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167
europe/al.json
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@ -259,7 +259,7 @@
"text": "1.54 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.74 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.75 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "46% (2017/18)"
@ -347,12 +347,12 @@
"text": "6% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "66.8% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "1.5% (2017/18)"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "67.2% (2023 est.)"
},
"Child marriage": {
"women married by age 15": {
"text": "1.4%"
@ -394,13 +394,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "27%"
},
"male": {
"text": "27.8%"
},
"male": {
"text": "28%"
},
"female": {
"text": "25.9% (2019 est.)"
"text": "27.6% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -692,52 +692,52 @@
"text": "<p>Albania, a formerly closed, centrally planned state, is a developing country with a modern open-market economy. Albania managed to weather the first waves of the global financial crisis but, the negative effects of the crisis caused a significant economic slowdown. Since 2014, Albania’s economy has steadily improved and economic growth reached 3.8% in 2017. However, close trade, remittance, and banking sector ties with Greece and Italy make Albania vulnerable to spillover effects of possible debt crises and weak growth in the euro zone.</p> <p>Remittances, a significant catalyst for economic growth, declined from 12-15% of GDP before the 2008 financial crisis to 5.8% of GDP in 2015, mostly from Albanians residing in Greece and Italy. The agricultural sector, which accounts for more than 40% of employment but less than one quarter of GDP, is limited primarily to small family operations and subsistence farming, because of a lack of modern equipment, unclear property rights, and the prevalence of small, inefficient plots of land. Complex tax codes and licensing requirements, a weak judicial system, endemic corruption, poor enforcement of contracts and property issues, and antiquated infrastructure contribute to Albania's poor business environment making attracting foreign investment difficult. Since 2015, Albania has launched an ambitious program to increase tax compliance and bring more businesses into the formal economy. In July 2016, Albania passed constitutional amendments reforming the judicial system in order to strengthen the rule of law and to reduce deeply entrenched corruption.</p> <p>Albania’s electricity supply is uneven despite upgraded transmission capacities with neighboring countries. However, the government has recently taken steps to stem non-technical losses and has begun to upgrade the distribution grid. Better enforcement of electricity contracts has improved the financial viability of the sector, decreasing its reliance on budget support. Also, with help from international donors, the government is taking steps to improve the poor road and rail networks, a long standing barrier to sustained economic growth.</p> <p>Inward foreign direct investment has increased significantly in recent years as the government has embarked on an ambitious program to improve the business climate through fiscal and legislative reforms. The government is focused on the simplification of licensing requirements and tax codes, and it entered into a new arrangement with the IMF for additional financial and technical support. Albania’s three-year IMF program, an extended fund facility arrangement, was successfully concluded in February 2017. The Albanian Government has strengthened tax collection amid moderate public wage and pension increases in an effort to reduce its budget deficit. The country continues to face high public debt, exceeding its former statutory limit of 60% of GDP in 2013 and reaching 72% in 2016.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$40.822 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$37.73 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$37.619 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$39.02 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$38.19 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$38.976 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "8.52% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-3.48% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "2.24% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "4.07% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "3.8% (2017 est.)"
"text": "2.09% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$14,500 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$13,300 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$13,700 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$13,300 (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$15.273 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "2.04% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "1.62% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "1.4% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "2% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "1.9% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.41% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -787,10 +787,10 @@
"text": "food; footwear, apparel and clothing; lumber, oil, cement, chemicals, mining, basic metals, hydropower"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "6.8% (2017 est.)"
"text": "16% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "1.104 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "1.378 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -804,34 +804,34 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "5.83% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "11.82% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "6.32% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "13.33% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "11.47% (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> these official rates may not include those working at near-subsistence farming"
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "27%"
},
"male": {
"text": "27.8%"
},
"male": {
"text": "28%"
},
"female": {
"text": "25.9% (2019 est.)"
"text": "27.6% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "14.3% (2012 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "33.2 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2008": {
"text": "30 (2008 est.)"
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019": {
"text": "30.8 (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -854,36 +854,42 @@
"text": "-2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "71.8% of GDP (2017 est.)"
"Public debt 2020": {
"text": "84.06% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2016": {
"text": "73.2% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"Public debt 2019": {
"text": "75.7% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2018": {
"text": "64.57% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "27.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "17.02% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2017": {
"text": "-$908 million (2017 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "-$1.37 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2016": {
"text": "-$899 million (2016 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "-$1.315 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$1.219 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$5.612 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$3.47 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$3.461 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$4.82 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$4.78 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$4.822 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports."
},
@ -894,14 +900,14 @@
"text": "leather footwear and parts, crude petroleum, iron alloys, clothing, electricity, perfumes (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$8.004 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$5.67 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$5.671 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$6.93 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$6.85 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$6.926 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -911,11 +917,14 @@
"text": "refined petroleum, cars, tanned hides, packaged medical supplies, footwear parts (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$3.59 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$5.635 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$3.109 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$4.817 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$3.764 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -930,20 +939,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "leke (ALL) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "103.52 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "102.43 (2020 est.)"
"text": "108.65 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "111.36 (2019 est.)"
"text": "109.851 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "108.57 (2018 est.)"
"text": "107.989 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "125.96 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "105.48 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "119.1 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1164,11 +1173,9 @@
},
"Railways": {
"total": {
"text": "677 km (2015) (447 km of major railway lines and 230 km of secondary lines)"
"text": "424 km (2017)"
},
"standard gauge": {
"text": "677 km (2015) 1.435-m gauge"
}
"note": "2021-All the trains in the country suspended"
},
"Roadways": {
"total": {

50
europe/an.json
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@ -238,7 +238,7 @@
"text": "1.45 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.7 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.7 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -603,14 +603,14 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2012 US dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
"text": "-1.1% (2015 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "8.95% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2014": {
"text": "1.4% (2014 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-11.18% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2013": {
"text": "-0.1% (2013 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "2.02% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
@ -662,7 +662,7 @@
"text": "tourism (particularly skiing), banking, timber, furniture"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "NA"
"text": "-3.9% (2020 est.) NA"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "39,750 (2016)"
@ -719,12 +719,20 @@
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2015": {
"text": "$78.71 million (2015 est.)"
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "$448.869 million (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2014": {
"text": "$79.57 million (2014 est.)"
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$568.257 million (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$1.842 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$2.335 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports."
},
@ -735,11 +743,11 @@
"text": "integrated circuits, medical supplies, essential oils, cars, tanned hides (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2015": {
"text": "$1.257 billion (2015 est.)"
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$1.727 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2014": {
"text": "$1.264 billion (2014 est.)"
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$2.032 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -757,6 +765,9 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
},
@ -764,13 +775,10 @@
"text": "0.903 (2016 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2015": {
"text": "0.9214 (2015 est.)"
"text": "0.921 (2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.885 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)"
}
}
},

162
europe/au.json
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@ -257,7 +257,7 @@
"text": "1.51 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.73 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.74 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "79% (2019)",
@ -343,12 +343,12 @@
"text": "25% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "58.5% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "58.7% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5.1% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -376,10 +376,10 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "11%"
"text": "11.4%"
},
"male": {
"text": "10.7%"
"text": "11.5%"
},
"female": {
"text": "11.3% (2021 est.)"
@ -682,52 +682,52 @@
"text": "<p>Austria is a well-developed market economy with skilled labor force and high standard of living. It is closely tied to other EU economies, especially Germany's, but also the US’, its third-largest trade partner. Its economy features a large service sector, a sound industrial sector, and a small, but highly developed agricultural sector.</p> <p>Austrian economic growth strengthened in 2017, with a 2.9% increase in GDP. Austrian exports, accounting for around 60% of the GDP, were up 8.2% in 2017. Austria’s unemployment rate fell by 0.3% to 5.5%, which is low by European standards, but still at its second highest rate since the end of World War II, driven by an increased number of refugees and EU migrants entering the labor market.</p> <p>Austria's fiscal position compares favorably with other euro-zone countries. The budget deficit stood at a low 0.7% of GDP in 2017 and public debt declined again to 78.4% of GDP in 2017, after reaching a post-war high 84.6% in 2015. The Austrian government has announced it plans to balance the fiscal budget in 2019. Several external risks, such as Austrian banks' exposure to Central and Eastern Europe, the refugee crisis, and continued unrest in Russia/Ukraine, eased in 2017, but are still a factor for the Austrian economy. Exposure to the Russian banking sector and a deep energy relationship with Russia present additional risks.</p> <p>Austria elected a new pro-business government in October 2017 that campaigned on promises to reduce bureaucracy, improve public sector efficiency, reduce labor market protections, and provide positive investment incentives.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$484.698 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$463.12 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$463.574 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$495.8 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$488.86 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$495.557 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "4.56% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-6.45% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "1.42% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "2.58% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "2.4% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.52% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$54,100 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$51,900 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$52,000 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$55,800 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$55,300 (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$445.025 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "2.77% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "1.38% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "1.5% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "2% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "2% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.53% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -780,10 +780,10 @@
"text": "construction, machinery, vehicles and parts, food, metals, chemicals, lumber and paper, electronics, tourism"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "6.5% (2017 est.)"
"text": "6.77% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "3.739 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "4.661 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -797,19 +797,22 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "7.35% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "6.3% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "7.7% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "5.36% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "4.49% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "11%"
"text": "11.4%"
},
"male": {
"text": "10.7%"
"text": "11.5%"
},
"female": {
"text": "11.3% (2021 est.)"
@ -819,11 +822,8 @@
"text": "13.3% (2018 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "29.7 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": {
"text": "30.5 (2014)"
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019": {
"text": "30.2 (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -846,37 +846,43 @@
"text": "-0.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "78.6% of GDP (2017 est.)"
"Public debt 2020": {
"text": "99.91% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2016": {
"text": "83.6% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"Public debt 2019": {
"text": "83.05% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2018": {
"text": "84.16% of GDP (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> this is general government gross debt, defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year; it covers the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government and social security funds; as a percentage of GDP, the GDP used as a denominator is the gross domestic product in current year prices"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "48.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "24.19% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$12.667 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "$1.627 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "$5.989 billion (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "$12.897 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$10.636 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$268.277 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$226.79 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$224.734 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$247.17 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$253.3 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$247.738 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports."
},
@ -887,14 +893,14 @@
"text": "cars, packaged medical supplies, vehicle parts, medical vaccines/cultures, flavored water (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$265.769 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$211.85 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$211.736 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$232.8 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$238.79 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$231.992 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -904,11 +910,14 @@
"text": "cars, vehicle parts, broadcasting equipment, refined petroleum, packaged medical supplies (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$21.57 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$33.957 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$23.36 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$30.44 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$23.616 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -923,20 +932,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.828 (2020 est.)"
"text": "0.876 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.903 (2019 est.)"
"text": "0.893 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.878 (2018 est.)"
"text": "0.847 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.885 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.763 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1189,10 +1198,7 @@
},
"Railways": {
"total": {
"text": "5,650 km (2020) 4,065 km electrified"
},
"standard gauge": {
"text": "5,300 km 1.435-m gauge (3,826 km electrified) (2016)"
"text": "6,123 km (2022) 3,523 km electrified"
}
},
"Roadways": {
@ -1270,7 +1276,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "57,887 (Syria), 41,037 (Afghanistan), 9,661 (Iraq), 8,212 (Somalia), 7,046 (Iran), 7,003 (Russia) (mid-year 2021); 90,591 (Ukraine) (as of 22 December 2022)"
"text": "67,588 (Syria), 43,725 (Afghanistan), 10,110 (Iraq), 8,684 (Somalia), 7,294 (Iran), 6,124 (Russia) (mid-year 2022); 90,994 (Ukraine) (as of 2 January 2023)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "3,229 (mid-year 2021)"

161
europe/be.json
View file

@ -258,7 +258,7 @@
"text": "1.77 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.86 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.86 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "66.7% (2018)"
@ -346,12 +346,12 @@
"text": "21% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "44% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "1% (2014/15)"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "43.2% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "6.7% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -379,13 +379,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "18.2%"
"text": "19.6%"
},
"male": {
"text": "19.9%"
"text": "18.9%"
},
"female": {
"text": "16.2% (2021 est.)"
"text": "20.4% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -673,37 +673,37 @@
"text": "<p>Belgium’s central geographic location and highly developed transport network have helped develop a well-diversified economy, with a broad mix of transport, services, manufacturing, and high tech. Service and high-tech industries are concentrated in the northern Flanders region while the southern region of Wallonia is home to industries like coal and steel manufacturing. Belgium is completely reliant on foreign sources of fossil fuels, and the planned closure of its seven nuclear plants by 2025 should increase its dependence on foreign energy. Its role as a regional logistical hub makes its economy vulnerable to shifts in foreign demand, particularly with EU trading partners. Roughly three-quarters of Belgium's trade is with other EU countries, and the port of Zeebrugge conducts almost half its trade with the United Kingdom alone, leaving Belgium’s economy vulnerable to the outcome of negotiations on the UK’s exit from the EU.</p> <p> </p> <p>Belgium’s GDP grew by 1.7% in 2017 and the budget deficit was 1.5% of GDP. Unemployment stood at 7.3%, however the unemployment rate is lower in Flanders than Wallonia, 4.4% compared to 9.4%, because of industrial differences between the regions. The economy largely recovered from the March 2016 terrorist attacks that mainly impacted the Brussels region tourist and hospitality industry. Prime Minister Charles MICHEL's center-right government has pledged to further reduce the deficit in response to EU pressure to decrease Belgium's high public debt of about 104% of GDP, but such efforts would also dampen economic growth. In addition to restrained public spending, low wage growth and higher inflation promise to curtail a more robust recovery in private consumption.</p> <p> </p> <p>The government has pledged to pursue a reform program to improve Belgium’s competitiveness, including changes to labor market rules and welfare benefits. These changes have generally made Belgian wages more competitive regionally, but have raised tensions with trade unions, which have called for extended strikes. In 2017, Belgium approved a tax reform plan to ease corporate rates from 33% to 29% by 2018 and down to 25% by 2020. The tax plan also included benefits for innovation and SMEs, intended to spur competitiveness and private investment.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$599.814 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$557.11 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$565.149 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$594.47 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$584.05 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$597.165 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "6.13% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-5.36% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "1.41% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "1.49% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "1.9% (2017 est.)"
"text": "2.24% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$51,700 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$48,200 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$49,000 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$51,700 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$51,100 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$52,000 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -711,14 +711,14 @@
"text": "$533.028 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "2.44% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "0.74% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "1.4% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "2% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "2.1% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.44% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -771,10 +771,10 @@
"text": "engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly, transportation equipment, scientific instruments, processed food and beverages, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, base metals, textiles, glass, petroleum"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "0.2% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.28% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "4.122 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "5.24 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -788,33 +788,33 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "6.42% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "5.55% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "5.36% (2019 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "5.96% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "18.2%"
"text": "19.6%"
},
"male": {
"text": "19.9%"
"text": "18.9%"
},
"female": {
"text": "16.2% (2021 est.)"
"text": "20.4% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "14.8% (2018 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "27.4 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 1996": {
"text": "28.7 (1996)"
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019": {
"text": "27.2 (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -837,37 +837,43 @@
"text": "-1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "103.4% of GDP (2017 est.)"
"Public debt 2020": {
"text": "119.43% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2016": {
"text": "106% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"Public debt 2019": {
"text": "103.38% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2018": {
"text": "101.39% of GDP (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions; general government debt is defined by the Maastricht definition and calculated by the National Bank of Belgium as consolidated gross debt; the debt is defined in European Regulation EC479/2009 concerning the implementation of the protocol on the excessive deficit procedure annexed to the Treaty on European Union (Treaty of Maastricht) of 7 February 1992; the sub-sectors of consolidated gross debt are: federal government, communities and regions, local government, and social security funds"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "51.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "21.97% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$1.843 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "$2.917 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "-$4.135 billion (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "$5.702 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$507.275 million (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$515.625 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$414.79 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$417.222 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$436.3 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$451.25 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$441.566 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports."
},
@ -878,14 +884,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, medical cultures/vaccines, diamonds, natural gas (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$509.018 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$412.85 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$408.343 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$433.04 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$452.53 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$438.221 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -895,11 +901,14 @@
"text": "cars, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, medical cultures/vaccines, diamonds, natural gas (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$26.16 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$41.872 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2015": {
"text": "$24.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$33.296 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$28.97 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -914,20 +923,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.828 (2020 est.)"
"text": "0.876 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.903 (2019 est.)"
"text": "0.893 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.878 (2018 est.)"
"text": "0.847 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.885 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.763 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1260,7 +1269,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "18,493 (Syria), 5,094 (Iraq) (2020); 64,436 (Ukraine) (as of 13 December 2022)"
"text": "20,086 (Syria), 7,049 (Afghanistan), 5,769 (Iraq) (mid-year 2022); 65,658 (Ukraine) (as of 3 January 2023)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "1,159 (mid-year 2021)"

164
europe/bk.json
View file

@ -248,7 +248,7 @@
"text": "1.36 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.66 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.66 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "45.8% (2011/12)"
@ -336,12 +336,12 @@
"text": "28% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "63.9% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "1.6% (2012)"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "63.8% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "NA"
},
@ -372,13 +372,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "35.1%"
"text": "32.9%"
},
"male": {
"text": "31.7%"
"text": "28.2%"
},
"female": {
"text": "40.7% (2021 est.)"
"text": "39.9% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -677,37 +677,37 @@
"text": "<p>Bosnia and Herzegovina has a transitional economy with limited market reforms. The economy relies heavily on the export of metals, energy, textiles, and furniture as well as on remittances and foreign aid. A highly decentralized government hampers economic policy coordination and reform, while excessive bureaucracy and a segmented market discourage foreign investment. The economy is among the least competitive in the region. Foreign banks, primarily from Austria and Italy, control much of the banking sector, though the largest bank is a private domestic one. The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark) - the national currency introduced in 1998 - is pegged to the euro through a currency board arrangement, which has maintained confidence in the currency and has facilitated reliable trade links with European partners. Bosnia and Herzegovina became a full member of the Central European Free Trade Agreement in September 2007. In 2016, Bosnia began a three-year IMF loan program, but it has struggled to meet the economic reform benchmarks required to receive all funding installments.</p> <p> </p> <p>Bosnia and Herzegovina's private sector is growing slowly, but foreign investment dropped sharply after 2007 and remains low. High unemployment remains the most serious macroeconomic problem. Successful implementation of a value-added tax in 2006 provided a steady source of revenue for the government and helped rein in gray-market activity, though public perceptions of government corruption and misuse of taxpayer money has encouraged a large informal economy to persist. National-level statistics have improved over time, but a large share of economic activity remains unofficial and unrecorded.</p> <p> </p> <p>Bosnia and Herzegovina's top economic priorities are: acceleration of integration into the EU; strengthening the fiscal system; public administration reform; World Trade Organization membership; and securing economic growth by fostering a dynamic, competitive private sector.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$51.244 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$47.05 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$47.649 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$49.17 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$47.82 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$49.183 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "3% (2017 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "7.55% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2016": {
"text": "3.2% (2016 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-3.12% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
"text": "3.1% (2015 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "2.83% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$15,700 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$14,300 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$14,400 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$14,900 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$14,400 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$14,600 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -715,11 +715,14 @@
"text": "$20.078 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "1.2% (2017 est.)"
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "1.98% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016": {
"text": "-1.1% (2016 est.)"
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "-1.05% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "0.56% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -769,10 +772,10 @@
"text": "steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, ammunition, domestic appliances, oil refining"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "3% (2017 est.)"
"text": "8.87% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "806,000 (2020 est.)"
"text": "1.169 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -786,23 +789,26 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "33.28% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "15.22% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "35.97% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "15.27% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "15.69% (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> official rate; actual rate is lower as many technically unemployed persons work in the gray economy"
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "35.1%"
"text": "32.9%"
},
"male": {
"text": "31.7%"
"text": "28.2%"
},
"female": {
"text": "40.7% (2021 est.)"
"text": "39.9% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
@ -811,9 +817,6 @@
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2011": {
"text": "33 (2011 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2007": {
"text": "33.1 (2007)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -836,37 +839,43 @@
"text": "2.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "39.5% of GDP (2017 est.)"
"Public debt 2020": {
"text": "46.05% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2016": {
"text": "44.1% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"Public debt 2019": {
"text": "44.63% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2018": {
"text": "45.56% of GDP (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions."
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "44% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "19.01% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2017": {
"text": "-$873 million (2017 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "-$557.887 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2016": {
"text": "-$821 million (2016 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "-$658.601 million (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$531.917 million (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$9.948 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$6.81 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$6.936 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$8.17 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$8.57 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$8.199 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports."
},
@ -877,14 +886,14 @@
"text": "electricity, seating, leather shoes, furniture, insulated wiring (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$12.726 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$9.71 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$9.726 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$11.15 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$11.55 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$11.156 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -894,11 +903,14 @@
"text": "refined petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, coal, electricity (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$6.474 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$9.475 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$5.137 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$8.707 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$7.208 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -913,20 +925,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "konvertibilna markas (BAM) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "1.654 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "1.717 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "1.747 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "1.657 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "1.729 (2017 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2016": {
"text": "1.7674 (2016 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2015": {
"text": "1.7674 (2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "1.7626 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "1.4718 (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.735 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1251,7 +1263,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "149 (mid-year 2021)"
},
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>111,370 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-December 2022)"
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>112,773 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-December 2022)"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "<p>drug trafficking groups are major players in the procurement and transportation of large quantities of cocaine  destined for  European markets</p>"

167
europe/bo.json
View file

@ -250,7 +250,7 @@
"text": "1.51 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.73 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.74 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "52.6% (2019)"
@ -338,12 +338,12 @@
"text": "13.5% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "67.1% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "66.6% (2023 est.)"
},
"Child marriage": {
"women married by age 15": {
"text": "0.1%"
@ -385,13 +385,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "12%"
"text": "11.3%"
},
"male": {
"text": "13.8%"
"text": "14%"
},
"female": {
"text": "10.1% (2020 est.)"
"text": "8.4% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -682,52 +682,52 @@
"text": "<p>As part of the former Soviet Union, Belarus had a relatively well-developed industrial base, but it is now outdated, inefficient, and dependent on subsidized Russian energy and preferential access to Russian markets. The country’s agricultural base is largely dependent on government subsidies. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, an initial burst of economic reforms included privatization of state enterprises, creation of private property rights, and the acceptance of private entrepreneurship, but by 1994 the reform effort dissipated. About 80% of industry remains in state hands, and foreign investment has virtually disappeared. Several businesses have been renationalized. State-owned entities account for 70-75% of GDP, and state banks make up 75% of the banking sector.</p> <p> </p> <p>Economic output declined for several years following the break-up of the Soviet Union, but revived in the mid-2000s. Belarus has only small reserves of crude oil and imports crude oil and natural gas from Russia at subsidized, below market, prices. Belarus derives export revenue by refining Russian crude and selling it at market prices. Russia and Belarus have had serious disagreements over prices and quantities for Russian energy. Beginning in early 2016, Russia claimed Belarus began accumulating debt – reaching $740 million by April 2017 – for paying below the agreed price for Russian natural gas and Russia cut back its export of crude oil as a result of the debt. In April 2017, Belarus agreed to pay its gas debt and Russia restored the flow of crude.</p> <p> </p> <p>New non-Russian foreign investment has been limited in recent years, largely because of an unfavorable financial climate. In 2011, a financial crisis lead to a nearly three-fold devaluation of the Belarusian ruble. The Belarusian economy has continued to struggle under the weight of high external debt servicing payments and a trade deficit. In mid-December 2014, the devaluation of the Russian ruble triggered a near 40% devaluation of the Belarusian ruble.</p> <p> </p> <p>Belarus’s economy stagnated between 2012 and 2016, widening productivity and income gaps between Belarus and neighboring countries. Budget revenues dropped because of falling global prices on key Belarusian export commodities. Since 2015, the Belarusian government has tightened its macro-economic policies, allowed more flexibility to its exchange rate, taken some steps towards price liberalization, and reduced subsidized government lending to state-owned enterprises. Belarus returned to modest growth in 2017, largely driven by improvement of external conditions and Belarus issued sovereign debt for the first time since 2011, which provided the country with badly-needed liquidity, and issued $600 million worth of Eurobonds in February 2018, predominantly to US and British investors.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$184.482 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$179.97 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$180.335 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$181.61 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$179.1 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$181.605 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "2.3% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-0.7% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "1.22% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "3.17% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "2.53% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.4% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$19,800 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$19,100 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$19,200 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$19,300 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$18,900 (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$63.168 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "9.46% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "5.55% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "5.6% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "4.8% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "6% (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -780,10 +780,10 @@
"text": "metal-cutting machine tools, tractors, trucks, earthmovers, motorcycles, synthetic fibers, fertilizer, textiles, refrigerators, washing machines and other household appliances"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "5.6% (2017 est.)"
"text": "6.7% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "4.381 million (2016 est.)"
"text": "4.95 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -797,34 +797,34 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2017": {
"text": "0.8% (2017 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "4.74% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2016": {
"text": "1% (2016 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "4.77% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "4.16% (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> official registered unemployed; large number of underemployed workers"
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "12%"
"text": "11.3%"
},
"male": {
"text": "13.8%"
"text": "14%"
},
"female": {
"text": "10.1% (2020 est.)"
"text": "8.4% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "5% (2019 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": {
"text": "25.2 (2018 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 1998": {
"text": "21.7 (1998)"
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2020": {
"text": "24.4 (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -847,36 +847,42 @@
"text": "2.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "53.4% of GDP (2017 est.)"
"Public debt 2019": {
"text": "33.24% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2016": {
"text": "53.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"Public debt 2018": {
"text": "37.1% of GDP (2018 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "39.88% of GDP (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "40.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "12.02% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2017": {
"text": "-$931 million (2017 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "$2.153 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2016": {
"text": "-$1.669 billion (2016 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "-$178.4 million (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$1.246 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$49.425 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$37.04 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$37.183 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$41.97 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$42.27 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$41.975 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports."
},
@ -887,14 +893,14 @@
"text": "refined petroleum, fertilizers, cheese, delivery trucks, crude petroleum (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$45.459 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$35.16 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$35.236 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$42.38 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$41.34 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$42.378 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -904,11 +910,14 @@
"text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$7.315 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$8.425 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$4.927 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$7.468 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$9.394 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -923,20 +932,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "Belarusian rubles (BYB/BYR) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "2.539 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "2.44 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "2.092 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "2.038 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "1.9 (2017 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2016": {
"text": "2 (2016 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2015": {
"text": "2 (2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "15,926 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "10,224.1 (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.932 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},

