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central-asia/kg.json
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@ -258,7 +258,7 @@
"text": "2.5 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "1.21 (2022 est.)"
"text": "1.2 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "39.4% (2018)"
@ -346,12 +346,12 @@
"text": "2.8% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "66.5% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "1.8% (2018)"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "66.2% (2023 est.)"
},
"Child marriage": {
"women married by age 15": {
"text": "0.3%"
@ -390,13 +390,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "8.5%"
"text": "19.3%"
},
"male": {
"text": "7.6%"
"text": "15.6%"
},
"female": {
"text": "10% (2020 est.)"
"text": "27.3% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -600,7 +600,7 @@
"text": "last held on 28 November 2021 (next to be held in 2026)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "percent of vote by party - AJK 19.1%, Ishenim 15%, Yntymak 12.1%, Alliance 9.2%, Butun Kyrgyzstan 7.8%, Yiman Nuru 6.8%, other 30%; seats by party - AJK 15, Ishenim 12, Yntymak 9, Alliance 7, Butun Kyrgyzstan 6, Yiman Nuru 5, other 36; composition - men 70, women 18, percent of women 20.5%"
"text": "percent of vote by party - Ata-Jurt Kyrgyzstan or AJK 17.3%, Ishenim 15%, Yntymak 12.1%, Alyns 9.2%, Butun Kyrgyzstan 7.8%, Yiman Nuru 6.8%, other 30%; seats by party - AJK 15, Ishenim 12, Yntymak 9, Alyns 7, Butun Kyrgyzstan 6, Yiman Nuru 5, other 36; composition - men 70, women 18, percent of women 20%"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {
@ -615,7 +615,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Alliance [Mirlan JEENCHOROEV]<br>Ata-Jurt Kyrgyzstan (Homeland) or AJK [Aybek MATKERIMOV]<br>Butun Kyrgyzstan (All Kyrgyzstan) [Adakhan MADUMAROV]<br>Ishenim (Trust in Kyrgyz) [Rysbat AMATOV]<br>Mekenchil (Patriotic Party) [Sadyr JAPAROV]<br>Social Democratic Party of Kosovo or SDPK (dissolved in 2020)<br>Social Democrats or SDK [Temirlan SULTANBEKOV]<br>United Kyrgyzstan [Adakhan Kumsanbayevich MADUMAROV]<br>Yntymak (Unity) [Marlen MAMATALIEV]<br>Yyman Nuru (Light of Faith) [Nurjigit KADYRBEKOV]"
"text": "Alyans (Alliance) [Mirlan JEENCHOROEV]<br>Ata-Jurt Kyrgyzstan (Homeland) or AJK [Aybek MATKERIMOV]<br>Butun Kyrgyzstan (United) [Adakhan MADUMAROV]<br>Ishenim (Trust) [Rysbat AMATOV]<br>Social Democrats or SDK [Temirlan SULTANBEKOV]<br>Yntymak (Unity) [Marlen MAMATALIEV]<br>Yiman Nuru (Light of Faith) [Nurjigit KADYRBEKOV]"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (compliant country), FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
@ -639,7 +639,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Sonata COULTER (since September 2021)"
"text": "Ambassador Lesslie VIGUERIE (since 29 December 2022)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "171 Prospect Mira, Bishkek 720016"
@ -686,52 +686,52 @@
"text": "<p>Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked, mountainous, lower middle income country with an economy dominated by minerals extraction, agriculture, and reliance on remittances from citizens working abroad. Cotton, wool, and meat are the main agricultural products, although only cotton is exported in any quantity. Other exports include gold, mercury, uranium, natural gas, and - in some years - electricity. The country has sought to attract foreign investment to expand its export base, including construction of hydroelectric dams, but a difficult investment climate and an ongoing legal battle with a Canadian firm over the joint ownership structure of the nation’s largest gold mine deter potential investors. Remittances from Kyrgyz migrant workers, predominantly in Russia and Kazakhstan, are equivalent to more than one-quarter of Kyrgyzstan’s GDP.</p> <p> </p> <p>Following independence, Kyrgyzstan rapidly implemented market reforms, such as improving the regulatory system and instituting land reform. In 1998, Kyrgyzstan was the first Commonwealth of Independent States country to be accepted into the World Trade Organization. The government has privatized much of its ownership shares in public enterprises. Despite these reforms, the country suffered a severe drop in production in the early 1990s and has again faced slow growth in recent years as the global financial crisis and declining oil prices have dampened economies across Central Asia. The Kyrgyz government remains dependent on foreign donor support to finance its annual budget deficit of approximately 3 to 5% of GDP.</p> <p> </p> <p>Kyrgyz leaders hope the country’s August 2015 accession to the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) will bolster trade and investment, but slowing economies in Russia and China and low commodity prices continue to hamper economic growth. Large-scale trade and investment pledged by Kyrgyz leaders has been slow to develop. Many Kyrgyz entrepreneurs and politicians complain that non-tariff measures imposed by other EAEU member states are hurting certain sectors of the Kyrgyz economy, such as meat and dairy production, in which they have comparative advantage. Since acceding to the EAEU, the Kyrgyz Republic has continued harmonizing its laws and regulations to meet EAEU standards, though many local entrepreneurs believe this process as disjointed and incomplete. Kyrgyzstan’s economic development continues to be hampered by corruption, lack of administrative transparency, lack of diversity in domestic industries, and difficulty attracting foreign aid and investment.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$32.221 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$31.02 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$31.098 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$33.95 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$32.46 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$33.949 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "4.6% (2017 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "3.61% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2016": {
"text": "4.3% (2016 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-8.4% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
"text": "3.9% (2015 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "4.6% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$4,800 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$4,700 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$5,300 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$5,100 (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$8.442 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "11.91% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "6.33% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "1.1% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "1.5% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "3.1% (2017 est.)"
