIDS burden, by market-distorting agricultural and energy policies, and growing government debt. Zambia raised $7 billion from international investors by issuing separate sovereign bonds in 2012, 2014, and 2015. Concurrently, it issued over $4 billion in domestic debt and agreed to Chinese-financed infrastructure projects, significantly increasing the country’s public debt burden to more than 60% of GDP. The government has considered refinancing $3 billion worth of Eurobonds and significant Chinese loans to cut debt servicing costs.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$60.12 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$61.985 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$61.99 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$61.104 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$58.735 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$61.1 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -673,14 +673,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$3,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$3,470 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$3,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$3,522 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$3,485 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$3,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -824,11 +824,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$8.216 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$8.55 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$6.514 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$8.26 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$9.98 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -838,11 +841,14 @@ "text": "copper, gold, gemstones, sulfuric acid, raw sugar, tobacco (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$7.852 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$5.92 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$6.539 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$8.04 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$10.19 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/africa/zi.json b/africa/zi.json index 18e6c405..35fbc633 100644 --- a/africa/zi.json +++ b/africa/zi.json @@ -85,6 +85,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "1,740 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Okavango Basin (863,866 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Upper Kalahari-Cuvelai-Upper Zambezi Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "Aside from major urban agglomerations in Harare and Bulawayo, population distribution is fairly even, with slightly greater overall numbers in the eastern half as shown in this population distribution map" }, @@ -93,12 +99,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; the Zambezi forms a natural riverine boundary with Zambia; in full flood (February-April) the massive Victoria Falls on the river forms the world's largest curtain of falling water; Lake Kariba on the Zambia-Zimbabwe border forms the world's largest reservoir by volume (180 cu km; 43 cu mi)" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)
Okavango Basin drainage (endorheic basin): Okavango (863,866 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Upper Kalahari-Cuvelai-Upper Zambezi Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -396,20 +396,6 @@ "text": "12.1 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "487.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "81.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "2.77 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "20 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)" }, @@ -433,6 +419,14 @@ "text": "18% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "32.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "1.61% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -443,14 +437,6 @@ "text": "0.4% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "32.3% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -485,10 +471,24 @@ } }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)
Okavango Basin drainage (endorheic basin): Okavango (863,866 sq km)" + "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Okavango Basin (863,866 sq km)" }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Upper Kalahari-Cuvelai-Upper Zambezi Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "487.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "81.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "2.77 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "20 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -666,14 +666,14 @@ "text": "

Zimbabwe's economy depends heavily on its mining and agriculture sectors. Following a contraction from 1998 to 2008, the economy recorded real growth of more than 10% per year in the period 2010-13, before falling below 3% in the period 2014-17, due to poor harvests, low diamond revenues, and decreased investment. Lower mineral prices, infrastructure and regulatory deficiencies, a poor investment climate, a large public and external debt burden, and extremely high government wage expenses impede the country’s economic performance.

Until early 2009, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ) routinely printed money to fund the budget deficit, causing hyperinflation. Adoption of a multi-currency basket in early 2009 - which allowed currencies such as the Botswana pula, the South Africa rand, and the US dollar to be used locally - reduced inflation below 10% per year. In January 2015, as part of the government’s effort to boost trade and attract foreign investment, the RBZ announced that the Chinese renmimbi, Indian rupee, Australian dollar, and Japanese yen would be accepted as legal tender in Zimbabwe, though transactions were predominantly carried out in US dollars and South African rand until 2016, when the rand’s devaluation and instability led to near-exclusive use of the US dollar. The government in November 2016 began releasing bond notes, a parallel currency legal only in Zimbabwe which the government claims will have a one-to-one exchange ratio with the US dollar, to ease cash shortages. Bond notes began trading at a discount of up to 10% in the black market by the end of 2016.

Zimbabwe’s government entered a second Staff Monitored Program with the IMF in 2014 and undertook other measures to reengage with international financial institutions. Zimbabwe repaid roughly $108 million in arrears to the IMF in October 2016, but financial observers note that Zimbabwe is unlikely to gain new financing because the government has not disclosed how it plans to repay more than $1.7 billion in arrears to the World Bank and African Development Bank. International financial institutions want Zimbabwe to implement significant fiscal and structural reforms before granting new loans. Foreign and domestic investment continues to be hindered by the lack of land tenure and titling, the inability to repatriate dividends to investors overseas, and the lack of clarity regarding the government’s Indigenization and Economic Empowerment Act.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$40.79 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$41.533 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$44.34 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$45.194 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$43.112 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$48.25 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -689,14 +689,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$2,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$2,836 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$3,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$3,130 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$3,028 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$3,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, diff --git a/australia-oceania/aq.json b/australia-oceania/aq.json index 3f2e752e..e767fd52 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/aq.json +++ b/australia-oceania/aq.json @@ -305,6 +305,14 @@ "text": "0% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "87.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.26% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -315,14 +323,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "87.2% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.26% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "18,989 tons (2016 est.)" diff --git a/australia-oceania/as.json b/australia-oceania/as.json index 744e2f79..98647344 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/as.json +++ b/australia-oceania/as.json @@ -94,6 +94,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "25,460 sq km (2014)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: (Great Australian Bight) Murray-Darling (1,050,116 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Eyre (1,212,198 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Great Artesian Basin, Canning Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "population is primarily located on the periphery, with the highest concentration of people residing in the east and southeast; a secondary population center is located in and around Perth in the west; of the States and Territories, New South Wales has, by far, the largest population; the interior, or \"outback\", has a very sparse population" }, @@ -102,12 +108,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "note 1: world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country; the largest country in Oceania, the largest country entirely in the Southern Hemisphere, and the largest country without land borders

note 2: the Great Dividing Range that runs along eastern Australia is that continent’s longest mountain range and the third-longest land-based range in the world; the term \"Great Dividing Range\" refers to the fact that the mountains form a watershed crest from which all of the rivers of eastern Australia flow – east, west, north, and south

note 3: Australia is the only continent without glaciers; it is the driest inhabited continent on earth, making it particularly vulnerable to the challenges of climate change; the invigorating sea breeze known as the \"Fremantle Doctor\" affects the city of Perth on the west coast and is one of the most consistent winds in the world; Australia is home to 10% of the world's biodiversity, and a great number of its flora and fauna exist nowhere else in the world" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: (Great Australian Bight) Murray-Darling (1,050,116 sq km)
Lake Eyre (endorheic basin): Lake Eyre (1,212,198 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Great Artesian Basin, Canning Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -363,20 +363,6 @@ "text": "105.01 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "3.392 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "2.662 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "10.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "492 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north" }, @@ -400,6 +386,15 @@ "text": "30.9% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "86.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data include Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, and Norfolk Island" + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.13% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -410,15 +405,6 @@ "text": "0.78% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "86.4% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - }, - "note": "note: data include Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, and Norfolk Island" - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "13.345 million tons (2015 est.)" @@ -431,10 +417,24 @@ } }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: (Great Australian Bight) Murray-Darling (1,050,116 sq km)
Lake Eyre (endorheic basin): Lake Eyre (1,212,198 sq km)" + "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: (Great Australian Bight) Murray-Darling (1,050,116 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Eyre (1,212,198 sq km)" }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Great Artesian Basin, Canning Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "3.392 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "2.662 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "10.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "492 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -621,14 +621,14 @@ "text": "

Australia is an open market with minimal restrictions on imports of goods and services. The process of opening up has increased productivity, stimulated growth, and made the economy more flexible and dynamic. Australia plays an active role in the WTO, APEC, the G20, and other trade forums. Australia’s free trade agreement (FTA) with China entered into force in 2015, adding to existing FTAs with the Republic of Korea, Japan, Chile, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Thailand, and the US, and a regional FTA with ASEAN and New Zealand. Australia continues to negotiate bilateral agreements with Indonesia, as well as larger agreements with its Pacific neighbors and the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, and an Asia-wide Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership that includes the 10 ASEAN countries and China, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, and India.

Australia is a significant exporter of natural resources, energy, and food. Australia's abundant and diverse natural resources attract high levels of foreign investment and include extensive reserves of coal, iron, copper, gold, natural gas, uranium, and renewable energy sources. A series of major investments, such as the US$40 billion Gorgon Liquid Natural Gas Project, will significantly expand the resources sector.

For nearly two decades up till 2017, Australia had benefited from a dramatic surge in its terms of trade. As export prices increased faster than import prices, the economy experienced continuous growth, low unemployment, contained inflation, very low public debt, and a strong and stable financial system. Australia entered 2018 facing a range of growth constraints, principally driven by the sharp fall in global prices of key export commodities. Demand for resources and energy from Asia and especially China is growing at a slower pace and sharp drops in export prices have impacted growth.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$1,250,900,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$1,264,514,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1,254,480,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$1,237,766,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$1,202,307,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1,227,940,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -644,14 +644,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$48,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$49,854 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$49,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$49,545 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$48,871 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$49,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -792,14 +792,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$299.04 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$404.562 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$342.43 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$391.563 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$372.516 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$327.32 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -809,14 +809,14 @@ "text": "iron ore, coal, natural gas, gold, aluminum oxide (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$249.07 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$334.279 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$295.46 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$337.716 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$324.644 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$310.23 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -954,7 +954,7 @@ }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { - "text": "excellent domestic and international service with comprehensive population coverage through LTE; domestic satellite system; rapid growth of mobile and fixed-wireless broadband services through multi-technology architecture; emphasis on new technologies; diminished fixed-line market due to mobile and mobile broadband; in fixed broadband, shift to fiber networks through infrastructure build out; mobile network operators continue to work towards the launch of 5G; predicted to be one of the top markets driving the growth of 5G and data markets in Asia; fiber backbone to connect with submarine cables; Oman-Australia cable to be completed by end of 2021; two of Australia's major imports are broadcast equipment and computers from China (2021) (2020)" + "text": "excellent domestic and international service with comprehensive population coverage through LTE; domestic satellite system; rapid growth of mobile and fixed-wireless broadband services through multi-technology architecture; emphasis on new technologies; diminished fixed-line market due to mobile and mobile broadband; in fixed broadband, shift to fiber networks through infrastructure build out; mobile network operators continue to work towards the launch of 5G; predicted to be one of the top markets driving the growth of 5G and data markets in Asia; fiber backbone to connect with submarine cables; Oman-Australia cable to be completed by end of 2021; two of Australia's major imports are broadcast equipment and computers from China (2021)" }, "domestic": { "text": "31 per 100 fixed-line, 111 per 100 mobile-cellular; more subscribers to mobile services than there are people; 90% of all mobile device sales are now smartphones, growth in mobile traffic brisk (2019)" @@ -1150,7 +1150,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "13,122 (Iraq), 12,714 (Afghanistan), 12,537 (Iran), 5,578 (Pakistan) (2019)" + "text": "12,606 (Iran), 10,659 (Afghanistan), 5,416 (Pakistan) (2020)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "5,221 (2020)" diff --git a/australia-oceania/bp.json b/australia-oceania/bp.json index 7b84aaff..f29fa3d1 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/bp.json +++ b/australia-oceania/bp.json @@ -358,9 +358,6 @@ "text": "0.43 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "44.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical monsoon; few temperature and weather extremes" }, @@ -384,6 +381,14 @@ "text": "17.2% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "25.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.57% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "20.27% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -394,14 +399,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "25.1% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.57% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -417,6 +414,9 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "179,972 tons (2013 est.)" } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "44.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -586,14 +586,14 @@ "text": "The bulk of the population depends on agriculture, fishing, and forestry for at least part of its livelihood. Most manufactured goods and petroleum products must be imported. The islands are rich in undeveloped mineral resources such as lead, zinc, nickel, and gold. Prior to the arrival of The Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI), severe ethnic violence, the closure of key businesses, and an empty government treasury culminated in economic collapse. RAMSI's efforts, which concluded in Jun 2017, to restore law and order and economic stability have led to modest growth as the economy rebuilds." }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$1.71 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$1.783 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1.78 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$1.762 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$1.695 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1.76 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -609,14 +609,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$2,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$2,663 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$2,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$2,700 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$2,666 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$2,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -743,11 +743,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$468.6 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$430 million note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$419.9 million (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$590 million note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$680 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -757,11 +760,14 @@ "text": "lumber, fish, aluminum, palm oil, cocoa beans (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$462.1 million (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$560 million note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$419.3 million (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$750 million note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$750 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/cq.json b/australia-oceania/cq.json index a286e323..ad504670 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/cq.json +++ b/australia-oceania/cq.json @@ -297,11 +297,6 @@ "text": "27.9% (2018 est.)" } }, - "Revenue from forest resources": { - "forest revenues": { - "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" - } - }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "91.9% of total population (2021)" @@ -310,6 +305,11 @@ "text": "0.36% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "32,761 tons (2013 est.)" diff --git a/australia-oceania/cw.json b/australia-oceania/cw.json index 1b92f0b1..d91270a4 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/cw.json +++ b/australia-oceania/cw.json @@ -316,9 +316,6 @@ "text": "12.03 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" } }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical oceanic; moderated by trade winds; a dry season from April to November and a more humid season from December to March" }, @@ -360,6 +357,9 @@ "vectorborne diseases": { "text": "malaria" } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/fj.json b/australia-oceania/fj.json index 28a11ee0..acdedbe1 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/fj.json +++ b/australia-oceania/fj.json @@ -369,20 +369,6 @@ "text": "0.95 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "25.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "9.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "50 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "28.55 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation" }, @@ -406,6 +392,14 @@ "text": "21% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "57.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.37% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.59% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -416,14 +410,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "57.7% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.37% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -445,6 +431,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "5.5% (2013 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "25.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "9.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "50 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "28.55 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -628,14 +628,14 @@ "text": "

Fiji, endowed with forest, mineral, and fish resources, is one of the most developed and connected of the Pacific island economies. Earnings from the tourism industry, with an estimated 842,884 tourists visiting in 2017, and remittances from Fijian’s working abroad are the country’s largest foreign exchange earners.

Bottled water exports to the US is Fiji’s largest domestic export. Fiji's sugar sector remains a significant industry and a major export, but crops and one of the sugar mills suffered damage during Cyclone Winston in 2016. Fiji’s trade imbalance continues to widen with increased imports and sluggish performance of domestic exports.

The return to parliamentary democracy and successful elections in September 2014 improved investor confidence, but increasing bureaucratic regulation, new taxes, and lack of consultation with relevant stakeholders brought four consecutive years of decline for Fiji on the World Bank Ease of Doing Business index. Private sector investment in 2017 approached 20% of GDP, compared to 13% in 2013.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$9.86 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$12.178 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$12.18 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$12.232 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$11.783 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$12.23 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -651,14 +651,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$11,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$13,684 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$13,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$13,846 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$13,429 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$13,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -793,11 +793,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$908.2 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$1.23 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$709 million (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$2.64 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$2.67 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -807,11 +810,14 @@ "text": "water, refined petroleum, fish, raw sugar, gold (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$1.911 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$1.97 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$1.761 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$3.21 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$3.1 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1104,7 +1110,7 @@ "text": "170 Egypt (MFO); 160 Iraq (UNAMI); 130 Golan Heights (UNDOF) (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; mandatory retirement at age 55 (2013)" + "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; mandatory retirement at age 55 (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/fm.json b/australia-oceania/fm.json index 7707ef42..696e40a1 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/fm.json +++ b/australia-oceania/fm.json @@ -324,9 +324,6 @@ "text": "0.02 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage" }, @@ -350,11 +347,6 @@ "text": "0% (2018 est.)" } }, - "Revenue from forest resources": { - "forest revenues": { - "text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" - } - }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "23.1% of total population (2021)" @@ -363,6 +355,11 @@ "text": "1.52% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -378,6 +375,9 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "26,040 tons (2016 est.)" } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -568,8 +568,11 @@ "text": "

Economic activity consists largely of subsistence farming and fishing, and government, which employs two-thirds of the adult working population and receives funding largely - 58% in 2013 – from Compact of Free Association assistance provided by the US. The islands have few commercially valuable mineral deposits. The potential for tourism is limited by isolation, lack of adequate facilities, and limited internal air and water transportation.

Under the terms of the original Compact, the US provided $1.3 billion in grants and aid from 1986 to 2001. The US and the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) negotiated a second (amended) Compact agreement in 2002-03 that took effect in 2004. The amended Compact runs for a 20-year period to 2023; during which the US will provide roughly $2.1 billion to the FSM. The amended Compact also develops a trust fund for the FSM that will provide a comparable income stream beyond 2024 when Compact grants end.

The country's medium-term economic outlook appears fragile because of dependence on US assistance and lackluster performance of its small and stagnant private sector.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { + "text": "$390 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$390 million (2018 est.)" + "text": "$390 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$389 million (2017 est.)" @@ -588,11 +591,11 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { - "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$3,464 (2018 est.)" + "Real GDP per capita 2019": { + "text": "$3,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$3,493 (2017 est.)" + "Real GDP per capita 2018": { + "text": "$3,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2015": { "text": "$3,200 (2015 est.)" diff --git a/australia-oceania/gq.json b/australia-oceania/gq.json index 824c342c..7ba78409 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/gq.json +++ b/australia-oceania/gq.json @@ -319,6 +319,14 @@ "text": "18.7% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "95% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.84% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -329,14 +337,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "95% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.84% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "141,500 tons (2012 est.)" diff --git a/australia-oceania/kr.json b/australia-oceania/kr.json index 8d00c117..3c27a22a 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/kr.json +++ b/australia-oceania/kr.json @@ -345,9 +345,6 @@ "text": "0.02 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds" }, @@ -371,6 +368,14 @@ "text": "43% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "56.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.77% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.04% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -381,14 +386,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "56.3% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.77% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -404,6 +401,9 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "35,724 tons (2016 est.)" } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -577,14 +577,14 @@ "text": "

A remote country of 33 scattered coral atolls, Kiribati has few natural resources and is one of the least developed Pacific Island countries. Commercially viable phosphate deposits were exhausted by the time of independence from the United Kingdom in 1979. Earnings from fishing licenses and seafarer remittances are important sources of income. Although the number of seafarers employed declined due to changes in global shipping demands, remittances are expected to improve with more overseas temporary and seasonal work opportunities for Kiribati nationals.

Economic development is constrained by a shortage of skilled workers, weak infrastructure, and remoteness from international markets. The public sector dominates economic activity, with ongoing capital projects in infrastructure including road rehabilitation, water and sanitation projects, and renovations to the international airport, spurring some growth. Public debt increased from 23% of GDP at the end of 2015 to 25.8% in 2016.

Kiribati is dependent on foreign aid, which was estimated to have contributed over 32.7% in 2016 to the government’s finances. The country’s sovereign fund, the Revenue Equalization Reserve Fund (RERF), which is held offshore, had an estimated balance of $855.5 million in late July 2016. The RERF seeks to avoid exchange rate risk by holding investments in more than 20 currencies, including the Australian dollar, US dollar, the Japanese yen, and the Euro. Drawdowns from the RERF helped finance the government’s annual budget.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$270 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$267 million (2019 est.)" + "text": "$270 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$261 million (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$255 million (2017 est.)" + "text": "$260 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -600,14 +600,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$2,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$2,272 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$2,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$2,256 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$2,237 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$2,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -710,11 +710,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2013": { - "text": "$84.75 million (2013 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$30 million note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2012": { - "text": "$62.31 million (2012 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$20 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -724,11 +724,11 @@ "text": "fish and fish produces, ships, coconut oil, copra (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$107.1 million (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$180 million note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2013": { - "text": "$182.2 million (2013 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$170 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -963,7 +963,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces; Kiribati Police Service (2021)" + "text": "no regular military forces; Kiribati Police Service" }, "Military - note": { "text": "defense assistance is provided by Australia and NZ" diff --git a/australia-oceania/ne.json b/australia-oceania/ne.json index ae53bf9f..b49080b5 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/ne.json +++ b/australia-oceania/ne.json @@ -268,9 +268,6 @@ "text": "11.47 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)" } }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; modified by southeast trade winds" }, @@ -312,6 +309,9 @@ "vectorborne diseases": { "text": "malaria" } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/nh.json b/australia-oceania/nh.json index 1a9c4b44..111ccac8 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/nh.json +++ b/australia-oceania/nh.json @@ -358,9 +358,6 @@ "text": "0.5 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "10 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds from May to October; moderate rainfall from November to April; may be affected by cyclones from December to April" }, @@ -384,6 +381,14 @@ "text": "48.6% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "25.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.55% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.54% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -394,14 +399,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "25.7% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.55% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -423,6 +420,9 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "37% (2013 est.)" } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "10 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -581,14 +581,14 @@ "text": "

This South Pacific island economy is based primarily on small-scale agriculture, which provides a living for about two thirds of the population. Fishing, offshore financial services, and tourism, with more than 330,000 visitors in 2017, are other mainstays of the economy. Tourism has struggled after Efate, the most populous and most popular island for tourists, was damaged by Tropical Cyclone Pam in 2015. Ongoing infrastructure difficulties at Port Vila’s Bauerfield Airport have caused air travel disruptions, further hampering tourism numbers. Australia and New Zealand are the main source of tourists and foreign aid. A small light industry sector caters to the local market. Tax revenues come mainly from import duties. Mineral deposits are negligible; the country has no known petroleum deposits.

Economic development is hindered by dependence on relatively few commodity exports, vulnerability to natural disasters, and long distances from main markets and between constituent islands. In response to foreign concerns, the government has promised to tighten regulation of its offshore financial center.

Since 2002, the government has stepped up efforts to boost tourism through improved air connections, resort development, and cruise ship facilities. Agriculture, especially livestock farming, is a second target for growth.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$850 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$945 million (2019 est.)" + "text": "$930 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$915 million (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$889 million (2017 est.)" + "text": "$910 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -604,14 +604,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$2,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$3,153 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$3,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$3,128 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$3,117 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$3,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -735,11 +735,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$44.7 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$380 million note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$53.5 million (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$520 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -749,11 +749,11 @@ "text": "fish and fish products, tug boats, perfume plants, mollusks, cocoa beans (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$273.7 million (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$460 million note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$308.5 million (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$460 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/nr.json b/australia-oceania/nr.json index c513eb97..2d5bd0c8 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/nr.json +++ b/australia-oceania/nr.json @@ -347,9 +347,6 @@ "text": "0.01 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "10 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical with a monsoonal pattern; rainy season (November to February)" }, @@ -373,11 +370,6 @@ "text": "80% (2018 est.)" } }, - "Revenue from forest resources": { - "forest revenues": { - "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" - } - }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "100% of total population (2021)" @@ -386,6 +378,11 @@ "text": "0.18% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -401,6 +398,9 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "6,192 tons (2016 est.)" } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "10 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -550,10 +550,10 @@ }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$145 million (2019 est.)" + "text": "$150 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$145 million (2018 est.)" + "text": "$150 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$137 million (2017 est.)" @@ -573,10 +573,10 @@ }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$11,583 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$13,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$11,471 (2018 est.)" + "text": "$13,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$10,667 (2017 est.)" @@ -690,8 +690,8 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2013": { - "text": "$125 million (2013 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$30 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2012": { "text": "$110.3 million (2012 est.)" @@ -704,11 +704,11 @@ "text": "fish, calcium phosphates, low-voltage protection equipment, air conditioners, leather apparel (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$90 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" + }, "Imports 2016": { "text": "$64.9 million (2016 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2013": { - "text": "$143.1 million (2013 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/nz.json b/australia-oceania/nz.json index e33c6e93..fcb1bdc4 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/nz.json +++ b/australia-oceania/nz.json @@ -370,20 +370,6 @@ "text": "34.3 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "810 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "1.184 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "3.207 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "327 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate with sharp regional contrasts" }, @@ -407,6 +393,14 @@ "text": "25.4% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "86.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.92% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.5% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -417,18 +411,24 @@ "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "86.8% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.92% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "3.405 million tons (2016 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "810 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.184 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "3.207 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "327 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -618,14 +618,14 @@ "text": "

Over the past 40 years, the government has transformed New Zealand from an agrarian economy, dependent on concessionary British market access, to a more industrialized, free market economy that can compete globally. This dynamic growth has boosted real incomes, but left behind some at the bottom of the ladder and broadened and deepened the technological capabilities of the industrial sector.

Per capita income rose for 10 consecutive years until 2007 in purchasing power parity terms, but fell in 2008-09. Debt-driven consumer spending drove robust growth in the first half of the decade, fueling a large balance of payments deficit that posed a challenge for policymakers. Inflationary pressures caused the central bank to raise its key rate steadily from January 2004 until it was among the highest in the OECD in 2007 and 2008. The higher rate attracted international capital inflows, which strengthened the currency and housing market while aggravating the current account deficit. Rising house prices, especially in Auckland, have become a political issue in recent years, as well as a policy challenge in 2016 and 2017, as the ability to afford housing has declined for many.

Expanding New Zealand’s network of free trade agreements remains a top foreign policy priority. New Zealand was an early promoter of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and was the second country to ratify the agreement in May 2017. Following the United States’ withdrawal from the TPP in January 2017, on 10 November 2017 the remaining 11 countries agreed on the core elements of a modified agreement, which they renamed the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). In November 2016, New Zealand opened negotiations to upgrade its FTA with China; China is one of New Zealand’s most important trading partners.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$215.6 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$210.877 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$213.5 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$205.112 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$198.913 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$210.07 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -641,14 +641,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$42,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$42,888 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$42,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$42,370 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$41,493 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$42,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -790,14 +790,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$50.43 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$56.219 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$57.16 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$54.977 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$53.457 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$57.71 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -807,14 +807,14 @@ "text": "dairy products, sheep/goat meats, lumber, beef products, fresh fruits (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$47.86 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$63.622 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$57.75 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$62.276 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$58.494 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$58.39 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/ps.json b/australia-oceania/ps.json index 8101d01e..75797126 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/ps.json +++ b/australia-oceania/ps.json @@ -373,9 +373,6 @@ "text": "0.06 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November" }, @@ -399,11 +396,6 @@ "text": "1.6% (2018 est.)" } }, - "Revenue from forest resources": { - "forest revenues": { - "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" - } - }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "81.5% of total population (2021)" @@ -412,6 +404,11 @@ "text": "1.59% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -427,6 +424,9 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "9,427 tons (2016 est.)" } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -615,10 +615,10 @@ }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$316 million (2019 est.)" + "text": "$320 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$330 million (2018 est.)" + "text": "$330 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$317 million (2017 est.)" @@ -638,10 +638,10 @@ }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$17,579 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$17,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$18,463 (2018 est.)" + "text": "$18,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$17,841 (2017 est.)" diff --git a/australia-oceania/rm.json b/australia-oceania/rm.json index 411704e6..c06a6410 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/rm.json +++ b/australia-oceania/rm.json @@ -382,9 +382,6 @@ "text": "0.03 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November; islands border typhoon belt" }, @@ -408,11 +405,6 @@ "text": "0% (2018 est.)" } }, - "Revenue from forest resources": { - "forest revenues": { - "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" - } - }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "78.2% of total population (2021)" @@ -421,6 +413,11 @@ "text": "0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -442,6 +439,9 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "30.8% (2007 est.)" } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -631,8 +631,11 @@ "text": "

US assistance and lease payments for the use of Kwajalein Atoll as a US military base are the mainstay of this small island country. Agricultural production, primarily subsistence, is concentrated on small farms; the most important commercial crops are coconuts and breadfruit. Industry is limited to handicrafts, tuna processing, and copra. Tourism holds some potential. The islands and atolls have few natural resources, and imports exceed exports.

The Marshall Islands received roughly $1 billion in aid from the US during the period 1986-2001 under the original Compact of Free Association (Compact). In 2002 and 2003, the US and the Marshall Islands renegotiated the Compact's financial package for a 20-year period, 2004 to 2024. Under the amended Compact, the Marshall Islands will receive roughly $1.5 billion in direct US assistance. Under the amended Compact, the US and Marshall Islands are also jointly funding a Trust Fund for the people of the Marshall Islands that will provide an income stream beyond 2024, when direct Compact aid ends.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { + "text": "$240 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$227 million (2018 est.)" + "text": "$220 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$219 million (2017 est.)" @@ -651,8 +654,11 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2019": { + "text": "$4,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$3,889 (2018 est.)" + "text": "$3,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$3,776 (2017 est.)" @@ -774,8 +780,8 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2013": { - "text": "$0 (2013 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$130 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -785,11 +791,11 @@ "text": "ships, fish, recreational boats, broadcasting equipment, coal tar oil (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$170 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" + }, "Imports 2016": { "text": "$103.8 million (2016 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2013": { - "text": "$133.7 million (2013 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/tl.json b/australia-oceania/tl.json index afbebe4f..a4fcae92 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/tl.json +++ b/australia-oceania/tl.json @@ -263,9 +263,6 @@ "Environment - current issues": { "text": "overexploitation of certain fish and other marine species, coastal sand, and forest resources; pollution of freshwater lenses and coastal waters from improper disposal of chemicals" }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)" }, @@ -307,6 +304,9 @@ "vectorborne diseases": { "text": "malaria" } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/tn.json b/australia-oceania/tn.json index 01316414..56a2e849 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/tn.json +++ b/australia-oceania/tn.json @@ -372,9 +372,6 @@ "text": "0.12 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)" }, @@ -398,6 +395,14 @@ "text": "44.4% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "23.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -408,14 +413,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "23.1% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -431,6 +428,9 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "17,238 tons (2012 est.)" } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -607,10 +607,10 @@ }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$667 million (2019 est.)" + "text": "$670 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$662 million (2018 est.)" + "text": "$660 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$660 million (2017 est.)" @@ -630,10 +630,10 @@ }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$6,383 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$6,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$6,416 (2018 est.)" + "text": "$6,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$6,472 (2017 est.)" @@ -763,11 +763,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$18.4 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$90 million note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$19.4 million (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$110 million note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$100 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -777,11 +780,14 @@ "text": "squash, fish, various fruits and nuts, antiques, coral and shells (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$250.2 million (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$300 million note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$269.8 million (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$330 million note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$320 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/tv.json b/australia-oceania/tv.json index 126c024a..5ed5bc44 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/tv.json +++ b/australia-oceania/tv.json @@ -339,9 +339,6 @@ "text": "0.01 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)" }, @@ -365,11 +362,6 @@ "text": "6.7% (2018 est.)" } }, - "Revenue from forest resources": { - "forest revenues": { - "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" - } - }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "64.8% of total population (2021)" @@ -378,6 +370,11 @@ "text": "2.08% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "3,989 tons (2011 est.)" @@ -388,6 +385,9 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "15% (2013 est.)" } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -544,14 +544,14 @@ "text": "

Tuvalu consists of a densely populated, scattered group of nine coral atolls with poor soil. Only eight of the atolls are inhabited. It is one of the smallest countries in the world, with its highest point at 4.6 meters above sea level. The country is isolated, almost entirely dependent on imports, particularly of food and fuel, and vulnerable to climate change and rising sea levels, which pose significant challenges to development.

The public sector dominates economic activity. Tuvalu has few natural resources, except for its fisheries. Earnings from fish exports and fishing licenses for Tuvalu’s territorial waters are a significant source of government revenue. In 2013, revenue from fishing licenses doubled and totaled more than 45% of GDP.

Official aid from foreign development partners has also increased. Tuvalu has substantial assets abroad. The Tuvalu Trust Fund, an international trust fund established in 1987 by development partners, has grown to $104 million (A$141 million) in 2014 and is an important cushion for meeting shortfalls in the government's budget. While remittances are another substantial source of income, the value of remittances has declined since the 2008-09 global financial crisis, but has stabilized at nearly $4 million per year. The financial impact of climate change and the cost of climate related adaptation projects is one of many concerns for the nation.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$50 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$49 million (2019 est.)" + "text": "$50 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$45 million (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$44 million (2017 est.)" + "text": "$50 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -567,14 +567,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$4,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$4,281 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$4,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$3,948 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$3,898 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$3,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -684,11 +684,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2010": { - "text": "$600,000 (2010 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$10 million note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2004": { - "text": "$1 million (2004 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$10 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -698,11 +698,11 @@ "text": "fish, ships, coins, metal-clad products, electrical power accessories (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$20.69 billion (2018 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$70 million note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$19.09 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$60 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/australia-oceania/ws.json b/australia-oceania/ws.json index 4ed9bbe4..31b9cc83 100644 --- a/australia-oceania/ws.json +++ b/australia-oceania/ws.json @@ -369,9 +369,6 @@ "text": "0.27 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October)" }, @@ -395,6 +392,14 @@ "text": "27.2% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "17.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "-0.03% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.27% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -405,14 +410,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "17.7% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-0.03% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -434,6 +431,9 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "36% (2013 est.)" } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -624,14 +624,14 @@ "text": "

The economy of Samoa has traditionally been dependent on development aid, family remittances from overseas, tourism, agriculture, and fishing. It has a nominal GDP of $844 million. Agriculture, including fishing, furnishes 90% of exports, featuring fish, coconut oil, nonu products, and taro. The manufacturing sector mainly processes agricultural products. Industry accounts for nearly 22% of GDP while employing less than 6% of the work force. The service sector accounts for nearly two-thirds of GDP and employs approximately 50% of the labor force. Tourism is an expanding sector accounting for 25% of GDP; 132,000 tourists visited the islands in 2013.

The country is vulnerable to devastating storms. In September 2009, an earthquake and the resulting tsunami severely damaged Samoa and nearby American Samoa, disrupting transportation and power generation, and resulting in about 200 deaths. In December 2012, extensive flooding and wind damage from Tropical Cyclone Evan killed four people, displaced over 6,000, and damaged or destroyed an estimated 1,500 homes on Samoa's Upolu Island.

The Samoan Government has called for deregulation of the country's financial sector, encouragement of investment, and continued fiscal discipline, while at the same time protecting the environment. Foreign reserves are relatively healthy and inflation is low, but external debt is approximately 45% of GDP. Samoa became the 155th member of the WTO in May 2012, and graduated from least developed country status in January 2014.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$1.25 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$1.285 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1.28 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$1.24 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$1.267 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1.24 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -647,14 +647,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$6,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$6,521 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$6,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$6,327 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$6,486 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$6,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -782,8 +782,8 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2014": { - "text": "$27.5 million (2014 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$310 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -794,7 +794,7 @@ }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$89.29 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$430 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2016": { "text": "$312.6 million (2016 est.)" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/aa.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/aa.json index 11a7718e..62f3d6db 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/aa.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/aa.json @@ -351,11 +351,6 @@ "text": "86.6% (2018 est.)" } }, - "Revenue from forest resources": { - "forest revenues": { - "text": "0% of GDP (2017 est.)" - } - }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "43.9% of total population (2021)" @@ -364,6 +359,11 @@ "text": "0.77% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2017 est.)" + } + }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "88,132 tons (2013 est.)" @@ -666,11 +666,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$137.1 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$1.45 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$283.1 million (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$2.56 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$2.56 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -680,11 +683,14 @@ "text": "refined petroleum, liquors, scrap iron, soap, tobacco (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$1.122 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$1.67 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$1.142 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$2.24 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$2.27 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/ac.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/ac.json index 3eff4170..b37c6868 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/ac.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/ac.json @@ -334,20 +334,6 @@ "text": "0.22 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "7.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "2.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "52 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation" }, @@ -371,6 +357,14 @@ "text": "60.8% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "24.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.87% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -381,18 +375,24 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "24.4% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.87% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "30,585 tons (2012 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "7.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "2.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "52 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -552,14 +552,14 @@ "text": "

Tourism continues to dominate Antigua and Barbuda's economy, accounting for nearly 60% of GDP and 40% of investment. The dual-island nation's agricultural production is focused on the domestic market and constrained by a limited water supply and a labor shortage stemming from the lure of higher wages in tourism and construction. Manufacturing comprises enclave-type assembly for export with major products being bedding, handicrafts, and electronic components.

Like other countries in the region, Antigua's economy was severely hit by effects of the global economic recession in 2009. The country suffered from the collapse of its largest private sector employer, a steep decline in tourism, a rise in debt, and a sharp economic contraction between 2009 and 2011. Antigua has not yet returned to its pre-crisis growth levels. Barbuda suffered significant damages after hurricanes Irma and Maria passed through the Caribbean in 2017.

Prospects for economic growth in the medium term will continue to depend on tourist arrivals from the US, Canada, and Europe and could be disrupted by potential damage from natural disasters. The new government, elected in 2014 and led by Prime Minister Gaston Browne, continues to face significant fiscal challenges. The government places some hope in a new Citizenship by Investment Program, to both reduce public debt levels and spur growth, and a resolution of a WTO dispute with the US.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$1.76 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$2.127 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$2.09 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$2.033 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$1.893 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$2.02 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -575,14 +575,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$18,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$21,910 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$21,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$21,116 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$19,840 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$21,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -701,8 +701,8 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$86.7 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$1.15 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2016": { "text": "$56.5 million (2016 est.)" @@ -715,8 +715,8 @@ "text": "ships, refined petroleum, precious/semi-precious metal scraps, rice, corn (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$560 million (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$1.12 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2016": { "text": "$503.4 million (2016 est.)" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/bb.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/bb.json index ce8a8f51..847553c2 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/bb.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/bb.json @@ -340,20 +340,6 @@ "text": "2.35 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "20 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "6.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "54.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "80 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; rainy season (June to October)" }, @@ -377,6 +363,14 @@ "text": "48% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "31.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.46% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -387,14 +381,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "31.2% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.46% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "174,815 tons (2011 est.)" @@ -405,6 +391,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "9% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "20 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "6.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "54.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "80 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -580,14 +580,14 @@ "text": "Barbados is the wealthiest and one of the most developed countries in the Eastern Caribbean and enjoys one of the highest per capita incomes in the region. Historically, the Barbadian economy was dependent on sugarcane cultivation and related activities. However, in recent years the economy has diversified into light industry and tourism. Offshore finance and information services are important foreign exchange earners, boosted by being in the same time zone as eastern US financial centers and by a relatively highly educated workforce. Following the 2008-09 recession, external vulnerabilities such as fluctuations in international oil prices have hurt economic growth, raised Barbados' already high public debt to GDP ratio - which stood at 105% of GDP in 2016 - and cut into its international reserves." }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$3.7 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$4.488 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$4.49 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$4.493 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$4.519 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$4.49 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -603,14 +603,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$12,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$15,639 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$15,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$15,675 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$15,789 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$15,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -1000,7 +1000,7 @@ "text": "the RBDF's major equipment inventory - maritime patrol boats - is supplied by the Netherlands (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "Voluntary service only; 17 years, 9 months to 17 years, 11 months with a letter of consent from a parent or guardian, or be in the age range of 18-25 years at the start of recruit training; citizen of Barbados by descent or naturalization (2021)" + "text": "Voluntary service only; 17 years, 9 months to 17 years, 11 months with letter of consent from a parent or guardian, or be in the age range of 18-25 years at the start of recruit training; citizens of Barbados by descent or naturalization (2021)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "

Barbados has been a member of the Caribbean Regional Security System (RSS) since its creation in 1982; RSS signatories (Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines) agreed to prepare contingency plans and assist one another, on request, in national emergencies, prevention of smuggling, search and rescue, immigration control, fishery protection, customs and excise control, maritime policing duties, protection of off-shore installations, pollution control, national and other disasters, and threats to national security; the RSS is headquartered in Barbados

" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/bf.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/bf.json index b3601c89..4899d79c 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/bf.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/bf.json @@ -314,14 +314,6 @@ "text": "0.23 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "31 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "700 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream" }, @@ -345,6 +337,14 @@ "text": "47.2% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "83.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.02% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -355,18 +355,18 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "83.4% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.02% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "264,000 tons (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "31 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "700 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -546,14 +546,14 @@ "text": "The Bahamas has the second highest per capita GDP in the English-speaking Caribbean with an economy heavily dependent on tourism and financial services. Tourism accounts for approximately 50% of GDP and directly or indirectly employs half of the archipelago's labor force. Financial services constitute the second-most important sector of the Bahamian economy, accounting for about 15% of GDP. Manufacturing and agriculture combined contribute less than 7% of GDP and show little growth, despite government incentives aimed at those sectors. The new government led by Prime Minister Hubert MINNIS has prioritized addressing fiscal imbalances and rising debt, which stood at 75% of GDP in 2016. Large capital projects like the Baha Mar Casino and Hotel are driving growth. Public debt increased in 2017 in large part due to hurricane reconstruction and relief financing. The primary fiscal balance was a deficit of 0.4% of GDP in 2016. The Bahamas is the only country in the Western Hemisphere that is not a member of the World Trade Organization." }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$12.1 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$14.45 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$14.45 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$14.276 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$13.856 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$14.28 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -569,14 +569,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$30,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$37,101 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$37,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$37,020 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$36,297 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$37,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -709,11 +709,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$550 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$1.69 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$444.3 million (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$5.14 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$4.75 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -723,11 +726,14 @@ "text": "ships, refined petroleum, nitrogen compounds, crustaceans, styrene polymers (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$3.18 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$3.64 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$2.594 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$4.91 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$5.12 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -990,6 +996,20 @@ "Military and security forces": { "text": "Royal Bahamas Defense Force: includes land, air, maritime elements (2021)" }, + "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2021": { + "text": "0.9% of GDP (2021 est.)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2020": { + "text": "0.9% of GDP (2020)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2019": { + "text": "0.7% of GDP (2019)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2018": { + "text": "0.7% of GDP (2018)" + } + }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { "text": "the Royal Bahamas Defense Force (RBDF) has approximately 1,500 total personnel (2021)" }, @@ -997,7 +1017,7 @@ "text": "most of the RBDF's major equipment inventory is supplied by the Netherlands (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for voluntary male and female service; no conscription (2012)" + "text": "18 years of age for voluntary male and female service; no conscription (2019)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/bh.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/bh.json index 17d49177..f1146878 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/bh.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/bh.json @@ -365,20 +365,6 @@ "text": "0.55 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "11.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "21.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "68.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "21.734 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November); dry season (February to May)" }, @@ -402,6 +388,14 @@ "text": "32.5% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "46.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.3% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.31% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -412,18 +406,24 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "46.2% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.3% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "101,379 tons (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "11.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "21.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "68.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "21.734 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -606,14 +606,14 @@ "text": "

Tourism is the number one foreign exchange earner in this small economy, followed by exports of sugar, bananas, citrus, marine products, and crude oil.

The government's expansionary monetary and fiscal policies, initiated in September 1998, led to GDP growth averaging nearly 4% in 1999-2007, but GPD growth has averaged only 2.1% from 2007-2016, with 2.5% growth estimated for 2017. Belize’s dependence on energy imports makes it susceptible to energy price shocks.

Although Belize has the third highest per capita income in Central America, the average income figure masks a huge income disparity between rich and poor, and a key government objective remains reducing poverty and inequality with the help of international donors. High unemployment, a growing trade deficit and heavy foreign debt burden continue to be major concerns. Belize faces continued pressure from rising sovereign debt, and a growing trade imbalance.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$2.43 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$2.734 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$2.83 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$2.726 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$2.671 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$2.78 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -629,14 +629,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$6,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$7,005 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$7,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$7,118 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$7,109 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$7,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -767,11 +767,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$457.5 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$710 million note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$442.7 million (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$1.1 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$1.07 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -781,11 +784,14 @@ "text": "raw sugar, bananas, fruit juice, fish products, crude petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$845.9 million (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$900 million note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$916.2 million (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$1.2 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$1.16 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -929,7 +935,7 @@ }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { - "text": "Belize’s fixed-line tele-density and mobile penetration is lower than average for the region, due to insufficient competition, underinvestment in services, and lax standards; mobile accounts for 90% of all phones; operator aims to provide cheaper prices and customer retention through investment in broadband to over 80% of premises and LTE infrastructure; operator launched safe cities project to fight crime; government distributed tablets to students to promote e-learning; submarine cable to Ambergris Caye enables FttP service in San Pedro; importer of broadcast equipment from the United States (2021) (2020)" + "text": "Belize’s fixed-line tele-density and mobile penetration is lower than average for the region, due to insufficient competition, underinvestment in services, and lax standards; mobile accounts for 90% of all phones; operator aims to provide cheaper prices and customer retention through investment in broadband to over 80% of premises and LTE infrastructure; operator launched safe cities project to fight crime; government distributed tablets to students to promote e-learning; submarine cable to Ambergris Caye enables FttP service in San Pedro; importer of broadcast equipment from the United States  (2021)" }, "domestic": { "text": "5 per 100 fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity approaching 65 per 100 persons; mobile sector accounting for over 90% of all phone subscriptions (2019)" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/cj.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/cj.json index 50d42bf8..53db675a 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/cj.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/cj.json @@ -343,6 +343,14 @@ "text": "35.9% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.13% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -353,14 +361,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "100% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.13% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "60,000 tons (2014 est.)" @@ -502,14 +502,14 @@ "text": "

With no direct taxation, the islands are a thriving offshore financial center. More than 65,000 companies were registered in the Cayman Islands as of 2017, including more than 280 banks, 700 insurers, and 10,500 mutual funds. A stock exchange was opened in 1997. Nearly 90% of the islands' food and consumer goods must be imported. The Caymanians enjoy a standard of living comparable to that of Switzerland.

Tourism is also a mainstay, accounting for about 70% of GDP and 75% of foreign currency earnings. The tourist industry is aimed at the luxury market and caters mainly to visitors from North America. Total tourist arrivals exceeded 2.1 million in 2016, with more than three-quarters from the US.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { + "text": "$4.78 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$4.591 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$4.61 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$4.409 billion (2017 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2014": { - "text": "$2.507 billion (2014 est.)" } }, "Real GDP growth rate": { @@ -524,14 +524,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2019": { + "text": "$73,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$71,549 (2018 est.)" + "text": "$71,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$69,573 (2017 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2004": { - "text": "$43,800 (2004 est.)" } }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { @@ -650,11 +650,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$421.9 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$4.13 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$47.6 million (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$3.96 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -664,11 +664,11 @@ "text": "recreational boats, gold, broadcasting equipment, sulfates, collector's items (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$787.3 million (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$2.7 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$810.1 million (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$2.52 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/cs.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/cs.json index 7e27a6bf..14ced947 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/cs.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/cs.json @@ -393,20 +393,6 @@ "text": "5.61 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "652 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "240 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "2.302 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "113 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands" }, @@ -430,6 +416,14 @@ "text": "11.4% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "81.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.5% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.82% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -440,14 +434,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "81.4% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.5% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "intermediate (2020)" @@ -469,6 +455,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "1.3% (2014 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "652 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "240 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "2.302 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "113 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -656,14 +656,14 @@ "text": "

Since 2010, Costa Rica has enjoyed strong and stable economic growth - 3.8% in 2017. Exports of bananas, coffee, sugar, and beef are the backbone of its commodity exports. Various industrial and processed agricultural products have broadened exports in recent years, as have high value-added goods, including medical devices. Costa Rica's impressive biodiversity also makes it a key destination for ecotourism.

Foreign investors remain attracted by the country's political stability and relatively high education levels, as well as the incentives offered in the free-trade zones; Costa Rica has attracted one of the highest levels of foreign direct investment per capita in Latin America. The US-Central American-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR), which became effective for Costa Rica in 2009, helped increase foreign direct investment in key sectors of the economy, including insurance and telecommunication. However, poor infrastructure, high energy costs, a complex bureaucracy, weak investor protection, and uncertainty of contract enforcement impede greater investment.

Costa Rica’s economy also faces challenges due to a rising fiscal deficit, rising public debt, and relatively low levels of domestic revenue. Poverty has remained around 20-25% for nearly 20 years, and the government’s strong social safety net has eroded due to increased constraints on its expenditures. Costa Rica’s credit rating was downgraded from stable to negative in 2015 and again in 2017, upping pressure on lending rates - which could hurt small business, on the budget deficit - which could hurt infrastructure development, and on the rate of return on investment - which could soften foreign direct investment (FDI). Unlike the rest of Central America, Costa Rica is not highly dependent on remittances - which represented just 1 % of GDP in 2016, but instead relies on FDI - which accounted for 5.1% of GDP.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$100.25 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$99.146 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$105.02 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$97.122 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$94.605 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$102.79 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -679,14 +679,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$19,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$19,642 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$20,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$19,427 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$19,112 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$20,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -831,11 +831,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$10.81 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$21.2 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$10.15 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$20.53 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -845,11 +845,11 @@ "text": "medical instruments, bananas, tropical fruits, orthopedic appliances, food preparations (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$15.15 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$19.39 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$14.53 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$19.64 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1112,20 +1112,20 @@ "note": "note: Costa Rica's armed forces were constitutionally abolished in 1949" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2020": { + "text": "0.7% of GDP (2020)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2019": { + "text": "0.7% of GDP (2019)" + }, + "Military Expenditures 2018": { + "text": "0.7% of GDP (2018)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2017": { "text": "0.7% of GDP (2017)" }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "0.7% of GDP (2016)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "0.7% of GDP (2015)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2014": { - "text": "0.8% of GDP (2014)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2013": { - "text": "0.8% of GDP (2013)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/cu.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/cu.json index d33641ca..71a63ffa 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/cu.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/cu.json @@ -384,20 +384,6 @@ "text": "9.3 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "1.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "740 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "4.519 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "38.12 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October)" }, @@ -421,6 +407,14 @@ "text": "12.4% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "77.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.06% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -431,14 +425,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "77.3% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "intermediate (2020)" @@ -460,6 +446,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "9.5% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "1.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "740 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "4.519 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "38.12 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -1120,10 +1120,10 @@ "text": "the Cuban military inventory is comprised of ageing Russian and Soviet-era equipment; the last recorded arms delivery to Cuba was by Russia in 2004 (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "17-28 years of age for compulsory military service; 2-year service obligation for males, optional for females (2017)" + "text": "17-28 years of age for compulsory military service; 2-year service obligation for males, optional for females (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the FAR has a large role in the Cuban economy through several military owned and operated conglomerates, including such sectors as banking, hotels, industry, retail, and tourism" + "text": "the FAR has a large role in the Cuban economy through several military owned and operated conglomerates, including such sectors as banking, hotels, industry, retail, and tourism (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/do.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/do.json index 390cc0dc..eb6b6fca 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/do.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/do.json @@ -299,20 +299,6 @@ "text": "0.04 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "19 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "200 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall" }, @@ -336,6 +322,14 @@ "text": "6.1% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "71.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.84% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -346,18 +340,24 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "71.4% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.84% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "13,176 tons (2013 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "19 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "200 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -520,14 +520,14 @@ "text": "The Dominican economy was dependent on agriculture - primarily bananas - in years past, but increasingly has been driven by tourism, as the government seeks to promote Dominica as an \"ecotourism\" destination. However, Hurricane Maria, which passed through the island in September 2017, destroyed much of the country’s agricultural sector and caused damage to all of the country’s transportation and physical infrastructure. Before Hurricane Maria, the government had attempted to foster an offshore financial industry and planned to sign agreements with the private sector to develop geothermal energy resources. At a time when government finances are fragile, the government’s focus has been to get the country back in shape to service cruise ships. The economy contracted in 2015 and recovered to positive growth in 2016 due to a recovery of agriculture and tourism. Dominica suffers from high debt levels, which increased from 67% of GDP in 2010 to 77% in 2016. Dominica is one of five countries in the East Caribbean that have citizenship by investment programs whereby foreigners can obtain passports for a fee and revenue from this contribute to government budgets." }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$710 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$855 million (2019 est.)" + "text": "$850 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$826 million (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$807 million (2017 est.)" + "text": "$830 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -543,14 +543,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$9,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$11,917 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$11,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$11,537 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$11,304 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$11,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -670,8 +670,8 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$28 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$160 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2016": { "text": "$43.7 million (2016 est.)" @@ -684,8 +684,8 @@ "text": "medical instruments, pharmaceuticals, low-voltage protection equipment, tropical fruits, bandages (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$206.6 million (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$430 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2016": { "text": "$188.4 million (2016 est.)" @@ -906,10 +906,10 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces; Commonwealth of Dominica Police Force (includes Coast Guard) (2020)" + "text": "no regular military forces; Commonwealth of Dominica Police Force (includes Coast Guard)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "

Dominica has been a member of the Caribbean Regional Security System (RSS) since its creation in 1982; RSS signatories (Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Grenada, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines) agreed to prepare contingency plans and assist one another, on request, in national emergencies, prevention of smuggling, search and rescue, immigration control, fishery protection, customs and excise control, maritime policing duties, protection of off-shore installations, pollution control, national and other disasters, and threats to national security

" + "text": "Dominica has been a member of the Caribbean Regional Security System (RSS) since its creation in 1982; RSS signatories (Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Grenada, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines) agreed to prepare contingency plans and assist one another, on request, in national emergencies, prevention of smuggling, search and rescue, immigration control, fishery protection, customs and excise control, maritime policing duties, protection of off-shore installations, pollution control, national and other disasters, and threats to national security (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/dr.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/dr.json index 8ce9375b..a1770410 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/dr.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/dr.json @@ -398,20 +398,6 @@ "text": "8.1 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "855 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "659.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "7.563 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "23.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall" }, @@ -435,6 +421,14 @@ "text": "7.7% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "83.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.64% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -445,14 +439,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "83.2% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.64% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -474,6 +460,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "8.2% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "855 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "659.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "7.563 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "23.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -657,14 +657,14 @@ "text": "

The Dominican Republic was for most of its history primarily an exporter of sugar, coffee, and tobacco, but over the last three decades the economy has become more diversified as the service sector has overtaken agriculture as the economy's largest employer, due to growth in construction, tourism, and free trade zones. The mining sector has also played a greater role in the export market since late 2012 with the commencement of the extraction phase of the Pueblo Viejo Gold and Silver mine, one of the largest gold mines in the world.

For the last 20 years, the Dominican Republic has been one of the fastest growing economies in Latin America. The economy rebounded from the global recession in 2010-16, and the fiscal situation is improving. A tax reform package passed in November 2012, a reduction in government spending, and lower energy costs helped to narrow the central government budget deficit from 6.6% of GDP in 2012 to 2.6% in 2016, and public debt is declining. Marked income inequality, high unemployment, and underemployment remain important long-term challenges; the poorest half of the population receives less than one-fifth of GDP, while the richest 10% enjoys nearly 40% of GDP.

The economy is highly dependent upon the US, the destination for approximately half of exports and the source of 40% of imports. Remittances from the US amount to about 7% of GDP, equivalent to about a third of exports and two-thirds of tourism receipts. The Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement came into force in March 2007, boosting investment and manufacturing exports.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$184.45 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$197.735 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$197.74 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$188.225 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$175.94 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$188.23 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -680,14 +680,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$17,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$18,413 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$18,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$17,712 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$16,735 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$17,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -831,11 +831,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$10.12 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$14.44 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$9.86 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$20.51 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$20.05 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -845,11 +848,14 @@ "text": "gold, medical instruments, cigars, low-voltage protection equipment, bananas (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$17.7 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$20.19 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$17.4 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$24.53 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$24.11 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1151,7 +1157,7 @@ "text": "17-21 years of age for voluntary military service; recruits must have completed primary school and be Dominican Republic citizens; women may volunteer (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the military's primary focuses are countering illegal immigration and refugees along its 350km-long border with Haiti and interdicting air and maritime narcotics trafficking, as well as disaster relief" + "text": "the military's primary focuses are countering illegal immigration and refugees along its 350km-long border with Haiti and interdicting air and maritime narcotics trafficking, as well as disaster relief (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/es.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/es.json index eb257c3e..79022bba 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/es.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/es.json @@ -396,20 +396,6 @@ "text": "4.71 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "474 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "213 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1.431 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "26.27 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands" }, @@ -433,6 +419,14 @@ "text": "11.7% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "74.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.6% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -443,14 +437,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "74.1% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -466,6 +452,20 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "1,648,996 tons (2010 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "474 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "213 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.431 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "26.27 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -653,14 +653,14 @@ "text": "

The smallest country in Central America geographically, El Salvador has the fourth largest economy in the region. With the global recession, real GDP contracted in 2009 and economic growth has since remained low, averaging less than 2% from 2010 to 2014, but recovered somewhat in 2015-17 with an average annual growth rate of 2.4%. Remittances accounted for approximately 18% of GDP in 2017 and were received by about a third of all households.

In 2006, El Salvador was the first country to ratify the Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement, which has bolstered the export of processed foods, sugar, and ethanol, and supported investment in the apparel sector amid increased Asian competition. In September 2015, El Salvador kicked off a five-year $277 million second compact with the Millennium Challenge Corporation - a US Government agency aimed at stimulating economic growth and reducing poverty - to improve El Salvador's competitiveness and productivity in international markets.

The Salvadoran Government maintained fiscal discipline during reconstruction and rebuilding following earthquakes in 2001 and hurricanes in 1998 and 2005, but El Salvador's public debt, estimated at 59.3% of GDP in 2017, has been growing over the last several years.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$52.26 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$56.636 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$56.77 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$55.318 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$54.005 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$55.31 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -676,14 +676,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$8,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$8,776 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$8,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$8,616 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$8,454 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$8,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -829,11 +829,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$4.662 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$6.29 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$5.42 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$7.98 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$7.56 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -843,11 +846,14 @@ "text": "textiles and apparel, electrical capacitors, plastic lids, raw sugar, toilet paper (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$9.499 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$10.82 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$8.954 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$12.45 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$12.32 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1136,10 +1142,10 @@ "text": "the FAES is dependent on a mix of mostly older imported platforms, largely from the US; since 2010, the FAES has received small amounts of equipment from Chile, Israel, Spain, and the US (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "170 Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2021)" + "text": "170 Mali (MINUSMA) (Sep 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "18 years of age for selective compulsory military service; 16-22 years of age for voluntary male or female service; service obligation is 12 months, with 11 months for officers and NCOs (2012)" + "text": "18 years of age for selective compulsory military service; 16-22 years of age for voluntary male or female service; service obligation is 12 months, with 11 months for officers and NCOs (2019)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "as of 2021 about half of the Army was reportedly deployed on internal security duties to support the National Police with combating gang violence, organized crime, and narcotics trafficking, as well as assisting with border security" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/gj.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/gj.json index 9f0f3211..51a9eb4f 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/gj.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/gj.json @@ -329,20 +329,6 @@ "text": "2.04 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "12 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "2.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "200 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds" }, @@ -366,6 +352,14 @@ "text": "17.7% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "36.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.86% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -376,18 +370,24 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "36.7% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.86% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "29,536 tons (2012 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "12 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "2.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "200 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -562,14 +562,14 @@ "text": "

Grenada relies on tourism and revenue generated by St. George’s University - a private university offering degrees in medicine, veterinary medicine, public health, the health sciences, nursing, arts and sciences, and business - as its main source of foreign exchange. In the past two years the country expanded its sources of revenue, including from selling passports under its citizenship by investment program. These projects produced a resurgence in the construction and manufacturing sectors of the economy.

In 2017, Grenada experienced its fifth consecutive year of growth and the government successfully marked the completion of its five-year structural adjustment program that included among other things austerity measures, increased tax revenue and debt restructuring. Public debt-to-GDP was reduced from 100% of GDP in 2013 to 71.8% in 2017.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$1.7 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$1.908 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1.91 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$1.872 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$1.798 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1.87 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -585,14 +585,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$15,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$17,039 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$17,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$16,801 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$16,218 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$16,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -719,8 +719,8 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$39.9 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$650 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2016": { "text": "$44.2 million (2016 est.)" @@ -733,8 +733,8 @@ "text": "fish, nutmeg, cocoa beans, fruits, wheat, toilet paper (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$316 million (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$640 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2016": { "text": "$314.7 million (2016 est.)" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/gt.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/gt.json index 58368955..21a6a3a8 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/gt.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/gt.json @@ -396,20 +396,6 @@ "text": "10.7 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "835 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "603.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1.886 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "127.91 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands" }, @@ -433,6 +419,14 @@ "text": "25.2% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "52.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.59% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.78% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -443,14 +437,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "52.2% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.59% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -466,6 +452,20 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "2,756,741 tons (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "835 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "603.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.886 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "127.91 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -654,14 +654,14 @@ "text": "

Guatemala is the most populous country in Central America with a GDP per capita roughly half the average for Latin America and the Caribbean. The agricultural sector accounts for 13.5% of GDP and 31% of the labor force; key agricultural exports include sugar, coffee, bananas, and vegetables. Guatemala is the top remittance recipient in Central America as a result of Guatemala's large expatriate community in the US. These inflows are a primary source of foreign income, equivalent to two-thirds of the country's exports and about a tenth of its GDP.

The 1996 peace accords, which ended 36 years of civil war, removed a major obstacle to foreign investment, and Guatemala has since pursued important reforms and macroeconomic stabilization. The Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) entered into force in July 2006, spurring increased investment and diversification of exports, with the largest increases in ethanol and non-traditional agricultural exports. While CAFTA-DR has helped improve the investment climate, concerns over security, the lack of skilled workers, and poor infrastructure continue to hamper foreign direct investment.

The distribution of income remains highly unequal with the richest 20% of the population accounting for more than 51% of Guatemala's overall consumption. More than half of the population is below the national poverty line, and 23% of the population lives in extreme poverty. Poverty among indigenous groups, which make up more than 40% of the population, averages 79%, with 40% of the indigenous population living in extreme poverty. Nearly one-half of Guatemala's children under age five are chronically malnourished, one of the highest malnutrition rates in the world.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$141.5 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$143.416 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$143.68 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$138.106 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$133.804 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$138.33 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -677,14 +677,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$8,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$8,637 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$8,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$8,448 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$8,317 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$8,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -828,11 +828,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$11.12 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$13.12 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$10.58 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$13.6 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$13.35 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -842,11 +845,14 @@ "text": "bananas, raw sugar, coffee, cardamom, palm oil (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$17.11 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$19.3 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$15.77 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$21.52 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$21.17 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1151,7 +1157,7 @@ "text": "the Guatemalan military inventory is small and mostly comprised of older US equipment; since 2010, Guatemala has received small amounts of equipment from Canada, Colombia, Spain, Taiwan, and the US (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "150 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) (Jan 2021)" + "text": "150 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) (Sep 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "all male citizens between the ages of 18 and 50 are eligible for military service; in practice, most of the force is volunteer, however, a selective draft system is employed, resulting in a small portion of 17-21 year-olds conscripted; conscript service obligation varies from 1 to 2 years; women can serve as officers (2019)" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/ha.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/ha.json index 990fad15..6263c855 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/ha.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/ha.json @@ -376,20 +376,6 @@ "text": "6.12 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "190 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "51 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1.209 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "14.022 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds" }, @@ -413,6 +399,14 @@ "text": "30% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "58% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.47% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.68% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -423,14 +417,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "58% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.47% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -451,6 +437,20 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "2,309,852 tons (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "190 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "51 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.209 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "14.022 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -638,14 +638,14 @@ "text": "

Haiti is a free market economy with low labor costs and tariff-free access to the US for many of its exports. Two-fifths of all Haitians depend on the agricultural sector, mainly small-scale subsistence farming, which remains vulnerable to damage from frequent natural disasters. Poverty, corruption, vulnerability to natural disasters, and low levels of education for much of the population represent some of the most serious impediments to Haiti’s economic growth. Remittances are the primary source of foreign exchange, equivalent to more than a quarter of GDP, and nearly double the combined value of Haitian exports and foreign direct investment.

Currently the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, with close to 60% of the population living under the national poverty line, Haiti’s GDP growth rose to 5.5% in 2011 as the Haitian economy began recovering from the devastating January 2010 earthquake that destroyed much of its capital city, Port-au-Prince, and neighboring areas. However, growth slowed to below 2% in 2015 and 2016 as political uncertainty, drought conditions, decreasing foreign aid, and the depreciation of the national currency took a toll on investment and economic growth. Hurricane Matthew, the fiercest Caribbean storm in nearly a decade, made landfall in Haiti on 4 October 2016, with 140 mile-per-hour winds, creating a new humanitarian emergency. An estimated 2.1 million people were affected by the category 4 storm, which caused extensive damage to crops, houses, livestock, and infrastructure across Haiti’s southern peninsula.

US economic engagement under the Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act (CBTPA) and the 2008 Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through Partnership Encouragement Act (HOPE II) have contributed to an increase in apparel exports and investment by providing duty-free access to the US. The Haiti Economic Lift Program (HELP) Act of 2010 extended the CBTPA and HOPE II until 2020, while the Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015 extended trade benefits provided to Haiti in the HOPE and HELP Acts through September 2025. Apparel sector exports in 2016 reached approximately $850 million and account for over 90% of Haitian exports and more than 10% of the GDP.

Investment in Haiti is hampered by the difficulty of doing business and weak infrastructure, including access to electricity. Haiti's outstanding external debt was cancelled by donor countries following the 2010 earthquake, but has since risen to $2.6 billion as of December 2017, the majority of which is owed to Venezuela under the PetroCaribe program. Although the government has increased its revenue collection, it continues to rely on formal international economic assistance for fiscal sustainability, with over 20% of its annual budget coming from foreign aid or direct budget support.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$31.62 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$32.724 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$32.72 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$33.284 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$32.738 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$33.28 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -661,14 +661,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$2,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$2,905 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$2,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$2,992 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$2,981 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$3,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -798,11 +798,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$980.2 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$1.73 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$995 million (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$1.78 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -812,11 +812,11 @@ "text": "clothing and apparel, eels, essential oils, perfumes, mangoes, cocoa beans (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$3.618 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$5.21 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$3.183 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$5.67 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1059,7 +1059,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "the Haitian Armed Forces (FAdH), disbanded in 1995, began to be reconstituted in 2017 to assist with natural disaster relief, border security, and combating transnational crime; it established an Army command in 2018; the small Coast Guard is not part of the military, but rather the Haitian National Police (2020)" + "text": "the Haitian Armed Forces (FAdH), disbanded in 1995, began to be reconstituted in 2017 to assist with natural disaster relief, border security, and combating transnational crime; it established an Army command in 2018; the small Coast Guard is not part of the military, but rather the Haitian National Police (2021)" }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { "text": "the FAdH has approximately 500 troops (the force is planned to eventually have around 5,000 personnel); approximately 16,000 National Police (2021)" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/ho.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/ho.json index 922b47a6..74862313 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/ho.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/ho.json @@ -400,20 +400,6 @@ "text": "7.72 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "315 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "114 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1.178 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "92.164 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains" }, @@ -437,6 +423,14 @@ "text": "25.9% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "59% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.48% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.91% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -447,14 +441,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "59% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.48% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -470,6 +456,20 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "2,162,028 tons (2016 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "315 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "114 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.178 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "92.164 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -657,14 +657,14 @@ "text": "

Honduras, the second poorest country in Central America, suffers from extraordinarily unequal distribution of income, as well as high underemployment. While historically dependent on the export of bananas and coffee, Honduras has diversified its export base to include apparel and automobile wire harnessing.

Honduras’s economy depends heavily on US trade and remittances. The US-Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement came into force in 2006 and has helped foster foreign direct investment, but physical and political insecurity, as well as crime and perceptions of corruption, may deter potential investors; about 15% of foreign direct investment is from US firms.