161
europe/bu.json
View file

@ -259,7 +259,7 @@
"text": "1.5 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.73 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.73 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -347,12 +347,12 @@
"text": "37.1% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "57.8% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "1.9% (2014)"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "57.3% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -383,13 +383,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "15.8%"
"text": "14.2%"
},
"male": {
"text": "16.1%"
"text": "14.3%"
},
"female": {
"text": "15.3% (2021 est.)"
"text": "14% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -685,37 +685,37 @@
"text": "<p>Bulgaria, a former communist country that entered the EU in 2007, has an open economy that historically has demonstrated strong growth, but its per-capita income remains the lowest among EU members and its reliance on energy imports and foreign demand for its exports makes its growth sensitive to external market conditions.</p> <p> </p> <p>The government undertook significant structural economic reforms in the 1990s to move the economy from a centralized, planned economy to a more liberal, market-driven economy. These reforms included privatization of state-owned enterprises, liberalization of trade, and strengthening of the tax system - changes that initially caused some economic hardships but later helped to attract investment, spur growth, and make gradual improvements to living conditions. From 2000 through 2008, Bulgaria maintained robust, average annual real GDP growth in excess of 6%, which was followed by a deep recession in 2009 as the financial crisis caused domestic demand, exports, capital inflows and industrial production to contract, prompting the government to rein in spending. Real GDP growth remained slow - less than 2% annually - until 2015, when demand from EU countries for Bulgarian exports, plus an inflow of EU development funds, boosted growth to more than 3%. In recent years, strong domestic demand combined with low international energy prices have contributed to Bulgaria’s economic growth approaching 4% and have also helped to ease inflation. Bulgaria’s prudent public financial management contributed to budget surpluses both in 2016 and 2017.</p> <p> </p> <p>Bulgaria is heavily reliant on energy imports from Russia, a potential vulnerability, and is a participant in EU-backed efforts to diversify regional natural gas supplies. In late 2016, the Bulgarian Government provided funding to Bulgaria’s National Electric Company to cover the $695 million compensation owed to Russian nuclear equipment manufacturer Atomstroyexport for the cancellation of the Belene Nuclear Power Plant project, which the Bulgarian Government terminated in 2012. As of early 2018, the government was floating the possibility of resurrecting the Belene project. The natural gas market, dominated by state-owned Bulgargaz, is also almost entirely supplied by Russia. Infrastructure projects such as the Inter-Connector Greece-Bulgaria and Inter-Connector Bulgaria-Serbia, which would enable Bulgaria to have access to non-Russian gas, have either stalled or made limited progress. In 2016, the Bulgarian Government established the State eGovernment Agency. This new agency is responsible for the electronic governance, coordinating national policies with the EU, and strengthening cybersecurity.</p> <p> </p> <p>Despite a favorable investment regime, including low, flat corporate income taxes, significant challenges remain. Corruption in public administration, a weak judiciary, low productivity, lack of transparency in public procurements, and the presence of organized crime continue to hamper the country's investment climate and economic prospects.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$167.804 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$155.06 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$155.902 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$161.78 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$156.02 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$162.328 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "7.63% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-3.96% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "3.39% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "3.2% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "3.5% (2017 est.)"
"text": "4.04% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$24,400 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$22,400 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$22,500 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$23,200 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$22,200 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$23,300 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -723,14 +723,14 @@
"text": "$68.49 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "3.3% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "1.67% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "3.1% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "2.8% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "2% (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -783,10 +783,10 @@
"text": "electricity, gas, water; food, beverages, tobacco; machinery and equipment, automotive parts, base metals, chemical products, coke, refined petroleum, nuclear fuel; outsourcing centers"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "3.6% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.72% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "3.113 million (2020 est.)",
"text": "3.291 million (2021 est.)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> number of employed persons"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
@ -801,33 +801,33 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "5.66% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "5.42% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "6.18% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "5.12% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "4.23% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "15.8%"
"text": "14.2%"
},
"male": {
"text": "16.1%"
"text": "14.3%"
},
"female": {
"text": "15.3% (2021 est.)"
"text": "14% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "23.8% (2019 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "40.4 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": {
"text": "38.3 (2016)"
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019": {
"text": "40.3 (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -850,37 +850,43 @@
"text": "1.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "23.9% of GDP (2017 est.)"
"Public debt 2020": {
"text": "32.24% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2016": {
"text": "27.4% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"Public debt 2019": {
"text": "26.92% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2018": {
"text": "28.69% of GDP (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "35.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "20.27% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$2.06 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "-$373.66 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "$611 million (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "-$31.19 million (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$1.264 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$51.505 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$39.27 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$39.541 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$44.04 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$43.52 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$44.041 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports."
},
@ -891,14 +897,14 @@
"text": "refined petroleum, packaged medicines, copper, wheat, electricity (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$50.059 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$38.07 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$38.197 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$41.84 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$41.91 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$41.843 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -908,11 +914,14 @@
"text": "crude petroleum, copper, cars, packaged medicines, refined petroleum (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$28.38 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$39.188 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$25.13 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$37.86 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$27.902 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -927,20 +936,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "leva (BGN) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "1.654 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "1.61885 (2020 est.)"
"text": "1.716 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "1.7669 (2019 est.)"
"text": "1.747 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "1.7172 (2018 est.)"
"text": "1.657 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "1.7644 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "1.4742 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "1.735 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1263,7 +1272,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "19,014 (Syria) (mid-year 2021); 51,140 (Ukraine) (as of 13 December 2022)"
"text": "22,226 (Syria) (mid-year 2022); 51,140 (Ukraine) (as of 13 December 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "1,143 (mid-year 2021)"

150
europe/cy.json
View file

@ -256,7 +256,7 @@
"text": "1.48 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.72 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.72 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -344,12 +344,12 @@
"text": "23.2% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "54.5% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "54.5% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "6.1% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -380,13 +380,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "17.1%"
"text": "11.8%"
},
"male": {
"text": "17.8%"
"text": "9.2%"
},
"female": {
"text": "16.3% (2021 est.)"
"text": "14.9% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"People - note": {
@ -683,37 +683,37 @@
"text": "<p>The area of the Republic of Cyprus under government control has a market economy dominated by a services sector that accounts for more than four-fifths of GDP. Tourism, finance, shipping, and real estate have traditionally been the most important services. Cyprus has been a member of the EU since May 2004 and adopted the euro as its national currency in January 2008.</p> <p> </p> <p>During the first five years of EU membership, the Cyprus economy grew at an average rate of about 4%, with unemployment between 2004 and 2008 averaging about 4%. However, the economy tipped into recession in 2009 as the ongoing global financial crisis and resulting low demand hit the tourism and construction sectors. An overextended banking sector with excessive exposure to Greek debt added to the contraction. Cyprus’ biggest two banks were among the largest holders of Greek bonds in Europe and had a substantial presence in Greece through bank branches and subsidiaries. Following numerous downgrades of its credit rating, Cyprus lost access to international capital markets in May 2011. In July 2012, Cyprus became the fifth euro-zone government to request an economic bailout program from the European Commission, European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund - known collectively as the \"Troika.\"</p> <p> </p> <p>Shortly after the election of President Nikos ANASTASIADES in February 2013, Cyprus reached an agreement with the Troika on a $13 billion bailout that triggered a two-week bank closure and the imposition of capital controls that remained partially in place until April 2015. Cyprus' two largest banks merged and the combined entity was recapitalized through conversion of some large bank deposits to shares and imposition of losses on bank bondholders. As with other EU countries, the Troika conditioned the bailout on passing financial and structural reforms and privatizing state-owned enterprises. Despite downsizing and restructuring, the Cypriot financial sector remains burdened by the largest stock of non-performing loans in the euro zone, equal to nearly half of all loans. Since the bailout, Cyprus has received positive appraisals by the Troika and outperformed fiscal targets but has struggled to overcome political opposition to bailout-mandated legislation, particularly regarding privatizations. The rate of non-performing loans (NPLs) is still very high at around 49%, and growth would accelerate if Cypriot banks could increase the pace of resolution of the NPLs.</p> <p> </p> <p>In October 2013, a US-Israeli consortium completed preliminary appraisals of hydrocarbon deposits in Cyprus’ exclusive economic zone (EEZ), which estimated gross mean reserves of about 130 billion cubic meters. Though exploration continues in Cyprus’ EEZ, no additional commercially exploitable reserves have been identified. Developing offshore hydrocarbon resources remains a critical component of the government’s economic recovery efforts, but development has been delayed as a result of regional developments and disagreements about exploitation methods.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$37.546 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$33.67 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$35.209 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$35.48 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$34.42 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$36.819 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "6.64% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-4.37% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "3.08% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "5.25% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "5.16% (2017 est.)"
"text": "5.53% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$41,700 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$37,700 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$39,500 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$40,200 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$39,600 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$41,700 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -721,14 +721,14 @@
"text": "$24.946 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "2.45% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "-0.64% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "0.2% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "1.4% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "0.5% (2017 est.)"
"text": "0.25% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -781,10 +781,10 @@
"text": "tourism, food and beverage processing, cement and gypsum, ship repair and refurbishment, textiles, light chemicals, metal products, wood, paper, stone and clay products"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "13.4% (2017 est.)"
"text": "8.1% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "416,000 (2019 est.)"
"text": "655,100 (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -798,33 +798,33 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "6.13% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "7.59% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "7.07% (2019 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "8.37% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "17.1%"
"text": "11.8%"
},
"male": {
"text": "17.8%"
"text": "9.2%"
},
"female": {
"text": "16.3% (2021 est.)"
"text": "14.9% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "14.7% (2018 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "31.4 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2013": {
"text": "32.4 (2013 est.)"
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019": {
"text": "31.2 (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -856,28 +856,31 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "39.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "22.42% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$1.578 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "-$1.957 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "-$958 million (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "-$2.523 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$1.445 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$24.551 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$16.1 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$20.379 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$17.92 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$19.02 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$19.835 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports."
},
@ -888,14 +891,14 @@
"text": "ships, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, cheese, crude petroleum (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$23.748 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$17.58 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$20.711 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$18.2 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$18.6 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$19.575 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -905,11 +908,14 @@
"text": "refined petroleum, ships, cars, coal tar oil, packaged medicines (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$888.2 million (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$1.611 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$817.7 million (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$1.237 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$1.033 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -924,20 +930,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.82771 (2020 est.)"
"text": "0.876 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.90338 (2019 est.)"
"text": "0.893 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.87789 (2018 est.)"
"text": "0.847 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.885 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Economy of the area administered by Turkish Cypriots": {
@ -1255,7 +1261,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "9,820 (Syria) (mid-year 2021); 14,510 (Ukraine) (as of 18 December 2022)"
"text": "10,869 (Syria) (mid-year 2022); 14,510 (Ukraine) (as of 18 December 2022)"
},
"IDPs": {
"text": "242,000 (both Turkish and Greek Cypriots; many displaced since 1974) (2021)"

152
europe/da.json
View file

@ -257,7 +257,7 @@
"text": "1.77 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.86 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.86 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -345,12 +345,12 @@
"text": "17.1% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "59.7% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "59.6% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "6.4% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -378,13 +378,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "10.8%"
"text": "10.1%"
},
"male": {
"text": "10.7%"
"text": "9.7%"
},
"female": {
"text": "11% (2021 est.)"
"text": "10.6% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -668,37 +668,37 @@
"text": "<p>This thoroughly modern market economy features advanced industry with world-leading firms in pharmaceuticals, maritime shipping, and renewable energy, and a high-tech agricultural sector. Danes enjoy a high standard of living, and the Danish economy is characterized by extensive government welfare measures and an equitable distribution of income. An aging population will be a long-term issue.</p> <p> </p> <p>Denmark’s small open economy is highly dependent on foreign trade, and the government strongly supports trade liberalization. Denmark is a net exporter of food, oil, and gas and enjoys a comfortable balance of payments surplus, but depends on imports of raw materials for the manufacturing sector.</p> <p> </p> <p>Denmark is a member of the EU but not the eurozone. Despite previously meeting the criteria to join the European Economic and Monetary Union, Denmark has negotiated an opt-out with the EU and is not required to adopt the euro.</p> <p> </p> <p>Denmark is experiencing a modest economic expansion. The economy grew by 2.0% in 2016 and 2.1% in 2017. The expansion is expected to decline slightly in 2018. Unemployment stood at 5.5% in 2017, based on the national labor survey. The labor market was tight in 2017, with corporations experiencing some difficulty finding appropriately-skilled workers to fill billets. The Danish Government offers extensive programs to train unemployed persons to work in sectors that need qualified workers.</p> <p> </p> <p>Denmark maintained a healthy budget surplus for many years up to 2008, but the global financial crisis swung the budget balance into deficit. Since 2014 the balance has shifted between surplus and deficit. In 2017 there was a surplus of 1.0%. The government projects a lower deficit in 2018 and 2019 of 0.7%, and public debt (EMU debt) as a share of GDP is expected to decline to 35.6% in 2018 and 34.8% in 2019. The Danish Government plans to address increasing municipal, public housing and integration spending in 2018.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$339.472 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$326.2 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$323.751 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$335.36 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$326.07 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$330.34 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "4.86% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-1.99% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "2.85% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "2.18% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "2.83% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.49% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$58,000 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$55,900 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$55,500 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$57,700 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$56,300 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$56,800 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -706,14 +706,14 @@
"text": "$350.037 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "1.85% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "0.42% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "0.7% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "0.8% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "1.1% (2017 est.)"
"text": "0.76% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -766,10 +766,10 @@
"text": "wind turbines, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment, shipbuilding and refurbishment, iron, steel, nonferrous metals, chemicals, food processing, machinery and transportation equipment, textiles and clothing, electronics, construction, furniture and other wood products"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "2.5% (2017 est.)"
"text": "5.25% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.736 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "3.051 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -783,33 +783,33 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "3.05% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "4.8% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "3.07% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "5.64% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "5.02% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "10.8%"
"text": "10.1%"
},
"male": {
"text": "10.7%"
"text": "9.7%"
},
"female": {
"text": "11% (2021 est.)"
"text": "10.6% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "12.5% (2018 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "28.7 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2010": {
"text": "27.5 (2010 est.)"
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019": {
"text": "27.7 (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -841,28 +841,31 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "53% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "34.07% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$30.935 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "$32.465 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "$24.821 billion (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "$28.952 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$30.55 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$234.262 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$191.53 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$195.729 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$204.14 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$200.81 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$205.019 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -872,14 +875,14 @@
"text": "packaged medicines, electric generators, pork, refined petroleum, medical cultures/vaccines (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$208.121 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$170.33 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$172.868 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$178.44 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$179.95 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$179.356 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -889,11 +892,14 @@
"text": "cars, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, crude petroleum, broadcasting equipment (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$75.25 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$82.236 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$64.25 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$72.823 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$66.836 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -908,20 +914,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "Danish kroner (DKK) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "6.287 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "6.16045 (2020 est.)"
"text": "6.542 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "6.7506 (2019 est.)"
"text": "6.669 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "6.5533 (2018 est.)"
"text": "6.315 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "6.7236 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "5.6125 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "6.603 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1258,7 +1264,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "19,833 (Syria), 5,634 (Eritrea) (mid-year 2021); 39,482 (Ukraine) (as of 27 December 2022)"
"text": "19,424 (Syria), 5,885 (Eritrea) (mid-year 2022); 39,032 (Ukraine) (as of 3 January 2023)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "11,608 (mid-year 2021)"

114
europe/ee.json
View file

@ -247,13 +247,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "18.5%"
"text": "19.5%"
},
"male": {
"text": "18.1%"
"text": "18.9%"
},
"female": {
"text": "19.2% (2021 est.)"
"text": "20.4% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -427,37 +427,37 @@
"text": "<p>The 27 member states that make up the EU have adopted an internal single market with free movement of goods, services, capital, and labor. The EU, which is also a customs union, aims to bolster Europe's trade position and its political and economic weight in international affairs.</p> <p> </p> <p>Despite great differences in per capita income among member states (from $28,000 to $109,000) and in national attitudes toward issues like inflation, debt, and foreign trade, the EU has achieved a high degree of coordination of monetary and fiscal policies. A common currency – the euro – circulates among 20 of the member states that make up the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Eleven member states introduced the euro as their common currency on 1 January 1999 (Greece did so two years later). Since 2004, 13 states acceded to the EU. Of the 13, Slovenia (2007), Cyprus and Malta (2008), Slovakia (2009), Estonia (2011), Latvia (2014), Lithuania (2015), and Croatia (2023) have adopted the euro; six other member states - excluding Denmark, which has a formal opt-out - are required by EU treaties to adopt the common currency upon meeting fiscal and monetary convergence criteria.</p> <p> </p> <p>The EU economy posted moderate GDP growth for 2014 through 2017, capping five years of sustained growth since the 2008-09 global economic crisis and the ensuing sovereign debt crisis in the euro zone in 2011. However, the bloc’s recovery was uneven. Some EU member states (Czechia, Ireland, Malta, Romania, Sweden, and Spain) recorded strong growth, others (Italy) experienced modest expansion, and Greece finally ended its EU rescue program in August 2018. Overall, the EU’s recovery was buoyed by lower commodities prices and accommodative monetary policy, which lowered interest rates and stimulated demand. The euro zone, which makes up about 70% of the total EU economy, performed well, achieving a growth rate not seen in a decade. In October 2017 the European Central Bank (ECB) announced it would extend its bond-buying program through September 2018, and possibly beyond that date, to keep the euro zone recovery on track. The ECB’s efforts to spur more lending and investment through its asset-buying program, negative interest rates, and long-term loan refinancing programs have not yet raised inflation in line with the ECB’s statutory target of just under 2%.</p> <p> </p> <p>Despite its performance, high unemployment in some member states, high levels of public and private debt, muted productivity, an incomplete single market in services, and an aging population remain sources of potential drag on the EU’s future growth. Moreover, the EU economy remains vulnerable to a slowdown of global trade and bouts of political and financial turmoil. In June 2016, the UK voted to withdraw from the EU, the first member country ever to attempt to secede. Continued uncertainty about the implications of the UK’s exit from the EU (concluded January 2020) could hurt consumer and investor confidence and dampen EU growth, particularly if trade and cross-border investment significantly declines. Political disagreements between EU member states on reforms to fiscal and economic policy also may impair the EU’s ability to bolster its crisis-prevention and resolution mechanisms. International investors’ fears of a broad dissolution of the single currency area have largely dissipated, but these concerns could resurface if elected leaders implement policies that contravene euro-zone budget or banking rules. State interventions in ailing banks, including rescue of banks in Italy and resolution of banks in Spain, have eased financial vulnerabilities in the European banking sector even though some banks are struggling with low profitability and a large stock of bad loans, fragilities that could precipitate localized crises. Externally, the EU has continued to pursue comprehensive free trade agreements to expand EU external market share, particularly with Asian countries; EU and Japanese leaders reached a political-level agreement on a free trade agreement in July 2017, and agreement with Mexico in April 2018 on updates to an existing free trade agreement.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$19.739 trillion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$18.716 trillion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$19.89 trillion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$19.55 trillion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$19.12 trillion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$19.847 trillion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "2.3% (2017 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "5.39% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2016": {
"text": "2% (2016 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-5.68% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
"text": "2.3% (2015 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "1.81% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$44,100 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$41,800 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$44,436 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$43,761 (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$42,848 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$44,400 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -465,14 +465,14 @@
"text": "$17.11 trillion (2017 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "2.55% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "0.5% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "1.1% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "1.7% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "1.5% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.63% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -525,10 +525,10 @@
"text": "among the world's largest and most technologically advanced regions, the EU industrial base includes: ferrous and non-ferrous metal production and processing, metal products, petroleum, coal, cement, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, aerospace, rail transportation equipment, passenger and commercial vehicles, construction equipment, industrial equipment, shipbuilding, electrical power equipment, machine tools and automated manufacturing systems, electronics and telecommunications equipment, fishing, food and beverages, furniture, paper, textiles"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "3.5% (2017 est.)"
"text": "6.43% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "238.9 million (2016 est.)"
"text": "217.042 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -542,22 +542,25 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2016": {
"text": "8.6% (2016 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "7.05% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2015": {
"text": "9.4% (2015 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "7.05% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "6.69% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "18.5%"
"text": "19.5%"
},
"male": {
"text": "18.1%"
"text": "18.9%"
},
"female": {
"text": "19.2% (2021 est.)"
"text": "20.4% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
@ -567,9 +570,6 @@
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": {
"text": "30.8 (2016 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015": {
"text": "31 (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -592,7 +592,7 @@
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "45.2% (of GDP) (2014)"
"text": "19.41% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "NA"
@ -606,14 +606,14 @@
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$8.705 trillion (2021 est.)"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$7.175 trillion (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$7.102 trillion (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$6.93 trillion (2018 est.)"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$6.691 trillion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$7.765 trillion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> external exports, excluding intra-EU trade"
},
@ -624,14 +624,14 @@
"text": "machinery, motor vehicles, pharmaceuticals and other chemicals, fuels, aircraft, plastics, iron and steel, wood pulp and paper products, alcoholic beverages, furniture"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$8.037 trillion (2021 est.)"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$6.6 trillion (2020 est.)"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$6.65 trillion (2019 est.)"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$6.4 trillion (2018 est.)"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$6.177 trillion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$7.18 trillion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> external imports, excluding intra-EU trade"
},

171
europe/ei.json
View file

@ -244,7 +244,7 @@
"text": "1.92 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.93 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.93 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -332,12 +332,12 @@
"text": "19% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "52.4% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "52.1% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "3.1% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -365,13 +365,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "14.5%"
"text": "17.4%"
},
"male": {
"text": "14.5%"
"text": "16.1%"
},
"female": {
"text": "14.6% (2021 est.)"
"text": "18.8% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -658,37 +658,37 @@
"text": "<p>Ireland is a small, modern, trade-dependent economy. It was among the initial group of 12 EU nations that began circulating the euro on 1 January 2002. GDP growth averaged 6% in 1995-2007, but economic activity dropped sharply during the world financial crisis and the subsequent collapse of its domestic property market and construction industry during 2008-11. Faced with sharply reduced revenues and a burgeoning budget deficit from efforts to stabilize its fragile banking sector, the Irish Government introduced the first in a series of draconian budgets in 2009. These measures were not sufficient to stabilize Ireland’s public finances. In 2010, the budget deficit reached 32.4% of GDP - the world's largest deficit, as a percentage of GDP. In late 2010, the former COWEN government agreed to a $92 billion loan package from the EU and IMF to help Dublin recapitalize Ireland’s banking sector and avoid defaulting on its sovereign debt. In March 2011, the KENNY government intensified austerity measures to meet the deficit targets under Ireland's EU-IMF bailout program.</p> <p> </p> <p>In late 2013, Ireland formally exited its EU-IMF bailout program, benefiting from its strict adherence to deficit-reduction targets and success in refinancing a large amount of banking-related debt. In 2014, the economy rapidly picked up. In late 2014, the government introduced a fiscally neutral budget, marking the end of the austerity program. Continued growth of tax receipts has allowed the government to lower some taxes and increase public spending while keeping to its deficit-reduction targets. In 2015, GDP growth exceeded 26%. The magnitude of the increase reflected one-off statistical revisions, multinational corporate restructurings in intellectual property, and the aircraft leasing sector, rather than real gains in the domestic economy, which was still growing. Growth moderated to around 4.1% in 2017, but the recovering economy assisted lowering the deficit to 0.6% of GDP.</p> <p> </p> <p>In the wake of the collapse of the construction sector and the downturn in consumer spending and business investment during the 2008-11 economic crisis, the export sector, dominated by foreign multinationals, has become an even more important component of Ireland's economy. Ireland’s low corporation tax of 12.5% and a talented pool of high-tech laborers have been some of the key factors in encouraging business investment. Loose tax residency requirements made Ireland a common destination for international firms seeking to pay less tax or, in the case of U.S. multinationals, defer taxation owed to the United States. In 2014, amid growing international pressure, the Irish government announced it would phase in more stringent tax laws, effectively closing a commonly used loophole. The Irish economy continued to grow in 2017 and is forecast to do so through 2019, supported by a strong export sector, robust job growth, and low inflation, to the point that the Government must now address concerns about overheating and potential loss of competitiveness. The greatest risks to the economy are the UK’s scheduled departure from the European Union (\"Brexit\") in March 2019, possible changes to international taxation policies that could affect Ireland’s revenues, and global trade pressures.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$515.88 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$447.97 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$454.167 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$433.17 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$410.33 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$427.715 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "13.59% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "6.18% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "5.86% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "9.42% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "9.49% (2017 est.)"
"text": "5.44% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$102,500 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$89,700 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$91,100 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$87,800 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$84,300 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$86,700 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -696,14 +696,14 @@
"text": "$398.476 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "2.36% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "-0.33% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "0.9% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "0.4% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "0.3% (2017 est.)"
"text": "0.94% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -756,10 +756,10 @@
"text": "pharmaceuticals, chemicals, computer hardware and software, food products, beverages and brewing; medical devices"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "7.8% (2017 est.)"
"text": "20.33% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.289 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "2.518 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -773,33 +773,33 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "4.98% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "6.63% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "5.78% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "5.62% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "4.95% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "14.5%"
"text": "17.4%"
},
"male": {
"text": "14.5%"
"text": "16.1%"
},
"female": {
"text": "14.6% (2021 est.)"
"text": "18.8% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "13.1% (2018 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": {
"text": "32.8 (2016 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 1987": {
"text": "35.9 (1987 est.)"
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": {
"text": "30.6 (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -822,37 +822,43 @@
"text": "-0.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "68.6% of GDP (2017 est.)"
"Public debt 2020": {
"text": "71.58% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2016": {
"text": "73.6% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"Public debt 2019": {
"text": "69.7% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2018": {
"text": "75.19% of GDP (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "26% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "16.51% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$44.954 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "$72.22 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "$24.154 billion (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "-$27.412 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$44.934 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$677.028 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$569.061 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$502.31 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$471.6 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$440.693 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$502.313 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -862,14 +868,14 @@
"text": "medical cultures/vaccines, nitrogen compounds, packaged medicines, integrated circuits, scented mixtures (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$477.544 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$486.946 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$452.98 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$361.12 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$359.725 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$452.979 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -879,11 +885,14 @@
"text": "aircraft, computers, packaged medicines, refined petroleum, medical cultures/vaccines (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$4.412 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$13.247 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2015": {
"text": "$2.203 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$7.463 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$5.733 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -898,20 +907,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.82771 (2020 est.)"
"text": "0.876 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.90338 (2019 est.)"
"text": "0.893 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.87789 (2018 est.)"
"text": "0.847 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.885 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1245,7 +1254,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "70,070 (Ukraine) (as of 22 December 2022)"
"text": "70,077 (Ukraine) (as of 3 January 2023)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "107 (mid-year 2021)"