"text": "1.13% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -781,10 +781,10 @@
"text": "small machinery, textiles, food processing, cement, shoes, lumber, refrigerators, furniture, electric motors, gold, rare earth metals"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "10.9% (2017 est.)"
"text": "3.1% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.841 million (2017 est.)"
"text": "2.478 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -798,33 +798,33 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "3.18% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "9.1% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "2.59% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "8.71% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "6.92% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "8.5%"
"text": "19.3%"
},
"male": {
"text": "7.6%"
"text": "15.6%"
},
"female": {
"text": "10% (2020 est.)"
"text": "27.3% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "20.1% (2019 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": {
"text": "27.7 (2018 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2001": {
"text": "29 (2001)"
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2020": {
"text": "29 (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -847,36 +847,42 @@
"text": "-3.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "56% of GDP (2017 est.)"
"Public debt 2020": {
"text": "72.23% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2016": {
"text": "55.9% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"Public debt 2019": {
"text": "54.23% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2018": {
"text": "51.66% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "28.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "14.92% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2017": {
"text": "-$306 million (2017 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "-$743.363 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2016": {
"text": "-$792 million (2016 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "$374.257 million (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$1.067 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$3.35 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$2.435 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$3.11 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$2.73 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2017": {
"text": "$2.352 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$3.108 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -886,14 +892,14 @@
"text": "gold, precious metals, various beans, refined petroleum, scrap copper (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$5.919 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$4.051 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$5.67 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$5.86 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2017": {
"text": "$4.953 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$5.67 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -903,11 +909,14 @@
"text": "refined petroleum, footwear, clothing and apparel, broadcasting equipment, walnuts (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$2.177 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$2.983 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$1.97 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$2.812 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$2.429 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -922,20 +931,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "soms (KGS) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "84.641 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "77.346 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "69.789 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "68.84 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "68.35 (2017 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2016": {
"text": "69.914 (2016 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2015": {
"text": "69.914 (2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "64.462 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "53.654 (2013 est.)"
"text": "68.867 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1087,7 +1096,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "the country&rsquo;s telecom sector (specifically the mobile segment) has likewise been able to prosper; ongoing political tension, increasing repression of the media and information, and continuing problems with corporate governance may be putting a strain on further growth by reducing the country&rsquo;s appeal to much-needed foreign investors; Kyrgyzstan has been reasonably successful in its attempts to liberalize its economy and open up its telecom market to competition; the mobile market has achieved high levels of penetration (140% in 2021) along with a fairly competitive operating environment with four major players; mobile broadband has come along strongly, reaching over 125% penetration in 2019 before falling back slightly during the Covid-19 crisis; slow-to-moderate growth is expected for both segments in coming years, supported by the anticipated rollout of 5G services starting from late 2022 (2022)"
"text": "the country&rsquo;s telecom sector (specifically the mobile segment) has been able to prosper; Kyrgyzstan has opened up its telecom market to competition; the mobile market has achieved high levels of penetration (140% in 2021) along with a fairly competitive operating environment with four major players; mobile broadband has come along strongly, reaching over 125% penetration in 2019 before falling back slightly during the Covid-19 crisis; slow-to-moderate growth is expected for both segments in coming years, supported by the anticipated rollout of 5G services starting from late 2022 (2022)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "fixed-line penetration at nearly 5 per 100 persons remains low and concentrated in urban areas; mobile-cellular subscribership up to over 130 per 100 persons (2020)"

161
central-asia/kz.json
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@ -261,7 +261,7 @@
"text": "2.11 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "1.09 (2022 est.)"
"text": "1.08 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "53% (2018)",
@ -350,12 +350,12 @@
"text": "6.7% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "62.6% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "2% (2015)"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "61.8% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.5% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -386,13 +386,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "3.8%"
"text": "3.7%"
},
"male": {
"text": "3.4%"
"text": "3.3%"
},
"female": {
"text": "4.2% (2020 est.)"
"text": "4.3% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -597,7 +597,7 @@
"text": "president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term (prior to September 2022, the president of Kazakhstan could serve up to two terms of five years each; the legislation was changed in September 2022, reducing the maximum number of terms to one term of seven years); election last held on 20 November 2022 (next to be held in 2029); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Mazhilis"
},
"election results": {
"text": "2022: Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV elected president; percent of vote - Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV (Nur Otan) 81.3%, Jiguli DAIRABAEV 3.4%, Qaraqat ABDEN 2.6%, Meiram QAJYKEN 2.5%, Nurian AUESBAEV 2.2%, Saltanat TURSYNBEKOVA 2.1%, other 5.8%<br><br>2019: Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV elected president; percent of vote - Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV (Nur Otan) 71%, Amirzhan KOSANOV (Ult Tagdyry) 16.2%, Daniya YESPAYEVA (Ak Zhol) 5.1%, other 7.7%<br><br>1991: Nursultan NAZARBAYEV elected the first president of Kazakhstan; percent of vote 98.8%, other 1.2%<br> <pre> </pre>"