The economy registered modest economic growth of 3.1%-4.0% from 2010 to 2017, insufficient to improve living standards for the nearly 65% of the population in poverty. In 2017, Honduras faced rising public debt, but its economy has performed better than expected due to low oil prices and improved investor confidence. Honduras signed a three-year standby arrangement with the IMF in December 2014, aimed at easing Honduras’s poor fiscal position.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$50.89 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$55.825 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$55.91 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$54.382 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$52.444 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$54.46 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -680,14 +680,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$5,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$5,728 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$5,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$5,672 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$5,562 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$5,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -829,11 +829,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$8.675 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$7.16 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$7.841 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$7.14 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -843,11 +843,11 @@ "text": "clothing and apparel, coffee, insulated wiring, bananas, palm oil (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$11.32 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$11.5 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$10.56 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$11.78 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/jm.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/jm.json index e9f7ca6e..6e2a5b45 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/jm.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/jm.json @@ -378,20 +378,6 @@ "text": "1.08 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "140 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "1.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "114 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "10.823 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior" }, @@ -415,6 +401,14 @@ "text": "27.5% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "56.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.79% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.15% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -425,18 +419,24 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "56.7% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.79% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "1,051,695 tons (2016 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "140 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "114 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "10.823 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -615,14 +615,14 @@ "text": "

The Jamaican economy is heavily dependent on services, which accounts for more than 70% of GDP. The country derives most of its foreign exchange from tourism, remittances, and bauxite/alumina. Earnings from remittances and tourism each account for 14% and 20% of GDP, while bauxite/alumina exports have declined to less than 5% of GDP.

Jamaica's economy has grown on average less than 1% a year for the last three decades and many impediments remain to growth: a bloated public sector which crowds out spending on important projects; high crime and corruption; red-tape; and a high debt-to-GDP ratio. Jamaica, however, has made steady progress in reducing its debt-to-GDP ratio from a high of almost 150% in 2012 to less than 110% in 2017, in close collaboration with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The current IMF Stand-By Agreement requires Jamaica to produce an annual primary surplus of 7%, in an attempt to reduce its debt burden below 60% by 2025.

Economic growth reached 1.6% in 2016, but declined to 0.9% in 2017 after intense rainfall, demonstrating the vulnerability of the economy to weather-related events. The HOLNESS administration therefore faces the difficult prospect of maintaining fiscal discipline to reduce the debt load while simultaneously implementing growth inducing policies and attacking a serious crime problem. High unemployment exacerbates the crime problem, including gang violence fueled by advanced fee fraud (lottery scamming) and the drug trade.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$25.89 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$28.779 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$28.83 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$28.579 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$28.035 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$28.57 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -638,14 +638,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$8,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$9,762 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$9,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$9,738 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$9,598 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$9,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -789,11 +789,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$5.114 billion (2018 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$5.92 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$4.747 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$5.79 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -803,11 +803,11 @@ "text": "bauxite, refined petroleum, aluminum, rum, fruits, nuts (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$7.314 billion (2018 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$8.25 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$6.924 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$7.89 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/nn.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/nn.json index 08cc0760..e9610296 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/nn.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/nn.json @@ -417,9 +417,6 @@ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$1.538 billion (2017 est.)" }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2014": { - "text": "$365.8 million (2014 est.)" - }, "note": "note: data are in 2014 US dollars" }, "Real GDP growth rate": { @@ -440,9 +437,6 @@ "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$37,914 (2017 est.)" }, - "Real GDP per capita 2014": { - "text": "$66,800 (2014 est.)" - }, "note": "note: data are in 2015 US dollars" }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { @@ -495,9 +489,25 @@ "text": "10.6% (2008 est.)" } }, + "Exports": { + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$1.09 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$800 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" + } + }, "Exports - commodities": { "text": "sugar" }, + "Imports": { + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$1.23 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$1.22 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" + } + }, "Exchange rates": { "currency": { "text": "Netherlands Antillean guilders (ANG) per US dollar -" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/nu.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/nu.json index 0dbb7875..12f3af24 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/nu.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/nu.json @@ -385,20 +385,6 @@ "text": "6.46 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "286 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "73.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1.185 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "164.52 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands" }, @@ -422,6 +408,14 @@ "text": "32.5% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "59.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "1.26% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -432,14 +426,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "59.3% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -455,6 +441,20 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "1,528,816 tons (2010 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "286 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "73.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.185 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "164.52 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -636,14 +636,14 @@ "text": "

Nicaragua, the poorest country in Central America and the second poorest in the Western Hemisphere, has widespread underemployment and poverty. GDP growth of 4.5% in 2017 was insufficient to make a significant difference. Textiles and agriculture combined account for nearly 50% of Nicaragua's exports. Beef, coffee, and gold are Nicaragua’s top three export commodities.

The Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement has been in effect since April 2006 and has expanded export opportunities for many Nicaraguan agricultural and manufactured goods.

In 2013, the government granted a 50-year concession with the option for an additional 50 years to a newly formed Chinese-run company to finance and build an inter-oceanic canal and related projects, at an estimated cost of $50 billion. The canal construction has not started.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$34.98 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$35.392 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$35.68 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$36.82 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$38.334 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$37.05 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -659,14 +659,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$5,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$5,407 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$5,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$5,695 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$6,004 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$5,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -812,11 +812,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$3.819 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$5.34 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$3.772 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$5.71 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$5.56 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -826,11 +829,14 @@ "text": "clothing and apparel, gold, insulated wiring, coffee, beef (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$6.613 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$5.94 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$6.384 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$6.25 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$6.75 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/pm.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/pm.json index b57468d2..617687dd 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/pm.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/pm.json @@ -394,20 +394,6 @@ "text": "5.97 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "759.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "6.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "446.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "139.304 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May)" }, @@ -431,6 +417,14 @@ "text": "25.9% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "68.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.92% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.08% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -441,14 +435,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "68.8% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.92% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "intermediate (2020)" @@ -464,6 +450,20 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "1,472,262 tons (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "759.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "6.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "446.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "139.304 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -647,14 +647,14 @@ "text": "

Panama's dollar-based economy rests primarily on a well-developed services sector that accounts for more than three-quarters of GDP. Services include operating the Panama Canal, logistics, banking, the Colon Free Trade Zone, insurance, container ports, flagship registry, and tourism and Panama is a center for offshore banking. Panama's transportation and logistics services sectors, along with infrastructure development projects, have boosted economic growth; however, public debt surpassed $37 billion in 2016 because of excessive government spending and public works projects. The US-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement was approved by Congress and signed into law in October 2011, and entered into force in October 2012.

Future growth will be bolstered by the Panama Canal expansion project that began in 2007 and was completed in 2016 at a cost of $5.3 billion - about 10-15% of current GDP. The expansion project more than doubled the Canal's capacity, enabling it to accommodate high-capacity vessels such as tankers and neopanamax vessels that are too large to traverse the existing canal. The US and China are the top users of the Canal.

Strong economic performance has not translated into broadly shared prosperity, as Panama has the second worst income distribution in Latin America. About one-fourth of the population lives in poverty; however, from 2006 to 2012 poverty was reduced by 10 percentage points.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$109.52 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$133.587 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$133.47 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$129.688 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$125.07 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$129.54 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -670,14 +670,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$25,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$31,459 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$31,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$31,049 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$30,455 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$31,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -819,11 +819,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$25.94 billion (2018 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$20.18 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$24.7 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$28.58 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$28.55 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: includes the Colon Free Zone" }, @@ -834,11 +837,14 @@ "text": "refined petroleum, copper, bananas, ships, coal tar oil, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$28.978 billion (2018 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$17.41 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$28.175 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$27.38 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$28.9 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: includes the Colon Free Zone" }, diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/rq.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/rq.json index 6cbea9d7..ea7974ab 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/rq.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/rq.json @@ -324,20 +324,6 @@ "Environment - current issues": { "text": "soil erosion; occasional droughts cause water shortages; industrial pollution" }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "796 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "2.365 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "113.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "7.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation" }, @@ -361,6 +347,14 @@ "text": "14.8% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "93.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "-0.12% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -371,14 +365,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "93.6% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-0.12% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "4,170,953 tons (2015 est.)" @@ -389,6 +375,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "14% (2013 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "796 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "2.365 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "113.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "7.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -529,14 +529,14 @@ "text": "

Puerto Rico had one of the most dynamic economies in the Caribbean region until 2006; however, growth has been negative for each of the last 11 years. The downturn coincided with the phaseout of tax preferences that had led US firms to invest heavily in the Commonwealth since the 1950s, and a steep rise in the price of oil, which generates most of the island's electricity.

Diminished job opportunities prompted a sharp rise in outmigration, as many Puerto Ricans sought jobs on the US mainland. Unemployment reached 16% in 2011, but declined to 11.5% in December 2017. US minimum wage laws apply in Puerto Rico, hampering job expansion. Per capita income is about two-thirds that of the US mainland.

The industrial sector greatly exceeds agriculture as the locus of economic activity and income. Tourism has traditionally been an important source of income with estimated arrivals of more than 3.6 million tourists in 2008. Puerto Rico's merchandise trade surplus is exceptionally strong, with exports nearly 50% greater than imports, and its current account surplus about 10% of GDP.

Closing the budget deficit while restoring economic growth and employment remain the central concerns of the government. The gap between revenues and expenditures amounted to 0.6% of GDP in 2016, although analysts believe that not all expenditures have been accounted for in the budget and a better accounting of costs would yield an overall deficit of roughly 5% of GDP. Public debt remained steady at 92.5% of GDP in 2017, about $17,000 per person, or nearly three times the per capita debt of the State of Connecticut, the highest in the US. Much of that debt was issued by state-run schools and public corporations, including water and electric utilities. In June 2015, Governor Alejandro GARCIA Padilla announced that the island could not pay back at least $73 billion in debt and that it would seek a deal with its creditors.

Hurricane Maria hit Puerto Rico square on in September 2017, causing electrical power outages to 90% of the territory, as well as extensive loss of housing and infrastructure and contamination of potable water. Despite massive efforts, more than 40% of the territory remained without electricity as of yearend 2017. As a result of the destruction, many Puerto Ricans have emigrated to the US mainland.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$106.82 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$110.238 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$111.16 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$108.944 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$114.269 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$109.53 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -552,14 +552,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$33,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$34,518 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$34,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$34,116 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$34,364 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$34,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/sc.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/sc.json index 9d504842..23a47468 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/sc.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/sc.json @@ -342,20 +342,6 @@ "text": "0.1 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "15.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "200,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "24 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical, tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)" }, @@ -379,6 +365,14 @@ "text": "34.6% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "30.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.06% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -389,18 +383,24 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "30.9% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.06% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "32,892 tons (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "15.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "200,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "24 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -561,14 +561,14 @@ "text": "

The economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis depends on tourism; since the 1970s, tourism has replaced sugar as the economy’s traditional mainstay. Roughly 200,000 tourists visited the islands in 2009, but reduced tourism arrivals and foreign investment led to an economic contraction in the 2009-2013 period, and the economy returned to growth only in 2014. Like other tourist destinations in the Caribbean, Saint Kitts and Nevis is vulnerable to damage from natural disasters and shifts in tourism demand.

Following the 2005 harvest, the government closed the sugar industry after several decades of losses. To compensate for lost jobs, the government has embarked on a program to diversify the agricultural sector and to stimulate other sectors of the economy, such as export-oriented manufacturing and offshore banking. The government has made notable progress in reducing its public debt, from 154% of GDP in 2011 to 83% in 2013, although it still faces one of the highest levels in the world, largely attributable to public enterprise losses. Saint Kitts and Nevis is among other countries in the Caribbean that supplement their economic activity through economic citizenship programs, whereby foreigners can obtain citizenship from Saint Kitts and Nevis by investing there.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$1.24 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$1.396 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1.39 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$1.358 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$1.319 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1.36 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -584,14 +584,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$23,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$26,438 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$26,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$25,902 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$25,360 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$25,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -699,8 +699,8 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$57.4 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$610 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2016": { "text": "$53.9 million (2016 est.)" @@ -713,8 +713,8 @@ "text": "low-voltage protection equipment, broadcasting equipment, measuring instruments, electric motor parts, electrical transformers (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$335.3 million (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$590 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2016": { "text": "$307.9 million (2016 est.)" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/st.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/st.json index 2480a3ff..74e53df3 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/st.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/st.json @@ -356,20 +356,6 @@ "text": "0.27 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "12.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "30.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "300 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season January to April, rainy season May to August" }, @@ -393,6 +379,14 @@ "text": "5.6% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "18.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.98% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -403,18 +397,24 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "18.9% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.98% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "77,616 tons (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "12.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "30.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "300 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -503,13 +503,13 @@ }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { - "text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:
Senate (11 seats; 6 members appointed on the advice of the prime minister, 3 on the advice of the leader of the opposition, and 2 upon consultation with religious, economic, and social groups; members serve 5-year terms)
House of Assembly (17 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)" + "text": "bicameral Houses of Parliament consists of:
Senate (11 seats; all members appointed by the governor general; 6 on the advice of the prime minister, 3 on the advice of the leader of the opposition, and 2 upon consultation with religious, economic, and social groups; members serve 5-year terms)
House of Assembly (18 seats; 17 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and the speaker, designated from outside the Parliament; members serve 5-year terms)" }, "elections": { - "text": "Senate - last appointments on 12 July 2016 (next in 2021)
House of Assembly - last held on 26 July 2021 (next to be held in 2026)" + "text": "Senate - last appointments on 17 August 2021 (next in 2026)
House of Assembly - last held on 26 July 2021 (next to be held in 2026)" }, "election results": { - "text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 8, women 3, percent of women 27.3%
House of Assembly - percent of vote by party - SLP 50.1%, UWP 42.9%, independent 6.6%; seats by party - SLP 13, UWP 2, independent 2; composition - NA, percent of women NA; note - total Parliament percent of women NA" + "text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 6, women 5, percent of women 45.5%
House of Assembly - percent of vote by party - SLP 50.1%, UWP 42.9%, other o.3%, independent 6.6%; seats by party - SLP 13, UWP 2, independent 2; composition (including the speaker) - men 16, women 2, percent of women 11.1%; note - total Parliament percent of women 24.1%" } }, "Judicial branch": { @@ -575,14 +575,14 @@ "text": "

The island nation has been able to attract foreign business and investment, especially in its offshore banking and tourism industries. Tourism is Saint Lucia's main source of jobs and income - accounting for 65% of GDP - and the island's main source of foreign exchange earnings. The manufacturing sector is the most diverse in the Eastern Caribbean area. Crops such as bananas, mangos, and avocados continue to be grown for export, but St. Lucia's once solid banana industry has been devastated by strong competition.

Saint Lucia is vulnerable to a variety of external shocks, including volatile tourism receipts, natural disasters, and dependence on foreign oil. Furthermore, high public debt - 77% of GDP in 2012 - and high debt servicing obligations constrain the CHASTANET administration's ability to respond to adverse external shocks.

St. Lucia has experienced anemic growth since the onset of the global financial crisis in 2008, largely because of a slowdown in tourism - airlines cut back on their routes to St. Lucia in 2012. Also, St. Lucia introduced a value added tax in 2012 of 15%, becoming the last country in the Eastern Caribbean to do so. In 2013, the government introduced a National Competitiveness and Productivity Council to address St. Lucia's high public wages and lack of productivity.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$2.25 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$2.823 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$2.82 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$2.775 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$2.704 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$2.78 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -598,14 +598,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$12,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$15,449 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$15,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$15,261 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$14,946 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$15,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -729,8 +729,8 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$185.1 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$1.22 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2016": { "text": "$188.2 million (2016 est.)" @@ -743,8 +743,8 @@ "text": "crude petroleum, beer, jewelry, bananas, refined petroleum, rum (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$600 million (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$1 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2016": { "text": "$575.9 million (2016 est.)" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/td.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/td.json index f2b25c49..0f921c7e 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/td.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/td.json @@ -342,20 +342,6 @@ "text": "1.35 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "237.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "128.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "16.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "3.84 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; rainy season (June to December)" }, @@ -379,6 +365,14 @@ "text": "45.4% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "53.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.05% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -389,18 +383,24 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "53.3% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "727,874 tons (2010 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "237.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "128.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "16.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "3.84 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -579,14 +579,14 @@ "text": "

Trinidad and Tobago relies on its energy sector for much of its economic activity, and has one of the highest per capita incomes in Latin America. Economic growth between 2000 and 2007 averaged slightly over 8% per year, significantly above the regional average of about 3.7% for that same period; however, GDP has slowed down since then, contracting during 2009-12, making small gains in 2013 and contracting again in 2014-17. Trinidad and Tobago is buffered by considerable foreign reserves and a sovereign wealth fund that equals about one-and-a-half times the national budget, but the country is still in a recession and the government faces the dual challenge of gas shortages and a low price environment. Large-scale energy projects in the last quarter of 2017 are helping to mitigate the gas shortages.

Energy production and downstream industrial use dominate the economy. Oil and gas typically account for about 40% of GDP and 80% of exports but less than 5% of employment. Trinidad and Tobago is home to one of the largest natural gas liquefaction facilities in the Western Hemisphere. The country produces about nine times more natural gas than crude oil on an energy equivalent basis with gas contributing about two-thirds of energy sector government revenue. The US is the country’s largest trading partner, accounting for 28% of its total imports and 48% of its exports.

Economic diversification is a longstanding government talking point, and Trinidad and Tobago has much potential due to its stable, democratic government and its educated, English speaking workforce. The country is also a regional financial center with a well-regulated and stable financial system. Other sectors the Government of Trinidad and Tobago has targeted for increased investment and projected growth include tourism, agriculture, information and communications technology, and shipping. Unfortunately, a host of other factors, including low labor productivity, inefficient government bureaucracy, and corruption, have hampered economic development.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$33.21 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$36.514 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$36.03 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$36.515 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$36.605 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$36.48 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -602,14 +602,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$23,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$26,176 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$25,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$26,273 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$26,448 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$26,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -739,11 +739,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$9.927 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$9.57 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$8.714 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$11.57 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -753,11 +753,11 @@ "text": "natural gas, industrial alcohols, crude petroleum, ammonia, iron products, refined petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$6.105 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$7.93 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$6.858 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$9.16 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/tk.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/tk.json index c0176e7b..ff5f111b 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/tk.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/tk.json @@ -315,6 +315,14 @@ "text": "62.7% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "93.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.46% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -324,14 +332,6 @@ "coal revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } - }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "93.8% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.46% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } } }, "Government": { @@ -466,14 +466,14 @@ "text": "The Turks and Caicos economy is based on tourism, offshore financial services, and fishing. Most capital goods and food for domestic consumption are imported. The US is the leading source of tourists, accounting for more than three-quarters of the more than 1 million visitors that arrive annually. Three-quarters of the visitors come by ship. Major sources of government revenue also include fees from offshore financial activities and customs receipts." }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$820 million note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$1.117 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1.12 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$1.06 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$1.004 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1.06 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Real GDP growth rate": { @@ -488,14 +488,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$21,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$29,253 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$29,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$28,162 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$27,061 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$28,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { @@ -583,8 +583,8 @@ "text": "calendar year" }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2008": { - "text": "$24.77 million (2008 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$830 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -594,8 +594,8 @@ "text": "plastic building materials, stone processing machinery, iron structures, crustaceans, integrated circuits (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2008": { - "text": "$591.3 million (2008 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$540 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/uc.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/uc.json index c92bdd77..88931b2d 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/uc.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/uc.json @@ -290,9 +290,6 @@ "text": "5.39 megatons (2016 est.)" } }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "NA" - }, "Climate": { "text": "

tropical marine climate, ameliorated by northeast trade winds, results in mild temperatures; semiarid with average rainfall of 60 cm/year

" }, @@ -307,6 +304,14 @@ "text": "90% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "89.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.57% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -317,14 +322,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "89.1% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.57% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "24,704 tons (2013 est.)" @@ -335,6 +332,9 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "2% (2013 est.)" } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "NA" } }, "Government": { @@ -489,10 +489,10 @@ }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$3.856 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$3.86 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$3.992 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$3.99 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$4.08 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -512,10 +512,10 @@ }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$24,479 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$24,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$24,982 (2018 est.)" + "text": "$25,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$25,475 (2017 est.)" @@ -617,11 +617,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$839.7 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$1.77 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2010": { - "text": "$1.44 billion (2010 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$1.93 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -631,11 +631,11 @@ "text": "gold, precious metal scraps, petroleum coke, frozen fish, coal tar oil (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$540.3 billion (2018 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$2.33 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$453.8 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$2.75 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -834,9 +834,6 @@ "Military and security forces": { "text": "no regular military forces; Curaçao Militia (CURMIL) (2021)" }, - "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "no conscription (2010)" - }, "Military - note": { "text": "defense is the responsibility of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; the Dutch Government controls foreign and defense policy; the Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard (DCCG) provides maritime security" } diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/vc.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/vc.json index 76d0c869..733a8b2d 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/vc.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/vc.json @@ -321,20 +321,6 @@ "text": "0.09 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "8.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "2,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "100 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)" }, @@ -358,6 +344,14 @@ "text": "5.7% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "53.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.94% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -368,18 +362,24 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "53.5% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.94% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "31,561 tons (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "8.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "2,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "100 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -539,14 +539,14 @@ "text": "

Success of the economy hinges upon seasonal variations in agriculture, tourism, and construction activity, as well as remittances. Much of the workforce is employed in banana production and tourism. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is home to a small offshore banking sector and continues to fully adopt international regulatory standards.

This lower-middle-income country remains vulnerable to natural and external shocks. The economy has shown some signs of recovery due to increased tourist arrivals, falling oil prices and renewed growth in the construction sector. The much anticipated international airport opened in early 2017 with hopes for increased airlift and tourism activity. The government's ability to invest in social programs and respond to external shocks is constrained by its high public debt burden, which was 67% of GDP at the end of 2013.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$1.34 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$1.38 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1.38 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$1.373 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$1.344 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1.37 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -562,14 +562,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$12,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$12,485 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$12,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$12,466 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$12,245 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$12,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -693,8 +693,8 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$48.6 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$320 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2016": { "text": "$47.3 million (2016 est.)" @@ -707,8 +707,8 @@ "text": "natural gas, drilling platforms and ships, recreational boats, collector's items, eddoes and dasheen (taro), arrowroot starch (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$295.9 million (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$450 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2016": { "text": "$294.6 million (2016 est.)" diff --git a/central-america-n-caribbean/vq.json b/central-america-n-caribbean/vq.json index e37f8baa..0d97e403 100644 --- a/central-america-n-caribbean/vq.json +++ b/central-america-n-caribbean/vq.json @@ -297,11 +297,6 @@ "text": "31.1% (2018 est.)" } }, - "Revenue from forest resources": { - "forest revenues": { - "text": "0% of GDP (2017 est.)" - } - }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "96% of total population (2021)" @@ -310,6 +305,11 @@ "text": "-0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2017 est.)" + } + }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "146,500 tons (2012 est.)" diff --git a/central-asia/kg.json b/central-asia/kg.json index c6e8e54b..1195dac6 100644 --- a/central-asia/kg.json +++ b/central-asia/kg.json @@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "10,233 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), (Aral Sea basin) Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the vast majority of Kyrgyzstanis live in rural areas; densest population settlement is to the north in and around the capital, Bishkek, followed by Osh in the west; the least densely populated area is the east, southeast in the Tien Shan mountains" }, @@ -93,9 +96,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; entirely mountainous, dominated by the Tien Shan range; 94% of the country is 1,000 m above sea level with an average elevation of 2,750 m; many tall peaks, glaciers, and high-altitude lakes" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Aral Sea drainage (endorheic basin): Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)
Tarim Basin drainage (endorheic basin): Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -376,20 +376,6 @@ "text": "4.47 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "224 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "336 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "7.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "23.618 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan Mountains; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone" }, @@ -413,6 +399,14 @@ "text": "39.5% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "37.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -423,21 +417,27 @@ "text": "0.21% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "37.1% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "1,113,300 tons (2015 est.)" } }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Aral Sea drainage (endorheic basin): Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)
Tarim Basin drainage (endorheic basin): Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km)" + "text": "Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), (Aral Sea basin) Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "224 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "336 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "7.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "23.618 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -625,14 +625,14 @@ "text": "

Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked, mountainous, lower middle income country with an economy dominated by minerals extraction, agriculture, and reliance on remittances from citizens working abroad. Cotton, wool, and meat are the main agricultural products, although only cotton is exported in any quantity. Other exports include gold, mercury, uranium, natural gas, and - in some years - electricity. The country has sought to attract foreign investment to expand its export base, including construction of hydroelectric dams, but a difficult investment climate and an ongoing legal battle with a Canadian firm over the joint ownership structure of the nation’s largest gold mine deter potential investors. Remittances from Kyrgyz migrant workers, predominantly in Russia and Kazakhstan, are equivalent to more than one-quarter of Kyrgyzstan’s GDP.

Following independence, Kyrgyzstan rapidly implemented market reforms, such as improving the regulatory system and instituting land reform. In 1998, Kyrgyzstan was the first Commonwealth of Independent States country to be accepted into the World Trade Organization. The government has privatized much of its ownership shares in public enterprises. Despite these reforms, the country suffered a severe drop in production in the early 1990s and has again faced slow growth in recent years as the global financial crisis and declining oil prices have dampened economies across Central Asia. The Kyrgyz government remains dependent on foreign donor support to finance its annual budget deficit of approximately 3 to 5% of GDP.

Kyrgyz leaders hope the country’s August 2015 accession to the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) will bolster trade and investment, but slowing economies in Russia and China and low commodity prices continue to hamper economic growth. Large-scale trade and investment pledged by Kyrgyz leaders has been slow to develop. Many Kyrgyz entrepreneurs and politicians complain that non-tariff measures imposed by other EAEU member states are hurting certain sectors of the Kyrgyz economy, such as meat and dairy production, in which they have comparative advantage. Since acceding to the EAEU, the Kyrgyz Republic has continued harmonizing its laws and regulations to meet EAEU standards, though many local entrepreneurs believe this process as disjointed and incomplete. Kyrgyzstan’s economic development continues to be hampered by corruption, lack of administrative transparency, lack of diversity in domestic industries, and difficulty attracting foreign aid and investment.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$31.02 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$33.918 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$33.95 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$32.455 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$31.28 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$32.46 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -648,14 +648,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$4,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$5,253 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$5,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$5,133 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$5,047 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$5,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -797,10 +797,10 @@ }, "Exports": { "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$2.742 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$3.11 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$2.288 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$2.73 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2017": { "text": "$2.352 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -814,10 +814,10 @@ }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$5.477 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$5.67 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$5.32 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$5.86 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2017": { "text": "$4.953 billion (2017 est.)" diff --git a/central-asia/kz.json b/central-asia/kz.json index 82190201..01d0f3ac 100644 --- a/central-asia/kz.json +++ b/central-asia/kz.json @@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "20,660 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km), Lake Balkash (510,015 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "most of the country displays a low population density, particularly the interior; population clusters appear in urban agglomerations in the far northern and southern portions of the country" }, @@ -93,9 +96,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "world's largest landlocked country and one of only two landlocked countries in the world that extends into two continents (the other is Azerbaijan); Russia leases approximately 6,000 sq km of territory enclosing the Baikonur Cosmodrome; in January 2004, Kazakhstan and Russia extended the lease to 2050" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Aral Sea drainage (endorheic basin): Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)
Lake Balkash drainage (endorheic basin): Lake Balkash (510,015 sq km)
Tarim Basin drainage (endorheic basin): Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -377,20 +377,6 @@ "text": "45.03 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "2.347 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "6.984 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "15.12 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "108.41 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid" }, @@ -414,6 +400,14 @@ "text": "21.4% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "57.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -424,14 +418,6 @@ "text": "0.99% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "57.8% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "4,659,740 tons (2012 est.)" @@ -444,7 +430,21 @@ } }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Aral Sea drainage (endorheic basin): Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)
Lake Balkash drainage (endorheic basin): Lake Balkash (510,015 sq km)
Tarim Basin drainage (endorheic basin): Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km)" + "text": "Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km), Lake Balkash (510,015 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "2.347 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "6.984 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "15.12 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "108.41 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -638,14 +638,14 @@ "text": "

Kazakhstan's vast hydrocarbon and mineral reserves form the backbone of its economy. Geographically the largest of the former Soviet republics, excluding Russia, Kazakhstan, g possesses substantial fossil fuel reserves and other minerals and metals, such as uranium, copper, and zinc. It also has a large agricultural sector featuring livestock and grain. The government realizes that its economy suffers from an overreliance on oil and extractive industries and has made initial attempts to diversify its economy by targeting sectors like transport, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications, petrochemicals and food processing for greater development and investment. It also adopted a Subsoil Code in December 2017 with the aim of increasing exploration and investment in the hydrocarbon, and particularly mining, sectors.

Kazakhstan's oil production and potential is expanding rapidly. A $36.8 billion expansion of Kazakhstan’s premiere Tengiz oil field by Chevron-led Tengizchevroil should be complete in 2022. Meanwhile, the super-giant Kashagan field finally launched production in October 2016 after years of delay and an estimated $55 billion in development costs. Kazakhstan’s total oil production in 2017 climbed 10.5%.

Kazakhstan is landlocked and depends on Russia to export its oil to Europe. It also exports oil directly to China. In 2010, Kazakhstan joined Russia and Belarus to establish a Customs Union in an effort to boost foreign investment and improve trade. The Customs Union evolved into a Single Economic Space in 2012 and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in January 2015. Supported by rising commodity prices, Kazakhstan’s exports to EAEU countries increased 30.2% in 2017. Imports from EAEU countries grew by 24.1%.

The economic downturn of its EAEU partner, Russia, and the decline in global commodity prices from 2014 to 2016 contributed to an economic slowdown in Kazakhstan. In 2014, Kazakhstan devalued its currency, the tenge, and announced a stimulus package to cope with its economic challenges. In the face of further decline in the ruble, oil prices, and the regional economy, Kazakhstan announced in 2015 it would replace its currency band with a floating exchange rate, leading to a sharp fall in the value of the tenge. Since reaching a low of 391 to the dollar in January 2016, the tenge has modestly appreciated, helped by somewhat higher oil prices. While growth slowed to about 1% in both 2015 and 2016, a moderate recovery in oil prices, relatively stable inflation and foreign exchange rates, and the start of production at Kashagan helped push 2017 GDP growth to 4%.

Despite some positive institutional and legislative changes in the last several years, investors remain concerned about corruption, bureaucracy, and arbitrary law enforcement, especially at the regional and municipal levels. An additional concern is the condition of the country’s banking sector, which suffers from poor asset quality and a lack of transparency. Investors also question the potentially negative effects on the economy of a contested presidential succession as Kazakhstan’s first president, Nursultan NAZARBAYEV, turned 77 in 2017.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$475.18 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$487.868 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$487.87 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$466.859 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$448.472 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$466.86 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -661,14 +661,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$25,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$26,351 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$26,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$25,544 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$24,863 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$25,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -812,14 +812,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$51.75 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$76.455 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$65.91 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$74.809 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$68.256 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$67.15 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -829,14 +829,14 @@ "text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, copper, iron alloys, radioactive chemicals (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$44.3 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$69.117 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$51.5 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$61.933 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$58.099 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$46.23 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1142,9 +1142,6 @@ "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the Kazakh military's inventory is comprised of mostly older Russian and Soviet-era equipment; since 2010, Russia remains by far the leading supplier of weapons systems (2020)" }, - "Military deployments": { - "text": "120 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Jan 2021)" - }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "All men 18-27 are required to serve in the military for at least one year. (2019)" }, diff --git a/central-asia/rs.json b/central-asia/rs.json index 115ddeb9..691c9be8 100644 --- a/central-asia/rs.json +++ b/central-asia/rs.json @@ -96,6 +96,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "43,000 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Arctic Ocean drainage: Kolyma (679,934 sq km), Lena (2,306,743 sq km), Ob (2,972,493 sq km), Pechora (289,532 sq km), Yenisei (2,554,388 sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: Amur (1,929,955 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: (Caspian Sea basin) Volga (1,410,951 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Angara-Lena Basin, Pechora Basin, North Caucasus Basin, East European Aquifer System, West Siberian Basin, Tunguss Basin, Yakut Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country extending from the Baltic Sea, south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable pockets are isolated and generally found in the south" }, @@ -104,12 +110,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its size, much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture

note 2: Russia's far east, particularly the Kamchatka Peninsula, lies along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire

note 3: Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest peak; Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world, is estimated to hold one fifth of the world's fresh surface water

note 4: Kaliningrad oblast is an exclave annexed from Germany following World War II (it was formerly part of East Prussia); its capital city of Kaliningrad - formerly Koenigsberg - is the only Baltic port in Russia that remains ice free in the winter

" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Arctic Ocean drainage: Kolyma (679,934 sq km), Lena (2,306,743 sq km), Ob (2,972,493 sq km), Pechora (289,532 sq km), Yenisei (2,554,388 sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: Amur (1,929,955 sq km)
Caspian Sea drainage (endorheic basin): Volga (1,410,951 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Angara-Lena Basin, Pechora Basin, North Caucasus Basin, East European Aquifer System, West Siberian Basin, Tunguss Basin, Yakut Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -405,20 +405,6 @@ "text": "851.52 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "17.71 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "28.04 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "18.66 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "4,525,445,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast" }, @@ -442,6 +428,14 @@ "text": "37.5% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "74.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.29% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -452,14 +446,6 @@ "text": "0.53% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "74.9% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "intermediate (2020)" @@ -484,10 +470,24 @@ } }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Arctic Ocean drainage: Kolyma (679,934 sq km), Lena (2,306,743 sq km), Ob (2,972,493 sq km), Pechora (289,532 sq km), Yenisei (2,554,388 sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: Amur (1,929,955 sq km)
Caspian Sea drainage (endorheic basin): Volga (1,410,951 sq km)" + "text": "Arctic Ocean drainage: Kolyma (679,934 sq km), Lena (2,306,743 sq km), Ob (2,972,493 sq km), Pechora (289,532 sq km), Yenisei (2,554,388 sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: Amur (1,929,955 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: (Caspian Sea basin) Volga (1,410,951 sq km)" }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Angara-Lena Basin, Pechora Basin, North Caucasus Basin, East European Aquifer System, West Siberian Basin, Tunguss Basin, Yakut Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "17.71 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "28.04 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "18.66 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "4,525,445,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -688,14 +688,14 @@ "text": "

Russia has undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, moving from a centrally planned economy towards a more market-based system. Both economic growth and reform have stalled in recent years, however, and Russia remains a predominantly statist economy with a high concentration of wealth in officials' hands. Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized most industry, with notable exceptions in the energy, transportation, banking, and defense-related sectors. The protection of property rights is still weak, and the state continues to interfere in the free operation of the private sector.

Russia is one of the world's leading producers of oil and natural gas, and is also a top exporter of metals such as steel and primary aluminum. Russia is heavily dependent on the movement of world commodity prices as reliance on commodity exports makes it vulnerable to boom and bust cycles that follow the volatile swings in global prices. The economy, which had averaged 7% growth during the 1998-2008 period as oil prices rose rapidly, has seen diminishing growth rates since then due to the exhaustion of Russia’s commodity-based growth model.

A combination of falling oil prices, international sanctions, and structural limitations pushed Russia into a deep recession in 2015, with GDP falling by close to 2.8%. The downturn continued through 2016, with GDP contracting another 0.2%, but was reversed in 2017 as world demand picked up. Government support for import substitution has increased recently in an effort to diversify the economy away from extractive industries.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$3,875,690,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$3,968,180,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$3,993,550,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$3,915,637,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$3,818,780,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$3,913,980,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -711,14 +711,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$26,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$27,044 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$27,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$26,668 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$26,006 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$26,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -863,14 +863,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$379.12 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$551.128 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$481.76 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$564.314 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$534.657 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$508.56 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -880,14 +880,14 @@ "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, natural gas, coal, wheat, iron (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$304.68 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$366.919 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$353.25 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$355.022 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$345.926 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$343.58 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1231,7 +1231,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "41,251 (Ukraine) (2019)" + "text": "18,428 (Ukraine) (2020)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "60,185 (2020); note - Russia's stateless population consists of Roma, Meskhetian Turks, and ex-Soviet citizens from the former republics; between 2003 and 2010 more than 600,000 stateless people were naturalized; most Meskhetian Turks, followers of Islam with origins in Georgia, fled or were evacuated from Uzbekistan after a 1989 pogrom and have lived in Russia for more than the required five-year residency period; they continue to be denied registration for citizenship and basic rights by local Krasnodar Krai authorities on the grounds that they are temporary illegal migrants" diff --git a/central-asia/ti.json b/central-asia/ti.json index 6c3a4428..709cdac9 100644 --- a/central-asia/ti.json +++ b/central-asia/ti.json @@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "7,420 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), (Aral Sea Basin) Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the country's population is concentrated at lower elevations, with perhaps as much as 90% of the people living in valleys; overall density increases from east to west" }, @@ -93,9 +96,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; highest point, Qullai Ismoili Somoni (formerly Communism Peak), was the tallest mountain in the former USSR" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Aral Sea drainage (endorheic basin): Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)
Tarim Basin drainage (endorheic basin): Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -378,20 +378,6 @@ "text": "4.87 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "647 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "407.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "10.44 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "21.91 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "mid-latitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains" }, @@ -415,6 +401,14 @@ "text": "62.4% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "27.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.73% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "1.12% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -425,14 +419,6 @@ "text": "0.54% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "27.7% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.73% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -450,7 +436,21 @@ } }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Aral Sea drainage (endorheic basin): Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)
Tarim Basin drainage (endorheic basin): Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km)" + "text": "Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), (Aral Sea Basin) Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "647 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "407.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "10.44 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "21.91 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -635,14 +635,14 @@ "text": "

Tajikistan is a poor, mountainous country with an economy dominated by minerals extraction, metals processing, agriculture, and reliance on remittances from citizens working abroad. Mineral resources include silver, gold, uranium, antimony, tungsten, and coal. Industry consists mainly of small obsolete factories in food processing and light industry, substantial hydropower facilities, and a large aluminum plant - currently operating well below its capacity. The 1992-97 civil war severely damaged an already weak economic infrastructure and caused a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production. Today, Tajikistan is the poorest among the former Soviet republics. Because less than 7% of the land area is arable and cotton is the predominant crop, Tajikistan imports approximately 70% of its food.

Since the end of the civil war, the country has pursued half-hearted reforms and privatizations in the economic sphere, but its poor business climate remains a hindrance to attracting foreign investment. Some experts estimate the value of narcotics transiting Tajikistan is equivalent to 30%-50% of GDP.

Because of a lack of employment opportunities in Tajikistan, more than one million Tajik citizens work abroad - roughly 90% in Russia - supporting families back home through remittances that in 2017 were equivalent to nearly 35% of GDP. Tajikistan’s large remittances from migrant workers in Russia exposes it to monetary shocks. Tajikistan often delays devaluation of its currency for fear of inflationary pressures on food and other consumables. Recent slowdowns in the Russian and Chinese economies, low commodity prices, and currency fluctuations have hampered economic growth. The dollar value of remittances from Russia to Tajikistan dropped by almost 65% in 2015, and the government spent almost $500 million in 2016 to bail out the country’s still troubled banking sector.

Tajikistan’s growing public debt – currently about 50% of GDP – could result in financial difficulties. Remittances from Russia increased in 2017, however, bolstering the economy somewhat. China owns about 50% of Tajikistan’s outstanding debt. Tajikistan has borrowed heavily to finance investment in the country’s vast hydropower potential. In 2016, Tajikistan contracted with the Italian firm Salini Impregilo to build the Roghun dam over a 13-year period for $3.9 billion. A 2017 Eurobond has largely funded Roghun’s first phase, after which sales from Roghun’s output are expected to fund the rest of its construction. The government has not ruled out issuing another Eurobond to generate auxiliary funding for its second phase.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$34.88 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$31.502 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$33.38 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$29.438 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$27.435 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$31.08 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -658,14 +658,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$3,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$3,380 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$3,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$3,235 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$3,090 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$3,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -807,11 +807,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$873.1 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$1.41 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$691.1 million (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$1.24 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$1.12 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -821,11 +824,14 @@ "text": "gold, aluminum, cotton, zinc, antimony, lead (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$2.39 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$3.13 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$2.554 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$3.41 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$3.22 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1118,6 +1124,9 @@ "text": "

in 2006, China and Tajikistan pledged to commence demarcation of the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; talks continue with Uzbekistan to delimit border and remove minefields; disputes in Isfara Valley delay delimitation with Kyrgyzstan

" }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { + "refugees (country of origin)": { + "text": "5,573 (Afghanistan) (2020)" + }, "stateless persons": { "text": "6,385 (2020)" } diff --git a/central-asia/tx.json b/central-asia/tx.json index f3681f98..c23a11a8 100644 --- a/central-asia/tx.json +++ b/central-asia/tx.json @@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "19,950 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: (Aral Sea basin) Amu Darya (534,739 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the most densely populated areas are the southern, eastern, and northeastern oases; approximately 50% of the population lives in and around the capital of Ashgabat" }, @@ -363,20 +366,6 @@ "text": "52.09 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "755 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "839 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "26.36 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "24.765 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "subtropical desert" }, @@ -400,6 +389,14 @@ "text": "19.2% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "53% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -410,18 +407,27 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "53% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "500,000 tons (2013 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: (Aral Sea basin) Amu Darya (534,739 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "755 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "839 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "26.36 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "24.765 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -525,10 +531,10 @@ "text": "note: in September 2020, the Turkmenistan Parliament adopted a constitutional amendment creating an upper chamber, making the Parliament bicameral
bicameral National Council or Khalk Maslakhaty consists of:
People's Council (56 seats; 48 members indirectly elected by provincial councils and 8 members appointed by the president)
Assembly or Mejlis Hakynda (125 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed to serve 5-year terms)" }, "elections": { - "text": "People's Council - first held on 25 March 2021 for 48 indirectly elected members (next to be held in 2026); first held on 14 April 2021 for 8 presidentially appointed members (next to be held NA)
Assembly - last held on 25 March 2018 (next to be held in 2026)" + "text": "People's Council - first held on 28 March 2021 for 48 indirectly elected members (next to be held in 2026); first held on 14 April 2021 for 8 presidentially appointed members (next to be held NA)
Assembly - last held on 25 March 2018 (next to be held in 2026)" }, "election results": { - "text": "People's Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - DPT 3, independent 45
Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - DPT 55, APT 11, PIE 11, independent 48 (individuals nominated by citizen groups); composition - men 94, women 31, percent of women 24.8%" + "text": "People's Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - DPT 3, independent 45; composition - men 42, women 14, percent of women 32.3%
Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - DPT 55, APT 11, PIE 11, independent 48 (individuals nominated by citizen groups); composition (as of March 2018) - men 94, women 31, percent of women 24.8%; note - total percent of National Council percent of women 24.9%" } }, "Judicial branch": { @@ -608,8 +614,11 @@ "text": "

Turkmenistan is largely a desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and significant natural gas and oil resources. The two largest crops are cotton, most of which is produced for export, and wheat, which is domestically consumed. Although agriculture accounts for almost 8% of GDP, it continues to employ nearly half of the country's workforce. Hydrocarbon exports, the bulk of which is natural gas going to China, make up 25% of Turkmenistan’s GDP. Ashgabat has explored two initiatives to bring gas to new markets: a trans-Caspian pipeline that would carry gas to Europe and the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India gas pipeline. Both face major financing, political, and security hurdles and are unlikely to be completed soon.

Turkmenistan’s autocratic governments under presidents NIYAZOW (1991-2006) and BERDIMUHAMEDOW (since 2007) have made little progress improving the business climate, privatizing state-owned industries, combatting corruption, and limiting economic development outside the energy sector. High energy prices in the mid-2000s allowed the government to undertake extensive development and social spending, including providing heavy utility subsidies.

Low energy prices since mid-2014 are hampering Turkmenistan’s economic growth and reducing government revenues. The government has cut subsidies in several areas, and wage arrears have increased. In January 2014, the Central Bank of Turkmenistan devalued the manat by 19%, and downward pressure on the currency continues. There is a widening spread between the official exchange rate (3.5 TMM per US dollar) and the black market exchange rate (approximately 14 TMM per US dollar). Currency depreciation and conversion restrictions, corruption, isolationist policies, and declining spending on public services have resulted in a stagnate economy that is nearing crisis. Turkmenistan claims substantial foreign currency reserves, but non-transparent data limit international institutions’ ability to verify this information.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { + "text": "$92.33 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$86.858 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$86.86 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$81.787 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -628,8 +637,11 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2019": { + "text": "$15,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$14,845 (2018 est.)" + "text": "$14,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$14,205 (2017 est.)" diff --git a/central-asia/uz.json b/central-asia/uz.json index 102b177b..7bc4dc27 100644 --- a/central-asia/uz.json +++ b/central-asia/uz.json @@ -82,6 +82,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "42,150 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: (Aral Sea basin) Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "most of the population is concentrated in the fertile Fergana Valley in the easternmost arm of the country; the south has significant clusters of people, while the central and western deserts are sparsely populated" }, @@ -90,9 +93,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "along with Liechtenstein, one of the only two doubly landlocked countries in the world" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Aral Sea drainage (endorheic basin): Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -363,20 +363,6 @@ "text": "96.16 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "2.41 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "2.13 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "54.36 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "48.87 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "mostly mid-latitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east" }, @@ -400,6 +386,14 @@ "text": "29.7% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "50.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.25% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -410,21 +404,27 @@ "text": "0.06% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "50.4% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.25% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "4 million tons (2016 est.)" } }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Aral Sea drainage (endorheic basin): Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)" + "text": "Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: (Aral Sea basin) Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "2.41 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "2.13 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "54.36 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "48.87 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -613,14 +613,14 @@ "text": "

Uzbekistan is a doubly landlocked country in which 51% of the population lives in urban settlements; the agriculture-rich Fergana Valley, in which Uzbekistan’s eastern borders are situated, has been counted among the most densely populated parts of Central Asia. Since its independence in September 1991, the government has largely maintained its Soviet-style command economy with subsidies and tight controls on production, prices, and access to foreign currency. Despite ongoing efforts to diversify crops, Uzbek agriculture remains largely centered on cotton; Uzbekistan is the world's fifth-largest cotton exporter and seventh-largest producer. Uzbekistan's growth has been driven primarily by state-led investments, and export of natural gas, gold, and cotton provides a significant share of foreign exchange earnings.

Recently, lower global commodity prices and economic slowdowns in neighboring Russia and China have hurt Uzbekistan's trade and investment and worsened its foreign currency shortage. Aware of the need to improve the investment climate, the government is taking incremental steps to reform the business sector and address impediments to foreign investment in the country. Since the death of first President Islam KARIMOV and election of President Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV, emphasis on such initiatives and government efforts to improve the private sector have increased. In the past, Uzbek authorities accused US and other foreign companies operating in Uzbekistan of violating Uzbek laws and have frozen and seized their assets.

As a part of its economic reform efforts, the Uzbek Government is looking to expand opportunities for small and medium enterprises and prioritizes increasing foreign direct investment. In September 2017, the government devalued the official currency rate by almost 50% and announced the loosening of currency restrictions to eliminate the currency black market, increase access to hard currency, and boost investment.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$239.42 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$235.021 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$235.54 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$222.634 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$211.134 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$222.63 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -636,14 +636,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$7,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$6,999 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$7,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$6,755 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$6,519 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$6,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -786,11 +786,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$11.48 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$14.52 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$11.2 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$16.99 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$14.14 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -800,11 +803,14 @@ "text": "gold, natural gas, cotton fibers, copper, ethylene polymers (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$11.42 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$22.56 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$10.92 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$26.55 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$23.44 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/bm.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/bm.json index 67d04918..348a0d7f 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/bm.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/bm.json @@ -96,6 +96,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "22,950 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Brahmaputra (651,335 sq km), Ganges (1,016,124 sq km), Irrawaddy (413,710 sq km), Salween (271,914 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: Mekong (805,604 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "population concentrated along coastal areas and in general proximity to the shores of the Irrawaddy River; the extreme north is relatively underpopulated" }, @@ -405,20 +408,6 @@ "text": "42.2 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "3.323 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "498.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "29.57 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "1,167,800,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)" }, @@ -442,6 +431,14 @@ "text": "32.6% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "31.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.85% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "1.69% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -452,14 +449,6 @@ "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "31.4% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.85% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -483,6 +472,23 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "4,677,307 tons (2000 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Brahmaputra (651,335 sq km), Ganges (1,016,124 sq km), Irrawaddy (413,710 sq km), Salween (271,914 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: Mekong (805,604 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "3.323 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "498.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "29.57 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "1,167,800,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -675,14 +681,14 @@ "text": "

Since Burma began the transition to a civilian-led government in 2011, the country initiated economic reforms aimed at attracting foreign investment and reintegrating into the global economy. Burma established a managed float of the Burmese kyat in 2012, granted the Central Bank operational independence in July 2013, enacted a new anti-corruption law in September 2013, and granted licenses to 13 foreign banks in 2014-16. State Counsellor AUNG SAN SUU KYI and the ruling National League for Democracy, who took power in March 2016, have sought to improve Burma’s investment climate following the US sanctions lift in October 2016 and reinstatement of Generalized System of Preferences trade benefits in November 2016. In October 2016, Burma passed a foreign investment law that consolidates investment regulations and eases rules on foreign ownership of businesses.

Burma’s economic growth rate recovered from a low growth under 6% in 2011 but has been volatile between 6% and 8% between 2014 and 2018. Burma’s abundant natural resources and young labor force have the potential to attract foreign investment in the energy, garment, information technology, and food and beverage sectors. The government is focusing on accelerating agricultural productivity and land reforms, modernizing and opening the financial sector, and developing transportation and electricity infrastructure. The government has also taken steps to improve transparency in the mining and oil sectors through publication of reports under the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) in 2016 and 2018.

Despite these improvements, living standards have not improved for the majority of the people residing in rural areas. Burma remains one of the poorest countries in Asia – approximately 26% of the country’s 51 million people live in poverty. The isolationist policies and economic mismanagement of previous governments have left Burma with poor infrastructure, endemic corruption, underdeveloped human resources, and inadequate access to capital, which will require a major commitment to reverse. The Burmese Government has been slow to address impediments to economic development such as unclear land rights, a restrictive trade licensing system, an opaque revenue collection system, and an antiquated banking system.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$247.24 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$277.909 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$274.69 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$270.109 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$253.028 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$270.11 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -698,14 +704,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$4,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$5,142 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$5,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$5,029 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$4,740 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$5,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -835,11 +841,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$16.267 billion (2018 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$17.52 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$14.611 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$15.73 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: official export figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of timber, gems, narcotics, rice, and other products smuggled to Thailand, China, and Bangladesh" }, @@ -850,11 +856,11 @@ "text": "natural gas, clothing products, rice, copper, dried legumes (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$14.958 billion (2018 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$17.36 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$16.21 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$18.66 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: import figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of consumer goods, diesel fuel, and other products smuggled in from Thailand, China, Malaysia, and India" }, @@ -1166,7 +1172,7 @@ "text": "18-35 years of age (men) and 18-27 years of age (women) for voluntary military service; no conscription (a 2010 law reintroducing conscription has not yet entered into force); 2-year service obligation; male (ages 18-45) and female (ages 18-35) professionals (including doctors, engineers, mechanics) serve up to 3 years; service terms may be stretched to 5 years in an officially declared emergency (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "since the country's founding, the armed forces have been heavily involved in domestic politics and ran the country for five decades following a military coup in 1962; the military controls three key security ministries (Defense, Border, and Home Affairs), one of two vice presidential appointments, 25% of the parliamentary seats, and has a proxy political party, the Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP)

the military owns and operates two business conglomerates that have over 100 subsidiaries and have close ties to other companies; the business activities of these conglomerates include banking and insurance, hotels, tourism, jade and ruby mining, timber, construction, real estate, and the production of palm oil, sugar, soap, cement, beverages, drinking water, coal, and gas; some of the companies supply goods and services to the military, such as food, clothing, insurance, and cellphone service; the military also runs manages a film industry, publishing houses, and television stations

the military's primary operational focus is internal security, particularly counterinsurgency operations against ethnic-based insurgent groups; these operations have resulted in numerous civilian casualties, human rights abuses, and internal displacement

as of 2021, there were approximately 20 ethnic-based armed groups operating in Burma with strengths of a few hundred up to more than 20,000 estimated fighters; they reportedly controlled of about one-third of the country’s territory, primarily in the border regions; key groups included the United Wa State Army, Karen National Union, Kachin Independence Army, Arakan Army, Ta’ang National Liberation Army, and the Myanmar Nationalities Democratic Alliance Army

in 2015, the Burmese Government signed a Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) with eight mostly small armed groups, including the All Burma Students’ Democratic Front, Arakan Liberation Party, Chin National Front, Democratic Karen Benevolent Army, Karen National Liberation Army-Peace Council, Karen National Union, Pa-O National Liberation Organization, and the Shan State Army-South; seven other groups did not sign the NCA, but have since signed bi-lateral ceasefires with the Burmese Government, including the National Democratic Alliance Army, Shan State Army, New Mon State Army, Karenni Army, National Socialist Council of Nagaland–Khaplang, and the United Wa State Army, which in 2021 was assessed to be the largest and most capable group, with more than 20,000 fighters; others, including the Arakan Army (Chin, Kachin, Rakhine, Shan states), Kachin Independence Army (Kachin state), Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (Shan state), Shanni Nationalities Army (Kachin state), and Taang National Liberation Army (Shan state) continued to engage in active insurgent operations against the Burmese Government in 2021; in March 2021, the Karen National Union resumed fighting with the Burmese military

as of 2021, Burma also had a large number (estimates run into the thousands) of armed militias which took many different forms and varied in allegiances and size; most were pro-government and associated with the Tatmadaw; some were integrated within the Tatmadaw’s command structure as Border Guard Forces (BGF); the BGF were organized as 325-man battalions, which included a mix of militia forces, ethnic armed groups, and government soldiers; they were armed, supplied, and paid by the Tatmadaw; other pro-government militias were not integrated within the Tatmadaw command structure, but received direction from the military and were recognized as government militias; the amount of support they received from the Tatmadaw varied depending on local security conditions; the third type of pro-government militias were small community-based units that were armed, coordinated, and trained by local Tatmadaw forces and activated as needed; anti-government militias were typically associated with ethnic-based armed organizations



 

" + "text": "since the country's founding, the armed forces have been heavily involved in domestic politics and ran the country for five decades following a military coup in 1962; the military controls three key security ministries (Defense, Border, and Home Affairs), one of two vice presidential appointments, 25% of the parliamentary seats, and has a proxy political party, the Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP)

as of 2021, the military owned and operated two business conglomerates that had over 100 subsidiaries and close ties to other companies; the business activities of these conglomerates included banking and insurance, hotels, tourism, jade and ruby mining, timber, construction, real estate, and the production of palm oil, sugar, soap, cement, beverages, drinking water, coal, and gas; some of the companies supplied goods and services to the military, such as food, clothing, insurance, and cellphone service; the military also managed a film industry, publishing houses, and television stations

as of 2021, the military's primary operational focus was internal security, particularly counterinsurgency operations against ethnic-based insurgent groups; these operations have resulted in numerous civilian casualties, human rights abuses, and internal displacement

as of 2021, there were approximately 20 ethnic-based armed groups operating in Burma with strengths of a few hundred up to more than 20,000 estimated fighters; they reportedly controlled of about one-third of the country’s territory, primarily in the border regions; key groups included the United Wa State Army, Karen National Union, Kachin Independence Army, Arakan Army, Ta’ang National Liberation Army, and the Myanmar Nationalities Democratic Alliance Army

in 2015, the Burmese Government signed a Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) with eight mostly small armed groups, including the All Burma Students’ Democratic Front, Arakan Liberation Party, Chin National Front, Democratic Karen Benevolent Army, Karen National Liberation Army-Peace Council, Karen National Union, Pa-O National Liberation Organization, and the Shan State Army-South; seven other groups did not sign the NCA, but have since signed bi-lateral ceasefires with the Burmese Government, including the National Democratic Alliance Army, Shan State Army, New Mon State Army, Karenni Army, National Socialist Council of Nagaland–Khaplang, and the United Wa State Army, which in 2021 was assessed to be the largest and most capable group, with more than 20,000 fighters; others, including the Arakan Army (Chin, Kachin, Rakhine, Shan states), Kachin Independence Army (Kachin state), Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (Shan state), Shanni Nationalities Army (Kachin state), and Taang National Liberation Army (Shan state) continued to engage in active insurgent operations against the Burmese Government in 2021; in March 2021, the Karen National Union resumed fighting with the Burmese military

as of 2021, Burma also had a large number (estimates run into the thousands) of armed militias which took many different forms and varied in allegiances and size; most were pro-government and associated with the Tatmadaw; some were integrated within the Tatmadaw’s command structure as Border Guard Forces (BGF); the BGF were organized as 325-man battalions, which included a mix of militia forces, ethnic armed groups, and government soldiers; they were armed, supplied, and paid by the Tatmadaw; other pro-government militias were not integrated within the Tatmadaw command structure, but received direction from the military and were recognized as government militias; the amount of support they received from the Tatmadaw varied depending on local security conditions; the third type of pro-government militias were small community-based units that were armed, coordinated, and trained by local Tatmadaw forces and activated as needed; anti-government militias were typically associated with ethnic-based armed organizations



 

" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/bx.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/bx.json index 8d785a5f..3788e034 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/bx.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/bx.json @@ -342,17 +342,6 @@ "text": "8.4 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "151.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "5.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "8.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot, humid, rainy" }, @@ -376,6 +365,14 @@ "text": "25.7% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "78.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.44% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.05% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -386,18 +383,21 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "78.6% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.44% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "216,253 tons (2016 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "151.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "5.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "8.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -579,14 +579,14 @@ "text": "

Brunei is an energy-rich sultanate on the northern coast of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Brunei boasts a well-educated, largely English-speaking population; excellent infrastructure; and a stable government intent on attracting foreign investment. Crude oil and natural gas production account for approximately 65% of GDP and 95% of exports, with Japan as the primary export market.

Per capita GDP is among the highest in the world, and substantial income from overseas investment supplements income from domestic hydrocarbon production. Bruneian citizens pay no personal income taxes, and the government provides free medical services and free education through the university level.

The Bruneian Government wants to diversify its economy away from hydrocarbon exports to other industries such as information and communications technology and halal manufacturing, permissible under Islamic law. Brunei’s trade increased in 2016 and 2017, following its regional economic integration in the ASEAN Economic Community, and the expected ratification of the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$27.23 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$26.906 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$26.91 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$25.904 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$25.891 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$25.9 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -602,14 +602,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$62,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$62,100 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$62,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$60,389 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$60,996 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$60,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -731,11 +731,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$5.885 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$7.83 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$5.023 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$7.04 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -745,11 +745,11 @@ "text": "natural gas, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, industrial alcohols, industrial hydrocarbons (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$2.998 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$6.81 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$2.658 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$5.68 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -994,7 +994,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Royal Brunei Armed Forces: Royal Brunei Land Force, Royal Brunei Navy, Royal Brunei Air Force (2020)" + "text": "Royal Brunei Armed Forces: Royal Brunei Land Force, Royal Brunei Navy, Royal Brunei Air Force (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { @@ -1014,7 +1014,7 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Royal Brunei Armed Forces is comprised of approximately 6,500 total active troops (4,500 Army; 1,000 Navy; 1,000 Air Force) (2020)" + "text": "the Royal Brunei Armed Forces is comprised of approximately 6,500 total active troops (4,500 Army; 1,000 Navy; 1,000 Air Force) (2021)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the Royal Brunei Armed Forces imports nearly all of its military equipment and weapons systems; the top supplier since 2010 is Germany (2020)" @@ -1023,7 +1023,7 @@ "text": "17 years of age for voluntary military service; non-Malays are ineligible to serve; recruits from the army, navy, and air force all undergo 43-week initial training (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "Brunei has a long-standing defense relationship with the United Kingdom and hosts a British Army garrison, which includes the Gurkha Battalion and a jungle warfare school; Brunei also hosts a Singaporean military training base (2020)" + "text": "Brunei has a long-standing defense relationship with the United Kingdom and hosts a British Army garrison, which includes the Gurkha Battalion and a jungle warfare school; Brunei also hosts a Singaporean military training base (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/cb.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/cb.json index e9f2529a..7f156066 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/cb.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/cb.json @@ -96,6 +96,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "3,540 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean drainage: Mekong (805,604 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "population concentrated in the southeast, particularly in and around the capital of Phnom Penh; further distribution is linked closely to the Tonle Sap and Mekong Rivers" }, @@ -104,9 +107,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "a land of paddies and forests dominated by the Mekong River and Tonle Sap (Southeast Asia's largest freshwater lake)" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Pacific Ocean drainage: Mekong (805,604 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -402,20 +402,6 @@ "text": "14.88 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "98 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "33 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "2.053 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "476.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation" }, @@ -439,6 +425,14 @@ "text": "11.4% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "24.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.06% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.84% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -449,14 +443,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "24.7% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.06% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -475,6 +461,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Pacific Ocean drainage: Mekong (805,604 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "98 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "33 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "2.053 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "476.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -656,14 +656,14 @@ "text": "

Cambodia has experienced strong economic growth over the last decade; GDP grew at an average annual rate of over 8% between 2000 and 2010 and about 7% since 2011. The tourism, garment, construction and real estate, and agriculture sectors accounted for the bulk of growth. Around 700,000 people, the majority of whom are women, are employed in the garment and footwear sector. An additional 500,000 Cambodians are employed in the tourism sector, and a further 200,000 people in construction. Tourism has continued to grow rapidly with foreign arrivals exceeding 2 million per year in 2007 and reaching 5.6 million visitors in 2017. Mining also is attracting some investor interest and the government has touted opportunities for mining bauxite, gold, iron and gems.

 

Still, Cambodia remains one of the poorest countries in Asia, and long-term economic development remains a daunting challenge, inhibited by corruption, limited human resources, high income inequality, and poor job prospects. According to the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the percentage of the population living in poverty decreased to 13.5% in 2016. More than 50% of the population is less than 25 years old. The population lacks education and productive skills, particularly in the impoverished countryside, which also lacks basic infrastructure.

 

The World Bank in 2016 formally reclassified Cambodia as a lower middle-income country as a result of continued rapid economic growth over the past several years. Cambodia’s graduation from a low-income country will reduce its eligibility for foreign assistance and will challenge the government to seek new sources of financing. The Cambodian Government has been working with bilateral and multilateral donors, including the Asian Development Bank, the World Bank and IMF, to address the country's many pressing needs; more than 20% of the government budget will come from donor assistance in 2018. A major economic challenge for Cambodia over the next decade will be fashioning an economic environment in which the private sector can create enough jobs to handle Cambodia's demographic imbalance.

 

Textile exports, which accounted for 68% of total exports in 2017, have driven much of Cambodia’s growth over the past several years. The textile sector relies on exports to the United States and European Union, and Cambodia’s dependence on its comparative advantage in textile production is a key vulnerability for the economy, especially because Cambodia has continued to run a current account deficit above 9% of GDP since 2014.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$70.08 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$72.356 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$72.36 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$67.588 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$62.89 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$67.59 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -679,14 +679,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$4,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$4,389 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$4,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$4,159 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$3,928 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$4,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -825,11 +825,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$11.42 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$19.4 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$10.07 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$21.07 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$18.41 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -839,11 +842,14 @@ "text": "clothing, precious metal scraps, trunks/cases, gold, leather footwear (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$14.37 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$23.12 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$12.65 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$25.52 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$21.86 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1116,7 +1122,8 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Royal Cambodian Armed Forces: High Command Headquarters, Royal Cambodian Army, Royal Khmer Navy, Royal Cambodian Air Force, Royal Gendarmerie; the National Committee for Maritime Security (performs Coast Guard functions and has representation from military and civilian agencies) (2020)" + "text": "Royal Cambodian Armed Forces: High Command Headquarters, Royal Cambodian Army, Royal Khmer Navy, Royal Cambodian Air Force, Royal Gendarmerie; the National Committee for Maritime Security (performs Coast Guard functions and has representation from military and civilian agencies) (2021)", + "note": "note - the Cambodian National Police is under the Ministry of Interior" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/ch.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/ch.json index 95dc6b9d..a63739ba 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/ch.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/ch.json @@ -96,6 +96,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "690,070 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean drainage: Amur (1,929,955 sq km), Huang He (944,970 sq km), Mekong (805,604 sq km), Yangtze (1,722,193 sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage: Brahmaputra (651,335 sq km), Ganges (1,016,124 sq km), Indus (1,081,718 sq km), Irrawaddy (413,710 sq km), Salween (271,914 sq km)
Arctic Ocean drainage: Ob (2,972,493 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km), Lake Balkash (510,015 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "North China Aquifer System (Huang Huai Hai Plain), Song-Liao Plain, Tarim Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "overwhelming majority of the population is found in the eastern half of the country; the west, with its vast mountainous and desert areas, remains sparsely populated; though ranked first in the world in total population, overall density is less than that of many other countries in Asia and Europe; high population density is found along the Yangtze and Yellow River valleys, the Xi Jiang River delta, the Sichuan Basin (around Chengdu), in and around Beijing, and the industrial area around Shenyang" }, @@ -104,12 +110,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "note 1: world's fourth largest country (after Russia, Canada, and US) and largest country situated entirely in Asia; Mount Everest on the border with Nepal is the world's tallest peak above sea level

note 2: the largest cave chamber in the world is the Miao Room, in the Gebihe cave system at China's Ziyun Getu He Chuandong National Park, which encloses some 10.78 million cu m (380.7 million cu ft) of volume

note 3: China appears to have been the center of domestication for two of the world's leading cereal crops: millet in the north along the Yellow River and rice in the south along the lower or middle Yangtze River" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Pacific Ocean drainage: Amur (1,929,955 sq km), Huang He (944,970 sq km), Mekong (805,604 sq km), Yangtze (1,722,193 sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage: Brahmaputra (651,335 sq km), Ganges (1,016,124 sq km), Indus (1,081,718 sq km), Irrawaddy (413,710 sq km), Salween (271,914 sq km)
Arctic Ocean drainage: Ob (2,972,493 sq km)
Aral Sea drainage (endorheic basin): Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)
Lake Balkash drainage (endorheic basin): Lake Balkash (510,015 sq km)
Tarim Basin drainage (endorheic basin): Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "North China Aquifer System (Huang Huai Hai Plain), Song-Liao Plain, Tarim Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -398,20 +398,6 @@ "text": "1,490.24 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "79.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "133.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "385.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "2,840,220,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north" }, @@ -435,6 +421,15 @@ "text": "23% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "62.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.78% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data do not include Hong Kong and Macau" + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.08% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -445,15 +440,6 @@ "text": "0.57% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "62.5% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.78% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - }, - "note": "note: data do not include Hong Kong and Macau" - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -475,10 +461,24 @@ } }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Pacific Ocean drainage: Amur (1,929,955 sq km), Huang He (944,970 sq km), Mekong (805,604 sq km), Yangtze (1,722,193 sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage: Brahmaputra (651,335 sq km), Ganges (1,016,124 sq km), Indus (1,081,718 sq km), Irrawaddy (413,710 sq km), Salween (271,914 sq km)
Arctic Ocean drainage: Ob (2,972,493 sq km)
Aral Sea drainage (endorheic basin): Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)
Lake Balkash drainage (endorheic basin): Lake Balkash (510,015 sq km)
Tarim Basin drainage (endorheic basin): Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km)" + "text": "Pacific Ocean drainage: Amur (1,929,955 sq km), Huang He (944,970 sq km), Mekong (805,604 sq km), Yangtze (1,722,193 sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage: Brahmaputra (651,335 sq km), Ganges (1,016,124 sq km), Indus (1,081,718 sq km), Irrawaddy (413,710 sq km), Salween (271,914 sq km)
Arctic Ocean drainage: Ob (2,972,493 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km), Lake Balkash (510,015 sq km)" }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "North China Aquifer System (Huang Huai Hai Plain), Song-Liao Plain, Tarim Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "79.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "133.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "385.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "2,840,220,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -674,14 +674,14 @@ "text": "

Since the late 1970s, China has moved from a closed, centrally planned system to a more market-oriented one that plays a major global role. China has implemented reforms in a gradualist fashion, resulting in efficiency gains that have contributed to a more than tenfold increase in GDP since 1978. Reforms began with the phaseout of collectivized agriculture, and expanded to include the gradual liberalization of prices, fiscal decentralization, increased autonomy for state enterprises, growth of the private sector, development of stock markets and a modern banking system, and opening to foreign trade and investment. China continues to pursue an industrial policy, state support of key sectors, and a restrictive investment regime. From 2013 to 2017, China had one of the fastest growing economies in the world, averaging slightly more than 7% real growth per year. Measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis that adjusts for price differences, China in 2017 stood as the largest economy in the world, surpassing the US in 2014 for the first time in modern history. China became the world's largest exporter in 2010, and the largest trading nation in 2013. Still, China's per capita income is below the world average.

