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auto-update week 42
This commit is contained in:
Yo Robot
parent
7cda7791be
commit
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220 changed files with 8585 additions and 8074 deletions
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@ -85,6 +85,9 @@
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"Irrigated land": {
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"text": "10,233 sq km (2012)"
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},
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"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
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"text": "Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), <em>(Aral Sea basin)</em> Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)"
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},
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"Population distribution": {
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"text": "the vast majority of Kyrgyzstanis live in rural areas; densest population settlement is to the north in and around the capital, Bishkek, followed by Osh in the west; the least densely populated area is the east, southeast in the Tien Shan mountains"
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},
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@ -93,9 +96,6 @@
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},
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"Geography - note": {
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"text": "landlocked; entirely mountainous, dominated by the Tien Shan range; 94% of the country is 1,000 m above sea level with an average elevation of 2,750 m; many tall peaks, glaciers, and high-altitude lakes"
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},
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"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
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"text": "Aral Sea drainage <em>(endorheic basin)</em>: Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)<br>Tarim Basin drainage <em>(endorheic basin)</em>: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km)"
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}
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},
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"People and Society": {
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@ -376,20 +376,6 @@
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"text": "4.47 megatons (2020 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Total water withdrawal": {
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"municipal": {
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"text": "224 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
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},
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"industrial": {
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"text": "336 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
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},
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"agricultural": {
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"text": "7.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Total renewable water resources": {
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"text": "23.618 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
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},
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"Climate": {
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"text": "dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan Mountains; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone"
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},
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@ -413,6 +399,14 @@
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"text": "39.5% (2018 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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"urban population": {
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"text": "37.1% of total population (2021)"
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},
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"rate of urbanization": {
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"text": "2.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Revenue from forest resources": {
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"forest revenues": {
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"text": "0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)"
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@ -423,21 +417,27 @@
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"text": "0.21% of GDP (2018 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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"urban population": {
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"text": "37.1% of total population (2021)"
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},
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"rate of urbanization": {
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"text": "2.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Waste and recycling": {
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"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
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"text": "1,113,300 tons (2015 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
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"text": "Aral Sea drainage <em>(endorheic basin)</em>: Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)<br>Tarim Basin drainage <em>(endorheic basin)</em>: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km)"
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"text": "Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), <em>(Aral Sea basin)</em> Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)"
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},
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"Total water withdrawal": {
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"municipal": {
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"text": "224 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
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},
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"industrial": {
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"text": "336 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
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},
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"agricultural": {
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"text": "7.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Total renewable water resources": {
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"text": "23.618 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Government": {
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@ -625,14 +625,14 @@
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"text": "<p>Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked, mountainous, lower middle income country with an economy dominated by minerals extraction, agriculture, and reliance on remittances from citizens working abroad. Cotton, wool, and meat are the main agricultural products, although only cotton is exported in any quantity. Other exports include gold, mercury, uranium, natural gas, and - in some years - electricity. The country has sought to attract foreign investment to expand its export base, including construction of hydroelectric dams, but a difficult investment climate and an ongoing legal battle with a Canadian firm over the joint ownership structure of the nation’s largest gold mine deter potential investors. Remittances from Kyrgyz migrant workers, predominantly in Russia and Kazakhstan, are equivalent to more than one-quarter of Kyrgyzstan’s GDP.</p><p></p><p>Following independence, Kyrgyzstan rapidly implemented market reforms, such as improving the regulatory system and instituting land reform. In 1998, Kyrgyzstan was the first Commonwealth of Independent States country to be accepted into the World Trade Organization. The government has privatized much of its ownership shares in public enterprises. Despite these reforms, the country suffered a severe drop in production in the early 1990s and has again faced slow growth in recent years as the global financial crisis and declining oil prices have dampened economies across Central Asia. The Kyrgyz government remains dependent on foreign donor support to finance its annual budget deficit of approximately 3 to 5% of GDP.</p><p></p><p>Kyrgyz leaders hope the country’s August 2015 accession to the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) will bolster trade and investment, but slowing economies in Russia and China and low commodity prices continue to hamper economic growth. Large-scale trade and investment pledged by Kyrgyz leaders has been slow to develop. Many Kyrgyz entrepreneurs and politicians complain that non-tariff measures imposed by other EAEU member states are hurting certain sectors of the Kyrgyz economy, such as meat and dairy production, in which they have comparative advantage. Since acceding to the EAEU, the Kyrgyz Republic has continued harmonizing its laws and regulations to meet EAEU standards, though many local entrepreneurs believe this process as disjointed and incomplete. Kyrgyzstan’s economic development continues to be hampered by corruption, lack of administrative transparency, lack of diversity in domestic industries, and difficulty attracting foreign aid and investment.</p>"
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},
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"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
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"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
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"text": "$31.02 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
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},
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"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
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"text": "$33.918 billion (2019 est.)"