"text": "<em>election results: 2022</em>: Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV elected president; percent of vote - Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV (Nur Otan) 81.3%, Jiguli DAIRABAEV 3.4%, Qaraqat ABDEN 2.6%, Meiram QAJYKEN 2.5%, Nurian AUESBAEV 2.2%, Saltanat TURSYNBEKOVA 2.1%, other 5.8%<br><br><em>election results: 2019</em>: Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV elected president; percent of vote - Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV (Nur Otan) 71%, Amirzhan KOSANOV (Ult Tagdyry) 16.2%, Daniya YESPAYEVA (Ak Zhol) 5.1%, other 7.7%"
}
},
"Legislative branch": {
@ -605,7 +605,7 @@
"text": "bicameral Parliament consists of:<br>Senate (49 seats statutory, 48 as of October 2021); 34 members indirectly elected by 2-round majority vote by the oblast-level assemblies and 15 members appointed by decree of the president; members serve 6-year terms, with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years)<br>Mazhilis (107 seats; 98 members directly elected in a single national constituency by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms and 9 indirectly elected by the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan, a 351-member, presidentially appointed advisory body designed to represent the country's ethnic minorities)"
},
"elections": {
"text": "<br>Senate - last held on 12 August 2020 (next to be held in August 2023)<br>Mazhilis - last held on 10 January 2021 (next to be held in 2026)"
"text": "Senate - last held on 12 August 2020 (next to be held in August 2023)<br>Mazhilis - last held on 10 January 2021 (next to be held in 2026)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "<strong> </strong><br>Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition (as of October 2021) - men 39, women 9, percent of women 18.4%<br>Mazhilis - percent of vote by party - Nur Otan 71.1%, Ak Zhol 11%, QHP 9.1%, other 8.8%; seats by party - Nur Otan 76, Ak Zhol 12, QHP 10; composition (as of October 2021) - men 78, women 29, percent of women 27.1%; note - total Parliament percent of women 24.4%"
@ -623,7 +623,7 @@
}
},
"Political parties and leaders": {
"text": "Adal [Serik SULTANGALI] (formerly Birlik (Unity) Party)<br>Ak Zhol (Bright Path) Party or Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol [Azat PERUASHEV]<br>Amanat [Erlan QOSANOV] (formerly Nur Otan (Radiant Fatherland))<br>National Social Democratic Party or NSDP [Ashat Nurmagambetuly RAHYMJANOV]<br>People's Democratic (Patriotic) Party or Auyl or AHDPP [Ali BEKTAYEV]<br>People's Party of Kazakhstan or QHP [Eruhamet ERTISBAEV]"
"text": "Adal [Serik SULTANGALI] (formerly Birlik (Unity) Party)<br>Ak Zhol (Bright Path) Party or Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol [Azat PERUASHEV]<br>Amanat [Erlan QOSANOV] (formerly Nur Otan (Radiant Fatherland))<br>National Social Democratic Party or NSDP [Ashat Nurmagambetuly RAHYMJANOV]<br>People's Democratic (Patriotic) Party or Auyl or AHDPP [Ali BEKTAYEV]<br>People's Party of Kazakhstan or QHP [Eruhamet ERTISBAEV]<br>Ult Tagdyry [Dos Koshim]"
},
"International organization participation": {
"text": "ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEU, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (compliant country), FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UN Security Council (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
@ -650,7 +650,7 @@
},
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
"chief of mission": {
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Judy KUO (since October 2021)"
"text": "Ambassador Daniel N. ROSENBLUM (since 14 November 2022)"
},
"embassy": {
"text": "Rakhymzhan Koshkarbayev Avenue, No. 3, Nur-Sultan 010010"
@ -700,52 +700,52 @@
"text": "<p>Kazakhstan's vast hydrocarbon and mineral reserves form the backbone of its economy. Geographically the largest of the former Soviet republics, excluding Russia, Kazakhstan, g possesses substantial fossil fuel reserves and other minerals and metals, such as uranium, copper, and zinc. It also has a large agricultural sector featuring livestock and grain. The government realizes that its economy suffers from an overreliance on oil and extractive industries and has made initial attempts to diversify its economy by targeting sectors like transport, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications, petrochemicals and food processing for greater development and investment. It also adopted a Subsoil Code in December 2017 with the aim of increasing exploration and investment in the hydrocarbon, and particularly mining, sectors.</p> <p> </p> <p>Kazakhstan's oil production and potential is expanding rapidly. A $36.8 billion expansion of Kazakhstan’s premiere Tengiz oil field by Chevron-led Tengizchevroil should be complete in 2022. Meanwhile, the super-giant Kashagan field finally launched production in October 2016 after years of delay and an estimated $55 billion in development costs. Kazakhstan’s total oil production in 2017 climbed 10.5%.</p> <p> </p> <p>Kazakhstan is landlocked and depends on Russia to export its oil to Europe. It also exports oil directly to China. In 2010, Kazakhstan joined Russia and Belarus to establish a Customs Union in an effort to boost foreign investment and improve trade. The Customs Union evolved into a Single Economic Space in 2012 and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in January 2015. Supported by rising commodity prices, Kazakhstan’s exports to EAEU countries increased 30.2% in 2017. Imports from EAEU countries grew by 24.1%.</p> <p> </p> <p>The economic downturn of its EAEU partner, Russia, and the decline in global commodity prices from 2014 to 2016 contributed to an economic slowdown in Kazakhstan. In 2014, Kazakhstan devalued its currency, the tenge, and announced a stimulus package to cope with its economic challenges. In the face of further decline in the ruble, oil prices, and the regional economy, Kazakhstan announced in 2015 it would replace its currency band with a floating exchange rate, leading to a sharp fall in the value of the tenge. Since reaching a low of 391 to the dollar in January 2016, the tenge has modestly appreciated, helped by somewhat higher oil prices. While growth slowed to about 1% in both 2015 and 2016, a moderate recovery in oil prices, relatively stable inflation and foreign exchange rates, and the start of production at Kashagan helped push 2017 GDP growth to 4%.</p> <p> </p> <p>Despite some positive institutional and legislative changes in the last several years, investors remain concerned about corruption, bureaucracy, and arbitrary law enforcement, especially at the regional and municipal levels. An additional concern is the condition of the country’s banking sector, which suffers from poor asset quality and a lack of transparency. Investors also question the potentially negative effects on the economy of a contested presidential succession as Kazakhstan’s first president, Nursultan NAZARBAYEV, turned 77 in 2017.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$496.126 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$475.18 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$475.672 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$487.87 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$466.86 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$487.869 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "4.3% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-2.5% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "6.13% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "4.41% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "4.38% (2017 est.)"