In July 2005 moved to an exchange rate system that references a basket of currencies. From mid-2005 to late 2008, the renminbi (RMB) appreciated more than 20% against the US dollar, but the exchange rate remained virtually pegged to the dollar from the onset of the global financial crisis until June 2010, when Beijing announced it would resume a gradual appreciation. From 2013 until early 2015, the renminbi held steady against the dollar, but it depreciated 13% from mid-2015 until end-2016 amid strong capital outflows; in 2017 the RMB resumed appreciating against the dollar – roughly 7% from end-of-2016 to end-of-2017. In 2015, the People’s Bank of China announced it would continue to carefully push for full convertibility of the renminbi, after the currency was accepted as part of the IMF’s special drawing rights basket. However, since late 2015 the Chinese Government has strengthened capital controls and oversight of overseas investments to better manage the exchange rate and maintain financial stability.

The Chinese Government faces numerous economic challenges including: (a) reducing its high domestic savings rate and correspondingly low domestic household consumption; (b) managing its high corporate debt burden to maintain financial stability; (c) controlling off-balance sheet local government debt used to finance infrastructure stimulus; (d) facilitating higher-wage job opportunities for the aspiring middle class, including rural migrants and college graduates, while maintaining competitiveness; (e) dampening speculative investment in the real estate sector without sharply slowing the economy; (f) reducing industrial overcapacity; and (g) raising productivity growth rates through the more efficient allocation of capital and state-support for innovation. Economic development has progressed further in coastal provinces than in the interior, and by 2016 more than 169.3 million migrant workers and their dependents had relocated to urban areas to find work. One consequence of China’s population control policy known as the \"one-child policy\" - which was relaxed in 2016 to permit all families to have two children - is that China is now one of the most rapidly aging countries in the world. Deterioration in the environment - notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of the water table, especially in the North - is another long-term problem. China continues to lose arable land because of erosion and urbanization. The Chinese Government is seeking to add energy production capacity from sources other than coal and oil, focusing on natural gas, nuclear, and clean energy development. In 2016, China ratified the Paris Agreement, a multilateral agreement to combat climate change, and committed to peak its carbon dioxide emissions between 2025 and 2030.

The government's 13th Five-Year Plan, unveiled in March 2016, emphasizes the need to increase innovation and boost domestic consumption to make the economy less dependent on government investment, exports, and heavy industry. However, China has made more progress on subsidizing innovation than rebalancing the economy. Beijing has committed to giving the market a more decisive role in allocating resources, but the Chinese Government’s policies continue to favor state-owned enterprises and emphasize stability. Chinese leaders in 2010 pledged to double China’s GDP by 2020, and the 13th Five Year Plan includes annual economic growth targets of at least 6.5% through 2020 to achieve that goal. In recent years, China has renewed its support for state-owned enterprises in sectors considered important to \"economic security,\" explicitly looking to foster globally competitive industries. Chinese leaders also have undermined some market-oriented reforms by reaffirming the \"dominant\" role of the state in the economy, a stance that threatens to discourage private initiative and make the economy less efficient over time. The slight acceleration in economic growth in 2017—the first such uptick since 2010—gives Beijing more latitude to pursue its economic reforms, focusing on financial sector deleveraging and its Supply-Side Structural Reform agenda, first announced in late 2015.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$23,009,780,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$22,526,502,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$22,492,450,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$21,229,363,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$19,887,033,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$21,229,360,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -697,14 +697,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$16,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$16,117 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$16,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$15,243 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$14,344 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$15,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -853,14 +853,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$2,732,370,000,000 note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$2.631 trillion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$2.49 trillion (2018)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$2.216 trillion (2017 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$1.99 trillion (2016 est.)" + "text": "$2,651,010,000,000 note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -870,14 +870,14 @@ "text": "broadcasting equipment, computers, integrated circuits, office machinery and parts, telephones (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$2,362,690,000,000 note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$2,499,150,000,000 note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$2.14 trillion (2018)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$1.74 trillion (2017 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$1.501 trillion (2016 est.)" + "text": "$2,563,100,000,000 note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1207,7 +1207,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "303,095 (Vietnam), undetermined (North Korea) (2019)" + "text": "303,095 (Vietnam), undetermined (North Korea) (2020)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "undetermined (2021)" diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/hk.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/hk.json index f072a025..5bdac263 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/hk.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/hk.json @@ -350,6 +350,14 @@ "text": "95% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.58% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -360,14 +368,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "100% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.58% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "5,679,816 tons (2015 est.)" @@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ "text": "

Hong Kong has a free market economy, highly dependent on international trade and finance - the value of goods and services trade, including the sizable share of reexports, is about four times GDP. Hong Kong has no tariffs on imported goods, and it levies excise duties on only four commodities, whether imported or produced locally: hard alcohol, tobacco, oil, and methyl alcohol. There are no quotas or dumping laws. Hong Kong continues to link its currency closely to the US dollar, maintaining an arrangement established in 1983.

Excess liquidity, low interest rates and a tight housing supply have caused Hong Kong property prices to rise rapidly. The lower and middle-income segments of the population increasingly find housing unaffordable.

Hong Kong's open economy has left it exposed to the global economic situation. Its continued reliance on foreign trade and investment makes it vulnerable to renewed global financial market volatility or a slowdown in the global economy.

Mainland China has long been Hong Kong's largest trading partner, accounting for about half of Hong Kong's total trade by value. Hong Kong's natural resources are limited, and food and raw materials must be imported. As a result of China's easing of travel restrictions, the number of mainland tourists to the territory surged from 4.5 million in 2001 to 47.3 million in 2014, outnumbering visitors from all other countries combined. After peaking in 2014, overall tourist arrivals dropped 2.5% in 2015 and 4.5% in 2016. The tourism sector rebounded in 2017, with visitor arrivals rising 3.2% to 58.47 million. Travelers from Mainland China totaled 44.45 million, accounting for 76% of the total.

The Hong Kong Government is promoting the Special Administrative Region (SAR) as the preferred business hub for renminbi (RMB) internationalization. Hong Kong residents are allowed to establish RMB-denominated savings accounts, RMB-denominated corporate and Chinese government bonds have been issued in Hong Kong, RMB trade settlement is allowed, and investment schemes such as the Renminbi Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor (RQFII) Program was first launched in Hong Kong. Offshore RMB activities experienced a setback, however, after the People’s Bank of China changed the way it set the central parity rate in August 2015. RMB deposits in Hong Kong fell from 1.0 trillion RMB at the end of 2014 to 559 billion RMB at the end of 2017, while RMB trade settlement handled by banks in Hong Kong also shrank from 6.8 trillion RMB in 2015 to 3.9 trillion RMB in 2017.

Hong Kong has also established itself as the premier stock market for Chinese firms seeking to list abroad. In 2015, mainland Chinese companies constituted about 50% of the firms listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and accounted for about 66% of the exchange's market capitalization.

During the past decade, as Hong Kong's manufacturing industry moved to the mainland, its service industry has grown rapidly. In 2014, Hong Kong and China signed a new agreement on achieving basic liberalization of trade in services in Guangdong Province under the Closer Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA), adopted in 2003 to forge closer ties between Hong Kong and the mainland. The new measures, which took effect in March 2015, cover a negative list and a most-favored treatment provision. On the basis of the Guangdong Agreement, the Agreement on Trade in Services signed in November 2015 further enhanced liberalization, including extending the implementation of the majority of Guangdong pilot liberalization measures to the whole Mainland, reducing the restrictive measures in the negative list, and adding measures in the positive lists for cross-border services as well as cultural and telecommunications services. In June 2017, the Investment Agreement and the Agreement on Economic and Technical Cooperation (Ecotech Agreement) were signed under the framework of CEPA.

Hong Kong’s economic integration with the mainland continues to be most evident in the banking and finance sector. Initiatives like the Hong Kong-Shanghai Stock Connect, the Hong Kong- Shenzhen Stock Connect the Mutual Recognition of Funds, and the Bond Connect scheme are all important steps towards opening up the Mainland’s capital markets and have reinforced Hong Kong’s role as China’s leading offshore RMB market. Additional connect schemes such as ETF Connect (for exchange-traded fund products) are also under exploration by Hong Kong authorities. In 2017, Chief Executive Carrie LAM announced plans to increase government spending on research and development, education, and technological innovation with the aim of spurring continued economic growth through greater sector diversification.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$420.13 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$449.299 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$447.34 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$454.984 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$442.387 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$454.98 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -546,14 +546,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$56,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$59,848 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$59,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$61,064 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$59,849 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$61,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -707,14 +707,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$615.88 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$568.877 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$649.02 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$602.306 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$581.072 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$681.28 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -724,14 +724,14 @@ "text": "gold, broadcasting equipment, integrated circuits, diamonds, telephones (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$609.13 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$565.253 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$642.8 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$606.177 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$580.148 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$682.05 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/id.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/id.json index 69020121..fe45f712 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/id.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/id.json @@ -395,20 +395,6 @@ "text": "244.5 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "23.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "9.135 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "189.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "2,018,700,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands" }, @@ -432,6 +418,14 @@ "text": "17.1% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "57.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.39% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -442,14 +436,6 @@ "text": "1.06% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "57.3% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -472,6 +458,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "7% (2016 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "23.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "9.135 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "189.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "2,018,700,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -669,14 +669,14 @@ "text": "

Indonesia, the largest economy in Southeast Asia, has seen a slowdown in growth since 2012, mostly due to the end of the commodities export boom. During the global financial crisis, Indonesia outperformed its regional neighbors and joined China and India as the only G20 members posting growth. Indonesia’s annual budget deficit is capped at 3% of GDP, and the Government of Indonesia lowered its debt-to-GDP ratio from a peak of 100% shortly after the Asian financial crisis in 1999 to 34% today. In May 2017 Standard & Poor’s became the last major ratings agency to upgrade Indonesia’s sovereign credit rating to investment grade.

Poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a complex regulatory environment, and unequal resource distribution among its regions are still part of Indonesia’s economic landscape. President Joko WIDODO - elected in July 2014 – seeks to develop Indonesia’s maritime resources and pursue other infrastructure development, including significantly increasing its electrical power generation capacity. Fuel subsidies were significantly reduced in early 2015, a move which has helped the government redirect its spending to development priorities. Indonesia, with the nine other ASEAN members, will continue to move towards participation in the ASEAN Economic Community, though full implementation of economic integration has not yet materialized.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$3,130,470,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$3,196,682,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$3,196,620,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$3,043,743,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$2,894,125,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$3,043,880,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -692,14 +692,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$11,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$11,812 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$11,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$11,372 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$10,936 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$11,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -843,14 +843,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$178.26 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$249.628 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$200.1 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$251.827 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$236.354 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$211.93 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -860,14 +860,14 @@ "text": "coal, palm oil, natural gas, cars, gold (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$159.64 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$223.44 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$204.23 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$242.046 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$216.342 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$218.65 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1179,7 +1179,7 @@ "text": "the Indonesian military inventory is comprised of equipment from a wide variety of sources; since 2010, the top suppliers are China, Germany, the Netherlands, Russia, South Korea, the UK, and the US; Indonesia has a growing defense industry fueled by technology transfers and cooperation agreements with several countries; in 2019, the Indonesian Government publicly said that growing its domestic defense industry is a national priority over the next 5-10 years (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "200 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,025 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 1,250 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Jan 2021)" + "text": "200 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,000 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 1,250 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Sep 2021)" }, "Maritime threats": { "text": "the International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial and offshore waters in the Strait of Malacca and South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; the number of attacks increased slightly from 25 incidents in 2019 to 26 in 2020 due to aggressive maritime patrolling by regional authorities; vessels continue to be boarded while anchored or berthed at Indonesian ports with two crew taken hostage and two threatened in 2020; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia" @@ -1188,7 +1188,7 @@ "text": "18-45 years of age for voluntary military service, with selective conscription authorized; 2-year service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers); Indonesian citizens only (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "Indonesian military and police forces are engaged in counter-insurgency operations in Papua against the West Papua Liberation Army, the military wing of the Free Papua Organization, which has been fighting a low-level insurgency since the 1960s when Indonesia annexed the former Dutch colony; since 2019, there has been an increase in militant activity in Papua and a larger Indonesian military presence; Papua was formally incorporated into Indonesia in 1969

in addition, the Indonesian military has been assisting police in countering the Mujahideen Indonesia Timur (MIT; aka East Indonesia Mujahideen), a local Islamic State (ISIS)-affiliated terrorist group

Indonesia is not a formal claimant in the South China Sea, although some of its waters lie within China's “nine-dash line” maritime claims, resulting in some stand offs in recent years; since 2016, the Indonesian military has bolstered its presence on Great Natuna Island (aka Pulau Natuna Besar), the main island of the Middle Natuna Archipelago, which is part of the Riau Islands province, and held military exercises in surrounding waters" + "text": "as of 2021, Indonesian military and police forces were engaged in counter-insurgency operations in Papua against the West Papua Liberation Army, the military wing of the Free Papua Organization, which has been fighting a low-level insurgency since the 1960s when Indonesia annexed the former Dutch colony; since 2019, there has been an increase in militant activity in Papua and a larger Indonesian military presence; Papua was formally incorporated into Indonesia in 1969

in addition, the Indonesian military has been assisting police in countering the Mujahideen Indonesia Timur (MIT; aka East Indonesia Mujahideen), a local Islamic State (ISIS)-affiliated terrorist group

Indonesia is not a formal claimant in the South China Sea, although some of its waters lie within China's “nine-dash line” maritime claims, resulting in some stand offs in recent years; since 2016, the Indonesian military has bolstered its presence on Great Natuna Island (aka Pulau Natuna Besar), the main island of the Middle Natuna Archipelago, which is part of the Riau Islands province, and held military exercises in surrounding waters" } }, "Terrorism": { @@ -1203,7 +1203,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "5,866 (Afghanistan) (2019)" + "text": "5,863 (Afghanistan) (2020)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "40,000 (inter-communal, inter-faith, and separatist violence between 1998 and 2004 in Aceh and Papua; religious attacks and land conflicts in 2007 and 2013; most IDPs in Aceh, Maluku, East Nusa Tengarra) (2020)" diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/ja.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/ja.json index d789e0f7..23cb7abf 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/ja.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/ja.json @@ -352,20 +352,6 @@ "text": "29.99 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "15.41 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "11.61 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "54.43 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "430 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north" }, @@ -389,6 +375,14 @@ "text": "19% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "91.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "-0.25% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -399,14 +393,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "91.9% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-0.25% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "respiratory diseases": { "text": "Covid-19 (see note) (2020)" @@ -423,6 +409,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "4.9% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "15.41 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "11.61 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "54.43 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "430 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -614,10 +614,10 @@ }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$5,231,066,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$5,224,850,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$5,197,069,000,000 (2018 est.)" + "text": "$5,210,770,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$5,180,326,000,000 (2017 est.)" @@ -637,10 +637,10 @@ }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$41,429 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$41,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$41,074 (2018 est.)" + "text": "$41,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$40,859 (2017 est.)" @@ -787,14 +787,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$793.32 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$1,084,146,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$904.63 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$1,099,855,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$1,059,991,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$929.83 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -804,14 +804,14 @@ "text": "cars and vehicle parts, integrated circuits, personal appliances, ships (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$799.52 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$1,032,112,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$913.25 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$1,035,557,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$998.014 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$928.42 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1094,7 +1094,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Japan Self-Defense Force (JSDF): Ground Self-Defense Force (Rikujou Jieitai, GSDF; includes aviation), Maritime Self-Defense Force (Kaijou Jieitai, MSDF; includes naval aviation), Air Self-Defense Force (Koukuu Jieitai, ASDF); Japan Coast Guard (Ministry of Land, Transport, Infrastructure and Tourism) (2020)" + "text": "Japan Self-Defense Force (JSDF): Ground Self-Defense Force (Rikujou Jieitai, GSDF; includes aviation), Maritime Self-Defense Force (Kaijou Jieitai, MSDF; includes naval aviation), Air Self-Defense Force (Koukuu Jieitai, ASDF); Japan Coast Guard (Ministry of Land, Transport, Infrastructure and Tourism) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { @@ -1120,7 +1120,7 @@ "text": "the JSDF is equipped with a mix of imported and domestically-produced equipment; Japan is capable of producing a wide range of air, ground, and naval weapons systems; the majority of its weapons imports are from the US and some domestically-produced weapons are US-origin and manufactured under license (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "approximately 170 Djibouti (2020 )" + "text": "approximately 175 Djibouti (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service (maximum enlistment age 32); no conscription (2019)" diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/kn.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/kn.json index 30b0f28b..5cb1468e 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/kn.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/kn.json @@ -366,20 +366,6 @@ "text": "18.68 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "902.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "1.145 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "6.61 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "77.15 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate, with rainfall concentrated in summer; long, bitter winters" }, @@ -415,6 +401,20 @@ "widespread lack of access": { "text": "due to low food consumption levels, poor dietary diversity, and economic downturn - a large portion of the population suffers from low levels of food consumption and very poor dietary diversity; the economic constraints, particularly resulting from the global impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic, have increased the population’s vulnerability to food insecurity; the food gap is estimated at about 860,000 mt in the 2020/21 marketing year (November/October); if this gap is not adequately covered through commercial imports and/or food aid, households could experience a harsh lean period, particularly from August until October, when the 2021 main season grain crops are expected to be available for consumption (2021)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "902.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.145 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "6.61 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "77.15 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/ks.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/ks.json index cfd52121..6bee0e50 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/ks.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/ks.json @@ -368,20 +368,6 @@ "text": "30.28 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "6.672 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "4.45 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "15.96 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "69.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter; cold winters" }, @@ -405,6 +391,14 @@ "text": "18% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "81.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.31% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -415,14 +409,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "81.4% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.31% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "respiratory diseases": { "text": "Covid-19 (see note) (2020)" @@ -439,6 +425,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "58% (2014 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "6.672 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "4.45 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "15.96 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "69.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -628,14 +628,14 @@ "text": "

After emerging from the 1950-53 war with North Korea, South Korea emerged as one of the 20th century’s most remarkable economic success stories, becoming a developed, globally connected, high-technology society within decades. In the 1960s, GDP per capita was comparable with levels in the poorest countries in the world. In 2004, South Korea's GDP surpassed one trillion dollars.

Beginning in the 1960s under President PARK Chung-hee, the government promoted the import of raw materials and technology, encouraged saving and investment over consumption, kept wages low, and directed resources to export-oriented industries that remain important to the economy to this day. Growth surged under these policies, and frequently reached double-digits in the 1960s and 1970s. Growth gradually moderated in the 1990s as the economy matured, but remained strong enough to propel South Korea into the ranks of the advanced economies of the OECD by 1997. These policies also led to the emergence of family-owned chaebol conglomerates such as Daewoo, Hyundai, and Samsung, which retained their dominant positions even as the government loosened its grip on the economy amid the political changes of the 1980s and 1990s.

The Asian financial crisis of 1997-98 hit South Korea’s companies hard because of their excessive reliance on short-term borrowing, and GDP ultimately plunged by 7% in 1998. South Korea tackled difficult economic reforms following the crisis, including restructuring some chaebols, increasing labor market flexibility, and opening up to more foreign investment and imports. These steps lead to a relatively rapid economic recovery. South Korea also began expanding its network of free trade agreements to help bolster exports, and has since implemented 16 free trade agreements covering 58 countries—including the United State and China—that collectively cover more than three-quarters of global GDP.

In 2017, the election of President MOON Jae-in brought a surge in consumer confidence, in part, because of his successful efforts to increase wages and government spending. These factors combined with an uptick in export growth to drive real GDP growth to more than 3%, despite disruptions in South Korea’s trade with China over the deployment of a US missile defense system in South Korea.

In 2018 and beyond, South Korea will contend with gradually slowing economic growth - in the 2-3% range - not uncommon for advanced economies. This could be partially offset by efforts to address challenges arising from its rapidly aging population, inflexible labor market, continued dominance of the chaebols, and heavy reliance on exports rather than domestic consumption. Socioeconomic problems also persist, and include rising inequality, poverty among the elderly, high youth unemployment, long working hours, low worker productivity, and corruption.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$2,187,800,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$2,211,315,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$2,208,960,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$2,167,119,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$2,105,893,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$2,164,810,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -651,14 +651,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$42,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$42,765 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$42,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$41,993 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$41,001 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$41,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -802,14 +802,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$606.71 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$683.996 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$660.51 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$672.442 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$646.728 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$729.94 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -819,14 +819,14 @@ "text": "integrated circuits, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, ships, office machinery (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$540.96 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$599.705 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$607.54 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$603.535 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$593.371 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$649.23 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1127,7 +1127,7 @@ "text": "the Republic of Korea Armed Forces are equipped with a mix of domestically-produced and imported weapons systems; domestic production includes armored fighting vehicles, artillery, aircraft, and naval ships; the top foreign weapons supplier is the US and some domestically-produced systems are built under US license; Germany is the second largest supplier of armaments since 2010 (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "250 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 250 South Sudan (UNMISS); 170 United Arab Emirates; note - since 2009, the ROK has kept a naval flotilla with approximately 300 personnel in the waters off of the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula (Jan 2021)" + "text": "250 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 250 South Sudan (UNMISS); 170 United Arab Emirates; note - since 2009, the ROK has kept a naval flotilla with approximately 300 personnel in the waters off of the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula (Sep 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-28 years of age for compulsory military service; minimum conscript service obligation varies by service- 21 months (Army, Marines), 23 months (Navy), 24 months (Air Force); 18-26 years of age for voluntary military service; women, in service since 1950, are able to serve in all branches, including as officers (2020)

note:  South Korea intends to reduce the length of military service to 18 – 22 months by 2022", diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/la.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/la.json index 1d8d4ff3..2b43240f 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/la.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/la.json @@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "3,100 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean drainage: Mekong (805,604 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "most densely populated area is in and around the capital city of Vientiane; large communities are primarily found along the Mekong River along the southwestern border; overall density is considered one of the lowest in Southeast Asia" }, @@ -385,20 +388,6 @@ "text": "9 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "130 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "170 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "7.02 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "333.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April)" }, @@ -422,11 +411,6 @@ "text": "21.5% (2018 est.)" } }, - "Revenue from forest resources": { - "forest revenues": { - "text": "1.48% of GDP (2018 est.)" - } - }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "36.9% of total population (2021)" @@ -435,6 +419,11 @@ "text": "2.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "1.48% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -456,6 +445,23 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "10% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean drainage: Mekong (805,604 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "130 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "170 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "7.02 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "333.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -640,14 +646,14 @@ "text": "

The government of Laos, one of the few remaining one-party communist states, began decentralizing control and encouraging private enterprise in 1986. Economic growth averaged more than 6% per year in the period 1988-2008, and Laos' growth has more recently been amongst the fastest in Asia, averaging more than 7% per year for most of the last decade.

Nevertheless, Laos remains a country with an underdeveloped infrastructure, particularly in rural areas. It has a basic, but improving, road system, and limited external and internal land-line telecommunications. Electricity is available to 83% of the population. Agriculture, dominated by rice cultivation in lowland areas, accounts for about 20% of GDP and 73% of total employment. Recently, the country has faced a persistent current account deficit, falling foreign currency reserves, and growing public debt.

Laos' economy is heavily dependent on capital-intensive natural resource exports. The economy has benefited from high-profile foreign direct investment in hydropower dams along the Mekong River, copper and gold mining, logging, and construction, although some projects in these industries have drawn criticism for their environmental impacts.

Laos gained Normal Trade Relations status with the US in 2004 and applied for Generalized System of Preferences trade benefits in 2013 after being admitted to the World Trade Organization earlier in the year. Laos held the chairmanship of ASEAN in 2016. Laos is in the process of implementing a value-added tax system. The government appears committed to raising the country's profile among foreign investors and has developed special economic zones replete with generous tax incentives, but a limited labor pool, a small domestic market, and corruption remain impediments to investment. Laos also has ongoing problems with the business environment, including onerous registration requirements, a gap between legislation and implementation, and unclear or conflicting regulations.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$56.79 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$56.11 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$56.54 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$53.616 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$50.463 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$53.62 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -663,14 +669,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$7,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$7,826 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$7,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$7,593 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$7,258 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$7,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -808,11 +814,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$3.654 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$6.99 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$2.705 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$6.39 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -822,11 +828,11 @@ "text": "electricity, copper, rubber, gold, flavored water (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$4.976 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$7.52 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$4.739 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$7.56 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/mc.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/mc.json index e9853234..7402b725 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/mc.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/mc.json @@ -314,6 +314,14 @@ "text": "100% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.46% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -324,14 +332,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "100% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.46% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "377,942 tons (2016 est.)" @@ -416,10 +416,10 @@ "text": "unicameral Legislative Assembly or Regiao Administrativa Especial de Macau (33 seats; 14 members directly elected by proportional representation vote, 12 indirectly elected by an electoral college of professional and commercial interest groups, and 7 appointed by the chief executive; members serve 4-year terms)" }, "elections": { - "text": "last held on 17 September 2017 (next to be held on 12 September 2021)" + "text": "last held on 12 September 2021 (next to be held in September 2025)" }, "election results": { - "text": "percent of vote - UMG 10%, UPD 9.7%, ACUM 8.6%, NE 8.3%, UPP 7.2, ANMD 6.6%, NUDM 6.1%, ACDM 5.9%, APMD 5.8%, Civic Watch 5.6%, ABL 5.5%, ANPM 5.3%, other 15.4%; seats by political group - UMG 2, UPD 2, ABL 1, ACDM 1, ACUM 1, ANMD 1, ANPM 1, APMD 1, Civic Watch 1, NE 1, NUDM 1, UPP 1; 12 seats filled by professional and business groups; 7 members appointed by the chief executive; composition - men 27, women 6, percent of women 18.6%" + "text": "percent of vote - ACUM 20.1%, UPD 18%, NE 13.8%, UMG 12.7%, UPP 11.4%, ABL 10.8%, PS 6.6%, other 6.6%; seats by political group - ACUM 3, UPD 2, UMG 2, UPP 2, ABL 2, NE 2, PS 1; composition NA" } }, "Judicial branch": { @@ -463,14 +463,14 @@ "text": "

Since opening up its locally-controlled casino industry to foreign competition in 2001, Macau has attracted tens of billions of dollars in foreign investment, transforming the territory into one of the world's largest gaming centers. Macau's gaming and tourism businesses were fueled by China's decision to relax travel restrictions on Chinese citizens wishing to visit Macau. In 2016, Macau's gaming-related taxes accounted for more than 76% of total government revenue.

Macau's economy slowed dramatically in 2009 as a result of the global economic slowdown, but strong growth resumed in the 2010-13 period, largely on the back of tourism from mainland China and the gaming sectors. In 2015, this city of 646,800 hosted nearly 30.7 million visitors. Almost 67% came from mainland China. Macau's traditional manufacturing industry has slowed greatly since the termination of the Multi-Fiber Agreement in 2005. Services export — primarily gaming — increasingly has driven Macau’s economic performance. Mainland China’s anti-corruption campaign brought Macau’s gambling boom to a halt in 2014, with spending in casinos contracting 34.3% in 2015. As a result, Macau's inflation-adjusted GDP contracted 21.5% in 2015 and another 2.1% in 2016 - down from double-digit expansion rates in the period 2010-13 - but the economy recovered handsomely in 2017.

Macau continues to face the challenges of managing its growing casino industry, risks from money-laundering activities, and the need to diversify the economy away from heavy dependence on gaming revenues. Macau's currency, the pataca, is closely tied to the Hong Kong dollar, which is also freely accepted in the territory.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$35.58 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$79.392 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$81.44 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$83.317 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$79.017 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$83.64 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -486,14 +486,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$54,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$123,965 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$127,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$131,908 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$126,918 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$132,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "GDP (official exchange rate)": { @@ -651,8 +651,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$45.35 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$1.45 billion (2018)" + "text": "$45.62 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: includes reexports" }, @@ -663,11 +666,11 @@ "text": "broadcasting equipment, jewelry, watches, trunks/cases, telephones (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$11.1 billion (2018)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$17.35 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$9.7 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$18.28 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/mg.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/mg.json index 98e02f38..99daeabc 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/mg.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/mg.json @@ -375,20 +375,6 @@ "text": "13.72 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "45.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "166.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "250.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "34.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)" }, @@ -412,6 +398,14 @@ "text": "20% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "68.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.14% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -422,18 +416,24 @@ "text": "8.62% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "68.8% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "2.9 million tons (2016 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "45.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "166.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "250.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "34.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -627,14 +627,14 @@ "text": "

Foreign direct investment in Mongolia's extractive industries – which are based on extensive deposits of copper, gold, coal, molybdenum, fluorspar, uranium, tin, and tungsten - has transformed Mongolia's landlocked economy from its traditional dependence on herding and agriculture. Exports now account for more than 40% of GDP. Mongolia depends on China for more than 60% of its external trade - China receives some 90% of Mongolia's exports and supplies Mongolia with more than one-third of its imports. Mongolia also relies on Russia for 90% of its energy supplies, leaving it vulnerable to price increases. Remittances from Mongolians working abroad, particularly in South Korea, are significant.

Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990 and 1991 at the time of the dismantlement of the USSR. The following decade saw Mongolia endure both deep recession, because of political inaction, and natural disasters, as well as strong economic growth, because of market reforms and extensive privatization of the formerly state-run economy. The country opened a fledgling stock exchange in 1991. Mongolia joined the WTO in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade regimes.

Growth averaged nearly 9% per year in 2004-08 largely because of high copper prices globally and new gold production. By late 2008, Mongolia was hit by the global financial crisis and Mongolia's real economy contracted 1.3% in 2009. In early 2009, the IMF reached a $236 million Stand-by Arrangement with Mongolia and it emerged from the crisis with a stronger banking sector and better fiscal management. In October 2009, Mongolia passed long-awaited legislation on an investment agreement to develop the Oyu Tolgoi (OT) mine, among the world's largest untapped copper-gold deposits. However, a dispute with foreign investors developing OT called into question the attractiveness of Mongolia as a destination for foreign investment. This caused a severe drop in FDI, and a slowing economy, leading to the dismissal of Prime Minister Norovyn ALTANKHUYAG in November 2014. The economy had grown more than 10% per year between 2011 and 2013 - largely on the strength of commodity exports and high government spending - before slowing to 7.8% in 2014, and falling to the 2% level in 2015. Growth rebounded from a brief 1.6% contraction in the third quarter of 2016 to 5.8% during the first three quarters of 2017, largely due to rising commodity prices.

The May 2015 agreement with Rio Tinto to restart the OT mine and the subsequent $4.4 billion finance package signing in December 2015 stemmed the loss of investor confidence. The current government has made restoring investor trust and reviving the economy its top priority, but has failed to invigorate the economy in the face of the large drop-off in foreign direct investment, mounting external debt, and a sizeable budget deficit. Mongolia secured a $5.5 billion financial assistance package from the IMF and a host of international creditors in May 2017, which is expected to improve Mongolia’s long-term fiscal and economic stability as long as Ulaanbaatar can advance the agreement’s difficult contingent reforms, such as consolidating the government’s off-balance sheet liabilities and rehabilitating the Mongolian banking sector.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$37.6 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$39.723 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$39.72 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$37.774 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$35.222 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$37.77 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -650,14 +650,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$11,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$12,317 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$12,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$11,916 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$11,312 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$11,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -798,14 +798,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$7.65 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$8.42 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$7.012 billion (2018)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$5.834 billion (2017 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$4.916 billion (2016 est.)" + "text": "$7.71 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -815,14 +815,14 @@ "text": "coal, copper, gold, iron, crude petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$7.34 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$9.25 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$5.875 billion (2018)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$4.345 billion (2017 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$3.466 billion (2016 est.)" + "text": "$8.48 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/my.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/my.json index ec5b6f4d..43db1d8c 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/my.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/my.json @@ -395,20 +395,6 @@ "text": "51.51 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "1.342 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "1.641 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "2.505 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "580 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons" }, @@ -432,6 +418,14 @@ "text": "14.8% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "77.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.87% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "1.57% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -442,14 +436,6 @@ "text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "77.7% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.87% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "intermediate (2020)" @@ -474,6 +460,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "17.5% (2016 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "1.342 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.641 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "2.505 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "580 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -660,14 +660,14 @@ "text": "

Malaysia, an upper middle-income country, has transformed itself since the 1970s from a producer of raw materials into a multi-sector economy. Under current Prime Minister NAJIB, Malaysia is attempting to achieve high-income status by 2020 and to move further up the value-added production chain by attracting investments in high technology, knowledge-based industries and services. NAJIB's Economic Transformation Program is a series of projects and policy measures intended to accelerate the country's economic growth. The government has also taken steps to liberalize some services sub-sectors. Malaysia is vulnerable to a fall in world commodity prices or a general slowdown in global economic activity.

The NAJIB administration is continuing efforts to boost domestic demand and reduce the economy's dependence on exports. Domestic demand continues to anchor economic growth, supported mainly by private consumption, which accounts for 53% of GDP. Nevertheless, exports - particularly of electronics, oil and gas, and palm oil - remain a significant driver of the economy. In 2015, gross exports of goods and services were equivalent to 73% of GDP. The oil and gas sector supplied about 22% of government revenue in 2015, down significantly from prior years amid a decline in commodity prices and diversification of government revenues. Malaysia has embarked on a fiscal reform program aimed at achieving a balanced budget by 2020, including rationalization of subsidies and the 2015 introduction of a 6% value added tax. Sustained low commodity prices throughout the period not only strained government finances, but also shrunk Malaysia’s current account surplus and weighed heavily on the Malaysian ringgit, which was among the region’s worst performing currencies during 2013-17. The ringgit hit new lows following the US presidential election amid a broader selloff of emerging market assets.

Bank Negara Malaysia (the central bank) maintains adequate foreign exchange reserves; a well-developed regulatory regime has limited Malaysia's exposure to riskier financial instruments, although it remains vulnerable to volatile global capital flows. In order to increase Malaysia’s competitiveness, Prime Minister NAJIB raised possible revisions to the special economic and social preferences accorded to ethnic Malays under the New Economic Policy of 1970, but retreated in 2013 after he encountered significant opposition from Malay nationalists and other vested interests. In September 2013 NAJIB launched the new Bumiputra Economic Empowerment Program, policies that favor and advance the economic condition of ethnic Malays.

Malaysia signed the 12-nation Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) free trade agreement in February 2016, although the future of the TPP remains unclear following the US withdrawal from the agreement. Along with nine other ASEAN members, Malaysia established the ASEAN Economic Community in 2015, which aims to advance regional economic integration.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$855.6 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$906.239 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$906.24 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$868.853 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$829.296 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$868.85 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -683,14 +683,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$26,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$28,364 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$28,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$27,558 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$26,661 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$27,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -836,14 +836,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$207.37 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$265.499 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$237.83 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$268.915 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$263.815 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$245.89 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -853,14 +853,14 @@ "text": "integrated circuits, refined petroleum, natural gas, semiconductors, palm oil (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$185.59 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$233.719 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$210.68 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$239.643 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$236.129 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$221.83 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1189,7 +1189,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "119,230 (Burma) (2019)" + "text": "119,579 (Burma) (2020)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "111,298 (2020); note - Malaysia's stateless population consists of Rohingya refugees from Burma, ethnic Indians, and the children of Filipino and Indonesian illegal migrants; Burma stripped the Rohingya of their nationality in 1982; Filipino and Indonesian children who have not been registered for birth certificates by their parents or who received birth certificates stamped \"foreigner\" are not eligible to attend government schools; these children are vulnerable to statelessness should they not be able to apply to their parents' country of origin for passports" diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/pp.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/pp.json index 3c52e668..e07265a4 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/pp.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/pp.json @@ -370,20 +370,6 @@ "text": "11.05 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "223.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "167.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "801 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation" }, @@ -407,6 +393,14 @@ "text": "34.3% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "13.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.91% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "2.08% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -417,14 +411,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "13.5% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.91% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -446,6 +432,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "2% (2016 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "223.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "167.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "801 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -630,14 +630,14 @@ "text": "

Papua New Guinea (PNG) is richly endowed with natural resources, but exploitation has been hampered by rugged terrain, land tenure issues, and the high cost of developing infrastructure. The economy has a small formal sector, focused mainly on the export of those natural resources, and an informal sector, employing the majority of the population. Agriculture provides a subsistence livelihood for 85% of the people. The global financial crisis had little impact because of continued foreign demand for PNG's commodities.

Mineral deposits, including copper, gold, and oil, account for nearly two-thirds of export earnings. Natural gas reserves amount to an estimated 155 billion cubic meters. Following construction of a $19 billion liquefied natural gas (LNG) project, PNG LNG, a consortium led by ExxonMobil, began exporting liquefied natural gas to Asian markets in May 2014. The project was delivered on time and only slightly above budget. The success of the project has encouraged other companies to look at similar LNG projects. French supermajor Total is hopes to begin construction on the Papua LNG project by 2020. Due to lower global commodity prices, resource revenues of all types have fallen dramatically. PNG’s government has recently been forced to adjust spending levels downward.

Numerous challenges still face the government of Peter O'NEILL, including providing physical security for foreign investors, regaining investor confidence, restoring integrity to state institutions, promoting economic efficiency by privatizing moribund state institutions, and maintaining good relations with Australia, its former colonial ruler. Other socio-cultural challenges could upend the economy including chronic law and order and land tenure issues. In August, 2017, PNG launched its first-ever national trade policy, PNG Trade Policy 2017-2032. The policy goal is to maximize trade and investment by increasing exports, to reduce imports, and to increase foreign direct investment (FDI).

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$36.69 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$38.218 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$38.17 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$36.089 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$36.19 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$36.06 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -653,14 +653,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$4,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$4,355 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$4,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$4,193 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$4,289 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$4,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -795,8 +795,8 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$8.522 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$10.6 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2016": { "text": "$9.224 billion (2016 est.)" @@ -809,8 +809,8 @@ "text": "natural gas, gold, copper, lumber, crude petroleum, nickel, palm oil, fish, coffee (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$1.876 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$4.84 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2016": { "text": "$2.077 billion (2016 est.)" @@ -1121,7 +1121,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "9,368 (Indonesia) (2019)" + "text": "10,501 (Indonesia) (2020)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "14,000 (natural disasters, tribal conflict, inter-communal violence, development projects) (2020)" diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/rp.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/rp.json index 369fa76e..b6bb9a3f 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/rp.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/rp.json @@ -400,20 +400,6 @@ "text": "51.32 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "8.929 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "15.85 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "67.97 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "479 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October)" }, @@ -437,6 +423,14 @@ "text": "33.1% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "47.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.18% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -447,14 +441,6 @@ "text": "0.07% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "47.7% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -480,6 +466,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "28% (2014 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "8.929 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "15.85 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "67.97 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "479 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -664,14 +664,14 @@ "text": "

The economy has been relatively resilient to global economic shocks due to less exposure to troubled international securities, lower dependence on exports, relatively resilient domestic consumption, large remittances from about 10 million overseas Filipino workers and migrants, and a rapidly expanding services industry. During 2017, the current account balance fell into the negative range, the first time since the 2008 global financial crisis, in part due to an ambitious new infrastructure spending program announced this year. However, international reserves remain at comfortable levels and the banking system is stable.

Efforts to improve tax administration and expenditures management have helped ease the Philippines' debt burden and tight fiscal situation. The Philippines received investment-grade credit ratings on its sovereign debt under the former AQUINO administration and has had little difficulty financing its budget deficits. However, weak absorptive capacity and implementation bottlenecks have prevented the government from maximizing its expenditure plans. Although it has improved, the low tax-to-GDP ratio remains a constraint to supporting increasingly higher spending levels and sustaining high and inclusive growth over the longer term.

Economic growth has accelerated, averaging over 6% per year from 2011 to 2017, compared with 4.5% under the MACAPAGAL-ARROYO government; and competitiveness rankings have improved. Although 2017 saw a new record year for net foreign direct investment inflows, FDI to the Philippines has continued to lag regional peers, in part because the Philippine constitution and other laws limit foreign investment and restrict foreign ownership in important activities/sectors - such as land ownership and public utilities.

Although the economy grew at a rapid pace under the AQUINO government, challenges to achieving more inclusive growth remain. Wealth is concentrated in the hands of the rich. The unemployment rate declined from 7.3% to 5.7% between 2010 and 2017; while there has been some improvement, underemployment remains high at around 17% to 18% of the employed population. At least 40% of the employed work in the informal sector. Poverty afflicts more than a fifth of the total population but is as high as 75% in some areas of the southern Philippines. More than 60% of the poor reside in rural areas, where the incidence of poverty (about 30%) is more severe - a challenge to raising rural farm and non-farm incomes. Continued efforts are needed to improve governance, the judicial system, the regulatory environment, the infrastructure, and the overall ease of doing business.

2016 saw the election of President Rodrigo DUTERTE, who has pledged to make inclusive growth and poverty reduction his top priority. DUTERTE believes that illegal drug use, crime and corruption are key barriers to economic development. The administration wants to reduce the poverty rate to 17% and graduate the economy to upper-middle income status by the end of President DUTERTE’s term in 2022. Key themes under the government’s Ten-Point Socioeconomic Agenda include continuity of macroeconomic policy, tax reform, higher investments in infrastructure and human capital development, and improving competitiveness and the overall ease of doing business. The administration sees infrastructure shortcomings as a key barrier to sustained economic growth and has pledged to spend $165 billion on infrastructure by 2022. Although the final outcome has yet to be seen, the current administration is shepherding legislation for a comprehensive tax reform program to raise revenues for its ambitious infrastructure spending plan and to promote a more equitable and efficient tax system. However, the need to finance rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts in the southern region of Mindanao following the 2017 Marawi City siege may compete with other spending on infrastructure.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$871.56 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$963.121 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$963.83 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$908.257 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$854.095 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$908.26 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -687,14 +687,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$8,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$8,908 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$8,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$8,516 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$8,121 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$8,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -838,14 +838,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$78.82 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$131.193 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$94.74 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$128.138 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$114.597 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$90.37 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -855,14 +855,14 @@ "text": "integrated circuits, office machinery/parts, insulated wiring, semiconductors, transformers (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$97.58 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$158.307 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$131.01 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$155.441 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$135.585 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$129.74 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/sn.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/sn.json index 36334427..c5561796 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/sn.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/sn.json @@ -367,20 +367,6 @@ "text": "4.4 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "296.73 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "336.294 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "26.376 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "600 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons - northeastern monsoon (December to March) and southwestern monsoon (June to September); inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms" }, @@ -404,6 +390,14 @@ "text": "95.7% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.74% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -414,14 +408,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "100% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.74% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "7,704,300 tons (2017 est.)" @@ -432,6 +418,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "61% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "296.73 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "336.294 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "26.376 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "600 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -618,14 +618,14 @@ "text": "

Singapore has a highly developed and successful free-market economy. It enjoys an open and corruption-free environment, stable prices, and a per capita GDP higher than that of most developed countries. Unemployment is very low. The economy depends heavily on exports, particularly of electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, medical and optical devices, pharmaceuticals, and on Singapore’s vibrant transportation, business, and financial services sectors.

The economy contracted 0.6% in 2009 as a result of the global financial crisis, but has continued to grow since 2010. Growth from 2012-2017 was slower than during the previous decade, a result of slowing structural growth - as Singapore reached high-income levels - and soft global demand for exports. Growth recovered to 3.6% in 2017 with a strengthening global economy.

The government is attempting to restructure Singapore’s economy to reduce its dependence on foreign labor, raise productivity growth, and increase wages amid slowing labor force growth and an aging population. Singapore has attracted major investments in advanced manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, and medical technology production and will continue efforts to strengthen its position as Southeast Asia's leading financial and technology hub. Singapore is a signatory of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), and a party to the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) negotiations with nine other ASEAN members plus Australia, China, India, Japan, South Korea, and New Zealand. In 2015, Singapore formed, with the other ASEAN members, the ASEAN Economic Community.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$531.04 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$555.193 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$561.3 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$551.152 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$532.832 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$553.85 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -641,14 +641,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$93,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$97,341 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$98,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$97,745 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$94,941 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$98,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -796,14 +796,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$599.2 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$626.68 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$658.54 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$636.565 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$588.576 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$665.7 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -813,14 +813,14 @@ "text": "integrated circuits, refined petroleum, gold, gas turbines, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$490.68 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$533.478 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$552.71 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$542.802 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$505.736 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$557.49 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/th.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/th.json index e1f4c8b2..72997151 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/th.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/th.json @@ -93,6 +93,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "64,150 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Salween (271,914 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: Mekong (805,604 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "highest population density is found in and around Bangkok; significant population clusters found througout large parts of the country, particularly north and northeast of Bangkok and in the extreme southern region of the country" }, @@ -101,9 +104,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore; ideas for the construction of a canal across the Kra Isthmus that would create a bypass to the Strait of Malacca and shorten shipping times around Asia continue to be discussed" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Salween (271,914 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: Mekong (805,604 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -399,20 +399,6 @@ "text": "86.98 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "2.739 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "2.777 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "51.79 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "438.61 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid" }, @@ -436,6 +422,14 @@ "text": "21.6% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "52.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.34% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -446,14 +440,6 @@ "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "52.2% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -478,6 +464,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Salween (271,914 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: Mekong (805,604 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "2.739 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "2.777 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "51.79 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "438.61 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -667,14 +667,14 @@ "text": "

With a relatively well-developed infrastructure, a free-enterprise economy, and generally pro-investment policies, Thailand is highly dependent on international trade, with exports accounting for about two thirds of GDP. Thailand’s exports include electronics, agricultural commodities, automobiles and parts, and processed foods. The industry and service sectors produce about 90% of GDP. The agricultural sector, comprised mostly of small-scale farms, contributes only 10% of GDP but employs about one third of the labor force. Thailand has attracted an estimated 3.0-4.5 million migrant workers, mostly from neighboring countries.

Over the last few decades, Thailand has reduced poverty substantially. In 2013, the Thai Government implemented a nationwide 300 baht (roughly $10) per day minimum wage policy and deployed new tax reforms designed to lower rates on middle-income earners.

Thailand’s economy is recovering from slow growth during the years since the 2014 coup. Thailand’s economic fundamentals are sound, with low inflation, low unemployment, and reasonable public and external debt levels. Tourism and government spending - mostly on infrastructure and short-term stimulus measures – have helped to boost the economy, and The Bank of Thailand has been supportive, with several interest rate reductions.

Over the longer-term, household debt levels, political uncertainty, and an aging population pose risks to growth.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$1,206,620,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$1,285,287,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1,284,830,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$1,255,719,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$1,205,674,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1,256,360,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -690,14 +690,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$17,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$18,460 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$18,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$18,087 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$17,421 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$18,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -842,14 +842,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$258.42 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$291.169 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$323.88 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$298.968 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$289.239 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$328.58 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -859,14 +859,14 @@ "text": "office machinery/parts, cars and vehicle parts, integrated circuits, delivery trucks, gold (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$233.75 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$257.873 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$272.83 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$269.455 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$248.698 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$283.66 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1186,7 +1186,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "91,806 (Burma) (2020)" + "text": "91,479 (Burma) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "41,000" diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/tt.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/tt.json index d5892fd0..0df06abc 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/tt.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/tt.json @@ -389,20 +389,6 @@ "text": "4.74 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "99 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1.071 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "8.215 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons" }, @@ -426,6 +412,14 @@ "text": "25.8% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "31.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.31% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.13% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -436,14 +430,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "31.7% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.31% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -459,6 +445,20 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "63,875 tons (2016 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "99 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.071 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "8.215 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -642,14 +642,14 @@ "text": "

Since independence in 1999, Timor-Leste has faced great challenges in rebuilding its infrastructure, strengthening the civil administration, and generating jobs for young people entering the work force. The development of offshore oil and gas resources has greatly supplemented government revenues. This technology-intensive industry, however, has done little to create jobs in part because there are no production facilities in Timor-Leste. Gas is currently piped to Australia for processing, but Timor-Leste has expressed interest in developing a domestic processing capability.

In June 2005, the National Parliament unanimously approved the creation of the Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund to serve as a repository for all petroleum revenues and to preserve the value of Timor-Leste's petroleum wealth for future generations. The Fund held assets of $16 billion, as of mid-2016. Oil accounts for over 90% of government revenues, and the drop in the price of oil in 2014-16 has led to concerns about the long-term sustainability of government spending. Timor-Leste compensated for the decline in price by exporting more oil. The Ministry of Finance maintains that the Petroleum Fund is sufficient to sustain government operations for the foreseeable future.

Annual government budget expenditures increased markedly between 2009 and 2012 but dropped significantly through 2016. Historically, the government failed to spend as much as its budget allowed. The government has focused significant resources on basic infrastructure, including electricity and roads, but limited experience in procurement and infrastructure building has hampered these projects. The underlying economic policy challenge the country faces remains how best to use oil-and-gas wealth to lift the non-oil economy onto a higher growth path and to reduce poverty.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$4.19 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$4.593 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$4.59 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$3.869 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$3.91 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$3.87 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -665,14 +665,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$3,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$3,553 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$3,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$3,052 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$3,145 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$3,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -803,11 +803,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$16.7 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$60 million note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2015": { - "text": "$18 million (2015 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$120 million note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$120 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -817,11 +820,14 @@ "text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, coffee, various vegetables, scrap iron (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$681.2 million (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$850 million note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$558.6 million (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$1.04 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$1.06 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/tw.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/tw.json index 5589a859..fa2f69e9 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/tw.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/tw.json @@ -296,9 +296,6 @@ "Environment - current issues": { "text": "air pollution; water pollution from industrial emissions, raw sewage; contamination of drinking water supplies; trade in endangered species; low-level radioactive waste disposal" }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "67 cubic meters (2011)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); persistent and extensive cloudiness all year" }, @@ -328,6 +325,9 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "7.336 million tons (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "67 cubic meters (2011)" } }, "Government": { diff --git a/east-n-southeast-asia/vm.json b/east-n-southeast-asia/vm.json index a3a82bad..9d4904a9 100644 --- a/east-n-southeast-asia/vm.json +++ b/east-n-southeast-asia/vm.json @@ -96,6 +96,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "46,000 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean drainage: Mekong (805,604 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "though it has one of the highest population densities in the world, the population is not evenly dispersed; clustering is heaviest along the South China Sea and Gulf of Tonkin, with the Mekong Delta (in the south) and the Red River Valley (in the north) having the largest concentrations of people" }, @@ -385,20 +388,6 @@ "text": "110.4 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "1.206 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "3.074 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "77.75 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "884.12 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (May to September) and warm, dry season (October to March)" }, @@ -422,6 +411,14 @@ "text": "20.2% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "38.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.7% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "1.49% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -432,14 +429,6 @@ "text": "0.35% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "38.1% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.7% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -461,6 +450,23 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "23% (2014 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Pacific Ocean drainage: Mekong (805,604 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "1.206 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "3.074 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "77.75 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "884.12 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -654,14 +660,14 @@ "text": "

Vietnam is a densely populated developing country that has been transitioning since 1986 from the rigidities of a centrally planned, highly agrarian economy to a more industrial and market based economy, and it has raised incomes substantially. Vietnam exceeded its 2017 GDP growth target of 6.7% with growth of 6.8%, primarily due to unexpected increases in domestic demand, and strong manufacturing exports.

Vietnam has a young population, stable political system, commitment to sustainable growth, relatively low inflation, stable currency, strong FDI inflows, and strong manufacturing sector. In addition, the country is committed to continuing its global economic integration. Vietnam joined the WTO in January 2007 and concluded several free trade agreements in 2015-16, including the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (which the EU has not yet ratified), the Korean Free Trade Agreement, and the Eurasian Economic Union Free Trade Agreement. In 2017, Vietnam successfully chaired the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Conference with its key priorities including inclusive growth, innovation, strengthening small and medium enterprises, food security, and climate change. Seeking to diversify its opportunities, Vietnam also signed the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for the Transpacific Partnership in 2018 and continued to pursue the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.

To continue its trajectory of strong economic growth, the government acknowledges the need to spark a ‘second wave’ of reforms, including reforming state-owned-enterprises, reducing red tape, increasing business sector transparency, reducing the level of non-performing loans in the banking sector, and increasing financial sector transparency. Vietnam’s public debt to GDP ratio is nearing the government mandated ceiling of 65%.

In 2016, Vietnam cancelled its civilian nuclear energy development program, citing public concerns about safety and the high cost of the program; it faces growing pressure on energy infrastructure. Overall, the country’s infrastructure fails to meet the needs of an expanding middle class. Vietnam has demonstrated a commitment to sustainable growth over the last several years, but despite the recent speed-up in economic growth the government remains cautious about the risk of external shocks.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$798.21 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$775.669 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$775.67 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$724.806 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$676.909 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$724.81 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -674,14 +680,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$8,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$8,041 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$8,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$7,586 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$7,156 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$7,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -827,10 +833,10 @@ }, "Exports": { "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$248.953 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$280.83 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$233.294 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$258.49 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2017": { "text": "$204.169 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -844,10 +850,10 @@ }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$266.066 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$261.68 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$245.563 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$245.63 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2017": { "text": "$217.684 billion (2017 est.)" diff --git a/europe/al.json b/europe/al.json index 124b31f8..c6708551 100644 --- a/europe/al.json +++ b/europe/al.json @@ -90,6 +90,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "3,537 sq km (2014)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "a fairly even distribution, with somewhat higher concentrations of people in the western and central parts of the country" }, @@ -98,9 +101,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links Adriatic Sea to Ionian Sea and Mediterranean Sea)" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -385,20 +385,6 @@ "text": "2.55 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "283 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "231.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "905 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "30.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter" }, @@ -422,6 +408,14 @@ "text": "28.2% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "63% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.29% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.18% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -432,14 +426,6 @@ "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "63% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.29% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "1,142,964 tons (2015 est.)" @@ -447,6 +433,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "283 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "231.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "905 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "30.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -636,14 +636,14 @@ "text": "

Albania, a formerly closed, centrally planned state, is a developing country with a modern open-market economy. Albania managed to weather the first waves of the global financial crisis but, the negative effects of the crisis caused a significant economic slowdown. Since 2014, Albania’s economy has steadily improved and economic growth reached 3.8% in 2017. However, close trade, remittance, and banking sector ties with Greece and Italy make Albania vulnerable to spillover effects of possible debt crises and weak growth in the euro zone.

Remittances, a significant catalyst for economic growth, declined from 12-15% of GDP before the 2008 financial crisis to 5.8% of GDP in 2015, mostly from Albanians residing in Greece and Italy. The agricultural sector, which accounts for more than 40% of employment but less than one quarter of GDP, is limited primarily to small family operations and subsistence farming, because of a lack of modern equipment, unclear property rights, and the prevalence of small, inefficient plots of land. Complex tax codes and licensing requirements, a weak judicial system, endemic corruption, poor enforcement of contracts and property issues, and antiquated infrastructure contribute to Albania's poor business environment making attracting foreign investment difficult. Since 2015, Albania has launched an ambitious program to increase tax compliance and bring more businesses into the formal economy. In July 2016, Albania passed constitutional amendments reforming the judicial system in order to strengthen the rule of law and to reduce deeply entrenched corruption.

Albania’s electricity supply is uneven despite upgraded transmission capacities with neighboring countries. However, the government has recently taken steps to stem non-technical losses and has begun to upgrade the distribution grid. Better enforcement of electricity contracts has improved the financial viability of the sector, decreasing its reliance on budget support. Also, with help from international donors, the government is taking steps to improve the poor road and rail networks, a long standing barrier to sustained economic growth.

Inward foreign direct investment has increased significantly in recent years as the government has embarked on an ambitious program to improve the business climate through fiscal and legislative reforms. The government is focused on the simplification of licensing requirements and tax codes, and it entered into a new arrangement with the IMF for additional financial and technical support. Albania’s three-year IMF program, an extended fund facility arrangement, was successfully concluded in February 2017. The Albanian Government has strengthened tax collection amid moderate public wage and pension increases in an effort to reduce its budget deficit. The country continues to face high public debt, exceeding its former statutory limit of 60% of GDP in 2013 and reaching 72% in 2016.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$37.73 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$39.859 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$39.02 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$38.986 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$37.461 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$38.19 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -659,14 +659,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$13,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$13,965 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$13,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$13,601 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$13,037 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$13,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -808,11 +808,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$900.7 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$3.47 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$789.1 million (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$4.82 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$4.78 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -822,11 +825,14 @@ "text": "leather footwear and parts, crude petroleum, iron alloys, clothing, electricity, perfumes (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$4.103 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$5.67 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$3.67 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$6.93 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$6.85 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -964,7 +970,7 @@ }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { - "text": "

Albania’s small telecom market has improved through signatory status of EU accession plan; EU financial aid will build infrastructure and enhance cooperation; operator committed €100 million to upgrade fixed-line infrastructure, supporting broadband services nationally; consistent with the region, fixed-line telephony use and penetration is declining as subscribers prefer mobile solutions; mobile sector is supported through LTE networks; operators have invested in 5G, including the intention to create a corridor with Kosovo; importer of broadcasting equipment from EU neighbors (2021)

(2020)" + "text": "

Albania’s small telecom market has improved through signatory status of EU accession plan; EU financial aid will build infrastructure and enhance cooperation; operator committed €100 million to upgrade fixed-line infrastructure, supporting broadband services nationally; consistent with the region, fixed-line telephony use and penetration is declining as subscribers prefer mobile solutions; mobile sector is supported through LTE networks; operators have invested in 5G, including the intention to create a corridor with Kosovo; importer of broadcasting equipment from EU neighbors 

(2021)" }, "domestic": { "text": "fixed-line 8 per 100, teledensity continues to decline due to heavy use of mobile-cellular telephone services; mobile-cellular telephone use is widespread and generally effective, 91 per 100 for mobile-cellular (2019)" diff --git a/europe/an.json b/europe/an.json index 061b36d7..3ef4e9b4 100644 --- a/europe/an.json +++ b/europe/an.json @@ -344,9 +344,6 @@ "text": "0.05 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "315.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers" }, @@ -370,11 +367,6 @@ "text": "26% (2018 est.)" } }, - "Revenue from forest resources": { - "forest revenues": { - "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" - } - }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "87.9% of total population (2021)" @@ -383,10 +375,18 @@ "text": "0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "43,000 tons (2012 est.)" } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "315.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -486,13 +486,13 @@ }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { - "text": "unicameral General Council of the Valleys or Consell General de les Valls (a minimum of 28 seats; 14 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies (parishes) by simple majority vote and 14 directly elected in a single national constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms); note - voters cast two separate ballots - one for a national list and one for a parish list" + "text": "unicameral General Council of the Valleys or Consell General de les Valls (a minimum of 28 seats; 14 members directly elected in twoi-seat constituencies (7 parishes) by simple majority vote and 14 directly elected in a single national constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms); note - voters cast two separate ballots - one for a national list and one for a parish list" }, "elections": { "text": "last held on 7 April 2019 (next to be held on April 2023)" }, "election results": { - "text": "percent of vote by party - DA 35.1%, PS 30.6%, L'A 12.5%, Third Way/Lauredian Union 10.4%, other 22.4%; seats by party - DA 11, PS 7, L'A 4, Third Way/Lauredian Union 4, other 2; composition - men 14, women 14, percent of women 50%" + "text": "percent of vote by party - DA 35.1%, PS 30.6%, L'A 12.5%, Third Way/Lauredian Union 10.4%, other 22.4%; seats by party - DA 11, PS 7, L'A 4, Third Way/Lauredian Union 4, other 2; composition - men 15, women 13, percent of women 46.4%" } }, "Judicial branch": { diff --git a/europe/au.json b/europe/au.json index baf3bff6..219b85d0 100644 --- a/europe/au.json +++ b/europe/au.json @@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "1,170 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the northern and eastern portions of the country are more densely populated; nearly two-thirds of the populace lives in urban areas" }, @@ -93,9 +96,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "note 1: landlocked; strategic location at the crossroads of central Europe with many easily traversable Alpine passes and valleys; major river is the Danube; population is concentrated on eastern lowlands because of steep slopes, poor soils, and low temperatures elsewhere

note 2: the world's largest and longest ice cave system at 42 km (26 mi) is the Eisriesenwelt (Ice Giants World) inside the Hochkogel mountain near Werfen, about 40 km south of Salzburg; ice caves are bedrock caves that contain year-round ice formations; they differ from glacial caves, which are transient and are formed by melting ice and flowing water within and under glaciers" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -365,20 +365,6 @@ "text": "6.34 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "720 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "2.695 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "77.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "77.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderate summers with occasional showers" }, @@ -402,6 +388,14 @@ "text": "14.4% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "59% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.07% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -412,14 +406,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "59% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "4.836 million tons (2015 est.)" @@ -433,6 +419,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "720 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "2.695 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "77.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "77.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -532,13 +532,13 @@ }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { - "text": "bicameral Federal Assembly or Bundesversammlung consists of:
Federal Council or Bundesrat (61 seats; members appointed by state parliaments with each state receiving 3 to 12 seats in proportion to its population; members serve 5- or 6-year terms)
National Council or Nationalrat (183 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms) (e.g. 2019)" + "text": "bicameral Federal Assembly or Bundesversammlung consists of:
Federal Council or Bundesrat (61 seats; members appointed by state parliaments with each state receiving 3 to 12 seats in proportion to its population; members serve 5- or 6-year terms)
National Council or Nationalrat (183 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)" }, "elections": { - "text": "
Federal Council - last appointed - NA
National Council - last held on 29 September 2019 (next to be held in 2024); note - election was originally scheduled for 2022, but President VAN DER BELLEN called for an early election (e.g. 2019)" + "text": "
Federal Council - last appointed - NA
National Council - last held on 29 September 2019 (next to be held in 2024); note - election was originally scheduled for 2022, but President VAN DER BELLEN called for an early election" }, "election results": { - "text": "
Federal Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 44, women 17, percent of women 27.9% 
National Council - percent of vote by party - OeVP 37.5%, SPOe 21.2%, FPOe 16.2%, The Greens 13.9%, NEOS 8.1%, other 3.1%; seats by party - OeVP 71, SPOe 40, FPOe 31, The Greens 26,  NEOS 15; composition - men 115, women 68, percent of women 37.2%; note - total Federal Assembly percent of women 34.8% (e.g. 2019)" + "text": "
Federal Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition (as of September 2021) - men 39, women 22, percent of women 36.1% 
National Council - percent of vote by party - OeVP 37.5%, SPOe 21.2%, FPOe 16.2%, The Greens 13.9%, NEOS 8.1%, other 3.1%; seats by party - OeVP 71, SPOe 40, FPOe 31, The Greens 26,  NEOS 15; composition (as of September 2021) - men 109, women 74, percent of women 40.4%; note - total Federal Assembly percent of women 39.3%" } }, "Judicial branch": { @@ -622,14 +622,14 @@ "text": "

Austria is a well-developed market economy with skilled labor force and high standard of living. It is closely tied to other EU economies, especially Germany's, but also the US’, its third-largest trade partner. Its economy features a large service sector, a sound industrial sector, and a small, but highly developed agricultural sector.

Austrian economic growth strengthen in 2017, with a 2.9% increase in GDP. Austrian exports, accounting for around 60% of the GDP, were up 8.2% in 2017. Austria’s unemployment rate fell by 0.3% to 5.5%, which is low by European standards, but still at its second highest rate since the end of World War II, driven by an increased number of refugees and EU migrants entering the labor market.

Austria's fiscal position compares favorably with other euro-zone countries. The budget deficit stood at a low 0.7% of GDP in 2017 and public debt declined again to 78.4% of GDP in 2017, after reaching a post-war high 84.6% in 2015. The Austrian government has announced it plans to balance the fiscal budget in 2019. Several external risks, such as Austrian banks' exposure to Central and Eastern Europe, the refugee crisis, and continued unrest in Russia/Ukraine, eased in 2017, but are still a factor for the Austrian economy. Exposure to the Russian banking sector and a deep energy relationship with Russia present additional risks.