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"text": "$33.95 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
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},
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"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
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"text": "$32.455 billion (2018 est.)"
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},
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"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
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"text": "$31.28 billion (2017 est.)"
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"text": "$32.46 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
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},
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
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},
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@ -648,14 +648,14 @@
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}
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},
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"Real GDP per capita": {
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"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
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"text": "$4,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
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},
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"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
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"text": "$5,253 (2019 est.)"
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"text": "$5,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
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},
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"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
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"text": "$5,133 (2018 est.)"
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},
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"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
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"text": "$5,047 (2017 est.)"
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"text": "$5,100 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
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},
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
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},
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@ -797,10 +797,10 @@
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},
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"Exports": {
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"Exports 2019": {
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"text": "$2.742 billion (2019 est.)"
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"text": "$3.11 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
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},
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"Exports 2018": {
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"text": "$2.288 billion (2018 est.)"
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"text": "$2.73 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
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},
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"Exports 2017": {
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"text": "$2.352 billion (2017 est.)"
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@ -814,10 +814,10 @@
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},
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"Imports": {
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"Imports 2019": {
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"text": "$5.477 billion (2019 est.)"
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"text": "$5.67 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
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},
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"Imports 2018": {
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"text": "$5.32 billion (2018 est.)"
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"text": "$5.86 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
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},
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"Imports 2017": {
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"text": "$4.953 billion (2017 est.)"
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@ -85,6 +85,9 @@
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"Irrigated land": {
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"text": "20,660 sq km (2012)"
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},
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"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
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"text": "Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km), Lake Balkash (510,015 sq km)"
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},
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"Population distribution": {
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"text": "most of the country displays a low population density, particularly the interior; population clusters appear in urban agglomerations in the far northern and southern portions of the country"
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},
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@ -93,9 +96,6 @@
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},
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"Geography - note": {
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"text": "world's largest landlocked country and one of only two landlocked countries in the world that extends into two continents (the other is Azerbaijan); Russia leases approximately 6,000 sq km of territory enclosing the Baikonur Cosmodrome; in January 2004, Kazakhstan and Russia extended the lease to 2050"
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},
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"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
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"text": "Aral Sea drainage <em>(endorheic basin)</em>: Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)<br>Lake Balkash drainage <em>(endorheic basin)</em>: Lake Balkash (510,015 sq km)<br>Tarim Basin drainage <em>(endorheic basin)</em>: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km)"
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}
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},
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"People and Society": {
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@ -377,20 +377,6 @@
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"text": "45.03 megatons (2020 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Total water withdrawal": {
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"municipal": {
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"text": "2.347 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
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},
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"industrial": {
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"text": "6.984 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
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},
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"agricultural": {
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"text": "15.12 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Total renewable water resources": {
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"text": "108.41 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
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},
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"Climate": {
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"text": "continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid"
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},
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@ -414,6 +400,14 @@
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"text": "21.4% (2018 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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"urban population": {
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"text": "57.8% of total population (2021)"
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},
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"rate of urbanization": {
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"text": "1.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Revenue from forest resources": {
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"forest revenues": {
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"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
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@ -424,14 +418,6 @@
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"text": "0.99% of GDP (2018 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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"urban population": {
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"text": "57.8% of total population (2021)"
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},
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"rate of urbanization": {
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"text": "1.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Waste and recycling": {
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"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
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"text": "4,659,740 tons (2012 est.)"
