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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"Introduction": {
"Background": {
"text": "<p>Berbers have inhabited central north Africa since ancient times, but the region has been settled and ruled by Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, Persians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Vandals. In the the 7th century, Islam spread through the region; in the mid-16th century, Ottoman rule began. The Italians supplanted the Ottoman Turks in the area around Tripoli in 1911 and did not relinquish their hold until 1943 when they were defeated in World War II. Libya then passed to UN administration and achieved independence in 1951. Following a 1969 military coup, Col. Muammar al-QADHAFI assumed leadership and began to espouse his political system at home, which was a combination of socialism and Islam. During the 1970s, QADHAFI used oil revenues to promote his ideology outside Libya, supporting subversive and terrorist activities that included the downing of two airliners - one over Scotland, another in Northern Africa - and a discotheque bombing in Berlin. UN sanctions in 1992 isolated QADHAFI politically and economically following the attacks; sanctions were lifted in 2003 following Libyan acceptance of responsibility for the bombings and agreement to claimant compensation. QADHAFI also agreed to end Libya's program to develop weapons of mass destruction, and he made significant strides in normalizing relations with Western nations.</p> <p>Unrest that began in several Middle Eastern and North African countries in late 2010 erupted in Libyan cities in early 2011. QADHAFI's brutal crackdown on protesters spawned a civil war that triggered UN authorization of air and naval intervention by the international community. After months of seesaw fighting between government and opposition forces, the QADHAFI regime was toppled in mid-2011 and replaced by a transitional government known as the National Transitional Council (NTC). In 2012, the NTC handed power to an elected parliament, the General National Congress (GNC). Voters chose a new parliament to replace the GNC in June 2014 - the House of Representatives (HoR), which relocated to the eastern city of Tobruk after fighting broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi in July 2014.</p> <p>In December 2015, the UN brokered an agreement among a broad array of Libyan political parties and social groups - known as the Libyan Political Agreement (LPA). Members of the Libyan Political Dialogue, including representatives of the HoR and GNC, signed the LPA in December 2015. The LPA called for the formation of an interim Government of National Accord or GNA, with a nine-member Presidency Council, the HoR, and an advisory High Council of State that most ex-GNC members joined. The LPA’s roadmap for a transition to a new constitution and elected government was subsequently endorsed by UN Security Council Resolution 2259, which also called upon member states to cease official contact with parallel institutions. In January 2016, the HoR voted to approve the LPA, including the Presidency Council, while voting against a controversial provision on security leadership positions and the Presidency Council’s proposed cabinet of ministers. In March 2016, the GNA Presidency Council seated itself in Tripoli. In 2016, the GNA twice announced a slate of ministers who operate in an acting capacity, but the HoR did not endorse the ministerial list. The HoR and defunct-GNC-affiliated political hardliners continued to oppose the GNA and hamper the LPA’s implementation. In September 2017, UN Special Representative Ghassan SALAME announced a new roadmap for national political reconciliation. SALAME’s plan called for amendments to the LPA, a national conference of Libyan leaders, and a constitutional referendum and general elections. In November 2018, the international partners supported SALAME’s recalibrated Action Plan for Libya that aimed to break the political deadlock by holding a National Conference in Libya in 2019 on a timeline for political transition.  The National Conference was delayed following a failure of the parties to implement an agreement mediated by SALAME in Abu Dhabi on February 27, and the subsequent military action by Khalifa HAFTAR’s Libyan National Army against GNA forces in Tripoli that began in April 2019. </p>"
"text": "<p>Berbers have inhabited central north Africa since ancient times, but the region has been settled and ruled by Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, Persians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Vandals. In the the 7th century, Islam spread through the region; in the mid-16th century, Ottoman rule began. The Italians supplanted the Ottoman Turks in the area around Tripoli in 1911 and did not relinquish their hold until 1943 when they were defeated in World War II. Libya then passed to UN administration and achieved independence in 1951. Following a 1969 military coup, Col. Muammar al-QADHAFI assumed leadership and began to espouse his political system at home, which was a combination of socialism and Islam. During the 1970s, QADHAFI used oil revenues to promote his ideology outside Libya, supporting subversive and terrorist activities that included the downing of two airliners - one over Scotland, another in Northern Africa - and a discotheque bombing in Berlin. UN sanctions in 1992 isolated QADHAFI politically and economically following the attacks; sanctions were lifted in 2003 following Libyan acceptance of responsibility for the bombings and agreement to claimant compensation. QADHAFI also agreed to end Libya's program to develop weapons of mass destruction, and he made significant strides in normalizing relations with Western nations.</p> <p>Unrest that began in several Middle Eastern and North African countries in late 2010 erupted in Libyan cities in early 2011. QADHAFI's brutal crackdown on protesters spawned an eight-month civil war that saw UN authorization of air and naval intervention by the international community, the toppling of the QADHAFI regime, and the setting up of a National Transitional Council (NTC). In 2012, the NTC handed power to an elected parliament, the General National Congress (GNC). Voters chose a new parliament to replace the GNC in June 2014 - the House of Representatives (HoR), which relocated to the eastern city of Tobruk after fighting broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi in July 2014.</p> <p>In December 2015, the UN brokered an agreement among a broad array of Libyan political parties and social groups - known as the Libyan Political Agreement (LPA). Members of the Libyan Political Dialogue signed the LPA in December 2015. In January 2016, The HoR and defunct-GNC-affiliated political hardliners continued to oppose the GNA and hamper the LPA’s implementation. In September 2017, UN Special Representative Ghassan SALAME announced a new roadmap for national political reconciliation. In November 2018, the international partners supported SALAME’s recalibrated Action Plan for Libya that aimed to break the political deadlock by holding a National Conference, subsequently held in early 2019, but attendees failed to reach an agreement. Despite continued clashes since then, the warring parties agreed to a UN-administered ceasefire in October 2020. In early 2021, the UN-led Libyan Political Dialogue Forum selected an interim president and prime minister of its executive council. The council was charged with preparing for December 2021 presidential and parliamentary elections.</p>"