Austria elected a new pro-business government in October 2017 that campaigned on promises to reduce bureaucracy, improve public sector efficiency, reduce labor market protections, and provide positive investment incentives.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$463.12 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$498.78 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$495.8 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$491.803 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$479.433 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$488.86 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -645,14 +645,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$51,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$56,188 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$55,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$55,631 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$54,496 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$55,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -797,14 +797,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$226.79 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$270.888 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$247.17 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$263.145 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$249.312 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$253.3 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -814,14 +814,14 @@ "text": "cars, packaged medical supplies, vehicle parts, medical vaccines/cultures, flavored water (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$211.85 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$253.276 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$232.8 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$247.225 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$235.385 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$238.79 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -959,7 +959,7 @@ }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { - "text": "

mature telecom market benefitting from effective competition; government and regulator are focused on improving telecom infrastructure; program to provide a national gigabit service by 2030 based on 5G networks; fixed-line broadband market is dominated by DSL sector, while cable broadband enjoys steady share of connections; fiber penetration remains low pending build out network infrastructure; EU-funded projects develop infrastructure to enable an 'Internet of Services; Vienna is a smart city; importer of broadcasting equipment from Vietnam and China (2021)

(2020)" + "text": "

mature telecom market benefitting from effective competition; government and regulator are focused on improving telecom infrastructure; program to provide a national gigabit service by 2030 based on 5G networks; fixed-line broadband market is dominated by DSL sector, while cable broadband enjoys steady share of connections; fiber penetration remains low pending build out network infrastructure; EU-funded projects develop infrastructure to enable an 'Internet of Services; Vienna is a smart city; importer of broadcasting equipment from Vietnam and China

(2021)" }, "domestic": { "text": "developed and efficient; 41 per 100 fixed-line for households, 174 per 100 for companies; 120 per 100 mobile-cellular; broadband: 138 per 100 on smartphones; 62 per 100 fixed broadband, 54 per 100 mobile broadband (2019)" @@ -1114,7 +1114,7 @@ "text": "290 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR stabilization force); 340 Kosovo (NATO); 180 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Sep 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "registration requirement at age 17, the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; 18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service (6 months), or optionally, alternative civil/community service (9 months); males 18 to 50 years old in the militia or inactive reserve are subject to compulsory service; in a January 2012 referendum, a majority of Austrians voted in favor of retaining the system of compulsory military service (with the option of alternative/non-military service) instead of switching to a professional army system (2015)" + "text": "registration requirement at age 17, the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; 18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service (6 months), or optionally, alternative civil/community service (9 months); males 18 to 50 years old in the militia or inactive reserve are subject to compulsory service; in a January 2012 referendum, a majority of Austrians voted in favor of retaining the system of compulsory military service (with the option of alternative/non-military service) instead of switching to a professional army system (2019)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "

Austria is constitutionally non-aligned, but is an EU member and actively participates in EU peacekeeping and crisis management operations under the Common Security and Defense Policy; Austria is not a member of NATO, but joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace framework in 1995 and participates in NATO-led crisis-management and peacekeeping operations; as of 2021, more than 100,000 Austrian military and civilian personnel have taken part in more than 50 international peace support and humanitarian missions since 1960

" @@ -1132,7 +1132,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "51,955 (Syria), 37,276 (Afghanistan), 8,664 (Russia), 8,568 (Iraq), 7,636 (Somalia), 6,393 (Iran) (2019)" + "text": "54,903 (Syria), 40,096 (Afghanistan), 9,152 (Iraq), 8,074 (Somalia), 7,513 (Russia), 6,878 (Iran) (2020)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "3,267 (2020)" diff --git a/europe/be.json b/europe/be.json index 8dcf4dd3..a4d85116 100644 --- a/europe/be.json +++ b/europe/be.json @@ -96,6 +96,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "230 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Seine 78,919 sq km), Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "most of the population concentrated in the northern two-thirds of the country; the southeast is more thinly populated; considered to have one of the highest population densities in the world; approximately 97% live in urban areas" }, @@ -370,20 +373,6 @@ "text": "7.78 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "739 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "3.21 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "45 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "18.3 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy" }, @@ -407,6 +396,14 @@ "text": "33.5% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "98.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -417,14 +414,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "98.1% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "4.708 million tons (2015 est.)" @@ -435,6 +424,23 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "34.3% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Seine 78,919 sq km), Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "739 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "3.21 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "45 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "18.3 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -532,13 +538,13 @@ }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { - "text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:
Senate or Senaat (in Dutch), Senat (in French) (60 seats; 50 members indirectly elected by the community and regional parliaments based on their election results, and 10 elected by the 50 other senators; members serve 5-year terms)
Chamber of Representatives or Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers (in Dutch), Chambre des Representants (in French) (150 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)" + "text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:
Senate or Senaat (in Dutch), Senat (in French) (60 seats; 50 members indirectly elected by the community and regional parliaments based on their election results, and 10 elected by the 50 other senators; members serve 5-year terms)
Chamber of Representatives or Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers (in Dutch), Chambre des Representants (in French) (150 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)" }, "elections": { "text": "

Senate - last held 26 May 2019 (next to be held in 2024)

Chamber of Representatives - last held on 26 May 2019 (next to be held in 2024); note - elections coincided with the EU elections" }, "election results": { - "text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition men 32, women 28, percent of women 46.7%

Chamber of Representatives - percent of vote by party - N-VA 16.0%, VB 11.9%, PS 9.5%, CD&V 8.9%, PVDA+/PTB 8.62%, Open VLD 8.5%, MR 7.6%, SP.A 6.7%, Ecolo 6.1%, Groen 6.1%, CDH 3.7%, Defi 2.2%, PP 1.1%, other 20.1%; seats by party - N-VA 25, VB 18, PS 20, CD&V 12, PVDA+PTB 12, Open VLD 12, MR 14, SP.A 9, Ecolo 13, Groen 8, CDH 5, Defi 2; composition - men 86, women 64, percent of women 42.7%" + "text": "
Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition men 33, women 27, percent of women 45%
Chamber of Representatives - percent of vote by party - N-VA 16.0%, VB 11.9%, PS 9.5%, CD&V 8.9%, PVDA+/PTB 8.62%, Open VLD 8.5%, MR 7.6%, SP.A 6.7%, Ecolo 6.1%, Groen 6.1%, CDH 3.7%, Defi 2.2%, PP 1.1%, other 20.1%; seats by party - N-VA 25, VB 18, PS 20, CD&V 12, PVDA+PTB 12, Open VLD 12, MR 14, SP.A 9, Ecolo 13, Groen 8, CDH 5, Defi 2; composition - men 86, women 64, percent of women 42.7%; note - overall Parliament percent of women 43.8%" }, "note": "note: the 1993 constitutional revision that further devolved Belgium into a federal state created three levels of government (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a complex division of responsibilities; this reality leaves six governments, each with its own legislative assembly; changes above occurred since the sixth state reform" }, @@ -620,14 +626,14 @@ "text": "

Belgium’s central geographic location and highly developed transport network have helped develop a well-diversified economy, with a broad mix of transport, services, manufacturing, and high tech. Service and high-tech industries are concentrated in the northern Flanders region while the southern region of Wallonia is home to industries like coal and steel manufacturing. Belgium is completely reliant on foreign sources of fossil fuels, and the planned closure of its seven nuclear plants by 2025 should increase its dependence on foreign energy. Its role as a regional logistical hub makes its economy vulnerable to shifts in foreign demand, particularly with EU trading partners. Roughly three-quarters of Belgium's trade is with other EU countries, and the port of Zeebrugge conducts almost half its trade with the United Kingdom alone, leaving Belgium’s economy vulnerable to the outcome of negotiations on the UK’s exit from the EU.

Belgium’s GDP grew by 1.7% in 2017 and the budget deficit was 1.5% of GDP. Unemployment stood at 7.3%, however the unemployment rate is lower in Flanders than Wallonia, 4.4% compared to 9.4%, because of industrial differences between the regions. The economy largely recovered from the March 2016 terrorist attacks that mainly impacted the Brussels region tourist and hospitality industry. Prime Minister Charles MICHEL's center-right government has pledged to further reduce the deficit in response to EU pressure to decrease Belgium's high public debt of about 104% of GDP, but such efforts would also dampen economic growth. In addition to restrained public spending, low wage growth and higher inflation promise to curtail a more robust recovery in private consumption.

The government has pledged to pursue a reform program to improve Belgium’s competitiveness, including changes to labor market rules and welfare benefits. These changes have generally made Belgian wages more competitive regionally, but have raised tensions with trade unions, which have called for extended strikes. In 2017, Belgium approved a tax reform plan to ease corporate rates from 33% to 29% by 2018 and down to 25% by 2020. The tax plan also included benefits for innovation and SMEs, intended to spur competitiveness and private investment.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$557.11 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$596.414 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$594.47 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$586.192 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$575.757 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$584.05 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -643,14 +649,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$48,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$51,934 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$51,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$51,299 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$50,615 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$51,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -795,14 +801,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$414.79 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$474.278 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$436.3 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$469.48 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$466.732 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$451.25 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -812,14 +818,14 @@ "text": "cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, medical cultures/vaccines, diamonds, natural gas (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$412.85 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$473.129 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$433.04 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$469.546 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$463.706 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$452.53 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -957,7 +963,7 @@ }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { - "text": "

Belgium has a highly developed, technologically advanced telecom system; LTE is nearly universal; ongoing investment in 5G with services to dozens of cities and towns; competition between the DSL and cable platforms with investment in fiber networks; 5G; operators accelerating fiber roll-out program; Brussels Airport collaborating with operator to deploy 5G and IoT solutions; international connections through satellite and submarine cables; importer of broadcast equipment from EU neighbors (2021)

(2020)" + "text": "Belgium has a highly developed, technologically advanced telecom system; LTE is nearly universal; ongoing investment in 5G with services to dozens of cities and towns; competition between the DSL and cable platforms with investment in fiber networks; 5G; operators accelerating fiber roll-out program; Brussels Airport collaborating with operator to deploy 5G and IoT solutions; international connections through satellite and submarine cables; importer of broadcast equipment from EU neighbors (2021)" }, "domestic": { "text": "34 per 100 fixed-line, 100 per 100 mobile-cellular; nationwide mobile-cellular telephone system; extensive cable network; limited microwave radio relay network (2019)" @@ -1139,7 +1145,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "16,604 (Syria), 5,602 (Iraq), 5,070 (Afghanistan) (2019)" + "text": "16,693 (Syria), 5,515 (Iraq) (2020)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "1,264 (2020)" diff --git a/europe/bk.json b/europe/bk.json index dbe932cf..c98a7ae5 100644 --- a/europe/bk.json +++ b/europe/bk.json @@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "30 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated" }, @@ -93,9 +96,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "within Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognized borders, the country is divided into a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation (about 51% of the territory) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska or RS (about 49% of the territory); the region called Herzegovina is contiguous to Croatia and Montenegro, and traditionally has been settled by an ethnic Croat majority in the west and an ethnic Serb majority in the east" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -377,17 +377,6 @@ "text": "2.92 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "360.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "71.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "37.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast" }, @@ -411,6 +400,14 @@ "text": "15% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "49.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.49% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -421,14 +418,6 @@ "text": "0.34% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "49.4% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "1,248,718 tons (2015 est.)" @@ -442,6 +431,17 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "360.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "71.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "37.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -640,14 +640,14 @@ "text": "

Bosnia and Herzegovina has a transitional economy with limited market reforms. The economy relies heavily on the export of metals, energy, textiles, and furniture as well as on remittances and foreign aid. A highly decentralized government hampers economic policy coordination and reform, while excessive bureaucracy and a segmented market discourage foreign investment. The economy is among the least competitive in the region. Foreign banks, primarily from Austria and Italy, control much of the banking sector, though the largest bank is a private domestic one. The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark) - the national currency introduced in 1998 - is pegged to the euro through a currency board arrangement, which has maintained confidence in the currency and has facilitated reliable trade links with European partners. Bosnia and Herzegovina became a full member of the Central European Free Trade Agreement in September 2007. In 2016, Bosnia began a three-year IMF loan program, but it has struggled to meet the economic reform benchmarks required to receive all funding installments.

Bosnia and Herzegovina's private sector is growing slowly, but foreign investment dropped sharply after 2007 and remains low. High unemployment remains the most serious macroeconomic problem. Successful implementation of a value-added tax in 2006 provided a steady source of revenue for the government and helped rein in gray-market activity, though public perceptions of government corruption and misuse of taxpayer money has encouraged a large informal economy to persist. National-level statistics have improved over time, but a large share of economic activity remains unofficial and unrecorded.

Bosnia and Herzegovina's top economic priorities are: acceleration of integration into the EU; strengthening the fiscal system; public administration reform; World Trade Organization membership; and securing economic growth by fostering a dynamic, competitive private sector.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$47.05 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$49.224 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$49.17 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$47.94 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$46.212 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$47.82 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -663,14 +663,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$14,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$14,912 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$14,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$14,423 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$13,788 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$14,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -810,14 +810,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$6.81 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$8.843 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$8.17 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$8.91 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$8.395 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$8.57 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -827,14 +827,14 @@ "text": "electricity, seating, leather shoes, furniture, insulated wiring (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$9.71 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$12.561 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$11.15 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$12.441 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$11.999 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$11.55 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -972,7 +972,7 @@ }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { - "text": "

Bosnia-Herzegovina aims for national LTE coverage through integration with European Union (EU); roaming agreements with EU and Balkan neighbors; fixed-line broadband is underdeveloped, investments in mobile upgrades facilitate broadband connectivity to a greater extent than in Europe; DSL and cable are the main platforms for fixed-line connectivity while fiber broadband has a small market presence; operators support broadband in rural areas where fixed-line infrastructure is insufficient; LTE services under test licenses; 5G awaits market maturity; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2021)

(2020)" + "text": "

Bosnia-Herzegovina aims for national LTE coverage through integration with European Union (EU); roaming agreements with EU and Balkan neighbors; fixed-line broadband is underdeveloped, investments in mobile upgrades facilitate broadband connectivity to a greater extent than in Europe; DSL and cable are the main platforms for fixed-line connectivity while fiber broadband has a small market presence; operators support broadband in rural areas where fixed-line infrastructure is insufficient; LTE services under test licenses; 5G awaits market maturity; importer of broadcasting equipment from China

(2021)" }, "domestic": { "text": "fixed-line teledensity roughly 24 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular subscribership has been increasing rapidly and stands at roughly 112 telephones per 100 persons (2019)" @@ -1136,7 +1136,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "5,116 (Croatia) (2019)" + "text": "5,112 (Croatia) (2020)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "99,000 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks displaced by inter-ethnic violence, human rights violations, and armed conflict during the 1992-95 war) (2020)" @@ -1144,7 +1144,7 @@ "stateless persons": { "text": "66 (2020)" }, - "note": "note: 83,028 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-October 2021)" + "note": "note: 83,369 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-October 2021)" }, "Trafficking in persons": { "current situation": { diff --git a/europe/bo.json b/europe/bo.json index 71350322..b93f63cf 100644 --- a/europe/bo.json +++ b/europe/bo.json @@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "1,140 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Dnieper (533,966 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations" }, @@ -93,9 +96,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; glacial scouring accounts for the flatness of Belarusian terrain and for its 11,000 lakes" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Dnieper (533,966 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -379,20 +379,6 @@ "text": "17.19 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "523 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "443 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "431 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "57.9 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime" }, @@ -416,6 +402,14 @@ "text": "13.6% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "79.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "1.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -426,14 +420,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "79.9% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "4.28 million tons (2015 est.)" @@ -447,6 +433,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Dnieper (533,966 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "523 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "443 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "431 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "57.9 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -635,14 +635,14 @@ "text": "

As part of the former Soviet Union, Belarus had a relatively well-developed industrial base, but it is now outdated, inefficient, and dependent on subsidized Russian energy and preferential access to Russian markets. The country’s agricultural base is largely dependent on government subsidies. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, an initial burst of economic reforms included privatization of state enterprises, creation of private property rights, and the acceptance of private entrepreneurship, but by 1994 the reform effort dissipated. About 80% of industry remains in state hands, and foreign investment has virtually disappeared. Several businesses have been renationalized. State-owned entities account for 70-75% of GDP, and state banks make up 75% of the banking sector.

Economic output declined for several years following the break-up of the Soviet Union, but revived in the mid-2000s. Belarus has only small reserves of crude oil and imports crude oil and natural gas from Russia at subsidized, below market, prices. Belarus derives export revenue by refining Russian crude and selling it at market prices. Russia and Belarus have had serious disagreements over prices and quantities for Russian energy. Beginning in early 2016, Russia claimed Belarus began accumulating debt – reaching $740 million by April 2017 – for paying below the agreed price for Russian natural gas and Russia cut back its export of crude oil as a result of the debt. In April 2017, Belarus agreed to pay its gas debt and Russia restored the flow of crude.

New non-Russian foreign investment has been limited in recent years, largely because of an unfavorable financial climate. In 2011, a financial crisis lead to a nearly three-fold devaluation of the Belarusian ruble. The Belarusian economy has continued to struggle under the weight of high external debt servicing payments and a trade deficit. In mid-December 2014, the devaluation of the Russian ruble triggered a near 40% devaluation of the Belarusian ruble.

Belarus’s economy stagnated between 2012 and 2016, widening productivity and income gaps between Belarus and neighboring countries. Budget revenues dropped because of falling global prices on key Belarusian export commodities. Since 2015, the Belarusian government has tightened its macro-economic policies, allowed more flexibility to its exchange rate, taken some steps towards price liberalization, and reduced subsidized government lending to state-owned enterprises. Belarus returned to modest growth in 2017, largely driven by improvement of external conditions and Belarus issued sovereign debt for the first time since 2011, which provided the country with badly-needed liquidity, and issued $600 million worth of Eurobonds in February 2018, predominantly to US and British investors.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$179.97 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$181.286 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$181.61 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$179.098 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$173.63 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$179.1 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -658,14 +658,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$19,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$19,150 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$19,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$18,885 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$18,280 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$18,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -810,11 +810,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$28.65 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$37.04 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$22.98 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$41.97 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$42.27 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -824,11 +827,14 @@ "text": "refined petroleum, fertilizers, cheese, delivery trucks, crude petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$31.58 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$35.16 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$25.61 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$42.38 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$41.34 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -966,7 +972,7 @@ }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { - "text": "

government owns and administers backbone network and much of telecom market with no independent regulator; government and telecom regulator are concluding three major programs aimed at developing the telecom sector and digital economy to enable 5G services and extension of fiber infrastructure; growing applications for smart cities; developing mobile broadband and data services to rural areas; commercial LTE services extended to 80% of the population; operators provide standalone 5G service and NB-IoT services; international connection through fiber optic and terrestrial link, nascent satellite system; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2021)

(2020)" + "text": "

government owns and administers backbone network and much of telecom market with no independent regulator; government and telecom regulator are concluding three major programs aimed at developing the telecom sector and digital economy to enable 5G services and extension of fiber infrastructure; growing applications for smart cities; developing mobile broadband and data services to rural areas; commercial LTE services extended to 80% of the population; operators provide standalone 5G service and NB-IoT services; international connection through fiber optic and terrestrial link, nascent satellite system; importer of broadcasting equipment from China

(2021)" }, "domestic": { "text": "fixed-line teledensity is improving although rural areas continue to be underserved, 48 per 100 fixed-line; mobile-cellular teledensity now approaches 123 telephones per 100 persons (2019)" diff --git a/europe/bu.json b/europe/bu.json index f9b9347d..c1a079a1 100644 --- a/europe/bu.json +++ b/europe/bu.json @@ -93,6 +93,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "1,020 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger populations" }, @@ -101,9 +104,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes from Europe to Middle East and Asia" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -385,20 +385,6 @@ "text": "6.77 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "882 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "3.942 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "834.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "21.3 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers" }, @@ -422,6 +408,14 @@ "text": "16.4% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "76% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "-0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.22% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -432,14 +426,6 @@ "text": "0.14% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "76% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "3.011 million tons (2015 est.)" @@ -453,6 +439,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "882 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "3.942 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "834.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "21.3 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -643,14 +643,14 @@ "text": "

Bulgaria, a former communist country that entered the EU in 2007, has an open economy that historically has demonstrated strong growth, but its per-capita income remains the lowest among EU members and its reliance on energy imports and foreign demand for its exports makes its growth sensitive to external market conditions.

The government undertook significant structural economic reforms in the 1990s to move the economy from a centralized, planned economy to a more liberal, market-driven economy. These reforms included privatization of state-owned enterprises, liberalization of trade, and strengthening of the tax system - changes that initially caused some economic hardships but later helped to attract investment, spur growth, and make gradual improvements to living conditions. From 2000 through 2008, Bulgaria maintained robust, average annual real GDP growth in excess of 6%, which was followed by a deep recession in 2009 as the financial crisis caused domestic demand, exports, capital inflows and industrial production to contract, prompting the government to rein in spending. Real GDP growth remained slow - less than 2% annually - until 2015, when demand from EU countries for Bulgarian exports, plus an inflow of EU development funds, boosted growth to more than 3%. In recent years, strong domestic demand combined with low international energy prices have contributed to Bulgaria’s economic growth approaching 4% and have also helped to ease inflation. Bulgaria’s prudent public financial management contributed to budget surpluses both in 2016 and 2017.

Bulgaria is heavily reliant on energy imports from Russia, a potential vulnerability, and is a participant in EU-backed efforts to diversify regional natural gas supplies. In late 2016, the Bulgarian Government provided funding to Bulgaria’s National Electric Company to cover the $695 million compensation owed to Russian nuclear equipment manufacturer Atomstroyexport for the cancellation of the Belene Nuclear Power Plant project, which the Bulgarian Government terminated in 2012. As of early 2018, the government was floating the possibility of resurrecting the Belene project. The natural gas market, dominated by state-owned Bulgargaz, is also almost entirely supplied by Russia. Infrastructure projects such as the Inter-Connector Greece-Bulgaria and Inter-Connector Bulgaria-Serbia, which would enable Bulgaria to have access to non-Russian gas, have either stalled or made limited progress. In 2016, the Bulgarian Government established the State eGovernment Agency. This new agency is responsible for the electronic governance, coordinating national policies with the EU, and strengthening cybersecurity.

Despite a favorable investment regime, including low, flat corporate income taxes, significant challenges remain. Corruption in public administration, a weak judiciary, low productivity, lack of transparency in public procurements, and the presence of organized crime continue to hamper the country's investment climate and economic prospects.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$155.06 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$161.654 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$161.78 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$155.894 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$151.218 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$156.02 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -666,14 +666,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$22,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$23,174 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$23,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$22,191 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$21,371 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$22,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -819,14 +819,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$39.27 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$42.369 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$44.04 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$40.779 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$40.091 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$43.52 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -836,14 +836,14 @@ "text": "refined petroleum, packaged medicines, copper, wheat, electricity (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$38.07 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$44.853 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$41.84 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$42.841 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$40.53 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$41.91 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1157,12 +1157,12 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "17,551 (Syria) (2019)" + "text": "18,310 (Syria) (2020)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "1,141 (2020)" }, - "note": "note: 64,672 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-September 2021); Bulgaria is predominantly a transit country" + "note": "note: 64,658 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-September 2021); Bulgaria is predominantly a transit country" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "major European transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and, to a lesser degree, South American cocaine for the European market; limited producer of precursor chemicals; vulnerable to money laundering because of corruption, organized crime; some money laundering of drug-related proceeds through financial institutions" diff --git a/europe/cy.json b/europe/cy.json index ad4f013e..1e2d93fc 100644 --- a/europe/cy.json +++ b/europe/cy.json @@ -388,20 +388,6 @@ "text": "0.86 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "110 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "17 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "184 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "780 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters" }, @@ -425,6 +411,14 @@ "text": "67.8% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "66.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.76% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -435,14 +429,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "66.9% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.76% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "541,000 tons (2015 est.)" @@ -453,6 +439,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "13.3% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "110 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "17 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "184 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "780 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -647,14 +647,14 @@ "text": "

The area of the Republic of Cyprus under government control has a market economy dominated by a services sector that accounts for more than four-fifths of GDP. Tourism, finance, shipping, and real estate have traditionally been the most important services. Cyprus has been a member of the EU since May 2004 and adopted the euro as its national currency in January 2008.

During the first five years of EU membership, the Cyprus economy grew at an average rate of about 4%, with unemployment between 2004 and 2008 averaging about 4%. However, the economy tipped into recession in 2009 as the ongoing global financial crisis and resulting low demand hit the tourism and construction sectors. An overextended banking sector with excessive exposure to Greek debt added to the contraction. Cyprus’ biggest two banks were among the largest holders of Greek bonds in Europe and had a substantial presence in Greece through bank branches and subsidiaries. Following numerous downgrades of its credit rating, Cyprus lost access to international capital markets in May 2011. In July 2012, Cyprus became the fifth euro-zone government to request an economic bailout program from the European Commission, European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund - known collectively as the \"Troika.\"

Shortly after the election of President Nikos ANASTASIADES in February 2013, Cyprus reached an agreement with the Troika on a $13 billion bailout that triggered a two-week bank closure and the imposition of capital controls that remained partially in place until April 2015. Cyprus' two largest banks merged and the combined entity was recapitalized through conversion of some large bank deposits to shares and imposition of losses on bank bondholders. As with other EU countries, the Troika conditioned the bailout on passing financial and structural reforms and privatizing state-owned enterprises. Despite downsizing and restructuring, the Cypriot financial sector remains burdened by the largest stock of non-performing loans in the euro zone, equal to nearly half of all loans. Since the bailout, Cyprus has received positive appraisals by the Troika and outperformed fiscal targets but has struggled to overcome political opposition to bailout-mandated legislation, particularly regarding privatizations. The rate of non-performing loans (NPLs) is still very high at around 49%, and growth would accelerate if Cypriot banks could increase the pace of resolution of the NPLs.

In October 2013, a US-Israeli consortium completed preliminary appraisals of hydrocarbon deposits in Cyprus’ exclusive economic zone (EEZ), which estimated gross mean reserves of about 130 billion cubic meters. Though exploration continues in Cyprus’ EEZ, no additional commercially exploitable reserves have been identified. Developing offshore hydrocarbon resources remains a critical component of the government’s economic recovery efforts, but development has been delayed as a result of regional developments and disagreements about exploitation methods.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$33.67 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$35.353 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$35.48 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$34.299 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$32.591 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$34.42 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -670,14 +670,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$37,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$39,545 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$40,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$38,822 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$37,767 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$39,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -822,14 +822,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$16.1 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$20.65 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$17.92 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$20.735 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$19.198 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$19.02 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -839,14 +839,14 @@ "text": "ships, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, cheese, crude petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$17.58 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$21.07 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$18.2 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$20.666 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$19.782 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$18.6 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1152,7 +1152,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "7,372 (Syria) (2019)" + "text": "8,797 (Syria) (2020)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "228,000 (both Turkish and Greek Cypriots; many displaced since 1974) (2020)" diff --git a/europe/da.json b/europe/da.json index 667ea46a..1d0e3ab0 100644 --- a/europe/da.json +++ b/europe/da.json @@ -375,20 +375,6 @@ "text": "6.54 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "381.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "32.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "326.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "6 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers" }, @@ -413,6 +399,14 @@ }, "note": "note: highest percentage of arable land for any country in the world" }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "88.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.54% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -423,14 +417,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "88.2% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.54% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "4.485 million tons (2015 est.)" @@ -441,6 +427,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "27.3% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "381.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "32.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "326.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "6 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -537,13 +537,13 @@ }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { - "text": "unicameral People's Assembly or Folketing (179 seats, including 2 each representing Greenland and the Faroe Islands; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms unless the Folketing is dissolved earlier)" + "text": "unicameral People's Assembly or Folketing (179 seats, including 2 each representing Greenland and the Faroe Islands; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by party-list proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms unless the Folketing is dissolved earlier)" }, "elections": { - "text": "last held on 5 June 2019 (next to be held on June 2023)" + "text": "last held on 5 June 2019 (next to be held in June 2023)" }, "election results": { - "text": "percent of vote by party - SDP 25.9%, V 23.4%, DF 8.7%, SLP 8.6%, SF 7.7%, EL 6.9%, C 6.6%, A 3.0%, NB 2.4%, LA 2.3%; seats by party - SDP 48, V 43, DF 16, SLP 16, SF 14, EL 13, C 12, A 5, NB 4, LA 4; composition - men 109, women 70 (includes 2 from Greenland), percent of women 39.1%" + "text": "percent of vote by party - SDP 25.9%, V 23.4%, DF 8.7%, SLP 8.6%, SF 7.7%, EL 6.9%, C 6.6%, A 3.0%, NB 2.4%, LA 2.3%; seats by party - SDP 48, V 43, DF 16, SLP 16, SF 14, EL 13, C 12, A 5, NB 4, LA 4; composition (as of September 2021) - men 108, women 71 (includes 2 from Greenland), percent of women 39.7%" } }, "Judicial branch": { @@ -625,14 +625,14 @@ "text": "

This thoroughly modern market economy features advanced industry with world-leading firms in pharmaceuticals, maritime shipping, and renewable energy, and a high-tech agricultural sector. Danes enjoy a high standard of living, and the Danish economy is characterized by extensive government welfare measures and an equitable distribution of income. An aging population will be a long-term issue.

Denmark’s small open economy is highly dependent on foreign trade, and the government strongly supports trade liberalization. Denmark is a net exporter of food, oil, and gas and enjoys a comfortable balance of payments surplus, but depends on imports of raw materials for the manufacturing sector.

Denmark is a member of the EU but not the eurozone. Despite previously meeting the criteria to join the European Economic and Monetary Union, Denmark has negotiated an opt-out with the EU and is not required to adopt the euro.

Denmark is experiencing a modest economic expansion. The economy grew by 2.0% in 2016 and 2.1% in 2017. The expansion is expected to decline slightly in 2018. Unemployment stood at 5.5% in 2017, based on the national labor survey. The labor market was tight in 2017, with corporations experiencing some difficulty finding appropriately-skilled workers to fill billets. The Danish Government offers extensive programs to train unemployed persons to work in sectors that need qualified workers.

Denmark maintained a healthy budget surplus for many years up to 2008, but the global financial crisis swung the budget balance into deficit. Since 2014 the balance has shifted between surplus and deficit. In 2017 there was a surplus of 1.0%. The government projects a lower deficit in 2018 and 2019 of 0.7%, and public debt (EMU debt) as a share of GDP is expected to decline to 35.6% in 2018 and 34.8% in 2019. The Danish Government plans to address increasing municipal, public housing and integration spending in 2018.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$326.2 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$336.335 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$335.36 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$327.017 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$320.053 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$326.07 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -648,14 +648,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$55,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$57,804 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$57,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$56,444 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$55,517 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$56,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -800,14 +800,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$191.53 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$226.589 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$204.14 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$215.725 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$208.941 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$200.81 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -817,14 +817,14 @@ "text": "packaged medicines, electric generators, pork, refined petroleum, medical cultures/vaccines (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$170.33 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$197.818 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$178.44 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$193.107 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$184.338 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$179.95 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1124,7 +1124,7 @@ "text": "the Danish military inventory is comprised of a mix of modern European, US, and domestically-produced equipment; the US is the largest supplier of military equipment to Denmark since 2010, followed by Germany and the Netherlands; the Danish defense industry is active in the production of naval vessels, defense electronics, and subcomponents of larger weapons systems, such as the US F-35 fighter aircraft (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "140 Middle East/Iraq (NATO/Operation Inherent Resolve) (2021)" + "text": "140 Middle East/Iraq (NATO) (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscripts serve an initial training period that varies from 4 to 12 months depending on specialization; former conscripts are assigned to mobilization units; women eligible to volunteer for military service; in addition to full time employment, the Danish Military offers reserve contracts in all three branches (2019)" @@ -1145,7 +1145,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "20,046 (Syria), 5,320 (Eritrea) (2019)" + "text": "19,878 (Syria), 5,399 (Eritrea) (2020)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "11,655 (2020)" diff --git a/europe/ee.json b/europe/ee.json index c31a824c..d6d91c6f 100644 --- a/europe/ee.json +++ b/europe/ee.json @@ -252,9 +252,6 @@ "text": "2,881.62 megatons (2016 est.)" } }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "2,057.76 cubic meters (2011)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "cold temperate; potentially subarctic in the north to temperate; mild wet winters; hot dry summers in the south" }, @@ -270,6 +267,9 @@ }, "Major infectious diseases": { "text": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring regionally; the US Department of Homeland Security has issued instructions requiring US passengers who have been in the European Union’s Schengen Area (comprised of the following 26 European states: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland) to travel through select airports where the US Government has implemented enhanced screening procedures" + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "2,057.76 cubic meters (2011)" } }, "Government": { @@ -823,7 +823,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "

the EU's Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP) provides the civilian, military, and political structures for EU crisis management and security issues; the highest bodies are:

the Political and Security Committee (PSC), which meets at the ambassadorial level as a preparatory body for the Council of the EU; it assists with defining policies and preparing a crisis response

the European Union Military Committee (EUMC) is the EU's highest military body; it is composed of the chiefs of defense (CHODs) of the Member States, who are regularly represented by their permanent Military Representatives; the EUMC provides the PSC with advice and recommendations on all military matters within the EU

the Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management (CIVCOM) provides advice and recommendations to the PSC in parallel with the EUMC on civilian aspects of crisis management

the Politico-Military Group (PMG) provides advice and recommendations to the PSC on political aspects of EU military and civil-military issues, including concepts, capabilities and operations and missions, and monitors implementation

other bodies set up under the CSDP include; the Security and Defense Policy Directorate (SECDEFPOL), the Integrated approach for Security and Peace Directorate (ISP), the EU Military Staff (EUMS), the Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability (CPCC), the Military  Planning  and  Conduct  Capability (MPCC), the European Defense Agency, the European Security and Defense College (ESDC), the EU Institute for Security Studies, and the EU Satellite Center

" + "text": "

the EU's Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP) provides the civilian, military, and political structures for EU crisis management and security issues; the highest bodies are:

the Political and Security Committee (PSC), which meets at the ambassadorial level as a preparatory body for the Council of the EU; it assists with defining policies and preparing a crisis response

the European Union Military Committee (EUMC) is the EU's highest military body; it is composed of the chiefs of defense (CHODs) of the Member States, who are regularly represented by their permanent Military Representatives; the EUMC provides the PSC with advice and recommendations on all military matters within the EU

the Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management (CIVCOM) provides advice and recommendations to the PSC in parallel with the EUMC on civilian aspects of crisis management

the Politico-Military Group (PMG) provides advice and recommendations to the PSC on political aspects of EU military and civil-military issues, including concepts, capabilities and operations and missions, and monitors implementation

other bodies set up under the CSDP include; the Security and Defense Policy Directorate (SECDEFPOL), the Integrated approach for Security and Peace Directorate (ISP), the EU Military Staff (EUMS), the Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability (CPCC), the Military  Planning  and  Conduct  Capability (MPCC), the European Defense Agency, the European Security and Defense College (ESDC), the EU Institute for Security Studies, and the EU Satellite Center

(2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { @@ -843,10 +843,10 @@ } }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "since 2003, the EU has launched more than 30 civilian and military crisis-management, advisory, and training missions in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East, as well as counter-piracy operations off the coast of Somalia and a naval operation in the Mediterranean to disrupt human smuggling and trafficking networks and prevent the loss of life at sea" + "text": "since 2003, the EU has launched more than 30 civilian and military crisis-management, advisory, and training missions in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East, as well as counter-piracy operations off the coast of Somalia and a naval operation in the Mediterranean to disrupt human smuggling and trafficking networks and prevent the loss of life at sea (2021)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the EU partners with NATO

Eurocorps, which supports both the EU and NATO, was formally established in 1992 and activated the following year; originated in 1987 with the French-German Brigade; Belgium (1993), Spain (1994), and Luxembourg (1996) joined over the next few years; five additional countries participate in Eurocorps as associated nations: Greece, Poland, and Turkey (since 2002), Italy and Romania (since 2009 and 2016 respectively); Eurocorps is headquartered in Strasbourg, France" + "text": "the EU partners with NATO

Eurocorps, which supports both the EU and NATO, was formally established in 1992 and activated the following year; originated in 1987 with the French-German Brigade; Belgium (1993), Spain (1994), and Luxembourg (1996) joined over the next few years; five additional countries participate in Eurocorps as associated nations: Greece, Poland, and Turkey (since 2002), Italy and Romania (since 2009 and 2016 respectively); Eurocorps is headquartered in Strasbourg, France (2021)" } }, "Terrorism": { diff --git a/europe/ei.json b/europe/ei.json index c21923ea..293d9982 100644 --- a/europe/ei.json +++ b/europe/ei.json @@ -361,20 +361,6 @@ "text": "13.67 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "631 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "51 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "179 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "52 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time" }, @@ -398,6 +384,14 @@ "text": "23% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "63.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -408,14 +402,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "63.9% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "2,692,537 tons (2012 est.)" @@ -426,6 +412,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "33% (2012 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "631 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "51 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "179 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "52 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -613,14 +613,14 @@ "text": "

Ireland is a small, modern, trade-dependent economy. It was among the initial group of 12 EU nations that began circulating the euro on 1 January 2002. GDP growth averaged 6% in 1995-2007, but economic activity dropped sharply during the world financial crisis and the subsequent collapse of its domestic property market and construction industry during 2008-11. Faced with sharply reduced revenues and a burgeoning budget deficit from efforts to stabilize its fragile banking sector, the Irish Government introduced the first in a series of draconian budgets in 2009. These measures were not sufficient to stabilize Ireland’s public finances. In 2010, the budget deficit reached 32.4% of GDP - the world's largest deficit, as a percentage of GDP. In late 2010, the former COWEN government agreed to a $92 billion loan package from the EU and IMF to help Dublin recapitalize Ireland’s banking sector and avoid defaulting on its sovereign debt. In March 2011, the KENNY government intensified austerity measures to meet the deficit targets under Ireland's EU-IMF bailout program.

In late 2013, Ireland formally exited its EU-IMF bailout program, benefiting from its strict adherence to deficit-reduction targets and success in refinancing a large amount of banking-related debt. In 2014, the economy rapidly picked up. In late 2014, the government introduced a fiscally neutral budget, marking the end of the austerity program. Continued growth of tax receipts has allowed the government to lower some taxes and increase public spending while keeping to its deficit-reduction targets. In 2015, GDP growth exceeded 26%. The magnitude of the increase reflected one-off statistical revisions, multinational corporate restructurings in intellectual property, and the aircraft leasing sector, rather than real gains in the domestic economy, which was still growing. Growth moderated to around 4.1% in 2017, but the recovering economy assisted lowering the deficit to 0.6% of GDP.

In the wake of the collapse of the construction sector and the downturn in consumer spending and business investment during the 2008-11 economic crisis, the export sector, dominated by foreign multinationals, has become an even more important component of Ireland's economy. Ireland’s low corporation tax of 12.5% and a talented pool of high-tech laborers have been some of the key factors in encouraging business investment. Loose tax residency requirements made Ireland a common destination for international firms seeking to pay less tax or, in the case of U.S. multinationals, defer taxation owed to the United States. In 2014, amid growing international pressure, the Irish government announced it would phase in more stringent tax laws, effectively closing a commonly used loophole. The Irish economy continued to grow in 2017 and is forecast to do so through 2019, supported by a strong export sector, robust job growth, and low inflation, to the point that the Government must now address concerns about overheating and potential loss of competitiveness. The greatest risks to the economy are the UK’s scheduled departure from the European Union (\"Brexit\") in March 2019, possible changes to international taxation policies that could affect Ireland’s revenues, and global trade pressures.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$447.97 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$428.825 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$433.17 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$406.277 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$375.592 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$410.33 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -636,14 +636,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$89,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$86,781 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$87,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$83,471 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$78,128 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$84,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -789,10 +789,10 @@ }, "Exports": { "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$541.789 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$502.31 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$489.89 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$471.6 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2017": { "text": "$440.693 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -806,10 +806,10 @@ }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$489.957 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$452.98 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$371.221 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$361.12 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2017": { "text": "$359.725 billion (2017 est.)" diff --git a/europe/en.json b/europe/en.json index 3a54509b..500d3432 100644 --- a/europe/en.json +++ b/europe/en.json @@ -384,20 +384,6 @@ "text": "0.99 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "59.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "1.721 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "4.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "12.806 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "maritime; wet, moderate winters, cool summers" }, @@ -421,6 +407,14 @@ "text": "25.7% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "69.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "-0.03% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.85% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -431,14 +425,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "69.4% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-0.03% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "intermediate (2020)" @@ -457,6 +443,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "24.7% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "59.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.721 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "4.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "12.806 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -646,14 +646,14 @@ "text": "

Estonia, a member of the EU since 2004 and the euro zone since 2011, has a modern market-based economy and one of the higher per capita income levels in Central Europe and the Baltic region, but its economy is highly dependent on trade, leaving it vulnerable to external shocks. Estonia's successive governments have pursued a free market, pro-business economic agenda, and sound fiscal policies that have resulted in balanced budgets and the lowest debt-to-GDP ratio in the EU.

The economy benefits from strong electronics and telecommunications sectors and strong trade ties with Finland, Sweden, Germany, and Russia. The economy’s 4.9% GDP growth in 2017 was the fastest in the past six years, leaving the Estonian economy in its best position since the financial crisis 10 years ago. For the first time in many years, labor productivity increased faster than labor costs in 2017. Inflation also rose in 2017 to 3.5% alongside increased global prices for food and energy, which make up a large share of Estonia’s consumption.

Estonia is challenged by a shortage of labor, both skilled and unskilled, although the government has amended its immigration law to allow easier hiring of highly qualified foreign workers, and wage growth that outpaces productivity gains. The government is also pursuing efforts to boost productivity growth with a focus on innovations that emphasize technology start-ups and e-commerce.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$47.44 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$48.987 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$48.87 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$46.655 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$44.708 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$46.54 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -669,14 +669,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$35,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$36,927 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$36,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$35,293 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$33,937 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$35,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -821,14 +821,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$21.69 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$23.95 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$22.94 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$22.546 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$21.677 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$22.69 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -838,14 +838,14 @@ "text": "broadcasting equipment, refined petroleum, coal tar oil, cars, prefabricated buildings (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$21.73 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$23.323 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$21.68 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$22.485 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$21.273 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$21.89 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/europe/ez.json b/europe/ez.json index b4cbe2f6..b6123382 100644 --- a/europe/ez.json +++ b/europe/ez.json @@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "320 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, but the northern and eastern regions tend to have larger urban concentrations" }, @@ -93,9 +96,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "note 1: landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and most significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional military corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe

note 2: the Hranice Abyss in Czechia is the world's deepest surveyed underwater cave at 404 m (1,325 ft); its survey is not complete and it could end up being some 800-1,200 m deep" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -376,20 +376,6 @@ "text": "13.11 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "616.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "967.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "46.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "13.15 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters" }, @@ -413,6 +399,14 @@ "text": "10.8% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "74.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.2% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.17% of GDP (2017 est.)" @@ -423,14 +417,6 @@ "text": "0.14% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "74.2% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.2% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "3.337 million tons (2015 est.)" @@ -444,6 +430,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "616.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "967.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "46.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "13.15 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ "text": "previous 1960; latest ratified 16 December 1992, effective 1 January 1993" }, "amendments": { - "text": "passage requires at least three-fifths concurrence of members present in both houses of Parliament; amended several times, last in 2013" + "text": "passage requires at least three-fifths concurrence of members present in both houses of Parliament; amended several times, last in 2021" } }, "Legal system": { @@ -631,14 +631,14 @@ "text": "

Czechia is a prosperous market economy that boasts one of the highest GDP growth rates and lowest unemployment levels in the EU, but its dependence on exports makes economic growth vulnerable to contractions in external demand. Czechia’s exports comprise some 80% of GDP and largely consist of automobiles, the country’s single largest industry. Czechia acceded to the EU in 2004 but has yet to join the euro-zone. While the flexible koruna helps Czechia weather external shocks, it was one of the world’s strongest performing currencies in 2017, appreciating approximately 16% relative to the US dollar after the central bank (Czech National Bank - CNB) ended its cap on the currency’s value in early April 2017, which it had maintained since November 2013. The CNB hiked rates in August and November 2017 - the first rate changes in nine years - to address rising inflationary pressures brought by strong economic growth and a tight labor market.

Since coming to power in 2014, the new government has undertaken some reforms to try to reduce corruption, attract investment, and improve social welfare programs, which could help increase the government’s revenues and improve living conditions for Czechs. The government introduced in December 2016 an online tax reporting system intended to reduce tax evasion and increase revenues. The government also plans to remove labor market rigidities to improve the business climate, bring procurement procedures in line with EU best practices, and boost wages. The country's low unemployment rate has led to steady increases in salaries, and the government is facing pressure from businesses to allow greater migration of qualified workers, at least from Ukraine and neighboring Central European countries.

Long-term challenges include dealing with a rapidly aging population, a shortage of skilled workers, a lagging education system, funding an unsustainable pension and health care system, and diversifying away from manufacturing and toward a more high-tech, services-based, knowledge economy.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$409.97 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$435.987 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$434.31 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$426.038 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$412.902 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$424.48 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -654,14 +654,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$38,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$40,862 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$40,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$40,079 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$38,974 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$39,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -805,14 +805,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$174.92 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$229.578 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$186.54 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$226.887 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$218.794 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$191.69 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -822,14 +822,14 @@ "text": "cars and vehicle parts, computers, broadcasting equipment, office machinery/parts, seating (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$157.95 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$211.922 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$171.43 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$209.225 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$197.808 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$176.78 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1120,7 +1120,7 @@ "text": "the Czech military has a mix of Soviet-era and more modern equipment, mostly of European origin; since 2010, the leading suppliers of military equipment to Czechia are Austria and Spain (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "

the Czechia military has small numbers of troops deployed under EU, NATO, and UN command in several countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Central African Republic, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, and Mali

 

" + "text": "the Czechia military has small numbers of troops deployed under EU, NATO, and UN command in several countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Central African Republic, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, and Mali (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-28 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription abolished 2004 (2019)" diff --git a/europe/fi.json b/europe/fi.json index 2cafcadb..77cc6e0b 100644 --- a/europe/fi.json +++ b/europe/fi.json @@ -371,20 +371,6 @@ "text": "4.46 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "400 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "1.417 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "50 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "110 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes" }, @@ -408,6 +394,14 @@ "text": "19.6% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "85.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.42% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.36% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -418,14 +412,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "85.6% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.42% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "2.738 million tons (2015 est.)" @@ -436,6 +422,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "28.1% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "400 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.417 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "50 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "110 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -535,13 +535,13 @@ }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { - "text": "unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; 199 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 1 member in the province of Aland directly elected by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms) (e.g. 2019)" + "text": "unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; 199 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 1 member in the province of Aland directly elected by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)" }, "elections": { - "text": "last held on 14 April 2019 (next to be held on April 2023) (e.g. 2019)" + "text": "last held on 14 April 2019 (next to be held in April 2023)" }, "election results": { - "text": "percent of vote by party/coalition - SDP 17.7%, Finn Party 17.5%, Kok 17.0%. Centre Party  13.8%, Green League 11.5%, Left Alliance 8.2%; seats by party/coalition -SDP 40, Finn Party 39, Kok 38, Centre Party 31, Green League 20, Left Alliance 16; composition men 107, women 93, percent of women 46.5% (e.g. 2019)" + "text": "percent of vote by party/coalition - SDP 17.7%, Finn Party 17.5%, Kok 17.0%. Centre Party  13.8%, Green League 11.5%, Left Alliance 8.2%; seats by party/coalition -SDP 40, Finn Party 39, Kok 38, Centre Party 31, Green League 20, Left Alliance 16; composition men 108, women 92, percent of women 46%" } }, "Judicial branch": { @@ -622,14 +622,14 @@ "text": "

Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free-market economy with per capita GDP almost as high as that of Austria and the Netherlands and slightly above that of Germany and Belgium. Trade is important, with exports accounting for over one-third of GDP in recent years. The government is open to, and actively takes steps to attract, foreign direct investment.

Finland is historically competitive in manufacturing, particularly in the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics industries. Finland excels in export of technology as well as promotion of startups in the information and communications technology, gaming, cleantech, and biotechnology sectors. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of the cold climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export industry, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population.

Finland had been one of the best performing economies within the EU before 2009 and its banks and financial markets avoided the worst of global financial crisis. However, the world slowdown hit exports and domestic demand hard in that year, causing Finland’s economy to contract from 2012 to 2014. The recession affected general government finances and the debt ratio. The economy returned to growth in 2016, posting a 1.9% GDP increase before growing an estimated 3.3% in 2017, supported by a strong increase in investment, private consumption, and net exports. Finnish economists expect GDP to grow a rate of 2-3% in the next few years.

Finland's main challenges will be reducing high labor costs and boosting demand for its exports. In June 2016, the government enacted a Competitiveness Pact aimed at reducing labor costs, increasing hours worked, and introducing more flexibility into the wage bargaining system. As a result, wage growth was nearly flat in 2017. The Government was also seeking to reform the health care system and social services. In the long term, Finland must address a rapidly aging population and decreasing productivity in traditional industries that threaten competitiveness, fiscal sustainability, and economic growth.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$261.39 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$268.662 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$268.84 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$265.619 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$261.649 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$265.46 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -645,14 +645,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$47,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$48,668 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$48,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$48,159 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$47,502 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$48,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -799,10 +799,10 @@ }, "Exports": { "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$119.887 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$108.22 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$111.339 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$106.01 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2017": { "text": "$109.513 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -816,10 +816,10 @@ }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$120.437 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$107.39 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$116.628 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$109.45 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2017": { "text": "$110.701 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -1134,7 +1134,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "8,862 (Iraq) (2019)" + "text": "8,398 (Iraq) (2020)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "3,428 (2020)" diff --git a/europe/fo.json b/europe/fo.json index fc1be784..669d0c2c 100644 --- a/europe/fo.json +++ b/europe/fo.json @@ -286,9 +286,6 @@ "text": "0.63 megatons (2016 est.)" } }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy" }, @@ -312,11 +309,6 @@ "text": "97.8% (2018 est.)" } }, - "Revenue from forest resources": { - "forest revenues": { - "text": "0% of GDP (2017 est.)" - } - }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "42.6% of total population (2021)" @@ -325,6 +317,11 @@ "text": "0.89% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2017 est.)" + } + }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "61,000 tons (2014 est.)" @@ -335,6 +332,9 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "67% (2012 est.)" } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ "text": "Faroese Parliament - last held on 31 August 2019 (next to be held in 2023)
Faroese seats in the Danish Parliament last held on 5 June 2019 (next to be held no later than June 2023)" }, "election results": { - "text": "Faroese Parliament percent of vote by party - People's Party 24.5%, JF 22.1%, Union Party 20.3%, Republic 18.1%, Center Party 5.4%, Progressive Party 4.6%, New Self-Government Party 3.4%, other 1.4%, seats by party - People's Party 8, JF 7, Union Party 7, Republic 6, Center Party 2, Progressive Party 2, New Self-Government Party 1, composition - men 25, women 8; percent of women 24.2%
Faroese seats in Danish Parliament - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Social Democratic Party 1, Republican Party 1; composition - 2 men" + "text": "Faroese Parliament percent of vote by party - People's Party 24.5%, JF 22.1%, Union Party 20.3%, Republic 18.1%, Center Party 5.4%, Progressive Party 4.6%, New Self-Government Party 3.4%, other 1.4%, seats by party - People's Party 8, JF 7, Union Party 7, Republic 6, Center Party 2, Progressive Party 2, New Self-Government Party 1, composition - men 25, women 8; percent of women 24.2%
Faroese seats in Danish Parliament - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Social Democratic Party 1, Republican Party 1; composition - men 2" } }, "Judicial branch": { @@ -843,10 +843,10 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "no regular military forces or conscription; the Government of Denmark has responsibility for defense; as such, the Danish military’s Joint Arctic Command in Nuuk, Greenland is responsible for territorial defense of the Faroe Islands; the Joint Arctic Command has a contact element in the capital of Torshavn (2021)" + "text": "no regular military forces or conscription (2021)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the Danish military’s Joint Arctic Command in Nuuk is responsible for the defense of the Faroe Islands" + "text": "the Government of Denmark has responsibility for defense; as such, the Danish military’s Joint Arctic Command in Nuuk, Greenland is responsible for territorial defense of the Faroe Islands; the Joint Arctic Command has a contact element in the capital of Torshavn" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/europe/fr.json b/europe/fr.json index 0065e780..881065c2 100644 --- a/europe/fr.json +++ b/europe/fr.json @@ -106,6 +106,12 @@ "text": "26,420 sq km 26,950 sq km (2012)", "note": "metropolitan France: 26,000 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Loire (115,282 sq km), Seine 78,919 sq km), Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), (Adriatic Sea) Po (76,997 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Rhone (100,543 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Paris Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "much of the population is concentrated in the north and southeast; although there are many urban agglomerations throughout the country, Paris is by far the largest city, with Lyon ranked a distant second" }, @@ -114,12 +120,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "largest West European nation; most major French rivers - the Meuse, Seine, Loire, Charente, Dordogne, and Garonne - flow northward or westward into the Atlantic Ocean, only the Rhone flows southward into the Mediterranean Sea" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Loire (115,282 sq km), Seine 78,919 sq km), Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), (Adriatic Sea) Po (76,997 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Rhone (100,543 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Paris Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -389,20 +389,6 @@ "text": "55.99 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "5.175 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "18.15 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "3.113 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "211 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "

metropolitan France: generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as the mistral;

French Guiana: tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation;

Guadeloupe and Martinique: subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average;

Mayotte: tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November);

Reunion: tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry (May to November), hot and rainy (November to April)

" }, @@ -426,6 +412,14 @@ "text": "18.1% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "81.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.67% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -436,14 +430,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "81.2% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.67% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "text": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout France; as of 6 October 2021, France has reported a total of 6,816,783 cases of COVID-19 or 10,481.01 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 176.58 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 4 October 2021, 66.20% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" }, @@ -463,6 +449,20 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Paris Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "5.175 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "18.15 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "3.113 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "211 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -570,13 +570,13 @@ }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { - "text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of:
Senate or Senat (348 seats - 328 for metropolitan France and overseas departments and regions of Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, Reunion, and Mayotte, 2 for New Caledonia, 2 for French Polynesia, 1 for Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, 1 for Saint-Barthelemy, 1 for Saint-Martin, 1 for Wallis and Futuna, and 12 for French nationals abroad; members indirectly elected by departmental electoral colleges using absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for departments with 1-3 members and proportional representation vote in departments with 4 or more members; members serve 6-year terms with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years)
National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (577 seats - 556 for metropolitan France, 10 for overseas departments, and 11 for citizens abroad; members directly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed to serve 5-year terms)" + "text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of:
Senate or Senat (348 seats - 328 for metropolitan France and overseas departments and regions of Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, Reunion, and Mayotte, 2 for New Caledonia, 2 for French Polynesia, 1 for Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, 1 for Saint-Barthelemy, 1 for Saint-Martin, 1 for Wallis and Futuna, and 12 for French nationals abroad; members indirectly elected by departmental electoral colleges using absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for departments with 1-3 members, and proportional representation vote in departments with 4 or more members; members serve 6-year terms with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years)
National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (577 seats - 556 for metropolitan France, 10 for overseas departments, and 11 for citizens abroad; members directly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed to serve 5-year terms)" }, "elections": { - "text": "
Senate - last held on 24 September 2017 (next to be held on 24 September 2020)
National Assembly - last held on 11 and 18 June 2017 (next to be held in June 2022)" + "text": "
Senate - last held on 24 and 27 September 2020 (next to be held in September 2023)
National Assembly - last held on 11 and 18 June 2017 (next to be held in June 2022)" }, "election results": { - "text": "
Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by political caucus (party or group of parties)  - LR 144, PS 73, UC 51. LREM 23, RDSE 22, CRCE 16, RTLI 13, other 6; composition - men 246, women 102, percent of women 29.3%
National Assembly - percent of vote by party first round - LREM 28.2%, LR 15.8%. FN 13.2%, FI 11%, PS 7.4%, other 24.4%; percent of vote by party second round - LREM 43.1%, LR 22.2%, FN 8.8%, MoDEM 6.1%, PS 5.7%. FI 4.9%, other 9.2%; seats by political caucus (party or group of parties) - LREM 306, LR 104, MoDEM 46, UDI/Agir 29, PS 29, UDI 18, FI 17, Liberties and Territories 16, PCF 16, other 14; composition - men 349, women 228, percent of women 39.5%; note - total Parliament percent of women 35.7%" + "text": "
Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by political caucus (party or group of parties)  - NA; composition (as of September 2021) - men 226, women 122, percent of women 35.1%
National Assembly - percent of vote by party first round - LREM 28.2%, LR 15.8%. FN 13.2%, FI 11%, PS 7.4%, other 24.4%; percent of vote by party second round - LREM 43.1%, LR 22.2%, FN 8.8%, MoDEM 6.1%, PS 5.7%. FI 4.9%, other 9.2%; seats by political caucus (party or group of parties) - LREM 306, LR 104, MoDEM 46, UDI/Agir 29, PS 29, UDI 18, FI 17, Liberties and Territories 16, PCF 16, other 14; composition - men 349, women 228, percent of women 39.5%; note - total Parliament percent of women 37.8%" } }, "Judicial branch": { @@ -665,14 +665,14 @@ "text": "

The French economy is diversified across all sectors. The government has partially or fully privatized many large companies, including Air France, France Telecom, Renault, and Thales. However, the government maintains a strong presence in some sectors, particularly power, public transport, and defense industries. France is the most visited country in the world with 89 million foreign tourists in 2017. France's leaders remain committed to a capitalism in which they maintain social equity by means of laws, tax policies, and social spending that mitigate economic inequality.

France's real GDP grew by 1.9% in 2017, up from 1.2% the year before. The unemployment rate (including overseas territories) increased from 7.8% in 2008 to 10.2% in 2015, before falling to 9.0% in 2017. Youth unemployment in metropolitan France decreased from 24.6% in the fourth quarter of 2014 to 20.6% in the fourth quarter of 2017.

France’s public finances have historically been strained by high spending and low growth. In 2017, the budget deficit improved to 2.7% of GDP, bringing it in compliance with the EU-mandated 3% deficit target. Meanwhile, France's public debt rose from 89.5% of GDP in 2012 to 97% in 2017.

Since entering office in May 2017, President Emmanuel MACRON launched a series of economic reforms to improve competitiveness and boost economic growth. President MACRON campaigned on reforming France’s labor code and in late 2017 implemented a range of reforms to increase flexibility in the labor market by making it easier for firms to hire and fire and simplifying negotiations between employers and employees. In addition to labor reforms, President MACRON’s 2018 budget cuts public spending, taxes, and social security contributions to spur private investment and increase purchasing power. The government plans to gradually reduce corporate tax rate for businesses from 33.3% to 25% by 2022.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$2,832,170,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$3,097,061,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$3,082,300,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$3,051,034,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$2,997,296,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$3,036,490,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -688,14 +688,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$42,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$46,184 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$45,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$45,561 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$44,827 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$45,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -841,14 +841,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$746.91 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$969.077 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$891.18 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$952.316 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$910.613 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$918.97 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -858,14 +858,14 @@ "text": "aircraft, packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, gas turbines, wine (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$803.66 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$1,021,633,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$919.63 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$995.937 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$965.949 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$947.31 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1179,7 +1179,7 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the French military has approximately 205,000 active duty troops (115,000 Army; 35,000 Navy; 40,000 Air Force; 15,000 other, such as joint staffs, medical service, etc.); approximately 100,000 National Gendarmerie; approximately 75,000 National Guard (2020)" + "text": "the French military has approximately 205,000 active duty troops (115,000 Army; 35,000 Navy; 40,000 Air Force; 15,000 other, such as joint staffs, medical service, etc.); approximately 100,000 National Gendarmerie; approximately 75,000 National Guard (2021)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { "text": "the French military's inventory consists almost entirely of domestically-produced weapons systems, including some jointly-produced with other European countries; there is a limited mix of armaments from other Western countries, particularly the US; since 2010, the US is the leading foreign supplier of military hardware to France; France has a defense industry capable of manufacturing the full spectrum of air, land, and naval military weapons systems (2020)" @@ -1193,7 +1193,7 @@ "note": "note - men between the ages of 17.5 and 39.5 years of age, of any nationality, may join the French Foreign Legion; those volunteers selected for service sign 5-year contracts" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "France was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty), which created NATO in 1949; in 1966, President Charles DE GAULLE decided to withdraw France from NATO’s integrated military structure, reflecting his desire for greater military independence, particularly vis-à-vis the US, and the refusal to integrate France’s nuclear deterrent or accept any form of control over its armed forces; it did, however, sign agreements with NATO setting out procedures in the event of Soviet aggression; beginning with the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, France distanced itself from the 1966 decision and has regularly contributed troops to NATO’s military operations, being one of the largest troop-contributing states; in 2009 it officially announced its decision to fully participate in NATO structures

in 2010, France and the UK signed a declaration on defense and security cooperation that included greater military interoperability and a Combined Joint Expeditionary Force (CJEF), a deployable, combined Anglo-French military force for use in a wide range of crisis scenarios, up to and including high intensity combat operations; the CJEF has no standing forces, but would be available at short notice for French-UK bilateral, NATO, EU, UN, or other operations; combined training exercises began in 2011; as of 2020, the CJEF was assessed as having full operating capacity with the ability to rapidly deploy over 10,000 personnel capable of high intensity operations, peacekeeping, disaster relief, and humanitarian assistance

the French Foreign Legion, established in 1831, is a military force that is open to foreign recruits willing to serve in the French Armed Forces for service in France and abroad; the Foreign Legion is an integrated part of the French Army and is comprised of approximately 8,000 personnel in eight regiments, a regiment-sized demi-brigade, a battalion-sized overseas detachment, a battalion-sized recruiting group, and a command staff; the combat units are a mix of armored cavalry and airborne, light, mechanized, and motorized infantry

" + "text": "France was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty), which created NATO in 1949; in 1966, President Charles DE GAULLE decided to withdraw France from NATO’s integrated military structure, reflecting his desire for greater military independence, particularly vis-à-vis the US, and the refusal to integrate France’s nuclear deterrent or accept any form of control over its armed forces; it did, however, sign agreements with NATO setting out procedures in the event of Soviet aggression; beginning with the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, France distanced itself from the 1966 decision and has regularly contributed troops to NATO’s military operations, being one of the largest troop-contributing states; in 2009 it officially announced its decision to fully participate in NATO structures

in 2010, France and the UK signed a declaration on defense and security cooperation that included greater military interoperability and a Combined Joint Expeditionary Force (CJEF), a deployable, combined Anglo-French military force for use in a wide range of crisis scenarios, up to and including high intensity combat operations; the CJEF has no standing forces, but would be available at short notice for French-UK bilateral, NATO, EU, UN, or other operations; combined training exercises began in 2011; as of 2020, the CJEF was assessed as having full operating capacity with the ability to rapidly deploy over 10,000 personnel capable of high intensity operations, peacekeeping, disaster relief, and humanitarian assistance

the French Foreign Legion, established in 1831, is a military force that is open to foreign recruits willing to serve in the French Armed Forces for service in France and abroad; the Foreign Legion is an integrated part of the French Army and is comprised of approximately 8,000 personnel in eight regiments, a regiment-sized demi-brigade, a battalion-sized overseas detachment, a battalion-sized recruiting group, and a command staff; the combat units are a mix of armored cavalry and airborne, light, mechanized, and motorized infantry

(2021)" } }, "Terrorism": { @@ -1208,7 +1208,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "24,293 (Afghanistan), 23,821 (Sri Lanka), 18,473 (Sudan), 18,244 (Syria), 17,512 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 16,412 (Russia), 14,141 (Serbia and Kosovo), 11,863 (Turkey), 11,038 (Guinea), 11,021 (Cambodia), 8,829 (Iraq), 7,735 (Vietnam), 6,918 (China), 6,464 (Laos), 6,372 (Eritrea), 6,156 (Bangladesh), 5,675 (Mauritania), 5,652 (Cote d'Ivoire), 5,169 (Mali) (2019)" + "text": "31,546 (Afghanistan), 23,764 (Sri Lanka), 21,849 (Syria), 20,236 (Sudan), 18,332 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 16,775 (Russia), 14,268 (Serbia and Kosovo), 13,277 (Guinea), 12,459 (Turkey), 10,894 (Cambodia), 9,075 (Iraq), 8,343 (China), 7,6,71 (Vietnam), 7,318 (Eritrea), 7,023 (Cote d'Ivoire), 6,496 (Bangladesh), 6,397 (Laos), 6,229 (Albania), 5,891 (Mauritania), 5,774 (Somalia), 5,576 (Mali) (2020)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "2,068 (2020)" diff --git a/europe/gm.json b/europe/gm.json index e54d428a..85f092bf 100644 --- a/europe/gm.json +++ b/europe/gm.json @@ -93,6 +93,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "6,500 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "most populous country in Europe; a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations, particularly in the far western part of the industrial state of North Rhine-Westphalia" }, @@ -101,9 +104,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to the Baltic Sea; most major rivers in Germany - the Rhine, Weser, Oder, Elbe - flow northward; the Danube, which originates in the Black Forest, flows eastward" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -374,20 +374,6 @@ "text": "49.92 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "4.388 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "19.75 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "299.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "154 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind" }, @@ -411,6 +397,14 @@ "text": "20.2% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "77.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.13% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -421,14 +415,6 @@ "text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "77.5% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.13% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "51.046 million tons (2015 est.)" @@ -442,6 +428,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "4.388 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "19.75 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "299.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "154 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -544,13 +544,13 @@ }, "Legislative branch": { "description": { - "text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of:
Federal Council or Bundesrat (69 seats; members appointed by each of the 16 state governments)
Federal Diet or Bundestag (735 seats for the 2021-25 term - total seats can vary each electoral term; approximately one-half of members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and approximately one-half directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)" + "text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of:
Federal Council or Bundesrat (69 seats; members appointed by each of the 16 state governments)
Federal Diet or Bundestag (735 seats for the 2021-25 term - total seats can vary each electoral term; approximately one-half of members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and approximately one-half directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote; members' terms depend upon the states they represent)" }, "elections": { "text": "
Bundesrat - none; determined by the composition of the state-level governments; the composition of the Bundesrat has the potential to change any time one of the 16 states holds an election
Bundestag - last held on 26 September 2021 (next to be held in September 2025 at the latest); most postwar German governments have been coalitions" }, "election results": { - "text": "
Bundesrat - composition - men 50, women 19, percent of women 27.5%
Bundestag - percent of vote by party - SPD 25.7%, CDU/CSU 24.1%, Alliance '90/Greens 14.8%, FDP 11.5%, AfD 10.3%, The Left 4.9%, other 8.7%; seats by party - SPD 206, CDU/CSU 196, Alliance '90/Greens 118, FDP 92, AfD 83, The Left 39, other 1; note - total Bundestag percent of women NA%" + "text": "
Bundesrat - composition - men 50, women 23, percent of women 33.3%
Bundestag - percent of vote by party - SPD 25.7%, CDU/CSU 24.1%, Alliance '90/Greens 14.8%, FDP 11.5%, AfD 10.3%, The Left 4.9%, other 8.7%; seats by party - SPD 206, CDU/CSU 196, Alliance '90/Greens 118, FDP 92, AfD 83, The Left 39, other 1; note - total Bundestag percent of women NA%" } }, "Judicial branch": { @@ -634,14 +634,14 @@ "text": "

The German economy - the fifth largest economy in the world in PPP terms and Europe's largest - is a leading exporter of machinery, vehicles, chemicals, and household equipment. Germany benefits from a highly skilled labor force, but, like its Western European neighbors, faces significant demographic challenges to sustained long-term growth. Low fertility rates and a large increase in net immigration are increasing pressure on the country's social welfare system and necessitate structural reforms.

Reforms launched by the government of Chancellor Gerhard SCHROEDER (1998-2005), deemed necessary to address chronically high unemployment and low average growth, contributed to strong economic growth and falling unemployment. These advances, as well as a government subsidized, reduced working hour scheme, help explain the relatively modest increase in unemployment during the 2008-09 recession - the deepest since World War II. The German Government introduced a minimum wage in 2015 that increased to $9.79 (8.84 euros) in January 2017.