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@ -444,7 +430,21 @@
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}
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},
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"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
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"text": "Aral Sea drainage <em>(endorheic basin)</em>: Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)<br>Lake Balkash drainage <em>(endorheic basin)</em>: Lake Balkash (510,015 sq km)<br>Tarim Basin drainage <em>(endorheic basin)</em>: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km)"
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"text": "Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km), Lake Balkash (510,015 sq km)"
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},
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"Total water withdrawal": {
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"municipal": {
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"text": "2.347 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
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},
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"industrial": {
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"text": "6.984 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
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},
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"agricultural": {
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"text": "15.12 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Total renewable water resources": {
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"text": "108.41 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Government": {
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@ -638,14 +638,14 @@
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"text": "<p>Kazakhstan's vast hydrocarbon and mineral reserves form the backbone of its economy. Geographically the largest of the former Soviet republics, excluding Russia, Kazakhstan, g possesses substantial fossil fuel reserves and other minerals and metals, such as uranium, copper, and zinc. It also has a large agricultural sector featuring livestock and grain. The government realizes that its economy suffers from an overreliance on oil and extractive industries and has made initial attempts to diversify its economy by targeting sectors like transport, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications, petrochemicals and food processing for greater development and investment. It also adopted a Subsoil Code in December 2017 with the aim of increasing exploration and investment in the hydrocarbon, and particularly mining, sectors.</p><p></p><p>Kazakhstan's oil production and potential is expanding rapidly. A $36.8 billion expansion of Kazakhstan’s premiere Tengiz oil field by Chevron-led Tengizchevroil should be complete in 2022. Meanwhile, the super-giant Kashagan field finally launched production in October 2016 after years of delay and an estimated $55 billion in development costs. Kazakhstan’s total oil production in 2017 climbed 10.5%.</p><p></p><p>Kazakhstan is landlocked and depends on Russia to export its oil to Europe. It also exports oil directly to China. In 2010, Kazakhstan joined Russia and Belarus to establish a Customs Union in an effort to boost foreign investment and improve trade. The Customs Union evolved into a Single Economic Space in 2012 and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in January 2015. Supported by rising commodity prices, Kazakhstan’s exports to EAEU countries increased 30.2% in 2017. Imports from EAEU countries grew by 24.1%.</p><p></p><p>The economic downturn of its EAEU partner, Russia, and the decline in global commodity prices from 2014 to 2016 contributed to an economic slowdown in Kazakhstan. In 2014, Kazakhstan devalued its currency, the tenge, and announced a stimulus package to cope with its economic challenges. In the face of further decline in the ruble, oil prices, and the regional economy, Kazakhstan announced in 2015 it would replace its currency band with a floating exchange rate, leading to a sharp fall in the value of the tenge. Since reaching a low of 391 to the dollar in January 2016, the tenge has modestly appreciated, helped by somewhat higher oil prices. While growth slowed to about 1% in both 2015 and 2016, a moderate recovery in oil prices, relatively stable inflation and foreign exchange rates, and the start of production at Kashagan helped push 2017 GDP growth to 4%.</p><p></p><p>Despite some positive institutional and legislative changes in the last several years, investors remain concerned about corruption, bureaucracy, and arbitrary law enforcement, especially at the regional and municipal levels. An additional concern is the condition of the country’s banking sector, which suffers from poor asset quality and a lack of transparency. Investors also question the potentially negative effects on the economy of a contested presidential succession as Kazakhstan’s first president, Nursultan NAZARBAYEV, turned 77 in 2017.</p>"
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},
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"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
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"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
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"text": "$475.18 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
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},
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"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
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"text": "$487.868 billion (2019 est.)"
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"text": "$487.87 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
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},
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"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
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"text": "$466.859 billion (2018 est.)"
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},
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"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
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"text": "$448.472 billion (2017 est.)"
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"text": "$466.86 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
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},
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
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},
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}
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},
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"Real GDP per capita": {
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"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
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"text": "$25,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
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},
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"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
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"text": "$26,351 (2019 est.)"
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"text": "$26,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
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},
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"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
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"text": "$25,544 (2018 est.)"
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},
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"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
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"text": "$24,863 (2017 est.)"
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"text": "$25,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
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},
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
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},
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}
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},
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"Exports": {
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"Exports 2020": {
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"text": "$51.75 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
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},
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"Exports 2019": {
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"text": "$76.455 billion (2019 est.)"
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"text": "$65.91 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
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},
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"Exports 2018": {
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"text": "$74.809 billion (2018 est.)"
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},
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"Exports 2017": {
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"text": "$68.256 billion (2017 est.)"
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"text": "$67.15 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Exports - partners": {
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"text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, copper, iron alloys, radioactive chemicals (2019)"
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},
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"Imports": {
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"Imports 2020": {
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"text": "$44.3 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
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},
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"Imports 2019": {
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"text": "$69.117 billion (2019 est.)"
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"text": "$51.5 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
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},
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"Imports 2018": {
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"text": "$61.933 billion (2018 est.)"
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},
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"Imports 2017": {
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"text": "$58.099 billion (2017 est.)"
