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@ -259,7 +259,7 @@
"text": "1.27 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.62 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.63 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "62.1% (2018)",
@ -354,12 +354,12 @@
"text": "26.7% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "50.8% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "50.1% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.6% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -390,13 +390,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "34.8%"
"text": "36.9%"
},
"male": {
"text": "34.1%"
"text": "35.9%"
},
"female": {
"text": "35.6% (2021 est.)"
"text": "38.2% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -701,52 +701,52 @@
"text": "<p>After a prolonged recession that began in 2008 in the wake of the global financial crisis, Spain marked the fourth full year of positive economic growth in 2017, with economic activity surpassing its pre-crisis peak, largely because of increased private consumption. The financial crisis of 2008 broke 16 consecutive years of economic growth for Spain, leading to an economic contraction that lasted until late 2013. In that year, the government successfully shored up its struggling banking sector - heavily exposed to the collapse of Spain’s real estate boom - with the help of an EU-funded restructuring and recapitalization program.</p> <p>Until 2014, contraction in bank lending, fiscal austerity, and high unemployment constrained domestic consumption and investment. The unemployment rate rose from a low of about 8% in 2007 to more than 26% in 2013, but labor reforms prompted a modest reduction to 16.4% in 2017. High unemployment strained Spain's public finances, as spending on social benefits increased while tax revenues fell. Spain’s budget deficit peaked at 11.4% of GDP in 2010, but Spain gradually reduced the deficit to about 3.3% of GDP in 2017. Public debt has increased substantially – from 60.1% of GDP in 2010 to nearly 96.7% in 2017.</p> <p>Strong export growth helped bring Spain's current account into surplus in 2013 for the first time since 1986 and sustain Spain’s economic growth. Increasing labor productivity and an internal devaluation resulting from moderating labor costs and lower inflation have improved Spain’s export competitiveness and generated foreign investor interest in the economy, restoring FDI flows.</p> <p>In 2017, the Spanish Government’s minority status constrained its ability to implement controversial labor, pension, health care, tax, and education reforms. The European Commission expects the government to meet its 2017 budget deficit target and anticipates that expected economic growth in 2018 will help the government meet its deficit target. Spain’s borrowing costs are dramatically lower since their peak in mid-2012 and increased economic activity has generated a modest level of inflation, at 2% in 2017.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$1.798 trillion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$1.715 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$1.704 trillion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$1.923 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$1.887 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$1.921 trillion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "5.52% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-11.33% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "1.95% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "2.43% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "2.97% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.98% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$37,900 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$36,200 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$36,000 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$40,800 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$40,300 (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$1,393,351,000,000 (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "3.09% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "-0.32% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "0.7% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "1.6% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "1.9% (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -799,10 +799,10 @@
"text": "textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, tourism, clay and refractory products, footwear, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "4% (2017 est.)"
"text": "4.03% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "19.057 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "23.382 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -816,22 +816,25 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "14.13% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "14.73% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "15.25% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "15.53% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "14.1% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "34.8%"
"text": "36.9%"
},
"male": {
"text": "34.1%"
"text": "35.9%"
},
"female": {
"text": "35.6% (2021 est.)"
"text": "38.2% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
@ -840,9 +843,6 @@
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "34.7 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2005": {
"text": "32 (2005)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -865,36 +865,42 @@
"text": "-3.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "98.4% of GDP (2017 est.)"
"Public debt 2020": {
"text": "141.22% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2016": {
"text": "99% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"Public debt 2019": {
"text": "108.99% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2018": {
"text": "104.74% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "37.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "13.58% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$29.603 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "$13.445 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "$27.206 billion (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "$8.045 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$29.247 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$497.868 billion (2021 est.) ; note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$392.85 billion (2020 est.) ; note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$393.774 billion (2020 est.) ; note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$486.15 billion (2019 est.) ; note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$499.55 billion (2018 est.) ; note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$486.633 billion (2019 est.) ; note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -904,14 +910,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, delivery trucks, clothing and apparel (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$476.678 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$373.67 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$375.087 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$444.31 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$460.98 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$445.719 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -921,11 +927,14 @@
"text": "crude petroleum, cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, natural gas, refined petroleum (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$69.41 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$92.201 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$63.14 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$81.288 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$74.731 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -940,20 +949,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.82771 (2020 est.)"
"text": "0.876 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.90338 (2019 est.)"
"text": "0.893 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.87789 (2018 est.)"
"text": "0.847 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.7525 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1290,7 +1299,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "14,823 (Syria) (mid-year 2021); 418,200 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2021); 160,287 (Ukraine) (as of 26 December 2022)"
"text": "14,994 (Syria) (mid-year 2022); 418,200 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2021); 164,705 (Ukraine) (as of 28 December 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "692 (mid-year 2021)"