Stimulus and stabilization efforts initiated in 2008 and 2009 and tax cuts introduced in Chancellor Angela MERKEL's second term increased Germany's total budget deficit - including federal, state, and municipal - to 4.1% in 2010, but slower spending and higher tax revenues reduced the deficit to 0.8% in 2011 and in 2017 Germany reached a budget surplus of 0.7%. A constitutional amendment approved in 2009 limits the federal government to structural deficits of no more than 0.35% of GDP per annum as of 2016, though the target was already reached in 2012.

Following the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, Chancellor Angela MERKEL announced in May 2011 that eight of the country's 17 nuclear reactors would be shut down immediately and the remaining plants would close by 2022. Germany plans to replace nuclear power largely with renewable energy, which accounted for 29.5% of gross electricity consumption in 2016, up from 9% in 2000. Before the shutdown of the eight reactors, Germany relied on nuclear power for 23% of its electricity generating capacity and 46% of its base-load electricity production.

The German economy suffers from low levels of investment, and a government plan to invest 15 billion euros during 2016-18, largely in infrastructure, is intended to spur needed private investment. Domestic consumption, investment, and exports are likely to drive German GDP growth in 2018, and the country’s budget and trade surpluses are likely to remain high.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$4,238,800,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$4,482,448,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$4,457,050,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$4,457,688,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$4,401,873,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$4,432,430,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -657,14 +657,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$50,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$53,919 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$53,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$53,768 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$53,255 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$53,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -810,14 +810,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$1,671,650,000,000 note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$2,004,158,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1,813,190,000,000 note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$1,984,745,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$1,937,273,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1,881,510,000,000 note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -827,14 +827,14 @@ "text": "cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, aircraft, medical cultures/vaccines, industrial machinery (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$1,452,560,000,000 note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$1,804,453,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1,593,720,000,000 note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$1,759,299,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$1,695,300,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1,635,580,000,000 note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1153,7 +1153,7 @@ "text": "17-23 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription ended July 2011; service obligation 8-23 months or 12 years; women have been eligible for voluntary service in all military branches and positions since 2001 (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the Federal Republic of Germany joined NATO in May 1955; with the reunification of Germany in October 1990, the states of the former German Democratic Republic joined the Federal Republic of Germany in its membership of NATO

the German Army has incorporated a joint Franco-German mechanized infantry brigade since 1989, a Dutch airmobile infantry brigade since 2014, and a Dutch mechanized infantry brigade since 2016; in addition, the German Navy’s Sea Battalion (includes marine infantry, naval divers, reconnaissance, and security forces) has worked closely with the Dutch Marine Corps since 2016, including as a binational amphibious landing group

" + "text": "the Federal Republic of Germany joined NATO in May 1955; with the reunification of Germany in October 1990, the states of the former German Democratic Republic joined the Federal Republic of Germany in its membership of NATO

the German Army has incorporated a joint Franco-German mechanized infantry brigade since 1989, a Dutch airmobile infantry brigade since 2014, and a Dutch mechanized infantry brigade since 2016; in addition, the German Navy’s Sea Battalion (includes marine infantry, naval divers, reconnaissance, and security forces) has worked closely with the Dutch Marine Corps since 2016, including as a binational amphibious landing group

(2021)" } }, "Terrorism": { @@ -1168,7 +1168,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "572,818 (Syria), 141,650 (Iraq), 140,366 (Afghanistan), 58,569 (Eritrea), 43,244 (Iran), 28,470 (Turkey), 26,015 (Somalia), 8,722 (Russia), 8,639 (Serbia and Kosovo), 8,125 (Pakistan), 7,828 (Nigeria) (2019)" + "text": "605,338 (Syria), 147,994 (Afghanistan), 146,009 (Iraq), 61,226 (Eritrea), 44,965 (Iran), 33,345 (Turkey), 28,061 (Somalia), 9,172 (Russia), 8,813 (Nigeria), 8,475 (Pakistan), 7,926 (Serbia and Kosovo), 5,385 (Ethiopia) (2020)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "26,675 (2020)" diff --git a/europe/gr.json b/europe/gr.json index 6f0e95e7..89dbcbf3 100644 --- a/europe/gr.json +++ b/europe/gr.json @@ -382,20 +382,6 @@ "text": "9.8 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "1.991 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "208.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "9.041 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "68.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers" }, @@ -419,6 +405,14 @@ "text": "6.1% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "80% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -429,14 +423,6 @@ "text": "0.04% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "80% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "5,477,424 tons (2014 est.)" @@ -447,6 +433,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "19% (2014 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "1.991 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "208.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "9.041 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "68.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -643,14 +643,14 @@ "text": "

Greece has a capitalist economy with a public sector accounting for about 40% of GDP and with per capita GDP about two-thirds that of the leading euro-zone economies. Tourism provides 18% of GDP. Immigrants make up nearly one-fifth of the work force, mainly in agricultural and unskilled jobs. Greece is a major beneficiary of EU aid, equal to about 3.3% of annual GDP.

The Greek economy averaged growth of about 4% per year between 2003 and 2007, but the economy went into recession in 2009 as a result of the world financial crisis, tightening credit conditions, and Athens' failure to address a growing budget deficit. By 2013, the economy had contracted 26%, compared with the pre-crisis level of 2007. Greece met the EU's Growth and Stability Pact budget deficit criterion of no more than 3% of GDP in 2007-08, but violated it in 2009, when the deficit reached 15% of GDP. Deteriorating public finances, inaccurate and misreported statistics, and consistent underperformance on reforms prompted major credit rating agencies to downgrade Greece's international debt rating in late 2009 and led the country into a financial crisis. Under intense pressure from the EU and international market participants, the government accepted a bailout program that called on Athens to cut government spending, decrease tax evasion, overhaul the civil-service, health-care, and pension systems, and reform the labor and product markets. Austerity measures reduced the deficit to 1.3% in 2017. Successive Greek governments, however, failed to push through many of the most unpopular reforms in the face of widespread political opposition, including from the country's powerful labor unions and the general public.

In April 2010, a leading credit agency assigned Greek debt its lowest possible credit rating, and in May 2010, the IMF and euro-zone governments provided Greece emergency short- and medium-term loans worth $147 billion so that the country could make debt repayments to creditors. Greece, however, struggled to meet the targets set by the EU and the IMF, especially after Eurostat - the EU's statistical office - revised upward Greece's deficit and debt numbers for 2009 and 2010. European leaders and the IMF agreed in October 2011 to provide Athens a second bailout package of $169 billion. The second deal called for holders of Greek government bonds to write down a significant portion of their holdings to try to alleviate Greece’s government debt burden. However, Greek banks, saddled with a significant portion of sovereign debt, were adversely affected by the write down and $60 billion of the second bailout package was set aside to ensure the banking system was adequately capitalized.

In 2014, the Greek economy began to turn the corner on the recession. Greece achieved three significant milestones: balancing the budget - not including debt repayments; issuing government debt in financial markets for the first time since 2010; and generating 0.7% GDP growth — the first economic expansion since 2007.

Despite the nascent recovery, widespread discontent with austerity measures helped propel the far-left Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA) party into government in national legislative elections in January 2015. Between January and July 2015, frustrations grew between the SYRIZA-led government and Greece’s EU and IMF creditors over the implementation of bailout measures and disbursement of funds. The Greek government began running up significant arrears to suppliers, while Greek banks relied on emergency lending, and Greece’s future in the euro zone was called into question. To stave off a collapse of the banking system, Greece imposed capital controls in June 2015, then became the first developed nation to miss a loan payment to the IMF, rattling international financial markets. Unable to reach an agreement with creditors, Prime Minister Alexios TSIPRAS held a nationwide referendum on 5 July on whether to accept the terms of Greece’s bailout, campaigning for the ultimately successful \"no\" vote. The TSIPRAS government subsequently agreed, however, to a new $96 billion bailout in order to avert Greece’s exit from the monetary bloc. On 20 August 2015, Greece signed its third bailout, allowing it to cover significant debt payments to its EU and IMF creditors and to ensure the banking sector retained access to emergency liquidity. The TSIPRAS government — which retook office on 20 September 2015 after calling new elections in late August — successfully secured disbursal of two delayed tranches of bailout funds. Despite the economic turmoil, Greek GDP did not contract as sharply as feared, boosted in part by a strong tourist season.

In 2017, Greece saw improvements in GDP and unemployment. Unfinished economic reforms, a massive non-performing loan problem, and ongoing uncertainty regarding the political direction of the country hold the economy back. Some estimates put Greece’s black market at 20- to 25% of GDP, as more people have stopped reporting their income to avoid paying taxes that, in some cases, have risen to 70% of an individual’s gross income.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$292.4 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$319.334 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$318.68 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$313.469 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$307.521 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$312.87 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -666,14 +666,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$27,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$29,799 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$29,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$29,206 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$28,594 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$29,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -817,14 +817,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$59.02 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$92.925 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$81.18 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$88.511 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$81.196 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$81.87 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -834,14 +834,14 @@ "text": "refined petroleum, packaged medicines, aluminum plating, computers, cotton (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$71.76 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$94.597 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$83.19 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$91.798 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$85.092 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$85.8 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1144,7 +1144,7 @@ "note": "note - Greece in 2020 announced plans to boost military acquisitions and its defense industry following tensions with Turkey in the Eastern Mediterranean" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "approximately 1,000 Cyprus; 110 Kosovo (NATO); 150 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Jan 2021)" + "text": "approximately 1,000 Cyprus; 110 Kosovo (NATO); 150 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Sep 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "19-45 years of age for compulsory military service; during wartime the law allows for recruitment beginning January of the year of inductee's 18th birthday, thus including 17 year olds; 18 years of age for volunteers; conscript service obligation is 1 year for the Army and 9 months for the Air Force and Navy; women are eligible for voluntary military service (2019)" @@ -1165,12 +1165,12 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "26,696 (Syria), 17,685 (Afghanistan), 9,614 (Iraq) (2019)" + "text": "36,448 (Syria), 21,456 (Afghanistan), 11,840 (Iraq) (2020)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "5,557 (2020)" }, - "note": "note: 1,211,465 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-October 2021); as of the end of December 2020, an estimated 119,700 migrants and refugees were stranded in Greece since 2015-16" + "note": "note: 1,211,569 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-October 2021); as of the end of December 2020, an estimated 119,700 migrants and refugees were stranded in Greece since 2015-16" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis and heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and precursor chemicals to the East; some South American cocaine transits or is consumed in Greece; money laundering related to drug trafficking and organized crime" diff --git a/europe/hr.json b/europe/hr.json index 396365a6..57de3fda 100644 --- a/europe/hr.json +++ b/europe/hr.json @@ -90,6 +90,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "240 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "more of the population lives in the northern half of the country, with approximately a quarter of the populace residing in and around the capital of Zagreb; many of the islands are sparsely populated" }, @@ -98,9 +101,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "controls most land routes from Western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish Straits; most Adriatic Sea islands lie off the coast of Croatia - some 1,200 islands, islets, ridges, and rocks" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -392,20 +392,6 @@ "text": "3.98 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "455 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "184 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "76 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "105.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast" }, @@ -429,6 +415,14 @@ "text": "41.9% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "57.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.26% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -439,14 +433,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "57.9% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "intermediate (2020)" @@ -468,6 +454,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "455 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "184 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "76 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "105.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -663,14 +663,14 @@ "text": "

Though still one of the wealthiest of the former Yugoslav republics, Croatia’s economy suffered badly during the 1991-95 war. The country's output during that time collapsed, and Croatia missed the early waves of investment in Central and Eastern Europe that followed the fall of the Berlin Wall. Between 2000 and 2007, however, Croatia's economic fortunes began to improve with moderate but steady GDP growth between 4% and 6%, led by a rebound in tourism and credit-driven consumer spending. Inflation over the same period remained tame and the currency, the kuna, stable.

Croatia experienced an abrupt slowdown in the economy in 2008; economic growth was stagnant or negative in each year between 2009 and 2014, but has picked up since the third quarter of 2014, ending 2017 with an average of 2.8% growth. Challenges remain including uneven regional development, a difficult investment climate, an inefficient judiciary, and loss of educated young professionals seeking higher salaries elsewhere in the EU. In 2016, Croatia revised its tax code to stimulate growth from domestic consumption and foreign investment. Income tax reduction began in 2017, and in 2018 various business costs were removed from income tax calculations. At the start of 2018, the government announced its economic reform plan, slated for implementation in 2019.

Tourism is one of the main pillars of the Croatian economy, comprising 19.6% of Croatia’s GDP. Croatia is working to become a regional energy hub, and is undertaking plans to open a floating liquefied natural gas (LNG) regasification terminal by the end of 2019 or early in 2020 to import LNG for re-distribution in southeast Europe.

Croatia joined the EU on July 1, 2013, following a decade-long accession process. Croatia has developed a plan for Eurozone accession, and the government projects Croatia will adopt the Euro by 2024. In 2017, the Croatian government decreased public debt to 78% of GDP, from an all-time high of 84% in 2014, and realized a 0.8% budget surplus - the first surplus since independence in 1991. The government has also sought to accelerate privatization of non-strategic assets with mixed success. Croatia’s economic recovery is still somewhat fragile; Croatia’s largest private company narrowly avoided collapse in 2017, thanks to a capital infusion from an American investor. Restructuring is ongoing, and projected to finish by mid-July 2018.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$107.11 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$116.339 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$116.89 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$113.105 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$110.016 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$113.64 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -686,14 +686,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$26,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$28,602 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$28,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$27,669 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$26,674 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$27,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -837,14 +837,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$23.66 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$36.28 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$31.07 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$33.97 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$32.75 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$30.71 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -854,14 +854,14 @@ "text": "refined petroleum, packaged medicines, cars, medical cultures/vaccines, lumber (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$27.59 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$37.612 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$31.39 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$35.367 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$32.899 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$31.32 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/europe/hu.json b/europe/hu.json index aca786a8..2eccbf26 100644 --- a/europe/hu.json +++ b/europe/hu.json @@ -85,14 +85,14 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "1,721 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations" }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin; the north-south flowing Duna (Danube) and Tisza Rivers divide the country into three large regions" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -382,20 +382,6 @@ "text": "7.25 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "624.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "3.358 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "518.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "104 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers" }, @@ -419,6 +405,14 @@ "text": "18.6% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "72.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.1% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -429,14 +423,6 @@ "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "72.2% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "intermediate (2016)" @@ -458,6 +444,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "624.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "3.358 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "518.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "104 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -647,14 +647,14 @@ "text": "

Hungary has transitioned from a centrally planned to a market-driven economy with a per capita income approximately two thirds of the EU-28 average; however, in recent years the government has become more involved in managing the economy. Budapest has implemented unorthodox economic policies to boost household consumption and has relied on EU-funded development projects to generate growth.

 

Following the fall of communism in 1990, Hungary experienced a drop-off in exports and financial assistance from the former Soviet Union. Hungary embarked on a series of economic reforms, including privatization of state-owned enterprises and reduction of social spending programs, to shift from a centrally planned to a market-driven economy, and to reorient its economy towards trade with the West. These efforts helped to spur growth, attract investment, and reduce Hungary’s debt burden and fiscal deficits. Despite these reforms, living conditions for the average Hungarian initially deteriorated as inflation increased and unemployment reached double digits. Conditions slowly improved over the 1990s as the reforms came to fruition and export growth accelerated. Economic policies instituted during that decade helped position Hungary to join the European Union in 2004. Hungary has not yet joined the euro-zone. Hungary suffered a historic economic contraction as a result of the global economic slowdown in 2008-09 as export demand and domestic consumption dropped, prompting it to take an IMF-EU financial assistance package.

 

Since 2010, the government has backpedaled on many economic reforms and taken a more populist approach towards economic management. The government has favored national industries and government-linked businesses through legislation, regulation, and public procurements. In 2011 and 2014, Hungary nationalized private pension funds, which squeezed financial service providers out of the system, but also helped Hungary curb its public debt and lower its budget deficit to below 3% of GDP, as subsequent pension contributions have been channeled into the state-managed pension fund. Hungary’s public debt (at 74.5% of GDP) is still high compared to EU peers in Central Europe. Real GDP growth has been robust in the past few years due to increased EU funding, higher EU demand for Hungarian exports, and a rebound in domestic household consumption. To further boost household consumption ahead of the 2018 election, the government embarked on a six-year phased increase to minimum wages and public sector salaries, decreased taxes on foodstuffs and services, cut the personal income tax from 16% to 15%, and implemented a uniform 9% business tax for small and medium-sized enterprises and large companies. Real GDP growth slowed in 2016 due to a cyclical decrease in EU funding, but increased to 3.8% in 2017 as the government pre-financed EU funded projects ahead of the 2018 election.

 

Systemic economic challenges include pervasive corruption, labor shortages driven by demographic declines and migration, widespread poverty in rural areas, vulnerabilities to changes in demand for exports, and a heavy reliance on Russian energy imports.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$302.32 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$321.869 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$318.09 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$307.778 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$291.995 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$303.98 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -670,14 +670,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$31,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$32,945 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$32,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$31,485 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$29,832 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$31,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -823,14 +823,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$123.83 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$167.99 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$134.55 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$158.802 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$151.185 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$134.66 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -840,14 +840,14 @@ "text": "cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, spark-ignition engines, video displays, broadcasting equipment (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$120.25 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$159.63 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$129.9 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$148.471 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$138.773 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$127.52 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1122,8 +1122,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Hungarian Defense Forces: Land Forces (Army); Air Forces (note - both the air and land components are subordinate to a Joint Forces Combat Command); Logistics Center; Preparation and Training Command (2020)", - "note": "note: the Hungarian Defense Forces are organized into a joint force structure with ground, air, and logistic components" + "text": "the Hungarian Defense Forces are a unified force (Joint Force Command) with Land Forces, Air Forces, and Logistics components (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { diff --git a/europe/ic.json b/europe/ic.json index f940c56c..f8e970d9 100644 --- a/europe/ic.json +++ b/europe/ic.json @@ -362,20 +362,6 @@ "text": "0.59 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "80 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "198 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "300,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "170 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers" }, @@ -399,6 +385,14 @@ "text": "81% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "93.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.74% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -409,14 +403,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "93.9% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.74% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "525,000 tons (2015 est.)" @@ -427,6 +413,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "55.8% (2013 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "80 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "198 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "300,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "170 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -610,14 +610,14 @@ "text": "

Iceland's economy combines a capitalist structure and free-market principles with an extensive welfare system. Except for a brief period during the 2008 crisis, Iceland has in recent years achieved high growth, low unemployment, and a remarkably even distribution of income. Iceland's economy has been diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in the last decade, particularly within the fields of tourism, software production, and biotechnology. Abundant geothermal and hydropower sources have attracted substantial foreign investment in the aluminum sector, boosted economic growth, and sparked some interest from high-tech firms looking to establish data centers using cheap green energy.

Tourism, aluminum smelting, and fishing are the pillars of the economy. For decades the Icelandic economy depended heavily on fisheries, but tourism has now surpassed fishing and aluminum as Iceland’s main export industry. Tourism accounted for 8.6% of Iceland’s GDP in 2016, and 39% of total exports of merchandise and services. From 2010 to 2017, the number of tourists visiting Iceland increased by nearly 400%. Since 2010, tourism has become a main driver of Icelandic economic growth, with the number of tourists reaching 4.5 times the Icelandic population in 2016. Iceland remains sensitive to fluctuations in world prices for its main exports, and to fluctuations in the exchange rate of the Icelandic Krona.

Following the privatization of the banking sector in the early 2000s, domestic banks expanded aggressively in foreign markets, and consumers and businesses borrowed heavily in foreign currencies. Worsening global financial conditions throughout 2008 resulted in a sharp depreciation of the krona vis-a-vis other major currencies. The foreign exposure of Icelandic banks, whose loans and other assets totaled nearly nine times the country's GDP, became unsustainable. Iceland's three largest banks collapsed in late 2008. GDP fell 6.8% in 2009, and unemployment peaked at 9.4% in February 2009. Three new banks were established to take over the domestic assets of the collapsed banks. Two of them have majority ownership by the state, which intends to re-privatize them.

Since the collapse of Iceland's financial sector, government economic priorities have included stabilizing the krona, implementing capital controls, reducing Iceland's high budget deficit, containing inflation, addressing high household debt, restructuring the financial sector, and diversifying the economy. Capital controls were lifted in March 2017, but some financial protections, such as reserve requirements for specified investments connected to new inflows of foreign currency, remain in place.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$19.16 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$20.187 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$20.52 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$19.807 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$19.08 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$20.01 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -633,14 +633,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$52,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$55,874 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$56,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$56,158 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$55,562 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$56,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -784,14 +784,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$7.43 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$10.415 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$11.01 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$10.923 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$10.742 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$12.26 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -801,14 +801,14 @@ "text": "aluminum and aluminum products, fish products, aircraft, iron alloys, animal meal (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$7.55 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$9.399 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$9.76 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$10.364 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$10.314 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$11.34 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1063,7 +1063,7 @@ "text": "the Icelandic Coast Guard has approximately 250 personnel (2021)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Icelandic Coast Guard's inventory consists of equipment from European suppliers (2020)" + "text": "the Icelandic Coast Guard's inventory consists of equipment from European suppliers (2021)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "Iceland was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) in 1949; Iceland is the only NATO member that has no standing military force; defense of Iceland remains a NATO commitment and NATO maintains an air policing presence in Icelandic airspace; Iceland participates in international peacekeeping missions with the civilian-manned Icelandic Crisis Response Unit (ICRU)

Iceland cooperates with the militaries of other Nordic countries through the Nordic Defense Cooperation (NORDEFCO), which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden; areas of cooperation include armaments, education, human resources, training and exercises, and operations; NORDEFCO was established in 2009

 

" diff --git a/europe/im.json b/europe/im.json index 97d38075..bb28a30f 100644 --- a/europe/im.json +++ b/europe/im.json @@ -300,11 +300,6 @@ "text": "19.2% (2018 est.)" } }, - "Revenue from forest resources": { - "forest revenues": { - "text": "0% of GDP (2017 est.)" - } - }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "53.1% of total population (2021)" @@ -313,6 +308,11 @@ "text": "0.97% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2017 est.)" + } + }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "50,551 tons (2011 est.)" @@ -394,16 +394,16 @@ "text": "Lord of Mann Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Lieutenant Governor Sir John LORIMER (since 29 September 2021)" }, "head of government": { - "text": "Chief Minister Howard QUAYLE (since 4 October 2016)" + "text": "Chief Minister Alfred CANNAN (since 12 October 2021)" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the lieutenant governor" }, "elections/appointments": { - "text": "the monarchy is hereditary; lieutenant governor appointed by the monarch; chief minister indirectly elected by the Tynwald for a 5-year term (eligible for second term); election last held on 4 October 2016 (next to be held in 2021)" + "text": "the monarchy is hereditary; lieutenant governor appointed by the monarch; chief minister indirectly elected by the Tynwald for a 5-year term (eligible for second term); election last held on 23 September 2021" }, "election results": { - "text": "Howard QUAYLE (independent) elected chief minister; Tynwald vote - 21 of 33" + "text": "Alfred CANNAN (independent) elected chief minister; Tynwald House of Keys vote - 21 of 24" } }, "Legislative branch": { diff --git a/europe/it.json b/europe/it.json index 5ff9033d..a9164ebb 100644 --- a/europe/it.json +++ b/europe/it.json @@ -91,6 +91,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "39,500 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km), (Adriatic Sea) Po (76,997 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Rhone (100,543 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "despite a distinctive pattern with an industrial north and an agrarian south, a fairly even population distribution exists throughout most of the country, with coastal areas, the Po River Valley, and urban centers (particularly Milan, Rome, and Naples), attracting larger and denser populations" }, @@ -99,9 +102,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as southern sea and air approaches to Western Europe" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km), (Adriatic Sea) Po (76,997 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Rhone (100,543 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -387,20 +387,6 @@ "text": "41.3 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "9.488 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "7.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "17 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "191.3 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "predominantly Mediterranean; alpine in far north; hot, dry in south" }, @@ -424,6 +410,14 @@ "text": "21.5% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "71.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -434,14 +428,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "71.3% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "respiratory diseases": { "text": "Covid-19 (see note) (2020)" @@ -461,6 +447,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km), (Adriatic Sea) Po (76,997 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Rhone (100,543 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "9.488 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "7.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "17 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "191.3 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -658,14 +658,14 @@ "text": "

Italy’s economy comprises a developed industrial north, dominated by private companies, and a less-developed, highly subsidized, agricultural south, with a legacy of unemployment and underdevelopment. The Italian economy is driven in large part by the manufacture of high-quality consumer goods produced by small and medium-sized enterprises, many of them family-owned. Italy also has a sizable underground economy, which by some estimates accounts for as much as 17% of GDP. These activities are most common within the agriculture, construction, and service sectors.

Italy is the third-largest economy in the euro zone, but its exceptionally high public debt and structural impediments to growth have rendered it vulnerable to scrutiny by financial markets. Public debt has increased steadily since 2007, reaching 131% of GDP in 2017. Investor concerns about Italy and the broader euro-zone crisis eased in 2013, bringing down Italy's borrowing costs on sovereign government debt from euro-era records. The government still faces pressure from investors and European partners to sustain its efforts to address Italy's longstanding structural economic problems, including labor market inefficiencies, a sluggish judicial system, and a weak banking sector. Italy’s economy returned to modest growth in late 2014 for the first time since 2011. In 2015-16, Italy’s economy grew at about 1% each year, and in 2017 growth accelerated to 1.5% of GDP. In 2017, overall unemployment was 11.4%, but youth unemployment remained high at 37.1%. GDP growth is projected to slow slightly in 2018.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$2,322,140,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$2,562,135,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$2,548,190,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$2,553,384,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$2,529,503,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$2,540,890,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -681,14 +681,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$39,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$42,492 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$42,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$42,259 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$41,785 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$42,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -833,14 +833,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$558.26 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$687.34 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$636.01 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$678.788 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$667.866 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$656.06 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -850,14 +850,14 @@ "text": "packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, valves, trunks/cases, wine (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$486.35 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$647.058 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$569.7 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$649.963 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$631.54 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$605.44 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1186,12 +1186,12 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "25,241 (Nigeria), 20,063 (Pakistan), 17,849 (Afghanistan), 15,842 (Mali), 14,029 (Somalia), 12,968 (Gambia), 8,974 (Bangladesh), 7,659 (Cote d'Ivoire), 7,644 (Senegal), 7,118 (Eritrea), 6,995 (Iraq), 6,353 (Ukraine), 5,953 (Ghana) (2019)" + "text": "18,473 (Nigeria), 14,484 (Pakistan), 12,096 (Afghanistan), 10,063 (Mali), 7,704 (Somalia), 5,740 (Gambia) (2020)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "3,000 (2020)" }, - "note": "note: 571,601 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-October 2021)" + "note": "note: 573,436 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-October 2021)" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "important gateway for and consumer of Latin American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin entering the European market; money laundering by organized crime and from smuggling" diff --git a/europe/kv.json b/europe/kv.json index 3e0dd286..2ffadd12 100644 --- a/europe/kv.json +++ b/europe/kv.json @@ -85,14 +85,14 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "NA" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "population clusters exist throughout the country, the largest being in the east in and around the capital of Pristina" }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the 41-km long Nerodimka River divides into two branches each of which flows into a different sea: the northern branch flows into the Sitnica River, which via the Ibar, Morava, and Danube Rivers ultimately flows into the Black Sea; the southern branch flows via the Lepenac and Vardar Rivers into the Aegean Sea" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -527,14 +527,14 @@ "text": "

Kosovo's economy has shown progress in transitioning to a market-based system and maintaining macroeconomic stability, but it is still highly dependent on the international community and the diaspora for financial and technical assistance. Remittances from the diaspora - located mainly in Germany, Switzerland, and the Nordic countries - are estimated to account for about 17% of GDP and international donor assistance accounts for approximately 10% of GDP. With international assistance, Kosovo has been able to privatize a majority of its state-owned enterprises.

Kosovo's citizens are the second poorest in Europe, after Moldova, with a per capita GDP (PPP) of $10,400 in 2017. An unemployment rate of 33%, and a youth unemployment rate near 60%, in a country where the average age is 26, encourages emigration and fuels a significant informal, unreported economy. Most of Kosovo's population lives in rural towns outside of the capital, Pristina. Inefficient, near-subsistence farming is common - the result of small plots, limited mechanization, and a lack of technical expertise. Kosovo enjoys lower labor costs than the rest of the region. However, high levels of corruption, little contract enforcement, and unreliable electricity supply have discouraged potential investors. The official currency of Kosovo is the euro, but the Serbian dinar is also used illegally in Serb majority communities. Kosovo's tie to the euro has helped keep core inflation low.

Minerals and metals production - including lignite, lead, zinc, nickel, chrome, aluminum, magnesium, and a wide variety of construction materials - once the backbone of industry, has declined because of aging equipment and insufficient investment, problems exacerbated by competing and unresolved ownership claims of Kosovo’s largest mines. A limited and unreliable electricity supply is a major impediment to economic development. The US Government is cooperating with the Ministry of Economic Development (MED) and the World Bank to conclude a commercial tender for the construction of Kosovo C, a new lignite-fired power plant that would leverage Kosovo’s large lignite reserves. MED also has plans for the rehabilitation of an older bituminous-fired power plant, Kosovo B, and the development of a coal mine that could supply both plants.

In June 2009, Kosovo joined the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, the Central Europe Free Trade Area (CEFTA) in 2006, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in 2012, and the Council of Europe Development Bank in 2013. In 2016, Kosovo implemented the Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) negotiations with the EU, focused on trade liberalization. In 2014, nearly 60% of customs duty-eligible imports into Kosovo were EU goods. In August 2015, as part of its EU-facilitated normalization process with Serbia, Kosovo signed agreements on telecommunications and energy distribution, but disagreements over who owns economic assets, such as the Trepca mining conglomerate, within Kosovo continue.

Kosovo experienced its first federal budget deficit in 2012, when government expenditures climbed sharply. In May 2014, the government introduced a 25% salary increase for public sector employees and an equal increase in certain social benefits. Central revenues could not sustain these increases, and the government was forced to reduce its planned capital investments. The government, led by Prime Minister MUSTAFA - a trained economist - recently made several changes to its fiscal policy, expanding the list of duty-free imports, decreasing the Value Added Tax (VAT) for basic food items and public utilities, and increasing the VAT for all other goods.

While Kosovo’s economy continued to make progress, unemployment has not been reduced, nor living standards raised, due to lack of economic reforms and investment.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$19.13 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$20.396 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$20.55 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$19.579 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$18.86 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$19.58 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -550,14 +550,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$10,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$11,368 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$11,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$10,895 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$10,530 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$10,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2016 US dollars" }, @@ -689,11 +689,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$428 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$1.69 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$340 million (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$2.31 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$2.28 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -703,11 +706,14 @@ "text": "mining and processed metal products, scrap metals, leather products, machinery, appliances, prepared foodstuffs, beverages and tobacco, vegetable products, textiles and apparel" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$3.223 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$4.19 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$2.876 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$4.45 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$4.5 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -932,6 +938,9 @@ "text": "Kosovo Security Force (KSF): Land Force Command; Logistics Command; Doctrine and Training Command; National Guard Command (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { + "Military Expenditures 2020": { + "text": "1.1% of GDP (2020)" + }, "Military Expenditures 2019": { "text": "0.8% of GDP (2019)" }, @@ -943,9 +952,6 @@ }, "Military Expenditures 2016": { "text": "0.8% of GDP (2016)" - }, - "Military Expenditures 2015": { - "text": "0.8% of GDP (2015)" } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { diff --git a/europe/lg.json b/europe/lg.json index 216f7d0b..c6d3e21f 100644 --- a/europe/lg.json +++ b/europe/lg.json @@ -390,20 +390,6 @@ "text": "1.85 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "94.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "25.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "61.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "34.94 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "maritime; wet, moderate winters" }, @@ -427,6 +413,14 @@ "text": "16.7% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "68.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "-0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.85% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -437,14 +431,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "68.4% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "intermediate (2020)" @@ -463,6 +449,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "21.2% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "94.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "25.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "61.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "34.94 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -649,14 +649,14 @@ "text": "

Latvia is a small, open economy with exports contributing more than half of GDP. Due to its geographical location, transit services are highly-developed, along with timber and wood-processing, agriculture and food products, and manufacturing of machinery and electronics industries. Corruption continues to be an impediment to attracting foreign direct investment and Latvia's low birth rate and decreasing population are major challenges to its long-term economic vitality.

Latvia's economy experienced GDP growth of more than 10% per year during 2006-07, but entered a severe recession in 2008 as a result of an unsustainable current account deficit and large debt exposure amid the slowing world economy. Triggered by the collapse of the second largest bank, GDP plunged by more than 14% in 2009 and, despite strong growth since 2011, the economy took until 2017 return to pre-crisis levels in real terms. Strong investment and consumption, the latter stoked by rising wages, helped the economy grow by more than 4% in 2017, while inflation rose to 3%. Continued gains in competitiveness and investment will be key to maintaining economic growth, especially in light of unfavorable demographic trends, including the emigration of skilled workers, and one of the highest levels of income inequality in the EU.

In the wake of the 2008-09 crisis, the IMF, EU, and other international donors provided substantial financial assistance to Latvia as part of an agreement to defend the currency's peg to the euro in exchange for the government's commitment to stringent austerity measures. The IMF/EU program successfully concluded in December 2011, although, the austerity measures imposed large social costs. The majority of companies, banks, and real estate have been privatized, although the state still holds sizable stakes in a few large enterprises, including 80% ownership of the Latvian national airline. Latvia officially joined the World Trade Organization in February 1999 and the EU in May 2004. Latvia also joined the euro zone in 2014 and the OECD in 2016.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$56.92 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$59.102 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$59.06 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$57.912 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$55.672 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$57.88 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -672,14 +672,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$29,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$30,898 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$30,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$30,050 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$28,664 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$30,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -824,14 +824,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$20.23 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$20.444 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$20.5 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$20.007 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$19.153 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$21.12 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -841,14 +841,14 @@ "text": "lumber, broadcasting equipment, whiskey and other hard liquors, wheat, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$19.84 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$22.049 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$20.79 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$21.397 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$20.096 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$21.38 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/europe/lh.json b/europe/lh.json index 9fd1a4af..c3651bd5 100644 --- a/europe/lh.json +++ b/europe/lh.json @@ -383,20 +383,6 @@ "text": "3.15 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "130.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "69.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "58.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "24.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "transitional, between maritime and continental; wet, moderate winters and summers" }, @@ -420,6 +406,14 @@ "text": "20.6% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "68.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "-0.12% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.31% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -430,14 +424,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "68.2% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-0.12% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "intermediate (2020)" @@ -456,6 +442,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "22.9% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "130.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "69.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "58.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "24.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -645,14 +645,14 @@ "text": "

After the country declared independence from the Soviet Union in 1990, Lithuania faced an initial dislocation that is typical during transitions from a planned economy to a free-market economy. Macroeconomic stabilization policies, including privatization of most state-owned enterprises, and a strong commitment to a currency board arrangement led to an open and rapidly growing economy and rising consumer demand. Foreign investment and EU funding aided in the transition. Lithuania joined the WTO in May 2001, the EU in May 2004, and the euro zone in January 2015, and is now working to complete the OECD accession roadmap it received in July 2015. In 2017, joined the OECD Working Group on Bribery, an important step in the OECD accession process.

The Lithuanian economy was severely hit by the 2008-09 global financial crisis, but it has rebounded and become one of the fastest growing in the EU. Increases in exports, investment, and wage growth that supported consumption helped the economy grow by 3.6% in 2017. In 2015, Russia was Lithuania’s largest trading partner, followed by Poland, Germany, and Latvia; goods and services trade between the US and Lithuania totaled $2.2 billion. Lithuania opened a self-financed liquefied natural gas terminal in January 2015, providing the first non-Russian supply of natural gas to the Baltic States and reducing Lithuania’s dependence on Russian gas from 100% to approximately 30% in 2016.

Lithuania’s ongoing recovery hinges on improving the business environment, especially by liberalizing labor laws, and improving competitiveness and export growth, the latter hampered by economic slowdowns in the EU and Russia. In addition, a steady outflow of young and highly educated people is causing a shortage of skilled labor, which, combined with a rapidly aging population, could stress public finances and constrain long-term growth.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$102.66 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$103.756 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$103.56 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$99.442 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$95.675 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$99.25 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -668,14 +668,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$36,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$37,231 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$37,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$35,496 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$33,827 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$35,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -820,14 +820,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$41.48 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$45.358 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$42.3 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$41.433 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$38.763 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$40.36 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -837,14 +837,14 @@ "text": "refined petroleum, furniture, cigarettes, wheat, polyethylene (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$36.06 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$43.733 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$39.46 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$41.131 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$38.745 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$39.38 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/europe/lo.json b/europe/lo.json index 2c6d9e05..ac37255f 100644 --- a/europe/lo.json +++ b/europe/lo.json @@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "869 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country; slightly larger concentration in the west in proximity to the Czech border" }, @@ -360,20 +363,6 @@ "text": "4.43 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "293.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "231.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "31.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "50.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters" }, @@ -397,6 +386,14 @@ "text": "19.7% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "53.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.17% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.22% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -407,14 +404,6 @@ "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "53.8% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.17% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "1.784 million tons (2015 est.)" @@ -425,6 +414,23 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "7.6% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "293.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "231.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "31.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "50.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -612,14 +618,14 @@ "text": "

Slovakia’s economy suffered from a slow start in the first years after its separation from the Czech Republic in 1993, due to the country’s authoritarian leadership and high levels of corruption, but economic reforms implemented after 1998 have placed Slovakia on a path of strong growth. With a population of 5.4 million, the Slovak Republic has a small, open economy driven mainly by automobile and electronics exports, which account for more than 80% of GDP. Slovakia joined the EU in 2004 and the euro zone in 2009. The country’s banking sector is sound and predominantly foreign owned.

Slovakia has been a regional FDI champion for several years, attractive due to a relatively low-cost yet skilled labor force, and a favorable geographic location in the heart of Central Europe. Exports and investment have been key drivers of Slovakia’s robust growth in recent years. The unemployment rate fell to historical lows in 2017, and rising wages fueled increased consumption, which played a more prominent role in 2017 GDP growth. A favorable outlook for the Eurozone suggests continued strong growth prospects for Slovakia during the next few years, although inflation is also expected to pick up.

Among the most pressing domestic issues potentially threatening the attractiveness of the Slovak market are shortages in the qualified labor force, persistent corruption issues, and an inadequate judiciary, as well as a slow transition to an innovation-based economy. The energy sector in particular is characterized by unpredictable regulatory oversight and high costs, in part driven by government interference in regulated tariffs. Moreover, the government’s attempts to maintain low household energy prices could harm the profitability of domestic energy firms while undercutting energy efficiency initiatives.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$165.57 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$178.513 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$173.83 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$174.47 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$168.134 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$169.57 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -635,14 +641,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$30,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$32,730 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$31,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$32,032 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$30,911 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$31,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -787,14 +793,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$89.92 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$113.964 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$97.04 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$113.092 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$107.518 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$100.76 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -804,14 +810,14 @@ "text": "cars and vehicle parts, video displays, broadcasting equipment, tires, refined petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$87.95 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$107.88 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$96.75 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$105.67 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$100.689 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$99.92 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/europe/ls.json b/europe/ls.json index 3cd7e91b..a71cd182 100644 --- a/europe/ls.json +++ b/europe/ls.json @@ -82,6 +82,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "0 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "most of the population is found in the western half of the country along the Rhine River" }, @@ -308,14 +311,6 @@ "text": "0.02 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "7.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers" }, @@ -339,11 +334,6 @@ "text": "19.3% (2018 est.)" } }, - "Revenue from forest resources": { - "forest revenues": { - "text": "0% of GDP (2017 est.)" - } - }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "14.5% of total population (2021)" @@ -352,6 +342,11 @@ "text": "1.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2017 est.)" + } + }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "32,382 tons (2015 est.)" @@ -362,6 +357,17 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "64.6% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "7.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { diff --git a/europe/lu.json b/europe/lu.json index 1be21e82..e95d99e7 100644 --- a/europe/lu.json +++ b/europe/lu.json @@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "0 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "most people live in the south, on or near the border with France" }, @@ -355,20 +358,6 @@ "text": "0.61 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "43.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "1.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "400,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "3.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "modified continental with mild winters, cool summers" }, @@ -392,6 +381,14 @@ "text": "15.8% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "91.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -402,14 +399,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "91.7% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "356,000 tons (2015 est.)" @@ -420,6 +409,23 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "28.4% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "43.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "400,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "3.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -603,14 +609,14 @@ "text": "

This small, stable, high-income economy has historically featured solid growth, low inflation, and low unemployment. Luxembourg, the only Grand Duchy in the world, is a landlocked country in northwestern Europe surrounded by Belgium, France, and Germany. Despite its small landmass and small population, Luxembourg is the fifth-wealthiest country in the world when measured on a gross domestic product (PPP) per capita basis. Luxembourg has one of the highest current account surpluses as a share of GDP in the euro zone, and it maintains a healthy budgetary position, with a 2017 surplus of 0.5% of GDP, and the lowest public debt level in the region.

Since 2002, Luxembourg’s government has proactively implemented policies and programs to support economic diversification and to attract foreign direct investment. The government focused on key innovative industries that showed promise for supporting economic growth: logistics, information and communications technology (ICT); health technologies, including biotechnology and biomedical research; clean energy technologies, and more recently, space technology and financial services technologies. The economy has evolved and flourished, posting strong GDP growth of 3.4% in 2017, far outpacing the European average of 1.8%.

Luxembourg remains a financial powerhouse – the financial sector accounts for more than 35% of GDP - because of the exponential growth of the investment fund sector through the launch and development of cross-border funds (UCITS) in the 1990s. Luxembourg is the world’s second-largest investment fund asset domicile, after the US, with $4 trillion of assets in custody in financial institutions.

Luxembourg has lost some of its advantage as a favorable tax location because of OECD and EU pressure, as well as the \"LuxLeaks\" scandal, which revealed advantageous tax treatments offered to foreign corporations. In 2015, the government’s compliance with EU requirements to implement automatic exchange of tax information on savings accounts - thus ending banking secrecy - has constricted banking activity. Likewise, changes to the way EU members collect taxes from e-commerce has cut Luxembourg’s sales tax revenues, requiring the government to raise additional levies and to reduce some direct social benefits as part of the tax reform package of 2017. The tax reform package also included reductions in the corporate tax rate and increases in deductions for families, both intended to increase purchasing power and increase competitiveness.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$69.72 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$70.966 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$70.64 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$69.373 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$67.28 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$69.06 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -626,14 +632,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$110,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$114,482 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$113,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$114,110 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$112,823 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$113,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -779,14 +785,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$137.09 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$133.61 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$133.59 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$132.487 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$131.834 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$136.11 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -796,14 +802,14 @@ "text": "iron and iron products, tires, cars, broadcasting equipment, clothing and apparel  (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$110.1 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$111.287 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$108.29 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$110.275 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$110.656 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$110.28 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/europe/md.json b/europe/md.json index a38b5c38..60199e66 100644 --- a/europe/md.json +++ b/europe/md.json @@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "2,283 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "pockets of agglomeration exist throughout the country, the largest being in the center of the country around the capital of Chisinau, followed by Tiraspol and Balti" }, @@ -373,20 +376,6 @@ "text": "3.29 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "148 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "650 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "42 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "12.27 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "moderate winters, warm summers" }, @@ -410,6 +399,14 @@ "text": "13.2% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "43% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.26% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -420,14 +417,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "43% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "3,981,200 tons (2015 est.)" @@ -438,6 +427,23 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "15.3% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "148 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "650 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "42 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "12.27 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -626,14 +632,14 @@ "text": "

Despite recent progress, Moldova remains one of the poorest countries in Europe. With a moderate climate and productive farmland, Moldova's economy relies heavily on its agriculture sector, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, wheat, and tobacco. Moldova also depends on annual remittances of about $1.2 billion - almost 15% of GDP - from the roughly one million Moldovans working in Europe, Israel, Russia, and elsewhere.

With few natural energy resources, Moldova imports almost all of its energy supplies from Russia and Ukraine. Moldova's dependence on Russian energy is underscored by a more than $6 billion debt to Russian natural gas supplier Gazprom, largely the result of unreimbursed natural gas consumption in the breakaway region of Transnistria. Moldova and Romania inaugurated the Ungheni-Iasi natural gas interconnector project in August 2014. The 43-kilometer pipeline between Moldova and Romania, allows for both the import and export of natural gas. Several technical and regulatory delays kept gas from flowing into Moldova until March 2015. Romanian gas exports to Moldova are largely symbolic. In 2018, Moldova awarded a tender to Romanian Transgaz to construct a pipeline connecting Ungheni to Chisinau, bringing the gas to Moldovan population centers. Moldova also seeks to connect with the European power grid by 2022.

The government's stated goal of EU integration has resulted in some market-oriented progress. Moldova experienced better than expected economic growth in 2017, largely driven by increased consumption, increased revenue from agricultural exports, and improved tax collection. During fall 2014, Moldova signed an Association Agreement and a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement with the EU (AA/DCFTA), connecting Moldovan products to the world’s largest market. The EU AA/DCFTA has contributed to significant growth in Moldova’s exports to the EU. In 2017, the EU purchased over 65% of Moldova’s exports, a major change from 20 years previously when the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) received over 69% of Moldova’s exports. A $1 billion asset-stripping heist of Moldovan banks in late 2014 delivered a significant shock to the economy in 2015; the subsequent bank bailout increased inflationary pressures and contributed to the depreciation of the leu and a minor recession. Moldova’s growth has also been hampered by endemic corruption, which limits business growth and deters foreign investment, and Russian restrictions on imports of Moldova’s agricultural products. The government’s push to restore stability and implement meaningful reform led to the approval in 2016 of a $179 million three-year IMF program focused on improving the banking and fiscal environments, along with additional assistance programs from the EU, World Bank, and Romania. Moldova received two IMF tranches in 2017, totaling over $42.5 million.

Over the longer term, Moldova's economy remains vulnerable to corruption, political uncertainty, weak administrative capacity, vested bureaucratic interests, energy import dependence, Russian political and economic pressure, heavy dependence on agricultural exports, and unresolved separatism in Moldova's Transnistria region.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$32.26 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$34.68 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$34.68 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$33.482 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$32.101 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$33.48 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -649,14 +655,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$12,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$13,050 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$13,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$12,373 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$11,651 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$12,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -795,14 +801,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$3.24 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$3.985 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$3.66 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$3.826 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$3.57 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$3.45 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -812,14 +818,14 @@ "text": "insulated wiring, sunflower seeds, wine, corn, seats (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$5.93 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$7.113 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$6.62 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$6.765 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$6.165 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$6.39 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/europe/mj.json b/europe/mj.json index 12f9e219..1a4da8ac 100644 --- a/europe/mj.json +++ b/europe/mj.json @@ -90,6 +90,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "24 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "highest population density is concentrated in the south, southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area" }, @@ -98,9 +101,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location along the Adriatic coast" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -394,17 +394,6 @@ "text": "0.75 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "96.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "62.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, "Climate": { "text": "Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland" }, @@ -428,6 +417,14 @@ "text": "21.4% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "67.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.43% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -438,14 +435,6 @@ "text": "0.12% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "67.8% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "intermediate (2020)" @@ -470,6 +459,17 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "96.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "62.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } } }, "Government": { @@ -659,14 +659,14 @@ "text": "

Montenegro's economy is transitioning to a market system. Around 90% of Montenegrin state-owned companies have been privatized, including 100% of banking, telecommunications, and oil distribution. Tourism, which accounts for more than 20% of Montenegro’s GDP, brings in three times as many visitors as Montenegro’s total population every year. Several new luxury tourism complexes are in various stages of development along the coast, and a number are being offered in connection with nearby boating and yachting facilities. In addition to tourism, energy and agriculture are considered two distinct pillars of the economy. Only 20% of Montenegro’s hydropower potential is utilized. Montenegro plans to become a net energy exporter, and the construction of an underwater cable to Italy, which will be completed by the end of 2018, will help meet its goal.

Montenegro uses the euro as its domestic currency, though it is not an official member of the euro zone. In January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF, and in December 2011, the WTO. Montenegro began negotiations to join the EU in 2012, having met the conditions set down by the European Council, which called on Montenegro to take steps to fight corruption and organized crime.

The government recognizes the need to remove impediments in order to remain competitive and open the economy to foreign investors. Net foreign direct investment in 2017 reached $848 million and investment per capita is one of the highest in Europe, due to a low corporate tax rate. The biggest foreign investors in Montenegro in 2017 were Norway, Russia, Italy, Azerbaijan and Hungary.

Montenegro is currently planning major overhauls of its road and rail networks, and possible expansions of its air transportation system. In 2014, the Government of Montenegro selected two Chinese companies to construct a 41 km-long section of the country’s highway system, which will become part of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Cheaper borrowing costs have stimulated Montenegro’s growing debt, which currently sits at 65.9% of GDP, with a forecast, absent fiscal consolidation, to increase to 80% once the repayment to China’s Ex/Im Bank of a €800 million highway loan begins in 2019. Montenegro first instituted a value-added tax (VAT) in April 2003, and introduced differentiated VAT rates of 17% and 7% (for tourism) in January 2006. The Montenegrin Government increased the non-tourism Value Added Tax (VAT) rate to 21% as of January 2018, with the goal of reducing its public debt.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$11.36 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$13.357 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$13.39 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$12.835 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$12.215 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$12.87 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -682,14 +682,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$18,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$21,470 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$21,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$20,629 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$19,627 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$20,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -831,11 +831,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$422.2 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$1.24 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$362 million (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$2.42 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$2.35 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -845,11 +848,14 @@ "text": "aluminum, packaged medicines, cars, zinc, wine (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$2.618 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$2.9 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$2.29 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$3.59 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$3.67 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1140,7 +1146,7 @@ "stateless persons": { "text": "472 (2020)" }, - "note": "note: 20,220 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-October 2021)" + "note": "note: 20,290 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-October 2021)" } } } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/europe/mk.json b/europe/mk.json index 705a3c14..067d69e6 100644 --- a/europe/mk.json +++ b/europe/mk.json @@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "1,280 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations" }, @@ -93,9 +96,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -377,20 +377,6 @@ "text": "2.28 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "277.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "225,809,581.6 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "329,217,707.7 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "6.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall" }, @@ -414,6 +400,14 @@ "text": "15.9% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "58.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.15% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -424,14 +418,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "58.8% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "796,585 tons (2016 est.)" @@ -445,6 +431,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "277.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "225,809,581.6 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "329,217,707.7 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "6.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -634,14 +634,14 @@ "text": "

Since its independence in 1991, Macedonia has made progress in liberalizing its economy and improving its business environment. Its low tax rates and free economic zones have helped to attract foreign investment, which is still low relative to the rest of Europe. Corruption and weak rule of law remain significant problems. Some businesses complain of opaque regulations and unequal enforcement of the law.

 

Macedonia’s economy is closely linked to Europe as a customer for exports and source of investment, and has suffered as a result of prolonged weakness in the euro zone. Unemployment has remained consistently high at about 23% but may be overstated based on the existence of an extensive gray market, estimated to be between 20% and 45% of GDP, which is not captured by official statistics.

 

Macedonia is working to build a country-wide natural gas pipeline and distribution network. Currently, Macedonia receives its small natural gas supplies from Russia via Bulgaria. In 2016, Macedonia signed a memorandum of understanding with Greece to build an interconnector that could connect to the Trans Adriatic Pipeline that will traverse the region once complete, or to an LNG import terminal in Greece.

 

Macedonia maintained macroeconomic stability through the global financial crisis by conducting prudent monetary policy, which keeps the domestic currency pegged to the euro, and inflation at a low level. However, in the last two years, the internal political crisis has hampered economic performance, with GDP growth slowing in 2016 and 2017, and both domestic private and public investments declining. Fiscal policies were lax, with unproductive public expenditures, including subsidies and pension increases, and rising guarantees for the debt of state owned enterprises, and fiscal targets were consistently missed. In 2017, public debt stabilized at about 47% of GDP, still relatively low compared to its Western Balkan neighbors and the rest of Europe.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$33.02 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$34.333 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$34.59 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$33.268 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$32.331 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$33.52 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars; Macedonia has a large informal sector that may not be reflected in these data" }, @@ -657,14 +657,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$15,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$16,479 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$16,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$15,972 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$15,529 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$16,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -806,11 +806,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$4.601 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$7.18 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$3.75 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$7.78 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$7.61 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -820,11 +823,14 @@ "text": "support catalysts, centrifuges, insulated wiring, vehicle parts, buses, seats (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$6.63 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$8.76 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$5.805 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$9.6 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$9.23 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/europe/mn.json b/europe/mn.json index 44730b69..89f4c93b 100644 --- a/europe/mn.json +++ b/europe/mn.json @@ -328,17 +328,6 @@ "text": "0.05 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, "Climate": { "text": "Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers" }, @@ -362,11 +351,6 @@ "text": "99% (2018 est.)" } }, - "Revenue from forest resources": { - "forest revenues": { - "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" - } - }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "100% of total population (2021)" @@ -375,6 +359,11 @@ "text": "0.5% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "46,000 tons (2012 est.)" @@ -385,6 +374,17 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "5.4% (2012 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } } }, "Government": { diff --git a/europe/mt.json b/europe/mt.json index 111d98ae..c01ca1d5 100644 --- a/europe/mt.json +++ b/europe/mt.json @@ -374,20 +374,6 @@ "text": "0.2 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "37.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "25.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "50.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "Mediterranean; mild, rainy winters; hot, dry summers" }, @@ -411,6 +397,14 @@ "text": "66.8% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "94.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -421,14 +415,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "94.8% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "269,000 tons (2015 est.)" @@ -439,6 +425,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "6.7% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "37.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "25.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "50.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -619,14 +619,14 @@ "text": "

Malta’s free market economy – the smallest economy in the euro-zone – relies heavily on trade in both goods and services, principally with Europe. Malta produces less than a quarter of its food needs, has limited fresh water supplies, and has few domestic energy sources. Malta's economy is dependent on foreign trade, manufacturing, and tourism. Malta joined the EU in 2004 and adopted the euro on 1 January 2008.

Malta has weathered the euro-zone crisis better than most EU member states due to a low debt-to-GDP ratio and financially sound banking sector. It maintains one of the lowest unemployment rates in Europe, and growth has fully recovered since the 2009 recession. In 2014 through 2016, Malta led the euro zone in growth, expanding more than 4.5% per year.

Malta’s services sector continues to grow, with sustained growth in the financial services and online gaming sectors. Advantageous tax schemes remained attractive to foreign investors, though EU discussions of anti-tax avoidance measures have raised concerns among Malta’s financial services and insurance providers, as the measures could have a significant impact on those sectors. The tourism sector also continued to grow, with 2016 showing record-breaking numbers of both air and cruise passenger arrivals.

Malta’s GDP growth remains strong and is supported by a strong labor market. The government has implemented new programs, including free childcare, to encourage increased labor participation. The high cost of borrowing and small labor market remain potential constraints to future economic growth. Increasingly, other EU and European migrants are relocating to Malta for employment, though wages have remained low compared to other European countries. Inflation remains low.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$20.6 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$22.133 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$22.15 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$21.095 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$20.056 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$20.99 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -642,14 +642,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$39,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$44,032 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$44,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$43,528 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$42,856 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$43,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -794,14 +794,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$19.04 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$23.868 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$20.76 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$22.475 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$22.607 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$20.19 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -811,14 +811,14 @@ "text": "integrated circuits, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, children's toys and stuffed animals, postage stamps  (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$18.01 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$21.94 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$18.45 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$20.335 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$20.257 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$17.87 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/europe/nl.json b/europe/nl.json index 1c2d5643..417fc3ec 100644 --- a/europe/nl.json +++ b/europe/nl.json @@ -94,6 +94,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "4,860 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "an area known as the Randstad, anchored by the cities of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, the Hague, and Utrecht, is the most densely populated region; the north tends to be less dense, though sizeable communities can be found throughout the entire country" }, @@ -102,9 +105,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas or Meuse, and Schelde); about a quarter of the country lies below sea level and only about half of the land exceeds one meter above sea level" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -374,20 +374,6 @@ "text": "17.79 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "1.26 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "14.74 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "76.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "91 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters" }, @@ -411,6 +397,14 @@ "text": "34.1% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "92.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.59% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -421,14 +415,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "92.6% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.59% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "8.855 million tons (2015 est.)" @@ -442,6 +428,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "1.26 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "14.74 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "76.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "91 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -638,14 +638,14 @@ "text": "

The Netherlands, the sixth-largest economy in the European Union, plays an important role as a European transportation hub, with a consistently high trade surplus, stable industrial relations, and low unemployment. Industry focuses on food processing, chemicals, petroleum refining, and electrical machinery. A highly mechanized agricultural sector employs only 2% of the labor force but provides large surpluses for food-processing and underpins the country’s status as the world’s second largest agricultural exporter.

The Netherlands is part of the euro zone, and as such, its monetary policy is controlled by the European Central Bank. The Dutch financial sector is highly concentrated, with four commercial banks possessing over 80% of banking assets, and is four times the size of Dutch GDP.

In 2008, during the financial crisis, the government budget deficit hit 5.3% of GDP. Following a protracted recession from 2009 to 2013, during which unemployment doubled to 7.4% and household consumption contracted for four consecutive years, economic growth began inching forward in 2014. Since 2010, Prime Minister Mark RUTTE’s government has implemented significant austerity measures to improve public finances and has instituted broad structural reforms in key policy areas, including the labor market, the housing sector, the energy market, and the pension system. In 2017, the government budget returned to a surplus of 0.7% of GDP, with economic growth of 3.2%, and GDP per capita finally surpassed pre-crisis levels. The fiscal policy announced by the new government in the 2018-2021 coalition plans for increases in government consumption and public investment, fueling domestic demand and household consumption and investment. The new government’s policy also plans to increase demand for workers in the public and private sector, forecasting a further decline in the unemployment rate, which hit 4.8% in 2017.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$945.48 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$986.847 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$982.22 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$970.567 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$948.181 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$966.02 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -661,14 +661,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$54,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$56,935 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$56,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$56,325 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$55,348 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$56,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -813,14 +813,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$719.78 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$857.574 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$755.77 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$835.759 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$801.942 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$773.74 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -830,14 +830,14 @@ "text": "refined petroleum, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, photography equipment, computers (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$622.66 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$755.65 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$661.18 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$732.865 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$700.657 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$677.38 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1159,7 +1159,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "31,694 (Syria), 14,809 (Eritrea), 13,007 (Somalia), 8,423 (Iraq), 5,815 (Afghanistan) (2019)" + "text": "22,547 (Syria), 11,961 (Eritrea), 11,642 (Somalia), 7,365 (Iraq), 5,212 (Afghanistan) (2020)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "2,006 (2020)" diff --git a/europe/no.json b/europe/no.json index 3dbdaec3..1846632d 100644 --- a/europe/no.json +++ b/europe/no.json @@ -374,20 +374,6 @@ "text": "4.81 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "775.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "1.071 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "844.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "393 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers; rainy year-round on west coast" }, @@ -411,6 +397,15 @@ "text": "69.5% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "83.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data include Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands" + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.05% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -421,15 +416,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "83.3% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - }, - "note": "note: data include Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands" - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "2.187 million tons (2015 est.)" @@ -440,6 +426,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "26.2% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "775.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.071 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "844.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "393 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ "text": "King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991); Heir Apparent Crown Prince HAAKON MAGNUS (son of the monarch, born 20 July 1973)" }, "head of government": { - "text": "Prime Minister Erna SOLBERG (since 16 October 2013)" + "text": "Prime Minister Jonas Gahr STORE (since 14 October 2021); note - Prime Minister Erna SOLBERG resigned on 12 October 2021" }, "cabinet": { "text": "Council of State appointed by the monarch, approved by Parliament" @@ -626,14 +626,14 @@ "text": "

Norway has a stable economy with a vibrant private sector, a large state sector, and an extensive social safety net. Norway opted out of the EU during a referendum in November 1994. However, as a member of the European Economic Area, Norway partially participates in the EU’s single market and contributes sizably to the EU budget.

The country is richly endowed with natural resources such as oil and gas, fish, forests, and minerals. Norway is a leading producer and the world’s second largest exporter of seafood, after China. The government manages the country’s petroleum resources through extensive regulation. The petroleum sector provides about 9% of jobs, 12% of GDP, 13% of the state’s revenue, and 37% of exports, according to official national estimates. Norway is one of the world's leading petroleum exporters, although oil production is close to 50% below its peak in 2000. Gas production, conversely, has more than doubled since 2000. Although oil production is historically low, it rose in 2016 for the third consecutive year due to the higher production of existing oil fields and to new fields coming on stream. Norway’s domestic electricity production relies almost entirely on hydropower.

In anticipation of eventual declines in oil and gas production, Norway saves state revenue from petroleum sector activities in the world's largest sovereign wealth fund, valued at over $1 trillion at the end of 2017. To help balance the federal budget each year, the government follows a \"fiscal rule,\" which states that spending of revenues from petroleum and fund investments shall correspond to the expected real rate of return on the fund, an amount it estimates is sustainable over time. In February 2017, the government revised the expected rate of return for the fund downward from 4% to 3%.

After solid GDP growth in the 2004-07 period, the economy slowed in 2008, and contracted in 2009, before returning to modest, positive growth from 2010 to 2017. The Norwegian economy has been adjusting to lower energy prices, as demonstrated by growth in labor force participation and employment in 2017. GDP growth was about 1.5% in 2017, driven largely by domestic demand, which has been boosted by the rebound in the labor market and supportive fiscal policies. Economic growth is expected to remain constant or improve slightly in the next few years.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$342.06 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$340.303 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$344.69 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$336.418 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$332.135 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$341.78 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -649,14 +649,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$63,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$63,633 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$64,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$63,333 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$62,941 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$64,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -801,14 +801,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$117.06 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$185.101 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$146.71 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$184.094 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$185.952 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$165.37 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -818,14 +818,14 @@ "text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, fish, refined petroleum, aluminum (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$119.08 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$158.037 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$140.14 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$150.972 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$148.802 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$140.3 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1128,7 +1128,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "14,359 (Syria), 14,038 (Eritrea), 6,518 (Somalia), 5,108 (Afghanistan) (2019)" + "text": "15,311 (Syria), 12,520 (Eritrea), 5,263 (Somalia) (2020)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "4,206 (2020)" diff --git a/europe/pl.json b/europe/pl.json index c2d2f2be..f72043a6 100644 --- a/europe/pl.json +++ b/europe/pl.json @@ -90,6 +90,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "970 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "population concentrated in the southern area around Krakow and the central area around Warsaw and Lodz, with an extension to the northern coastal city of Gdansk" }, @@ -387,20 +390,6 @@ "text": "46.62 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "2.028 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "7.035 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1.018 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "60.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers" }, @@ -424,6 +413,14 @@ "text": "21.2% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "60.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "-0.16% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.17% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -434,14 +431,6 @@ "text": "0.27% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "60.1% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-0.16% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "intermediate (2016)" @@ -460,6 +449,23 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "26.4% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "2.028 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "7.035 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.018 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "60.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -654,14 +660,14 @@ "text": "

Poland has the sixth-largest economy in the EU and has long had a reputation as a business-friendly country with largely sound macroeconomic policies. Since 1990, Poland has pursued a policy of economic liberalization. During the 2008-09 economic slowdown Poland was the only EU country to avoid a recession, in part because of the government’s loose fiscal policy combined with a commitment to rein in spending in the medium-term Poland is the largest recipient of EU development funds and their cyclical allocation can significantly impact the rate of economic growth.

The Polish economy performed well during the 2014-17 period, with the real GDP growth rate generally exceeding 3%, in part because of increases in government social spending that have helped to accelerate consumer-driven growth. However, since 2015, Poland has implemented new business restrictions and taxes on foreign-dominated economic sectors, including banking and insurance, energy, and healthcare, that have dampened investor sentiment and has increased the government’s ownership of some firms. The government reduced the retirement age in 2016 and has had mixed success in introducing new taxes and boosting tax compliance to offset the increased costs of social spending programs and relieve upward pressure on the budget deficit. Some credit ratings agencies estimate that Poland during the next few years is at risk of exceeding the EU’s 3%-of-GDP limit on budget deficits, possibly impacting its access to future EU funds. Poland’s economy is projected to perform well in the next few years in part because of an anticipated cyclical increase in the use of its EU development funds and continued, robust household spending.

Poland faces several systemic challenges, which include addressing some of the remaining deficiencies in its road and rail infrastructure, business environment, rigid labor code, commercial court system, government red tape, and burdensome tax system, especially for entrepreneurs. Additional long-term challenges include diversifying Poland’s energy mix, strengthening investments in innovation, research, and development, as well as stemming the outflow of educated young Poles to other EU member states, especially in light of a coming demographic contraction due to emigration, persistently low fertility rates, and the aging of the Solidarity-era baby boom generation.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$1,223,460,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$1,261,433,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1,257,440,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$1,206,640,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$1,145,323,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1,202,820,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -677,14 +683,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$32,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$33,221 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$33,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$31,775 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$30,160 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$31,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -829,14 +835,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$333.54 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$394.848 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$330.68 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$375.525 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$351.125 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$324.22 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -846,14 +852,14 @@ "text": "cars and vehicle parts, seats, furniture, computers, video displays (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$292.44 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$364.993 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$302.87 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$353.423 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$328.919 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$306.43 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/europe/po.json b/europe/po.json index 2b371c26..1fba2e45 100644 --- a/europe/po.json +++ b/europe/po.json @@ -381,20 +381,6 @@ "text": "10.93 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "914.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "1.497 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "8.767 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "77.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south" }, @@ -418,6 +404,14 @@ "text": "22.5% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "66.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.44% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.13% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -428,14 +422,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "66.8% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.44% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "4.71 million tons (2014 est.)" @@ -446,6 +432,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "16.2% (2014 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "914.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.497 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "8.767 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "77.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -642,14 +642,14 @@ "text": "

Portugal has become a diversified and increasingly service-based economy since joining the European Community - the EU's predecessor - in 1986. Over the following two decades, successive governments privatized many state-controlled firms and liberalized key areas of the economy, including the financial and telecommunications sectors. The country joined the Economic and Monetary Union in 1999 and began circulating the euro on 1 January 2002 along with 11 other EU members.

The economy grew by more than the EU average for much of the 1990s, but the rate of growth slowed in 2001-08. After the global financial crisis in 2008, Portugal’s economy contracted in 2009 and fell into recession from 2011 to 2013, as the government implemented spending cuts and tax increases to comply with conditions of an EU-IMF financial rescue package, signed in May 2011. Portugal successfully exited its EU-IMF program in May 2014, and its economic recovery gained traction in 2015 because of strong exports and a rebound in private consumption. GDP growth accelerated in 2016, and probably reached 2.5 % in 2017. Unemployment remained high, at 9.7% in 2017, but has improved steadily since peaking at 18% in 2013.