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"text": "$46.23 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Imports - partners": {
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"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
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"text": "the Kazakh military's inventory is comprised of mostly older Russian and Soviet-era equipment; since 2010, Russia remains by far the leading supplier of weapons systems (2020)"
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},
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"Military deployments": {
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"text": "120 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Jan 2021)"
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},
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"Military service age and obligation": {
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"text": "All men 18-27 are required to serve in the military for at least one year. (2019)"
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},
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"Irrigated land": {
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"text": "43,000 sq km (2012)"
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},
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"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
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"text": "Arctic Ocean drainage: Kolyma (679,934 sq km), Lena (2,306,743 sq km), Ob (2,972,493 sq km), Pechora (289,532 sq km), Yenisei (2,554,388 sq km)<br>Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea) </em>Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)<br>Pacific Ocean drainage: Amur (1,929,955 sq km)<br>Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: <em>(Caspian Sea basin)</em> Volga (1,410,951 sq km)"
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},
|
||||
"Major aquifers": {
|
||||
"text": "Angara-Lena Basin, Pechora Basin, North Caucasus Basin, East European Aquifer System, West Siberian Basin, Tunguss Basin, Yakut Basin"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country extending from the Baltic Sea, south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable pockets are isolated and generally found in the south"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -104,12 +110,6 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Geography - note": {
|
||||
"text": "<p><strong>note 1:</strong> largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its size, much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture</p> <p><strong>note 2:</strong> Russia's far east, particularly the Kamchatka Peninsula, lies along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire</p> <p><strong>note 3:</strong> Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest peak; Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world, is estimated to hold one fifth of the world's fresh surface water<br><br><strong>note 4:</strong> Kaliningrad oblast is an exclave annexed from Germany following World War II (it was formerly part of East Prussia); its capital city of Kaliningrad - formerly Koenigsberg - is the only Baltic port in Russia that remains ice free in the winter</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
|
||||
"text": "Arctic Ocean drainage: Kolyma (679,934 sq km), Lena (2,306,743 sq km), Ob (2,972,493 sq km), Pechora (289,532 sq km), Yenisei (2,554,388 sq km)<br>Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea) </em>Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)<br>Pacific Ocean drainage: Amur (1,929,955 sq km)<br>Caspian Sea drainage <em>(endorheic basin)</em>: Volga (1,410,951 sq km)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major aquifers": {
|
||||
"text": "Angara-Lena Basin, Pechora Basin, North Caucasus Basin, East European Aquifer System, West Siberian Basin, Tunguss Basin, Yakut Basin"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"People and Society": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -405,20 +405,6 @@
|
|||
"text": "851.52 megatons (2020 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Total water withdrawal": {
|
||||
"municipal": {
|
||||
"text": "17.71 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"industrial": {
|
||||
"text": "28.04 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"agricultural": {
|
||||
"text": "18.66 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Total renewable water resources": {
|
||||
"text": "4,525,445,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Climate": {
|
||||
"text": "ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -442,6 +428,14 @@
|
|||
"text": "37.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
"text": "74.9% of total population (2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"rate of urbanization": {
|
||||
"text": "0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Revenue from forest resources": {
|
||||
"forest revenues": {
|
||||
"text": "0.29% of GDP (2018 est.)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -452,14 +446,6 @@
|
|||
"text": "0.53% of GDP (2018 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
"text": "74.9% of total population (2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"rate of urbanization": {
|
||||
"text": "0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
"text": "intermediate (2020)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -484,10 +470,24 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
|
||||
"text": "Arctic Ocean drainage: Kolyma (679,934 sq km), Lena (2,306,743 sq km), Ob (2,972,493 sq km), Pechora (289,532 sq km), Yenisei (2,554,388 sq km)<br>Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea) </em>Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)<br>Pacific Ocean drainage: Amur (1,929,955 sq km)<br>Caspian Sea drainage <em>(endorheic basin)</em>: Volga (1,410,951 sq km)"
|
||||
"text": "Arctic Ocean drainage: Kolyma (679,934 sq km), Lena (2,306,743 sq km), Ob (2,972,493 sq km), Pechora (289,532 sq km), Yenisei (2,554,388 sq km)<br>Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea) </em>Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)<br>Pacific Ocean drainage: Amur (1,929,955 sq km)<br>Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: <em>(Caspian Sea basin)</em> Volga (1,410,951 sq km)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major aquifers": {
|
||||
"text": "Angara-Lena Basin, Pechora Basin, North Caucasus Basin, East European Aquifer System, West Siberian Basin, Tunguss Basin, Yakut Basin"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Total water withdrawal": {
|
||||
"municipal": {
|
||||
"text": "17.71 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"industrial": {