163
europe/en.json
View file

@ -245,7 +245,7 @@
"text": "1.61 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.79 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.79 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -341,12 +341,12 @@
"text": "23% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "52.6% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "0.4% (2013/15)"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "52.3% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "6.6% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -377,13 +377,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "16.7%"
"text": "17.1%"
},
"male": {
"text": "18.4%"
"text": "16.5%"
},
"female": {
"text": "15% (2021 est.)"
"text": "17.8% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -680,37 +680,37 @@
"text": "<p>Estonia, a member of the EU since 2004 and the euro zone since 2011, has a modern market-based economy and one of the higher per capita income levels in Central Europe and the Baltic region, but its economy is highly dependent on trade, leaving it vulnerable to external shocks. Estonia's successive governments have pursued a free market, pro-business economic agenda, and sound fiscal policies that have resulted in balanced budgets and the lowest debt-to-GDP ratio in the EU.</p> <p> </p> <p>The economy benefits from strong electronics and telecommunications sectors and strong trade ties with Finland, Sweden, Germany, and Russia. The economy’s 4.9% GDP growth in 2017 was the fastest in the past six years, leaving the Estonian economy in its best position since the financial crisis 10 years ago. For the first time in many years, labor productivity increased faster than labor costs in 2017. Inflation also rose in 2017 to 3.5% alongside increased global prices for food and energy, which make up a large share of Estonia’s consumption.</p> <p> </p> <p>Estonia is challenged by a shortage of labor, both skilled and unskilled, although the government has amended its immigration law to allow easier hiring of highly qualified foreign workers, and wage growth that outpaces productivity gains. The government is also pursuing efforts to boost productivity growth with a focus on innovations that emphasize technology start-ups and e-commerce.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$51.531 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$47.44 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$47.708 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$48.87 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$46.54 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$47.972 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "8.01% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-0.55% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "5% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "4.36% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "5.51% (2017 est.)"
"text": "3.74% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$38,700 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$35,600 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$35,900 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$36,800 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$35,200 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$36,200 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -718,14 +718,14 @@
"text": "$31.461 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "4.65% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "-0.44% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "2.2% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "3.4% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "3.4% (2017 est.)"
"text": "2.28% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -778,10 +778,10 @@
"text": "food, engineering, electronics, wood and wood products, textiles; information technology, telecommunications"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "9.5% (2017 est.)"
"text": "7.13% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "648,000 (2020 est.)"
"text": "704,700 (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -795,33 +795,33 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "4.94% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "6.33% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "4.73% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "6.8% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "4.45% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "16.7%"
"text": "17.1%"
},
"male": {
"text": "18.4%"
"text": "16.5%"
},
"female": {
"text": "15% (2021 est.)"
"text": "17.8% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "21.7% (2018 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "30.4 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": {
"text": "35.6 (2014)"
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019": {
"text": "30.8 (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -844,37 +844,43 @@
"text": "-0.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "9% of GDP (2017 est.)"
"Public debt 2020": {
"text": "23.77% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2016": {
"text": "9.4% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"Public debt 2019": {
"text": "14.05% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2018": {
"text": "13.46% of GDP (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "39.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "20.69% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$616 million (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "-$709.328 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "$280 million (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "-$370.205 million (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$735.796 million (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$29.056 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$21.69 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$21.769 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$22.94 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$22.69 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$22.962 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -884,14 +890,14 @@
"text": "broadcasting equipment, refined petroleum, coal tar oil, cars, prefabricated buildings (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$29.234 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$21.73 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$21.813 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$21.68 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$21.89 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$21.712 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -901,11 +907,14 @@
"text": "cars, refined petroleum, coal tar oil, broadcasting equipment, packaged medicines (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$345 million (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$2.371 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$352.2 million (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$1.997 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$1.426 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -920,20 +929,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.82771 (2020 est.)"
"text": "0.876 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.90338 (2019 est.)"
"text": "0.893 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.87789 (2018 est.)"
"text": "0.847 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.885 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1252,7 +1261,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "65,060 (Ukraine) (as of 26 December 2022)"
"text": "65,381 (Ukraine) (as of 1 January 2023)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "71,873 (mid-year 2021); note - following independence in 1991, automatic citizenship was restricted to those who were Estonian citizens prior to the 1940 Soviet occupation and their descendants; thousands of ethnic Russians remained stateless when forced to choose between passing Estonian language and citizenship tests or applying for Russian citizenship; one reason for demurring on Estonian citizenship was to retain the right of visa-free travel to Russia; stateless residents can vote in local elections but not general elections; stateless parents who have been lawful residents of Estonia for at least five years can apply for citizenship for their children before they turn 15 years old"

154
europe/ez.json
View file

@ -251,7 +251,7 @@
"text": "1.49 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.73 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.73 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -339,12 +339,12 @@
"text": "26.4% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "49.1% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "48.4% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5.1% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -375,13 +375,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "8.2%"
},
"male": {
"text": "7.6%"
},
"male": {
"text": "6.9%"
},
"female": {
"text": "9.1% (2021 est.)"
"text": "8.7% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -674,37 +674,37 @@
"text": "<p>Czechia is a prosperous market economy that boasts one of the highest GDP growth rates and lowest unemployment levels in the EU, but its dependence on exports makes economic growth vulnerable to contractions in external demand. Czechia’s exports comprise some 80% of GDP and largely consist of automobiles, the country’s single largest industry. Czechia acceded to the EU in 2004 but has yet to join the euro-zone. While the flexible koruna helps Czechia weather external shocks, it was one of the world’s strongest performing currencies in 2017, appreciating approximately 16% relative to the US dollar after the central bank (Czech National Bank - CNB) ended its cap on the currency’s value in early April 2017, which it had maintained since November 2013. The CNB hiked rates in August and November 2017 - the first rate changes in nine years - to address rising inflationary pressures brought by strong economic growth and a tight labor market.</p> <p> </p> <p>Since coming to power in 2014, the new government has undertaken some reforms to try to reduce corruption, attract investment, and improve social welfare programs, which could help increase the government’s revenues and improve living conditions for Czechs. The government introduced in December 2016 an online tax reporting system intended to reduce tax evasion and increase revenues. The government also plans to remove labor market rigidities to improve the business climate, bring procurement procedures in line with EU best practices, and boost wages. The country's low unemployment rate has led to steady increases in salaries, and the government is facing pressure from businesses to allow greater migration of qualified workers, at least from Ukraine and neighboring Central European countries.</p> <p> </p> <p>Long-term challenges include dealing with a rapidly aging population, a shortage of skilled workers, a lagging education system, funding an unsustainable pension and health care system, and diversifying away from manufacturing and toward a more high-tech, services-based, knowledge economy.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$428.016 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$409.97 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$413.365 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$434.31 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$424.48 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$437.437 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "3.54% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-5.5% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "2.27% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "3.18% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "5.35% (2017 est.)"
"text": "3.03% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$40,700 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$38,300 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$38,600 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$40,700 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$39,900 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$41,000 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -712,14 +712,14 @@
"text": "$250.631 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "3.84% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "3.16% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "2.8% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "2.1% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "2.4% (2017 est.)"
"text": "2.85% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -772,10 +772,10 @@
"text": "motor vehicles, metallurgy, machinery and equipment, glass, armaments"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "7.5% (2017 est.)"
"text": "3.3% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "5.222 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "5.266 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -789,33 +789,33 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "2.8% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "2.89% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "3.18% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "2.55% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "2.01% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "8.2%"
},
"male": {
"text": "7.6%"
},
"male": {
"text": "6.9%"
},
"female": {
"text": "9.1% (2021 est.)"
"text": "8.7% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "10.1% (2018 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "24.9 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": {
"text": "25.1 (2014)"
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019": {
"text": "25.3 (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -846,28 +846,31 @@
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "40.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "14.34% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$678 million (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "-$2.282 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "$1.259 billion (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "$4.967 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$898.074 million (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$204.785 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$174.92 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$172.837 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$186.54 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$191.69 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$186.545 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports."
},
@ -878,14 +881,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, computers, broadcasting equipment, office machinery/parts, seating (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$196.243 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$157.95 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$156.129 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$171.43 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$176.78 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$171.429 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -895,11 +898,14 @@
"text": "broadcasting equipment, cars and vehicle parts, office machinery/parts, computers, packaged medicines (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$148 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$173.618 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$85.73 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$166.126 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$149.856 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -914,20 +920,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "koruny (CZK) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "21.678 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "21.76636 (2020 est.)"
"text": "23.21 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "23.0629 (2019 est.)"
"text": "22.932 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "22.71439 (2018 est.)"
"text": "21.73 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "24.599 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "20.758 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "23.376 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},

160
europe/fi.json
View file

@ -261,7 +261,7 @@
"text": "1.74 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.85 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.85 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "85.5% (2015)",
@ -350,12 +350,12 @@
"text": "16.3% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "57.3% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "57.2% (2023 est.)"
},
"Child marriage": {
"women married by age 18": {
"text": "0% (2017 est.)"
@ -388,13 +388,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "17.1%"
"text": "18.1%"
},
"male": {
"text": "17.8%"
"text": "19%"
},
"female": {
"text": "16.4% (2021 est.)"
"text": "17.1% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -685,37 +685,37 @@
"text": "<p>Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free-market economy with per capita GDP almost as high as that of Austria and the Netherlands and slightly above that of Germany and Belgium. Trade is important, with exports accounting for over one-third of GDP in recent years. The government is open to, and actively takes steps to attract, foreign direct investment.</p> <p> </p> <p>Finland is historically competitive in manufacturing, particularly in the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics industries. Finland excels in export of technology as well as promotion of startups in the information and communications technology, gaming, cleantech, and biotechnology sectors. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of the cold climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export industry, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population.</p> <p> </p> <p>Finland had been one of the best performing economies within the EU before 2009 and its banks and financial markets avoided the worst of global financial crisis. However, the world slowdown hit exports and domestic demand hard in that year, causing Finland’s economy to contract from 2012 to 2014. The recession affected general government finances and the debt ratio. The economy returned to growth in 2016, posting a 1.9% GDP increase before growing an estimated 3.3% in 2017, supported by a strong increase in investment, private consumption, and net exports. Finnish economists expect GDP to grow a rate of 2-3% in the next few years.</p> <p> </p> <p>Finland's main challenges will be reducing high labor costs and boosting demand for its exports. In June 2016, the government enacted a Competitiveness Pact aimed at reducing labor costs, increasing hours worked, and introducing more flexibility into the wage bargaining system. As a result, wage growth was nearly flat in 2017. The Government was also seeking to reform the health care system and social services. In the long term, Finland must address a rapidly aging population and decreasing productivity in traditional industries that threaten competitiveness, fiscal sustainability, and economic growth.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$270.143 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$261.39 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$262.343 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$268.84 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$265.46 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$268.259 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "2.97% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-2.21% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "1.15% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "1.52% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "3.27% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.22% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$48,800 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$47,300 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$47,400 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$48,700 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$48,100 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$48,600 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -723,14 +723,14 @@
"text": "$269.259 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "2.19% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "0.29% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "1% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "1% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "0.7% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.02% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -783,10 +783,10 @@
"text": "metals and metal products, electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "6.2% (2017 est.)"
"text": "2.77% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.52 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "2.82 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -800,33 +800,33 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "6.63% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "7.53% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "7.38% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "7.76% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "6.69% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "17.1%"
"text": "18.1%"
},
"male": {
"text": "17.8%"
"text": "19%"
},
"female": {
"text": "16.4% (2021 est.)"
"text": "17.1% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "12.2% (2019 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "27.4 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 1995": {
"text": "22.2 (1995)"
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019": {
"text": "27.7 (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -859,28 +859,31 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "53.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "19.85% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$603 million (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "$1.896 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "-$4.908 billion (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "$2.169 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$879.445 million (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$116.905 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$97.789 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$108.22 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$106.01 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$109.513 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$107.084 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -890,14 +893,14 @@
"text": "refined petroleum, paper and wood pulp products, cars, stainless steel, lumber (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$116.277 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$97.037 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$107.39 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$109.45 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$110.701 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$106.664 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -907,11 +910,14 @@
"text": "crude petroleum, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, packaged medicines (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$10.51 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$16.744 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$11.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$13.48 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$11.427 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -926,20 +932,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.82771 (2020 est.)"
"text": "0.876 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.90338 (2019 est.)"
"text": "0.893 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.87789 (2018 est.)"
"text": "0.847 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.885 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1269,7 +1275,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "9,053 (Iraq) (mid-year 2021); 47,111 (Ukraine) (as of 27 December 2022)"
"text": "9,175 (Iraq) (mid-year 2022); 47,138 (Ukraine) (as of 28 December 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "3,416 (mid-year 2021)"

37
europe/fo.json
View file

@ -234,7 +234,7 @@
"text": "2.29 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "1.1 (2022 est.)"
"text": "1.1 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -291,12 +291,12 @@
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "35.5% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "34.8% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "7.6% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
@ -607,9 +607,6 @@
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2013": {
"text": "22.7 (2013 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2011": {
"text": "21.6 (2011 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -683,20 +680,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "Danish kroner (DKK) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "6.287 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "6.542 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "6.669 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "6.315 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "6.586 (2017 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2016": {
"text": "6.7269 (2016 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2015": {
"text": "6.7269 (2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "6.7236 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "5.6125 (2013 est.)"
"text": "6.603 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},

163
europe/fr.json
View file

@ -281,7 +281,7 @@
"text": "2.03 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.99 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.99 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -372,12 +372,12 @@
"text": "31.9% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "55.1% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "54.8% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5.5% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -405,13 +405,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "18.9%"
"text": "20.1%"
},
"male": {
"text": "19%"
"text": "19.9%"
},
"female": {
"text": "18.8% (2021 est.)"
"text": "20.3% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -727,37 +727,37 @@
"text": "<p>The French economy is diversified across all sectors. The government has partially or fully privatized many large companies, including Air France, France Telecom, Renault, and Thales. However, the government maintains a strong presence in some sectors, particularly power, public transport, and defense industries. France is the most visited country in the world with 89 million foreign tourists in 2017. France's leaders remain committed to a capitalism in which they maintain social equity by means of laws, tax policies, and social spending that mitigate economic inequality.</p> <p> </p> <p>France's real GDP grew by 1.9% in 2017, up from 1.2% the year before. The unemployment rate (including overseas territories) increased from 7.8% in 2008 to 10.2% in 2015, before falling to 9.0% in 2017. Youth unemployment in metropolitan France decreased from 24.6% in the fourth quarter of 2014 to 20.6% in the fourth quarter of 2017.</p> <p> </p> <p>France’s public finances have historically been strained by high spending and low growth. In 2017, the budget deficit improved to 2.7% of GDP, bringing it in compliance with the EU-mandated 3% deficit target. Meanwhile, France's public debt rose from 89.5% of GDP in 2012 to 97% in 2017.</p> <p> </p> <p>Since entering office in May 2017, President Emmanuel MACRON launched a series of economic reforms to improve competitiveness and boost economic growth. President MACRON campaigned on reforming France’s labor code and in late 2017 implemented a range of reforms to increase flexibility in the labor market by making it easier for firms to hire and fire and simplifying negotiations between employers and employees. In addition to labor reforms, President MACRON’s 2018 budget cuts public spending, taxes, and social security contributions to spur private investment and increase purchasing power. The government plans to gradually reduce corporate tax rate for businesses from 33.3% to 25% by 2022.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$3.048 trillion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$2.832 trillion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$2.854 trillion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$3.082 trillion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$3.037 trillion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$3.095 trillion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "6.82% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-7.78% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "1.49% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "1.81% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "2.42% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.84% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$45,000 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$42,000 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$42,200 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$45,800 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$45,300 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$45,900 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -765,14 +765,14 @@
"text": "$2.716 trillion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "1.64% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "0.48% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "1.1% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "1.8% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "1% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.11% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -825,10 +825,10 @@
"text": "machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics, textiles, food processing, tourism"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "2% (2017 est.)"
"text": "6.98% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "27.742 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "31.132 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -842,34 +842,34 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "8.12% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "8.06% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "8.69% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "8.01% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "8.41% (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> includes overseas territories"
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "18.9%"
"text": "20.1%"
},
"male": {
"text": "19%"
"text": "19.9%"
},
"female": {
"text": "18.8% (2021 est.)"
"text": "20.3% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "13.6% (2018 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "31.6 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015": {
"text": "29.2 (2015)"
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": {
"text": "32.4 (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -892,37 +892,43 @@
"text": "-2.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "96.8% of GDP (2017 est.)"
"Public debt 2020": {
"text": "123.01% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2016": {
"text": "96.6% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"Public debt 2019": {
"text": "104.99% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2018": {
"text": "101.62% of GDP (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "53.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "24.69% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$18.102 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "$9.947 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "-$16.02 billion (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "-$46.341 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$13.699 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$920.864 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$746.91 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$751.384 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$891.18 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$918.97 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$892.016 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -932,14 +938,14 @@
"text": "aircraft, packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, gas turbines, wine (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$957.717 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$803.66 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$796.353 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$919.63 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$947.31 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$916.214 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -949,11 +955,14 @@
"text": "cars, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, aircraft machinery (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$156.4 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$244.28 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2015": {
"text": "$138.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$224.236 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$189.006 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -968,20 +977,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.82771 (2020 est.)"
"text": "0.876 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.90338 (2019 est.)"
"text": "0.893 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.87789 (2018 est.)"
"text": "0.847 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.885 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1337,7 +1346,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "37,744 (Afghanistan), 23,980 (Sri Lanka), 23,510 (Syria), 21,070 (Sudan), 19,007 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 16,995 (Russia), 15,090 (Guinea), 14,296 (Serbia and Kosovo), 13,180 (Turkey), 10,849 (Cambodia), 9,328 (Iraq) 8,519 (China), 8,338 (Cote d'Ivoire), 8,218 (Eritrea), 7,628 (Vietnam), 6,947 (Bangladesh), 6,649 (Somalia), 6,642 (Albania), 6,371 (Laos), 6,074 (Mauritania), 5,908 (Mali) (mid-year 2021); 118,994 (Ukraine) (as of 31 October 2022)"
"text": "55,681 (Afghanistan), 39,091 (Syria), 33,834 (Sri Lanka), 33,148 (Russia), 31,935 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 24,223 (Sudan), 21,225 (Guinea), 18,008 (Serbia and Kosovo), 17,032 (Turkey), 13,974 (Iraq), 12,286 (Cote d'Ivoire), 11,489 (Eritrea), 11,012 (Cambodia), 10,543 (China), 10,236 (Albania), 10,210 (Somalia), 8,858 (Bangladesh), 8,124 (Mauritania), 8,101 (Mali), 7,991 (Vietnam), 6,913 (Bosnia and Herzegovina), 6,910 (Haiti), 6,808 (Angola), 6,498 (Laos), 6,417 (Armenia), 6,111 (Nigeria), 5,896 (Georgia) (mid-year 2022); 118,994 (Ukraine) (as of 31 October 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "2,094 (mid-year 2021)"

34
europe/gi.json
View file

@ -215,7 +215,7 @@
"text": "1.9 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.93 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.93 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -269,12 +269,12 @@
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "40.9% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "40.7% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "NA"
},
@ -596,20 +596,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "Gibraltar pounds (GIP) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.727 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.78 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.783 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.75 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2016": {
"text": "0.903 (2016 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2015": {
"text": "0.9214 (2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.885 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)"
"text": "0.777 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},

36
europe/gk.json
View file

@ -210,7 +210,7 @@
"text": "1.58 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.77 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.77 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -267,6 +267,17 @@
"female": {
"text": "NA"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "15.8%"
},
"male": {
"text": "15.9%"
},
"female": {
"text": "15.6% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
"Environment": {
@ -493,11 +504,28 @@
"text": "NA"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "31,470 (March 2006)"
"text": "86,800 (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2016": {
"text": "1.2% (2016 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "7.37% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "7.69% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "6.41% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "15.8%"
},
"male": {
"text": "15.9%"
},
"female": {
"text": "15.6% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {

154
europe/gm.json
View file

@ -267,7 +267,7 @@
"text": "1.57 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.77 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.77 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "67% (2018)",
@ -356,12 +356,12 @@
"text": "19.9% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "54.4% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "0.5% (2014/17)"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "54.4% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.7% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -389,13 +389,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "6.9%"
"text": "7%"
},
"male": {
"text": "7.3%"
"text": "7.2%"
},
"female": {
"text": "6.4% (2021 est.)"
"text": "6.6% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -702,37 +702,37 @@
"text": "<p>The German economy - the fifth largest economy in the world in PPP terms and Europe's largest - is a leading exporter of machinery, vehicles, chemicals, and household equipment. Germany benefits from a highly skilled labor force, but, like its Western European neighbors, faces significant demographic challenges to sustained long-term growth. Low fertility rates and a large increase in net immigration are increasing pressure on the country's social welfare system and necessitate structural reforms.</p> <p>Reforms launched by the government of Chancellor Gerhard SCHROEDER (1998-2005), deemed necessary to address chronically high unemployment and low average growth, contributed to strong economic growth and falling unemployment. These advances, as well as a government subsidized, reduced working hour scheme, help explain the relatively modest increase in unemployment during the 2008-09 recession - the deepest since World War II. The German Government introduced a minimum wage in 2015 that increased to $9.79 (8.84 euros) in January 2017.</p> <p>Stimulus and stabilization efforts initiated in 2008 and 2009 and tax cuts introduced in Chancellor Angela MERKEL's second term increased Germany's total budget deficit - including federal, state, and municipal - to 4.1% in 2010, but slower spending and higher tax revenues reduced the deficit to 0.8% in 2011 and in 2017 Germany reached a budget surplus of 0.7%. A constitutional amendment approved in 2009 limits the federal government to structural deficits of no more than 0.35% of GDP per annum as of 2016, though the target was already reached in 2012.</p> <p>Following the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, Chancellor Angela MERKEL announced in May 2011 that eight of the country's 17 nuclear reactors would be shut down immediately and the remaining plants would close by 2022. Germany plans to replace nuclear power largely with renewable energy, which accounted for 29.5% of gross electricity consumption in 2016, up from 9% in 2000. Before the shutdown of the eight reactors, Germany relied on nuclear power for 23% of its electricity generating capacity and 46% of its base-load electricity production.</p> <p>The German economy suffers from low levels of investment, and a government plan to invest 15 billion euros during 2016-18, largely in infrastructure, is intended to spur needed private investment. Domestic consumption, investment, and exports are likely to drive German GDP growth in 2018, and the country’s budget and trade surpluses are likely to remain high.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$4.424 trillion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$4.239 trillion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$4.311 trillion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$4.457 trillion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$4.432 trillion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$4.477 trillion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "2.63% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-3.7% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "0.59% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "1.3% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "2.91% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.06% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$53,200 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$50,900 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$51,800 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$53,600 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$53,500 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$53,900 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -740,14 +740,14 @@
"text": "$3,860,923,000,000 (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "3.14% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "0.51% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "1.4% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "1.7% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "1.5% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.45% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -800,10 +800,10 @@
"text": "among the world's largest and most technologically advanced producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics, automobiles, food and beverages, shipbuilding, textiles"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "3.3% (2017 est.)"
"text": "3.61% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "44.585 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "43.968 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -817,33 +817,33 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "4.98% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "3.54% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "5.19% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "3.81% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "3.14% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "6.9%"
"text": "7%"
},
"male": {
"text": "7.3%"
"text": "7.2%"
},
"female": {
"text": "6.4% (2021 est.)"
"text": "6.6% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "14.8% (2018 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": {
"text": "31.9 (2016 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 1994": {
"text": "30 (1994)"
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": {
"text": "31.7 (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -875,28 +875,31 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government and social security funds; the series are presented as a percentage of GDP and in millions of euros; GDP used as a denominator is the gross domestic product at current market prices; data expressed in national currency are converted into euro using end-of-year exchange rates provided by the European Central Bank"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "45% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "10.55% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$280.238 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "$313.754 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "$297.434 billion (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "$274.2 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$294.407 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$2.004 trillion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$1.672 trillion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$1.676 trillion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$1.813 trillion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$1.882 trillion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$1.816 trillion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -906,14 +909,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, aircraft, medical cultures/vaccines, industrial machinery (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$1.775 trillion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$1,452,300,000,000 (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$1.454 trillion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$1.594 trillion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$1,635,600,000,000 (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$1.595 trillion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -923,11 +926,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, medical cultures/vaccines (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$200.1 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$295.736 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2015": {
"text": "$173.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$268.409 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$224.028 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -942,20 +948,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.82771 (2020 est.)"
"text": "0.876 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.90338 (2019 est.)"
"text": "0.893 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.87789 (2018 est.)"
"text": "0.847 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.885 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1240,7 +1246,7 @@
"text": "Bremen/Bremerhaven (4,856,900), Hamburg (9,274,215) (2019)"
},
"LNG terminal(s) (import)": {
"text": "Hamburg"
"text": "Hamburg; Wilhelmshaven (FSRU)"
},
"river port(s)": {
"text": "Bremen (Weser); Bremerhaven (Geeste); Duisburg, Karlsruhe, Neuss-Dusseldorf (Rhine); Lubeck (Wakenitz); Brunsbuttel, Hamburg (Elbe)"
@ -1303,7 +1309,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "616,325 (Syria), 152,677 (Afghanistan), 147,400 (Iraq), 62,152 (Eritrea), 45,704 (Iran), 34,465 (Turkey), 29,137 (Somalia), 9,329 (Russia), 9,323 (Nigeria), 8,600 (Pakistan), 7,503 (Serbia and Kosovo), 6,057 (Ethiopia) (mid-year 2021); 1,021,667 (Ukraine) (as of 22 November 2022)"
"text": "664,238 (Syria), 183,631 (Afghanistan), 151,254 (Iraq), 64,496 (Eritrea), 47,658 (Iran), 38,755 (Turkey), 32,155 (Somalia), 13,334 (Russia), 12,155 (Nigeria), 9,250 (Pakistan), 6,257 (Serbia and Kosovo), 6,912 (Ethiopia), 5,532 (Azerbaijan) (mid-year 2022); 1,021,667 (Ukraine) (as of 22 November 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "26,980 (mid-year 2021)"