"text": "4.5% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$26,100 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$25,300 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$25,400 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$26,400 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$25,500 (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
"text": "$181.194 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "6.75% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "5.2% (2019 est.)"
"text": "5.25% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "6% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "7.3% (2017 est.)"
"text": "6.02% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -798,10 +798,10 @@
"text": "oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, uranium, iron and steel; tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "5.8% (2017 est.)"
"text": "5.1% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "8.685 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "9.248 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -815,33 +815,33 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "4.9% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "4.89% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "4.8% (2019 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "4.85% (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "3.8%"
"text": "3.7%"
},
"male": {
"text": "3.4%"
"text": "3.3%"
},
"female": {
"text": "4.2% (2020 est.)"
"text": "4.3% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "4.3% (2018 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017": {
"text": "27.5 (2017 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2003": {
"text": "31.5 (2003)"
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": {
"text": "27.8 (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -864,36 +864,42 @@
"text": "-1.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "20.8% of GDP (2017 est.)"
"Public debt 2020": {
"text": "26.63% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2016": {
"text": "19.7% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"Public debt 2019": {
"text": "18.48% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2018": {
"text": "21.99% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "22.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "8.32% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$7.206 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "-$7.862 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "-$138 million (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "-$7.59 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$8.282 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$66.132 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$51.75 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$52.355 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$65.91 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$67.15 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$65.919 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -903,14 +909,14 @@
"text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, copper, iron alloys, radioactive chemicals (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$49.196 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$44.3 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$46.218 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$51.5 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$46.23 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$52.539 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -920,11 +926,14 @@
"text": "packaged medicines, natural gas, cars, broadcasting equipment, aircraft (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$30.75 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$34.378 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$29.53 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$35.638 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$28.958 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -939,20 +948,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "tenge (KZT) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "425.908 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "420.0049 (2020 est.)"
"text": "412.953 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "385.9248 (2019 est.)"
"text": "382.747 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "370.4648 (2018 est.)"
"text": "344.706 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "221.73 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "179.19 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "326.001 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},

157
central-asia/rs.json
View file

@ -274,7 +274,7 @@
"text": "1.6 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.78 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.78 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "68% (2011)",
@ -375,12 +375,12 @@
"text": "12.8% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "53.6% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "NA"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "53.1% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "3.7% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -411,13 +411,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "17%"
"text": "16.9%"
},
"male": {
"text": "16%"
"text": "15.7%"
},
"female": {
"text": "18.2% (2020 est.)"
"text": "18.4% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -746,37 +746,37 @@
"text": "<p>Russia has undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, moving from a centrally planned economy towards a more market-based system. Both economic growth and reform have stalled in recent years, however, and Russia remains a predominantly statist economy with a high concentration of wealth in officials' hands. Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized most industry, with notable exceptions in the energy, transportation, banking, and defense-related sectors. The protection of property rights is still weak, and the state continues to interfere in the free operation of the private sector.</p> <p> </p> <p>Russia is one of the world's leading producers of oil and natural gas, and is also a top exporter of metals such as steel and primary aluminum. Russia is heavily dependent on the movement of world commodity prices as reliance on commodity exports makes it vulnerable to boom and bust cycles that follow the volatile swings in global prices. The economy, which had averaged 7% growth during the 1998-2008 period as oil prices rose rapidly, has seen diminishing growth rates since then due to the exhaustion of Russia’s commodity-based growth model.</p> <p> </p> <p>A combination of falling oil prices, international sanctions, and structural limitations pushed Russia into a deep recession in 2015, with GDP falling by close to 2.8%. The downturn continued through 2016, with GDP contracting another 0.2%, but was reversed in 2017 as world demand picked up. Government support for import substitution has increased recently in an effort to diversify the economy away from extractive industries.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$4.078 trillion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$3,875,690,000,000 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$3.893 trillion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$3,993,550,000,000 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$3,913,980,000,000 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$4 trillion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "4.75% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "-2.66% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "1.34% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "2.54% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "1.83% (2017 est.)"
"text": "2.2% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$28,000 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$26,500 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$26,600 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$27,200 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$26,700 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$27,300 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -784,14 +784,14 @@
"text": "$1,702,361,000,000 (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "6.69% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "3.38% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "4.4% (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018": {
"text": "2.8% (2018 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "3.7% (2017 est.)"
"text": "4.47% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Credit ratings": {
@ -844,10 +844,10 @@
"text": "complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries (including radar, missile production, advanced electronic components), shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "-1% (2017 est.)"
"text": "4.9% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "69.923 million (2020 est.)"
"text": "72.444 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -861,22 +861,25 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "4.6% (2019 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "5.01% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2018": {
"text": "4.8% (2018 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "5.59% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "4.5% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "17%"
"text": "16.9%"
},
"male": {
"text": "16%"
"text": "15.7%"
},
"female": {
"text": "18.2% (2020 est.)"
"text": "18.4% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
@ -885,9 +888,6 @@
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018": {
"text": "37.5 (2018 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2013": {
"text": "41.9 (2013)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -910,37 +910,43 @@
"text": "-1.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
},
"Public debt": {
"Public debt 2017": {
"text": "15.5% of GDP (2017 est.)"
"Public debt 2020": {
"text": "23.05% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2016": {
"text": "16.1% of GDP (2016 est.)"