|
||||
"text": "28.04 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"agricultural": {
|
||||
"text": "18.66 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Total renewable water resources": {
|
||||
"text": "4,525,445,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -688,14 +688,14 @@
|
|||
"text": "<p>Russia has undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, moving from a centrally planned economy towards a more market-based system. Both economic growth and reform have stalled in recent years, however, and Russia remains a predominantly statist economy with a high concentration of wealth in officials' hands. Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized most industry, with notable exceptions in the energy, transportation, banking, and defense-related sectors. The protection of property rights is still weak, and the state continues to interfere in the free operation of the private sector.</p><p></p><p>Russia is one of the world's leading producers of oil and natural gas, and is also a top exporter of metals such as steel and primary aluminum. Russia is heavily dependent on the movement of world commodity prices as reliance on commodity exports makes it vulnerable to boom and bust cycles that follow the volatile swings in global prices. The economy, which had averaged 7% growth during the 1998-2008 period as oil prices rose rapidly, has seen diminishing growth rates since then due to the exhaustion of Russia’s commodity-based growth model.</p><p></p><p>A combination of falling oil prices, international sanctions, and structural limitations pushed Russia into a deep recession in 2015, with GDP falling by close to 2.8%. The downturn continued through 2016, with GDP contracting another 0.2%, but was reversed in 2017 as world demand picked up. Government support for import substitution has increased recently in an effort to diversify the economy away from extractive industries.</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
|
||||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
|
||||
"text": "$3,875,690,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
|
||||
"text": "$3,968,180,000,000 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$3,993,550,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
|
||||
"text": "$3,915,637,000,000 (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
|
||||
"text": "$3,818,780,000,000 (2017 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$3,913,980,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -711,14 +711,14 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP per capita": {
|
||||
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
|
||||
"text": "$26,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
|
||||
"text": "$27,044 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$27,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
|
||||
"text": "$26,668 (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
|
||||
"text": "$26,006 (2017 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$26,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -863,14 +863,14 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports": {
|
||||
"Exports 2020": {
|
||||
"text": "$379.12 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports 2019": {
|
||||
"text": "$551.128 billion (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$481.76 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports 2018": {
|
||||
"text": "$564.314 billion (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports 2017": {
|
||||
"text": "$534.657 billion (2017 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$508.56 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - partners": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -880,14 +880,14 @@
|
|||
"text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, natural gas, coal, wheat, iron (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports": {
|
||||
"Imports 2020": {
|
||||
"text": "$304.68 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports 2019": {
|
||||
"text": "$366.919 billion (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$353.25 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports 2018": {
|
||||
"text": "$355.022 billion (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports 2017": {
|
||||
"text": "$345.926 billion (2017 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$343.58 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - partners": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1231,7 +1231,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
|
||||
"refugees (country of origin)": {
|
||||
"text": "41,251 (Ukraine) (2019)"
|
||||
"text": "18,428 (Ukraine) (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"stateless persons": {
|
||||
"text": "60,185 (2020); note - Russia's stateless population consists of Roma, Meskhetian Turks, and ex-Soviet citizens from the former republics; between 2003 and 2010 more than 600,000 stateless people were naturalized; most Meskhetian Turks, followers of Islam with origins in Georgia, fled or were evacuated from Uzbekistan after a 1989 pogrom and have lived in Russia for more than the required five-year residency period; they continue to be denied registration for citizenship and basic rights by local Krasnodar Krai authorities on the grounds that they are temporary illegal migrants"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -85,6 +85,9 @@
|
|||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "7,420 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
|
||||
"text": "Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), <em>(Aral Sea Basin)</em> Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the country's population is concentrated at lower elevations, with perhaps as much as 90% of the people living in valleys; overall density increases from east to west"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -93,9 +96,6 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Geography - note": {
|
||||
"text": "landlocked; highest point, Qullai Ismoili Somoni (formerly Communism Peak), was the tallest mountain in the former USSR"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
|
||||
"text": "Aral Sea drainage <em>(endorheic basin)</em>: Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)<br>Tarim Basin drainage <em>(endorheic basin)</em>: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"People and Society": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -378,20 +378,6 @@
|
|||
"text": "4.87 megatons (2020 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Total water withdrawal": {
|
||||
"municipal": {
|
||||
"text": "647 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"industrial": {
|
||||