163
europe/gr.json
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File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long

163
europe/hr.json
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@ -256,7 +256,7 @@
"text": "1.45 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.7 (2022 est.)"
"text": "10.7 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -352,12 +352,12 @@
"text": "36.1% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "51.1% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "50.8% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5.5% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -388,13 +388,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "21.9%"
"text": "23.6%"
},
"male": {
"text": "18.9%"
"text": "21.8%"
},
"female": {
"text": "26.4% (2021 est.)"
"text": "26.3% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -702,37 +702,37 @@
"text": "<p>Though still one of the wealthiest of the former Yugoslav republics, Croatia’s economy suffered badly during the 1991-95 war. The country's output during that time collapsed, and Croatia missed the early waves of investment in Central and Eastern Europe that followed the fall of the Berlin Wall. Between 2000 and 2007, however, Croatia's economic fortunes began to improve with moderate but steady GDP growth between 4% and 6%, led by a rebound in tourism and credit-driven consumer spending. Inflation over the same period remained tame and the currency, the kuna, stable.</p> <p> </p> <p>Croatia experienced an abrupt slowdown in the economy in 2008; economic growth was stagnant or negative in each year between 2009 and 2014, but has picked up since the third quarter of 2014, ending 2017 with an average of 2.8% growth. Challenges remain including uneven regional development, a difficult investment climate, an inefficient judiciary, and loss of educated young professionals seeking higher salaries elsewhere in the EU. In 2016, Croatia revised its tax code to stimulate growth from domestic consumption and foreign investment. Income tax reduction began in 2017, and in 2018 various business costs were removed from income tax calculations. At the start of 2018, the government announced its economic reform plan, slated for implementation in 2019.</p> <p> </p> <p>Tourism is one of the main pillars of the Croatian economy, comprising 19.6% of Croatia’s GDP. Croatia is working to become a regional energy hub, and is undertaking plans to open a floating liquefied natural gas (LNG) regasification terminal by the end of 2019 or early in 2020 to import LNG for re-distribution in southeast Europe.</p> <p> </p> <p>Croatia joined the EU on July 1, 2013, following a decade-long accession process. Croatia has developed a plan for Eurozone accession, and the government projects Croatia will adopt the Euro by 2024. In 2017, the Croatian government decreased public debt to 78% of GDP, from an all-time high of 84% in 2014, and realized a 0.8% budget surplus - the first surplus since independence in 1991. The government has also sought to accelerate privatization of non-strategic assets with mixed success. Croatia’s economic recovery is still somewhat fragile; Croatia’s largest private company narrowly avoided collapse in 2017, thanks to a capital infusion from an American investor. Restructuring is ongoing, and projected to finish by mid-July 2018.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$123.348 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$107.11 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$109.088 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$116.89 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$113.64 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$119.327 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "13.07% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-8.58% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "2.94% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "2.7% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "3.14% (2017 est.)"
"text": "3.42% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$31,600 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$26,500 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$27,000 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$28,800 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$27,800 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$29,400 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -740,14 +740,14 @@
"text": "$60.687 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "2.55% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "0.15% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "0.7% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "1.4% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "1.1% (2017 est.)"
"text": "0.77% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -800,10 +800,10 @@
"text": "chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal, electronics, pig iron and rolled steel products, aluminum, paper, wood products, construction materials, textiles, shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food and beverages, tourism"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "1.2% (2017 est.)"
"text": "9.11% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "1.656 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "1.742 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -817,33 +817,33 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "8.07% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "8.68% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "9.86% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "7.51% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "6.62% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "21.9%"
"text": "23.6%"
},
"male": {
"text": "18.9%"
"text": "21.8%"
},
"female": {
"text": "26.4% (2021 est.)"
"text": "26.3% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "18.3% (2018 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "30.4 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": {
"text": "32.1 (2014 est.)"
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019": {
"text": "28.9 (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -866,36 +866,42 @@
"text": "0.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "77.8% of GDP (2017 est.)"
"Public debt 2020": {
"text": "104.89% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2016": {
"text": "82.3% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"Public debt 2019": {
"text": "87.08% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2018": {
"text": "89.45% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "46.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "20.6% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$1.597 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "$2.082 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "$1 billion (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "-$184.775 million (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$1.7 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$35.308 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$23.66 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$24.007 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$31.07 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$30.71 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$31.504 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports."
},
@ -906,14 +912,14 @@
"text": "refined petroleum, packaged medicines, cars, medical cultures/vaccines, lumber (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$36.331 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$27.59 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$27.954 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$31.39 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$31.32 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$31.793 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -923,11 +929,14 @@
"text": "crude petroleum, cars, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, electricity (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$18.82 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$28.309 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$14.24 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$23.254 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$20.771 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -940,12 +949,24 @@
},
"Exchange rates": {
"Currency": {
"text": "euro per US dollar -"
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.85 (2021 est.)"
"text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Prior to January 1, 2023, Croatia used the kuna as its currency, and it is currently accepting both currencies until January 15, 2023. However, kuna users will receive change in euros, and the exchange rate has been fixed at 7.53450 kuna to 1 euro. Persons may exchange currencies at Croatian post offices until June 30, 2023, free-of-charge, and at any Croatian bank until December 31, 2023."
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.876 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.893 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.847 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Prior to 1 January 2023, Croatia used the kuna as its currency, and it is currently accepting both currencies until 15 January 2023. However, kuna users will receive change in euros, and the exchange rate has been fixed at 7.53450 kuna to 1 euro. Persons may exchange currencies at Croatian post offices until 30 June 2023, free-of-charge, and at any Croatian bank until 31 December  2023."
}
},
"Energy": {

171
europe/hu.json
View file

@ -253,7 +253,7 @@
"text": "1.48 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.72 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.72 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -349,12 +349,12 @@
"text": "27.8% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "52.4% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "51.4% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.8% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -388,10 +388,10 @@
"text": "13.5%"
},
"male": {
"text": "12%"
"text": "11.5%"
},
"female": {
"text": "15.5% (2021 est.)"
"text": "16.2% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -599,7 +599,7 @@
"text": "president indirectly elected by the National Assembly with two-thirds majority vote in first round or simple majority vote in second round for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 11 March 2022 (next to be held spring 2027); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president; election last held on 3 April 2022 (next to be held April or May 2027)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "<em>2022: </em>Katalin NOVAK (Fidesz) elected president; National Assembly vote - 137 to 51<em><br><br>2017:</em> Janos ADER (Fidesz) reelected president; National Assembly vote - 131 to 39<br><br>2010: Viktor ORBAN (Fidesz) reelected prime minister"
"text": "<em>2022: </em>Katalin NOVAK (Fidesz) elected president; National Assembly vote - 137 to 51<em><br><br>2017:</em> Janos ADER (Fidesz) reelected president; National Assembly vote - 131 to 39<br><br><em>2010:</em> Viktor ORBAN (Fidesz) reelected prime minister"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -652,7 +652,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Marc DILLARD (since 30 October 2020)"
"text": "Ambassador David PRESSMAN (since 14 September 2022)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Szabadsag ter 12, H-1054 Budapest"
@ -699,52 +699,52 @@
"text": "<p>Hungary has transitioned from a centrally planned to a market-driven economy with a per capita income approximately two thirds of the EU-28 average; however, in recent years the government has become more involved in managing the economy. Budapest has implemented unorthodox economic policies to boost household consumption and has relied on EU-funded development projects to generate growth.</p> <p> </p> <p>Following the fall of communism in 1990, Hungary experienced a drop-off in exports and financial assistance from the former Soviet Union. Hungary embarked on a series of economic reforms, including privatization of state-owned enterprises and reduction of social spending programs, to shift from a centrally planned to a market-driven economy, and to reorient its economy towards trade with the West. These efforts helped to spur growth, attract investment, and reduce Hungary’s debt burden and fiscal deficits. Despite these reforms, living conditions for the average Hungarian initially deteriorated as inflation increased and unemployment reached double digits. Conditions slowly improved over the 1990s as the reforms came to fruition and export growth accelerated. Economic policies instituted during that decade helped position Hungary to join the European Union in 2004. Hungary has not yet joined the euro-zone. Hungary suffered a historic economic contraction as a result of the global economic slowdown in 2008-09 as export demand and domestic consumption dropped, prompting it to take an IMF-EU financial assistance package.</p> <p> </p> <p>Since 2010, the government has backpedaled on many economic reforms and taken a more populist approach towards economic management. The government has favored national industries and government-linked businesses through legislation, regulation, and public procurements. In 2011 and 2014, Hungary nationalized private pension funds, which squeezed financial service providers out of the system, but also helped Hungary curb its public debt and lower its budget deficit to below 3% of GDP, as subsequent pension contributions have been channeled into the state-managed pension fund. Hungary’s public debt (at 74.5% of GDP) is still high compared to EU peers in Central Europe. Real GDP growth has been robust in the past few years due to increased EU funding, higher EU demand for Hungarian exports, and a rebound in domestic household consumption. To further boost household consumption ahead of the 2018 election, the government embarked on a six-year phased increase to minimum wages and public sector salaries, decreased taxes on foodstuffs and services, cut the personal income tax from 16% to 15%, and implemented a uniform 9% business tax for small and medium-sized enterprises and large companies. Real GDP growth slowed in 2016 due to a cyclical decrease in EU funding, but increased to 3.8% in 2017 as the government pre-financed EU funded projects ahead of the 2018 election.</p> <p> </p> <p>Systemic economic challenges include pervasive corruption, labor shortages driven by demographic declines and migration, widespread poverty in rural areas, vulnerabilities to changes in demand for exports, and a heavy reliance on Russian energy imports.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$326.186 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$302.32 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$304.513 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$318.09 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$303.98 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$319.019 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "7.12% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-4.55% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "4.58% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "5.44% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "4.45% (2017 est.)"
"text": "4.86% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$33,600 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$31,000 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$31,200 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$32,600 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$31,100 (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$163.251 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "5.11% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "3.33% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "3.3% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "2.8% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "2.3% (2017 est.)"
"text": "3.34% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -797,10 +797,10 @@
"text": "mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "7.4% (2017 est.)"
"text": "6.64% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "4.414 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "4.91 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -814,11 +814,14 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "3.45% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "4.12% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "3.71% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "4.25% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "3.42% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
@ -826,21 +829,18 @@
"text": "13.5%"
},
"male": {
"text": "12%"
"text": "11.5%"
},
"female": {
"text": "15.5% (2021 est.)"
"text": "16.2% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "12.3% (2018 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "30.6 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": {
"text": "28.6 (2014)"
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019": {
"text": "30 (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -864,37 +864,43 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Hungary has been under the EU Excessive Deficit Procedure since it joined the EU in 2004; in March 2012, the EU elevated its Excessive Deficit Procedure against Hungary and proposed freezing 30% of the country's Cohesion Funds because 2011 deficit reductions were not achieved in a sustainable manner; in June 2012, the EU lifted the freeze, recognizing that steps had been taken to reduce the deficit; the Hungarian deficit increased above 3% both in 2013 and in 2014 due to sluggish growth and the government's fiscal tightening"
},
"Public debt": {
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "73.6% of GDP (2017 est.)"
"Public debt 2020": {
"text": "96.11% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2016": {
"text": "76% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"Public debt 2019": {
"text": "83.29% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2018": {
"text": "86.55% of GDP (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and national, state, and local government and social security funds."
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "44.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "22.87% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$392 million (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "-$7.173 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "$510 million (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "-$1.603 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$1.231 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$148.229 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$123.83 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$124.111 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$134.55 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$134.66 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$133.736 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -904,14 +910,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, spark-ignition engines, video displays, broadcasting equipment (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$147.577 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$120.25 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$121.016 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$129.9 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$127.52 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$129.901 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -921,11 +927,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, integrated circuits, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, crude petroleum (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$28 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$43.483 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$25.82 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$41.349 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$31.831 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -940,20 +949,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "forints (HUF) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "303.141 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "295.3276 (2020 est.)"
"text": "307.997 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "299.4939 (2019 est.)"
"text": "290.66 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "283.5923 (2018 est.)"
"text": "270.212 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "279.33 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "232.6 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "274.433 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1089,18 +1098,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "2,970,347 (2020 est.)"
"text": "2,955,979 (2021 est.)"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "31 (2020 est.)"
"text": "27 (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "10,332,660 (2020 est.)"
"text": "10,248,653 (2021 est.)"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "107 (2020 est.)"
"text": "106 (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
@ -1131,10 +1140,10 @@
},
"Broadband - fixed subscriptions": {
"total": {
"text": "3,265,308 (2020 est.)"
"text": "3,382,136 (2021 est.)"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "34 (2020 est.)"
"text": "34.83 (2021 est.)"
}
}
},

159
europe/ic.json
View file

@ -245,7 +245,7 @@
"text": "1.95 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.96 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.95 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -333,12 +333,12 @@
"text": "12% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "45.1% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "45.1% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "7.7% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -366,13 +366,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "12%"
"text": "13.4%"
},
"male": {
"text": "13.2%"
"text": "13%"
},
"female": {
"text": "10.7% (2021 est.)"
"text": "13.7% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -655,52 +655,52 @@
"text": "<p>Iceland's economy combines a capitalist structure and free-market principles with an extensive welfare system. Except for a brief period during the 2008 crisis, Iceland has in recent years achieved high growth, low unemployment, and a remarkably even distribution of income. Iceland's economy has been diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in the last decade, particularly within the fields of tourism, software production, and biotechnology. Abundant geothermal and hydropower sources have attracted substantial foreign investment in the aluminum sector, boosted economic growth, and sparked some interest from high-tech firms looking to establish data centers using cheap green energy.</p> <p> </p> <p>Tourism, aluminum smelting, and fishing are the pillars of the economy. For decades the Icelandic economy depended heavily on fisheries, but tourism has now surpassed fishing and aluminum as Iceland’s main export industry. Tourism accounted for 8.6% of Iceland’s GDP in 2016, and 39% of total exports of merchandise and services. From 2010 to 2017, the number of tourists visiting Iceland increased by nearly 400%. Since 2010, tourism has become a main driver of Icelandic economic growth, with the number of tourists reaching 4.5 times the Icelandic population in 2016. Iceland remains sensitive to fluctuations in world prices for its main exports, and to fluctuations in the exchange rate of the Icelandic Krona.</p> <p> </p> <p>Following the privatization of the banking sector in the early 2000s, domestic banks expanded aggressively in foreign markets, and consumers and businesses borrowed heavily in foreign currencies. Worsening global financial conditions throughout 2008 resulted in a sharp depreciation of the krona vis-a-vis other major currencies. The foreign exposure of Icelandic banks, whose loans and other assets totaled nearly nine times the country's GDP, became unsustainable. Iceland's three largest banks collapsed in late 2008. GDP fell 6.8% in 2009, and unemployment peaked at 9.4% in February 2009. Three new banks were established to take over the domestic assets of the collapsed banks. Two of them have majority ownership by the state, which intends to re-privatize them.</p> <p> </p> <p>Since the collapse of Iceland's financial sector, government economic priorities have included stabilizing the krona, implementing capital controls, reducing Iceland's high budget deficit, containing inflation, addressing high household debt, restructuring the financial sector, and diversifying the economy. Capital controls were lifted in March 2017, but some financial protections, such as reserve requirements for specified investments connected to new inflows of foreign currency, remain in place.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$19.962 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$19.16 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$19.12 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$20.52 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$20.01 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$20.524 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "4.4% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-6.84% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "1.94% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "3.88% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "4.57% (2017 est.)"
"text": "2.42% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$53,600 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$52,300 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$52,200 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$56,900 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$56,700 (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$24.614 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "4.44% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "2.85% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "3% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "2.6% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "1.7% (2017 est.)"
"text": "3.01% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -753,10 +753,10 @@
"text": "tourism, fish processing; aluminum smelting; geothermal power, hydropower; medical/pharmaceutical products"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "2.4% (2017 est.)"
"text": "5.65% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "200,000 (2020 est.)"
"text": "200,300 (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -770,33 +770,33 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "3.62% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "5.4% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "2.73% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "5.48% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "3.51% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "12%"
"text": "13.4%"
},
"male": {
"text": "13.2%"
"text": "13%"
},
"female": {
"text": "10.7% (2021 est.)"
"text": "13.7% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "8.8% (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015": {
"text": "26.8 (2015 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2005": {
"text": "25 (2005)"
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "26.1 (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -819,36 +819,42 @@
"text": "1.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "40% of GDP (2017 est.)"
"Public debt 2020": {
"text": "100.02% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2016": {
"text": "51.7% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"Public debt 2019": {
"text": "89.59% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2018": {
"text": "81.95% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "42.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "22.33% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$1.496 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "-$409.262 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "$814 million (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "$407.806 million (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$1.612 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$9.775 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$7.43 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$7.501 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$11.01 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$12.26 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$11.005 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -858,14 +864,14 @@
"text": "aluminum and aluminum products, fish products, aircraft, iron alloys, animal meal (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$10.234 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$7.55 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$7.616 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$9.76 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$11.34 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$9.891 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -875,11 +881,14 @@
"text": "refined petroleum, aluminum oxide, carbon/graphite electronics, cars, packaged medicines (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$6.567 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$7.079 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$7.226 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$6.419 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$6.782 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -894,20 +903,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "Icelandic kronur (ISK) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "126.989 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "127.05 (2020 est.)"
"text": "135.422 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "121.68 (2019 est.)"
"text": "122.607 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "121.86 (2018 est.)"
"text": "108.3 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "131.92 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "116.77 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "106.84 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},

43
europe/im.json
View file

@ -233,7 +233,7 @@
"text": "1.89 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.91 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.91 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -519,14 +519,14 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2014 US dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
"text": "-8.6% (2015 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "0.25% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2014": {
"text": "17.9% (2014 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "2.21% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2010": {
"text": "2.1% (2010 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "4.69% (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
@ -577,6 +577,9 @@
"Industries": {
"text": "financial services, light manufacturing, tourism"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-5.1% (2019 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "41,790 (2006)"
},
@ -684,20 +687,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "Manx pounds (IMP) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.727 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.78 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.783 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.75 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.7836 (2017 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2016": {
"text": "0.738 (2016 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2015": {
"text": "0.738 (2015)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.6542 (2014)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.6472 (2013 est.)"
"text": "0.777 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},

152
europe/it.json
View file

@ -253,7 +253,7 @@
"text": "1.22 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.59 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.6 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "65.1% (2013)",
@ -345,12 +345,12 @@
"text": "19.5% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "52.9% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "52.5% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.3% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -381,13 +381,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "29.7%"
"text": "30.9%"
},
"male": {
"text": "27.7%"
"text": "29.1%"
},
"female": {
"text": "32.8% (2021 est.)"
"text": "33.8% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -687,52 +687,52 @@
"text": "<p>Italy’s economy comprises a developed industrial north, dominated by private companies, and a less-developed, highly subsidized, agricultural south, with a legacy of unemployment and underdevelopment. The Italian economy is driven in large part by the manufacture of high-quality consumer goods produced by small and medium-sized enterprises, many of them family-owned. Italy also has a sizable underground economy, which by some estimates accounts for as much as 17% of GDP. These activities are most common within the agriculture, construction, and service sectors.</p> <p> </p> <p>Italy is the third-largest economy in the euro zone, but its exceptionally high public debt and structural impediments to growth have rendered it vulnerable to scrutiny by financial markets. Public debt has increased steadily since 2007, reaching 131% of GDP in 2017. Investor concerns about Italy and the broader euro-zone crisis eased in 2013, bringing down Italy's borrowing costs on sovereign government debt from euro-era records. The government still faces pressure from investors and European partners to sustain its efforts to address Italy's longstanding structural economic problems, including labor market inefficiencies, a sluggish judicial system, and a weak banking sector. Italy’s economy returned to modest growth in late 2014 for the first time since 2011. In 2015-16, Italy’s economy grew at about 1% each year, and in 2017 growth accelerated to 1.5% of GDP. In 2017, overall unemployment was 11.4%, but youth unemployment remained high at 37.1%. GDP growth is projected to slow slightly in 2018.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$2.478 trillion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$2,322,140,000,000 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$2.322 trillion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$2,548,190,000,000 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$2,540,890,000,000 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$2.553 trillion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "6.74% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-9.04% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "0.34% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "0.83% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "1.73% (2017 est.)"
"text": "0.48% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$41,900 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$39,000 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$39,100 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$42,700 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$42,100 (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$2,002,763,000,000 (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "1.87% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "-0.14% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "0.6% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "1.1% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "1.2% (2017 est.)"
"text": "0.61% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -785,10 +785,10 @@
"text": "tourism, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "2.1% (2017 est.)"
"text": "13.46% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "22.92 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "25.012 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -802,33 +802,33 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "9.88% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "9.83% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "10.63% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "9.16% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "9.95% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "29.7%"
"text": "30.9%"
},
"male": {
"text": "27.7%"
"text": "29.1%"
},
"female": {
"text": "32.8% (2021 est.)"
"text": "33.8% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "20.1% (2018 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "35.9 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 1995": {
"text": "27.3 (1995)"
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": {
"text": "35.2 (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -860,28 +860,31 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Italy reports its data on public debt according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty; general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year, in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises central, state, and local government and social security funds"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "46.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "24.77% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$59.517 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "$64.719 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "$51.735 billion (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "$74.509 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$66.321 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$687.948 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$558.26 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$559.952 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$636.01 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$656.06 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$636.153 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -891,14 +894,14 @@
"text": "packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, valves, trunks/cases, wine (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$637.934 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$486.35 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$490.684 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$569.7 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$605.44 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$568.796 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -908,11 +911,14 @@
"text": "crude petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, natural gas, refined petroleum (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$151.2 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$227.478 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2015": {
"text": "$130.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$210.687 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$175.398 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -927,20 +933,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.82771 (2020 est.)"
"text": "0.876 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.90338 (2019 est.)"
"text": "0.893 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.87789 (2018 est.)"
"text": "0.847 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.885 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1283,12 +1289,12 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "19,441 (Nigeria), 15,337 (Pakistan), 12,962 (Afghanistan), 10,609 (Mali), 7,901 (Somalia), 5,845 (Gambia), 5,079 (Iraq) (mid-year 2021); 173,231 (Ukraine) (as of 27 December 2022)"
"text": "21,441 (Nigeria), 17,706 (Afghanistan), 17,619 (Pakistan), 11,193 (Mali), 8,405 (Somalia), 6,324 (Gambia), 5,768 (Bangladesh), 5,463 (Iraq) (mid-year 2022); 173,231 (Ukraine) (as of 27 December 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "3,000 (mid-year 2021)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 693,041 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-December 2022)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 696,259 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-December 2022)"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "important gateway for drug trafficking; organized crime groups allied with Colombian and Spanish groups trafficking cocaine to Europe"

40
europe/je.json
View file

@ -235,7 +235,7 @@
"text": "1.66 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.8 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.8 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -294,6 +294,17 @@
"female": {
"text": "NA"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "15.8%"
},
"male": {
"text": "15.9%"
},
"female": {
"text": "15.6% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
"Environment": {
@ -539,7 +550,7 @@
"text": "NA"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "59,950 (2017 est.)"
"text": "86,800 (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -553,11 +564,25 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2015": {
"text": "4% (2015 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "7.37% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2014": {
"text": "4.6% (2014 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "7.69% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "6.41% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "15.8%"
},
"male": {
"text": "15.9%"
},
"female": {
"text": "15.6% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
@ -566,9 +591,6 @@
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": {
"text": "0.3 (2014 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2013": {
"text": "0.3 (2013 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {

119
europe/kv.json
View file

@ -232,7 +232,7 @@
"text": "1.9 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.91 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.91 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -555,37 +555,37 @@
"text": "<p>Kosovo's economy has shown progress in transitioning to a market-based system and maintaining macroeconomic stability, but it is still highly dependent on the international community and the diaspora for financial and technical assistance. Remittances from the diaspora - located mainly in Germany, Switzerland, and the Nordic countries - are estimated to account for about 17% of GDP and international donor assistance accounts for approximately 10% of GDP. With international assistance, Kosovo has been able to privatize a majority of its state-owned enterprises.</p> <p> </p> <p>Kosovo's citizens are the second poorest in Europe, after Moldova, with a per capita GDP (PPP) of $10,400 in 2017. An unemployment rate of 33%, and a youth unemployment rate near 60%, in a country where the average age is 26, encourages emigration and fuels a significant informal, unreported economy. Most of Kosovo's population lives in rural towns outside of the capital, Pristina. Inefficient, near-subsistence farming is common - the result of small plots, limited mechanization, and a lack of technical expertise. Kosovo enjoys lower labor costs than the rest of the region. However, high levels of corruption, little contract enforcement, and unreliable electricity supply have discouraged potential investors. The official currency of Kosovo is the euro, but the Serbian dinar is also used illegally in Serb majority communities. Kosovo's tie to the euro has helped keep core inflation low.</p> <p> </p> <p>Minerals and metals production - including lignite, lead, zinc, nickel, chrome, aluminum, magnesium, and a wide variety of construction materials - once the backbone of industry, has declined because of aging equipment and insufficient investment, problems exacerbated by competing and unresolved ownership claims of Kosovo’s largest mines. A limited and unreliable electricity supply is a major impediment to economic development. The US Government is cooperating with the Ministry of Economic Development (MED) and the World Bank to conclude a commercial tender for the construction of Kosovo C, a new lignite-fired power plant that would leverage Kosovo’s large lignite reserves. MED also has plans for the rehabilitation of an older bituminous-fired power plant, Kosovo B, and the development of a coal mine that could supply both plants.</p> <p> </p> <p>In June 2009, Kosovo joined the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, the Central Europe Free Trade Area (CEFTA) in 2006, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in 2012, and the Council of Europe Development Bank in 2013. In 2016, Kosovo implemented the Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) negotiations with the EU, focused on trade liberalization. In 2014, nearly 60% of customs duty-eligible imports into Kosovo were EU goods. In August 2015, as part of its EU-facilitated normalization process with Serbia, Kosovo signed agreements on telecommunications and energy distribution, but disagreements over who owns economic assets, such as the Trepca mining conglomerate, within Kosovo continue.</p> <p> </p> <p>Kosovo experienced its first federal budget deficit in 2012, when government expenditures climbed sharply. In May 2014, the government introduced a 25% salary increase for public sector employees and an equal increase in certain social benefits. Central revenues could not sustain these increases, and the government was forced to reduce its planned capital investments. The government, led by Prime Minister MUSTAFA - a trained economist - recently made several changes to its fiscal policy, expanding the list of duty-free imports, decreasing the Value Added Tax (VAT) for basic food items and public utilities, and increasing the VAT for all other goods.</p> <p> </p> <p>While Kosovo’s economy continued to make progress, unemployment has not been reduced, nor living standards raised, due to lack of economic reforms and investment.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$21.226 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$19.13 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$19.166 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$20.55 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$19.58 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$20.247 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "3.7% (2017 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "10.75% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2016": {
"text": "4.1% (2016 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-5.34% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
"text": "4.1% (2015 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "4.76% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$11,900 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$10,800 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$10,700 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$11,500 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$10,900 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$11,300 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -593,14 +593,14 @@
"text": "$7.926 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "3.35% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "0.2% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "2.6% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "1% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "1.4% (2017 est.)"
"text": "2.68% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
@ -641,7 +641,7 @@
"text": "mineral mining, construction materials, base metals, leather, machinery, appliances, foodstuffs and beverages, textiles"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "1.2% (2016 est.)"
"text": "7.76% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "500,300 (2017 est.)",
@ -684,9 +684,6 @@
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "29 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": {
"text": "24.1 (2014 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -720,22 +717,25 @@
"text": "29% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2017": {
"text": "-$467 million (2017 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "-$818.351 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2016": {
"text": "-$533 million (2016 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "-$541.106 million (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$447.233 million (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$3.138 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$1.69 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$1.687 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$2.31 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$2.28 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$2.312 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -745,14 +745,14 @@
"text": "mining and processed metal products, scrap metals, leather products, machinery, appliances, prepared foodstuffs, beverages and tobacco, vegetable products, textiles and apparel"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$6.128 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$4.19 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$4.187 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$4.45 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$4.5 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$4.454 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -762,11 +762,14 @@
"text": "foodstuffs, livestock, wood, petroleum, chemicals, machinery, minerals, textiles, stone, ceramic and glass products, electrical equipment"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$683.9 million (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$1.244 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2015": {
"text": "$708.7 million (31 December 2015 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$1.095 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$965.832 million (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -781,20 +784,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.877 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.893 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.847 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2016": {
"text": "0.903 (2016 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2015": {
"text": "0.9214 (2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.885 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)"
}
}
},

164
europe/lg.json
View file

@ -253,7 +253,7 @@
"text": "1.54 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.75 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.76 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -349,12 +349,12 @@
"text": "23.7% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "49.5% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "49.1% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "6% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -385,13 +385,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "14.8%"
"text": "15.5%"
},
"male": {
"text": "14.9%"
"text": "12%"
},
"female": {
"text": "14.6% (2021 est.)"
"text": "19.6% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -588,7 +588,7 @@
"text": "president indirectly elected by Parliament for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 29 May 2019 (next to be held in 2023); prime minister appointed by the president, confirmed by Parliament"
},
"election results": {
"text": "<em>2019:</em> Egils LEVITS elected president; Parliament vote - Egils LEVITS 61 votes, Didzis SMITS 24 votes, Juris JANSONS 8 votes; Krisjanis KARINS confirmed prime minister 61-39<br><br><em>2015: </em>Raimonds VEJONIS elected president; Raimonds VEJOONIS 55 votes, Egils LEVITS 42 votes"
"text": "<em>2019:</em> Egils LEVITS elected president; Parliament vote - Egils LEVITS 61 votes, Didzis SMITS 24 votes, Juris JANSONS 8 votes; Krisjanis KARINS confirmed prime minister 61-39<br><br><em>2015: </em>Raimonds VEJONIS elected president; Raimonds VEJONIS (the Green Party) 55 votes, Egils LEVITS (National Alliance) 42 votes"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -596,10 +596,10 @@
"text": "unicameral Parliament or Saeima (100 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by party-list proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "last held on 6 October 2018 (next to be held in October 2022)"
"text": "last held on 1 October 20122 (next to be held no later than 3 October 2026)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - S 19.8%, KPV LV 14.3%, JKP 13.6%, AP! 12%, NA 11%, ZZS 9.9%, JV 6.7%, other 12.7%; seats by party - S 23, KPV LV 16, JKP 16, AP! 13, NA 13, ZZS 11, JV 8; composition as of April 2022 - men 73, women 27, percent of women 27%"
"text": "percent of vote by party - JV 19.2%, ZZS 12.6%, AS 11.1%, NA 9.4%, S! 6.9%, LPV 6.3%, and PRO 6.2%; seats by party - JV 26, ZZS 16, AS 15, NA 13, S! 11, LPV 9, and PRO 10"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -614,7 +614,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Development/For! or AP! [Daniels PAVLUTS, Juris PUCE]<br>For a Humane Latvia or PCL [Maris MOZVILLO] (formerly known as Who Owns the State?)<br>National Alliance \"All For Latvia!\"-\"For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK\" or NA [Raivis DZINTARS] <br>New Unity or JV [Arturs Krišjānis KARINS]<br>Social Democratic Party \"Harmony\" or S [Janis URBANOVICS]<br>The Conservatives or K [Janis BORDANS] (formerly known as New Conservative Party or JKP)<br>Union of Greens and Farmers or ZZS [Aivars LEMBERGS]<br>United List or AS [Uldis PILENS] (electoral coalition including the Latvian Green Party or LZP, Latvian Association of Regions or LRA, Liepaja Party)"
"text": "Development/For! or AP! [Daniels PAVLUTS, Ivars IJABS]<br>For Stability or S! [Aleksejs ROSLIKOVS]<br>Latvia First [Ainars SLESERS]<br>National Alliance \"All For Latvia!\"-\"For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK\" or NA [Raivis DZINTARS] <br>New Unity or JV [Arturs Krišjānis KARINS]<br>Social Democratic Party \"Harmony\" or S [Janis URBANOVICS]<br>The Progressives or PRO [Kaspars BRISKENS]<br>Union of Greens and Farmers or ZZS [Aivars LEMBERGS]<br>United List or AS [Uldis PILENS] (electoral coalition including the Latvian Green Party or LZP, Latvian Association of Regions or LRA, Liepaja Party)"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "Australia Group, BA, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
@ -685,37 +685,37 @@
"text": "<p>Latvia is a small, open economy with exports contributing more than half of GDP. Due to its geographical location, transit services are highly-developed, along with timber and wood-processing, agriculture and food products, and manufacturing of machinery and electronics industries. Corruption continues to be an impediment to attracting foreign direct investment and Latvia's low birth rate and decreasing population are major challenges to its long-term economic vitality.</p> <p> </p> <p>Latvia's economy experienced GDP growth of more than 10% per year during 2006-07, but entered a severe recession in 2008 as a result of an unsustainable current account deficit and large debt exposure amid the slowing world economy. Triggered by the collapse of the second largest bank, GDP plunged by more than 14% in 2009 and, despite strong growth since 2011, the economy took until 2017 return to pre-crisis levels in real terms. Strong investment and consumption, the latter stoked by rising wages, helped the economy grow by more than 4% in 2017, while inflation rose to 3%. Continued gains in competitiveness and investment will be key to maintaining economic growth, especially in light of unfavorable demographic trends, including the emigration of skilled workers, and one of the highest levels of income inequality in the EU.</p> <p> </p> <p>In the wake of the 2008-09 crisis, the IMF, EU, and other international donors provided substantial financial assistance to Latvia as part of an agreement to defend the currency's peg to the euro in exchange for the government's commitment to stringent austerity measures. The IMF/EU program successfully concluded in December 2011, although, the austerity measures imposed large social costs. The majority of companies, banks, and real estate have been privatized, although the state still holds sizable stakes in a few large enterprises, including 80% ownership of the Latvian national airline. Latvia officially joined the World Trade Organization in February 1999 and the EU in May 2004. Latvia also joined the euro zone in 2014 and the OECD in 2016.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$60.457 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$56.92 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$58.094 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$59.06 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$57.88 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$59.403 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "4.07% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-2.2% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "2.08% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "4.2% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "3.23% (2017 est.)"
"text": "2.57% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$32,100 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$29,900 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$30,600 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$30,900 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$30,000 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$31,000 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -723,14 +723,14 @@
"text": "$34.084 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "3.28% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "0.22% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "2.8% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "2.5% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "2.9% (2017 est.)"
"text": "2.81% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -783,10 +783,10 @@
"text": "processed foods, processed wood products, textiles, processed metals, pharmaceuticals, railroad cars, synthetic fibers, electronics"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "10.6% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.93% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "885,000 (2020 est.)"
"text": "955,000 (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -800,33 +800,33 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "6.14% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "7.6% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "6.51% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "8.1% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "6.31% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "14.8%"
"text": "15.5%"
},
"male": {
"text": "14.9%"
"text": "12%"
},
"female": {
"text": "14.6% (2021 est.)"
"text": "19.6% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "22.9% (2018 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "35.6 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": {
"text": "35.4 (2014)"
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019": {
"text": "34.5 (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -858,28 +858,31 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "37.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "21.77% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$222 million (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "-$1.7 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "-$99 million (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "$918.67 million (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$200.203 million (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$25.248 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$20.23 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$20.768 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$20.5 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$21.12 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$20.539 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -889,14 +892,14 @@
"text": "lumber, broadcasting equipment, whiskey and other hard liquors, wheat, packaged medicines (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$26.622 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$19.84 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$20.427 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$20.79 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$21.38 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$20.765 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -906,11 +909,14 @@
"text": "refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, cars, packaged medicines, aircraft (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$4.614 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$5.491 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$3.514 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$5.29 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$4.48 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -925,20 +931,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.82771 (2020 est.)"
"text": "0.876 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.90338 (2019 est.)"
"text": "0.893 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.87789 (2018 est.)"
"text": "0.847 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.885 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1039,13 +1045,13 @@
"text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
},
"consumption": {
"text": "1,067,798,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)"
"text": "1.068 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
},
"exports": {
"text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
},
"imports": {
"text": "1,067,798,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)"
"text": "1.068 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)"
},
"proven reserves": {
"text": "0 cubic meters (2021 est.)"
@ -1260,7 +1266,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "34,854 (Ukraine) (as of 27 December 2022)"
"text": "34,978 (Ukraine) (as of 3 January 2023)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "209,168 (mid-year 2021); note - individuals who were Latvian citizens prior to the 1940 Soviet occupation and their descendants were recognized as Latvian citizens when the country's independence was restored in 1991; citizens of the former Soviet Union residing in Latvia who have neither Latvian nor other citizenship are considered non-citizens (officially there is no statelessness in Latvia) and are entitled to non-citizen passports; children born after Latvian independence to stateless parents are entitled to Latvian citizenship upon their parents' request; non-citizens cannot vote or hold certain government jobs and are exempt from military service but can travel visa-free in the EU under the Schengen accord like Latvian citizens; non-citizens can obtain naturalization if they have been permanent residents of Latvia for at least five years, pass tests in Latvian language and history, and know the words of the Latvian national anthem"

163
europe/lh.json
View file

@ -251,7 +251,7 @@
"text": "1.61 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.78 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.78 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -347,12 +347,12 @@
"text": "21.8% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "53.4% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "53.4% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
@ -383,13 +383,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "14.3%"
"text": "19%"
},
"male": {
"text": "14%"
"text": "18.5%"
},
"female": {
"text": "14.7% (2021 est.)"
"text": "19.6% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -691,37 +691,37 @@
"text": "<p>After the country declared independence from the Soviet Union in 1990, Lithuania faced an initial dislocation that is typical during transitions from a planned economy to a free-market economy. Macroeconomic stabilization policies, including privatization of most state-owned enterprises, and a strong commitment to a currency board arrangement led to an open and rapidly growing economy and rising consumer demand. Foreign investment and EU funding aided in the transition. Lithuania joined the WTO in May 2001, the EU in May 2004, and the euro zone in January 2015, and is now working to complete the OECD accession roadmap it received in July 2015. In 2017, joined the OECD Working Group on Bribery, an important step in the OECD accession process.</p> <p> </p> <p>The Lithuanian economy was severely hit by the 2008-09 global financial crisis, but it has rebounded and become one of the fastest growing in the EU. Increases in exports, investment, and wage growth that supported consumption helped the economy grow by 3.6% in 2017. In 2015, Russia was Lithuania’s largest trading partner, followed by Poland, Germany, and Latvia; goods and services trade between the US and Lithuania totaled $2.2 billion. Lithuania opened a self-financed liquefied natural gas terminal in January 2015, providing the first non-Russian supply of natural gas to the Baltic States and reducing Lithuania’s dependence on Russian gas from 100% to approximately 30% in 2016.</p> <p> </p> <p>Lithuania’s ongoing recovery hinges on improving the business environment, especially by liberalizing labor laws, and improving competitiveness and export growth, the latter hampered by economic slowdowns in the EU and Russia. In addition, a steady outflow of young and highly educated people is causing a shortage of skilled labor, which, combined with a rapidly aging population, could stress public finances and constrain long-term growth.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$110.089 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$102.66 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$103.876 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$103.56 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$99.25 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$103.898 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "5.98% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-0.02% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "4.33% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "3.99% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "4.37% (2017 est.)"
"text": "4.63% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$39,300 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$36,700 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$37,200 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$37,100 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$35,400 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$37,200 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -729,14 +729,14 @@
"text": "$54.597 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "4.68% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "1.2% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "2.3% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "2.7% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "3.7% (2017 est.)"
"text": "2.33% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -789,10 +789,10 @@
"text": "metal-cutting machine tools, electric motors, televisions, refrigerators and freezers, petroleum refining, shipbuilding (small ships), furniture, textiles, food processing, fertilizer, agricultural machinery, optical equipment, lasers, electronic components, computers, amber jewelry, information technology, video game development, app/software development, biotechnology"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "5.9% (2017 est.)"
"text": "8.58% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "1.333 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "1.476 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -806,33 +806,33 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "8.4% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "7.9% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "8.5% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "8.49% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "6.26% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "14.3%"
"text": "19%"
},
"male": {
"text": "14%"
"text": "18.5%"
},
"female": {
"text": "14.7% (2021 est.)"
"text": "19.6% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "20.6% (2018 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "37.3 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": {
"text": "35 (2014)"
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019": {
"text": "35.3 (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -855,37 +855,43 @@
"text": "0.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "39.7% of GDP (2017 est.)"
"Public debt 2020": {
"text": "53.28% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2016": {
"text": "40.1% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"Public debt 2019": {
"text": "42.66% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2018": {
"text": "39% of GDP (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> official data; data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "33.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "19.88% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$1.817 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "$756.476 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "$131 million (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "$4.165 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$1.929 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$53.397 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$41.48 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$41.721 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$42.3 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$40.36 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$42.323 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -895,14 +901,14 @@
"text": "refined petroleum, furniture, cigarettes, wheat, polyethylene (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$50.377 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$36.06 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$36.414 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$39.46 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$39.38 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$39.419 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -912,11 +918,14 @@
"text": "crude petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, refined petroleum, electricity (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$4.45 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$5.58 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2015": {
"text": "$1.697 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$4.847 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$5.085 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -931,20 +940,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "litai (LTL) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.82771 (2020 est.)"
"text": "0.876 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.90338 (2019 est.)"
"text": "0.893 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.87789 (2018 est.)"
"text": "0.847 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.9012 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.7525 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1270,7 +1279,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "72,302 (Ukraine) (as of 27 December 2022)"
"text": "72,480 (Ukraine) (as of 2 January 2023)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "2,721 (mid-year 2021)"

157
europe/lo.json
View file

@ -251,7 +251,7 @@
"text": "1.46 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.7 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.71 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -339,12 +339,12 @@
"text": "25.6% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "49.8% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "47.9% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.6% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -372,13 +372,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "20.6%"
"text": "21.5%"
},
"male": {
"text": "19.8%"
"text": "19.6%"
},
"female": {
"text": "22% (2021 est.)"
"text": "24.6% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -671,37 +671,37 @@
"text": "<p>Slovakia’s economy suffered from a slow start in the first years after its separation from the Czech Republic in 1993, due to the country’s authoritarian leadership and high levels of corruption, but economic reforms implemented after 1998 have placed Slovakia on a path of strong growth. With a population of 5.4 million, the Slovak Republic has a small, open economy driven mainly by automobile and electronics exports, which account for more than 80% of GDP. Slovakia joined the EU in 2004 and the euro zone in 2009. The country’s banking sector is sound and predominantly foreign owned.</p> <p> </p> <p>Slovakia has been a regional FDI champion for several years, attractive due to a relatively low-cost yet skilled labor force, and a favorable geographic location in the heart of Central Europe. Exports and investment have been key drivers of Slovakia’s robust growth in recent years. The unemployment rate fell to historical lows in 2017, and rising wages fueled increased consumption, which played a more prominent role in 2017 GDP growth. A favorable outlook for the Eurozone suggests continued strong growth prospects for Slovakia during the next few years, although inflation is also expected to pick up.</p> <p> </p> <p>Among the most pressing domestic issues potentially threatening the attractiveness of the Slovak market are shortages in the qualified labor force, persistent corruption issues, and an inadequate judiciary, as well as a slow transition to an innovation-based economy. The energy sector in particular is characterized by unpredictable regulatory oversight and high costs, in part driven by government interference in regulated tariffs. Moreover, the government’s attempts to maintain low household energy prices could harm the profitability of domestic energy firms while undercutting energy efficiency initiatives.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$173.582 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$165.57 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$168.503 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$173.83 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$169.57 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$174.388 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "3.01% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-3.37% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "2.4% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "3.9% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "3.04% (2017 est.)"
"text": "2.52% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$31,900 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$30,300 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$30,900 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$31,900 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$31,100 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$32,000 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -709,14 +709,14 @@
"text": "$105.388 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "3.15% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "1.94% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "2.6% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "2.5% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "1.3% (2017 est.)"
"text": "2.66% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -769,10 +769,10 @@
"text": "automobiles; metal and metal products; electricity, gas, coke, oil, nuclear fuel; chemicals, synthetic fibers, wood and paper products; machinery; earthenware and ceramics; textiles; electrical and optical apparatus; rubber products; food and beverages; pharmaceutical"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "2.7% (2017 est.)"
"text": "2.46% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.511 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "2.766 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -786,22 +786,25 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "5% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "6.74% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "5.42% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "6.69% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "5.75% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "20.6%"
"text": "21.5%"
},
"male": {
"text": "19.8%"
"text": "19.6%"
},
"female": {
"text": "22% (2021 est.)"
"text": "24.6% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
@ -810,9 +813,6 @@
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": {
"text": "25.2 (2016 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": {
"text": "26.1 (2014)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -835,37 +835,43 @@
"text": "-1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "50.9% of GDP (2017 est.)"
"Public debt 2020": {
"text": "77.36% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2016": {
"text": "51.8% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"Public debt 2019": {
"text": "61.99% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2018": {
"text": "62.29% of GDP (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general Government Gross Debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by Government entities, including sub-sectors of central, state, local government, and social security funds"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "39.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "18.5% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$3.026 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "-$2.875 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "-$2.635 billion (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "$671.914 million (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$3.532 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$107.43 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$89.92 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$90.546 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$97.04 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$100.76 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$96.859 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -875,14 +881,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, video displays, broadcasting equipment, tires, refined petroleum (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$107.358 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$87.95 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$88.214 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$96.75 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$99.92 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$96.755 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -892,11 +898,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, broadcasting equipment, crude petroleum, natural gas, insulated wiring (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$3.622 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$9.61 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$2.892 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$9.344 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$7.169 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -911,20 +920,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.82771 (2020 est.)"
"text": "0.876 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.90338 (2019 est.)"
"text": "0.893 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.87789 (2018 est.)"
"text": "0.847 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.885 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},

8
europe/ls.json
View file

@ -243,7 +243,7 @@
"text": "1.69 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.75 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.75 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -297,12 +297,12 @@
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "65.1% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "65.2% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "2.6% of GDP (2011 est.)"
},

150
europe/lu.json
View file

@ -243,7 +243,7 @@
"text": "1.63 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.79 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.79 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -331,12 +331,12 @@
"text": "19.8% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "51.4% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "51.4% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -364,13 +364,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "16.9%"
"text": "15.2%"
},
"male": {
"text": "17.7%"
"text": "16.3%"
},
"female": {
"text": "16.1% (2021 est.)"
"text": "14.1% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -656,37 +656,37 @@
"text": "<p>This small, stable, high-income economy has historically featured solid growth, low inflation, and low unemployment. Luxembourg, the only Grand Duchy in the world, is a landlocked country in northwestern Europe surrounded by Belgium, France, and Germany. Despite its small landmass and small population, Luxembourg is the fifth-wealthiest country in the world when measured on a gross domestic product (PPP) per capita basis. Luxembourg has one of the highest current account surpluses as a share of GDP in the euro zone, and it maintains a healthy budgetary position, with a 2017 surplus of 0.5% of GDP, and the lowest public debt level in the region.</p> <p> </p> <p>Since 2002, Luxembourg’s government has proactively implemented policies and programs to support economic diversification and to attract foreign direct investment. The government focused on key innovative industries that showed promise for supporting economic growth: logistics, information and communications technology (ICT); health technologies, including biotechnology and biomedical research; clean energy technologies, and more recently, space technology and financial services technologies. The economy has evolved and flourished, posting strong GDP growth of 3.4% in 2017, far outpacing the European average of 1.8%.</p> <p> </p> <p>Luxembourg remains a financial powerhouse – the financial sector accounts for more than 35% of GDP - because of the exponential growth of the investment fund sector through the launch and development of cross-border funds (UCITS) in the 1990s. Luxembourg is the world’s second-largest investment fund asset domicile, after the US, with $4 trillion of assets in custody in financial institutions.</p> <p> </p> <p>Luxembourg has lost some of its advantage as a favorable tax location because of OECD and EU pressure, as well as the \"LuxLeaks\" scandal, which revealed advantageous tax treatments offered to foreign corporations. In 2015, the government’s compliance with EU requirements to implement automatic exchange of tax information on savings accounts - thus ending banking secrecy - has constricted banking activity. Likewise, changes to the way EU members collect taxes from e-commerce has cut Luxembourg’s sales tax revenues, requiring the government to raise additional levies and to reduce some direct social benefits as part of the tax reform package of 2017. The tax reform package also included reductions in the corporate tax rate and increases in deductions for families, both intended to increase purchasing power and increase competitiveness.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$74.045 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$69.72 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$70.45 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$70.64 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$69.06 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$71.016 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "5.1% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-0.8% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "2.31% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "3.14% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "1.81% (2017 est.)"
"text": "2.32% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$115,700 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$110,300 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$111,800 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$113,900 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$113,600 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$114,500 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -694,14 +694,14 @@
"text": "$71.089 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "2.53% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "0.82% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "1.7% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "1.5% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "1.7% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.74% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -754,10 +754,10 @@
"text": "banking and financial services, construction, real estate services, iron, metals, and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo transportation and logistics, chemicals, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism, biotechnology"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "1.9% (2017 est.)"
"text": "2.87% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "476,000 (2020 est.)",
"text": "333,900 (2021 est.)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data exclude foreign workers; in addition to the figure for domestic labor force, about 150,000 workers commute daily from France, Belgium, and Germany"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
@ -772,33 +772,33 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "5.36% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "5.23% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "5.46% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "6.77% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "5.59% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "16.9%"
"text": "15.2%"
},
"male": {
"text": "17.7%"
"text": "16.3%"
},
"female": {
"text": "16.1% (2021 est.)"
"text": "14.1% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "17.5% (2018 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "34.9 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2005": {
"text": "26 (2005 est.)"
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019": {
"text": "34.2 (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -830,28 +830,31 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "44.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "25.13% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$3.254 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "$4.141 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "$3.296 billion (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "$3.496 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$2.459 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$177.831 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$137.09 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$145.417 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$133.59 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$136.11 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$139.559 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -861,14 +864,14 @@
"text": "iron and iron products, tires, cars, broadcasting equipment, clothing and apparel&nbsp; (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$148.15 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$110.1 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$121.328 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$108.29 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$110.28 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$116.803 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -878,11 +881,14 @@
"text": "cars, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, scrap iron, aircraft (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$878 million (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$2.921 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$974 million (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$1.119 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$1.055 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -897,20 +903,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.82771 (2020 est.)"
"text": "0.876 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.90338 (2019 est.)"
"text": "0.893 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.87789 (2018 est.)"
"text": "0.847 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.885 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},