The center-left minority Socialist government has unwound some unpopular austerity measures while managing to remain within most EU fiscal targets. The budget deficit fell from 11.2% of GDP in 2010 to 1.8% in 2017, the country’s lowest since democracy was restored in 1974, and surpassing the EU and IMF projections of 3%. Portugal exited the EU’s excessive deficit procedure in mid-2017.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$331.64 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$358.344 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$358.78 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$350.507 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$340.796 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$350.07 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -665,14 +665,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$32,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$34,894 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$34,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$34,083 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$33,086 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$34,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -817,14 +817,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$85.28 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$114.512 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$104.77 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$110.591 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$106.201 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$105.76 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -834,14 +834,14 @@ "text": "cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, leather footwear, paper products, tires (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$89.31 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$120.334 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$103.05 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$114.957 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$109.515 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$103.59 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/europe/ri.json b/europe/ri.json index 1e152880..c6ff2016 100644 --- a/europe/ri.json +++ b/europe/ri.json @@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "950 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations" }, @@ -389,20 +392,6 @@ "text": "11.96 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "659.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "4.057 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "660.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "162.2 billion cubic meters (note - includes Kosovo) (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well-distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)" }, @@ -426,6 +415,15 @@ "text": "10.5% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "56.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data include Kosovo" + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.38% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -436,15 +434,6 @@ "text": "0.25% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "56.7% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - }, - "note": "note: data include Kosovo" - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "intermediate (2020)" @@ -463,6 +452,23 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "0.8% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "659.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "4.057 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "660.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "162.2 billion cubic meters (note - includes Kosovo) (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -655,14 +661,14 @@ "text": "

Serbia has a transitional economy largely dominated by market forces, but the state sector remains significant in certain areas. The economy relies on manufacturing and exports, driven largely by foreign investment. MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement of the economy, an extended period of international economic sanctions, civil war, and the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry during the NATO airstrikes in 1999 left the economy worse off than it was in 1990. In 2015, Serbia’s GDP was 27.5% below where it was in 1989.

After former Federal Yugoslav President MILOSEVIC was ousted in September 2000, the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition government implemented stabilization measures and embarked on a market reform program. Serbia renewed its membership in the IMF in December 2000 and rejoined the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Serbia has made progress in trade liberalization and enterprise restructuring and privatization, but many large enterprises - including the power utilities, telecommunications company, natural gas company, and others - remain state-owned. Serbia has made some progress towards EU membership, gaining candidate status in March 2012. In January 2014, Serbia's EU accession talks officially opened and, as of December 2017, Serbia had opened 12 negotiating chapters including one on foreign trade. Serbia's negotiations with the WTO are advanced, with the country's complete ban on the trade and cultivation of agricultural biotechnology products representing the primary remaining obstacle to accession. Serbia maintains a three-year Stand-by Arrangement with the IMF worth approximately $1.3 billion that is scheduled to end in February 2018. The government has shown progress implementing economic reforms, such as fiscal consolidation, privatization, and reducing public spending.

Unemployment in Serbia, while relatively low (16% in 2017) compared with its Balkan neighbors, remains significantly above the European average. Serbia is slowly implementing structural economic reforms needed to ensure the country's long-term prosperity. Serbia reduced its budget deficit to 1.7% of GDP and its public debt to 71% of GDP in 2017. Public debt had more than doubled between 2008 and 2015. Serbia's concerns about inflation and exchange-rate stability preclude the use of expansionary monetary policy.

Major economic challenges ahead include: stagnant household incomes; the need for private sector job creation; structural reforms of state-owned companies; strategic public sector reforms; and the need for new foreign direct investment. Other serious longer-term challenges include an inefficient judicial system, high levels of corruption, and an aging population. Factors favorable to Serbia's economic growth include the economic reforms it is undergoing as part of its EU accession process and IMF agreement, its strategic location, a relatively inexpensive and skilled labor force, and free trade agreements with the EU, Russia, Turkey, and countries that are members of the Central European Free Trade Agreement.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$125.8 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$126.625 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$127.04 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$121.464 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$116.239 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$121.87 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -678,14 +684,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$18,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$18,233 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$18,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$17,395 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$16,556 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$17,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -827,11 +833,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$15.92 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$25.42 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$13.99 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$26.13 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$24.97 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -841,11 +850,14 @@ "text": "insulated wiring, tires, corn, cars, iron products, copper (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$20.44 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$30.15 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$17.63 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$31.29 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$29.78 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1145,7 +1157,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "17,972 (Croatia), 8,198 (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (2019)" + "text": "17,675 (Croatia), 8,129 (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (2019)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "196,995 (most are Kosovar Serbs, some are Roma, Ashkalis, and Egyptian (RAE); some RAE IDPs are unregistered) (2021)" @@ -1153,7 +1165,7 @@ "stateless persons": { "text": "2,144 (includes stateless persons in Kosovo) (2020)" }, - "note": "note: 794,042 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-September 2021); Serbia is predominantly a transit country and hosts an estimated 5,255 migrants and asylum seekers as of May 2021" + "note": "note: 795,629 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-October 2021); Serbia is predominantly a transit country and hosts an estimated 5,255 migrants and asylum seekers as of May 2021" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route; economy vulnerable to money laundering" diff --git a/europe/ro.json b/europe/ro.json index f021cacf..a3fd9d4d 100644 --- a/europe/ro.json +++ b/europe/ro.json @@ -96,6 +96,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "31,490 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "urbanization is not particularly high, and a fairly even population distribution can be found throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; Hungarians, the country's largest minority, have a particularly strong presence in eastern Transylvania" }, @@ -104,9 +107,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "controls the most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine; the Carpathian Mountains dominate the center of the country, while the Danube River forms much of the southern boundary with Serbia and Bulgaria" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -390,20 +390,6 @@ "text": "27.62 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "1.048 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "4.234 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1.491 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "212.01 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms" }, @@ -427,6 +413,14 @@ "text": "10.6% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "54.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "-0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.16% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -437,14 +431,6 @@ "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "54.3% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "4.895 million tons (2015 est.)" @@ -458,6 +444,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "1.048 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "4.234 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.491 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "212.01 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -648,14 +648,14 @@ "text": "

Romania, which joined the EU on 1 January 2007, began the transition from communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs. Romania's macroeconomic gains have only recently started to spur creation of a middle class and to address Romania's widespread poverty. Corruption and red tape continue to permeate the business environment.

In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, Romania signed a $26 billion emergency assistance package from the IMF, the EU, and other international lenders, but GDP contracted until 2011. In March 2011, Romania and the IMF/EU/World Bank signed a 24-month precautionary standby agreement, worth $6.6 billion, to promote fiscal discipline, encourage progress on structural reforms, and strengthen financial sector stability; no funds were drawn. In September 2013, Romanian authorities and the IMF/EU agreed to a follow-on standby agreement, worth $5.4 billion, to continue with reforms. This agreement expired in September 2015, and no funds were drawn. Progress on structural reforms has been uneven, and the economy still is vulnerable to external shocks.

Economic growth rebounded in the 2013-17 period, driven by strong industrial exports, excellent agricultural harvests, and, more recently, expansionary fiscal policies in 2016-2017 that nearly quadrupled Bucharest’s annual fiscal deficit, from +0.8% of GDP in 2015 to -3% of GDP in 2016 and an estimated -3.4% in 2017. Industry outperformed other sectors of the economy in 2017. Exports remained an engine of economic growth, led by trade with the EU, which accounts for roughly 70% of Romania trade. Domestic demand was the major driver, due to tax cuts and large wage increases that began last year and are set to continue in 2018.

An aging population, emigration of skilled labor, significant tax evasion, insufficient health care, and an aggressive loosening of the fiscal package compromise Romania’s long-term growth and economic stability and are the economy's top vulnerabilities.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$556.07 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$579.549 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$578.39 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$556.442 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$532.611 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$555.47 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -671,14 +671,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$28,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$29,941 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$29,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$28,576 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$27,192 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$28,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -823,14 +823,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$93.01 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$114.311 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$100.9 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$110.685 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$105.188 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$101.11 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -840,14 +840,14 @@ "text": "cars and vehicle parts, insulated wiring, refined petroleum, electrical control boards, seats (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$104.16 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$136.091 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$111.18 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$127.553 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$117.292 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$109.26 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/europe/si.json b/europe/si.json index 35ea6646..131409d8 100644 --- a/europe/si.json +++ b/europe/si.json @@ -87,6 +87,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "60 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; pockets in the mountainous northwest exhibit less density than elsewhere" }, @@ -95,9 +98,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "despite its small size, this eastern Alpine country controls some of Europe's major transit routes" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -379,20 +379,6 @@ "text": "2.1 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "169.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "758 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "3.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "31.87 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east" }, @@ -416,6 +402,14 @@ "text": "14.9% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "55.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.54% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.2% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -426,14 +420,6 @@ "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "55.4% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.54% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "926,000 tons (2015 est.)" @@ -447,6 +433,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "169.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "758 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "3.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "31.87 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -636,14 +636,14 @@ "text": "

With excellent infrastructure, a well-educated work force, and a strategic location between the Balkans and Western Europe, Slovenia has one of the highest per capita GDPs in Central Europe, despite having suffered a protracted recession in the 2008-09 period in the wake of the global financial crisis. Slovenia became the first 2004 EU entrant to adopt the euro (on 1 January 2007) and has experienced a stable political and economic transition.

 

In March 2004, Slovenia became the first transition country to graduate from borrower status to donor partner at the World Bank. In 2007, Slovenia was invited to begin the process for joining the OECD; it became a member in 2012. From 2014 to 2016, export-led growth, fueled by demand in larger European markets, pushed annual GDP growth above 2.3%. Growth reached 5.0% in 2017 and is projected to near or reach 5% in 2018. What used to be stubbornly high unemployment fell below 5.5% in early 2018, driven by strong exports and increasing consumption that boosted labor demand. Continued fiscal consolidation through increased tax collection and social security contributions will likely result in a balanced government budget in 2019.

 

Prime Minister CERAR’s government took office in September 2014, pledging to press ahead with commitments to privatize a select group of state-run companies, rationalize public spending, and further stabilize the banking sector. Efforts to privatize Slovenia’s largely state-owned banking sector have largely stalled, however, amid concerns about an ongoing dispute over Yugoslav-era foreign currency deposits.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$76.75 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$81.614 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$81.25 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$79.095 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$75.773 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$78.74 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -659,14 +659,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$36,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$39,088 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$38,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$38,139 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$36,670 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$38,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -811,14 +811,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$41.73 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$49.872 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$45.41 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$48.001 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$45.096 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$45.93 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -828,14 +828,14 @@ "text": "packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, electrical lighting/signaling equipment, electricity (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$36.6 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$45.489 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$40.8 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$43.637 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$40.625 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$41.32 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/europe/sm.json b/europe/sm.json index a6a3f045..6cf0397e 100644 --- a/europe/sm.json +++ b/europe/sm.json @@ -351,11 +351,6 @@ "text": "83.3% (2018 est.)" } }, - "Revenue from forest resources": { - "forest revenues": { - "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" - } - }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "97.6% of total population (2021)" @@ -364,6 +359,11 @@ "text": "0.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "17,175 tons (2016 est.)" @@ -543,8 +543,11 @@ "text": "

San Marino's economy relies heavily on tourism, banking, and the manufacture and export of ceramics, clothing, fabrics, furniture, paints, spirits, tiles, and wine. The manufacturing and financial sectors account for more than half of San Marino's GDP. The per capita level of output and standard of living are comparable to those of the most prosperous regions of Italy.

San Marino's economy contracted considerably in the years since 2008, largely due to weakened demand from Italy - which accounts for nearly 90% of its export market - and financial sector consolidation. Difficulties in the banking sector, the global economic downturn, and the sizable decline in tax revenues all contributed to negative real GDP growth. The government adopted measures to counter the downturn, including subsidized credit to businesses and is seeking to shift its growth model away from a reliance on bank and tax secrecy. San Marino does not issue public debt securities; when necessary, it finances deficits by drawing down central bank deposits.

The economy benefits from foreign investment due to its relatively low corporate taxes and low taxes on interest earnings. The income tax rate is also very low, about one-third the average EU level. San Marino continues to work towards harmonizing its fiscal laws with EU and international standards. In September 2009, the OECD removed San Marino from its list of tax havens that have yet to fully adopt global tax standards, and in 2010 San Marino signed Tax Information Exchange Agreements with most major countries. In 2013, the San Marino Government signed a Double Taxation Agreement with Italy, but a referendum on EU membership failed to reach the quorum needed to bring it to a vote.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { + "text": "$2.06 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$2.008 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$2.01 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$1.982 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -563,8 +566,11 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2019": { + "text": "$60,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$59,439 (2018 est.)" + "text": "$59,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$58,867 (2017 est.)" diff --git a/europe/sp.json b/europe/sp.json index 64ce46b4..333f6676 100644 --- a/europe/sp.json +++ b/europe/sp.json @@ -394,20 +394,6 @@ "text": "36.94 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "4.89 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "5.966 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "20.36 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "111.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast" }, @@ -431,6 +417,15 @@ "text": "9.1% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "81.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.24% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data include Canary Islands, Ceuta, and Melilla" + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -441,15 +436,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "81.1% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.24% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - }, - "note": "note: data include Canary Islands, Ceuta, and Melilla" - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "respiratory diseases": { "text": "Covid-19 (see note) (2020)" @@ -466,6 +452,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "16.8% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "4.89 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "5.966 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "20.36 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "111.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -661,14 +661,14 @@ "text": "

After a prolonged recession that began in 2008 in the wake of the global financial crisis, Spain marked the fourth full year of positive economic growth in 2017, with economic activity surpassing its pre-crisis peak, largely because of increased private consumption. The financial crisis of 2008 broke 16 consecutive years of economic growth for Spain, leading to an economic contraction that lasted until late 2013. In that year, the government successfully shored up its struggling banking sector - heavily exposed to the collapse of Spain’s real estate boom - with the help of an EU-funded restructuring and recapitalization program.

Until 2014, contraction in bank lending, fiscal austerity, and high unemployment constrained domestic consumption and investment. The unemployment rate rose from a low of about 8% in 2007 to more than 26% in 2013, but labor reforms prompted a modest reduction to 16.4% in 2017. High unemployment strained Spain's public finances, as spending on social benefits increased while tax revenues fell. Spain’s budget deficit peaked at 11.4% of GDP in 2010, but Spain gradually reduced the deficit to about 3.3% of GDP in 2017. Public debt has increased substantially – from 60.1% of GDP in 2010 to nearly 96.7% in 2017.

Strong export growth helped bring Spain's current account into surplus in 2013 for the first time since 1986 and sustain Spain’s economic growth. Increasing labor productivity and an internal devaluation resulting from moderating labor costs and lower inflation have improved Spain’s export competitiveness and generated foreign investor interest in the economy, restoring FDI flows.

In 2017, the Spanish Government’s minority status constrained its ability to implement controversial labor, pension, health care, tax, and education reforms. The European Commission expects the government to meet its 2017 budget deficit target and anticipates that expected economic growth in 2018 will help the government meet its deficit target. Spain’s borrowing costs are dramatically lower since their peak in mid-2012, and increased economic activity has generated a modest level of inflation, at 2% in 2017.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$1,714,860,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$1,925,576,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1,923,330,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$1,888,743,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$1,843,934,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1,886,540,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -684,14 +684,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$36,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$40,903 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$40,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$40,360 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$39,575 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$40,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -835,14 +835,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$392.85 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$533.771 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$486.15 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$521.855 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$510.327 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$499.55 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -852,14 +852,14 @@ "text": "cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, delivery trucks, clothing and apparel (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$373.67 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$463.145 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$444.31 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$459.742 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$441.197 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$460.98 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1189,12 +1189,12 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "14,133 (Syria) (2019); 415,000 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2021)" + "text": "14,660 (Syria) (2020); 415,000 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2021)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "5,914 (2020)" }, - "note": "note: 196,402 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-October 2021)" + "note": "note: 193,685 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-October 2021)" }, "Illicit drugs": { "text": "despite rigorous law enforcement efforts, North African, Latin American, Galician, and other European traffickers take advantage of Spain's long coastline to land large shipments of cocaine and hashish for distribution to the European market; consumer for Latin American cocaine and North African hashish; destination and minor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin; money-laundering site for Colombian narcotics trafficking organizations and organized crime" diff --git a/europe/sw.json b/europe/sw.json index 81e1210e..2645e5a9 100644 --- a/europe/sw.json +++ b/europe/sw.json @@ -371,20 +371,6 @@ "text": "4.42 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "955 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "1.345 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "75 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "174 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north" }, @@ -408,6 +394,14 @@ "text": "23.8% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "88.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.89% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.21% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -418,14 +412,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "88.2% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.89% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "4.377 million tons (2015 est.)" @@ -436,6 +422,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "32.4% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "955 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.345 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "75 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "174 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -619,14 +619,14 @@ "text": "

Sweden’s small, open, and competitive economy has been thriving and Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living with its combination of free-market capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. Sweden remains outside the euro zone largely out of concern that joining the European Economic and Monetary Union would diminish the country’s sovereignty over its welfare system.

 

Timber, hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of a manufacturing economy that relies heavily on foreign trade. Exports, including engines and other machines, motor vehicles, and telecommunications equipment, account for more than 44% of GDP. Sweden enjoys a current account surplus of about 5% of GDP, which is one of the highest margins in Europe.

 

GDP grew an estimated 3.3% in 2016 and 2017 driven largely by investment in the construction sector. Swedish economists expect economic growth to ease slightly in the coming years as this investment subsides. Global economic growth boosted exports of Swedish manufactures further, helping drive domestic economic growth in 2017. The Central Bank is keeping an eye on deflationary pressures and bank observers expect it to maintain an expansionary monetary policy in 2018. Swedish prices and wages have grown only slightly over the past few years, helping to support the country’s competitiveness.

 

In the short and medium term, Sweden’s economic challenges include providing affordable housing and successfully integrating migrants into the labor market.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$524.75 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$547.595 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$539.96 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$540.776 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$530.433 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$532.67 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -642,14 +642,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$50,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$53,240 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$52,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$53,146 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$52,739 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$52,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -794,14 +794,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$240.08 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$302.65 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$254.53 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$291.846 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$279.461 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$254.25 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -811,14 +811,14 @@ "text": "cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, lumber (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$217.68 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$276.622 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$232.81 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$273.125 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$262.597 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$241.53 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1135,7 +1135,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "113,418 (Syria), 27,933 (Eritrea), 30,546 (Afghanistan), 17,593 (Somalia), 12,460 (Iraq), 7,408 (Iran) (2019)" + "text": "114,609 (Syria), 29,927 (Afghanistan), 27,421 (Eritrea), 12,784 (Somalia), 11,635 (Iraq), 7,507 (Iran) (2020)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "50,414 (2020); note - the majority of stateless people are from the Middle East and Somalia" diff --git a/europe/sz.json b/europe/sz.json index 199cae5a..40b3dc71 100644 --- a/europe/sz.json +++ b/europe/sz.json @@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "630 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km), (Adriatic Sea) Po (76,997 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Rhone (100,543 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "population distribution corresponds to elevation with the northern and western areas far more heavily populated; the higher Alps of the south limit settlement" }, @@ -93,9 +96,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; crossroads of northern and southern Europe; along with southeastern France, northern Italy, and southwestern Austria, has the highest elevations in the Alps" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km), (Adriatic Sea) Po (76,997 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Rhone (100,543 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -365,20 +365,6 @@ "text": "4.98 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "931 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "642.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "160.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "53.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers" }, @@ -402,6 +388,14 @@ "text": "29.8% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "74% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.79% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -412,14 +406,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "74% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.79% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "6.056 million tons (2016 est.)" @@ -433,6 +419,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km), (Adriatic Sea) Po (76,997 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Rhone (100,543 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "931 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "642.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "160.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "53.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -625,14 +625,14 @@ "text": "

Switzerland, a country that espouses neutrality, is a prosperous and modern market economy with low unemployment, a highly skilled labor force, and a per capita GDP among the highest in the world. Switzerland's economy benefits from a highly developed service sector, led by financial services, and a manufacturing industry that specializes in high-technology, knowledge-based production. Its economic and political stability, transparent legal system, exceptional infrastructure, efficient capital markets, and low corporate tax rates also make Switzerland one of the world's most competitive economies.

The Swiss have brought their economic practices largely into conformity with the EU's to gain access to the Union’s Single Market and enhance the country’s international competitiveness. Some trade protectionism remains, however, particularly for its small agricultural sector. The fate of the Swiss economy is tightly linked to that of its neighbors in the euro zone, which purchases half of Swiss exports. The global financial crisis of 2008 and resulting economic downturn in 2009 stalled demand for Swiss exports and put Switzerland into a recession. During this period, the Swiss National Bank (SNB) implemented a zero-interest rate policy to boost the economy, as well as to prevent appreciation of the franc, and Switzerland's economy began to recover in 2010.

The sovereign debt crises unfolding in neighboring euro-zone countries, however, coupled with economic instability in Russia and other Eastern European economies drove up demand for the Swiss franc by investors seeking a safehaven currency. In January 2015, the SNB abandoned the Swiss franc’s peg to the euro, roiling global currency markets and making active SNB intervention a necessary hallmark of present-day Swiss monetary policy. The independent SNB has upheld its zero interest rate policy and conducted major market interventions to prevent further appreciation of the Swiss franc, but parliamentarians have urged it to do more to weaken the currency. The franc's strength has made Swiss exports less competitive and weakened the country's growth outlook; GDP growth fell below 2% per year from 2011 through 2017.

In recent years, Switzerland has responded to increasing pressure from neighboring countries and trading partners to reform its banking secrecy laws, by agreeing to conform to OECD regulations on administrative assistance in tax matters, including tax evasion. The Swiss Government has also renegotiated its double taxation agreements with numerous countries, including the US, to incorporate OECD standards.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$590.71 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$588.472 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$608.16 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$583.056 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$567.448 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$601.65 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -648,14 +648,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$68,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$68,628 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$70,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$68,479 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$67,139 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$70,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -801,14 +801,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$470.91 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$443.997 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$478.34 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$444.605 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$430.129 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$482.58 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: trade data exclude trade with Switzerland" }, @@ -819,14 +819,14 @@ "text": "gold, packaged medicines, medical cultures/vaccines, watches, jewelry (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$401.91 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$344.477 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$394 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$344.557 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$343.367 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$395.86 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1140,7 +1140,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "36,698 (Eritrea), 18,755 (Syria), 13,455 (Afghanistan), 5,819 (Sri Lanka) (2019)" + "text": "37,816 (Eritrea), 19,869 (Syria), 14,523 (Afghanistan), 6,016 (Sri Lanka), 5,447 (Turkey) (2020)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "711 (2020)" diff --git a/europe/uk.json b/europe/uk.json index 42271790..d20d442b 100644 --- a/europe/uk.json +++ b/europe/uk.json @@ -373,20 +373,6 @@ "text": "49.16 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "6.227 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "1.01 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1.183 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "147 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast" }, @@ -410,6 +396,14 @@ "text": "17.1% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "84.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.8% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -420,14 +414,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "84.2% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.8% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "respiratory diseases": { "text": "Covid-19 (see note) (2020)" @@ -444,6 +430,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "27.3% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "6.227 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.01 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.183 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "147 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -637,14 +637,14 @@ "text": "

The UK, a leading trading power and financial center, is the third largest economy in Europe after Germany and France. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with less than 2% of the labor force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil resources, but its oil and natural gas reserves are declining; the UK has been a net importer of energy since 2005. Services, particularly banking, insurance, and business services, are key drivers of British GDP growth. Manufacturing, meanwhile, has declined in importance but still accounts for about 10% of economic output.

In 2008, the global financial crisis hit the economy particularly hard, due to the importance of its financial sector. Falling home prices, high consumer debt, and the global economic slowdown compounded the UK’s economic problems, pushing the economy into recession in the latter half of 2008 and prompting the then BROWN (Labour) government to implement a number of measures to stimulate the economy and stabilize the financial markets. Facing burgeoning public deficits and debt levels, in 2010 the then CAMERON-led coalition government (between Conservatives and Liberal Democrats) initiated an austerity program, which has continued under the Conservative government. However, the deficit still remains one of the highest in the G7, standing at 3.6% of GDP as of 2017, and the UK has pledged to lower its corporation tax from 20% to 17% by 2020. The UK had a debt burden of 90.4% GDP at the end of 2017.

The UK economy has begun to slow since the referendum vote to leave the EU in June 2016. A sustained depreciation of the British pound has increased consumer and producer prices, weighing on consumer spending without spurring a meaningful increase in exports. The UK has an extensive trade relationship with other EU members through its single market membership, and economic observers have warned the exit will jeopardize its position as the central location for European financial services. The UK is slated to leave the EU at the end of January 2020.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$2,797,980,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$3,118,396,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$3,101,640,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$3,073,442,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$3,032,781,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$3,059,690,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -660,14 +660,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$41,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$46,659 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$46,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$46,245 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$45,910 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$46,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -812,14 +812,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$741.95 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$901.882 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$879.92 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$877.501 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$851.693 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$882.65 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -829,14 +829,14 @@ "text": "cars, gas turbines, gold, crude petroleum, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$752.77 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$987.018 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$914.96 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$955.655 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$930.354 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$916.4 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1172,7 +1172,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "19,744 (Iran), 13,755 (Eritrea), 10,575 (Sudan), 10,389 (Syria), 9,513 (Afghanistan), 8,164 (Pakistan), 5,522 (Sri Lanka) (2019)" + "text": "20,433 (Iran), 14,016 (Eritrea), 10,994 (Sudan), 10,919 (Syria), 9,351 (Afghanistan), 8,350 (Pakistan), 6,399 (Iraq), 5,338 (Sri Lanka) (2020)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "4,662 (2020)" diff --git a/europe/up.json b/europe/up.json index a5d84080..ca965ae5 100644 --- a/europe/up.json +++ b/europe/up.json @@ -94,6 +94,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "21,670 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km), Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "densest settlement in the eastern (Donbas) and western regions; noteable concentrations in and around major urban areas of Kyiv, Kharkiv, Donets'k, Dnipropetrovs'k, and Odesa" }, @@ -102,9 +105,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second-largest country in Europe after Russia" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km), Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -387,20 +387,6 @@ "text": "63.37 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "2.397 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "3.577 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "3.206 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "175.28 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; warm summers across the greater part of the country, hot in the south" }, @@ -424,6 +410,14 @@ "text": "12% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "69.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "-0.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.34% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -434,14 +428,6 @@ "text": "0.42% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "69.8% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-0.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "15,242,025 tons (2016 est.)" @@ -455,6 +441,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km), Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "2.397 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "3.577 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "3.206 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "175.28 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -648,14 +648,14 @@ "text": "

After Russia, the Ukrainian Republic was the most important economic component of the former Soviet Union, producing about four times the output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil accounted for more than one fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its diversified heavy industry supplied unique equipment such as large diameter pipes and vertical drilling apparatus, and raw materials to industrial and mining sites in other regions of the former USSR.

 

Shortly after independence in August 1991, the Ukrainian Government liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework for privatization, but widespread resistance to reform within the government and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led to some backtracking. Output by 1999 had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991 level. Outside institutions - particularly the IMF encouraged Ukraine to quicken the pace and scope of reforms to foster economic growth. Ukrainian Government officials eliminated most tax and customs privileges in a March 2005 budget law, bringing more economic activity out of Ukraine's large shadow economy. From 2000 until mid-2008, Ukraine's economy was buoyant despite political turmoil between the prime minister and president. The economy contracted nearly 15% in 2009, among the worst economic performances in the world. In April 2010, Ukraine negotiated a price discount on Russian gas imports in exchange for extending Russia's lease on its naval base in Crimea.

 

Ukraine’s oligarch-dominated economy grew slowly from 2010 to 2013 but remained behind peers in the region and among Europe’s poorest. After former President YANUKOVYCH fled the country during the Revolution of Dignity, Ukraine’s economy fell into crisis because of Russia’s annexation of Crimea, military conflict in the eastern part of the country, and a trade war with Russia, resulting in a 17% decline in GDP, inflation at nearly 60%, and dwindling foreign currency reserves. The international community began efforts to stabilize the Ukrainian economy, including a March 2014 IMF assistance package of $17.5 billion, of which Ukraine has received four disbursements, most recently in April 2017, bringing the total disbursed as of that date to approximately $8.4 billion. Ukraine has made progress on reforms designed to make the country prosperous, democratic, and transparent, including creation of a national anti-corruption agency, overhaul of the banking sector, establishment of a transparent VAT refund system, and increased transparency in government procurement. But more improvements are needed, including fighting corruption, developing capital markets, improving the business environment to attract foreign investment, privatizing state-owned enterprises, and land reform. The fifth tranche of the IMF program, valued at $1.9 billion, was delayed in mid-2017 due to lack of progress on outstanding reforms, including adjustment of gas tariffs to import parity levels and adoption of legislation establishing an independent anti-corruption court.

 

Russia’s occupation of Crimea in March 2014 and ongoing Russian aggression in eastern Ukraine have hurt economic growth. With the loss of a major portion of Ukraine’s heavy industry in Donbas and ongoing violence, the economy contracted by 6.6% in 2014 and by 9.8% in 2015, but it returned to low growth in in 2016 and 2017, reaching 2.3% and 2.0%, respectively, as key reforms took hold. Ukraine also redirected trade activity towards the EU following the implementation of a bilateral Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement, displacing Russia as its largest trading partner. A prohibition on commercial trade with separatist-controlled territories in early 2017 has not impacted Ukraine’s key industrial sectors as much as expected, largely because of favorable external conditions. Ukraine returned to international debt markets in September 2017, issuing a $3 billion sovereign bond.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$516.68 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$538.388 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$538.33 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$521.524 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$504.35 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$521.52 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -671,14 +671,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$12,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$12,810 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$12,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$12,338 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$11,871 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$12,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -826,14 +826,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$60.67 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$161.231 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$63.56 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$151.075 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$153.046 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$59.18 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -843,14 +843,14 @@ "text": "corn, sunflower seed oils, iron and iron products, wheat, insulated wiring, rapeseed (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$62.46 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$207.335 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$76.07 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$195.071 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$189.402 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$70.56 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/europe/vt.json b/europe/vt.json index a60e09f1..d81c0647 100644 --- a/europe/vt.json +++ b/europe/vt.json @@ -198,9 +198,6 @@ "text": "0 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to May) with hot, dry summers (May to September)" }, @@ -219,6 +216,9 @@ "rate of urbanization": { "text": "0% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { diff --git a/middle-east/ae.json b/middle-east/ae.json index bd54a18b..fc39e037 100644 --- a/middle-east/ae.json +++ b/middle-east/ae.json @@ -362,20 +362,6 @@ "text": "56.55 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "617 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "69 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "3.312 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "150 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "desert; cooler in eastern mountains" }, @@ -399,6 +385,14 @@ "text": "91.6% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "87.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.5% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -409,14 +403,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "87.3% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.5% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "text": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout UAE; as of 6 October 2021, UAE has reported a total of 737,073 cases of COVID-19 or 7,452.41 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 21.27 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 6 October 2021, 93.95% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" }, @@ -430,6 +416,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "20% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "617 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "69 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "3.312 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "150 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -624,10 +624,10 @@ }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$655.789 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$655.79 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$644.968 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$644.97 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$637.384 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -647,10 +647,10 @@ }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$67,119 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$67,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$66,968 (2018 est.)" + "text": "$67,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$67,184 (2017 est.)" diff --git a/middle-east/aj.json b/middle-east/aj.json index 9ab696d9..7f531a49 100644 --- a/middle-east/aj.json +++ b/middle-east/aj.json @@ -378,20 +378,6 @@ "text": "44.87 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "449.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "3.062 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "9.27 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "34.675 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "dry, semiarid steppe" }, @@ -415,6 +401,15 @@ "text": "31.1% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "56.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data include Nagorno-Karabakh" + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -425,19 +420,24 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "56.8% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - }, - "note": "note: data include Nagorno-Karabakh" - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "2,930,349 tons (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "449.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "3.062 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "9.27 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "34.675 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -629,14 +629,14 @@ "text": "

Prior to the decline in global oil prices since 2014, Azerbaijan's high economic growth was attributable to rising energy exports and to some non-export sectors. Oil exports through the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline, the Baku-Novorossiysk, and the Baku-Supsa Pipelines remain the main economic driver, but efforts to boost Azerbaijan's gas production are underway. The expected completion of the geopolitically important Southern Gas Corridor (SGC) between Azerbaijan and Europe will open up another source of revenue from gas exports. First gas to Turkey through the SGC is expected in 2018 with project completion expected by 2020-21.

Declining oil prices caused a 3.1% contraction in GDP in 2016, and a 0.8% decline in 2017, highlighted by a sharp reduction in the construction sector. The economic decline was accompanied by higher inflation, a weakened banking sector, and two sharp currency devaluations in 2015. Azerbaijan’s financial sector continued to struggle. In May 2017, Baku allowed the majority state-owed International Bank of Azerbaijan (IBA), the nation’s largest bank, to default on some of its outstanding debt and file for restructuring in Azerbaijani courts; IBA also filed in US and UK bankruptcy courts to have its restructuring recognized in their respective jurisdictions.

Azerbaijan has made limited progress with market-based economic reforms. Pervasive public and private sector corruption and structural economic inefficiencies remain a drag on long-term growth, particularly in non-energy sectors. The government has, however, made efforts to combat corruption, particularly in customs and government services. Several other obstacles impede Azerbaijan's economic progress, including the need for more foreign investment in the non-energy sector and the continuing conflict with Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh region. While trade with Russia and the other former Soviet republics remains important, Azerbaijan has expanded trade with Turkey and Europe and is seeking new markets for non-oil/gas exports - mainly in the agricultural sector - with Gulf Cooperation Council member countries, the US, and others. It is also improving Baku airport and the Caspian Sea port of Alat for use as a regional transportation and logistics hub.

Long-term prospects depend on world oil prices, Azerbaijan's ability to develop export routes for its growing gas production, and its ability to improve the business environment and diversify the economy. In late 2016, the president approved a strategic roadmap for economic reforms that identified key non-energy segments of the economy for development, such as agriculture, logistics, information technology, and tourism. In October 2017, the long-awaited Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway, stretching from the Azerbaijani capital to Kars in north-eastern Turkey, began limited service.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$138.51 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$144.374 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$144.74 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$141.24 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$139.152 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$141.24 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -652,14 +652,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$13,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$14,404 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$14,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$14,210 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$14,121 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$14,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -803,11 +803,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$15.15 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$15.21 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$13.21 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$23.63 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$25.48 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -817,11 +820,14 @@ "text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, refined petroleum, tomatoes, gold (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$9.037 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$15.54 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$9.004 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$17.71 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$17.71 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -959,7 +965,7 @@ }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { - "text": "a landlocked country with historically poor infrastructure; state control of telecom systems; progress with Digital Hub project despite economic contraction in 2020; government launched e-school and e-service programs; risk of delays in infrastructure and launch of new technologies, including 5G due to slow market demand; LTE supports most data traffic while mobile broadband subscribership grows rapidly; fixed-line broadband market has slight upward trend; Internet access is expensive and suffers from outages and intentional government disruption; importer of broadcasting equipment from Russia (2021) (2020)" + "text": "a landlocked country with historically poor infrastructure; state control of telecom systems; progress with Digital Hub project despite economic contraction in 2020; government launched e-school and e-service programs; risk of delays in infrastructure and launch of new technologies, including 5G due to slow market demand; LTE supports most data traffic while mobile broadband subscribership grows rapidly; fixed-line broadband market has slight upward trend; Internet access is expensive and suffers from outages and intentional government disruption; importer of broadcasting equipment from Russia (2021)" }, "domestic": { "text": "teledensity of some 17 fixed-lines per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity has increased to 107 telephones per 100 persons; satellite service connects Baku to a modern switch in its exclave of Naxcivan (Nakhchivan) (2019)" @@ -1110,7 +1116,7 @@ "text": "18-35 years of age for compulsory military service; service obligation 18 months or 12 months for university graduates; 17 years of age for voluntary service; 17 year olds are considered to be on active service at cadet military schools (2020)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "since November 2020, Russia has deployed about 2,000 peacekeeping troops to the area in and around Nagorno-Karabakh as part of a cease-fire agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan; fighting erupted between the two countries over the Nagorno-Karabakh region in September of 2020; Nagorno-Karabakh lies within Azerbaijan but has been under control of ethnic Armenian forces (the \"Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army\") backed by Armenia since a separatist war there ended in 1994; six weeks of fighting resulted in about 6,000 deaths and ended after Armenia ceded swathes of Nagorno-Karabakh territory; tensions remain high, and Armenia has accused Azerbaijani forces of a series of border intrusions and of seizing pockets of territory including along a lake shared by the two countries since the fighting ended" + "text": "since November 2020, Russia has deployed about 2,000 peacekeeping troops to the area in and around Nagorno-Karabakh as part of a cease-fire agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan; fighting erupted between the two countries over the Nagorno-Karabakh region in September of 2020; Nagorno-Karabakh lies within Azerbaijan but has been under control of ethnic Armenian forces (the \"Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army\") backed by Armenia since a separatist war there ended in 1994; six weeks of fighting resulted in about 6,000 deaths and ended after Armenia ceded swathes of Nagorno-Karabakh territory; tensions remained high through 2021, and Armenia has accused Azerbaijani forces of a series of border intrusions and of seizing pockets of territory including along a lake shared by the two countries since the fighting ended" } }, "Terrorism": { diff --git a/middle-east/am.json b/middle-east/am.json index a1e1d931..7997ac7b 100644 --- a/middle-east/am.json +++ b/middle-east/am.json @@ -373,20 +373,6 @@ "text": "2.91 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "616.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "122.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "2.127 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "7.769 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "highland continental, hot summers, cold winters" }, @@ -410,6 +396,14 @@ "text": "31.2% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "63.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.28% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -420,18 +414,24 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "63.4% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "492,800 tons (2014 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "616.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "122.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "2.127 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "7.769 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -619,14 +619,14 @@ "text": "

Under the old Soviet central planning system, Armenia developed a modern industrial sector, supplying machine tools, textiles, and other manufactured goods to sister republics, in exchange for raw materials and energy. Armenia has since switched to small-scale agriculture and away from the large agro industrial complexes of the Soviet era. Armenia has only two open trade borders - Iran and Georgia - because its borders with Azerbaijan and Turkey have been closed since 1991 and 1993, respectively, as a result of Armenia's ongoing conflict with Azerbaijan over the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh region.

Armenia joined the World Trade Organization in January 2003. The government has made some improvements in tax and customs administration in recent years, but anti-corruption measures have been largely ineffective. Armenia will need to pursue additional economic reforms and strengthen the rule of law in order to raise its economic growth and improve economic competitiveness and employment opportunities, especially given its economic isolation from Turkey and Azerbaijan.

Armenia's geographic isolation, a narrow export base, and pervasive monopolies in important business sectors have made it particularly vulnerable to volatility in the global commodity markets and the economic challenges in Russia. Armenia is particularly dependent on Russian commercial and governmental support, as most key Armenian infrastructure is Russian-owned and/or managed, especially in the energy sector. Remittances from expatriates working in Russia are equivalent to about 12-14% of GDP. Armenia joined the Russia-led Eurasian Economic Union in January 2015, but has remained interested in pursuing closer ties with the EU as well, signing a Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement with the EU in November 2017. Armenia’s rising government debt is leading Yerevan to tighten its fiscal policies – the amount is approaching the debt to GDP ratio threshold set by national legislation.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$37.31 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$40.384 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$40.38 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$37.531 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$35.676 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$37.53 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -642,14 +642,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$12,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$13,654 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$13,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$12,715 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$12,115 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$12,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -790,11 +790,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$2.361 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$3.82 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$1.891 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$5.64 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$4.91 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -804,11 +807,14 @@ "text": "copper ore, gold, tobacco, liquors, iron alloys (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$3.771 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$5 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$2.835 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$7.47 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$6.61 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -946,7 +952,7 @@ }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { - "text": "

telecom market struggles to provide an effective national telecom service; country remains dependent on the economic health of  Russian and EU economies; fixed-line penetration falling, driven by growth in mobile and fixed-line broadband; growth of 4G networks and falling prices due to growing competition; fixed broadband is growing but remains low by international comparisons; flat mobile market; strong growth predicted for mobile broadband market; government participating in a project to ensure eventual nationwide 5G network; government approved plans for a new data center built via public-private partnership; communication technologies sectors have attracted foreign investment; top importer of broadcast equipment from China (2021)

(2020)" + "text": "

telecom market struggles to provide an effective national telecom service; country remains dependent on the economic health of  Russian and EU economies; fixed-line penetration falling, driven by growth in mobile and fixed-line broadband; growth of 4G networks and falling prices due to growing competition; fixed broadband is growing but remains low by international comparisons; flat mobile market; strong growth predicted for mobile broadband market; government participating in a project to ensure eventual nationwide 5G network; government approved plans for a new data center built via public-private partnership; communication technologies sectors have attracted foreign investment; top importer of broadcast equipment from China 

(2021)" }, "domestic": { "text": "15 per 100 fixed-line, 122 per 100 mobile-cellular; reliable fixed-line and mobile-cellular services are available across Yerevan and in major cities and towns; mobile-cellular coverage available in most rural areas (2019)" @@ -1085,7 +1091,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "14,730 (Syria - ethnic Armenians) (2019)" + "text": "91,766 (Armenia), 14,741 (Syria - ethnic Armenians) (2020)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "1,000 (2020)" diff --git a/middle-east/ba.json b/middle-east/ba.json index fff4a7dd..98e770f9 100644 --- a/middle-east/ba.json +++ b/middle-east/ba.json @@ -87,6 +87,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "40 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Arabian Aquifer System" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "smallest population of the Gulf States, but urbanization rate exceeds 90%; largest settlement concentration is found on the far northern end of the island in and around Manamah and Al Muharraq" }, @@ -95,9 +98,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "close to primary Middle Eastern petroleum sources; strategic location in Persian Gulf, through which much of the Western world's petroleum must transit to reach open ocean" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Arabian Aquifer System" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -352,20 +352,6 @@ "text": "15.47 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "275.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "14.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "144.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "116 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers" }, @@ -389,6 +375,14 @@ "text": "88% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "89.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -399,14 +393,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "89.6% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "951,943 tons (2016 est.)" @@ -420,6 +406,20 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Arabian Aquifer System" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "275.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "14.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "144.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "116 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -606,14 +606,14 @@ "text": "

Oil and natural gas play a dominant role in Bahrain’s economy. Despite the Government’s past efforts to diversify the economy, oil still comprises 85% of Bahraini budget revenues. In the last few years lower world energy prices have generated sizable budget deficits - about 10% of GDP in 2017 alone. Bahrain has few options for covering these deficits, with low foreign assets and fewer oil resources compared to its GCC neighbors. The three major US credit agencies downgraded Bahrain’s sovereign debt rating to \"junk\" status in 2016, citing persistently low oil prices and the government’s high debt levels. Nevertheless, Bahrain was able to raise about $4 billion by issuing foreign currency denominated debt in 2017.

Other major economic activities are production of aluminum - Bahrain's second biggest export after oil and gas –finance, and construction. Bahrain continues to seek new natural gas supplies as feedstock to support its expanding petrochemical and aluminum industries. In April 2018 Bahrain announced it had found a significant oil field off the country’s west coast, but is still assessing how much of the oil can be extracted profitably.

In addition to addressing its current fiscal woes, Bahraini authorities face the long-term challenge of boosting Bahrain’s regional competitiveness — especially regarding industry, finance, and tourism — and reconciling revenue constraints with popular pressure to maintain generous state subsidies and a large public sector. Since 2015, the government lifted subsidies on meat, diesel, kerosene, and gasoline and has begun to phase in higher prices for electricity and water. As part of its diversification plans, Bahrain implemented a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the US in August 2006, the first FTA between the US and a Gulf state. It plans to introduce a Value Added Tax (VAT) by the end of 2018.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$69.65 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$73.87 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$73.95 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$72.55 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$71.282 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$72.51 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -629,14 +629,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$40,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$45,011 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$45,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$46,227 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$47,710 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$46,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -772,7 +772,7 @@ }, "Exports": { "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$27.635 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$30.1 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2017": { "text": "$26.762 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -786,7 +786,7 @@ }, "Imports": { "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$23.399 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$27.19 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2017": { "text": "$22.132 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -927,7 +927,7 @@ }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { - "text": "

Bahrain is one of the most technically advanced and connected countries in the world; NGN for increased mobile and Wi-Fi traffic; mobile infrastructure and fiber-optic Internet allows greater Internet penetration and competitive prices; government provides free Internet in schools and public areas, and national broadband with sole control over network; regulator controlled by monarchy; Internet freedom restricted through blocks; well served by satellite and submarine cable access; importer of broadcasting equipment from UAE (2021)

(2020)" + "text": "

Bahrain is one of the most technically advanced and connected countries in the world; NGN for increased mobile and Wi-Fi traffic; mobile infrastructure and fiber-optic Internet allows greater Internet penetration and competitive prices; government provides free Internet in schools and public areas, and national broadband with sole control over network; regulator controlled by monarchy; Internet freedom restricted through blocks; well served by satellite and submarine cable access; importer of broadcasting equipment from UAE

(2021)" }, "domestic": { "text": "17 per 100 fixed-line, 116 per 100 mobile-cellular; modern fiber-optic integrated services; digital network with rapidly expanding mobile-cellular telephones (2019)" diff --git a/middle-east/gg.json b/middle-east/gg.json index 6209da59..f2bc09d7 100644 --- a/middle-east/gg.json +++ b/middle-east/gg.json @@ -381,20 +381,6 @@ "text": "6.05 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "359,974,627.7 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "402,206,287.9 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1,060,819,084.4 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "63.33 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast" }, @@ -418,6 +404,15 @@ "text": "25.1% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "59.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.35% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data include Abkhazia and South Ossetia" + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.07% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -428,19 +423,24 @@ "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "59.9% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.35% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - }, - "note": "note: data include Abkhazia and South Ossetia" - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "800,000 tons (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "359,974,627.7 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "402,206,287.9 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1,060,819,084.4 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "63.33 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -628,14 +628,14 @@ "text": "

Georgia's main economic activities include cultivation of agricultural products such as grapes, citrus fruits, and hazelnuts; mining of manganese, copper, and gold; and producing alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, metals, machinery, and chemicals in small-scale industries. The country imports nearly all of its needed supplies of natural gas and oil products. It has sizeable hydropower capacity that now provides most of its electricity needs.

Georgia has overcome the chronic energy shortages and gas supply interruptions of the past by renovating hydropower plants and by increasingly relying on natural gas imports from Azerbaijan instead of from Russia. Construction of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline, the South Caucasus gas pipeline, and the Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railroad are part of a strategy to capitalize on Georgia's strategic location between Europe and Asia and develop its role as a transit hub for gas, oil, and other goods.

Georgia's economy sustained GDP growth of more than 10% in 2006-07, based on strong inflows of foreign investment, remittances, and robust government spending. However, GDP growth slowed following the August 2008 conflict with Russia, and sank to negative 4% in 2009 as foreign direct investment and workers' remittances declined in the wake of the global financial crisis. The economy rebounded in the period 2010-17, but FDI inflows, the engine of Georgian economic growth prior to the 2008 conflict, have not recovered fully. Unemployment remains persistently high.

The country is pinning its hopes for faster growth on a continued effort to build up infrastructure, enhance support for entrepreneurship, simplify regulations, and improve professional education, in order to attract foreign investment and boost employment, with a focus on transportation projects, tourism, hydropower, and agriculture. Georgia had historically suffered from a chronic failure to collect tax revenues; however, since 2004 the government has simplified the tax code, increased tax enforcement, and cracked down on petty corruption, leading to higher revenues. The government has received high marks from the World Bank for improvements in business transparency. Since 2012, the Georgian Dream-led government has continued the previous administration's low-regulation, low-tax, free market policies, while modestly increasing social spending and amending the labor code to comply with International Labor Standards. In mid-2014, Georgia concluded an association agreement with the EU, paving the way to free trade and visa-free travel. In 2017, Georgia signed Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with China as part of Tbilisi’s efforts to diversify its economic ties. Georgia is seeking to develop its Black Sea ports to further facilitate East-West trade.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$52.33 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$55.776 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$55.76 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$53.129 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$50.662 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$53.12 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -651,14 +651,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$14,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$14,992 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$15,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$14,257 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$13,590 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$14,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -800,11 +800,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$3.566 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$5.94 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$2.831 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$9.54 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$8.9 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -814,11 +817,14 @@ "text": "copper, cars, iron alloys, wine, packaged medicines (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$7.415 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$8.94 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$6.747 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$11.11 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$10.77 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/middle-east/gz.json b/middle-east/gz.json index 2d24e6fe..c8ace0f2 100644 --- a/middle-east/gz.json +++ b/middle-east/gz.json @@ -340,6 +340,35 @@ }, "note": "note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank." }, + "Climate": { + "text": "temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers" + }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "77% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.85% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank" + }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, + "Waste and recycling": { + "municipal solid waste generated annually": { + "text": "1.387 million tons (2016 est.)" + }, + "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { + "text": "6,935 tons (2013 est.)" + }, + "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { + "text": "0.5% (2013 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank." + }, "Total water withdrawal": { "municipal": { "text": "181.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" @@ -355,35 +384,6 @@ "Total renewable water resources": { "text": "837 million cubic meters (2017 est.)", "note": "note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank." - }, - "Climate": { - "text": "temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers" - }, - "Revenue from forest resources": { - "forest revenues": { - "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" - } - }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "77% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.85% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - }, - "note": "note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank" - }, - "Waste and recycling": { - "municipal solid waste generated annually": { - "text": "1.387 million tons (2016 est.)" - }, - "municipal solid waste recycled annually": { - "text": "6,935 tons (2013 est.)" - }, - "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { - "text": "0.5% (2013 est.)" - }, - "note": "note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank." } }, "Government": { @@ -705,7 +705,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "1,460,315 (Palestinian refugees) (2020)" + "text": "1,476,706 (Palestinian refugees) (2020)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "131,000 (includes persons displaced within the Gaza Strip due to the intensification of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict since June 2014 and other Palestinian IDPs in the Gaza Strip and West Bank who fled as long ago as 1967, although confirmed cumulative data do not go back beyond 2006) (2020)" diff --git a/middle-east/ir.json b/middle-east/ir.json index d79386fd..e83cac0c 100644 --- a/middle-east/ir.json +++ b/middle-east/ir.json @@ -96,6 +96,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "95,530 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: (Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "population is concentrated in the north, northwest, and west, reflecting the position of the Zagros and Elburz Mountains; the vast dry areas in the center and eastern parts of the country, around the deserts of the Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut, have a much lower population density" }, @@ -104,9 +107,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location on the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz, which are vital maritime pathways for crude oil transport" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: (Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -396,20 +396,6 @@ "text": "158.71 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "6.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "1.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "86 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "137.045 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast" }, @@ -433,6 +419,14 @@ "text": "63.1% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "76.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.01% of GDP (2017 est.)" @@ -443,14 +437,6 @@ "text": "0.01% of GDP (2017 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "76.3% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "intermediate (2020)" @@ -476,6 +462,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: (Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "6.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "86 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "137.045 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -636,14 +636,14 @@ "text": "

Iran's economy is marked by statist policies, inefficiencies, and reliance on oil and gas exports, but Iran also possesses significant agricultural, industrial, and service sectors. The Iranian government directly owns and operates hundreds of state-owned enterprises and indirectly controls many companies affiliated with the country's security forces. Distortions - including corruption, price controls, subsidies, and a banking system holding billions of dollars of non-performing loans - weigh down the economy, undermining the potential for private-sector-led growth.

Private sector activity includes small-scale workshops, farming, some manufacturing, and services, in addition to medium-scale construction, cement production, mining, and metalworking. Significant informal market activity flourishes and corruption is widespread.

The lifting of most nuclear-related sanctions under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in January 2016 sparked a restoration of Iran’s oil production and revenue that drove rapid GDP growth, but economic growth declined in 2017 as oil production plateaued. The economy continues to suffer from low levels of investment and declines in productivity since before the JCPOA, and from high levels of unemployment, especially among women and college-educated Iranian youth.

In May 2017, the re-election of President Hasan RUHANI generated widespread public expectations that the economic benefits of the JCPOA would expand and reach all levels of society. RUHANI will need to implement structural reforms that strengthen the banking sector and improve Iran’s business climate to attract foreign investment and encourage the growth of the private sector. Sanctions that are not related to Iran’s nuclear program remain in effect, and these—plus fears over the possible re-imposition of nuclear-related sanctions—will continue to deter foreign investors from engaging with Iran.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$1,044,310,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$1,027,238,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1,027,240,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$1.102 trillion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$1,172,665,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1.102 trillion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -659,14 +659,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$12,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$12,389 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$12,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$13,472 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$14,536 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$13,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, diff --git a/middle-east/is.json b/middle-east/is.json index 628ab259..73fb66ec 100644 --- a/middle-east/is.json +++ b/middle-east/is.json @@ -379,20 +379,6 @@ "text": "13.02 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "983 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "72 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1.249 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "1.78 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas" }, @@ -416,6 +402,14 @@ "text": "69.1% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "92.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.51% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -426,14 +420,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "92.7% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.51% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "5.4 million tons (2015 est.)" @@ -444,6 +430,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "25% (2017 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "983 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "72 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.249 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "1.78 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ "text": "judges selected by the 9-member Judicial Selection Committee, consisting of the Minister of Justice (chair), the president of the Supreme Court, two other Supreme Court justices, 1 other Cabinet minister, 2 Knesset members, and 2 representatives of the Israel Bar Association; judges can serve up to mandatory retirement at age 70" }, "subordinate courts": { - "text": "district and magistrate courts; national and regional labor courts; family and juvenile courts; special and religious courts" + "text": "district and magistrate courts; national and regional labor courts; family and juvenile courts; special and Rabbinical courts" } }, "Political parties and leaders": { @@ -636,14 +636,14 @@ "text": "

Israel has a technologically advanced free market economy. Cut diamonds, high-technology equipment, and pharmaceuticals are among its leading exports. Its major imports include crude oil, grains, raw materials, and military equipment. Israel usually posts sizable trade deficits, which are offset by tourism and other service exports, as well as significant foreign investment inflows.

 

Since March 2020, economic growth has slowed compared to recent historical averages, but Israel's slump has been less severe than in other Middle Eastern countries because of its swift vaccine roll-out and diversified economic base. Between 2016 and 2019, growth averaged 3.6% per year, led by exports. Israel's new government is hoping to pass the country's first budget in two years, which, combined with prudent fiscal policy and strong global trade ties would probably enable Israel to recover from economic challenges caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

 

Natural gas fields discovered off Israel's coast since 2009 have brightened Israel's energy security outlook. The Tamar and Leviathan fields were some of the world's largest offshore natural gas finds in the last decade. In 2020, Israel began exporting gas to Egypt and Jordan.

 

Income inequality and high housing and commodity prices continue to be a concern for many Israelis. Israel's income inequality and poverty rates are among the highest of OECD countries, and there is a broad perception among the public that a small number of \"tycoons\" have a cartel-like grip over the major parts of the economy. Government officials have called for reforms to boost the housing supply and to increase competition in the banking sector to address these public grievances. Despite calls for reforms, the restricted housing supply continues to impact younger Israelis seeking to purchase homes. Tariffs and non-tariff barriers, coupled with guaranteed prices and customs tariffs for farmers kept food prices high. Private consumption is expected to drive growth through 2021, with consumers benefitting from low inflation and a strong currency.

 

In the long term, Israel faces structural issues including low labor participation rates for its fastest growing social segments - the ultraorthodox and Arab-Israeli communities. Also, Israel's progressive, globally competitive, knowledge-based technology sector employs only about 8% of the workforce, with the rest mostly employed in manufacturing and services - sectors which face downward wage pressures from global competition. Expenditures on educational institutions remain low compared to most other OECD countries with similar GDP per capita.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$353.39 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$394.7 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$362.23 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$351.254 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$339.528 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$350.15 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -660,13 +660,13 @@ }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2020": { - "text": "$41,953 (2020 est.)" + "text": "$38,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$40,145 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$40,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$39,543 (2018 est.)" + "text": "$39,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -824,14 +824,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$113.87 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$104.992 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$115.57 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$101.389 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$95.196 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$110.05 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -841,14 +841,14 @@ "text": "diamonds, packaged medicines, medical instruments, integrated circuits, refined petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$96.53 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$116.23 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$108.26 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$111.652 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$104.252 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$107.74 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1150,7 +1150,7 @@ "text": "18 years of age for compulsory (Jews, Druze) military service; 17 years of age for voluntary (Christians, Muslims, Circassians) military service; both sexes are obligated to military service; conscript service obligation - 32 months for enlisted men and about 24 months for enlisted women (varies based on military occupation), 48 months for officers; pilots commit to 9-year service; reserve obligation to age 41-51 (men), age 24 (women) (2020)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) has operated in the Golan between Israel and Syria since 1974 to monitor the ceasefire following the 1973 Arab-Israeli War and supervise the areas of separation between the two countries; as of August 2021, UNDOF consisted of about 1,250 personnel

as of 2021 and since the outbreak of the Syrian civil war in 2011, Israel has routinely carried out air strikes in Syria targeting Iranian, Iranian-backed militia and Hizballah forces, and some Syrian Government troops; over the same period, the IDF has carried out numerous strikes against Hizballah in Lebanon in response to attacks on Israeli territory; Israel fought a month-long war in Lebanon with Hizballah in 2006 (see Appendix-T for details on Hizballah)

as of 2021, the IDF also conducted frequent operations against the HAMAS and Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ) terrorist groups operating out of the Gaza Strip; since seizing control of the Gaza Strip in 2007, HAMAS has claimed responsibility for numerous rocket attacks into Israel and organized protests at the border between Gaza and Israel, resulting in violent clashes, casualties, and reprisal military actions by the IDF; HAMAS and Israel fought an 11-day conflict in May of 2021, which ended in an informal truce; sporadic clashes continued through 2021, including incendiary balloon attacks from Palestinian territory and retaliatory IDF strikes; PIJ has conducted numerous attacks on Israel since the 1980s, including a barrage of mortar and rocket strikes in February 2020 (see Appendix-T for more details on HAMAS and Palestine Islamic Jihad)

Israel has Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) status with the US; MNNA is a designation under US law that provides foreign partners with certain benefits in the areas of defense trade and security cooperation; while MNNA status provides military and economic privileges, it does not entail any security commitments

" + "text": "the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) has operated in the Golan between Israel and Syria since 1974 to monitor the ceasefire following the 1973 Arab-Israeli War and supervise the areas of separation between the two countries; as of August 2021, UNDOF consisted of about 1,250 personnel

as of 2021 and since the outbreak of the Syrian civil war in 2011, Israel has routinely carried out air strikes in Syria targeting Iranian, Iranian-backed militia and Hizballah forces, and some Syrian Government troops; over the same period, the IDF has carried out numerous strikes against Hizballah in Lebanon in response to attacks on Israeli territory; Israel fought a month-long war in Lebanon with Hizballah in 2006 (see Appendix-T for details on Hizballah)

as of 2021, the IDF also conducted frequent operations against the HAMAS and Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ) terrorist groups operating out of the Gaza Strip; since seizing control of the Gaza Strip in 2007, HAMAS has claimed responsibility for numerous rocket attacks into Israel and organized protests at the border between Gaza and Israel, resulting in violent clashes, casualties, and reprisal military actions by the IDF; HAMAS and Israel fought an 11-day conflict in May of 2021, which ended in an informal truce; sporadic clashes continued through 2021, including incendiary balloon attacks from Palestinian territory and retaliatory IDF strikes; PIJ has conducted numerous attacks on Israel since the 1980s, including a barrage of mortar and rocket strikes in February 2020 (see Appendix-T for more details on HAMAS and Palestine Islamic Jihad)

Israel has Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) status with the US; MNNA is a designation under US law that provides foreign partners with certain benefits in the areas of defense trade and security cooperation; while MNNA status provides military and economic privileges, it does not entail any security commitments

" } }, "Terrorism": { diff --git a/middle-east/iz.json b/middle-east/iz.json index 8d1423ae..ec0f5eb3 100644 --- a/middle-east/iz.json +++ b/middle-east/iz.json @@ -90,6 +90,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "35,250 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: (Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Arabian Aquifer System" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "population is concentrated in the north, center, and eastern parts of the country, with many of the larger urban agglomerations found along extensive parts of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; much of the western and southern areas are either lightly populated or uninhabited" }, @@ -98,12 +104,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location on Shatt al Arab waterway and at the head of the Persian Gulf" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: (Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Arabian Aquifer System" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -381,20 +381,6 @@ "text": "17.44 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "1.23 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "2.05 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "35.27 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "89.86 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq" }, @@ -418,6 +404,14 @@ "text": "80% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "71.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.91% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -428,14 +422,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "71.1% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.91% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "intermediate (2020)" @@ -460,6 +446,20 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Arabian Aquifer System" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "1.23 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "2.05 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "35.27 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "89.86 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -644,14 +644,14 @@ "text": "

Iraq's GDP growth slowed to 1.1% in 2017, a marked decline compared to the previous two years as domestic consumption and investment fell because of civil violence and a sluggish oil market. The Iraqi Government received its third tranche of funding from its 2016 Stand-By Arrangement (SBA) with the IMF in August 2017, which is intended to stabilize its finances by encouraging improved fiscal management, needed economic reform, and expenditure reduction. Additionally, in late 2017 Iraq received more than $1.4 billion in financing from international lenders, part of which was generated by issuing a $1 billion bond for reconstruction and rehabilitation in areas liberated from ISIL. Investment and key sector diversification are crucial components to Iraq’s long-term economic development and require a strengthened business climate with enhanced legal and regulatory oversight to bolster private-sector engagement. The overall standard of living depends on global oil prices, the central government passage of major policy reforms, a stable security environment post-ISIS, and the resolution of civil discord with the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG).

Iraq's largely state-run economy is dominated by the oil sector, which provides roughly 85% of government revenue and 80% of foreign exchange earnings, and is a major determinant of the economy's fortunes. Iraq's contracts with major oil companies have the potential to further expand oil exports and revenues, but Iraq will need to make significant upgrades to its oil processing, pipeline, and export infrastructure to enable these deals to reach their economic potential.

In 2017, Iraqi oil exports from northern fields were disrupted following a KRG referendum that resulted in the Iraqi Government reasserting federal control over disputed oil fields and energy infrastructure in Kirkuk. The Iraqi government and the KRG dispute the role of federal and regional authorities in the development and export of natural resources. In 2007, the KRG passed an oil law to develop IKR oil and gas reserves independent of the federal government. The KRG has signed about 50 contracts with foreign energy companies to develop its reserves, some of which lie in territories taken by Baghdad in October 2017. The KRG is able to unilaterally export oil from the fields it retains control of through its own pipeline to Turkey, which Baghdad claims is illegal. In the absence of a national hydrocarbons law, the two sides have entered into five provisional oil- and revenue-sharing deals since 2009, all of which collapsed.

Iraq is making slow progress enacting laws and developing the institutions needed to implement economic policy, and political reforms are still needed to assuage investors' concerns regarding the uncertain business climate. The Government of Iraq is eager to attract additional foreign direct investment, but it faces a number of obstacles, including a tenuous political system and concerns about security and societal stability. Rampant corruption, outdated infrastructure, insufficient essential services, skilled labor shortages, and antiquated commercial laws stifle investment and continue to constrain growth of private, nonoil sectors. Under the Iraqi constitution, some competencies relevant to the overall investment climate are either shared by the federal government and the regions or are devolved entirely to local governments. Investment in the IKR operates within the framework of the Kurdistan Region Investment Law (Law 4 of 2006) and the Kurdistan Board of Investment, which is designed to provide incentives to help economic development in areas under the authority of the KRG.

Inflation has remained under control since 2006. However, Iraqi leaders remain hard-pressed to translate macroeconomic gains into an improved standard of living for the Iraqi populace. Unemployment remains a problem throughout the country despite a bloated public sector. Overregulation has made it difficult for Iraqi citizens and foreign investors to start new businesses. Corruption and lack of economic reforms - such as restructuring banks and developing the private sector – have inhibited the growth of the private sector.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$372.27 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$427.736 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$415.32 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$409.705 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$412.027 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$397.64 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -667,14 +667,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$9,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$10,881 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$10,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$10,660 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$10,972 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$10,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -815,11 +815,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$61.4 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$50.61 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$41.72 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$88.9 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$91.93 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -829,11 +832,14 @@ "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, gold, dates, petroleum coke (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$39.47 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$54.72 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$19.57 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$72.28 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$56.88 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1108,7 +1114,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Ministry of Defense: Iraqi Army, Army Aviation Command, Iraqi Navy, Iraqi Air Force, Iraqi Air Defense Command, Special Forces Command

National-Level Security Forces: Iraqi Counterterrorism Service (CTS; a Special Forces Division aka the \"Golden Division\"), Prime Minister's Special Forces Division, Presidential Brigades

Ministry of Interior: Federal Police Forces Command, Border Guard Forces Command, Federal Intelligence and Investigations Agency, Emergency Response Division, Facilities Protection Directorate, and Energy Police Directorate

Popular Mobilization Commission and Affiliated Forces (PMF); Ministry of Pershmerga (Kurdistan Regional Government) (2020)", + "text": "Ministry of Defense: Iraqi Army, Army Aviation Command, Iraqi Navy, Iraqi Air Force, Iraqi Air Defense Command, Special Forces Command

National-Level Security Forces: Iraqi Counterterrorism Service (CTS; a Special Forces Division aka the \"Golden Division\"), Prime Minister's Special Forces Division, Presidential Brigades

Ministry of Interior: Federal Police Forces Command, Border Guard Forces Command, Federal Intelligence and Investigations Agency, Emergency Response Division, Facilities Protection Directorate, and Energy Police Directorate

Popular Mobilization Commission and Affiliated Forces (PMF); Ministry of Pershmerga (Kurdistan Regional Government) (2021)", "note": "note: the PMF is a collection of approximately 50 paramilitary militias of different sizes and with varying political interests" }, "Military expenditures": { @@ -1153,7 +1159,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "15,167 (Turkey), 7,858 (West Bank and Gaza Strip), 5,041 (Iran) (2018); 248,721 (Syria) (2021)" + "text": "15,169 (Turkey), 7,868 (West Bank and Gaza Strip), 5,061 (Iran) (2020); 248,721 (Syria) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "1,198,940 (displacement in central and northern Iraq since January 2014) (2021)" diff --git a/middle-east/jo.json b/middle-east/jo.json index 88dacd46..9b268b0b 100644 --- a/middle-east/jo.json +++ b/middle-east/jo.json @@ -87,6 +87,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "964 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: (Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Arabian Aquifer System" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "population heavily concentrated in the west, and particularly the northwest, in and around the capital of Amman; a sizeable, but smaller population is located in the southwest along the shore of the Gulf of Aqaba" }, @@ -95,12 +101,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba and as the Arab country that shares the longest border with Israel and the occupied West Bank; the Dead Sea, the lowest point in Asia and the second saltiest body of water in the world (after Lac Assal in Djibouti), lies on Jordan's western border with Israel and the West Bank; Jordan is almost landlocked but does have a 26 km southwestern coastline with a single port, Al 'Aqabah (Aqaba)" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: (Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Arabian Aquifer System" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -387,20 +387,6 @@ "text": "6.04 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "456.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "32.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "554.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "937 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)" }, @@ -424,6 +410,14 @@ "text": "87.5% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "91.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.98% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -434,14 +428,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "91.6% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.98% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "text": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Jordan; as of 6 October 2021, Jordan has reported a total of 828,572 cases of COVID-19 or 8,120.76 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 105.48 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 5 October 2021, 36.52% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" }, @@ -461,6 +447,20 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Arabian Aquifer System" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "456.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "32.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "554.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "937 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -644,14 +644,14 @@ "text": "

Jordan's economy is among the smallest in the Middle East, with insufficient supplies of water, oil, and other natural resources, underlying the government's heavy reliance on foreign assistance. Other economic challenges for the government include chronic high rates of unemployment and underemployment, budget and current account deficits, and government debt.