}
},
"Geography": {
@ -91,6 +91,12 @@
"Irrigated land": {
"text": "4,700 sq km (2012)"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)"
},
"Major aquifers": {
"text": "Nubian Aquifer System, North Western Sahara Aquifer System, Murzuk-Djado Basin"
},
"Population distribution": {
"text": "well over 90% of the population lives along the Mediterranean coast in and between Tripoli to the west and Al Bayda to the east; the interior remains vastly underpopulated due to the Sahara and lack of surface water as shown in this population distribution map"
},
@ -99,12 +105,6 @@
},
"Geography - note": {
"text": "<strong>note 1:</strong> more than 90% of the country is desert or semidesert<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the volcano Waw an Namus lies in south central Libya in the middle of the Sahara; the caldera is an oasis - the name means \"oasis of mosquitoes\" - containing several small lakes surrounded by vegetation and hosting various insects and a large diversity of birds"
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Lake Chad drainage <em>(endorheic basin)</em>: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)"
},
"Major aquifers": {
"text": "Nubian Aquifer System, North Western Sahara Aquifer System, Murzuk-Djado Basin"
}
},
"People and Society": {
@ -352,20 +352,6 @@
"text": "45.76 megatons (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "700 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "280 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "4.85 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "700 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"Climate": {
"text": "Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior"
},
@ -389,6 +375,14 @@
"text": "91.1% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "81% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "1.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Revenue from forest resources": {
"forest revenues": {
"text": "0.06% of GDP (2018 est.)"
@ -399,14 +393,6 @@
"text": "0% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Urbanization": {
"urban population": {
"text": "81% of total population (2021)"
},
"rate of urbanization": {
"text": "1.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)"
}
},
"Food insecurity": {
"severe localized food insecurity": {
"text": "due to civil insecurity, economic and political instability, and high food prices - an estimated 1.3 million people (23% of the population) are in need of humanitarian assistance of which 700,000 require food assistance; half of the people in need of humanitarian assistance are internally displaced or migrants that are residing in, or transiting through, the country (2021)"
@ -418,10 +404,24 @@
}
},
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
"text": "Lake Chad drainage <em>(endorheic basin)</em>: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)"
"text": "Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)"
},
"Major aquifers": {
"text": "Nubian Aquifer System, North Western Sahara Aquifer System, Murzuk-Djado Basin"
},
"Total water withdrawal": {
"municipal": {
"text": "700 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"industrial": {
"text": "280 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
},
"agricultural": {
"text": "4.85 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Total renewable water resources": {
"text": "700 million cubic meters (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Government": {
@ -591,14 +591,14 @@
"text": "<p>Libya's economy, almost entirely dependent on oil and gas exports, has struggled since 2014 given security and political instability, disruptions in oil production, and decline in global oil prices. The Libyan dinar has lost much of its value since 2014 and the resulting gap between official and black market exchange rates has spurred the growth of a shadow economy and contributed to inflation. The country suffers from widespread power outages, caused by shortages of fuel for power generation. Living conditions, including access to clean drinking water, medical services, and safe housing have all declined since 2011. Oil production in 2017 reached a five-year high, driving GDP growth, with daily average production rising to 879,000 barrels per day. However, oil production levels remain below the average pre-Revolution highs of 1.6 million barrels per day.</p><p></p><p>The Central Bank of Libya continued to pay government salaries to a majority of the Libyan workforce and to fund subsidies for fuel and food, resulting in an estimated budget deficit of about 17% of GDP in 2017. Low consumer confidence in the banking sector and the economy as a whole has driven a severe liquidity shortage.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$70.65 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$102.842 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$102.84 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$100.298 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$87.115 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$100.3 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -614,14 +614,14 @@
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$10,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$15,174 (2019 est.)"
"text": "$15,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$15,018 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$13,238 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$15,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2010 dollars"
},
@ -740,8 +740,8 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$18.38 billion (2017 est.)"
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$29.96 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2016": {
"text": "$11.99 billion (2016 est.)"
@ -754,8 +754,8 @@
"text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, gold, refined petroleum, scrap iron (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$11.36 billion (2017 est.)"
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$18.85 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2016": {
"text": "$8.667 billion (2016 est.)"