"Public debt 2019": {
"text": "17.28% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Public debt 2018": {
"text": "16.17% of GDP (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions"
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "16.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "10.83% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$65.311 billion (2019 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "$122.27 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2018": {
"text": "$115.68 billion (2018 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "$35.373 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "$65.627 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$550.035 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$379.12 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$381.49 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$481.76 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$508.56 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$481.686 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -950,14 +956,14 @@
"text": "crude petroleum, refined petroleum, natural gas, coal, wheat, iron (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$379.947 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$304.68 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$304.837 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$353.25 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$343.58 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$352.358 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -967,11 +973,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, aircraft, computers (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$432.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$632.242 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$377.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$596.77 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$555.179 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -986,20 +995,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "Russian rubles (RUB) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "73.654 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "73.7569 (2020 est.)"
"text": "72.105 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "63.66754 (2019 est.)"
"text": "64.738 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "66.2 (2018 est.)"
"text": "62.668 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "60.938 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "38.378 (2013 est.)"
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "58.343 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},

146
central-asia/ti.json
View file

@ -254,7 +254,7 @@
"text": "2.45 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "1.2 (2022 est.)"
"text": "1.18 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "29.3% (2017)"
@ -343,12 +343,12 @@
"text": "0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "72.2% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "7.6% (2017)"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "72% (2023 est.)"
},
"Child marriage": {
"women married by age 15": {
"text": "0.1%"
@ -384,6 +384,17 @@
"female": {
"text": "11 years (2013)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "17.4%"
},
"male": {
"text": "19.4%"
},
"female": {
"text": "14.4% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
"Environment": {
@ -678,38 +689,38 @@
"text": "<p>Tajikistan is a poor, mountainous country with an economy dominated by minerals extraction, metals processing, agriculture, and reliance on remittances from citizens working abroad. Mineral resources include silver, gold, uranium, antimony, tungsten, and coal. Industry consists mainly of small obsolete factories in food processing and light industry, substantial hydropower facilities, and a large aluminum plant - currently operating well below its capacity. The 1992-97 civil war severely damaged an already weak economic infrastructure and caused a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production. Today, Tajikistan is the poorest among the former Soviet republics. Because less than 7% of the land area is arable and cotton is the predominant crop, Tajikistan imports approximately 70% of its food.</p> <p> </p> <p>Since the end of the civil war, the country has pursued half-hearted reforms and privatizations in the economic sphere, but its poor business climate remains a hindrance to attracting foreign investment. Some experts estimate the value of narcotics transiting Tajikistan is equivalent to 30%-50% of GDP.</p> <p> </p> <p>Because of a lack of employment opportunities in Tajikistan, more than one million Tajik citizens work abroad - roughly 90% in Russia - supporting families back home through remittances that in 2017 were equivalent to nearly 35% of GDP. Tajikistan’s large remittances from migrant workers in Russia exposes it to monetary shocks. Tajikistan often delays devaluation of its currency for fear of inflationary pressures on food and other consumables. Recent slowdowns in the Russian and Chinese economies, low commodity prices, and currency fluctuations have hampered economic growth. The dollar value of remittances from Russia to Tajikistan dropped by almost 65% in 2015, and the government spent almost $500 million in 2016 to bail out the country’s still troubled banking sector.</p> <p> </p> <p>Tajikistan’s growing public debt – currently about 50% of GDP – could result in financial difficulties. Remittances from Russia increased in 2017, however, bolstering the economy somewhat. China owns about 50% of Tajikistan’s outstanding debt. Tajikistan has borrowed heavily to finance investment in the country’s vast hydropower potential. In 2016, Tajikistan contracted with the Italian firm Salini Impregilo to build the Roghun dam over a 13-year period for $3.9 billion. A 2017 Eurobond has largely funded Roghun’s first phase, after which sales from Roghun’s output are expected to fund the rest of its construction. The government has not ruled out issuing another Eurobond to generate auxiliary funding for its second phase.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$38.058 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$34.88 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$34.851 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$33.38 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$31.08 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$33.382 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "7.1% (2017 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "9.2% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2016": {
"text": "6.9% (2016 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "4.4% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
"text": "6% (2015 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "7.4% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$3,900 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$3,700 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$3,600 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$3,400 (2018 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
@ -773,10 +784,10 @@
"text": "aluminum, cement, coal, gold, silver, antimony, textile, vegetable oil"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "1% (2017 est.)"
"text": "22.04% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.295 million (2016 est.)"
"text": "2.5 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -790,23 +801,34 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2016": {
"text": "2.4% (2016 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "7.75% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2015": {
"text": "2.5% (2015 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "7.58% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "7.06% (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> official rate; actual unemployment is much higher"
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "17.4%"
},
"male": {
"text": "19.4%"
},
"female": {
"text": "14.4% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
"text": "26.3% (2019 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015": {
"text": "34 (2015 est.)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 1998": {
"text": "34.7 (1998)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -843,22 +865,25 @@
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2017": {
"text": "-$35 million (2017 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "$734.735 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2016": {
"text": "-$362 million (2016 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "$335.906 million (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$185.295 million (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$2.161 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$1.41 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$1.409 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$1.24 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$1.12 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$1.243 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -868,14 +893,14 @@
"text": "gold, aluminum, cotton, zinc, antimony, lead (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$4.258 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$3.13 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$3.125 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$3.41 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$3.22 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$3.409 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -885,11 +910,14 @@
"text": "refined petroleum, wheat, natural gas, bauxite, aircraft (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$1.292 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$2.499 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$652.8 million (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$2.238 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$1.466 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -904,20 +932,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "Tajikistani somoni (TJS) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "11.309 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "10.322 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "9.53 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "9.151 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "8.764 (2017 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2016": {
"text": "7.8358 (2016 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2015": {
"text": "7.8358 (2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "6.1631 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "4.9348 (2013 est.)"