King ABDALLAH, during the first decade of the 2000s, implemented significant economic reforms, such as expanding foreign trade and privatizing state-owned companies that attracted foreign investment and contributed to average annual economic growth of 8% for 2004 through 2008. The global economic slowdown and regional turmoil contributed to slower growth from 2010 to 2017 - with growth averaging about 2.5% per year - and hurt export-oriented sectors, construction/real estate, and tourism. Since the onset of the civil war in Syria and resulting refugee crisis, one of Jordan’s most pressing socioeconomic challenges has been managing the influx of approximately 660,000 UN-registered refugees, more than 80% of whom live in Jordan’s urban areas. Jordan’s own official census estimated the refugee number at 1.3 million Syrians as of early 2016.

Jordan is nearly completely dependent on imported energy—mostly natural gas—and energy consistently makes up 25-30% of Jordan’s imports. To diversify its energy mix, Jordan has secured several contracts for liquefied and pipeline natural gas, developed several major renewables projects, and is currently exploring nuclear power generation and exploitation of abundant oil shale reserves. In August 2016, Jordan and the IMF agreed to a $723 million Extended Fund Facility that aims to build on the three-year, $2.1 billion IMF program that ended in August 2015 with the goal of helping Jordan correct budgetary and balance of payments imbalances.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$100.16 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$101.738 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$101.74 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$99.786 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$97.893 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$99.79 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -667,14 +667,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$9,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$10,071 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$10,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$10,023 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$10,010 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$10,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -820,11 +820,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$13.109 billion (2018 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$16.29 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$12.718 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$15.09 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -834,11 +834,11 @@ "text": "fertilizers, calcium phosphates, packaged medicines, clothing and apparel, phosphoric acid (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$19.669 billion (2018 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$22.04 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$19.353 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$22.92 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1095,7 +1095,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF): Royal Jordanian Army (includes Special Operations Forces, Border Guards, Royal Guard), Royal Jordanian Air Force, Royal Jordanian Coast Guard; Ministry of Interior: General Directorate of Gendarmerie Forces, Public Security Directorate (2020)" + "text": "Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF): Royal Jordanian Army (includes Special Operations Forces, Border Guards, Royal Guard), Royal Jordanian Air Force, Royal Jordanian Coast Guard; Ministry of Interior: General Directorate of Gendarmerie Forces, Public Security Directorate (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { @@ -1121,7 +1121,7 @@ "text": "the JAF inventory is comprised of a wide mix of imported weapons, mostly second-hand equipment from Europe, the Gulf States, and the US; since 2010, the Netherlands and the US are the leading suppliers of military hardware to Jordan (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "100 Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2021)" + "text": "400 Mali (MINUSMA) (Sep 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "17 years of age for voluntary male military service (women can volunteer to serve in noncombat military positions in the Royal Jordanian Arab Army Women's Corps and RJAF); initial service term 2 years, with option to reenlist for 18 years; conscription abolished in 1991; however, in 2020, Jordan announced the reinstatement of compulsory military service for jobless men aged between 25 and 29 with 12 months of service, made up of three months of military training and nine months of professional and technical training; in 2019, announced a voluntary 4-month National Military Service program for men and women aged between 18-25 years who have been unemployed for at least six months; service would include one month for military training with the remaining three months dedicated to vocational training in the sectors of construction and tourism (2020)" @@ -1141,7 +1141,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "2,272,411 (Palestinian refugees) (2020); 670,364 (Syria), 66,760 (Iraq), 13,902 (Yemen), 6,024 Sudan (2021)" + "text": "2,307,011 (Palestinian refugees) (2020); 670,364 (Syria), 66,760 (Iraq), 13,902 (Yemen), 6,024 Sudan (2021)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "17 (2020)" diff --git a/middle-east/ku.json b/middle-east/ku.json index 88538e84..35428001 100644 --- a/middle-east/ku.json +++ b/middle-east/ku.json @@ -87,6 +87,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "105 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: (Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Arabian Aquifer System" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "densest settlement is along the Persian Gulf, particularly in Kuwait City and on Bubiyan Island; significant population threads extend south and west along highways that radiate from the capital, particularly in the southern half of the country" }, @@ -95,12 +101,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location at head of Persian Gulf" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: (Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Arabian Aquifer System" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -356,20 +356,6 @@ "text": "6.21 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "448.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "23.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "778.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "20 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters" }, @@ -393,6 +379,14 @@ "text": "91.1% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "100% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.35% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -403,14 +397,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "100% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.35% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "1.75 million tons (2010 est.)" @@ -421,6 +407,20 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Arabian Aquifer System" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "448.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "23.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "778.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "20 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -603,10 +603,10 @@ }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$209.738 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$209.74 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$208.845 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$208.85 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$206.274 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -626,10 +626,10 @@ }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$49,854 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$49,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$50,479 (2018 est.)" + "text": "$50,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$50,856 (2017 est.)" @@ -766,11 +766,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$84.825 billion (2018 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$72.83 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$89.098 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$85.2 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -780,11 +780,11 @@ "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, aircraft, natural gas, industrial hydrocarbon products (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$54.556 billion (2018 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$59.65 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$55.025 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$68.2 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1063,7 +1063,7 @@ "text": "the inventory of the Kuwaiti Armed Forces consists of a range of European- and US-sourced weapons systems; the US is the leading supplier of arms to Kuwait since 2010 (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "17-21 years of age for voluntary military service; Kuwait reintroduced one-year mandatory service for men aged 18-35 in May 2017 after having suspended conscription in 2001; service is divided in two phases – four months for training and eight months for military service (2018)" + "text": "17-21 years of age for voluntary military service; Kuwait reintroduced one-year mandatory service for men aged 18-35 in May 2017 after having suspended conscription in 2001; service is divided in two phases – four months for training and eight months for military service (2019)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "Kuwait has Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) status with the US; MNNA is a designation under US law that provides foreign partners with certain benefits in the areas of defense trade and security cooperation; while MNNA status provides military and economic privileges, it does not entail any security commitments" diff --git a/middle-east/le.json b/middle-east/le.json index 61b388b4..d31a405a 100644 --- a/middle-east/le.json +++ b/middle-east/le.json @@ -353,20 +353,6 @@ "text": "3.37 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "240 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "900 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "700 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "4.503 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; the Lebanon Mountains experience heavy winter snows" }, @@ -390,6 +376,14 @@ "text": "23.3% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "89.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "-1.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -400,14 +394,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "89.1% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "-1.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "text": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Lebanon; as of 6 October 2021, Lebanon has reported a total of 626,926 cases of COVID-19 or 9,185.13 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 122.54 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 6 October 2021, 24.21% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" }, @@ -426,6 +412,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "8% (2014 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "240 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "900 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "700 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "4.503 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -616,14 +616,14 @@ "text": "

Lebanon has a free-market economy and a strong laissez-faire commercial tradition. The government does not restrict foreign investment; however, the investment climate suffers from red tape, corruption, arbitrary licensing decisions, complex customs procedures, high taxes, tariffs, and fees, archaic legislation, and inadequate intellectual property rights protection. The Lebanese economy is service-oriented; main growth sectors include banking and tourism.

The 1975-90 civil war seriously damaged Lebanon's economic infrastructure, cut national output by half, and derailed Lebanon's position as a Middle Eastern banking hub. Following the civil war, Lebanon rebuilt much of its war-torn physical and financial infrastructure by borrowing heavily, mostly from domestic banks, which saddled the government with a huge debt burden. Pledges of economic and financial reforms made at separate international donor conferences during the 2000s have mostly gone unfulfilled, including those made during the Paris III Donor Conference in 2007, following the July 2006 war. The \"CEDRE\" investment event hosted by France in April 2018 again rallied the international community to assist Lebanon with concessional financing and some grants for capital infrastructure improvements, conditioned upon long-delayed structural economic reforms in fiscal management, electricity tariffs, and transparent public procurement, among many others.

The Syria conflict cut off one of Lebanon's major markets and a transport corridor through the Levant. The influx of nearly one million registered and an estimated 300,000 unregistered Syrian refugees has increased social tensions and heightened competition for low-skill jobs and public services. Lebanon continues to face several long-term structural weaknesses that predate the Syria crisis, notably, weak infrastructure, poor service delivery, institutionalized corruption, and bureaucratic over-regulation. Chronic fiscal deficits have increased Lebanon’s debt-to-GDP ratio, the third highest in the world; most of the debt is held internally by Lebanese banks. These factors combined to slow economic growth to the 1-2% range in 2011-17, after four years of averaging 8% growth. Weak economic growth limits tax revenues, while the largest government expenditures remain debt servicing, salaries for government workers, and transfers to the electricity sector. These limitations constrain other government spending, limiting its ability to invest in necessary infrastructure improvements, such as water, electricity, and transportation. In early 2018, the Lebanese government signed long-awaited contract agreements with an international consortium for petroleum exploration and production as part of the country’s first offshore licensing round. Exploration is expected to begin in 2019.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$79.51 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$99.761 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$99.76 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$106.925 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$109.025 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$106.93 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -639,14 +639,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$11,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$14,552 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$14,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$15,612 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$16,005 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$15,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -786,11 +786,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$3.524 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$18.17 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$3.689 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$19.16 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -800,11 +800,11 @@ "text": "gold, jewelry, shotguns, diamonds, scrap copper (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$18.34 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$31.34 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$17.71 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$32.78 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1092,13 +1092,13 @@ "text": "the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) have approximately 80,000 active troops (77,000 Army; 1,500 Navy; 1,500 AF) (2021)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the LAF inventory includes a wide mix of mostly older equipment, largely from the US and European countries, particularly France and Germany; since 2010, the US is the leading supplier of armaments (mostly second hand equipment) to Lebanon (2019 est.)" + "text": "the LAF inventory includes a wide mix of mostly older equipment, largely from the US and European countries, particularly France and Germany; since 2010, the US is the leading supplier of armaments (mostly second hand equipment) to Lebanon (2020)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "17-25 years of age for voluntary military service (including women); no conscription (2019)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "

as of late 2021, the Lebanese military faced multiple challenges, including securing the border with war- torn Syria from infiltrations of militants linked to the Islamic State and al-Qa’ida terrorist groups and maintaining stability along its volatile border with Israel, where the Iranian-backed and Lebanon-based militant group Hizballah conducted a war with Israel in 2006 and tensions remained high, including occasional armed skirmishes; in 2021, the military also faced a financial crisis as government debt and national economic difficulties undercut its ability to fully pay and supply personnel, which has sparked domestic and international fears that the armed forces may disintegrate 

the United Nations Interim Force In Lebanon (UNIFIL) has operated in the country since 1978, originally under UNSCRs 425 and 426 to confirm Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, restore international peace and security and assist the Lebanese Government in restoring its effective authority in the area; following the July-August 2006 war, the UN Security Council adopted resolution 1701 enhancing UNIFIL and deciding that in addition to the original mandate, it would, among other things, monitor the cessation of hostilities; accompany and support the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) as they deploy throughout the south of Lebanon; and extend its assistance to help ensure humanitarian access to civilian populations and the voluntary and safe return of displaced persons; UNIFIL had about 10,000 personnel deployed in the country as of September 2021" + "text": "

as of late 2021, the Lebanese military faced multiple challenges, including securing the border with war-torn Syria from infiltrations of militants linked to the Islamic State and al-Qa’ida terrorist groups and maintaining stability along its volatile border with Israel, where the Iranian-backed and Lebanon-based militant group Hizballah conducted a war with Israel in 2006 and tensions remained high, including occasional armed skirmishes; in 2021, the military also faced a financial crisis as government debt and national economic difficulties undercut its ability to fully pay and supply personnel, which has sparked domestic and international fears that the armed forces may disintegrate 

the United Nations Interim Force In Lebanon (UNIFIL) has operated in the country since 1978, originally under UNSCRs 425 and 426 to confirm Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, restore international peace and security, and assist the Lebanese Government in restoring its effective authority in the area; following the July-August 2006 war, the UN Security Council adopted resolution 1701 enhancing UNIFIL and deciding that in addition to the original mandate, it would, among other things, monitor the cessation of hostilities; accompany and support the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) as they deploy throughout the south of Lebanon; and extend its assistance to help ensure humanitarian access to civilian populations and the voluntary and safe return of displaced persons; UNIFIL had about 10,000 personnel deployed in the country as of September 2021" } }, "Terrorism": { @@ -1113,7 +1113,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "476,033 (Palestinian refugees) (2020); 855,172 (Syria) (2021)" + "text": "479,537 (Palestinian refugees) (2020); 851,717 (Syria) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "7,000 (2020)" diff --git a/middle-east/mu.json b/middle-east/mu.json index dcec1975..80982aef 100644 --- a/middle-east/mu.json +++ b/middle-east/mu.json @@ -93,6 +93,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "590 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Arabian Aquifer System" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the vast majority of the population is located in and around the Al Hagar Mountains in the north of the country; another smaller cluster is found around the city of Salalah in the far south; most of the country remains sparsely poplulated" }, @@ -380,20 +383,6 @@ "text": "5.6 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "130 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "135 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1.607 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "1.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south" }, @@ -417,6 +406,14 @@ "text": "95.3% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "87% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -427,18 +424,27 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "87% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "1,734,885 tons (2014 est.)" } + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Arabian Aquifer System" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "130 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "135 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.607 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "1.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -620,10 +626,10 @@ }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$135.814 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$135.79 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$138.089 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$136.92 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$135.696 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -643,10 +649,10 @@ }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$27,299 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$27,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$28,593 (2018 est.)" + "text": "$28,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$29,082 (2017 est.)" @@ -782,11 +788,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$103.3 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$43.69 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$27.54 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$46.32 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -796,11 +802,11 @@ "text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, refined petroleum, iron products, fertilizers (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$24.12 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$32.55 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$21.29 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$35.37 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/middle-east/qa.json b/middle-east/qa.json index e00df683..74e3c4af 100644 --- a/middle-east/qa.json +++ b/middle-east/qa.json @@ -93,6 +93,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "130 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Arabian Aquifer System" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "most of the population is clustered in or around the capital of Doha on the eastern side of the peninsula" }, @@ -354,20 +357,6 @@ "text": "8.34 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "477.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "143.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "291.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "58 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers" }, @@ -391,6 +380,14 @@ "text": "94.4% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "99.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.66% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -401,14 +398,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "99.3% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.66% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "1,000,990 tons (2012 est.)" @@ -419,6 +408,23 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "3% (2014 est.)" } + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Arabian Aquifer System" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "477.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "143.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "291.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "58 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -601,14 +607,14 @@ "text": "

Qatar’s oil and natural gas resources are the country’s main economic engine and government revenue source, driving Qatar’s high economic growth and per capita income levels, robust state spending on public entitlements, and booming construction spending, particularly as Qatar prepares to host the World Cup in 2022. Although the government has maintained high capital spending levels for ongoing infrastructure projects, low oil and natural gas prices in recent years have led the Qatari Government to tighten some spending to help stem its budget deficit.

Qatar’s reliance on oil and natural gas is likely to persist for the foreseeable future. Proved natural gas reserves exceed 25 trillion cubic meters - 13% of the world total and, among countries, third largest in the world. Proved oil reserves exceed 25 billion barrels, allowing production to continue at current levels for about 56 years. Despite the dominance of oil and natural gas, Qatar has made significant gains in strengthening non-oil sectors, such as manufacturing, construction, and financial services, leading non-oil GDP to steadily rise in recent years to just over half the total.

Following trade restriction imposed by Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain, and Egypt in 2017, Qatar established new trade routes with other countries to maintain access to imports.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$245.66 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$255.01 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$255.01 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$253.049 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$249.963 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$253.05 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -624,14 +630,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$85,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$90,044 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$90,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$90,970 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$91,739 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$91,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -761,11 +767,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$67.5 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$70.93 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$57.25 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$92.05 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$102.56 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -775,11 +784,14 @@ "text": "natural gas, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, ethylene polymers, fertilizers (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$30.77 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$59.06 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$31.93 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$66.77 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$65.81 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/middle-east/sa.json b/middle-east/sa.json index 7b57e77a..516dbc66 100644 --- a/middle-east/sa.json +++ b/middle-east/sa.json @@ -93,6 +93,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "16,200 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: (Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Arabian Aquifer System" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "historically a population that was mostly nomadic or semi-nomadic, the Saudi population has become more settled since petroleum was discovered in the 1930s; most of the economic activities - and with it the country's population - is concentrated in a wide area across the middle of the peninsula, from Ad Dammam in the east, through Riyadh in the interior, to Mecca-Medina in the west near the Red Sea" }, @@ -356,20 +362,6 @@ "text": "45.47 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "3.15 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "19.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "2.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes" }, @@ -393,6 +385,14 @@ "text": "18.8% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "84.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.69% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -403,14 +403,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "84.5% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.69% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "16,125,701 tons (2015 est.)" @@ -421,6 +413,26 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "15% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: (Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Arabian Aquifer System" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "3.15 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "19.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "2.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -600,14 +612,14 @@ "text": "

Saudi Arabia has an oil-based economy with strong government controls over major economic activities. It possesses about 16% of the world's proven petroleum reserves, ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 87% of budget revenues, 42% of GDP, and 90% of export earnings.

Saudi Arabia is encouraging the growth of the private sector in order to diversify its economy and to employ more Saudi nationals. Approximately 6 million foreign workers play an important role in the Saudi economy, particularly in the oil and service sectors; at the same time, however, Riyadh is struggling to reduce unemployment among its own nationals. Saudi officials are particularly focused on employing its large youth population.

In 2017, the Kingdom incurred a budget deficit estimated at 8.3% of GDP, which was financed by bond sales and drawing down reserves. Although the Kingdom can finance high deficits for several years by drawing down its considerable foreign assets or by borrowing, it has cut capital spending and reduced subsidies on electricity, water, and petroleum products and recently introduced a value-added tax of 5%. In January 2016, Crown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister MUHAMMAD BIN SALMAN announced that Saudi Arabia intends to list shares of its state-owned petroleum company, ARAMCO - another move to increase revenue and outside investment. The government has also looked at privatization and diversification of the economy more closely in the wake of a diminished oil market. Historically, Saudi Arabia has focused diversification efforts on power generation, telecommunications, natural gas exploration, and petrochemical sectors. More recently, the government has approached investors about expanding the role of the private sector in the health care, education and tourism industries. While Saudi Arabia has emphasized their goals of diversification for some time, current low oil prices may force the government to make more drastic changes ahead of their long-run timeline.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$1,543,240,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$1,609,323,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1,609,320,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$1,604,007,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$1,565,891,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1,604,010,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -623,14 +635,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$44,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$46,962 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$47,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$47,597 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$47,309 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$47,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -773,11 +785,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$221.1 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$184.11 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$183.6 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$285.86 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$314.92 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -787,11 +802,14 @@ "text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, polymers, industrial alcohols, natural gas (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$119.3 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$179.8 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$127.8 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$218.94 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$209.59 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/middle-east/sy.json b/middle-east/sy.json index a6a8d2f8..5c997cfa 100644 --- a/middle-east/sy.json +++ b/middle-east/sy.json @@ -91,6 +91,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "14,280 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: (Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "significant population density along the Mediterranean coast; larger concentrations found in the major cities of Damascus, Aleppo (the country's largest city), and Hims (Homs); more than half of the population lives in the coastal plain, the province of Halab, and the Euphrates River valley", "note": "note: the ongoing civil war has altered the population distribution" @@ -100,9 +103,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the capital of Damascus - located at an oasis fed by the Barada River - is thought to be one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities; there are 42 Israeli settlements and civilian land use sites in the Israeli-controlled Golan Heights (2017)" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: (Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -383,20 +383,6 @@ "text": "12.93 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "1.475 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "615.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "14.67 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "16.802 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus" }, @@ -446,6 +432,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: (Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "1.475 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "615.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "14.67 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "16.802 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -1100,7 +1100,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "13,311 (Iraq) (2019); 562,312 (Palestinian Refugees) (2020)" + "text": "12,399 (Iraq) (2020); 568,730 (Palestinian Refugees) (2020)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "6.568 million (ongoing civil war since 2011) (2020)" diff --git a/middle-east/tu.json b/middle-east/tu.json index 3f160309..ce4227e8 100644 --- a/middle-east/tu.json +++ b/middle-east/tu.json @@ -91,6 +91,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "52,150 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: (Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the most densely populated area is found around the Bosporus in the northwest where 20% of the population lives in Istanbul; with the exception of Ankara, urban centers remain small and scattered throughout the interior of Anatolia; an overall pattern of peripheral development exists, particularly along the Aegean Sea coast in the west, and the Tigris and Euphrates River systems in the southeast" }, @@ -99,9 +102,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link the Black and Aegean Seas; the 3% of Turkish territory north of the Straits lies in Europe and goes by the names of European Turkey, Eastern Thrace, or Turkish Thrace; the 97% of the country in Asia is referred to as Anatolia; Istanbul, which straddles the Bosporus, is the only metropolis in the world located on two continents; Mount Ararat, the legendary landing place of Noah's ark, is in the far eastern portion of the country" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: (Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -388,20 +388,6 @@ "text": "57.53 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "6.016 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "2.898 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "50.05 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "211.6 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior" }, @@ -425,6 +411,14 @@ "text": "35.4% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "76.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.08% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -435,14 +429,6 @@ "text": "0.05% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "76.6% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "respiratory diseases": { "text": "Covid-19 (2020)" @@ -456,6 +442,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: (Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "6.016 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "2.898 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "50.05 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "211.6 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -646,14 +646,14 @@ "text": "

Turkey's largely free-market economy is driven by its industry and, increasingly, service sectors, although its traditional agriculture sector still accounts for about 25% of employment. The automotive, petrochemical, and electronics industries have risen in importance and surpassed the traditional textiles and clothing sectors within Turkey's export mix. However, the recent period of political stability and economic dynamism has given way to domestic uncertainty and security concerns, which are generating financial market volatility and weighing on Turkey’s economic outlook.

Current government policies emphasize populist spending measures and credit breaks, while implementation of structural economic reforms has slowed. The government is playing a more active role in some strategic sectors and has used economic institutions and regulators to target political opponents, undermining private sector confidence in the judicial system. Between July 2016 and March 2017, three credit ratings agencies downgraded Turkey’s sovereign credit ratings, citing concerns about the rule of law and the pace of economic reforms.

Turkey remains highly dependent on imported oil and gas but is pursuing energy relationships with a broader set of international partners and taking steps to increase use of domestic energy sources including renewables, nuclear, and coal. The joint Turkish-Azerbaijani Trans-Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline is moving forward to increase transport of Caspian gas to Turkey and Europe, and when completed will help diversify Turkey's sources of imported gas.

After Turkey experienced a severe financial crisis in 2001, Ankara adopted financial and fiscal reforms as part of an IMF program. The reforms strengthened the country's economic fundamentals and ushered in an era of strong growth, averaging more than 6% annually until 2008. An aggressive privatization program also reduced state involvement in basic industry, banking, transport, power generation, and communication. Global economic conditions and tighter fiscal policy caused GDP to contract in 2009, but Turkey's well-regulated financial markets and banking system helped the country weather the global financial crisis, and GDP growth rebounded to around 9% in 2010 and 2011, as exports and investment recovered following the crisis.

The growth of Turkish GDP since 2016 has revealed the persistent underlying imbalances in the Turkish economy. In particular, Turkey’s large current account deficit means it must rely on external investment inflows to finance growth, leaving the economy vulnerable to destabilizing shifts in investor confidence. Other troublesome trends include rising unemployment and inflation, which increased in 2017, given the Turkish lira’s continuing depreciation against the dollar. Although government debt remains low at about 30% of GDP, bank and corporate borrowing has almost tripled as a percent of GDP during the past decade, outpacing its emerging-market peers and prompting investor concerns about its long-term sustainability.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$2,393,960,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$2,371,374,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$2,352,640,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$2,349,836,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$2,282,304,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$2,331,270,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -669,14 +669,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$28,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$28,424 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$28,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$28,545 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$28,141 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$28,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -821,14 +821,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$203.29 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$310.671 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$245.84 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$296.288 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$271.866 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$237.54 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -838,14 +838,14 @@ "text": "cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, delivery trucks, jewelry, clothing and apparel (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$232.01 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$258.385 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$227.06 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$272.933 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$291.523 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$248.09 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1172,7 +1172,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "3,718,322 (Syria) (2021); 173,250 (Iraq) (asylum seekers), 116,400 (Afghanistan) (asylum seekers), 27,000 (Iran) (asylum seekers) (2020)" + "text": "173,250 (Iraq) (asylum seekers), 116,400 (Afghanistan) (asylum seekers), 27,000 (Iran) (asylum seekers) (2020); 3,721,057 (Syria) (2021)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "1.099 million (displaced from 1984-2005 because of fighting between the Kurdish PKK and Turkish military; most IDPs are Kurds from eastern and southeastern provinces; no information available on persons displaced by development projects) (2020)" diff --git a/middle-east/we.json b/middle-east/we.json index 1aa2802b..4cf28eda 100644 --- a/middle-east/we.json +++ b/middle-east/we.json @@ -362,22 +362,6 @@ }, "note": "note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank." }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "181.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "32 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "162 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "note": "note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank." - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "837 million cubic meters (2017 est.)", - "note": "note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank." - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters" }, @@ -402,11 +386,6 @@ }, "note": "note: includes Gaza Strip" }, - "Revenue from forest resources": { - "forest revenues": { - "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" - } - }, "Urbanization": { "urban population": { "text": "77% of total population (2021)" @@ -416,6 +395,11 @@ }, "note": "note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank" }, + "Revenue from forest resources": { + "forest revenues": { + "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" + } + }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "1.387 million tons (2016 est.)" @@ -427,6 +411,22 @@ "text": "0.5% (2013 est.)" }, "note": "note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank." + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "181.2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "32 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "162 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "note": "note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank." + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "837 million cubic meters (2017 est.)", + "note": "note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank." } }, "Government": { @@ -447,16 +447,15 @@ "text": "

In 2017, the economic outlook in the West Bank - the larger of the two areas comprising the Palestinian Territories – remained fragile, as security concerns and political friction slowed economic growth. Unemployment in the West Bank remained high at 19.0% in the third quarter of 2017, only slightly better than 19.6% at the same point the previous year, while the labor force participation rate remained flat, year-on-year.

Longstanding Israeli restrictions on imports, exports, and movement of goods and people continue to disrupt labor and trade flows and the territory’s industrial capacity, and constrain private sector development. The PA’s budget benefited from an effort to improve tax collection, coupled with lower spending in 2017, but the PA for the foreseeable future will continue to rely heavily on donor aid for its budgetary needs and infrastructure development.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2014": { - "text": "$21.22 billion (2014 est.)" + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$25.91 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars and includes Gaza Strip (2020 est.)" }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2013": { - "text": "$20.15 billion (2013 est.)" + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { + "text": "$29.26 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars and includes Gaza Strip (2019 est.)" }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2012": { - "text": "$19.95 billion (2012 est.)" - }, - "note": "note: data are in 2014 US dollars; includes Gaza Strip" + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { + "text": "$28.87 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars and includes Gaza Strip (2018 est.)" + } }, "Real GDP growth rate": { "Real GDP growth rate 2014": { @@ -471,14 +470,14 @@ "note": "note: excludes Gaza Strip" }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$5,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars and includes Gaza Strip (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$6,220 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$6,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars and includes Gaza Strip (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$6,318 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$6,402 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$6,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars and includes Gaza Strip (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: includes Gaza Strip" }, @@ -619,11 +618,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$2.126 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$2.65 billion note: data are in current year dollars and includes Gaza Strip (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$1.827 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$2.6 billion note: data are in current year dollars and includes Gaza Strip (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: excludes Gaza Strip" }, @@ -631,11 +630,11 @@ "text": "stone, olives, fruit, vegetables, limestone" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$6.565 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$9.15 billion note: data are in current year dollars and includes Gaza Strip (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$6.207 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$9.02 billion note: data are in current year dollars and includes Gaza Strip (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data include the Gaza Strip" }, @@ -861,7 +860,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "858,758 (Palestinian refugees) (2020)" + "text": "871,537 (Palestinian refugees) (2020)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "131,000 (includes persons displaced within the Gaza strip due to the intensification of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict since June 2014 and other Palestinian IDPs in the Gaza Strip and West Bank who fled as long ago as 1967, although confirmed cumulative data do not go back beyond 2006) (2020)" diff --git a/middle-east/ym.json b/middle-east/ym.json index e968f3ff..6f251f59 100644 --- a/middle-east/ym.json +++ b/middle-east/ym.json @@ -400,20 +400,6 @@ "text": "8.03 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "265 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "65 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "3.235 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "2.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east" }, @@ -437,6 +423,14 @@ "text": "54.5% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "38.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.71% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.04% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -447,14 +441,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "38.5% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.71% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -484,6 +470,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "8% (2016 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "265 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "65 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "3.235 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "2.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { diff --git a/north-america/bd.json b/north-america/bd.json index f73d2b8b..e7bcb227 100644 --- a/north-america/bd.json +++ b/north-america/bd.json @@ -521,10 +521,10 @@ }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$5.228 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$5.23 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$5.204 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$5.2 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { "text": "$5.227 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -543,10 +543,10 @@ }, "Real GDP per capita": { "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$81,798 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$81,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$81,421 (2018 est.)" + "text": "$81,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2017": { "text": "$81,835 (2017 est.)" @@ -678,11 +678,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$19 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$1.59 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$19 million (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$1.59 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -692,11 +692,11 @@ "text": "re-exports of pharmaceuticals" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$1.094 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$2.23 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$980 million (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$2.2 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -901,7 +901,7 @@ "text": "the Royal Bermuda Regiment has about 350 troops (2021)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Regiment is equipped with small arms" + "text": "the Regiment is equipped with small arms (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "females and males who are Commonwealth citizens and 18-45 years of age for voluntary enlistment in the Bermuda Regiment; service is for a minimum period of three years and two months from the date of enlistment; service can be extended only by volunteering or an executive order from the Governor; annual training commitment is about 30 days a year, which includes a two-week camp, weekends, and drill nights (2021)" diff --git a/north-america/ca.json b/north-america/ca.json index 803be73c..a85a70a1 100644 --- a/north-america/ca.json +++ b/north-america/ca.json @@ -98,6 +98,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "8,700 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Mississippi* (Gulf of Mexico) (3,202,185 sq km, Canada only 32,000 sq km), Nelson (Hudson Bay) (1,093,141 sq km), Saint Lawrence* (1,049,636 sq km, Canada only 839,200 sq km)
Arctic Ocean drainage: Mackenzie (1,706,388 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: Yukon* (847,620 sq km, Canada only 823,800 sq km), Columbia* (657,501 sq km, Canada only 103,000 sq km)
note - watersheds shared with the US shown with *" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Northern Great Plains Aquifer" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia" }, @@ -106,12 +112,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: second-largest country in world (after Russia) and largest in the Americas; strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route; approximately 90% of the population is concentrated within 160 km (100 mi) of the US border

note 2: Canada has more fresh water than any other country and almost 9% of Canadian territory is water; Canada has at least 2 million and possibly over 3 million lakes - that is more than all other countries combined

" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Mississippi* (Gulf of Mexico) (3,202,185 sq km, Canada only 32,000 sq km), Nelson (Hudson Bay) (1,093,141 sq km), Saint Lawrence* (1,049,636 sq km, Canada only 839,200 sq km)
Arctic Ocean drainage: Mackenzie (1,706,388 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: Yukon* (847,620 sq km, Canada only 823,800 sq km), Columbia* (657,501 sq km, Canada only 103,000 sq km)
note - watersheds shared with the US shown with *" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Northern Great Plains Aquifer" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -379,20 +379,6 @@ "text": "101.82 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "4.888 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "28.07 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "2.639 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "2.902 trillion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north" }, @@ -416,6 +402,14 @@ "text": "59.1% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "81.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.95% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.08% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -426,14 +420,6 @@ "text": "0.08% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "81.7% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.95% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "25,103,034 tons (2014 est.)" @@ -450,6 +436,20 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Northern Great Plains Aquifer" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "4.888 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "28.07 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "2.639 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "2.902 trillion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -640,14 +640,14 @@ "text": "

Canada resembles the US in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and high living standards. Since World War II, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. Canada has a large oil and natural gas sector with the majority of crude oil production derived from oil sands in the western provinces, especially Alberta. Canada now ranks third in the world in proved oil reserves behind Venezuela and Saudi Arabia and is the world’s seventh-largest oil producer.

TThe 1989 Canada-US Free Trade Agreement and the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (which includes Mexico) dramatically increased trade and economic integration between the US and Canada. Canada and the US enjoy the world’s most comprehensive bilateral trade and investment relationship, with goods and services trade totaling more than $680 billion in 2017, and two-way investment stocks of more than $800 billion. Over three-fourths of Canada’s merchandise exports are destined for the US each year. Canada is the largest foreign supplier of energy to the US, including oil, natural gas, and electric power, and a top source of US uranium imports.

Given its abundant natural resources, highly skilled labor force, and modern capital stock, Canada enjoyed solid economic growth from 1993 through 2007. The global economic crisis of 2007-08 moved the Canadian economy into sharp recession by late 2008, and Ottawa posted its first fiscal deficit in 2009 after 12 years of surplus. Canada's major banks emerged from the financial crisis of 2008-09 among the strongest in the world, owing to the financial sector's tradition of conservative lending practices and strong capitalization. Canada’s economy posted strong growth in 2017 at 3%, but most analysts are projecting Canada’s economic growth will drop back closer to 2% in 2018.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$1,742,790,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$1,843,053,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1,842,330,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$1,813,028,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$1,777,241,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1,808,660,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -663,14 +663,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$45,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$49,031 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$49,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$48,924 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$48,634 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$48,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -822,14 +822,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$477.31 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$618.762 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$555.83 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$610.926 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$589.222 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$556.89 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -839,14 +839,14 @@ "text": "crude petroleum, cars and vehicle parts, gold, refined petroleum, natural gas (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$510.29 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$629.402 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$583.6 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$627.162 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$606.814 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$589.55 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1155,10 +1155,11 @@ } }, "Military and security service personnel strengths": { - "text": "the Canadian Armed Forces have approximately 66,000 total active personnel (23,000 Army; 8,000 Navy; 12,000 Air Force; 23,000 other uniformed personnel) (2020)" + "text": "the Canadian Armed Forces have approximately 70,000 total active personnel (23,000 Army; 12,000 Navy; 12,000 Air Force; 23,000 other) (2021)", + "note": "note - the Army also has 19,000 part-time, volunteer soldiers in the Reserve Force, including about 5,500 Rangers who serve in sparsely settled northern, coastal, and isolated areas of Canada" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the CAF's inventory is a mix of domestically-produced equipment and imported weapons systems from Australia, Europe, Israel, and the US; since 2010, the leading supplier by far is the US; Canada's defense industry develops, maintains, and produces a range of equipment, including aircraft, combat vehicles, naval vessels, and associated components (2020)" + "text": "the CAF's inventory is a mix of domestically-produced equipment and imported weapons systems from Australia, Europe, Israel, and the US; since 2010, the leading supplier is the US; Canada's defense industry develops, maintains, and produces a range of equipment, including aircraft, combat vehicles, naval vessels, and associated components (2021)" }, "Military deployments": { "text": "up to 530 Latvia (NATO); up to 200 Ukraine; up to 850 Middle East (multiple missions, including support to the Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS and NATO assistance mission Iraq) (2021)" @@ -1182,7 +1183,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "7,356 (Colombia), 6,640 (Nigeria), 6,563 (Haiti), 6,060 (China), 5,876 (Turkey), 5,498 (Pakistan) (2018); 6,751 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2019)" + "text": "22,400 (Venezuela) (refugees and migrants), 8,082 (Nigeria), 6,387 (Turkey), 6,085 (Pakistan), 5,916 (China), 5,085 (Iran) (2020)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "4,139 (2020)" diff --git a/north-america/gl.json b/north-america/gl.json index 94a50544..0d644a2b 100644 --- a/north-america/gl.json +++ b/north-america/gl.json @@ -349,6 +349,14 @@ "text": "99.4% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "87.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -359,14 +367,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "87.5% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "50,000 tons (2010 est.)" @@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ "text": "Greenland Parliament - last held on 6 April 2021 (next to be held in 2025)
Greenland members to Danish Parliament - last held on 5 June 2019 (next to be held by 4 June 2023)" }, "election results": { - "text": "Greenland Parliament percent of vote by party - IA 37.4%, S 30.1%, PN 12.3%, D 9.3%, A 7.1%, other 3.8%; seats by party - IA 12, S 10, PN 4, D 3, A 2; composition - men 21, women 10, percent of women 32.2%

Greenland members in Danish Parliament - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - IA 1, S 1; composition - 2 women" + "text": "Greenland Parliament - percent of vote by party - IA 37.4%, S 30.1%, PN 12.3%, D 9.3%, A 7.1%, other 3.8%; seats by party - IA 12, S 10, PN 4, D 3, A 2; composition - men 21, women 10, percent of women 32.2%

Greenland members in Danish Parliament - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - IA 1, S 1; composition - 2 women" } }, "Judicial branch": { diff --git a/north-america/mx.json b/north-america/mx.json index 9361074c..b36b9a1f 100644 --- a/north-america/mx.json +++ b/north-america/mx.json @@ -96,6 +96,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "65,000 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Gulf of Mexico) Rio Grande/Bravo (607,965 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: (Gulf of California) Colorado (703,148 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Aquifer" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "most of the population is found in the middle of the country between the states of Jalisco and Veracruz; approximately a quarter of the population lives in and around Mexico City" }, @@ -104,12 +110,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: strategic location on southern border of the US; Mexico is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire

note 2: some of the world's most important food crops were first domesticated in Mexico; the \"Three Sisters\" companion plants - winter squash, maize (corn), and climbing beans - served as the main agricultural crops for various North American Indian groups; all three apparently originated in Mexico but then were widely disseminated through much of North America; avocado, amaranth, and chili peppers also emanate from Mexico, as does vanilla, the world's most popular aroma and flavor spice; although cherry tomatoes originated in Ecuador, their domestication in Mexico transformed them into the larger modern tomato

note 3: the Sac Actun cave system at 348 km (216 mi) is the longest underwater cave in the world and the second longest cave worldwide, after Mammoth Cave in the United States (see \"Geography - note\" under United States)

note 4: the prominent Yucatan Peninsula that divides the Gulf of Mexico from the Caribbean Sea is shared by Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize; just on the northern coast of Yucatan, near the town of Chicxulub (pronounce cheek-sha-loob), lie the remnants of a massive crater (some 150 km in diameter and extending well out into the Gulf of Mexico); formed by an asteroid or comet when it struck the earth 66 million years ago, the impact is now widely accepted as initiating a worldwide climate disruption that caused a mass extinction of 75% of all the earth's plant and animal species - including the non-avian dinosaurs

" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Gulf of Mexico) Rio Grande/Bravo (607,965 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: (Gulf of California) Colorado (703,148 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Aquifer" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -404,20 +404,6 @@ "text": "135.77 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "14.23 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "6.814 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "66.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "461.888 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "varies from tropical to desert" }, @@ -441,6 +427,14 @@ "text": "11.8% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "81% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.1% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -451,14 +445,6 @@ "text": "0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "81% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "intermediate (2020)" @@ -487,6 +473,20 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Aquifer" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "14.23 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "6.814 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "66.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "461.888 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -686,14 +686,14 @@ "text": "

Mexico's $2.4 trillion economy – 11th largest in the world - has become increasingly oriented toward manufacturing since the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) entered into force in 1994. Per capita income is roughly one-third that of the US; income distribution remains highly unequal.

Mexico has become the US' second-largest export market and third-largest source of imports. In 2017, two-way trade in goods and services exceeded $623 billion. Mexico has free trade agreements with 46 countries, putting more than 90% of its trade under free trade agreements. In 2012, Mexico formed the Pacific Alliance with Peru, Colombia, and Chile.

Mexico's current government, led by President Enrique PENA NIETO, has emphasized economic reforms, passing and implementing sweeping energy, financial, fiscal, and telecommunications reform legislation, among others, with the long-term aim to improve competitiveness and economic growth across the Mexican economy. Since 2015, Mexico has held public auctions of oil and gas exploration and development rights and for long-term electric power generation contracts. Mexico has also issued permits for private sector import, distribution, and retail sales of refined petroleum products in an effort to attract private investment into the energy sector and boost production.

Since 2013, Mexico’s economic growth has averaged 2% annually, falling short of private-sector expectations that President PENA NIETO’s sweeping reforms would bolster economic prospects. Growth is predicted to remain below potential given falling oil production, weak oil prices, structural issues such as low productivity, high inequality, a large informal sector employing over half of the workforce, weak rule of law, and corruption. Mexico’s economy remains vulnerable to uncertainty surrounding the future of NAFTA — because the United States is its top trading partner and the two countries share integrated supply chains — and to potential shifts in domestic policies following the inauguration of a new a president in December 2018.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$2,306,320,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$2,525,481,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$2,513,410,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$2,526,859,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$2,472,586,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$2,514,780,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -709,14 +709,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$17,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$19,796 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$19,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$20,024 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$19,816 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$19,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -861,14 +861,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$434.93 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$491.593 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$492.73 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$484.595 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$457.693 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$480.1 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -878,14 +878,14 @@ "text": "cars and vehicle parts, computers, delivery trucks, crude petroleum, insulated wiring (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$410.66 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$480.886 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$495.79 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$485.211 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$458.381 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$505.05 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1215,7 +1215,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "9,257 (Honduras) (2019); 102,223 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2020)" + "text": "15,676 (Honduras), 9,231 (El Salvador) (2020); 102,223 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2020)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "357,000 (government's quashing of Zapatista uprising in 1994 in eastern Chiapas Region; drug cartel violence and government's military response since 2007; violence between and within indigenous groups) (2020)" diff --git a/north-america/us.json b/north-america/us.json index 3a42a5f9..249e7779 100644 --- a/north-america/us.json +++ b/north-america/us.json @@ -101,6 +101,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "264,000 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Gulf of Mexico) Mississippi* (3,202,185 sq km); Rio Grande (607,965 sq km); (Gulf of Saint Lawrence) Saint Lawrence* (1,049,636 sq km total, US only 505,000 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: Yukon* (847,620 sq km, US only 23,820 sq km); Colorado (703,148 sq km); Columbia* (657,501 sq km, US only 554,501 sq km)
note - watersheds shared with Canada shown with *" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Northern Great Plains Aquifer, Cambrian-Ordovician Aquifer System, Californian Central Valley Aquifer System, Ogallala Aquifer (High Plains), Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Aquifer" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "large urban clusters are spread throughout the eastern half of the US (particularly the Great Lakes area, northeast, east, and southeast) and the western tier states; mountainous areas, principally the Rocky Mountains and Appalachian chain, deserts in the southwest, the dense boreal forests in the extreme north, and the central prarie states are less densely populated; Alaska's population is concentrated along its southern coast - with particular emphasis on the city of Anchorage - and Hawaii's is centered on the island of Oahu" }, @@ -109,12 +115,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: world's third-largest country by size (after Russia and Canada) and by population (after China and India); Denali (Mt. McKinley) is the highest point (6,190 m) in North America and Death Valley the lowest point (-86 m) on the continent

note 2: the western coast of the United States and southern coast of Alaska lie along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire

note 3: the Aleutian Islands are a chain of volcanic islands that divide the Bering Sea (north) from the main Pacific Ocean (south); they extend about 1,800 km westward from the Alaskan Peninsula; the archipelago consists of 14 larger islands, 55 smaller islands, and hundreds of islets; there are 41 active volcanoes on the islands, which together form a large northern section of the Ring of Fire

note 4: Mammoth Cave, in west-central Kentucky, is the world's longest known cave system with more than 650 km (405 miles) of surveyed passageways, which is nearly twice as long as the second-longest cave system, the Sac Actun underwater cave in Mexico - the world's longest underwater cave system (see \"Geography - note\" under Mexico);

note 5: Kazumura Cave on the island of Hawaii is the world's longest and deepest lava tube cave; it has been surveyed at 66 km (41 mi) long and 1,102 m (3,614 ft) deep

note 6: Bracken Cave outside of San Antonio, Texas is the world's largest bat cave; it is the summer home to the largest colony of bats in the world; an estimated 20 million Mexican free-tailed bats roost in the cave from March to October making it the world's largest known concentration of mammals

note 7: the US is reliant on foreign imports for 100% of its needs for the following strategic resources - Arsenic, Cesium, Fluorspar, Gallium, Graphite, Indium, Manganese, Niobium, Rare Earths, Rubidium, Scandium, Tantalum, Yttrium; see Appendix H: Strategic Materials for further details

note 8: three food crops are generally acknowledged to be native to areas of what is now the United States: cranberries, pecans, and sunflowers

" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Gulf of Mexico) Mississippi* (3,202,185 sq km); Rio Grande (607,965 sq km); (Gulf of Saint Lawrence) Saint Lawrence* (1,049,636 sq km total, US only 505,000 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: Yukon* (847,620 sq km, US only 23,820 sq km); Colorado (703,148 sq km); Columbia* (657,501 sq km, US only 554,501 sq km)
note - watersheds shared with Canada shown with *" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Northern Great Plains Aquifer, Cambrian-Ordovician Aquifer System, Californian Central Valley Aquifer System, Ogallala Aquifer (High Plains), Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Aquifer" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -376,20 +376,6 @@ "text": "685.74 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "58.39 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "209.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "176.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "3.069 trillion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains", "note": "note: many consider Denali, the highest peak in the US, to be the world’s coldest mountain because of its combination of high elevation and its subarctic location at 63 degrees north latitude; permanent snow and ice cover over 75 percent of the mountain, and enormous glaciers, up to 45 miles long and 3,700 feet thick, spider out from its base in every direction; it is home to some of the world’s coldest and most violent weather, where winds of over 150 miles per hour and temperatures of -93˚F have been recorded.  " @@ -414,6 +400,14 @@ "text": "22.2% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "82.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.96% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.04% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -424,14 +418,6 @@ "text": "0.2% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "82.9% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.96% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "258 million tons (2015 est.)" @@ -448,6 +434,20 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Northern Great Plains Aquifer, Cambrian-Ordovician Aquifer System, Californian Central Valley Aquifer System, Ogallala Aquifer (High Plains), Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Aquifer" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "58.39 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "209.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "176.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "3.069 trillion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -601,14 +601,14 @@ "text": "

The US has the most technologically powerful economy in the world, with a per capita GDP of $59,500. US firms are at or near the forefront in technological advances, especially in computers, pharmaceuticals, and medical, aerospace, and military equipment; however, their advantage has narrowed since the end of World War II. Based on a comparison of GDP measured at purchasing power parity conversion rates, the US economy in 2014, having stood as the largest in the world for more than a century, slipped into second place behind China, which has more than tripled the US growth rate for each year of the past four decades.

In the US, private individuals and business firms make most of the decisions, and the federal and state governments buy needed goods and services predominantly in the private marketplace. US business firms enjoy greater flexibility than their counterparts in Western Europe and Japan in decisions to expand capital plant, to lay off surplus workers, and to develop new products. At the same time, businesses face higher barriers to enter their rivals' home markets than foreign firms face entering US markets.

Long-term problems for the US include stagnation of wages for lower-income families, inadequate investment in deteriorating infrastructure, rapidly rising medical and pension costs of an aging population, energy shortages, and sizable current account and budget deficits.

The onrush of technology has been a driving factor in the gradual development of a \"two-tier\" labor market in which those at the bottom lack the education and the professional/technical skills of those at the top and, more and more, fail to get comparable pay raises, health insurance coverage, and other benefits. But the globalization of trade, and especially the rise of low-wage producers such as China, has put additional downward pressure on wages and upward pressure on the return to capital. Since 1975, practically all the gains in household income have gone to the top 20% of households. Since 1996, dividends and capital gains have grown faster than wages or any other category of after-tax income.

Imported oil accounts for more than 50% of US consumption and oil has a major impact on the overall health of the economy. Crude oil prices doubled between 2001 and 2006, the year home prices peaked; higher gasoline prices ate into consumers' budgets and many individuals fell behind in their mortgage payments. Oil prices climbed another 50% between 2006 and 2008, and bank foreclosures more than doubled in the same period. Besides dampening the housing market, soaring oil prices caused a drop in the value of the dollar and a deterioration in the US merchandise trade deficit, which peaked at $840 billion in 2008. Because the US economy is energy-intensive, falling oil prices since 2013 have alleviated many of the problems the earlier increases had created.

The sub-prime mortgage crisis, falling home prices, investment bank failures, tight credit, and the global economic downturn pushed the US into a recession by mid-2008. GDP contracted until the third quarter of 2009, the deepest and longest downturn since the Great Depression. To help stabilize financial markets, the US Congress established a $700 billion Troubled Asset Relief Program in October 2008. The government used some of these funds to purchase equity in US banks and industrial corporations, much of which had been returned to the government by early 2011. In January 2009, Congress passed and former President Barack OBAMA signed a bill providing an additional $787 billion fiscal stimulus to be used over 10 years - two-thirds on additional spending and one-third on tax cuts - to create jobs and to help the economy recover. In 2010 and 2011, the federal budget deficit reached nearly 9% of GDP. In 2012, the Federal Government reduced the growth of spending and the deficit shrank to 7.6% of GDP. US revenues from taxes and other sources are lower, as a percentage of GDP, than those of most other countries.

Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan required major shifts in national resources from civilian to military purposes and contributed to the growth of the budget deficit and public debt. Through FY 2018, the direct costs of the wars will have totaled more than $1.9 trillion, according to US Government figures.

In March 2010, former President OBAMA signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), a health insurance reform that was designed to extend coverage to an additional 32 million Americans by 2016, through private health insurance for the general population and Medicaid for the impoverished. Total spending on healthcare - public plus private - rose from 9.0% of GDP in 1980 to 17.9% in 2010.

In July 2010, the former president signed the DODD-FRANK Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, a law designed to promote financial stability by protecting consumers from financial abuses, ending taxpayer bailouts of financial firms, dealing with troubled banks that are \"too big to fail,\" and improving accountability and transparency in the financial system - in particular, by requiring certain financial derivatives to be traded in markets that are subject to government regulation and oversight.

The Federal Reserve Board (Fed) announced plans in December 2012 to purchase $85 billion per month of mortgage-backed and Treasury securities in an effort to hold down long-term interest rates, and to keep short-term rates near zero until unemployment dropped below 6.5% or inflation rose above 2.5%. The Fed ended its purchases during the summer of 2014, after the unemployment rate dropped to 6.2%, inflation stood at 1.7%, and public debt fell below 74% of GDP. In December 2015, the Fed raised its target for the benchmark federal funds rate by 0.25%, the first increase since the recession began. With continued low growth, the Fed opted to raise rates several times since then, and in December 2017, the target rate stood at 1.5%.

In December 2017, Congress passed and former President Donald TRUMP signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which, among its various provisions, reduces the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%; lowers the individual tax rate for those with the highest incomes from 39.6% to 37%, and by lesser percentages for those at lower income levels; changes many deductions and credits used to calculate taxable income; and eliminates in 2019 the penalty imposed on taxpayers who do not obtain the minimum amount of health insurance required under the ACA. The new taxes took effect on 1 January 2018; the tax cut for corporations are permanent, but those for individuals are scheduled to expire after 2025. The Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT) under the Congressional Budget Office estimates that the new law will reduce tax revenues and increase the federal deficit by about $1.45 trillion over the 2018-2027 period. This amount would decline if economic growth were to exceed the JCT’s estimate.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$19,846,720,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$20,524,945,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$20,563,590,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$20,090,748,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$19,519,353,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$20,128,580,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -624,14 +624,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$60,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$62,530 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$62,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$61,498 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$60,062 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$61,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -801,14 +801,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$2,127,250,000,000 note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$2,377,156,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$2,528,270,000,000 note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$2,379,936,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$2,310,851,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$2,539,380,000,000 note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -818,14 +818,14 @@ "text": "refined petroleum, crude petroleum, cars and vehicle parts, integrated circuits, aircraft (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$2,808,960,000,000 note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$3,214,184,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$3,105,130,000,000 note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$3,179,875,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$3,054,759,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$3,119,320,000,000 note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1160,7 +1160,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "the US admitted 11,814 refugees during FY2020 including: 2,868 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 2,115 (Burma), 1,927 (Ukraine), 604 (Afghanistan), 537 (Iraq)" + "text": "the US admitted 11,411 refugees during FY2021 including: 4,891 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 1,246 (Syria), 872 (Afghanistan), 803 (Ukraine), 772 (Burma), 513 (Sudan)" }, "note": "note: 72,722 Venezuelans have claimed asylum since 2014 because of the economic and political crisis (2018)" }, diff --git a/south-america/ar.json b/south-america/ar.json index 8232a982..a2a190e8 100644 --- a/south-america/ar.json +++ b/south-america/ar.json @@ -96,6 +96,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "23,600 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Paraná (2,582,704 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Guarani Aquifer System" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "one-third of the population lives in Buenos Aires; pockets of agglomeration occur throughout the northern and central parts of the country; Patagonia to the south remains sparsely populated" }, @@ -104,12 +110,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "note 1: second-largest country in South America (after Brazil); strategic location relative to sea lanes between the South Atlantic and the South Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage); diverse geophysical landscapes range from tropical climates in the north to tundra in the far south; Cerro Aconcagua is the Western Hemisphere's tallest mountain, while Laguna del Carbon is the lowest point in the Western Hemisphere; shares Iguazu Falls, the world's largest waterfalls system, with Brazil

note 2: southeast Bolivia and northwest Argentina seem to be the original development site for peanuts" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Paraná (2,582,704 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Guarani Aquifer System" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -382,20 +382,6 @@ "text": "120.66 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "5.85 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "27.93 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "876.24 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest" }, @@ -419,6 +405,14 @@ "text": "35.4% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "92.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.97% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.09% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -429,14 +423,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "92.2% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.97% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "text": "note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Argentina; as of 6 October 2021, Argentina has reported a total of 5,260,719 cases of COVID-19 or 11,639.85 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 255.07 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 5 October 2021, 50.49% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine" }, @@ -456,6 +442,20 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Guarani Aquifer System" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "5.85 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "27.93 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "876.24 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -640,14 +640,14 @@ "text": "

Argentina benefits from rich natural resources, a highly literate population, an export-oriented agricultural sector, and a diversified industrial base. Although one of the world's wealthiest countries 100 years ago, Argentina suffered during most of the 20th century from recurring economic crises, persistent fiscal and current account deficits, high inflation, mounting external debt, and capital flight.

Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER succeeded her husband as president in late 2007, and in 2008 the rapid economic growth of previous years slowed sharply as government policies held back exports and the world economy fell into recession. In 2010 the economy rebounded strongly, but slowed in late 2011 even as the government continued to rely on expansionary fiscal and monetary policies, which kept inflation in the double digits.

In order to deal with these problems, the government expanded state intervention in the economy: it nationalized the oil company YPF from Spain's Repsol, expanded measures to restrict imports, and further tightened currency controls in an effort to bolster foreign reserves and stem capital flight. Between 2011 and 2013, Central Bank foreign reserves dropped $21.3 billion from a high of $52.7 billion. In July 2014, Argentina and China agreed on an $11 billion currency swap; the Argentine Central Bank has received the equivalent of $3.2 billion in Chinese yuan, which it counts as international reserves.

With the election of President Mauricio MACRI in November 2015, Argentina began a historic political and economic transformation, as his administration took steps to liberalize the Argentine economy, lifting capital controls, floating the peso, removing export controls on some commodities, cutting some energy subsidies, and reforming the country’s official statistics. Argentina negotiated debt payments with holdout bond creditors, continued working with the IMF to shore up its finances, and returned to international capital markets in April 2016.

In 2017, Argentina’s economy emerged from recession with GDP growth of nearly 3.0%. The government passed important pension, tax, and fiscal reforms. And after years of international isolation, Argentina took on several international leadership roles, including hosting the World Economic Forum on Latin America and the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference, and is set to assume the presidency of the G-20 in 2018.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$893.31 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$991.523 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$991.52 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$1,012,668,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$1,039,330,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1,012,670,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -663,14 +663,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$19,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$22,064 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$22,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$22,759 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$23,597 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$22,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -814,14 +814,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$64.18 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$82.985 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$79.29 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$76.14 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$75.766 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$77.07 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -831,14 +831,14 @@ "text": "soybean products, corn, delivery trucks, wheat, frozen meat, gold (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$52.14 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$72.162 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$66.28 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$89.088 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$93.308 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$86.78 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -982,7 +982,7 @@ }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { - "text": "Argentina has one of the most vigorous mobile markets in Latin America; with additional operators in the market, mobile penetration fell in 2020 as incentives for multiple-SIM card ownership eased; LTE with tests of 5G; government plan to boost fixed broadband coverage nationally and declared TV, cable, and mobile services were essential public services; submarine system linking Sao Paolo and Rio De Janeiro with Buenos Aires is operational; national operator increased investment in Uruguay; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2021) (2020)" + "text": "Argentina has one of the most vigorous mobile markets in Latin America; with additional operators in the market, mobile penetration fell in 2020 as incentives for multiple-SIM card ownership eased; LTE with tests of 5G; government plan to boost fixed broadband coverage nationally and declared TV, cable, and mobile services were essential public services; submarine system linking Sao Paolo and Rio De Janeiro with Buenos Aires is operational; national operator increased investment in Uruguay; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2021)" }, "domestic": { "text": "17 per 100 fixed-line, 131 per 100 mobile-cellular; microwave radio relay, fiber-optic cable, and a domestic satellite system with 40 earth stations serve the trunk network (2019)" diff --git a/south-america/bl.json b/south-america/bl.json index 64710a01..63db7d65 100644 --- a/south-america/bl.json +++ b/south-america/bl.json @@ -85,6 +85,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "3,000 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km), Paraná (2,582,704 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Amazon Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "a high altitude plain in the west between two cordillera of the Andes, known as the Altiplano, is the focal area for most of the population; a dense settlement pattern is also found in and around the city of Santa Cruz, located on the eastern side of the Andes" }, @@ -93,12 +99,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "note 1: landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake (elevation 3,805 m), with Peru

note 2: the southern regions of Peru and the extreme northwestern part of Bolivia are considered to be the place of origin for the common potato, while southeast Bolivia and northwest Argentina seem to be the original development site for peanuts" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km), Paraná (2,582,704 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Amazon Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -384,20 +384,6 @@ "text": "21.01 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "136 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "32 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1.92 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "574 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid" }, @@ -421,6 +407,14 @@ "text": "13.2% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "70.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.87% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.33% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -431,14 +425,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "70.5% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.87% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -466,6 +452,20 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Amazon Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "136 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "32 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.92 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "574 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -654,14 +654,14 @@ "text": "

Bolivia is a resource rich country with strong growth attributed to captive markets for natural gas exports – to Brazil and Argentina. However, the country remains one of the least developed countries in Latin America because of state-oriented policies that deter investment.

Following an economic crisis during the early 1980s, reforms in the 1990s spurred private investment, stimulated economic growth, and cut poverty rates. The period 2003-05 was characterized by political instability, racial tensions, and violent protests against plans - subsequently abandoned - to export Bolivia's newly discovered natural gas reserves to large Northern Hemisphere markets. In 2005-06, the government passed hydrocarbon laws that imposed significantly higher royalties and required foreign firms then operating under risk-sharing contracts to surrender all production to the state energy company in exchange for a predetermined service fee; the laws engendered much public debate. High commodity prices between 2010 and 2014 sustained rapid growth and large trade surpluses with GDP growing 6.8% in 2013 and 5.4% in 2014. The global decline in oil prices that began in late 2014 exerted downward pressure on the price Bolivia receives for exported gas and resulted in lower GDP growth rates - 4.9% in 2015 and 4.3% in 2016 - and losses in government revenue as well as fiscal and trade deficits.

A lack of foreign investment in the key sectors of mining and hydrocarbons, along with conflict among social groups, pose challenges for the Bolivian economy. In 2015, President Evo MORALES expanded efforts to court international investment and boost Bolivia’s energy production capacity. MORALES passed an investment law and promised not to nationalize additional industries in an effort to improve the investment climate. In early 2016, the Government of Bolivia approved the 2016-2020 National Economic and Social Development Plan aimed at maintaining growth of 5% and reducing poverty.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$92.59 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$100.445 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$100.45 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$98.267 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$94.285 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$98.27 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -677,14 +677,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$7,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$8,724 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$8,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$8,656 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$8,424 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$8,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -830,14 +830,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$7.55 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$9.632 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$10.26 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$9.81 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$9.326 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$10.35 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -847,14 +847,14 @@ "text": "natural gas, gold, zinc, soybean oil and soy products, tin, silver, lead (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$8.27 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$10.142 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$11.95 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$9.99 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$9.8 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$12.44 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -998,7 +998,7 @@ }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { - "text": "

with low national GDP and remote landlocked geography, Bolivia’s telecom services are historically expensive and neglected resulting in low penetration; fixed telecom market is provided by non-profit cooperatives focused on improvement of services such as broadband and paid TV services; some operators adopted fixed-wireless technologies and fiber-optic capacity; fixed broadband services migrating from DSL to fiber remain expensive and largely unavailable in many areas; historically relied on satellite services or terrestrial links and inaugurated a new cable running via Peru to the Pacific; operator aims to increase coverage through mobile networks for voice and data access, especially to rural areas; space agency plans to boost satellite-based Internet; in 2020, communications towers in Yapacani were destroyed due to pandemic conspiracy fears; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2021)

(2020)" + "text": "

with low national GDP and remote landlocked geography, Bolivia’s telecom services are historically expensive and neglected resulting in low penetration; fixed telecom market is provided by non-profit cooperatives focused on improvement of services such as broadband and paid TV services; some operators adopted fixed-wireless technologies and fiber-optic capacity; fixed broadband services migrating from DSL to fiber remain expensive and largely unavailable in many areas; historically relied on satellite services or terrestrial links and inaugurated a new cable running via Peru to the Pacific; operator aims to increase coverage through mobile networks for voice and data access, especially to rural areas; space agency plans to boost satellite-based Internet; in 2020, communications towers in Yapacani were destroyed due to pandemic conspiracy fears; importer of broadcasting equipment from China

(2021)" }, "domestic": { "text": "6 per 100 fixed-line, mobile-cellular telephone use expanding rapidly and teledensity stands at 101 per 100 persons; most telephones are concentrated in La Paz, Santa Cruz, and other capital cities (2019)" diff --git a/south-america/br.json b/south-america/br.json index 6824b445..150f1a93 100644 --- a/south-america/br.json +++ b/south-america/br.json @@ -97,6 +97,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "54,000 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km), Orinoco (953,675 sq km), Paraná (2,582,704 sq km), São Francisco (617,814 sq km), Tocantins (764,213 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Amazon Basin, Guarani Aquifer System, Maranhao Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the vast majority of people live along, or relatively near, the Atlantic coast in the east; the population core is in the southeast, anchored by the cities of Sao Paolo, Brasilia, and Rio de Janeiro" }, @@ -105,12 +111,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "note 1: largest country in South America and in the Southern Hemisphere; shares common boundaries with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador; most of the Pantanal, the world's largest tropical wetland, extends through the west central part of the country; shares Iguazu Falls, the world's largest waterfalls system, with Argentina

note 2: cassava (manioc) the sixth most important food crop in the world - after maize, rice, wheat, potatoes, and soybeans - seems to have originated in the west-central part of Brazil; pineapples are probably indigenous to the southern Brazil-Paraguay region" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km), Orinoco (953,675 sq km), Paraná (2,582,704 sq km), São Francisco (617,814 sq km), Tocantins (764,213 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Amazon Basin, Guarani Aquifer System, Maranhao Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -407,20 +407,6 @@ "text": "401.83 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "16.74 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "9.511 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "39.43 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "8.647 trillion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "mostly tropical, but temperate in south" }, @@ -444,6 +430,14 @@ "text": "5.2% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "87.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.87% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.62% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -454,14 +448,6 @@ "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "87.3% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.87% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -493,6 +479,20 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Amazon Basin, Guarani Aquifer System, Maranhao Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "16.74 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "9.511 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "39.43 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "8.647 trillion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -686,14 +686,14 @@ "text": "

Brazil is the eighth-largest economy in the world, but is recovering from a recession in 2015 and 2016 that ranks as the worst in the country’s history. In 2017, Brazil`s GDP grew 1%, inflation fell to historic lows of 2.9%, and the Central Bank lowered benchmark interest rates from 13.75% in 2016 to 7%.

The economy has been negatively affected by multiple corruption scandals involving private companies and government officials, including the impeachment and conviction of Former President Dilma ROUSSEFF in August 2016. Sanctions against the firms involved — some of the largest in Brazil — have limited their business opportunities, producing a ripple effect on associated businesses and contractors but creating opportunities for foreign companies to step into what had been a closed market.

The succeeding TEMER administration has implemented a series of fiscal and structural reforms to restore credibility to government finances. Congress approved legislation in December 2016 to cap public spending. Government spending growth had pushed public debt to 73.7% of GDP at the end of 2017, up from over 50% in 2012. The government also boosted infrastructure projects, such as oil and natural gas auctions, in part to raise revenues. Other economic reforms, proposed in 2016, aim to reduce barriers to foreign investment, and to improve labor conditions. Policies to strengthen Brazil’s workforce and industrial sector, such as local content requirements, have boosted employment, but at the expense of investment.