"text": "407.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"agricultural": {
|
||||
"text": "10.44 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Total renewable water resources": {
|
||||
"text": "21.91 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Climate": {
|
||||
"text": "mid-latitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -415,6 +401,14 @@
|
|||
"text": "62.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
"text": "27.7% of total population (2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"rate of urbanization": {
|
||||
"text": "2.73% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Revenue from forest resources": {
|
||||
"forest revenues": {
|
||||
"text": "1.12% of GDP (2018 est.)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -425,14 +419,6 @@
|
|||
"text": "0.54% of GDP (2018 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
"text": "27.7% of total population (2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"rate of urbanization": {
|
||||
"text": "2.73% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major infectious diseases": {
|
||||
"degree of risk": {
|
||||
"text": "high (2020)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -450,7 +436,21 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
|
||||
"text": "Aral Sea drainage <em>(endorheic basin)</em>: Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)<br>Tarim Basin drainage <em>(endorheic basin)</em>: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km)"
|
||||
"text": "Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), <em>(Aral Sea Basin)</em> Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Total water withdrawal": {
|
||||
"municipal": {
|
||||
"text": "647 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"industrial": {
|
||||
"text": "407.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"agricultural": {
|
||||
"text": "10.44 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Total renewable water resources": {
|
||||
"text": "21.91 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -635,14 +635,14 @@
|
|||
"text": "<p>Tajikistan is a poor, mountainous country with an economy dominated by minerals extraction, metals processing, agriculture, and reliance on remittances from citizens working abroad. Mineral resources include silver, gold, uranium, antimony, tungsten, and coal. Industry consists mainly of small obsolete factories in food processing and light industry, substantial hydropower facilities, and a large aluminum plant - currently operating well below its capacity. The 1992-97 civil war severely damaged an already weak economic infrastructure and caused a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production. Today, Tajikistan is the poorest among the former Soviet republics. Because less than 7% of the land area is arable and cotton is the predominant crop, Tajikistan imports approximately 70% of its food.</p><p></p><p>Since the end of the civil war, the country has pursued half-hearted reforms and privatizations in the economic sphere, but its poor business climate remains a hindrance to attracting foreign investment. Some experts estimate the value of narcotics transiting Tajikistan is equivalent to 30%-50% of GDP.</p><p></p><p>Because of a lack of employment opportunities in Tajikistan, more than one million Tajik citizens work abroad - roughly 90% in Russia - supporting families back home through remittances that in 2017 were equivalent to nearly 35% of GDP. Tajikistan’s large remittances from migrant workers in Russia exposes it to monetary shocks. Tajikistan often delays devaluation of its currency for fear of inflationary pressures on food and other consumables. Recent slowdowns in the Russian and Chinese economies, low commodity prices, and currency fluctuations have hampered economic growth. The dollar value of remittances from Russia to Tajikistan dropped by almost 65% in 2015, and the government spent almost $500 million in 2016 to bail out the country’s still troubled banking sector.</p><p></p><p>Tajikistan’s growing public debt – currently about 50% of GDP – could result in financial difficulties. Remittances from Russia increased in 2017, however, bolstering the economy somewhat. China owns about 50% of Tajikistan’s outstanding debt. Tajikistan has borrowed heavily to finance investment in the country’s vast hydropower potential. In 2016, Tajikistan contracted with the Italian firm Salini Impregilo to build the Roghun dam over a 13-year period for $3.9 billion. A 2017 Eurobond has largely funded Roghun’s first phase, after which sales from Roghun’s output are expected to fund the rest of its construction. The government has not ruled out issuing another Eurobond to generate auxiliary funding for its second phase.</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
|
||||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
|
||||
"text": "$34.88 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
|
||||
"text": "$31.502 billion (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$33.38 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
|
||||
"text": "$29.438 billion (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
|
||||
"text": "$27.435 billion (2017 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$31.08 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -658,14 +658,14 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP per capita": {
|
||||
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
|
||||
"text": "$3,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
|
||||
"text": "$3,380 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$3,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
|
||||
"text": "$3,235 (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
|
||||
"text": "$3,090 (2017 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$3,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -807,11 +807,14 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports": {
|
||||
"Exports 2017": {
|
||||
"text": "$873.1 million (2017 est.)"
|
||||
"Exports 2020": {
|
||||
"text": "$1.41 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports 2016": {
|
||||
"text": "$691.1 million (2016 est.)"
|
||||
"Exports 2019": {
|
||||
"text": "$1.24 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports 2018": {
|
||||
"text": "$1.12 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - partners": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -821,11 +824,14 @@
|
|||
"text": "gold, aluminum, cotton, zinc, antimony, lead (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports": {
|
||||
"Imports 2017": {
|
||||
"text": "$2.39 billion (2017 est.)"
|
||||
"Imports 2020": {
|
||||
"text": "$3.13 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports 2016": {
|
||||
"text": "$2.554 billion (2016 est.)"