137
europe/md.json
View file

@ -250,7 +250,7 @@
"text": "1.59 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.77 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.77 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "56% (2020)"
@ -338,12 +338,12 @@
"text": "6.2% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "68.5% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "2.2% (2012)"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "67% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "6.4% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -374,13 +374,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "9.2%"
"text": "8.6%"
},
"male": {
"text": "9%"
"text": "5.3%"
},
"female": {
"text": "9.6% (2021 est.)"
"text": "14.7% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -675,52 +675,52 @@
"text": "<p>Despite recent progress, Moldova remains one of the poorest countries in Europe. With a moderate climate and productive farmland, Moldova's economy relies heavily on its agriculture sector, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, wheat, and tobacco. Moldova also depends on annual remittances of about $1.2 billion - almost 15% of GDP - from the roughly one million Moldovans working in Europe, Israel, Russia, and elsewhere.</p> <p> </p> <p>With few natural energy resources, Moldova imports almost all of its energy supplies from Russia and Ukraine. Moldova's dependence on Russian energy is underscored by a more than $6 billion debt to Russian natural gas supplier Gazprom, largely the result of unreimbursed natural gas consumption in the breakaway region of Transnistria. Moldova and Romania inaugurated the Ungheni-Iasi natural gas interconnector project in August 2014. The 43-kilometer pipeline between Moldova and Romania, allows for both the import and export of natural gas. Several technical and regulatory delays kept gas from flowing into Moldova until March 2015. Romanian gas exports to Moldova are largely symbolic. In 2018, Moldova awarded a tender to Romanian Transgaz to construct a pipeline connecting Ungheni to Chisinau, bringing the gas to Moldovan population centers. Moldova also seeks to connect with the European power grid by 2022.</p> <p> </p> <p>The government's stated goal of EU integration has resulted in some market-oriented progress. Moldova experienced better than expected economic growth in 2017, largely driven by increased consumption, increased revenue from agricultural exports, and improved tax collection. During fall 2014, Moldova signed an Association Agreement and a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement with the EU (AA/DCFTA), connecting Moldovan products to the world’s largest market. The EU AA/DCFTA has contributed to significant growth in Moldova’s exports to the EU. In 2017, the EU purchased over 65% of Moldova’s exports, a major change from 20 years previously when the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) received over 69% of Moldova’s exports. A $1 billion asset-stripping heist of Moldovan banks in late 2014 delivered a significant shock to the economy in 2015; the subsequent bank bailout increased inflationary pressures and contributed to the depreciation of the leu and a minor recession. Moldova’s growth has also been hampered by endemic corruption, which limits business growth and deters foreign investment, and Russian restrictions on imports of Moldova’s agricultural products. The government’s push to restore stability and implement meaningful reform led to the approval in 2016 of a $179 million three-year IMF program focused on improving the banking and fiscal environments, along with additional assistance programs from the EU, World Bank, and Romania. Moldova received two IMF tranches in 2017, totaling over $42.5 million.</p> <p> </p> <p>Over the longer term, Moldova's economy remains vulnerable to corruption, political uncertainty, weak administrative capacity, vested bureaucratic interests, energy import dependence, Russian political and economic pressure, heavy dependence on agricultural exports, and unresolved separatism in Moldova's Transnistria region.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$36.637 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$32.26 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$32.153 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$34.68 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$33.48 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$34.715 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "4.5% (2017 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "13.94% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2016": {
"text": "4.3% (2016 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-7.38% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
"text": "-0.4% (2015 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "3.68% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$14,000 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$12,300 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$12,200 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$13,000 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$12,400 (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$11.982 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "5.11% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "3.77% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "4.8% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "3% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "6.5% (2017 est.)"
"text": "4.84% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -767,10 +767,10 @@
"text": "sugar processing, vegetable oil, food processing, agricultural machinery; foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers, washing machines; hosiery, shoes, textiles"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "3% (2017 est.)"
"text": "-0.67% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "1.295 million (2017 est.)"
"text": "810,000 (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -784,22 +784,25 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "4.99% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "3.96% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "3.16% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "3.82% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "5.1% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "9.2%"
"text": "8.6%"
},
"male": {
"text": "9%"
"text": "5.3%"
},
"female": {
"text": "9.6% (2021 est.)"
"text": "14.7% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
@ -808,9 +811,6 @@
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": {
"text": "25.7 (2018 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": {
"text": "26.8 (2014 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -834,36 +834,42 @@
"text": "-0.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "31.5% of GDP (2017 est.)"
"Public debt 2020": {
"text": "33.01% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2016": {
"text": "35.8% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"Public debt 2019": {
"text": "24.95% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2018": {
"text": "27.02% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "30.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "17.41% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2017": {
"text": "-$602 million (2017 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "-$1.699 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2016": {
"text": "-$268 million (2016 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "-$886.899 million (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$1.106 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$4.197 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$3.24 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$3.222 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$3.66 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$3.45 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$3.662 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -873,14 +879,14 @@
"text": "insulated wiring, sunflower seeds, wine, corn, seats (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$7.915 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$5.93 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$5.918 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$6.62 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$6.39 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$6.608 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -890,11 +896,14 @@
"text": "refined petroleum, cars, insulated wiring, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$2.803 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$3.902 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$2.206 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$3.784 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$3.06 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {

148
europe/mj.json
View file

@ -257,7 +257,7 @@
"text": "1.81 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.89 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.89 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "20.7% (2018)"
@ -356,12 +356,12 @@
"text": "31.1% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "57.2% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "3.7% (2018/19)"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "57.1% (2023 est.)"
},
"Child marriage": {
"women married by age 15": {
"text": "1.9%"
@ -403,13 +403,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "36%"
"text": "31.6%"
},
"male": {
"text": "33.6%"
"text": "28.3%"
},
"female": {
"text": "39.7% (2020 est.)"
"text": "36.7% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -715,52 +715,52 @@
"text": "<p>Montenegro's economy is transitioning to a market system. Around 90% of Montenegrin state-owned companies have been privatized, including 100% of banking, telecommunications, and oil distribution. Tourism, which accounts for more than 20% of Montenegro’s GDP, brings in three times as many visitors as Montenegro’s total population every year. Several new luxury tourism complexes are in various stages of development along the coast, and a number are being offered in connection with nearby boating and yachting facilities. In addition to tourism, energy and agriculture are considered two distinct pillars of the economy. Only 20% of Montenegro’s hydropower potential is utilized. Montenegro plans to become a net energy exporter, and the construction of an underwater cable to Italy, which will be completed by the end of 2018, will help meet its goal.</p> <p> </p> <p>Montenegro uses the euro as its domestic currency, though it is not an official member of the euro zone. In January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF, and in December 2011, the WTO. Montenegro began negotiations to join the EU in 2012, having met the conditions set down by the European Council, which called on Montenegro to take steps to fight corruption and organized crime.</p> <p> </p> <p>The government recognizes the need to remove impediments in order to remain competitive and open the economy to foreign investors. Net foreign direct investment in 2017 reached $848 million and investment per capita is one of the highest in Europe, due to a low corporate tax rate. The biggest foreign investors in Montenegro in 2017 were Norway, Russia, Italy, Azerbaijan and Hungary.</p> <p> </p> <p>Montenegro is currently planning major overhauls of its road and rail networks, and possible expansions of its air transportation system. In 2014, the Government of Montenegro selected two Chinese companies to construct a 41 km-long section of the country’s highway system, which will become part of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Cheaper borrowing costs have stimulated Montenegro’s growing debt, which currently sits at 65.9% of GDP, with a forecast, absent fiscal consolidation, to increase to 80% once the repayment to China’s Ex/Im Bank of a €800 million highway loan begins in 2019. Montenegro first instituted a value-added tax (VAT) in April 2003, and introduced differentiated VAT rates of 17% and 7% (for tourism) in January 2006. The Montenegrin Government increased the non-tourism Value Added Tax (VAT) rate to 21% as of January 2018, with the goal of reducing its public debt.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$12.757 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$11.36 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$11.346 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$13.39 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$12.87 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$13.397 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "4.3% (2017 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "12.43% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2016": {
"text": "2.9% (2016 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-15.31% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
"text": "3.4% (2015 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "4.06% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$20,600 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$18,300 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$21,500 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$20,700 (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$5.486 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "2.41% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "-0.26% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "0.3% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "2.6% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "2.3% (2017 est.)"
"text": "0.36% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -810,10 +810,10 @@
"text": "steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-4.2% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.39% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "167,000 (2020 est.)"
"text": "277,400 (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -827,22 +827,25 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "15.82% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "18.49% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "18.8% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "17.9% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "15.12% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "36%"
"text": "31.6%"
},
"male": {
"text": "33.6%"
"text": "28.3%"
},
"female": {
"text": "39.7% (2020 est.)"
"text": "36.7% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
@ -851,9 +854,6 @@
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015": {
"text": "39 (2015 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2013": {
"text": "32.3 (2013 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -891,22 +891,25 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2017": {
"text": "-$780 million (2017 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "-$540.073 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2016": {
"text": "-$710 million (2016 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "-$1.237 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$796.134 million (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$2.502 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$1.24 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$1.247 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$2.42 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$2.35 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$2.424 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -916,14 +919,14 @@
"text": "aluminum, packaged medicines, cars, zinc, wine (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$3.637 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$2.9 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$2.917 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$3.59 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$3.67 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$3.6 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -933,11 +936,14 @@
"text": "refined petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, recreational boats, cigarettes (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$1.077 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$1.982 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$846.5 million (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$2.135 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$1.529 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -952,20 +958,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.877 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.893 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.847 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2016": {
"text": "0.903 (2016 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2015": {
"text": "0.9214 (2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.885 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1274,7 +1280,7 @@
"stateless persons": {
"text": "458 (mid-year 2021)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 28,825 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-December 2022)"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> 28,856 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-December 2022)"
},
"Illicit drugs": {
"text": "<p>drug trafficking groups are major players in the procurement and transportation of large quantities of cocaine  destined for  European markets</p>"

152
europe/mk.json
View file

@ -248,7 +248,7 @@
"text": "1.51 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.73 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.74 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "59.9% (2018/19)"
@ -325,12 +325,12 @@
"text": "0.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "66.5% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "0.9% (2018/19)"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "66.5% (2023 est.)"
},
"Child marriage": {
"women married by age 15": {
"text": "0.3%"
@ -369,13 +369,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "36.4%"
"text": "34.1%"
},
"male": {
"text": "33.5%"
"text": "31.6%"
},
"female": {
"text": "41.5% (2021 est.)"
"text": "38.4% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -668,37 +668,37 @@
"text": "<p>Since its independence in 1991, Macedonia has made progress in liberalizing its economy and improving its business environment. Its low tax rates and free economic zones have helped to attract foreign investment, which is still low relative to the rest of Europe. Corruption and weak rule of law remain significant problems. Some businesses complain of opaque regulations and unequal enforcement of the law.</p> <p> </p> <p>Macedonia’s economy is closely linked to Europe as a customer for exports and source of investment, and has suffered as a result of prolonged weakness in the euro zone. Unemployment has remained consistently high at about 23% but may be overstated based on the existence of an extensive gray market, estimated to be between 20% and 45% of GDP, which is not captured by official statistics.</p> <p> </p> <p>Macedonia is working to build a country-wide natural gas pipeline and distribution network. Currently, Macedonia receives its small natural gas supplies from Russia via Bulgaria. In 2016, Macedonia signed a memorandum of understanding with Greece to build an interconnector that could connect to the Trans Adriatic Pipeline that will traverse the region once complete, or to an LNG import terminal in Greece.</p> <p> </p> <p>Macedonia maintained macroeconomic stability through the global financial crisis by conducting prudent monetary policy, which keeps the domestic currency pegged to the euro, and inflation at a low level. However, in the last two years, the internal political crisis has hampered economic performance, with GDP growth slowing in 2016 and 2017, and both domestic private and public investments declining. Fiscal policies were lax, with unproductive public expenditures, including subsidies and pension increases, and rising guarantees for the debt of state owned enterprises, and fiscal targets were consistently missed. In 2017, public debt stabilized at about 47% of GDP, still relatively low compared to its Western Balkan neighbors and the rest of Europe.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$34.007 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$33.02 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$32.71 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$34.59 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$33.52 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$34.839 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>data are in 2017 dollars; Macedonia has a large informal sector that may not be reflected in these data"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "0% (2017 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "3.96% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2016": {
"text": "2.9% (2016 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-6.11% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
"text": "3.9% (2015 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "3.91% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$16,500 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$15,800 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$16,600 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$16,100 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$16,800 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -706,14 +706,14 @@
"text": "$12.696 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "3.23% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "1.2% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "0.7% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "1.4% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "1.3% (2017 est.)"
"text": "0.77% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -763,10 +763,10 @@
"text": "food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, iron, steel, cement, energy, pharmaceuticals, automotive parts"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-7.8% (2017 est.)"
"text": "-2.37% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "793,000 (2020 est.)"
"text": "916,200 (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -780,22 +780,25 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "17.29% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "16.2% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "20.7% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "17.2% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "17.26% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "36.4%"
"text": "34.1%"
},
"male": {
"text": "33.5%"
"text": "31.6%"
},
"female": {
"text": "41.5% (2021 est.)"
"text": "38.4% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
@ -804,9 +807,6 @@
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "34.2 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": {
"text": "35.2 (2014)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -838,28 +838,31 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> official data from Ministry of Finance; data cover central government debt; this data excludes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; includes treasury debt held by foreign entitites; excludes debt issued by sub-national entities; there are no debt instruments sold for social funds"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "29% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "16.13% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2017": {
"text": "-$151 million (2017 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "-$420.178 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2016": {
"text": "-$293 million (2016 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "-$360.444 million (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$376.487 million (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$9.157 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$7.18 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$7.19 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$7.78 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$7.61 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$7.8 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -869,14 +872,14 @@
"text": "support catalysts, centrifuges, insulated wiring, vehicle parts, buses, seats (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$11.354 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$8.76 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$8.773 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$9.6 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$9.23 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$9.605 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -886,11 +889,14 @@
"text": "platinum, refined petroleum, laboratory ceramics, cars, insulated wiring (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$2.802 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$4.129 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$2.755 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$4.126 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$3.651 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -905,20 +911,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "Macedonian denars (MKD) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "52.102 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "54.144 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "54.947 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "52.107 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "55.8 (2017 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2016": {
"text": "55.733 (2016 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2015": {
"text": "55.733 (2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "55.537 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "46.437 (2013 est.)"
"text": "54.665 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},

14
europe/mn.json
View file

@ -242,7 +242,7 @@
"text": "1.53 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.75 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.75 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -586,14 +586,14 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2015 US dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
"text": "5.4% (2015 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "21.55% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2014": {
"text": "7.2% (2014 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-12.97% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2013": {
"text": "9.6% (2013 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "6.91% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {

148
europe/mt.json
View file

@ -245,7 +245,7 @@
"text": "1.5 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.74 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.74 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -333,12 +333,12 @@
"text": "21.6% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "62.2% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "63.2% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5.9% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -369,13 +369,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "9.6%"
"text": "9.8%"
},
"male": {
"text": "12.7%"
"text": "13.6%"
},
"female": {
"text": "6% (2021 est.)"
"text": "5.8% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -655,37 +655,37 @@
"text": "<p>Malta’s free market economy – the smallest economy in the euro-zone – relies heavily on trade in both goods and services, principally with Europe. Malta produces less than a quarter of its food needs, has limited fresh water supplies, and has few domestic energy sources. Malta's economy is dependent on foreign trade, manufacturing, and tourism. Malta joined the EU in 2004 and adopted the euro on 1 January 2008.</p> <p> </p> <p>Malta has weathered the euro-zone crisis better than most EU member states due to a low debt-to-GDP ratio and financially sound banking sector. It maintains one of the lowest unemployment rates in Europe, and growth has fully recovered since the 2009 recession. In 2014 through 2016, Malta led the euro zone in growth, expanding more than 4.5% per year.</p> <p> </p> <p>Malta’s services sector continues to grow, with sustained growth in the financial services and online gaming sectors. Advantageous tax schemes remained attractive to foreign investors, though EU discussions of anti-tax avoidance measures have raised concerns among Malta’s financial services and insurance providers, as the measures could have a significant impact on those sectors. The tourism sector also continued to grow, with 2016 showing record-breaking numbers of both air and cruise passenger arrivals.</p> <p> </p> <p>Malta’s GDP growth remains strong and is supported by a strong labor market. The government has implemented new programs, including free childcare, to encourage increased labor participation. The high cost of borrowing and small labor market remain potential constraints to future economic growth. Increasingly, other EU and European migrants are relocating to Malta for employment, though wages have remained low compared to other European countries. Inflation remains low.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$23.157 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$20.6 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$20.995 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$22.15 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$20.99 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$22.902 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "10.3% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-8.32% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "4.94% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "5.17% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "8.03% (2017 est.)"
"text": "5.92% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$44,700 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$39,200 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$40,700 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$44,000 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$43,300 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$45,400 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -693,14 +693,14 @@
"text": "$14.986 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "1.5% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "0.64% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "1.6% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "1.1% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "1.3% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.64% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -756,7 +756,7 @@
"text": "-3.3% (2016 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "223,000 (2019 est.)"
"text": "280,300 (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -770,33 +770,33 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "0.78% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "3.5% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "0.89% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "4.26% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "3.62% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "9.6%"
"text": "9.8%"
},
"male": {
"text": "12.7%"
"text": "13.6%"
},
"female": {
"text": "6% (2021 est.)"
"text": "5.8% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "17.1% (2018 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "29.2 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": {
"text": "27.7 (2014)"
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019": {
"text": "31 (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -828,28 +828,31 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Malta reports public debt at nominal value outstanding at the end of the year, according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty for general government gross debt; the data include the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); general government comprises the central, state, and local governments, and social security funds"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "40.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "23.73% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$1.561 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "-$804.056 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "$1.55 billion (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "-$415.142 million (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$777.443 million (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$22.11 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$19.04 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$19.526 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$20.76 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$20.19 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$20.773 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -859,14 +862,14 @@
"text": "integrated circuits, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, children's toys and stuffed animals, postage stamps&nbsp; (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$21.362 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$18.01 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$18.328 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$18.45 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$17.87 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$18.578 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -876,11 +879,14 @@
"text": "refined petroleum, recreational boats, ships, aircraft, coal tar oil (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$833 million (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$1.149 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$677.1 million (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$930.464 million (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$937.616 million (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -895,20 +901,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.82771 (2020 est.)"
"text": "0.876 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.90338 (2019 est.)"
"text": "0.893 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.87789 (2018 est.)"
"text": "0.847 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.885 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},

148
europe/nl.json
View file

@ -259,7 +259,7 @@
"text": "1.78 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.87 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.86 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "73% (2013)",
@ -348,12 +348,12 @@
"text": "19.9% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "53.8% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "53.7% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5.3% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -381,13 +381,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "9.3%"
"text": "9.6%"
},
"male": {
"text": "9.7%"
"text": "10%"
},
"female": {
"text": "9% (2021 est.)"
"text": "9.2% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -686,37 +686,37 @@
"text": "<p>The Netherlands, the sixth-largest economy in the European Union, plays an important role as a European transportation hub, with a consistently high trade surplus, stable industrial relations, and low unemployment. Industry focuses on food processing, chemicals, petroleum refining, and electrical machinery. A highly mechanized agricultural sector employs only 2% of the labor force but provides large surpluses for food-processing and underpins the country’s status as the world’s second largest agricultural exporter.</p> <p> </p> <p>The Netherlands is part of the euro zone, and as such, its monetary policy is controlled by the European Central Bank. The Dutch financial sector is highly concentrated, with four commercial banks possessing over 80% of banking assets, and is four times the size of Dutch GDP.</p> <p> </p> <p>In 2008, during the financial crisis, the government budget deficit hit 5.3% of GDP. Following a protracted recession from 2009 to 2013, during which unemployment doubled to 7.4% and household consumption contracted for four consecutive years, economic growth began inching forward in 2014. Since 2010, Prime Minister Mark RUTTE’s government has implemented significant austerity measures to improve public finances and has instituted broad structural reforms in key policy areas, including the labor market, the housing sector, the energy market, and the pension system. In 2017, the government budget returned to a surplus of 0.7% of GDP, with economic growth of 3.2%, and GDP per capita finally surpassed pre-crisis levels. The fiscal policy announced by the new government in the 2018-2021 coalition plans for increases in government consumption and public investment, fueling domestic demand and household consumption and investment. The new government’s policy also plans to increase demand for workers in the public and private sector, forecasting a further decline in the unemployment rate, which hit 4.8% in 2017.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$992.675 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$945.48 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$946.637 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$982.22 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$966.02 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$984.912 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "4.86% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-3.89% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "1.63% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "2.32% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "3.02% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.96% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$56,600 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$54,200 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$54,300 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$56,600 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$56,100 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$56,800 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -724,14 +724,14 @@
"text": "$907.042 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "2.68% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "1.27% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "2.6% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "1.7% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "1.3% (2017 est.)"
"text": "2.63% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -784,10 +784,10 @@
"text": "agroindustries, metal and engineering products, electrical machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum, construction, microelectronics, fishing"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "3.3% (2017 est.)"
"text": "4.93% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "8.907 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "9.902 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -801,22 +801,25 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "3.41% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "4.01% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "3.84% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "3.82% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "3.38% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "9.3%"
"text": "9.6%"
},
"male": {
"text": "9.7%"
"text": "10%"
},
"female": {
"text": "9% (2021 est.)"
"text": "9.2% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
@ -825,9 +828,6 @@
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "28.5 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2013": {
"text": "25.1 (2013 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -859,28 +859,31 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "43.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "24.38% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$90.207 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "$73.138 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "$98.981 billion (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "$46.794 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$62.998 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$839.646 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$719.78 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$712.259 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$755.77 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$773.74 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$751.225 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -890,14 +893,14 @@
"text": "refined petroleum, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, photography equipment, computers (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$735.748 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$622.66 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$620.532 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$661.18 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$677.38 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$661.973 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -907,11 +910,14 @@
"text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, computers, cars (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$38.44 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$64.469 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2015": {
"text": "$38.21 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$53.971 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$43.32 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -926,20 +932,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.82771 (2020 est.)"
"text": "0.876 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.90338 (2019 est.)"
"text": "0.893 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.87789 (2018 est.)"
"text": "0.847 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.885 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1273,7 +1279,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "37,792 (Syria), 14,787 (Eritrea), 8,368 (Somalia), 6,636 (Iraq), 5,346 (Iran) (mid-year 2021); 79,250 (Ukraine) (as of 30 September 2022)"
"text": "53,496 (Syria), 19,204 (Eritrea), 7,106 (Turkey), 5,593 (Iran), 5,152 (Iraq) (mid-year 2022); 79,250 (Ukraine) (as of 30 September 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "2,087 (mid-year 2021)"

148
europe/no.json
View file

@ -258,7 +258,7 @@
"text": "1.83 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.89 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.89 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -346,12 +346,12 @@
"text": "15.4% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "50.5% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "50.2% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5.9% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -379,13 +379,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "12.6%"
"text": "13%"
},
"male": {
"text": "13.3%"
"text": "13.5%"
},
"female": {
"text": "11.8% (2021 est.)"
"text": "12.5% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -672,37 +672,37 @@
"text": "<p>Norway has a stable economy with a vibrant private sector, a large state sector, and an extensive social safety net. Norway opted out of the EU during a referendum in November 1994. However, as a member of the European Economic Area, Norway partially participates in the EU’s single market and contributes sizably to the EU budget.</p> <p>The country is richly endowed with natural resources such as oil and gas, fish, forests, and minerals. Norway is a leading producer and the world’s second largest exporter of seafood, after China. The government manages the country’s petroleum resources through extensive regulation. The petroleum sector provides about 9% of jobs, 12% of GDP, 13% of the state’s revenue, and 37% of exports, according to official national estimates. Norway is one of the world's leading petroleum exporters, although oil production is close to 50% below its peak in 2000. Gas production, conversely, has more than doubled since 2000. Although oil production is historically low, it rose in 2016 for the third consecutive year due to the higher production of existing oil fields and to new fields coming on stream. Norway’s domestic electricity production relies almost entirely on hydropower.</p> <p>In anticipation of eventual declines in oil and gas production, Norway saves state revenue from petroleum sector activities in the world's largest sovereign wealth fund, valued at over $1 trillion at the end of 2017. To help balance the federal budget each year, the government follows a \"fiscal rule,\" which states that spending of revenues from petroleum and fund investments shall correspond to the expected real rate of return on the fund, an amount it estimates is sustainable over time. In February 2017, the government revised the expected rate of return for the fund downward from 4% to 3%.</p> <p> </p> <p>After solid GDP growth in the 2004-07 period, the economy slowed in 2008, and contracted in 2009, before returning to modest, positive growth from 2010 to 2017. The Norwegian economy has been adjusting to lower energy prices, as demonstrated by growth in labor force participation and employment in 2017. GDP growth was about 1.5% in 2017, driven largely by domestic demand, which has been boosted by the rebound in the labor market and supportive fiscal policies. Economic growth is expected to remain constant or improve slightly in the next few years.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$355.122 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$342.06 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$341.855 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$344.69 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$341.78 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$344.324 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "3.88% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-0.72% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "0.86% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "1.36% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "2.75% (2017 est.)"
"text": "0.75% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$65,700 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$63,600 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$63,500 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$64,500 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$64,300 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$64,400 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -710,14 +710,14 @@
"text": "$405.695 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "3.48% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "1.29% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "2.1% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "2.7% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "1.8% (2017 est.)"
"text": "2.17% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -770,10 +770,10 @@
"text": "petroleum and gas, shipping, fishing, aquaculture, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and paper products, metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "1.5% (2017 est.)"
"text": "2.19% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.699 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "2.971 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -787,22 +787,25 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "3.72% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "4.99% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "3.89% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "4.42% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "3.69% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "12.6%"
"text": "13%"
},
"male": {
"text": "13.3%"
"text": "13.5%"
},
"female": {
"text": "11.8% (2021 est.)"
"text": "12.5% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
@ -811,9 +814,6 @@
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "27 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 1995": {
"text": "25.8 (1995)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -845,28 +845,31 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data exclude treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "54.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "21.09% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$16.656 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "$71.551 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "$31.111 billion (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "$4.223 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$11.919 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$199.074 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$117.06 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$116.718 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$146.71 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$165.37 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$146.28 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -876,14 +879,14 @@
"text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, fish, refined petroleum, aluminum (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$140.444 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$119 (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$119.632 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$140 (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$140 (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$140.211 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -893,11 +896,14 @@
"text": "cars, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, natural gas, crude petroleum (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$65.92 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$84.271 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2015": {
"text": "$57.46 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$75.259 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$66.946 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -913,20 +919,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "Norwegian kroner (NOK) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "8.59 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "8.81535 (2020 est.)"
"text": "9.416 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "9.14245 (2019 est.)"
"text": "8.8 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "8.4837 (2018 est.)"
"text": "8.133 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "8.0646 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "6.3021 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "8.272 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1244,7 +1250,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "15,542 (Syria), 11,965 (Eritrea) (mid-year 2021); 35,649 (Ukraine) (as of 23 December 2022)"
"text": "15,901 (Syria), 10,883 (Eritrea) (mid-year 2022); 36,582 (Ukraine) (as of 31 December 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "4,154 (mid-year 2021)"

162
europe/pl.json
View file

@ -129,7 +129,7 @@
},
"Languages": {
"Languages": {
"text": "Polish (official) 98.2%, Silesian 1.4%, other 1.1%, unspecified 1.3%; note - data represent the language spoken at home; shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Poland ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 2009 recognizing Kashub as a regional language, Czech, Hebrew, Yiddish, Belarusian, Lithuanian, German, Armenian, Russian, Slovak, and Ukrainian as national minority languages, and Karaim, Lemko, Romani (Polska Roma and Bergitka Roma), and Tatar as ethnic minority languages (2011 est.)"
"text": "Polish (official) 98.2%, Silesian 1.4%, other 1.1%, unspecified 1.2%; note - data represent the language spoken at home; shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Poland ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 2009 recognizing Kashub as a regional language, Czech, Hebrew, Yiddish, Belarusian, Lithuanian, German, Armenian, Russian, Slovak, and Ukrainian as national minority languages, and Karaim, Lemko, Romani (Polska Roma and Bergitka Roma), and Tatar as ethnic minority languages (2011 est.)"
},
"major-language sample(s)": {
"text": "<br>Księga Faktów Świata, niezbędne źródło podstawowych informacji. (Polish)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information."
@ -261,7 +261,7 @@
"text": "1.4 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.68 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.69 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "62.3% (2014)"
@ -357,12 +357,12 @@
"text": "20.1% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "58.7% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "0.7% (2010/12)"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "56.6% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5.2% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -393,13 +393,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "11.9%"
"text": "13.4%"
},
"male": {
"text": "11.6%"
"text": "12.3%"
},
"female": {
"text": "12.5% (2021 est.)"
"text": "15% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -712,37 +712,37 @@
"text": "<p>Poland has the sixth-largest economy in the EU and has long had a reputation as a business-friendly country with largely sound macroeconomic policies. Since 1990, Poland has pursued a policy of economic liberalization. During the 2008-09 economic slowdown Poland was the only EU country to avoid a recession, in part because of the government’s loose fiscal policy combined with a commitment to rein in spending in the medium-term Poland is the largest recipient of EU development funds and their cyclical allocation can significantly impact the rate of economic growth.</p> <p> </p> <p>The Polish economy performed well during the 2014-17 period, with the real GDP growth rate generally exceeding 3%, in part because of increases in government social spending that have helped to accelerate consumer-driven growth. However, since 2015, Poland has implemented new business restrictions and taxes on foreign-dominated economic sectors, including banking and insurance, energy, and healthcare, that have dampened investor sentiment and has increased the government’s ownership of some firms. The government reduced the retirement age in 2016 and has had mixed success in introducing new taxes and boosting tax compliance to offset the increased costs of social spending programs and relieve upward pressure on the budget deficit. Some credit ratings agencies estimate that Poland during the next few years is at risk of exceeding the EU’s 3%-of-GDP limit on budget deficits, possibly impacting its access to future EU funds. Poland’s economy is projected to perform well in the next few years in part because of an anticipated cyclical increase in the use of its EU development funds and continued, robust household spending.</p> <p> </p> <p>Poland faces several systemic challenges, which include addressing some of the remaining deficiencies in its road and rail infrastructure, business environment, rigid labor code, commercial court system, government red tape, and burdensome tax system, especially for entrepreneurs. Additional long-term challenges include diversifying Poland’s energy mix, strengthening investments in innovation, research, and development, as well as stemming the outflow of educated young Poles to other EU member states, especially in light of a coming demographic contraction due to emigration, persistently low fertility rates, and the aging of the Solidarity-era baby boom generation.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$1.318 trillion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$1,223,460,000,000 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$1.233 trillion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$1,257,440,000,000 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$1,202,820,000,000 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$1.259 trillion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "6.85% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-2.02% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "4.55% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "5.36% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "4.83% (2017 est.)"
"text": "4.45% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$34,900 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$32,200 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$32,500 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$33,100 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$31,700 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$33,200 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -750,14 +750,14 @@
"text": "$595.72 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "5.06% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "3.37% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "2.1% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "1.7% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "2% (2017 est.)"
"text": "2.23% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -804,16 +804,16 @@
}
},
"Agricultural products": {
"text": "milk, sugar beet, wheat, potatoes, triticale, maize, barley, apples, mixed grains, rye"
"text": "milk, sugar beets, wheat, potatoes, triticale, maize, barley, apples, mixed grains, rye"
},
"Industries": {
"text": "machine building, iron and steel, coal mining, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "7.5% (2017 est.)"
"text": "3.36% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "9.561 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "18.212 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -827,22 +827,25 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "5.43% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "3.37% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "6.08% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "3.16% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "3.28% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "11.9%"
"text": "13.4%"
},
"male": {
"text": "11.6%"
"text": "12.3%"
},
"female": {
"text": "12.5% (2021 est.)"
"text": "15% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
@ -851,9 +854,6 @@
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "29.7 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2008": {
"text": "33.7 (2008)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -885,28 +885,31 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, the data include subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "39.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "17.48% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$2.92 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "-$4.568 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "-$7.52 billion (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "$17.319 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$2.832 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$411.621 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$333.54 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$336.317 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$330.68 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$324.22 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$330.934 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -916,14 +919,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, seats, furniture, computers, video displays (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$380.699 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$292.44 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$295.897 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$302.87 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$306.43 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$302.525 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -933,11 +936,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, crude petroleum,&nbsp; packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, office machinery/parts (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$113.3 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$166.03 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$114.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$154.219 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$128.392 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -952,20 +958,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "zlotych (PLN) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "3.862 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "3.6684 (2020 est.)"
"text": "3.9 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "3.8697 (2019 est.)"
"text": "3.839 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "3.76615 (2018 est.)"
"text": "3.612 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "3.7721 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "3.1538 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "3.779 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1101,18 +1107,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "5,777,428 (2020 est.)"
"text": "5,308,497 (2021 est.)"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "15 (2020 est.)"
"text": "14 (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "49,350,724 (2020 est.)"
"text": "50,588,785 (2021 est.)"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "130 (2020 est.)"
"text": "132 (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
@ -1120,7 +1126,7 @@
"text": "the liberalized telecom market has seen considerable development in the broadband and mobile sectors; the regulatory environment has encouraged market competition, partly by encouraging operators to secure spectrum and also by ensuring access to cable and fiber infrastructure; the mobile market in recent years has been characterized by the rapid extension of LTE networks and the development of mobile data services based on newly released and re-farmed spectrum; the regulator&rsquo;s attempts to auction spectrum in a range of bands has been delayed, with spectrum in the 5G-suitable 3.4-3.8GHz range having been suspended to later in 2021 as a result of the Covid-19 outbreak and legislative changes (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "several nation-wide networks provide mobile-cellular service; fixed-line roughly 15 per 100 (service lags in rural areas), mobile-cellular over 130 per 100 persons (2020)"
"text": "several nation-wide networks provide mobile-cellular service; fixed-line roughly 14 per 100 (service lags in rural areas), mobile-cellular over 132 per 100 persons (2021)"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 48; landing points for the Baltica and the Denmark-Poland2 submarine cables connecting Poland, Denmark and Sweden; international direct dialing with automated exchanges; satellite earth station - 1 with access to Intelsat, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik (2019)"
@ -1310,7 +1316,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "9,870 (Russia) (2019); 1,553,707 (Ukraine) (as of 3 January 2022)"
"text": "1,553,707 (Ukraine) (as of 3 January 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "1,389 (mid-year 2021)"

144
europe/po.json
View file

@ -252,7 +252,7 @@
"text": "1.43 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.7 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.7 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "73.9% (2014)"
@ -340,12 +340,12 @@
"text": "20.2% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "53% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "0.4% (2015/16)"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "52.6% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -376,13 +376,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "23.4%"
"text": "23.1%"
},
"male": {
"text": "21%"
"text": "20.6%"
},
"female": {
"text": "26.4% (2021 est.)"
"text": "26.2% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -678,52 +678,52 @@
"text": "<p>Portugal has become a diversified and increasingly service-based economy since joining the European Community - the EU's predecessor - in 1986. Over the following two decades, successive governments privatized many state-controlled firms and liberalized key areas of the economy, including the financial and telecommunications sectors. The country joined the Economic and Monetary Union in 1999 and began circulating the euro on 1 January 2002 along with 11 other EU members.</p> <p>The economy grew by more than the EU average for much of the 1990s, but the rate of growth slowed in 2001-08. After the global financial crisis in 2008, Portugal’s economy contracted in 2009 and fell into recession from 2011 to 2013, as the government implemented spending cuts and tax increases to comply with conditions of an EU-IMF financial rescue package, signed in May 2011. Portugal successfully exited its EU-IMF program in May 2014, and its economic recovery gained traction in 2015 because of strong exports and a rebound in private consumption. GDP growth accelerated in 2016, and probably reached 2.5 % in 2017. Unemployment remained high, at 9.7% in 2017, but has improved steadily since peaking at 18% in 2013.</p> <p>The center-left minority Socialist government has unwound some unpopular austerity measures while managing to remain within most EU fiscal targets. The budget deficit fell from 11.2% of GDP in 2010 to 1.8% in 2017, the country’s lowest since democracy was restored in 1974, and surpassing the EU and IMF projections of 3%. Portugal exited the EU’s excessive deficit procedure in mid-2017.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$347.694 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$331.64 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$329.623 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$358.78 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$350.07 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$359.46 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "5.48% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-8.3% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "2.24% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "2.85% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "3.51% (2017 est.)"
"text": "2.68% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$33,700 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$32,200 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$32,000 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$34,900 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$34,000 (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$237.698 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "1.27% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "-0.01% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "0.3% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "0.9% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "1.3% (2017 est.)"
"text": "0.34% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -776,10 +776,10 @@
"text": "textiles, clothing, footwear, wood and cork, paper and pulp, chemicals, fuels and lubricants, automobiles and auto parts, base metals, minerals, porcelain and ceramics, glassware, technology, telecommunications; dairy products, wine, other foodstuffs; ship construction and refurbishment; tourism, plastics, financial services, optics"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "3.5% (2017 est.)"
"text": "5.63% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "4.717 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "5.174 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -793,22 +793,25 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "6.55% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "6.65% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "7.05% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "6.79% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "6.46% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "23.4%"
"text": "23.1%"
},
"male": {
"text": "21%"
"text": "20.6%"
},
"female": {
"text": "26.4% (2021 est.)"
"text": "26.2% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
@ -817,9 +820,6 @@
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "33.8 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014": {
"text": "34 (2014 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -851,28 +851,31 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "42.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "22.04% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$203 million (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "-$2.987 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "$988 million (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "-$2.292 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$1.013 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$105.648 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$85.28 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$85.128 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$104.77 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$105.76 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$104.846 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -882,14 +885,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, leather footwear, paper products, tires (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$112.413 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$89.31 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$89.515 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$103.05 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$103.59 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$103.009 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -899,11 +902,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, crude petroleum, aircraft, packaged medicines, refined petroleum, natural gas (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$26.11 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$32.535 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2015": {
"text": "$19.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$29.46 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$25.003 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -918,20 +924,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.82771 (2020 est.)"
"text": "0.876 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.90338 (2019 est.)"
"text": "0.893 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.87789 (2018 est.)"
"text": "0.847 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.7525 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},

156
europe/ri.json
View file

@ -256,7 +256,7 @@
"text": "1.46 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.71 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.71 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "62.3% (2019)"
@ -352,12 +352,12 @@
"text": "39.1% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "60.5% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "1% (2019)"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "60.8% (2023 est.)"
},
"Child marriage": {
"women married by age 15": {
"text": "1.2%"
@ -396,13 +396,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "25.5%"
"text": "30.4%"
},
"male": {
"text": "23.5%"
"text": "28.5%"
},
"female": {
"text": "28.8% (2021 est.)"
"text": "33.7% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -710,52 +710,52 @@
"text": "<p>Serbia has a transitional economy largely dominated by market forces, but the state sector remains significant in certain areas. The economy relies on manufacturing and exports, driven largely by foreign investment. MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement of the economy, an extended period of international economic sanctions, civil war, and the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry during the NATO airstrikes in 1999 left the economy worse off than it was in 1990. In 2015, Serbia’s GDP was 27.5% below where it was in 1989.</p> <p> </p> <p>After former Federal Yugoslav President MILOSEVIC was ousted in September 2000, the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition government implemented stabilization measures and embarked on a market reform program. Serbia renewed its membership in the IMF in December 2000 and rejoined the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Serbia has made progress in trade liberalization and enterprise restructuring and privatization, but many large enterprises - including the power utilities, telecommunications company, natural gas company, and others - remain state-owned. Serbia has made some progress towards EU membership, gaining candidate status in March 2012. In January 2014, Serbia's EU accession talks officially opened and, as of December 2017, Serbia had opened 12 negotiating chapters including one on foreign trade. Serbia's negotiations with the WTO are advanced, with the country's complete ban on the trade and cultivation of agricultural biotechnology products representing the primary remaining obstacle to accession. Serbia maintains a three-year Stand-by Arrangement with the IMF worth approximately $1.3 billion that is scheduled to end in February 2018. The government has shown progress implementing economic reforms, such as fiscal consolidation, privatization, and reducing public spending.</p> <p> </p> <p>Unemployment in Serbia, while relatively low (16% in 2017) compared with its Balkan neighbors, remains significantly above the European average. Serbia is slowly implementing structural economic reforms needed to ensure the country's long-term prosperity. Serbia reduced its budget deficit to 1.7% of GDP and its public debt to 71% of GDP in 2017. Public debt had more than doubled between 2008 and 2015. Serbia's concerns about inflation and exchange-rate stability preclude the use of expansionary monetary policy.</p> <p> </p> <p>Major economic challenges ahead include: stagnant household incomes; the need for private sector job creation; structural reforms of state-owned companies; strategic public sector reforms; and the need for new foreign direct investment. Other serious longer-term challenges include an inefficient judicial system, high levels of corruption, and an aging population. Factors favorable to Serbia's economic growth include the economic reforms it is undergoing as part of its EU accession process and IMF agreement, its strategic location, a relatively inexpensive and skilled labor force, and free trade agreements with the EU, Russia, Turkey, and countries that are members of the Central European Free Trade Agreement.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$135.534 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$125.8 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$126.019 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$127.04 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$121.87 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$127.168 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "7.55% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-0.9% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "4.18% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "4.4% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "2.05% (2017 est.)"
"text": "4.33% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$19,800 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$18,200 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$18,300 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$18,300 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$17,500 (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$51.449 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "4.09% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "1.58% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "-0.1% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "-1.1% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "2% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.85% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -808,10 +808,10 @@
"text": "automobiles, base metals, furniture, food processing, machinery, chemicals, sugar, tires, clothes, pharmaceuticals"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "3.9% (2017 est.)"
"text": "8.63% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "3 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "3.176 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -825,22 +825,25 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2017": {
"text": "14.1% (2017 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "11.81% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2016": {
"text": "15.9% (2016 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "9.01% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "10.39% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "25.5%"
"text": "30.4%"
},
"male": {
"text": "23.5%"
"text": "28.5%"
},
"female": {
"text": "28.8% (2021 est.)"
"text": "33.7% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
@ -849,9 +852,6 @@
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "36.2 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2008": {
"text": "28.2 (2008 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -883,25 +883,28 @@
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "42.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "23.49% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2017": {
"text": "-$2.354 billion (2017 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "-$2.742 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2016": {
"text": "-$1.189 billion (2016 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "-$2.177 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$3.535 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$33.726 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$25.42 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$25.5 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$26.13 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$24.97 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$26.127 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -911,14 +914,14 @@
"text": "insulated wiring, tires, corn, cars, iron products, copper (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$39.039 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$30.15 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$30.177 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$31.29 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$29.78 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$31.286 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -928,11 +931,14 @@
"text": "crude petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, natural gas, refined petroleum (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$11.91 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$18.617 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$10.76 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$16.587 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$14.995 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -947,20 +953,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "Serbian dinars (RSD) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "99.396 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "103.163 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "105.25 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "100.175 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "112.4 (2017 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2016": {
"text": "111.278 (2016 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2015": {
"text": "111.278 (2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "108.811 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "88.405 (2013 est.)"
"text": "107.759 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1272,7 +1278,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "17,336 (Croatia), 7,997 (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (mid-year 2021); 22,716 (Ukraine) (includes Ukrainian refugees in Kosovo; as of 22 November 2022)"
"text": "17,334 (Croatia), 7,997 (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (mid-year 2022); 22,716 (Ukraine) (includes Ukrainian refugees in Kosovo; as of 22 November 2022)"
},
"IDPs": {
"text": "196,995 (most are Kosovar Serbs, some are Roma, Ashkalis, and Egyptian (RAE); some RAE IDPs are unregistered) (2021)"

153
europe/ro.json
View file

@ -262,7 +262,7 @@
"text": "1.63 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.79 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.79 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -350,12 +350,12 @@
"text": "20% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "56.1% (2022)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "54.8% (2023)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "3.7% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -386,13 +386,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "21%"
"text": "20.6%"
},
"male": {
"text": "20.9%"
},
"female": {
"text": "21.2% (2021 est.)"
"text": "20.1% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -688,37 +688,37 @@
"text": "<p>Romania, which joined the EU on 1 January 2007, began the transition from communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs. Romania's macroeconomic gains have only recently started to spur creation of a middle class and to address Romania's widespread poverty. Corruption and red tape continue to permeate the business environment.</p> <p> </p> <p>In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, Romania signed a $26 billion emergency assistance package from the IMF, the EU, and other international lenders, but GDP contracted until 2011. In March 2011, Romania and the IMF/EU/World Bank signed a 24-month precautionary standby agreement, worth $6.6 billion, to promote fiscal discipline, encourage progress on structural reforms, and strengthen financial sector stability; no funds were drawn. In September 2013, Romanian authorities and the IMF/EU agreed to a follow-on standby agreement, worth $5.4 billion, to continue with reforms. This agreement expired in September 2015, and no funds were drawn. Progress on structural reforms has been uneven, and the economy still is vulnerable to external shocks.</p> <p> </p> <p>Economic growth rebounded in the 2013-17 period, driven by strong industrial exports, excellent agricultural harvests, and, more recently, expansionary fiscal policies in 2016-2017 that nearly quadrupled Bucharest’s annual fiscal deficit, from +0.8% of GDP in 2015 to -3% of GDP in 2016 and an estimated -3.4% in 2017. Industry outperformed other sectors of the economy in 2017. Exports remained an engine of economic growth, led by trade with the EU, which accounts for roughly 70% of Romania trade. Domestic demand was the major driver, due to tax cuts and large wage increases that began last year and are set to continue in 2018.</p> <p> </p> <p>An aging population, emigration of skilled labor, significant tax evasion, insufficient health care, and an aggressive loosening of the fiscal package compromise Romania’s long-term growth and economic stability and are the economy's top vulnerabilities.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$588.451 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$556.07 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$559.896 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$578.39 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$555.47 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$581.272 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "5.1% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-3.68% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "4.2% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "4.54% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "7.11% (2017 est.)"
"text": "3.85% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$30,800 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$28,800 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$29,100 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$29,900 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$28,500 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$30,000 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -726,14 +726,14 @@
"text": "$249.543 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "5.05% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "2.63% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "3.8% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "4.6% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "1.3% (2017 est.)"
"text": "3.83% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -786,10 +786,10 @@
"text": "electric machinery and equipment, auto assembly, textiles and footwear, light machinery, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining, mining, timber, construction materials"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "5.5% (2017 est.)"
"text": "4.07% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "4.889 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "8.381 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -803,22 +803,25 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "3.06% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "5.17% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "3.56% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "5.03% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "3.91% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "21%"
"text": "20.6%"
},
"male": {
"text": "20.9%"
},
"female": {
"text": "21.2% (2021 est.)"
"text": "20.1% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
@ -827,9 +830,6 @@
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "36 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2010": {
"text": "28.2 (2010)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -852,37 +852,43 @@
"text": "-2.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "36.8% of GDP (2017 est.)"
"Public debt 2020": {
"text": "57.11% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2016": {
"text": "38.8% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"Public debt 2019": {
"text": "43.21% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2018": {
"text": "42.56% of GDP (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "29.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "14.18% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$11.389 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "-$20.627 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "-$10.78 billion (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "-$12.535 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$12.184 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$115.879 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$93.01 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$93.024 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$100.9 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$101.11 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$100.901 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -892,14 +898,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, insulated wiring, refined petroleum, electrical control boards, seats (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$132.056 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$104.16 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$103.899 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$111.18 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$109.26 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$111.184 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -909,11 +915,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, crude petroleum, packaged medicines, insulated wiring, broadcasting equipment (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$44.43 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$51.886 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$40 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$52.191 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$42.007 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -928,20 +937,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "lei (RON) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "4.16 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "4.02835 (2020 est.)"
"text": "4.244 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "4.31655 (2019 est.)"
"text": "4.238 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "4.0782 (2018 est.)"
"text": "3.942 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "4.0057 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "3.3492 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "4.052 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},

146
europe/si.json
View file

@ -249,7 +249,7 @@
"text": "1.6 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.78 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.78 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -334,12 +334,12 @@
"text": "19.6% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "46.8% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "46.4% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5.8% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -370,13 +370,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "12.8%"
"text": "13.9%"
},
"male": {
"text": "11.5%"
"text": "12.7%"
},
"female": {
"text": "14.4% (2021 est.)"
"text": "15.5% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -668,37 +668,37 @@
"text": "<p>With excellent infrastructure, a well-educated work force, and a strategic location between the Balkans and Western Europe, Slovenia has one of the highest per capita GDPs in Central Europe, despite having suffered a protracted recession in the 2008-09 period in the wake of the global financial crisis. Slovenia became the first 2004 EU entrant to adopt the euro (on 1 January 2007) and has experienced a stable political and economic transition.</p> <p> </p> <p>In March 2004, Slovenia became the first transition country to graduate from borrower status to donor partner at the World Bank. In 2007, Slovenia was invited to begin the process for joining the OECD; it became a member in 2012. From 2014 to 2016, export-led growth, fueled by demand in larger European markets, pushed annual GDP growth above 2.3%. Growth reached 5.0% in 2017 and is projected to near or reach 5% in 2018. What used to be stubbornly high unemployment fell below 5.5% in early 2018, driven by strong exports and increasing consumption that boosted labor demand. Continued fiscal consolidation through increased tax collection and social security contributions will likely result in a balanced government budget in 2019.</p> <p> </p> <p>Prime Minister CERAR’s government took office in September 2014, pledging to press ahead with commitments to privatize a select group of state-run companies, rationalize public spending, and further stabilize the banking sector. Efforts to privatize Slovenia’s largely state-owned banking sector have largely stalled, however, amid concerns about an ongoing dispute over Yugoslav-era foreign currency deposits.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$84.4 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$76.75 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$77.996 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$81.25 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$78.74 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$81.519 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "8.21% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-4.32% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "2.4% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "4.24% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "5.14% (2017 est.)"
"text": "3.45% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$40,000 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$36,500 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$37,100 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$38,900 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$38,000 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$39,000 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -706,14 +706,14 @@
"text": "$54.16 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "1.92% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "-0.05% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "1.6% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "1.7% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "1.4% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.63% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -766,10 +766,10 @@
"text": "ferrous metallurgy and aluminum products, lead and zinc smelting; electronics (including military electronics), trucks, automobiles, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, chemicals, machine tools"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "8.6% (2017 est.)"
"text": "9.43% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "885,000 (2020 est.)"
"text": "1.036 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -783,22 +783,25 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "7.64% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "4.42% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "8.25% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "4.97% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "4.45% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "12.8%"
"text": "13.9%"
},
"male": {
"text": "11.5%"
"text": "12.7%"
},
"female": {
"text": "14.4% (2021 est.)"
"text": "15.5% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
@ -807,9 +810,6 @@
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "24.2 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015": {
"text": "24.5 (2015)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -841,28 +841,31 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the central, state, local government, and social security funds"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "43.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "16.92% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$3.05 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "$2.372 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "$3.17 billion (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "$4.058 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$3.23 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$51.634 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$41.73 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$41.823 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$45.41 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$45.93 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$45.516 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -872,14 +875,14 @@
"text": "packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, electrical lighting/signaling equipment, electricity (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$47.665 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$36.6 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$36.804 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$40.8 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$41.32 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$40.809 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -889,11 +892,14 @@
"text": "packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, delivery trucks, electricity (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$889.9 million (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$2.267 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$853 million (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$1.311 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$1.015 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -908,20 +914,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.82771 (2020 est.)"
"text": "0.876 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.90338 (2019 est.)"
"text": "0.893 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.87789 (2018 est.)"
"text": "0.847 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.885 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},

90
europe/sm.json
View file

@ -232,7 +232,7 @@
"text": "1.53 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.73 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.73 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -289,12 +289,12 @@
"HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "48.8% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "47.7% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "3.4% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -575,37 +575,37 @@
"text": "<p>San Marino's economy relies heavily on tourism, banking, and the manufacture and export of ceramics, clothing, fabrics, furniture, paints, spirits, tiles, and wine. The manufacturing and financial sectors account for more than half of San Marino's GDP. The per capita level of output and standard of living are comparable to those of the most prosperous regions of Italy.</p> <p>San Marino's economy contracted considerably in the years since 2008, largely due to weakened demand from Italy - which accounts for nearly 90% of its export market - and financial sector consolidation. Difficulties in the banking sector, the global economic downturn, and the sizable decline in tax revenues all contributed to negative real GDP growth. The government adopted measures to counter the downturn, including subsidized credit to businesses and is seeking to shift its growth model away from a reliance on bank and tax secrecy. San Marino does not issue public debt securities; when necessary, it finances deficits by drawing down central bank deposits.</p> <p>The economy benefits from foreign investment due to its relatively low corporate taxes and low taxes on interest earnings. The income tax rate is also very low, about one-third the average EU level. San Marino continues to work towards harmonizing its fiscal laws with EU and international standards. In September 2009, the OECD removed San Marino from its list of tax havens that have yet to fully adopt global tax standards, and in 2010 San Marino signed Tax Information Exchange Agreements with most major countries. In 2013, the San Marino Government signed a Double Taxation Agreement with Italy, but a referendum on EU membership failed to reach the quorum needed to bring it to a vote.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$1.917 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$2.06 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$2.053 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$2.01 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$1.982 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$2.012 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "1.9% (2017 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-6.65% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2016": {
"text": "2.2% (2016 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "2.07% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
"text": "0.6% (2015 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "1.49% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$56,400 (2020 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$60,800 (2019 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars"
"text": "$60,100 (2019 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$59,600 (2018 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$58,867 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$58,900 (2018 est.)"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
@ -613,7 +613,7 @@
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "1% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.05% (2017 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016": {
"text": "0.6% (2016 est.)"
@ -721,15 +721,18 @@
"text": "-2.9% (of GDP) (2011 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "24.1% of GDP (2017 est.)"
"Public debt 2020": {
"text": "98.35% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2016": {
"text": "22.5% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"Public debt 2019": {
"text": "55.09% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2018": {
"text": "55.94% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "40.6% (of GDP) (2011 est.)"
"text": "16.14% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
@ -771,11 +774,14 @@
"text": "electricity, cars, aluminum, footwear, natural gas, iron piping (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2014": {
"text": "$392 million (2014 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$954.512 million (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2013": {
"text": "$539.3 million (2013 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$781.805 million (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$473.111 million (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -785,20 +791,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.877 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.893 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.847 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2016": {
"text": "0.903 (2016 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2015": {
"text": "0.9214 (2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.885 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)"
}
}
},