Brazil is a member of the Common Market of the South (Mercosur), a trade bloc that includes Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay - Venezuela’s membership in the organization was suspended In August 2017. After the Asian and Russian financial crises, Mercosur adopted a protectionist stance to guard against exposure to volatile foreign markets and it currently is negotiating Free Trade Agreements with the European Union and Canada.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$2,989,430,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$3,092,216,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$3,115,910,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$3,057,465,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$3,017,715,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$3,072,550,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -709,14 +709,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$14,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$14,652 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$14,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$14,596 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$14,520 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$14,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -861,14 +861,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$239.18 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$291.452 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$260.07 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$298.565 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$286.935 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$274.9 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -878,14 +878,14 @@ "text": "soybeans, crude petroleum, iron, corn, wood pulp products (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$227.44 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$271.257 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$269.02 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$268.237 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$248.961 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$267.52 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/south-america/ci.json b/south-america/ci.json index 453b8cd9..734ca086 100644 --- a/south-america/ci.json +++ b/south-america/ci.json @@ -385,20 +385,6 @@ "text": "15.97 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "1.267 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "4.744 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "29.42 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "923.06 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south" }, @@ -422,6 +408,14 @@ "text": "57% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "87.8% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.78% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.49% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -432,14 +426,6 @@ "text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "87.8% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.78% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "6.517 million tons (2009 est.)" @@ -450,6 +436,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "0.4% (2009 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "1.267 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "4.744 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "29.42 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "923.06 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -641,14 +641,14 @@ "text": "

Chile has a market-oriented economy characterized by a high level of foreign trade and a reputation for strong financial institutions and sound policy that have given it the strongest sovereign bond rating in South America. Exports of goods and services account for approximately one-third of GDP, with commodities making up some 60% of total exports. Copper is Chile’s top export and provides 20% of government revenue.

From 2003 through 2013, real growth averaged almost 5% per year, despite a slight contraction in 2009 that resulted from the global financial crisis. Growth slowed to an estimated 1.4% in 2017. A continued drop in copper prices prompted Chile to experience its third consecutive year of slow growth.

Chile deepened its longstanding commitment to trade liberalization with the signing of a free trade agreement with the US, effective 1 January 2004. Chile has 26 trade agreements covering 60 countries including agreements with the EU, Mercosur, China, India, South Korea, and Mexico. In May 2010, Chile signed the OECD Convention, becoming the first South American country to join the OECD. In October 2015, Chile signed the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement, which was finalized as the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and signed at a ceremony in Chile in March 2018.

The Chilean Government has generally followed a countercyclical fiscal policy, under which it accumulates surpluses in sovereign wealth funds during periods of high copper prices and economic growth, and generally allows deficit spending only during periods of low copper prices and growth. As of 31 October 2016, those sovereign wealth funds - kept mostly outside the country and separate from Central Bank reserves - amounted to more than $23.5 billion. Chile used these funds to finance fiscal stimulus packages during the 2009 economic downturn.

In 2014, then-President Michelle BACHELET introduced tax reforms aimed at delivering her campaign promise to fight inequality and to provide access to education and health care. The reforms are expected to generate additional tax revenues equal to 3% of Chile’s GDP, mostly by increasing corporate tax rates to OECD averages.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$445.88 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$459.134 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$473.19 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$454.344 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$437.082 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$468.77 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -664,14 +664,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$23,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$24,226 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$25,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$24,259 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$23,664 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$25,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -815,14 +815,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$79.8 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$90.626 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$78.02 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$92.772 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$88.376 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$84.65 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -832,14 +832,14 @@ "text": "copper, wood pulp, fish fillets, pitted fruits, wine (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$66.43 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$87.505 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$80.17 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$89.578 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$83.01 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$85.11 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1138,7 +1138,7 @@ "text": "the Armed Forces of Chile have approximately 80,000 active personnel (45,000 Army; 20,000 Navy; 15,000 Air Force); approximately 50,000 Carabineros (2021)" }, "Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": { - "text": "the Chilean military inventory is comprised of a wide mix of mostly Western equipment and some domestically-produced systems; since 2010, it has received military hardware from nearly 15 countries, with Australia, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the US as the leading suppliers; Chile's defense industry has capabilities in military aircraft, ships, and vehicles (2020)" + "text": "the Chilean military inventory is comprised of a wide mix of mostly Western equipment and some domestically-produced systems; since 2010, it has received military hardware from nearly 15 countries, including Australia, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the US; Chile's defense industry has capabilities in military aircraft, ships, and vehicles (2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "18-45 years of age for voluntary male and female military service, although the right to compulsory recruitment of males 18-45 is retained; service obligation is 12 months for Army and 22 months for Navy and Air Force (2019)" diff --git a/south-america/co.json b/south-america/co.json index 1c11f260..6b80f71a 100644 --- a/south-america/co.json +++ b/south-america/co.json @@ -94,6 +94,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "10,900 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km), Orinoco (953,675 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Amazon Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the majority of people live in the north and west where agricultural opportunities and natural resources are found; the vast grasslands of the llanos to the south and east, which make up approximately 60% of the country, are sparsely populated" }, @@ -102,12 +108,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "only South American country with coastlines on both the North Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km), Orinoco (953,675 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Amazon Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -404,20 +404,6 @@ "text": "81.52 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "3.49 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "3.73 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "6.391 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "2.36 trillion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands" }, @@ -441,6 +427,14 @@ "text": "8.1% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "81.7% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.01% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.1% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -451,14 +445,6 @@ "text": "0.75% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "81.7% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.01% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -487,6 +473,20 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Amazon Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "3.49 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "3.73 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "6.391 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "2.36 trillion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -675,14 +675,14 @@ "text": "

Colombia heavily depends on energy and mining exports, making it vulnerable to fluctuations in commodity prices. Colombia is Latin America’s fourth largest oil producer and the world’s fourth largest coal producer, third largest coffee exporter, and second largest cut flowers exporter. Colombia’s economic development is hampered by inadequate infrastructure, poverty, narcotrafficking, and an uncertain security situation, in addition to dependence on primary commodities (goods that have little value-added from processing or labor inputs).

Colombia’s economy slowed in 2017 because of falling world market prices for oil and lower domestic oil production due to insurgent attacks on pipeline infrastructure. Although real GDP growth averaged 4.7% during the past decade, it fell to an estimated 1.8% in 2017. Declining oil prices also have contributed to reduced government revenues. In 2016, oil revenue dropped below 4% of the federal budget and likely remained below 4% in 2017. A Western credit rating agency in December 2017 downgraded Colombia’s sovereign credit rating to BBB-, because of weaker-than-expected growth and increasing external debt. Colombia has struggled to address local referendums against foreign investment, which have slowed its expansion, especially in the oil and mining sectors. Colombia’s FDI declined by 3% to $10.2 billion between January and September 2017.

Colombia has signed or is negotiating Free Trade Agreements (FTA) with more than a dozen countries; the US-Colombia FTA went into effect in May 2012. Colombia is a founding member of the Pacific Alliance—a regional trade block formed in 2012 by Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru to promote regional trade and economic integration. The Colombian government took steps in 2017 to address several bilateral trade irritants with the US, including those on truck scrappage, distilled spirits, pharmaceuticals, ethanol imports, and labor rights. Colombia hopes to accede to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$683.94 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$741.099 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$734.22 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$717.7 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$700.091 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$710.89 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -698,14 +698,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$13,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$14,722 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$14,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$14,452 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$14,314 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$14,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -850,14 +850,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$39.14 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$61.697 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$52.96 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$60.151 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$59.644 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$55.06 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -867,14 +867,14 @@ "text": "crude petroleum, coal, refined petroleum, coffee, gold (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$51.56 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$87.072 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$65.83 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$80.546 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$76.136 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$64.56 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/south-america/ec.json b/south-america/ec.json index 6eaf1080..d49298dd 100644 --- a/south-america/ec.json +++ b/south-america/ec.json @@ -96,6 +96,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "15,000 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "nearly half of the population is concentrated in the interior in the Andean intermontane basins and valleys, with large concentrations also found along the western coastal strip; the rainforests of the east remain sparsely populated" }, @@ -396,20 +399,6 @@ "text": "23.51 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "1.293 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "549 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "8.076 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "442.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands" }, @@ -433,6 +422,14 @@ "text": "31.4% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "64.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.62% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.27% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -443,14 +440,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "64.4% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.62% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -472,6 +461,23 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "12.9% (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "1.293 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "549 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "8.076 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "442.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -659,14 +665,14 @@ "text": "

Ecuador is substantially dependent on its petroleum resources, which accounted for about a third of the country's export earnings in 2017. Remittances from overseas Ecuadorian are also important.

In 1999/2000, Ecuador's economy suffered from a banking crisis that lead to some reforms, including adoption of the US dollar as legal tender. Dollarization stabilized the economy, and positive growth returned in most of the years that followed. China has become Ecuador's largest foreign lender since 2008 and now accounts for 77.7% of the Ecuador’s bilateral debt. Various economic policies under the CORREA administration, such as an announcement in 2017 that Ecuador would terminate 13 bilateral investment treaties - including one with the US, generated economic uncertainty and discouraged private investment.

Faced with a 2013 trade deficit of $1.1 billion, Ecuador imposed tariff surcharges from 5% to 45% on an estimated 32% of imports. Ecuador’s economy fell into recession in 2015 and remained in recession in 2016. Declining oil prices and exports forced the CORREA administration to cut government oulays. Foreign investment in Ecuador is low as a result of the unstable regulatory environment and weak rule of law.

n April of 2017, Lenin MORENO was elected President of Ecuador by popular vote. His immediate challenge was to reengage the private sector to improve cash flow in the country. Ecuador’s economy returned to positive, but sluggish, growth. In early 2018, the MORENO administration held a public referendum on seven economic and political issues in a move counter to CORREA-administration policies, reduce corruption, strengthen democracy, and revive employment and the economy. The referendum resulted in repeal of taxes associated with recovery from the earthquake of 2016, reduced restrictions on metal mining in the Yasuni Intangible Zone - a protected area, and several political reforms.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$182.24 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$197.631 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$197.55 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$197.525 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$195.01 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$197.53 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -682,14 +688,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$10,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$11,375 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$11,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$11,562 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$11,618 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$11,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -836,14 +842,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$22.23 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$25.446 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$26.12 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$24.183 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$23.907 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$25.38 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -853,14 +859,14 @@ "text": "crude petroleum, crustaceans, bananas, fish, refined petroleum (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$19.89 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$26.096 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$25.89 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$25.677 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$24.594 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$26.29 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/south-america/gy.json b/south-america/gy.json index cc8cb777..1b28f17f 100644 --- a/south-america/gy.json +++ b/south-america/gy.json @@ -93,6 +93,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "1,430 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km), Orinoco (953,675 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "population is heavily concentrated in the northeast in and around Georgetown, with noteable concentrations along the Berbice River to the east; the remainder of the country is sparsely populated" }, @@ -101,9 +104,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "the third-smallest country in South America after Suriname and Uruguay; substantial portions of its western and eastern territories are claimed by Venezuela and Suriname respectively; contains some of the largest unspoiled rainforests on the continent" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km), Orinoco (953,675 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -395,20 +395,6 @@ "text": "1.81 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "61.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "20.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1.363 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "271 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons (May to August, November to January)" }, @@ -432,6 +418,14 @@ "text": "14.2% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "26.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.01% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "4.56% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -442,14 +436,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "26.9% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.01% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -474,6 +460,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km), Orinoco (953,675 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "61.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "20.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.363 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "271 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -654,14 +654,14 @@ "text": "

The Guyanese economy exhibited moderate economic growth in recent years and is based largely on agriculture and extractive industries. The economy is heavily dependent upon the export of six commodities - sugar, gold, bauxite, shrimp, timber, and rice - which represent nearly 60% of the country's GDP and are highly susceptible to adverse weather conditions and fluctuations in commodity prices. Guyana closed or consolidated several sugar estates in 2017, reducing production of sugar to a forecasted 147,000 tons in 2018, less than half of 2017 production. Much of Guyana's growth in recent years has come from a surge in gold production. With a record-breaking 700,000 ounces of gold produced in 2016, Gold production in Guyana has offset the economic effects of declining sugar production. In January 2018, estimated 3.2 billion barrels of oil were found offshore and Guyana is scheduled to become a petroleum producer by March 2020.

Guyana's entrance into the Caricom Single Market and Economy in January 2006 broadened the country's export market, primarily in the raw materials sector. Guyana has experienced positive growth almost every year over the past decade. Inflation has been kept under control. Recent years have seen the government's stock of debt reduced significantly - with external debt now less than half of what it was in the early 1990s. Despite these improvements, the government is still juggling a sizable external debt against the urgent need for expanded public investment. In March 2007, the Inter-American Development Bank, Guyana's principal donor, canceled Guyana's nearly $470 million debt, equivalent to 21% of GDP, which along with other Highly Indebted Poor Country debt forgiveness, brought the debt-to-GDP ratio down from 183% in 2006 to 52% in 2017. Guyana had become heavily indebted as a result of the inward-looking, state-led development model pursued in the 1970s and 1980s. Chronic problems include a shortage of skilled labor and a deficient infrastructure.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$14.69 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$10.24 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$10.24 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$9.72 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$9.306 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$9.72 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -677,14 +677,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$18,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$13,082 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$13,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$12,478 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$12,005 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$12,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -814,11 +814,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$1.439 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$1.8 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$1.38 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$1.58 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -828,11 +828,11 @@ "text": "ships, gold, shipping containers, excavation machinery, aluminum ores, rice (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$1.626 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$4 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$1.341 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$3.12 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1076,7 +1076,7 @@ }, "Military and Security": { "Military and security forces": { - "text": "the Guyana Defense Force is a unified service with an Army, Air Corps, Coast Guard, Guyana People's Militia (reserves) (2020)" + "text": "the Guyana Defense Force is a unified force with ground, air, and coast guard components, as well as a militia (Guyana People's Militia) (2021)" }, "Military expenditures": { "Military Expenditures 2020": { diff --git a/south-america/ns.json b/south-america/ns.json index d9bca835..1e46cb61 100644 --- a/south-america/ns.json +++ b/south-america/ns.json @@ -90,6 +90,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "570 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "population concentrated along the nothern coastal strip; the remainder of the country is sparsely populated" }, @@ -378,20 +381,6 @@ "text": "2.28 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "49.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "135.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "431.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "99 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; moderated by trade winds" }, @@ -415,6 +404,14 @@ "text": "4.9% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "66.2% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.88% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "2.36% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -425,14 +422,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "66.2% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.88% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -448,6 +437,23 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "78,620 tons (2010 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "49.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "135.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "431.1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "99 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -634,14 +640,14 @@ "text": "

Suriname’s economy is dominated by the mining industry, with exports of oil and gold accounting for approximately 85% of exports and 27% of government revenues. This makes the economy highly vulnerable to mineral price volatility. The worldwide drop in international commodity prices and the cessation of alumina mining in Suriname significantly reduced government revenue and national income during the past few years. In November 2015, a major US aluminum company discontinued its mining activities in Suriname after 99 years of operation. Public sector revenues fell, together with exports, international reserves, employment, and private sector investment.

Economic growth declined annually from just under 5% in 2012 to -10.4% in 2016. In January 2011, the government devalued the currency by 20% and raised taxes to reduce the budget deficit. Suriname began instituting macro adjustments between September 2015 and 2016; these included another 20% currency devaluation in November 2015 and foreign currency interventions by the Central Bank until March 2016, after which time the Bank allowed the Surinamese dollar (SRD) to float. By December 2016, the SRD had lost 46% of its value against the dollar. Depreciation of the Surinamese dollar and increases in tariffs on electricity caused domestic prices in Suriname to rise 22.0% year-over-year by December 2017.

Suriname's economic prospects for the medium-term will depend on its commitment to responsible monetary and fiscal policies and on the introduction of structural reforms to liberalize markets and promote competition. The government's over-reliance on revenue from the extractive sector colors Suriname's economic outlook. Following two years of recession, the Fitch Credit Bureau reported a positive growth of 1.2% in 2017 and the World Bank predicted 2.2% growth in 2018. Inflation declined to 9%, down from 55% in 2016 , and increased gold production helped lift exports. Yet continued budget imbalances and a heavy debt and interest burden resulted in a debt-to-GDP ratio of 83% in September 2017. Purchasing power has fallen rapidly due to the devalued local currency. The government has announced its intention to pass legislation to introduce a new value-added tax in 2018. Without this and other measures to strengthen the country’s fiscal position, the government may face liquidity pressures.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$9.46 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$9.606 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$11.07 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$9.581 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$9.34 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$10.95 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -657,14 +663,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$16,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$16,525 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$19,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$16,634 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$16,373 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$19,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -797,11 +803,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$2.028 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$2.29 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$1.449 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$2.24 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -811,11 +817,11 @@ "text": "gold, lumber, refined petroleum, fish, cigarettes (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$1.293 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$2.41 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$1.203 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$2.07 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/south-america/pa.json b/south-america/pa.json index 24991501..9e8012bb 100644 --- a/south-america/pa.json +++ b/south-america/pa.json @@ -85,6 +85,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "1,362 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Paraná (2,582,704 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Guarani Aquifer System" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "most of the population resides in the eastern half of the country; to the west lies the Gran Chaco (a semi-arid lowland plain), which accounts for 60% of the land territory, but only 2% of the overall population" }, @@ -388,20 +394,6 @@ "text": "27.65 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "362 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "154 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "1.897 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "387.77 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west" }, @@ -425,6 +417,14 @@ "text": "2.4% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "62.5% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.64% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "1.21% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -435,14 +435,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "62.5% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.64% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "intermediate (2020)" @@ -458,6 +450,26 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "1,818,501 tons (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Paraná (2,582,704 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Guarani Aquifer System" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "362 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "154 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "1.897 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "387.77 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -645,14 +657,14 @@ "text": "

Landlocked Paraguay has a market economy distinguished by a large informal sector, featuring re-export of imported consumer goods to neighboring countries, as well as the activities of thousands of microenterprises and urban street vendors. A large percentage of the population, especially in rural areas, derives its living from agricultural activity, often on a subsistence basis. Because of the importance of the informal sector, accurate economic measures are difficult to obtain.

On a per capita basis, real income has grown steadily over the past five years as strong world demand for commodities, combined with high prices and favorable weather, supported Paraguay's commodity-based export expansion. Paraguay is the fifth largest soy producer in the world. Drought hit in 2008, reducing agricultural exports and slowing the economy even before the onset of the global recession. The economy fell 3.8% in 2009, as lower world demand and commodity prices caused exports to contract. Severe drought and outbreaks of hoof-and-mouth disease in 2012 led to a brief drop in beef and other agricultural exports. Since 2014, however, Paraguay’s economy has grown at a 4% average annual rate due to strong production and high global prices, at a time when other countries in the region have contracted.

The Paraguayan Government recognizes the need to diversify its economy and has taken steps in recent years to do so. In addition to looking for new commodity markets in the Middle East and Europe, Paraguayan officials have promoted the country’s low labor costs, cheap energy from its massive Itaipu Hydroelectric Dam, and single-digit tax rate on foreign firms. As a result, the number of factories operating in the country – mostly transplants from Brazil - has tripled since 2014.

Corruption, limited progress on structural reform, and deficient infrastructure are the main obstacles to long-term growth. Judicial corruption is endemic and is seen as the greatest barrier to attracting more foreign investment. Paraguay has been adverse to public debt throughout its history, but has recently sought to finance infrastructure improvements to attract foreign investment.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$87.98 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$89.362 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$88.87 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$89.388 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$86.486 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$89.23 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -668,14 +680,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$12,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$12,685 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$12,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$12,850 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$12,594 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$12,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -816,11 +828,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$11.73 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$11.81 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$10.86 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$13.27 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$14.36 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -830,11 +845,14 @@ "text": "soybeans and soybean products, electricity, beef, corn, insulated wiring (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$11.35 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$10.62 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$9.617 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$13.15 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$13.88 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/south-america/pe.json b/south-america/pe.json index a6980756..e395fdee 100644 --- a/south-america/pe.json +++ b/south-america/pe.json @@ -93,6 +93,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "25,800 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Amazon Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "approximately one-third of the population resides along the desert coastal belt in the west, with a strong focus on the capital city of Lima; the Andean highlands, or sierra, which is strongly identified with the country's Amerindian population, contains roughly half of the overall population; the eastern slopes of the Andes, and adjoining rainforest, are sparsely populated" }, @@ -101,12 +107,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia; a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River

note 2: Peru is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire

note 3: on 19 February 1600, Mount Huaynaputina in the southern Peruvian Andes erupted in the largest volcanic explosion in South America in historical times; intermittent eruptions lasted until 5 March 1600 and pumped an estimated 16 to 32 million metric tons of particulates into the atmosphere reducing the amount of sunlight reaching the earth's surface and affecting weather worldwide; over the next two and a half years, millions died around the globe in famines from bitterly cold winters, cool summers, and the loss of crops and animals

note 4: the southern regions of Peru and the extreme northwestern part of Bolivia are considered to be the place of origin for the common potato

" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Amazon Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -403,20 +403,6 @@ "text": "30.17 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "2.797 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "206.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "13.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "1,879,800,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes" }, @@ -440,6 +426,14 @@ "text": "28.2% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "78.3% of total population (2020)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.12% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -450,14 +444,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "78.3% of total population (2020)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -486,6 +472,20 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Amazon Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "2.797 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "206.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "13.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "1,879,800,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -671,14 +671,14 @@ "text": "

Peru's economy reflects its varied topography - an arid lowland coastal region, the central high sierra of the Andes, and the dense forest of the Amazon. A wide range of important mineral resources are found in the mountainous and coastal areas, and Peru's coastal waters provide excellent fishing grounds. Peru is the world's second largest producer of silver and copper.

The Peruvian economy grew by an average of 5.6% per year from 2009-13 with a stable exchange rate and low inflation. This growth was due partly to high international prices for Peru's metals and minerals exports, which account for 55% of the country's total exports. Growth slipped from 2014 to 2017, due to weaker world prices for these resources. Despite Peru's strong macroeconomic performance, dependence on minerals and metals exports and imported foodstuffs makes the economy vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices.

Peru's rapid expansion coupled with cash transfers and other programs have helped to reduce the national poverty rate by over 35 percentage points since 2004, but inequality persists and continued to pose a challenge for the Ollanta HUMALA administration, which championed a policy of social inclusion and a more equitable distribution of income. Poor infrastructure hinders the spread of growth to Peru's non-coastal areas. The HUMALA administration passed several economic stimulus packages in 2014 to bolster growth, including reforms to environmental regulations in order to spur investment in Peru’s lucrative mining sector, a move that was opposed by some environmental groups. However, in 2015, mining investment fell as global commodity prices remained low and social conflicts plagued the sector.

Peru's free trade policy continued under the HUMALA administration; since 2006, Peru has signed trade deals with the US, Canada, Singapore, China, Korea, Mexico, Japan, the EU, the European Free Trade Association, Chile, Thailand, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Honduras, concluded negotiations with Guatemala and the Trans-Pacific Partnership, and begun trade talks with El Salvador, India, and Turkey. Peru also has signed a trade pact with Chile, Colombia, and Mexico, called the Pacific Alliance, that seeks integration of services, capital, investment and movement of people. Since the US-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement entered into force in February 2009, total trade between Peru and the US has doubled. President Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI succeeded HUMALA in July 2016 and is focusing on economic reforms and free market policies aimed at boosting investment in Peru. Mining output increased significantly in 2016-17, which helped Peru attain one of the highest GDP growth rates in Latin America, and Peru should maintain strong growth in 2018. However, economic performance was depressed by delays in infrastructure mega-projects and the start of a corruption scandal associated with a Brazilian firm. Massive flooding in early 2017 also was a drag on growth, offset somewhat by additional public spending aimed at recovery efforts.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$371.29 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$417.69 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$417.88 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$408.898 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$393.259 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$408.87 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -694,14 +694,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$11,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$12,848 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$12,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$12,782 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$12,507 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$12,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -850,10 +850,10 @@ }, "Exports": { "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$55.583 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$54.88 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$55.129 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$55.84 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2017": { "text": "$53.823 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -867,10 +867,10 @@ }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$48.211 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$51.38 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$47.616 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$51.41 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2017": { "text": "$46.15 billion (2017 est.)" diff --git a/south-america/uy.json b/south-america/uy.json index 6a12fe41..c51d35a9 100644 --- a/south-america/uy.json +++ b/south-america/uy.json @@ -96,6 +96,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "2,380 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Guarani Aquifer System" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "most of the country's population resides in the southern half of the country; approximately 80% of the populace is urban, living in towns or cities; nearly half of the population lives in and around the capital of Montevideo" }, @@ -104,9 +107,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "second-smallest South American country (after Suriname); most of the low-lying landscape (three-quarters of the country) is grassland, ideal for cattle and sheep raising" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Guarani Aquifer System" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -389,20 +389,6 @@ "text": "25.59 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "410 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "80 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "3.17 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "172.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown" }, @@ -426,6 +412,14 @@ "text": "2.6% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "95.6% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "0.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "1.56% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -436,14 +430,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "95.6% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "0.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "1,260,140 tons (2012 est.)" @@ -457,6 +443,20 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Guarani Aquifer System" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "410 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "80 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "3.17 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "172.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -644,14 +644,14 @@ "text": "

Uruguay has a free market economy characterized by an export-oriented agricultural sector, a well-educated workforce, and high levels of social spending. Uruguay has sought to expand trade within the Common Market of the South (Mercosur) and with non-Mercosur members, and President VAZQUEZ has maintained his predecessor's mix of pro-market policies and a strong social safety net. 

Following financial difficulties in the late 1990s and early 2000s, Uruguay's economic growth averaged 8% annually during the 2004-08 period. The 2008-09 global financial crisis put a brake on Uruguay's vigorous growth, which decelerated to 2.6% in 2009. Nevertheless, the country avoided a recession and kept growth rates positive, mainly through higher public expenditure and investment; GDP growth reached 8.9% in 2010 but slowed markedly in the 2012-16 period as a result of a renewed slowdown in the global economy and in Uruguay's main trade partners and Mercosur counterparts, Argentina and Brazil. Reforms in those countries should give Uruguay an economic boost. Growth picked up in 2017." }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$75.06 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$74.638 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$79.73 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$74.473 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$73.285 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$79.45 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -667,14 +667,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$21,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$21,561 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$23,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$21,591 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$21,325 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$23,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -819,11 +819,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$11.41 billion (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$13.55 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$8.387 billion (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$16.99 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$17.04 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -833,11 +836,14 @@ "text": "sulfate wood pulp, beef, soybeans, concentrated milk, rice (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$8.607 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$11.29 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$8.463 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$13.31 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$13.82 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/south-america/ve.json b/south-america/ve.json index a26b8517..2720cd93 100644 --- a/south-america/ve.json +++ b/south-america/ve.json @@ -96,6 +96,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "10,550 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km), Orinoco (953,675 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "most of the population is concentrated in the northern and western highlands along an eastern spur at the northern end of the Andes, an area that includes the capital of Caracas" }, @@ -104,9 +107,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: the country lies on major sea and air routes linking North and South America

note 2: Venezuela has some of the most unique geology in the world; tepuis are massive table-top mountains of the western Guiana Highlands that tend to be isolated and thus support unique endemic plant and animal species; their sheer cliffsides account for some of the most spectacular waterfalls in the world including Angel Falls, the world's highest (979 m) that drops off Auyan Tepui

" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km), Orinoco (953,675 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -361,20 +361,6 @@ "text": "68.66 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "5.123 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "793.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "16.71 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "1.325 trillion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands" }, @@ -430,6 +416,20 @@ }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { "text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km), Orinoco (953,675 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "5.123 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "793.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "16.71 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "1.325 trillion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -1122,7 +1122,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "67,622 (Colombia) (2019)" + "text": "67,935 (Colombia) (2020)" }, "note": "note: As of December 2020, more than 800,000 Venezuelans have applied for asylum worldwide" }, diff --git a/south-asia/af.json b/south-asia/af.json index 46b9925e..8c07d41f 100644 --- a/south-asia/af.json +++ b/south-asia/af.json @@ -85,6 +85,9 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "32,080 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Indus (1,081,718 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Amu Darya (534,739 sq km); Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km)" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "populations tend to cluster in the foothills and periphery of the rugged Hindu Kush range; smaller groups are found in many of the country's interior valleys; in general, the east is more densely settled, while the south is sparsely populated" }, @@ -93,9 +96,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "landlocked; the Hindu Kush mountains that run northeast to southwest divide the northern provinces from the rest of the country; the highest peaks are in the northern Vakhan (Wakhan Corridor)" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Indus (1,081,718 sq km)
Aral Sea drainage (endorheic basin): Amu Darya (534,739 sq km)
Tarim Basin drainage(endorheic basin): Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km)" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -391,20 +391,6 @@ "text": "90.98 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "203.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "169.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "20 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "65.33 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers" }, @@ -428,6 +414,14 @@ "text": "40.1% (2018)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "26.3% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.34% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.2% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -438,14 +432,6 @@ "text": "0.45% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "26.3% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.34% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "intermediate (2020)" @@ -468,7 +454,21 @@ } }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Indus (1,081,718 sq km)
Aral Sea drainage (endorheic basin): Amu Darya (534,739 sq km)
Tarim Basin drainage(endorheic basin): Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km)" + "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Indus (1,081,718 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Amu Darya (534,739 sq km); Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km)" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "203.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "169.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "20 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "65.33 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -661,14 +661,14 @@ "text": "

Prior to 2001, Afghanistan was an extremely poor, landlocked, and foreign aid-dependent country. Increased domestic economic activity occurred following the US-led invasion, as well as significant international economic development assistance. This increased activity expanded access to water, electricity, sanitation, education, and health services, and fostered consistent growth in government revenues since 2014. While international security forces have been drawing down since 2012, with much higher U.S. forces’ drawdowns occurring since 2017, economic progress continues, albeit uneven across sectors and key economic indicators. After recovering from the 2018 drought and growing 3.9% in 2019, political instability, expiring international financial commitments, and the COVID-19 pandemic have wrought significant adversity on the Afghan economy, with a projected 5% contraction.

Current political parties’ power-sharing agreement following the September 2019 presidential elections as well as ongoing Taliban attacks and peace talks have led to Afghan economic instability. This instability, coupled with expiring international grant and assistance, endangers recent fiscal gains and has led to more internally displaced persons. In November 2020, Afghanistan secured $12 billion in additional international aid for 2021-2025, much of which is conditional upon Taliban peace progress. Additionally, Afghanistan continues to experience influxes of repatriating Afghanis, mostly from Iran, significantly straining economic and security institutions.

Afghanistan’s trade deficit remains at approximately 31% of GDP and is highly dependent on financing through grants and aid. While Afghan agricultural growth remains consistent, recent industrial and services growth have been enormously impacted by COVID-19 lockdowns and trade cessations. While trade with the People’s Republic of China has rapidly expanded in recent years, Afghanistan still relies heavily upon India and Pakistan as export partners but is more diverse in its import partners. Furthermore, Afghanistan still struggles to effectively enforce business contracts, facilitate easy tax collection, and enable greater international trade for domestic enterprises.

Current Afghan priorities focus on the following goals:

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$77.04 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$78.557 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$78.56 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$75.6 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$74.711 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$75.6 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -684,14 +684,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$2,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$2,065 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$2,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$2,034 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$2,058 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$2,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -819,11 +819,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$784 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$1.48 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$614.2 million (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$1.52 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$1.61 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: not including illicit exports or reexports" }, @@ -834,11 +837,14 @@ "text": "gold, grapes, opium, fruits and nuts, insect resins, cotton, handwoven carpets, soapstone, scrap metal (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$7.616 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$6.98 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$6.16 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$7.37 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$7.98 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -979,7 +985,7 @@ }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { - "text": "

despite decades of war, Afghanistan has successfully rebuilt infrastructure to create a functional telecom sector that covers nearly all of the population; due to mountainous geography, country relies on its mobile network; mobile broadband penetration growing, but is still low compared to other countries in Asia; operator launched LTE in Kabul; World Bank and other donors support development of a nationwide fiber backbone; terrestrial cable connectivity to five neighboring countries; work on the ‘Wakhan Corridor Fiber Optic Survey Project’ to connect to China is nearing completion; major importer of broadcasting equipment from UAE (2020)

(2020)" + "text": "

despite decades of war, Afghanistan has successfully rebuilt infrastructure to create a functional telecom sector that covers nearly all of the population; due to mountainous geography, country relies on its mobile network; mobile broadband penetration growing, but is still low compared to other countries in Asia; operator launched LTE in Kabul; World Bank and other donors support development of a nationwide fiber backbone; terrestrial cable connectivity to five neighboring countries; work on the ‘Wakhan Corridor Fiber Optic Survey Project’ to connect to China is nearing completion; major importer of broadcasting equipment from UAE 

(2020)" }, "domestic": { "text": "less than 1 per 100 for fixed-line teledensity; 59 per 100 for mobile-cellular; an increasing number of Afghans utilize mobile-cellular phone networks (2019)" @@ -1144,7 +1150,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "72,191 (Pakistan) (2019)" + "text": "72,185 (Pakistan) (2020)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "3.547 million (mostly Pashtuns and Kuchis displaced in the south and west due to natural disasters and political instability) (2020)" diff --git a/south-asia/bg.json b/south-asia/bg.json index 6ccbb815..4b3b6e57 100644 --- a/south-asia/bg.json +++ b/south-asia/bg.json @@ -96,14 +96,17 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "53,000 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Brahmaputra (651,335 sq km), Ganges (1,016,124 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin" + }, "Natural hazards": { "text": "droughts; cyclones; much of the country routinely inundated during the summer monsoon season" }, "Geography - note": { "text": "most of the country is situated on deltas of large rivers flowing from the Himalayas: the Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of the Brahmaputra) and later joins the Meghna to eventually empty into the Bay of Bengal" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -401,20 +404,6 @@ "text": "59.3 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "3.6 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "770 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "31.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "1,227,032,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)" }, @@ -438,6 +427,14 @@ "text": "18.8% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "38.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.88% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.08% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -448,14 +445,6 @@ "text": "0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "38.9% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.88% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -484,8 +473,25 @@ "text": "14,778,497 tons (2012 est.)" } }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Brahmaputra (651,335 sq km), Ganges (1,016,124 sq km)" + }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "3.6 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "770 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "31.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "1,227,032,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -672,14 +678,14 @@ "text": "

Bangladesh's economy has grown roughly 6% per year since 2005 despite prolonged periods of political instability, poor infrastructure, endemic corruption, insufficient power supplies, and slow implementation of economic reforms. Although more than half of GDP is generated through the services sector, almost half of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector, with rice as the single-most-important product.

 

Garments, the backbone of Bangladesh's industrial sector, accounted for more than 80% of total exports in FY 2016-17. The industrial sector continues to grow, despite the need for improvements in factory safety conditions. Steady export growth in the garment sector, combined with $13 billion in remittances from overseas Bangladeshis, contributed to Bangladesh's rising foreign exchange reserves in FY 2016-17. Recent improvements to energy infrastructure, including the start of liquefied natural gas imports in 2018, represent a major step forward in resolving a key growth bottleneck.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$793.49 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$775.076 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$775.08 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$716.65 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$664.403 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$716.65 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -695,14 +701,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$4,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$4,754 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$4,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$4,441 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$4,161 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$4,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -848,14 +854,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$38.78 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$33.057 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$44.96 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$29.798 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$27.568 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$44.13 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -865,14 +871,14 @@ "text": "clothing, knitwear, leather footwear (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$57.26 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$44.801 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$64.23 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$45.725 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$36.001 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$65.59 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1016,7 +1022,7 @@ }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { - "text": "

Bangladesh’s economic constraints hinder network infrastructure, resulting in the lowest fixed-line penetration rate in South Asia and a very low fixed broadband rate; most consumers utilize mobile broadband for data on LTE networks but rates are still well below that of most other Asian countries; the government approved a modernization project to support investment and prepare for 5G launches; 2020 test of 5G technology in Dhaka; government directive allows IoT for smart buildings and automation industries; government project aims to provide network to services and schools; importer of broadcasting equipment from China  (2021)

(2020)" + "text": "

Bangladesh’s economic constraints hinder network infrastructure, resulting in the lowest fixed-line penetration rate in South Asia and a very low fixed broadband rate; most consumers utilize mobile broadband for data on LTE networks but rates are still well below that of most other Asian countries; the government approved a modernization project to support investment and prepare for 5G launches; 2020 test of 5G technology in Dhaka; government directive allows IoT for smart buildings and automation industries; government project aims to provide network to services and schools; importer of broadcasting equipment from China

(2021)" }, "domestic": { "text": "fixed-line teledensity remains less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has been increasing rapidly and now exceeds 101 telephones per 100 persons; mobile subscriber growth is anticipated over the next five years to 2023; strong local competition (2019)" @@ -1189,7 +1195,7 @@ "text": "the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial waters of Bangladesh remain a risk for armed robbery against ships; attacks increased in 2020 when four ships were boarded as opposed to no attacks in 2019" }, "Military service age and obligation": { - "text": "16-21 years of age for voluntary military service; Bangladeshi nationality and 10th grade education required; officers: 17-21 years of age, Bangladeshi nationality, and 12th grade education required (2018)" + "text": "16-21 years of age for voluntary military service; Bangladeshi nationality and 10th grade education required; officers: 17-21 years of age, Bangladeshi nationality, and 12th grade education required (2019)" }, "Military - note": { "text": "

as of 2021, the military’s chief areas of focus were border, economic exclusion zone, and domestic security; the Army maintained a large domestic security presence in the Chittagong Hills area where it conducted counterinsurgency operations against tribal guerrillas from the 1970s until the late 1990s; since 2009, the military has been in a force-wide expansion and modernization program known as Forces Goal 2030

" @@ -1207,7 +1213,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "890,276 (Burma) (2021) (includes an estimated 738,817 Rohingya refugees who have fled conflict since 25 August 2017)" + "text": "902,947 (Burma) (2021) (includes an estimated 751,862 Rohingya refugees who have fled conflict since 25 August 2017)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "427,000 (conflict, development, human rights violations, religious persecution, natural disasters) (2020)" diff --git a/south-asia/bt.json b/south-asia/bt.json index 6f967ded..3a525511 100644 --- a/south-asia/bt.json +++ b/south-asia/bt.json @@ -359,20 +359,6 @@ "text": "1.11 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "17 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "318 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "78 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas" }, @@ -396,6 +382,14 @@ "text": "0.9% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "43% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.52% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "1.89% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -406,14 +400,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "43% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.52% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "111,314 tons (2007 est.)" @@ -424,6 +410,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "0.9% (2016 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "17 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "318 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "78 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -577,14 +577,14 @@ "text": "

Bhutan's small economy is based largely on hydropower, agriculture, and forestry, which provide the main livelihood for more than half the population. Because rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive, industrial production is primarily of the cottage industry type. The economy is closely aligned with India's through strong trade and monetary links and is dependent on India for financial assistance and migrant laborers for development projects, especially for road construction. Bhutan signed a pact in December 2014 to expand duty-free trade with Bangladesh.

Multilateral development organizations administer most educational, social, and environment programs, and take into account the government's desire to protect the country's environment and cultural traditions. For example, the government is cautious in its expansion of the tourist sector, restricing visits to environmentally conscientious tourists. Complicated controls and uncertain policies in areas such as industrial licensing, trade, labor, and finance continue to hamper foreign investment.

Bhutan’s largest export - hydropower to India - could spur sustainable growth in the coming years if Bhutan resolves chronic delays in construction. Bhutan’s hydropower exports comprise 40% of total exports and 25% of the government’s total revenue. Bhutan currently taps only 6.5% of its 24,000-megawatt hydropower potential and is behind schedule in building 12 new hydropower dams with a combined capacity of 10,000 megawatts by 2020 in accordance with a deal signed in 2008 with India. The high volume of imported materials to build hydropower plants has expanded Bhutan's trade and current account deficits. Bhutan also signed a memorandum of understanding with Bangladesh and India in July 2017 to jointly construct a new hydropower plant for exporting electricity to Bangladesh.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$8.42 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$9.029 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$9.03 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$8.561 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$8.307 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$8.56 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -600,14 +600,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$10,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$11,832 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$11,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$11,348 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$11,142 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$11,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -739,11 +739,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$554.6 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$790 million note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$495.3 million (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$780 million note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$790 million note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -753,11 +756,14 @@ "text": "iron alloys, dolomite, refined iron, cement, silicon carbides (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$1.025 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$1.19 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$1.03 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$1.23 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$1.25 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -895,7 +901,7 @@ }, "Telecommunication systems": { "general assessment": { - "text": "

Bhutan’s telecom market is dominated by the mobile sector for voice and data connections due to poor fixed-line infrastructure and topographic issues; investment is focused on mobile infrastructure and an emergency telecom network for natural disasters; extended LTE to 60% of all mobile Internet users; regulator developing 5G plan; international communication through landline and microwave relay; nascent satellite service; importer of broadcast equipment from India (2021)

(2020)" + "text": "

Bhutan’s telecom market is dominated by the mobile sector for voice and data connections due to poor fixed-line infrastructure and topographic issues; investment is focused on mobile infrastructure and an emergency telecom network for natural disasters; extended LTE to 60% of all mobile Internet users; regulator developing 5G plan; international communication through landline and microwave relay; nascent satellite service; importer of broadcast equipment from India 

(2021)" }, "domestic": { "text": "3 to 100 fixed-line, 96 to 100 mobile cellular; domestic service inadequate, notably in rural areas (2019)" @@ -994,7 +1000,7 @@ "text": "18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; militia training is compulsory for males aged 20-25, over a 3-year period; in 2021, the Royal Bhutan Army graduated from a year-long training course the first batch of 150 women to be allowed to serve in combat roles; previously, women were allowed to serve in medical and other non-combat roles (2021)" }, "Military - note": { - "text": "India is responsible for military training, arms supplies, and the air defense of Bhutan" + "text": "India is responsible for military training, arms supplies, and the air defense of Bhutan (2021)" } }, "Transnational Issues": { diff --git a/south-asia/ce.json b/south-asia/ce.json index 51307b7a..b4591397 100644 --- a/south-asia/ce.json +++ b/south-asia/ce.json @@ -392,20 +392,6 @@ "text": "10.95 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "805 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "831 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "11.31 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "52.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October)" }, @@ -429,6 +415,14 @@ "text": "27.1% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "18.9% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "1.22% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.06% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -439,14 +433,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "18.9% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "1.22% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "

intermediate

(2020)" @@ -471,6 +457,20 @@ "percent of municipal solid waste recycled": { "text": "12.8% (2016 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "805 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "831 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "11.31 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "52.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -657,14 +657,14 @@ "text": "

Sri Lanka is attempting to sustain economic growth while maintaining macroeconomic stability under the IMF program it began in 2016. The government's high debt payments and bloated civil service, which have contributed to historically high budget deficits, remain a concern. Government debt is about 79% of GDP and remains among the highest of the emerging markets. In the coming years, Sri Lanka will need to balance its elevated debt repayment schedule with its need to maintain adequate foreign exchange reserves.

In May 2016, Sri Lanka regained its preferential trade status under the European Union’s Generalized System of Preferences Plus, enabling many of its firms to export products, including its top export garments, tax free to the EU. In 2017, Parliament passed a new Inland Revenue Act in an effort to increase tax collection and broaden the tax base in response to recommendations made under its IMF program. In November 2017, the Financial Action Task Force on money laundering and terrorist financing listed Sri Lanka as non-compliant, but reported subsequently that Sri Lanka had made good progress in implementing an action plan to address deficiencies.

Tourism has experienced strong growth in the years since the resolution of the government's 26-year conflict with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. In 2017, the government promulgated plans to transform the country into a knowledge-based, export-oriented Indian Ocean hub by 2025.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$274.8 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$285.141 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$284.97 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$278.776 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$269.853 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$278.68 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -680,14 +680,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$12,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$13,078 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$13,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$12,865 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$12,584 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$12,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -833,10 +833,10 @@ }, "Exports": { "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$16.322 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$19.41 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$15.238 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$20.26 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Exports 2017": { "text": "$15.166 billion (2017 est.)" @@ -850,10 +850,10 @@ }, "Imports": { "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$24.984 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$24.56 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$26.521 billion (2018 est.)" + "text": "$26.84 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" }, "Imports 2017": { "text": "$26.063 billion (2017 est.)" diff --git a/south-asia/in.json b/south-asia/in.json index 47a9c52c..a68fcf6c 100644 --- a/south-asia/in.json +++ b/south-asia/in.json @@ -96,6 +96,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "667,000 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Brahmaputra (651,335 sq km), Ganges (1,016,124 sq km), Indus (1,081,718 sq km), Irrawaddy (413,710 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "with the notable exception of the deserts in the northwest, including the Thar Desert, and the mountain fringe in the north, a very high population density exists throughout most of the country; the core of the population is in the north along the banks of the Ganges, with other river valleys and southern coastal areas also having large population concentrations" }, @@ -104,12 +110,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean trade routes; Kanchenjunga, third tallest mountain in the world, lies on the border with Nepal" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Brahmaputra (651,335 sq km), Ganges (1,016,124 sq km), Indus (1,081,718 sq km), Irrawaddy (413,710 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -409,20 +409,6 @@ "text": "559.11 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "56 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "17 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "688 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "1,910,900,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north" }, @@ -446,6 +432,14 @@ "text": "16.4% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "35.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.14% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -456,14 +450,6 @@ "text": "1.15% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "35.4% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "very high (2020)" @@ -498,6 +484,20 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "56 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "17 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "688 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "1,910,900,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -688,14 +688,14 @@ "text": "

India's diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of services. Slightly less than half of the workforce is in agriculture, but services are the major source of economic growth, accounting for nearly two-thirds of India's output but employing less than one-third of its labor force. India has capitalized on its large educated English-speaking population to become a major exporter of information technology services, business outsourcing services, and software workers. Nevertheless, per capita income remains below the world average. India is developing into an open-market economy, yet traces of its past autarkic policies remain. Economic liberalization measures, including industrial deregulation, privatization of state-owned enterprises, and reduced controls on foreign trade and investment, began in the early 1990s and served to accelerate the country's growth, which averaged nearly 7% per year from 1997 to 2017.

India's economic growth slowed in 2011 because of a decline in investment caused by high interest rates, rising inflation, and investor pessimism about the government's commitment to further economic reforms and about slow world growth. Investors’ perceptions of India improved in early 2014, due to a reduction of the current account deficit and expectations of post-election economic reform, resulting in a surge of inbound capital flows and stabilization of the rupee. Growth rebounded in 2014 through 2016. Despite a high growth rate compared to the rest of the world, India’s government-owned banks faced mounting bad debt, resulting in low credit growth. Rising macroeconomic imbalances in India and improving economic conditions in Western countries led investors to shift capital away from India, prompting a sharp depreciation of the rupee through 2016.

The economy slowed again in 2017, due to shocks of \"demonetizaton\" in 2016 and introduction of GST in 2017. Since the election, the government has passed an important goods and services tax bill and raised foreign direct investment caps in some sectors, but most economic reforms have focused on administrative and governance changes, largely because the ruling party remains a minority in India’s upper house of Parliament, which must approve most bills.

India has a young population and corresponding low dependency ratio, healthy savings and investment rates, and is increasing integration into the global economy. However, long-term challenges remain significant, including: India's discrimination against women and girls, an inefficient power generation and distribution system, ineffective enforcement of intellectual property rights, decades-long civil litigation dockets, inadequate transport and agricultural infrastructure, limited non-agricultural employment opportunities, high spending and poorly targeted subsidies, inadequate availability of quality basic and higher education, and accommodating rural-to-urban migration.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$8,443,360,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$9,155,083,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$9,174,040,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$8,787,694,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$8,280,935,000,000 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$8,817,670,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -711,14 +711,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$6,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$6,700 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$6,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$6,497 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$6,186 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$6,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -863,14 +863,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$484.95 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$572.073 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$546.03 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$564.165 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$509.661 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$537.04 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -880,14 +880,14 @@ "text": "refined petroleum, diamonds, packaged medicines, jewelry, cars (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$493.18 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$624.314 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$619.48 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$656.529 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$575.121 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$642.96 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1203,7 +1203,7 @@ "text": "the inventory of the Indian Armed Forces consists mostly of Russian-origin equipment, along with a smaller mix of Western and domestically-produced arms; since 2010, Russia is the leading supplier of arms to India; other major suppliers include France, Israel, the UK, and the US; India's defense industry is capable of producing a range of air, land, missile, and naval weapons systems for both indigenous use and export (2020)" }, "Military deployments": { - "text": "1,900 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 200 Golan Heights (UNDOF); 780 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 2,350 South Sudan (UNMISS) (Jan 2021)" + "text": "1,850 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 200 Golan Heights (UNDOF); 850 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 2,350 South Sudan (UNMISS) (Sep 2021)" }, "Military service age and obligation": { "text": "16-18 years of age for voluntary military service (Army 17 1/2, Air Force 17, Navy 16 1/2); no conscription; women may join as officers, currently serve in combat roles as Air Force pilots, and under consideration for Army and Navy combat roles (currently can fly naval reconnaissance aircraft) (2020)" @@ -1224,7 +1224,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "108,008 (Tibet/China), 59,428 (Sri Lanka), 18,813 (Burma), 7,470 (Afghanistan) (2019)" + "text": "93,259 (Sri Lanka), 73,407 (Tibet/China), 19,398 (Burma), 8,275 (Afghanistan) (2020)" }, "IDPs": { "text": "473,000 (armed conflict and intercommunal violence) (2020)" diff --git a/south-asia/mv.json b/south-asia/mv.json index a35bdd63..08a055ec 100644 --- a/south-asia/mv.json +++ b/south-asia/mv.json @@ -364,20 +364,6 @@ "text": "0.14 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "5.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "300,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "30 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)" }, @@ -401,6 +387,14 @@ "text": "73.7% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "41.1% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.34% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -411,18 +405,24 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "41.1% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.34% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Waste and recycling": { "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "211,506 tons (2015 est.)" } + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "5.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "300,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "0 cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "30 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -588,14 +588,14 @@ "text": "

Maldives has quickly become a middle-income country, driven by the rapid growth of its tourism and fisheries sectors, but the country still contends with a large and growing fiscal deficit. Infrastructure projects, largely funded by China, could add significantly to debt levels. Political turmoil and the declaration of a state of emergency in February 2018 led to the issuance of travel warnings by several countries whose citizens visit Maldives in significant numbers, but the overall impact on tourism revenue was unclear.

In 2015, Maldives’ Parliament passed a constitutional amendment legalizing foreign ownership of land; foreign land-buyers must reclaim at least 70% of the desired land from the ocean and invest at least $1 billion in a construction project approved by Parliament.

Diversifying the economy beyond tourism and fishing, reforming public finance, increasing employment opportunities, and combating corruption, cronyism, and a growing drug problem are near-term challenges facing the government. Over the longer term, Maldivian authorities worry about the impact of erosion and possible global warming on their low-lying country; 80% of the area is 1 meter or less above sea level.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$7.05 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$10.37 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$10.37 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$9.692 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$8.964 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$9.69 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -611,14 +611,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$13,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$19,531 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$19,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$18,796 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$18,058 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$18,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -756,11 +756,11 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$256.2 million (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$3.72 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Exports 2015": { - "text": "$239.8 million (2015 est.)" + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$3.58 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -770,11 +770,11 @@ "text": "fish products, natural gas, scrap iron, jewelry, liquid pumps (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$2.125 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$4.09 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, - "Imports 2015": { - "text": "$1.896 billion (2015 est.)" + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$4.1 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/south-asia/np.json b/south-asia/np.json index cd52d897..57019276 100644 --- a/south-asia/np.json +++ b/south-asia/np.json @@ -85,6 +85,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "13,320 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Brahmaputra (651,335 sq km), Ganges (1,016,124 sq km), Indus (1,081,718 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "most of the population is divided nearly equally between a concentration in the southern-most plains of the Tarai region and the central hilly region; overall density is quite low" }, @@ -386,20 +392,6 @@ "text": "41.15 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "147.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "29.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "9.32 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "210.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south" }, @@ -423,6 +415,14 @@ "text": "45.8% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "21% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "3.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.45% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -433,14 +433,6 @@ "text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "21% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "3.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -456,6 +448,26 @@ "municipal solid waste generated annually": { "text": "1,768,977 tons (2016 est.)" } + }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Brahmaputra (651,335 sq km), Ganges (1,016,124 sq km), Indus (1,081,718 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "147.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "29.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "9.32 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "210.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -640,14 +652,14 @@ "text": "

Nepal is among the least developed countries in the world, with about one-quarter of its population living below the poverty line. Nepal is heavily dependent on remittances, which amount to as much as 30% of GDP. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for almost two-thirds of the population but accounting for less than a third of GDP. Industrial activity mainly involves the processing of agricultural products, including pulses, jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain.

Nepal has considerable scope for exploiting its potential in hydropower, with an estimated 42,000 MW of commercially feasible capacity. Nepal has signed trade and investment agreements with India, China, and other countries, but political uncertainty and a difficult business climate have hampered foreign investment. The United States and Nepal signed a $500 million Millennium Challenge Corporation Compact in September 2017 which will expand Nepal’s electricity infrastructure and help maintain transportation infrastructure.

Massive earthquakes struck Nepal in early 2015, which damaged or destroyed infrastructure and homes and set back economic development. Although political gridlock and lack of capacity have hindered post-earthquake recovery, government-led reconstruction efforts have progressively picked up speed, although many hard hit areas still have seen little assistance. Additional challenges to Nepal's growth include its landlocked geographic location, inconsistent electricity supply, and underdeveloped transportation infrastructure.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$110.72 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$97.749 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$113.08 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$91.362 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$85.624 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$106.03 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -663,14 +675,14 @@ } }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$3,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$3,417 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$4,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$3,253 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$3,099 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$3,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars" }, @@ -801,11 +813,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$818.7 million (2017 est.)" + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$1.79 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Exports 2016": { - "text": "$761.6 million (2016 est.)" + "Exports 2019": { + "text": "$2.73 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Exports 2018": { + "text": "$2.68 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -815,11 +830,14 @@ "text": "palm oil, clothing and apparel, carpets, soybean oil, flavored water (2019)" }, "Imports": { - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$10 billion (2017 est.)" + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$10.68 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" }, - "Imports 2016": { - "text": "$8.764 billion (2016 est.)" + "Imports 2019": { + "text": "$13.83 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" + }, + "Imports 2018": { + "text": "$14.65 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { @@ -1119,7 +1137,7 @@ }, "Refugees and internally displaced persons": { "refugees (country of origin)": { - "text": "12,540 (Tibet/China), 6,396 (Bhutan) (2019)" + "text": "12,540 (Tibet/China), 6,365 (Bhutan) (2020)" }, "stateless persons": { "text": "undetermined (2016); note - the UNHCR is working with the Nepali Government to address the large number of individuals lacking citizenship certificates in Nepal; smaller numbers of Bhutanese Hindu refugees of Nepali origin (the Lhotshampa) who were stripped of Bhutanese nationality and forced to flee their country in the late 1980s and early 1990s - and undocumented Tibetan refugees who arrived in Nepal prior to the 1990s - are considered stateless" diff --git a/south-asia/pk.json b/south-asia/pk.json index 98be95d5..f288087a 100644 --- a/south-asia/pk.json +++ b/south-asia/pk.json @@ -96,6 +96,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "202,000 sq km (2012)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Indus (1,081,718 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), (Aral Sea basin) Amu Darya (534,739 sq km)" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "Indus Basin" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "the Indus River and its tributaries attract most of the settlement, with Punjab province the most densely populated" }, @@ -104,12 +110,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "controls Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass, traditional invasion routes between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Indus (1,081,718 sq km)
Aral Sea drainage (endorheic basin): Amu Darya (534,739 sq km)
Tarim Basin drainage (endorheic basin): Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km)" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "Indus Basin" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -407,20 +407,6 @@ "text": "142.12 megatons (2020 est.)" } }, - "Total water withdrawal": { - "municipal": { - "text": "9.65 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "industrial": { - "text": "1.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, - "agricultural": { - "text": "172.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - } - }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "246.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" - }, "Climate": { "text": "mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north" }, @@ -444,6 +430,14 @@ "text": "62.7% (2018 est.)" } }, + "Urbanization": { + "urban population": { + "text": "37.4% of total population (2021)" + }, + "rate of urbanization": { + "text": "2.1% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" + } + }, "Revenue from forest resources": { "forest revenues": { "text": "0.1% of GDP (2018 est.)" @@ -454,14 +448,6 @@ "text": "0.06% of GDP (2018 est.)" } }, - "Urbanization": { - "urban population": { - "text": "37.4% of total population (2021)" - }, - "rate of urbanization": { - "text": "2.1% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)" - } - }, "Major infectious diseases": { "degree of risk": { "text": "high (2020)" @@ -494,10 +480,24 @@ } }, "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Indus (1,081,718 sq km)
Aral Sea drainage (endorheic basin): Amu Darya (534,739 sq km)
Tarim Basin drainage (endorheic basin): Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km)" + "text": "Indian Ocean drainage: Indus (1,081,718 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), (Aral Sea basin) Amu Darya (534,739 sq km)" }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "Indus Basin" + }, + "Total water withdrawal": { + "municipal": { + "text": "9.65 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "industrial": { + "text": "1.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + }, + "agricultural": { + "text": "172.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" + } + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "246.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)" } }, "Government": { @@ -691,14 +691,14 @@ "text": "

Decades of internal political disputes and low levels of foreign investment have led to underdevelopment in Pakistan. Pakistan has a large English-speaking population, with English-language skills less prevalent outside urban centers. Despite some progress in recent years in both security and energy, a challenging security environment, electricity shortages, and a burdensome investment climate have traditionally deterred investors. Agriculture accounts for one-fifth of output and two-fifths of employment. Textiles and apparel account for more than half of Pakistan's export earnings; Pakistan's failure to diversify its exports has left the country vulnerable to shifts in world demand. Pakistan’s GDP growth has gradually increased since 2012, and was 5.3% in 2017. Official unemployment was 6% in 2017, but this fails to capture the true picture, because much of the economy is informal and underemployment remains high. Human development continues to lag behind most of the region.

In 2013, Pakistan embarked on a $6.3 billion IMF Extended Fund Facility, which focused on reducing energy shortages, stabilizing public finances, increasing revenue collection, and improving its balance of payments position. The program concluded in September 2016. Although Pakistan missed several structural reform criteria, it restored macroeconomic stability, improved its credit rating, and boosted growth. The Pakistani rupee has remained relatively stable against the US dollar since 2015, though it declined about 10% between November 2017 and March 2018. Balance of payments concerns have reemerged, however, as a result of a significant increase in imports and weak export and remittance growth.

Pakistan must continue to address several longstanding issues, including expanding investment in education, healthcare, and sanitation; adapting to the effects of climate change and natural disasters; improving the country’s business environment; and widening the country’s tax base. Given demographic challenges, Pakistan’s leadership will be pressed to implement economic reforms, promote further development of the energy sector, and attract foreign investment to support sufficient economic growth necessary to employ its growing and rapidly urbanizing population, much of which is under the age of 25.

In an effort to boost development, Pakistan and China are implementing the \"China-Pakistan Economic Corridor\" (CPEC) with $60 billion in investments targeted towards energy and other infrastructure projects. Pakistan believes CPEC investments will enable growth rates of over 6% of GDP by laying the groundwork for increased exports. CPEC-related obligations, however, have raised IMF concern about Pakistan’s capital outflows and external financing needs over the medium term.

" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": { + "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": { + "text": "$1,021,130,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": { - "text": "$1,015,796,000,000 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$1,015,800,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": { - "text": "$1,005,850,000,000 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": { - "text": "$950.381 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$1,005,850,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2017 dollars
data are for fiscal years" }, @@ -715,14 +715,14 @@ "note": "note: data are for fiscal years" }, "Real GDP per capita": { + "Real GDP per capita 2020": { + "text": "$4,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Real GDP per capita 2019": { - "text": "$4,690 (2019 est.)" + "text": "$4,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Real GDP per capita 2018": { - "text": "$4,740 (2018 est.)" - }, - "Real GDP per capita 2017": { - "text": "$4,571 (2017 est.)" + "text": "$4,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)" }, "note": "note: data are in 2010 dollars" }, @@ -869,14 +869,14 @@ } }, "Exports": { + "Exports 2020": { + "text": "$27.3 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Exports 2019": { - "text": "$31.517 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$30.67 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Exports 2018": { - "text": "$27.604 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Exports 2017": { - "text": "$25.613 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$30.77 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Exports - partners": { @@ -886,14 +886,14 @@ "text": "textiles, clothing and apparel, rice, leather goods, surgical instruments (2019)" }, "Imports": { + "Imports 2020": { + "text": "$51.07 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)" + }, "Imports 2019": { - "text": "$42.27 billion (2019 est.)" + "text": "$57.98 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)" }, "Imports 2018": { - "text": "$51.602 billion (2018 est.)" - }, - "Imports 2017": { - "text": "$47.165 billion (2017 est.)" + "text": "$68.42 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)" } }, "Imports - partners": { diff --git a/world/xx.json b/world/xx.json index 3d7f74c9..90e9f72b 100644 --- a/world/xx.json +++ b/world/xx.json @@ -82,6 +82,12 @@ "Irrigated land": { "text": "3,242,917 sq km (2012 est.)" }, + "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { + "text": "summary statement: a watershed is a drainage basin on an area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water; oceans ultimately take in the drainage from 83% of all land area; the remaining 17% of the land drains into internal (endorheic) basins, e.g., the Caspian Sea; The World Factbook lists 51 different watersheds across 102 countries; of these, 18 are in Asia, 9 in Europe, 9 in Africa, 8 in North and Central America, 5 in South America, and 2 in Australia; all watersheds with an area of at least 500,000 sq km have been included along with a number of smaller, regionally significant watersheds; together, these watersheds represent the surface hydrology water flows that are the World's primary sources of fresh water for individual consumption, industry, and agriculture" + }, + "Major aquifers": { + "text": "summary statement: aquifers are underground layers of water-bearing permeable rock formations; they include alluvial formations such as unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifers, sedimentary rock formations of sandstone and karst (carbonate rocks such as limestone) aquifers, as well as volcanic aquifers, and basement aquifers (igneous and metamorphic rocks that underlie sedimentary and volcanic rock sequences); groundwater from aquifers can be extracted using a water well; The World Factbook lists 37 major aquifers across 52 countries; of these, 13 are in Africa, 10 in Asia, 5 in North America, 3 in South America, 4 in Europe, and 2 in Australia; although aquifers can vary in size, the major aquifers listed in The Factbook contain the bulk of the stored volume of groundwater; the fresh water held in these aquifers represents more than 30% of the World's fresh water; in the US, groundwater is primarily used for irrigation and globally, 70% of groundwater withdrawn is used for agriculture; groundwater also supplies almost half of all drinking water worldwide" + }, "Population distribution": { "text": "six of the world's seven continents are widely and permanently inhabited; Asia is easily the most populous continent with about 60% of the world's population (China and India together account for over 35%); Africa comes in second with over 15% of the earth's populace, Europe has about 10%, North America 8%, South America almost 6%, and Oceania less than 1%; the harsh conditions on Antarctica prevent any permanent habitation" }, @@ -90,12 +96,6 @@ }, "Geography - note": { "text": "

note 1: the world is now thought to be about 4.55 billion years old, just about one-third of the 13.8-billion-year age estimated for the universe; the earliest widely accepted date for life appearing on earth is 3.48 billion years ago, but this date is conservative and may get pushed back further

note 2: although earthquakes can strike anywhere at any time, the vast majority occur in three large zones of the earth; the world's greatest earthquake belt, the Circum-Pacific Belt (popularly referred to as the Ring of Fire), is the zone of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; about 90% of the world's earthquakes (81% of the largest earthquakes) and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire; the belt extends northward from Chile, along the South American coast, through Central America, Mexico, the western US, southern Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, to Japan, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, island groups in the southwestern Pacific, and New Zealand

the second prominent belt, the Alpide, extends from Java to Sumatra, northward along the mountains of Burma, then eastward through the Himalayas, the Mediterranean, and out into the Atlantic Ocean; it accounts for about 17% of the world's largest earthquakes; the third important belt follows the long Mid-Atlantic Ridge

" - }, - "Major watersheds (area sq km)": { - "text": "summary statement: a watershed is a drainage basin on an area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water; oceans ultimately take in the drainage from 83% of all land area; the remaining 17% of the land drains into internal (endorheic) basins, e.g., the Caspian Sea; The World Factbook lists 51 different watersheds across 102 countries; of these, 18 are in Asia, 9 in Europe, 9 in Africa, 8 in North and Central America, 5 in South America, and 2 in Australia; all watersheds with an area of at least 500,000 sq km have been included along with a number of smaller, regionally significant watersheds; together, these watersheds represent the surface hydrology water flows that are the World's primary sources of fresh water for individual consumption, industry, and agriculture" - }, - "Major aquifers": { - "text": "summary statement: aquifers are underground layers of water-bearing permeable rock formations; they include alluvial formations such as unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifers, sedimentary rock formations of sandstone and karst (carbonate rocks such as limestone) aquifers, as well as volcanic aquifers, and basement aquifers (igneous and metamorphic rocks that underlie sedimentary and volcanic rock sequences); groundwater from aquifers can be extracted using a water well; The World Factbook lists 37 major aquifers across 52 countries; of these, 13 are in Africa, 10 in Asia, 5 in North America, 3 in South America, 4 in Europe, and 2 in Australia; although aquifers can vary in size, the major aquifers listed in The Factbook contain the bulk of the stored volume of groundwater; the fresh water held in these aquifers represents more than 30% of the World's fresh water; in the US, groundwater is primarily used for irrigation and globally, 70% of groundwater withdrawn is used for agriculture; groundwater also supplies almost half of all drinking water worldwide" } }, "People and Society": { @@ -324,9 +324,6 @@ "Environment - current issues": { "text": "large areas subject to overpopulation, industrial disasters, pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances), loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of biodiversity; soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion; ozone layer depletion; waste disposal; global warming becoming a greater concern" }, - "Total renewable water resources": { - "text": "53,789.29 cubic meters (2011)" - }, "Climate": { "Climate": { "text": "a wide equatorial band of hot and humid tropical climates, bordered north and south by subtropical temperate zones that separate two large areas of cold and dry polar climates" @@ -360,6 +357,9 @@ }, "Major aquifers": { "text": "summary statement: aquifers are underground layers of water-bearing permeable rock formations; they include alluvial formations such as unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifers, sedimentary rock formations of sandstone and karst (carbonate rocks such as limestone) aquifers, as well as volcanic aquifers, and basement aquifers (igneous and metamorphic rocks that underlie sedimentary and volcanic rock sequences); groundwater from aquifers can be extracted using a water well; The World Factbook lists 37 major aquifers across 52 countries; of these, 13 are in Africa, 10 in Asia, 5 in North America, 3 in South America, 4 in Europe, and 2 in Australia; although aquifers can vary in size, the major aquifers listed in The Factbook contain the bulk of the stored volume of groundwater; the fresh water held in these aquifers represents more than 30% of the World's fresh water; in the US, groundwater is primarily used for irrigation and globally, 70% of groundwater withdrawn is used for agriculture; groundwater also supplies almost half of all drinking water worldwide" + }, + "Total renewable water resources": { + "text": "53,789.29 cubic meters (2011)" } }, "Government": {