"text": "8.55 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1069,7 +1097,7 @@
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
"general assessment": {
"text": "the nation of Tajikistan has had to struggle through a further two years of economic hardship following the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic; the strain on financial resources inevitably means a continuation of the absence of any meaningful investment or development programs for telecommunications infrastructure; the fixed line telephony and fixed broadband markets continue to languish far behind the mobile sector in terms of teledensity and penetration; with only around 6,000 fixed broadband customers (0.07% penetration), there would appear to be massive growth potential but the limited fixed line infrastructure in the country suggests there&rsquo;s little likelihood of that occurring any time soon; the size of Tajikistan&rsquo;s mobile market dwarfs the fixed line segment, with an estimated penetration rate of nearly 120%; with a number of private sector companies active in the mobile market, there been more commitment to investment in network upgrades and expansion; three MNOs have all launched commercial 5G services, initially in areas of the capital city Dushanbe; the move towards higher speed mobile services should further underpin the growth in the nascent mobile broadband market, which is still estimated to be at a relatively low penetration level of 42% (at least relative to most other Asian nations) but is predicted to be a strong compound annual growth rate of more than 8% for at least the next five years (2021)"
"text": "the nation of Tajikistan has had to struggle through a further two years of economic hardship following the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic; the strain on financial resources inevitably means a continuation of the absence of any meaningful investment or development programs for telecommunications infrastructure; the fixed line telephony and fixed broadband markets continue to languish far behind the mobile sector in terms of teledensity and penetration; with only around 6,000 fixed broadband customers (0.07% penetration), there would appear to be massive growth potential, but the limited fixed line infrastructure in the country suggests there&rsquo;s little likelihood of that occurring any time soon; the size of Tajikistan&rsquo;s mobile market dwarfs the fixed line segment, with an estimated penetration rate of nearly 120%; with a number of private sector companies active in the mobile market, there been more commitment to investment in network upgrades and expansion; three MNOs have all launched commercial 5G services, initially in areas of the capital city Dushanbe; the move towards higher speed mobile services should further underpin the growth in the nascent mobile broadband market, which is still estimated to be at a relatively low penetration level of 42% (at least relative to most other Asian nations) but is predicted to be a strong compound annual growth rate of more than 8% for at least the next five years (2021)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "fixed line availability has not changed significantly since 1998, while mobile cellular subscribership, aided by competition among multiple operators, has expanded; coverage now extends to all major cities and towns; fixed-line over 5 per 100 and mobile-cellular over 121 per 100 (2020)"

73
central-asia/tx.json
View file

@ -259,7 +259,7 @@
"text": "2.03 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.99 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.99 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "49.7% (2019)"
@ -347,12 +347,12 @@
"text": "0.4% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "64.5% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "3.1% (2019)"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "64.3% (2023 est.)"
},
"Child marriage": {
"women married by age 15": {
"text": "0.2%"
@ -388,6 +388,17 @@
"female": {
"text": "13 years (2020)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "11%"
},
"male": {
"text": "13.4%"
},
"female": {
"text": "7.6% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
"Environment": {
@ -586,7 +597,7 @@
"text": "bicameral National Council or Milli Genesi consists of:<br>People's Council or Halk Maslahaty (56 seats; 48 members indirectly elected by provincial councils and 8 members appointed by the president)<br>Assembly or Mejlisi (125 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed to serve 5-year terms)<br><br>note: in September 2020, the Turkmenistani legislature (Milli Genesi) adopted a constitutional amendment creating an upper chamber, making the legislature bicameral; the chairperson of the Halk Maslahaty is now designated as the constitutional successor to the presidency; as of March 2022, Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW continues to serve in this position after stepping away from the presidency"
},
"elections": {
"text": "People's Council - first held on 28 March 2021 for 48 indirectly elected members (next to be held in 2026); first held on 14 April 2021 for 8 presidentially appointed members (next to be held NA)<br>Assembly - last held on 25 March 2018 (next to be held NA)"
"text": "People's Council - first held on 28 March 2021 for 48 indirectly elected members (next to be held in 2026); first held on 14 April 2021 for 8 presidentially appointed members (next to be held NA)<br>Assembly - last held on 25 March 2018 (next to be held 2023)"
},
"election results": {
"text": "People's Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - DPT 3, independent 45; composition as of mid-2022 (55 members) - men 41, women 14, percent of women 25.5%<br>Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - DPT 55, APT 11, PIE 11, independent 48 (individuals nominated by citizen groups); composition as of mid-2022 (116 members) - men 86, women 30, percent of women 25.9%; note - total percent of National Council percent of women 25.7%"
@ -678,36 +689,36 @@
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$92.33 billion (2019 est.)"
"text": "$92.331 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$86.86 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$86.859 billion (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017": {
"text": "$81.787 billion (2017 est.)"
"text": "$81.788 billion (2017 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "6.3% (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2018": {
"text": "6.2% (2018 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "6.5% (2017 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2016": {
"text": "6.2% (2016 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
"text": "6.5% (2015 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$15,500 (2019 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars"
"text": "$15,000 (2019 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$14,800 (2018 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars"
"text": "$14,300 (2018 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2017": {
"text": "$14,205 (2017 est.)"
"text": "$13,700 (2017 est.)"
}
},
"GDP (official exchange rate)": {
@ -762,7 +773,7 @@
"text": "1% (2017 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "2.305 million (2013 est.)"
"text": "1.998 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -776,11 +787,25 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2014": {
"text": "11% (2014 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "5.08% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2013": {
"text": "10.6% (2013)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "4.95% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "4.27% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "11%"
},
"male": {
"text": "13.4%"
},
"female": {
"text": "7.6% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
@ -1037,10 +1062,10 @@
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "9.377 million (2018)"
"text": "9.377 million (2020)"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "162.86 (2019)"
"text": "150 (2020)"
}
},
"Telecommunication systems": {

162
central-asia/uz.json
View file

@ -253,7 +253,7 @@
"text": "1.73 children born/woman (2022 est.)"
},
"Gross reproduction rate": {
"text": "0.84 (2022 est.)"
"text": "0.84 (2023 est.)"
},
"Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
"text": "NA"
@ -341,12 +341,12 @@
"text": "1.1% (2020 est.)"
}
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "68.9% (2022 est.)"
},
"Children under the age of 5 years underweight": {
"text": "2.9% (2017)"
},
"Currently married women (ages 15-49)": {
"text": "68.6% (2023 est.)"
},
"Education expenditures": {
"text": "4.9% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -377,13 +377,13 @@
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "13.2%"
"text": "16%"
},
"male": {
"text": "21.5%"
"text": "15.8%"
},
"female": {
"text": "8.3% (2020)"
"text": "16.2% (2021 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -676,37 +676,37 @@
"text": "<p>Uzbekistan is a doubly landlocked country in which 51% of the population lives in urban settlements; the agriculture-rich Fergana Valley, in which Uzbekistan’s eastern borders are situated, has been counted among the most densely populated parts of Central Asia. Since its independence in September 1991, the government has largely maintained its Soviet-style command economy with subsidies and tight controls on production, prices, and access to foreign currency. Despite ongoing efforts to diversify crops, Uzbek agriculture remains largely centered on cotton; Uzbekistan is the world's fifth-largest cotton exporter and seventh-largest producer. Uzbekistan's growth has been driven primarily by state-led investments, and export of natural gas, gold, and cotton provides a significant share of foreign exchange earnings.</p> <p> </p> <p>Recently, lower global commodity prices and economic slowdowns in neighboring Russia and China have hurt Uzbekistan's trade and investment and worsened its foreign currency shortage. Aware of the need to improve the investment climate, the government is taking incremental steps to reform the business sector and address impediments to foreign investment in the country. Since the death of first President Islam KARIMOV and election of President Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV, emphasis on such initiatives and government efforts to improve the private sector have increased. In the past, Uzbek authorities accused US and other foreign companies operating in Uzbekistan of violating Uzbek laws and have frozen and seized their assets.</p> <p> </p> <p>As a part of its economic reform efforts, the Uzbek Government is looking to expand opportunities for small and medium enterprises and prioritizes increasing foreign direct investment. In September 2017, the government devalued the official currency rate by almost 50% and announced the loosening of currency restrictions to eliminate the currency black market, increase access to hard currency, and boost investment.</p>"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021": {
"text": "$270.062 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020": {
"text": "$239.42 billion (2020 est.)"
"text": "$251.408 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019": {
"text": "$235.54 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018": {
"text": "$222.63 billion (2018 est.)"
"text": "$246.753 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
"Real GDP growth rate": {
"Real GDP growth rate 2017": {
"text": "5.3% (2017 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2021": {
"text": "7.42% (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2016": {
"text": "7.8% (2016 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2020": {
"text": "1.89% (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP growth rate 2015": {
"text": "7.9% (2015 est.)"
"Real GDP growth rate 2019": {
"text": "5.71% (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Real GDP per capita": {
"Real GDP per capita 2021": {
"text": "$7,700 (2021 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2020": {
"text": "$7,000 (2020 est.)"
"text": "$7,300 (2020 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2019": {
"text": "$7,000 (2019 est.)"
},
"Real GDP per capita 2018": {
"text": "$6,800 (2018 est.)"
"text": "$7,300 (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> data are in 2017 dollars"
},
@ -714,11 +714,14 @@
"text": "$57.789 billion (2019 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017": {
"text": "12.5% (2017 est.)"
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021": {
"text": "10.85% (2021 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016": {
"text": "8% (2016 est.)"
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020": {
"text": "12.87% (2020 est.)"
},
"Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019": {
"text": "14.53% (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> official data; based on independent analysis of consumer prices, inflation reached 22% in 2012"
},
@ -772,10 +775,10 @@
"text": "textiles, food processing, machine building, metallurgy, mining, hydrocarbon extraction, chemicals"
},
"Industrial production growth rate": {
"text": "4.5% (2017 est.)"
"text": "8.37% (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force": {
"text": "13.273 million (2018 est.)"
"text": "14.094 million (2021 est.)"
},
"Labor force - by occupation": {
"agriculture": {
@ -789,23 +792,26 @@
}
},
"Unemployment rate": {
"Unemployment rate 2017": {
"text": "5% (2017 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2021": {
"text": "7.16% (2021 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2016": {
"text": "5.1% (2016 est.)"
"Unemployment rate 2020": {
"text": "7.04% (2020 est.)"
},
"Unemployment rate 2019": {
"text": "5.85% (2019 est.)"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> official data; another 20% are underemployed"
},
"Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)": {
"total": {
"text": "13.2%"
"text": "16%"
},
"male": {
"text": "21.5%"
"text": "15.8%"
},
"female": {
"text": "8.3% (2020)"
"text": "16.2% (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Population below poverty line": {
@ -814,9 +820,6 @@
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income": {
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2003": {
"text": "36.8 (2003)"
},
"Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 1998": {
"text": "44.7 (1998)"
}
},
"Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
@ -847,28 +850,31 @@
}
},
"Taxes and other revenues": {
"text": "31.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)"
"text": "14.87% (of GDP) (2020 est.)"
},
"Fiscal year": {
"text": "calendar year"
},
"Current account balance": {
"Current account balance 2017": {
"text": "$1.713 billion (2017 est.)"
"Current account balance 2021": {
"text": "-$4.825 billion (2021 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2016": {
"text": "$384 million (2016 est.)"
"Current account balance 2020": {
"text": "-$3.007 billion (2020 est.)"