|
||||
"Imports 2019": {
|
||||
"text": "$3.41 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports 2018": {
|
||||
"text": "$3.22 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - partners": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1118,6 +1124,9 @@
|
|||
"text": "<p>in 2006, China and Tajikistan pledged to commence demarcation of the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; talks continue with Uzbekistan to delimit border and remove minefields; disputes in Isfara Valley delay delimitation with Kyrgyzstan</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
|
||||
"refugees (country of origin)": {
|
||||
"text": "5,573 (Afghanistan) (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"stateless persons": {
|
||||
"text": "6,385 (2020)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -85,6 +85,9 @@
|
|||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "19,950 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
|
||||
"text": "Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: <em>(Aral Sea basin)</em> Amu Darya (534,739 sq km)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "the most densely populated areas are the southern, eastern, and northeastern oases; approximately 50% of the population lives in and around the capital of Ashgabat"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -363,20 +366,6 @@
|
|||
"text": "52.09 megatons (2020 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Total water withdrawal": {
|
||||
"municipal": {
|
||||
"text": "755 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"industrial": {
|
||||
"text": "839 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"agricultural": {
|
||||
"text": "26.36 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Total renewable water resources": {
|
||||
"text": "24.765 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Climate": {
|
||||
"text": "subtropical desert"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -400,6 +389,14 @@
|
|||
"text": "19.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
"text": "53% of total population (2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"rate of urbanization": {
|
||||
"text": "2.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Revenue from forest resources": {
|
||||
"forest revenues": {
|
||||
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -410,18 +407,27 @@
|
|||
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
"text": "53% of total population (2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"rate of urbanization": {
|
||||
"text": "2.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Waste and recycling": {
|
||||
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
|
||||
"text": "500,000 tons (2013 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
|
||||
"text": "Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: <em>(Aral Sea basin)</em> Amu Darya (534,739 sq km)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Total water withdrawal": {
|
||||
"municipal": {
|
||||
"text": "755 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"industrial": {
|
||||
"text": "839 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"agricultural": {
|
||||
"text": "26.36 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Total renewable water resources": {
|
||||
"text": "24.765 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -525,10 +531,10 @@
|
|||
"text": "note: in September 2020, the Turkmenistan Parliament adopted a constitutional amendment creating an upper chamber, making the Parliament bicameral<br>bicameral National Council or Khalk Maslakhaty consists of:<br>People's Council (56 seats; 48 members indirectly elected by provincial councils and 8 members appointed by the president)<br>Assembly or Mejlis Hakynda (125 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed to serve 5-year terms)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections": {
|
||||
"text": "People's Council - first held on 25 March 2021 for 48 indirectly elected members (next to be held in 2026); first held on 14 April 2021 for 8 presidentially appointed members (next to be held NA)<br>Assembly - last held on 25 March 2018 (next to be held in 2026)"
|
||||
"text": "People's Council - first held on 28 March 2021 for 48 indirectly elected members (next to be held in 2026); first held on 14 April 2021 for 8 presidentially appointed members (next to be held NA)<br>Assembly - last held on 25 March 2018 (next to be held in 2026)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "People's Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - DPT 3, independent 45<br>Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - DPT 55, APT 11, PIE 11, independent 48 (individuals nominated by citizen groups); composition - men 94, women 31, percent of women 24.8%"
|
||||
"text": "People's Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - DPT 3, independent 45; composition - men 42, women 14, percent of women 32.3%<br>Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - DPT 55, APT 11, PIE 11, independent 48 (individuals nominated by citizen groups); composition (as of March 2018) - men 94, women 31, percent of women 24.8%; note - total percent of National Council percent of women 24.9%"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -608,8 +614,11 @@
|
|||
"text": "<p>Turkmenistan is largely a desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and significant natural gas and oil resources. The two largest crops are cotton, most of which is produced for export, and wheat, which is domestically consumed. Although agriculture accounts for almost 8% of GDP, it continues to employ nearly half of the country's workforce. Hydrocarbon exports, the bulk of which is natural gas going to China, make up 25% of Turkmenistan’s GDP. Ashgabat has explored two initiatives to bring gas to new markets: a trans-Caspian pipeline that would carry gas to Europe and the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India gas pipeline. Both face major financing, political, and security hurdles and are unlikely to be completed soon.</p> <p>Turkmenistan’s autocratic governments under presidents NIYAZOW (1991-2006) and BERDIMUHAMEDOW (since 2007) have made little progress improving the business climate, privatizing state-owned industries, combatting corruption, and limiting economic development outside the energy sector. High energy prices in the mid-2000s allowed the government to undertake extensive development and social spending, including providing heavy utility subsidies.</p> <p>Low energy prices since mid-2014 are hampering Turkmenistan’s economic growth and reducing government revenues. The government has cut subsidies in several areas, and wage arrears have increased. In January 2014, the Central Bank of Turkmenistan devalued the manat by 19%, and downward pressure on the currency continues. There is a widening spread between the official exchange rate (3.5 TMM per US dollar) and the black market exchange rate (approximately 14 TMM per US dollar). Currency depreciation and conversion restrictions, corruption, isolationist policies, and declining spending on public services have resulted in a stagnate economy that is nearing crisis. Turkmenistan claims substantial foreign currency reserves, but non-transparent data limit international institutions’ ability to verify this information.</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
|
||||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
|
||||
"text": "$92.33 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
|
||||
"text": "$86.858 billion (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$86.86 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
|
||||
"text": "$81.787 billion (2017 est.)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -628,8 +637,11 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP per capita": {
|