155
europe/sp.json
View file

@ -259,7 +259,7 @@
"text": "1.27 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.62 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.63 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "62.1% (2018)",
@ -354,12 +354,12 @@
"text": "26.7% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "50.8% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "50.1% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.6% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -390,13 +390,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "34.8%"
"text": "36.9%"
},
"male": {
"text": "34.1%"
"text": "35.9%"
},
"female": {
"text": "35.6% (2021 est.)"
"text": "38.2% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -701,52 +701,52 @@
"text": "<p>After a prolonged recession that began in 2008 in the wake of the global financial crisis, Spain marked the fourth full year of positive economic growth in 2017, with economic activity surpassing its pre-crisis peak, largely because of increased private consumption. The financial crisis of 2008 broke 16 consecutive years of economic growth for Spain, leading to an economic contraction that lasted until late 2013. In that year, the government successfully shored up its struggling banking sector - heavily exposed to the collapse of Spain’s real estate boom - with the help of an EU-funded restructuring and recapitalization program.</p> <p>Until 2014, contraction in bank lending, fiscal austerity, and high unemployment constrained domestic consumption and investment. The unemployment rate rose from a low of about 8% in 2007 to more than 26% in 2013, but labor reforms prompted a modest reduction to 16.4% in 2017. High unemployment strained Spain's public finances, as spending on social benefits increased while tax revenues fell. Spain’s budget deficit peaked at 11.4% of GDP in 2010, but Spain gradually reduced the deficit to about 3.3% of GDP in 2017. Public debt has increased substantially – from 60.1% of GDP in 2010 to nearly 96.7% in 2017.</p> <p>Strong export growth helped bring Spain's current account into surplus in 2013 for the first time since 1986 and sustain Spain’s economic growth. Increasing labor productivity and an internal devaluation resulting from moderating labor costs and lower inflation have improved Spain’s export competitiveness and generated foreign investor interest in the economy, restoring FDI flows.</p> <p>In 2017, the Spanish Government’s minority status constrained its ability to implement controversial labor, pension, health care, tax, and education reforms. The European Commission expects the government to meet its 2017 budget deficit target and anticipates that expected economic growth in 2018 will help the government meet its deficit target. Spain’s borrowing costs are dramatically lower since their peak in mid-2012 and increased economic activity has generated a modest level of inflation, at 2% in 2017.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$1.798 trillion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$1.715 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$1.704 trillion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$1.923 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$1.887 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$1.921 trillion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "5.52% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-11.33% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "1.95% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "2.43% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "2.97% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.98% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$37,900 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$36,200 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$36,000 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$40,800 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$40,300 (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$1,393,351,000,000 (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "3.09% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "-0.32% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "0.7% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "1.6% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "1.9% (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -799,10 +799,10 @@
"text": "textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, tourism, clay and refractory products, footwear, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "4% (2017 est.)"
"text": "4.03% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "19.057 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "23.382 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -816,22 +816,25 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "14.13% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "14.73% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "15.25% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "15.53% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "14.1% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "34.8%"
"text": "36.9%"
},
"male": {
"text": "34.1%"
"text": "35.9%"
},
"female": {
"text": "35.6% (2021 est.)"
"text": "38.2% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
@ -840,9 +843,6 @@
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "34.7 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2005": {
"text": "32 (2005)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -865,36 +865,42 @@
"text": "-3.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "98.4% of GDP (2017 est.)"
"Public debt 2020": {
"text": "141.22% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2016": {
"text": "99% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"Public debt 2019": {
"text": "108.99% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2018": {
"text": "104.74% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "37.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "13.58% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$29.603 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "$13.445 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "$27.206 billion (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "$8.045 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$29.247 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$497.868 billion (2021 est.) ; note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$392.85 billion (2020 est.) ; note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$393.774 billion (2020 est.) ; note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$486.15 billion (2019 est.) ; note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$499.55 billion (2018 est.) ; note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$486.633 billion (2019 est.) ; note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -904,14 +910,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, delivery trucks, clothing and apparel (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$476.678 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$373.67 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$375.087 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$444.31 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$460.98 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$445.719 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -921,11 +927,14 @@
"text": "crude petroleum, cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, natural gas, refined petroleum (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$69.41 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$92.201 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$63.14 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$81.288 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$74.731 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -940,20 +949,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.845 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.82771 (2020 est.)"
"text": "0.876 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.90338 (2019 est.)"
"text": "0.893 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.87789 (2018 est.)"
"text": "0.847 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.7525 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.7634 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.885 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1290,7 +1299,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "14,823 (Syria) (mid-year 2021); 418,200 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2021); 160,287 (Ukraine) (as of 26 December 2022)"
"text": "14,994 (Syria) (mid-year 2022); 418,200 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2021); 164,705 (Ukraine) (as of 28 December 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "692 (mid-year 2021)"

159
europe/sw.json
View file

@ -260,7 +260,7 @@
"text": "1.67 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.81 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.81 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "70.3% (2017)",
@ -349,12 +349,12 @@
"text": "18.2% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "53.7% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "53.4% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "7.2% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -382,13 +382,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "24.8%"
"text": "24.5%"
},
"male": {
"text": "25.3%"
"text": "26.1%"
},
"female": {
"text": "24.1% (2021 est.)"
"text": "23% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -676,37 +676,37 @@
"text": "<p>Sweden’s small, open, and competitive economy has been thriving and Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living with its combination of free-market capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. Sweden remains outside the euro zone largely out of concern that joining the European Economic and Monetary Union would diminish the country’s sovereignty over its welfare system.</p> <p> </p> <p>Timber, hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of a manufacturing economy that relies heavily on foreign trade. Exports, including engines and other machines, motor vehicles, and telecommunications equipment, account for more than 44% of GDP. Sweden enjoys a current account surplus of about 5% of GDP, which is one of the highest margins in Europe.</p> <p> </p> <p>GDP grew an estimated 3.3% in 2016 and 2017 driven largely by investment in the construction sector. Swedish economists expect economic growth to ease slightly in the coming years as this investment subsides. Global economic growth boosted exports of Swedish manufactures further, helping drive domestic economic growth in 2017. The Central Bank is keeping an eye on deflationary pressures and bank observers expect it to maintain an expansionary monetary policy in 2018. Swedish prices and wages have grown only slightly over the past few years, helping to support the country’s competitiveness.</p> <p> </p> <p>In the short and medium term, Sweden’s economic challenges include providing affordable housing and successfully integrating migrants into the labor market.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$558.427 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$524.75 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$531.455 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$539.96 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$532.67 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$543.245 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "5.08% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-2.17% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "1.29% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "2.06% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "2.82% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.99% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$53,600 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$50,700 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$51,300 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$52,500 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$52,300 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$52,900 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -714,14 +714,14 @@
"text": "$531.35 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "2.16% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "0.5% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "1.7% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "1.9% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "1.7% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.78% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -774,10 +774,10 @@
"text": "iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehicles"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "4.1% (2017 est.)"
"text": "5.72% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "5.029 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "5.556 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -791,22 +791,25 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "6.78% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "8.66% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "6.33% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "8.29% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "6.83% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "24.8%"
"text": "24.5%"
},
"male": {
"text": "25.3%"
"text": "26.1%"
},
"female": {
"text": "24.1% (2021 est.)"
"text": "23% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
@ -815,9 +818,6 @@
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "28.8 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 1992": {
"text": "25 (1992)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -840,37 +840,43 @@
"text": "1.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "40.8% of GDP (2017 est.)"
"Public debt 2020": {
"text": "44% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2016": {
"text": "42.3% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"Public debt 2019": {
"text": "38.69% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2018": {
"text": "42.28% of GDP (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "50.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "26.58% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$22.339 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "$34.075 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "$13.902 billion (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "$32.372 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$29.361 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$290.793 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$240.08 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$241.94 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$254.53 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$254.25 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$257.293 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -880,14 +886,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, lumber (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$263.269 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$217.68 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$217.165 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$232.81 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$241.53 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$233.648 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -897,11 +903,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, computers (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$62.22 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$62.053 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$59.39 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$58.26 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$55.51 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -916,20 +925,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "Swedish kronor (SEK) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "8.577 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "8.49085 (2020 est.)"
"text": "9.21 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "9.52915 (2019 est.)"
"text": "9.458 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "9.01895 (2018 est.)"
"text": "8.693 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "8.4335 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "6.8612 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "8.549 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1262,7 +1271,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "114,995 (Syria), 28,744 (Afghanistan), 26,911 (Eritrea), 11,574 (Somalia), 11,153 (Iraq), 7,516 (Iran) (2020); 50,040 (Ukraine) (as of 23 December 2022)"
"text": "113,213 (Syria), 26,857 (Afghanistan), 25,849 (Eritrea), 10,464 (Iraq), 9,315 (Somalia), 7,146 (Iran) (mid-year 2022); 50,357 (Ukraine) (as of 29 December 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "50,098 (mid-year 2021); note - the majority of stateless people are from the Middle East and Somalia"

153
europe/sz.json
View file

@ -256,7 +256,7 @@
"text": "1.58 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.77 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.77 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "71.6% (2017)"
@ -344,12 +344,12 @@
"text": "22.9% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "57.6% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "57.5% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5.2% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -377,10 +377,10 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "8.8%"
"text": "9.1%"
},
"male": {
"text": "8.9%"
"text": "9.4%"
},
"female": {
"text": "8.8% (2021 est.)"
@ -688,52 +688,52 @@
"text": "<p>Switzerland, a country that espouses neutrality, is a prosperous and modern market economy with low unemployment, a highly skilled labor force, and a per capita GDP among the highest in the world. Switzerland's economy benefits from a highly developed service sector, led by financial services, and a manufacturing industry that specializes in high-technology, knowledge-based production. Its economic and political stability, transparent legal system, exceptional infrastructure, efficient capital markets, and low corporate tax rates also make Switzerland one of the world's most competitive economies.</p> <p>The Swiss have brought their economic practices largely into conformity with the EU's to gain access to the Union’s Single Market and enhance the country’s international competitiveness. Some trade protectionism remains, however, particularly for its small agricultural sector. The fate of the Swiss economy is tightly linked to that of its neighbors in the euro zone, which purchases half of Swiss exports. The global financial crisis of 2008 and resulting economic downturn in 2009 stalled demand for Swiss exports and put Switzerland into a recession. During this period, the Swiss National Bank (SNB) implemented a zero-interest rate policy to boost the economy, as well as to prevent appreciation of the franc, and Switzerland's economy began to recover in 2010.</p> <p>The sovereign debt crises unfolding in neighboring euro-zone countries, however, coupled with economic instability in Russia and other Eastern European economies drove up demand for the Swiss franc by investors seeking a safe haven currency. In January 2015, the SNB abandoned the Swiss franc’s peg to the euro, roiling global currency markets and making active SNB intervention a necessary hallmark of present-day Swiss monetary policy. The independent SNB has upheld its zero-interest rate policy and conducted major market interventions to prevent further appreciation of the Swiss franc, but parliamentarians have urged it to do more to weaken the currency. The franc's strength has made Swiss exports less competitive and weakened the country's growth outlook; GDP growth fell below 2% per year from 2011 through 2017.</p> <p>In recent years, Switzerland has responded to increasing pressure from neighboring countries and trading partners to reform its banking secrecy laws, by agreeing to conform to OECD regulations on administrative assistance in tax matters, including tax evasion. The Swiss Government has also renegotiated its double taxation agreements with numerous countries, including the US, to incorporate OECD standards.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$618.228 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$590.71 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$593.185 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$608.16 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$601.65 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$607.619 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "4.22% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-2.38% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "1.11% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "3.04% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "1.65% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.14% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$71,000 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$68,400 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$68,700 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$70,900 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$70,700 (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$731.502 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "0.58% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "-0.73% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "0.3% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "0.9% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "0.5% (2017 est.)"
"text": "0.36% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -786,10 +786,10 @@
"text": "machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments, tourism, banking, insurance, pharmaceuticals"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "3.4% (2017 est.)"
"text": "7.91% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "5.067 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "4.963 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -803,19 +803,22 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "2.31% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "5.32% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "2.55% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "4.82% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "4.39% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "8.8%"
"text": "9.1%"
},
"male": {
"text": "8.9%"
"text": "9.4%"
},
"female": {
"text": "8.8% (2021 est.)"
@ -827,9 +830,6 @@
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "32.7 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 1992": {
"text": "33.1 (1992)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -853,37 +853,43 @@
"text": "1.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "41.8% of GDP (2017 est.)"
"Public debt 2020": {
"text": "20.91% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2016": {
"text": "41.8% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"Public debt 2019": {
"text": "18.95% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2018": {
"text": "18.68% of GDP (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> general government gross debt; gross debt consists of all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future; includes debt liabilities in the form of Special Drawing Rights, currency and deposits, debt securities, loans, insurance, pensions and standardized guarantee schemes, and other accounts payable; all liabilities in the Government Financial Systems Manual 2001 system are debt, except for equity and investment fund shares and financial derivatives and employee stock options"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "35.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "9.37% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$79.937 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "$59.159 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "$63.273 billion (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "$11.067 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$30.806 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$571.376 billion (2021 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$470.91 billion (2020 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$474.236 billion (2020 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$478.34 billion (2019 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$482.58 billion (2018 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$478.505 billion (2019 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> trade data exclude trade with Switzerland"
},
@ -894,14 +900,14 @@
"text": "gold, packaged medicines, medical cultures/vaccines, watches, jewelry (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$480.522 billion (2021 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$401.91 billion (2020 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$429.979 billion (2020 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$394 billion (2019 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$395.86 billion (2018 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$413.404 billion (2019 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -911,11 +917,14 @@
"text": "gold, packaged medicines, jewelry, cars, medical cultures/vaccines (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$811.2 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$1.11 trillion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$679.3 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$1.083 trillion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$854.929 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -930,20 +939,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "Swiss francs (CHF) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.914 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.88995 (2020 est.)"
"text": "0.939 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.98835 (2019 est.)"
"text": "0.994 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.99195 (2018 est.)"
"text": "0.978 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.9627 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.9152 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.985 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1265,7 +1274,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "38,219 (Eritrea), 20,043 (Syria), 14,649 (Afghanistan), 6,069 (Sri Lanka), 6,197 (Turkey) (mid-year 2021); 77,045 (Ukraine) (as of 3 January 2023)"
"text": "14,726 (Eritrea), 11,441 (Afghanistan), 8,039 (Syria), (mid-year 2022); 77,045 (Ukraine) (as of 3 January 2023)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "684 (mid-year 2021)"

169
europe/uk.json
View file

@ -251,7 +251,7 @@
"text": "1.63 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.79 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.79 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "76.1% (2010/12)",
@ -346,12 +346,12 @@
"text": "13.5% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "51% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "50.7% (2023 est.)"
},
"Child marriage": {
"women married by age 18": {
"text": "0.1% (2020 est.)"
@ -384,13 +384,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "11.2%"
"text": "13.2%"
},
"male": {
"text": "13%"
"text": "14.6%"
},
"female": {
"text": "9.2% (2019 est.)"
"text": "11.8% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -689,37 +689,37 @@
"text": "<p>The UK, a leading trading power and financial center, is the third largest economy in Europe after Germany and France. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with less than 2% of the labor force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil resources, but its oil and natural gas reserves are declining; the UK has been a net importer of energy since 2005. Services, particularly banking, insurance, and business services, are key drivers of British GDP growth. Manufacturing, meanwhile, has declined in importance but still accounts for about 10% of economic output.</p> <p>In 2008, the global financial crisis hit the economy particularly hard, due to the importance of its financial sector. Falling home prices, high consumer debt, and the global economic slowdown compounded the UK’s economic problems, pushing the economy into recession in the latter half of 2008 and prompting the then BROWN (Labour) government to implement a number of measures to stimulate the economy and stabilize the financial markets. Facing burgeoning public deficits and debt levels, in 2010 the then CAMERON-led coalition government (between Conservatives and Liberal Democrats) initiated an austerity program, which has continued under the Conservative government. However, the deficit still remains one of the highest in the G7, standing at 3.6% of GDP as of 2017, and the UK has pledged to lower its corporation tax from 20% to 17% by 2020. The UK had a debt burden of 90.4% GDP at the end of 2017.</p> <p>The UK economy has begun to slow since the referendum vote to leave the EU in June 2016. A sustained depreciation of the British pound has increased consumer and producer prices, weighing on consumer spending without spurring a meaningful increase in exports. The UK has an extensive trade relationship with other EU members through its single market membership, and economic observers have warned the exit will jeopardize its position as the central location for European financial services. The UK is slated to leave the EU at the end of January 2020.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$3.028 trillion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$2,797,980,000,000 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$2.816 trillion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$3,101,640,000,000 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$3,059,690,000,000 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$3.166 trillion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "7.52% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-11.03% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "1.26% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "1.25% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "1.74% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.6% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$45,000 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$41,600 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$42,000 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$46,400 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$46,000 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$47,400 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -727,14 +727,14 @@
"text": "$2,827,918,000,000 (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "2.52% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "0.99% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "1.7% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "2.4% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "2.6% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.74% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -787,10 +787,10 @@
"text": "machine tools, electric power equipment, automation equipment, railroad equipment, shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, electronics and communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper and paper products, food processing, textiles, clothing, other consumer goods"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "3.4% (2017 est.)"
"text": "9.12% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "35.412 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "34.637 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -804,22 +804,25 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "3.17% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "4.53% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "2.51% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "4.47% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "3.74% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "11.2%"
"text": "13.2%"
},
"male": {
"text": "13%"
"text": "14.6%"
},
"female": {
"text": "9.2% (2019 est.)"
"text": "11.8% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
@ -828,9 +831,6 @@
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2016": {
"text": "34.8 (2016 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2010": {
"text": "33.4 (2010)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -853,37 +853,43 @@
"text": "-1.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "87.5% of GDP (2017 est.)"
"Public debt 2020": {
"text": "195.39% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2016": {
"text": "87.9% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"Public debt 2019": {
"text": "160.02% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2018": {
"text": "157.8% of GDP (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "39.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "24.73% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "6 April - 5 April"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$121.921 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "-$62.941 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "-$104.927 billion (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "-$87.814 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$80.779 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$874.486 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$741.95 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$791.733 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$879.92 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$882.65 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$893.142 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -893,14 +899,14 @@
"text": "cars, gas turbines, gold, crude petroleum, packaged medicines (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$898.719 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$752.77 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$783.438 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$914.96 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$916.4 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$939.349 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -910,11 +916,14 @@
"text": "gold, cars, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$150.8 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$194.181 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2015": {
"text": "$129.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$180.054 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$173.569 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -929,20 +938,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "British pounds (GBP) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "0.727 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "0.78 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "0.783 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "0.75 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "0.7836 (2017 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2016": {
"text": "0.738 (2016 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2015": {
"text": "0.738 (2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "0.607 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "0.6391 (2013 est.)"
"text": "0.777 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1288,7 +1297,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "21,011 (Iran), 14,503 (Eritrea), 11,251 (Sudan), 11,412 (Syria), 9,469 (Afghanistan), 8,357 (Pakistan), 6,933 (Iraq), 5,200 (Sri Lanka) (2020); 152,200 (Ukraine) (as of 19 December 2022)"
"text": "21,904 (Iran), 15,615 (Eritrea), 11,371 (Sudan), 12,155 (Syria), 10,259 (Afghanistan), 8,009 (Pakistan), 7,699 (Iraq) (mid-year 2022); 152,200 (Ukraine) (as of 19 December 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "3,968 (mid-year 2021)"

151
europe/up.json
View file

@ -261,7 +261,7 @@
"text": "1.56 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.76 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.76 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "65.4% (2012)"
@ -352,12 +352,12 @@
"text": "11.5% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "59.5% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "61.6% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "5.4% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -388,13 +388,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "19.3%"
"text": "16.5%"
},
"male": {
"text": "19.8%"
"text": "16.3%"
},
"female": {
"text": "18.5% (2020 est.)"
"text": "16.7% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -702,52 +702,52 @@
"text": "<p>After Russia, the Ukrainian Republic was the most important economic component of the former Soviet Union, producing about four times the output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil accounted for more than one fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its diversified heavy industry supplied unique equipment such as large diameter pipes and vertical drilling apparatus, and raw materials to industrial and mining sites in other regions of the former USSR.</p> <p> </p> <p>Shortly after independence in August 1991, the Ukrainian Government liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework for privatization, but widespread resistance to reform within the government and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led to some backtracking. Output by 1999 had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991 level. Outside institutions - particularly the IMF encouraged Ukraine to quicken the pace and scope of reforms to foster economic growth. Ukrainian Government officials eliminated most tax and customs privileges in a March 2005 budget law, bringing more economic activity out of Ukraine's large shadow economy. From 2000 until mid-2008, Ukraine's economy was buoyant despite political turmoil between the prime minister and president. The economy contracted nearly 15% in 2009, among the worst economic performances in the world. In April 2010, Ukraine negotiated a price discount on Russian gas imports in exchange for extending Russia's lease on its naval base in Crimea.</p> <p> </p> <p>Ukraine’s oligarch-dominated economy grew slowly from 2010 to 2013 but remained behind peers in the region and among Europe’s poorest. After former President YANUKOVYCH fled the country during the Revolution of Dignity, Ukraine’s economy fell into crisis because of Russia’s annexation of Crimea, military conflict in the eastern part of the country, and a trade war with Russia, resulting in a 17% decline in GDP, inflation at nearly 60%, and dwindling foreign currency reserves. The international community began efforts to stabilize the Ukrainian economy, including a March 2014 IMF assistance package of $17.5 billion, of which Ukraine has received four disbursements, most recently in April 2017, bringing the total disbursed as of that date to approximately $8.4 billion. Ukraine has made progress on reforms designed to make the country prosperous, democratic, and transparent, including creation of a national anti-corruption agency, overhaul of the banking sector, establishment of a transparent VAT refund system, and increased transparency in government procurement. But more improvements are needed, including fighting corruption, developing capital markets, improving the business environment to attract foreign investment, privatizing state-owned enterprises, and land reform. The fifth tranche of the IMF program, valued at $1.9 billion, was delayed in mid-2017 due to lack of progress on outstanding reforms, including adjustment of gas tariffs to import parity levels and adoption of legislation establishing an independent anti-corruption court.</p> <p> </p> <p>Russia’s occupation of Crimea in March 2014 and ongoing Russian aggression in eastern Ukraine have hurt economic growth. With the loss of a major portion of Ukraine’s heavy industry in Donbas and ongoing violence, the economy contracted by 6.6% in 2014 and by 9.8% in 2015, but it returned to low growth in in 2016 and 2017, reaching 2.3% and 2.0%, respectively, as key reforms took hold. Ukraine also redirected trade activity towards the EU following the implementation of a bilateral Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement, displacing Russia as its largest trading partner. A prohibition on commercial trade with separatist-controlled territories in early 2017 has not impacted Ukraine’s key industrial sectors as much as expected, largely because of favorable external conditions. Ukraine returned to international debt markets in September 2017, issuing a $3 billion sovereign bond.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$535.579 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$516.68 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$517.968 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$538.33 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$521.52 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$538.164 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "3.4% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-3.75% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "3.24% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "3.41% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "2.48% (2017 est.)"
"text": "3.2% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$12,900 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$12,400 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$12,800 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$12,300 (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$155.082 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "9.36% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "2.73% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "7.9% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "11% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "14.4% (2017 est.)"
"text": "7.89% (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Excluding the temporarily occupied territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the city of Sevastopol and part of the anti-terrorist operation zone"
},
@ -801,10 +801,10 @@
"text": "coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food processing"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "3.1% (2017 est.)"
"text": "2.57% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "16.033 million (2017 est.)"
"text": "20.463 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -818,23 +818,26 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "8.89% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "8.88% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "9.42% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "9.13% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "8.19% (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> officially registered workers; large number of unregistered or underemployed workers"
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "19.3%"
"text": "16.5%"
},
"male": {
"text": "19.8%"
"text": "16.3%"
},
"female": {
"text": "18.5% (2020 est.)"
"text": "16.7% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
@ -843,9 +846,6 @@
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": {
"text": "26.1 (2018 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2009": {
"text": "28.2 (2009)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -869,37 +869,43 @@
"text": "-1.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "71% of GDP (2017 est.)"
"Public debt 2020": {
"text": "58.72% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2016": {
"text": "81.2% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"Public debt 2019": {
"text": "48.33% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2018": {
"text": "56.91% of GDP (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the total public debt of $64.5 billion consists of: domestic public debt ($23.8 billion); external public debt ($26.1 billion); and sovereign guarantees ($14.6 billion)"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "26.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "19.15% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "-$3.249 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "$5.267 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$4.124 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "-$6.432 billion (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$81.504 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$60.67 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$60.707 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$63.56 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$59.18 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$63.556 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -909,14 +915,14 @@
"text": "corn, sunflower seed oils, iron and iron products, wheat, insulated wiring, rapeseed (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$84.175 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$62.46 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$63.085 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$76.07 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$70.56 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$76.067 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -926,11 +932,14 @@
"text": "refined petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, coal, natural gas (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$18.81 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$30.967 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$15.54 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$29.138 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$25.317 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -945,20 +954,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "hryvnia (UAH) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "27.286 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "28.10001 (2020 est.)"
"text": "26.958 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "23.7 (2019 est.)"
"text": "25.846 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "27.80499 (2018 est.)"
"text": "27.2 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "21.8447 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "11.8867 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "26.597 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},