},
"Current account balance 2019": {
"text": "-$3.366 billion (2019 est.)"
}
},
"Exports": {
"Exports 2021": {
"text": "$16.399 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2020": {
"text": "$14.52 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$14.532 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2019": {
"text": "$16.99 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Exports 2018": {
"text": "$14.14 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$16.993 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Exports - partners": {
@ -878,14 +884,14 @@
"text": "gold, natural gas, cotton fibers, copper, ethylene polymers (2019)"
},
"Imports": {
"Imports 2021": {
"text": "$27.774 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2020": {
"text": "$22.56 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2019": {
"text": "$26.55 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
},
"Imports 2018": {
"text": "$23.44 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
"text": "$26.551 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars"
}
},
"Imports - partners": {
@ -895,11 +901,14 @@
"text": "cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, refined petroleum, aircraft, construction vehicles (2019)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017": {
"text": "$16 billion (31 December 2017 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021": {
"text": "$35.375 billion (31 December 2021 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016": {
"text": "$14 billion (31 December 2016 est.)"
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020": {
"text": "$34.903 billion (31 December 2020 est.)"
},
"Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019": {
"text": "$29.291 billion (31 December 2019 est.)"
}
},
"Debt - external": {
@ -914,20 +923,20 @@
"Currency": {
"text": "Uzbekistani soum (UZS) per US dollar -"
},
"Exchange rates 2021": {
"text": "10,609.464 (2021 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2020": {
"text": "10,054.261 (2020 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2019": {
"text": "8,836.788 (2019 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2018": {
"text": "8,069.606 (2018 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2017": {
"text": "3,906.1 (2017 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2016": {
"text": "2,966.6 (2016 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2015": {
"text": "2,966.6 (2015 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2014": {
"text": "2,569.6 (2014 est.)"
},
"Exchange rates 2013": {
"text": "2,311.4 (2013 est.)"
"text": "5,113.879 (2017 est.)"
}
}
},
@ -1063,18 +1072,18 @@
"Communications": {
"Telephones - fixed lines": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "3,550,069 (2020 est.)"
"text": "3,470,097 (2021 est.)"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "11 (2020 est.)"
"text": "10 (2021 est.)"
}
},
"Telephones - mobile cellular": {
"total subscriptions": {
"text": "33.387 million (2022)"
"text": "35,069,999 (2021)"
},
"subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
"text": "100 (2022)"
"text": "103 (2021)"
}
},
"Telecommunication systems": {
@ -1082,7 +1091,7 @@
"text": "Uzbekistan&rsquo;s telecom markets both wireline and wireless have been playing \"catch up\" in terms of their development following the country's independence from the former Soviet Union; the government has formally adopted the principles of operating as a market economy, many elements of the old centrally planned economic model remain; this has had the effect of reducing the level of interest from foreign companies and investors in building out the necessary underlying infrastructure, which in turn has constrained the rate of growth in the country&rsquo;s telecoms sector; the last five years has seen an upswing in prospects for the sector as fiber network roll outs continue beyond the main urban centers, while the mobile market experiences some consolidation for stronger, more efficient competitors; growth is present in the fixed broadband segment with penetration projected to reach 24% by 2027 (a 5-year CAGR of 6.2%); despite the promising signs in the fixed markets, it is the mobile segment that continues to dominate Uzbekistan&rsquo;s telecoms sector in terms of penetration, revenue, and growth;&nbsp; there are four major operators providing a modicum of competition; three of the four are government owned entities; the mobile market is expected to reach 100% penetration in 2023 a 50% increase in the last five years (2022)"
},
"domestic": {
"text": "fixed-line nearly 11 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular teledensity nearly 100 per 100 persons; the state-owned telecommunications company, Uzbek Telecom, owner of the fixed-line telecommunications system, has used loans from the Japanese government and the China Development Bank to upgrade fixed-line services including conversion to digital exchanges; mobile-cellular services are provided by 2 private and 3 state-owned operators with a total subscriber base of 22.8 million as of January 2018 (2020)"
"text": "fixed-line nearly 10 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular teledensity nearly 103 per 100 persons; the state-owned telecommunications company, Uzbek Telecom, owner of the fixed-line telecommunications system, has used loans from the Japanese government and the China Development Bank to upgrade fixed-line services including conversion to digital exchanges; mobile-cellular services are provided by 2 private and 3 state-owned operators with a total subscriber base of 22.8 million as of January 2018 (2021)"
},
"international": {
"text": "country code - 998; linked by fiber-optic cable or microwave radio relay with CIS member states and to other countries by leased connection via the Moscow international gateway switch; the country also has a link to the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable; Uzbekistan has supported the national fiber-optic backbone project of Afghanistan since 2008"
@ -1243,6 +1252,9 @@
"text": "<p><em>Uzbekistan-Afghanistan</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Uzbekistan-Kazakhstan</em>: field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2004; disputed territory is held by Uzbekistan but the overwhelming majority of residents are ethnic Kazakhs; the two countries agreed on draft final demarcation documents in March 2022 and plan to hold another meeting in April 2022</p> <p><em>Uzbekistan-Kyrgyzstan</em>: border delimitation of 130 km of border with Kyrgyzstan is hampered by serious disputes around enclaves and other areas; in 2021, border talks between Uzbek and Kyrgyz officials raised the possibility of a land swap arrangement, but a deal was not finalized</p> <p><em>Uzbekistan-Tajikistan</em>: none identified</p> <p><em>Uzbekistan-Turkmenistan</em>: prolonged drought and cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan created water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; in 2021, the two countries reached an agreement to create a joint intergovernmental commission to oversee water management</p>"
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "13,031 (Afghanistan) (mid-year 2022)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "59,136 (mid-year 2021)"
}