||||
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
|
||||
"text": "$15,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
|
||||
"text": "$14,845 (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$14,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
|
||||
"text": "$14,205 (2017 est.)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -82,6 +82,9 @@
|
|||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "42,150 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
|
||||
"text": "Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: <em>(Aral Sea basin)</em> Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "most of the population is concentrated in the fertile Fergana Valley in the easternmost arm of the country; the south has significant clusters of people, while the central and western deserts are sparsely populated"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -90,9 +93,6 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Geography - note": {
|
||||
"text": "along with Liechtenstein, one of the only two doubly landlocked countries in the world"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
|
||||
"text": "Aral Sea drainage <em>(endorheic basin)</em>: Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"People and Society": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -363,20 +363,6 @@
|
|||
"text": "96.16 megatons (2020 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Total water withdrawal": {
|
||||
"municipal": {
|
||||
"text": "2.41 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"industrial": {
|
||||
"text": "2.13 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"agricultural": {
|
||||
"text": "54.36 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Total renewable water resources": {
|
||||
"text": "48.87 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Climate": {
|
||||
"text": "mostly mid-latitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -400,6 +386,14 @@
|
|||
"text": "29.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
"text": "50.4% of total population (2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"rate of urbanization": {
|
||||
"text": "1.25% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Revenue from forest resources": {
|
||||
"forest revenues": {
|
||||
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -410,21 +404,27 @@
|
|||
"text": "0.06% of GDP (2018 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
"text": "50.4% of total population (2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"rate of urbanization": {
|
||||
"text": "1.25% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Waste and recycling": {
|
||||
"municipal solid waste generated annually": {
|
||||
"text": "4 million tons (2016 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
|
||||
"text": "Aral Sea drainage <em>(endorheic basin)</em>: Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)"
|
||||
"text": "Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: <em>(Aral Sea basin)</em> Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Total water withdrawal": {
|
||||
"municipal": {
|
||||
"text": "2.41 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"industrial": {
|
||||
"text": "2.13 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"agricultural": {
|
||||
"text": "54.36 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Total renewable water resources": {
|
||||
"text": "48.87 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -613,14 +613,14 @@
|
|||
"text": "<p>Uzbekistan is a doubly landlocked country in which 51% of the population lives in urban settlements; the agriculture-rich Fergana Valley, in which Uzbekistan’s eastern borders are situated, has been counted among the most densely populated parts of Central Asia. Since its independence in September 1991, the government has largely maintained its Soviet-style command economy with subsidies and tight controls on production, prices, and access to foreign currency. Despite ongoing efforts to diversify crops, Uzbek agriculture remains largely centered on cotton; Uzbekistan is the world's fifth-largest cotton exporter and seventh-largest producer. Uzbekistan's growth has been driven primarily by state-led investments, and export of natural gas, gold, and cotton provides a significant share of foreign exchange earnings.</p><p></p><p>Recently, lower global commodity prices and economic slowdowns in neighboring Russia and China have hurt Uzbekistan's trade and investment and worsened its foreign currency shortage. Aware of the need to improve the investment climate, the government is taking incremental steps to reform the business sector and address impediments to foreign investment in the country. Since the death of first President Islam KARIMOV and election of President Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV, emphasis on such initiatives and government efforts to improve the private sector have increased. In the past, Uzbek authorities accused US and other foreign companies operating in Uzbekistan of violating Uzbek laws and have frozen and seized their assets.</p><p></p><p>As a part of its economic reform efforts, the Uzbek Government is looking to expand opportunities for small and medium enterprises and prioritizes increasing foreign direct investment. In September 2017, the government devalued the official currency rate by almost 50% and announced the loosening of currency restrictions to eliminate the currency black market, increase access to hard currency, and boost investment.</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
|
||||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
|
||||
"text": "$239.42 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
|
||||
"text": "$235.021 billion (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$235.54 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
|
||||
"text": "$222.634 billion (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
|
||||
"text": "$211.134 billion (2017 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$222.63 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -636,14 +636,14 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP per capita": {
|
||||
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
|
||||
"text": "$7,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
|
||||
"text": "$6,999 (2019 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$7,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
|
||||
"text": "$6,755 (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
|
||||
"text": "$6,519 (2017 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "$6,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -786,11 +786,14 @@
|
|||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports": {
|
||||
"Exports 2017": {
|
||||
"text": "$11.48 billion (2017 est.)"
|
||||
"Exports 2020": {
|
||||
"text": "$14.52 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports 2016": {
|
||||
"text": "$11.2 billion (2016 est.)"
|
||||
"Exports 2019": {
|
||||
"text": "$16.99 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports 2018": {
|
||||
"text": "$14.14 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - partners": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -800,11 +803,14 @@
|
|||
"text": "gold, natural gas, cotton fibers, copper, ethylene polymers (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports": {
|
||||
"Imports 2017": {
|
||||
"text": "$11.42 billion (2017 est.)"
|
||||
"Imports 2020": {
|
||||
"text": "$22.56 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports 2016": {
|
||||
"text": "$10.92 billion (2016 est.)"
|
||||
"Imports 2019": {
|
||||
"text": "$26.55 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports 2018": {
|
||||
"text": "$23.44 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - partners": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue