mirror of
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auto-update week 28
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Yo Robot
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@ -536,7 +536,7 @@
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"cabinet": {
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"text": "Council of Ministers announced by the prime minister and approved by the president"
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},
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"elections/appointments": {
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"election/appointment process": {
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"text": "president and vice president indirectly elected by the Federal Supreme Council -- composed of the rulers of the 7 emirates -- for a 5-year term (no term limits); prime minister appointed by the president"
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},
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"most recent election date": {
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@ -540,7 +540,7 @@
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"cabinet": {
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"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly"
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},
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"elections/appointments": {
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"election/appointment process": {
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"text": "president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds (if needed) for a 7-year term; a single individual is eligible for unlimited terms; prime minister and first deputy prime minister appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly"
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},
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"most recent election date": {
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@ -1136,7 +1136,7 @@
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"text": "Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency (NASA; Azərbaycan Milli Aerokosmik Agentliyi, MAKA; established in 1992 from the Kaspiy Scientific Center, established 1974); Space Agency of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azercosmos; established 2010 as a state-owned satellite operating company) (2024)"
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},
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"Space program overview": {
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"text": "national space program largely focused on the acquisition and operation of satellites; operates foreign-built communications and remote sensing (RS) satellites; has two satellite ground control stations; cooperates with a variety of foreign space agencies and commercial entities, including those of China, the European Space Agency (and individual member states such as France), Israel, Russia, Turkey, and the US; Azercosmos is the largest satellite operator in the Caucasus region (2024)",
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"text": "national space program largely focused on the acquisition and operation of satellites; operates foreign-built communications and remote sensing (RS) satellites; has two satellite ground-control stations; cooperates with a variety of foreign space agencies and commercial entities, including those of China, the European Space Agency (and individual member states such as France), Israel, Russia, Turkey, and the US; Azercosmos is the largest satellite operator in the Caucasus region (2024)",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide"
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}
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},
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@ -544,7 +544,7 @@
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"cabinet": {
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"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister"
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},
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"elections/appointments": {
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"election/appointment process": {
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"text": "president indirectly elected by the National Assembly in 3 rounds, if needed, for a single 7-year term; prime minister indirectly elected by majority vote in two rounds, if needed, by the National Assembly"
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},
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"most recent election date": {
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@ -532,7 +532,7 @@
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"cabinet": {
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"text": "Cabinet appointed by the monarch"
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},
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"elections/appointments": {
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"election/appointment process": {
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"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch"
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}
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},
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@ -1138,7 +1138,7 @@
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"text": "Bahrain National Space Science Agency (NSSA; established 2014) (2024)"
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},
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"Space program overview": {
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"text": "space program in nascent stages and is focused on developing the capabilities to build and operate satellites; the NSSA’s mission includes promoting space science, technology, and research, building capacity in the fields of satellite manufacturing, tracking, control, data processing and analysis, and remote sensing, developing space-related programs and space policy, and facilitating international cooperation; cooperates with a variety of foreign agencies and commercial entities, including those of India, Italy, Japan, Saudi Arabia, the UK, the UAE, and the US; also a member of the Arab Space Coordination Group, established by the UAE in 2019 (2024)",
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"text": "has a space program in nascent stages and is developing the capabilities to build and operate satellites; the mission includes 1.) promoting space science, technology, and research, 2.) building capacity in the fields of satellite manufacturing, tracking, control, data processing and analysis, and remote sensing, 3.) developing space-related programs and space policy, and 4.) facilitating international cooperation; cooperates with a variety of foreign agencies and commercial entities, including those of India, Italy, Japan, Saudi Arabia, the UK, the UAE, and the US; also a member of the Arab Space Coordination Group (2024)",
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide"
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}
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},
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@ -544,7 +544,7 @@
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"cabinet": {
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"text": "Cabinet of Ministers"
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},
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"elections/appointments": {
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"election/appointment process": {
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"text": "president elected by a 300-member College of Electors; prime minister nominated by Parliament, appointed by the president"
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},
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"most recent election date": {
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@ -570,7 +570,7 @@
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"cabinet": {
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"text": "Council of Ministers selected by the president with legislative approval; the supreme leader has some control over appointments to several ministries"
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},
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"elections/appointments": {
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"election/appointment process": {
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"text": "supreme leader appointed for life by Assembly of Experts; president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term and an additional nonconsecutive term)"
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},
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"most recent election date": {
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@ -626,7 +626,7 @@
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"text": "Combatant Clergy Association (an active political group)<br>Executives of Construction Party<br>Front of Islamic Revolutionary Stability<br>Islamic Coalition Party<br>Progress and Justice Population of Islamic Iran<br>Militant Clerics Society (Majma-e Ruhaniyoun-e Mobarez) or MRM<br>Moderation and Development Party<br>National Trust Party (Hezb-e E'temad-eMelli) or HEM<br>Progress and Justice Society<br>Union of Islamic Iran People's Party (Hezb-e Ettehad-e Iran-e Eslami)"
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},
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"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
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"text": "none <br><strong><br>Note</strong>: Iran has an Interests Section in the Pakistani Embassy; address: Iranian Interests Section, Embassy of Pakistan, 1250 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20037; telephone: [1] (202) 965-4990; FAX [1] (202) 965-1073; email: requests@daftar.org; info@daftarwashington.com; website: https://daftar.org/"
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"text": "none <br><strong><br>note</strong>: Iran has an Interests Section in the Pakistani Embassy; address: Iranian Interests Section, Embassy of Pakistan, 1250 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20037; telephone: [1] (202) 965-4990; FAX [1] (202) 965-1073; email: requests@daftar.org; info@daftarwashington.com; website: https://daftar.org/"
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},
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"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
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"embassy": {
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@ -1142,8 +1142,8 @@
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},
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"Military and Security": {
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"Military and security forces": {
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"text": "the military forces of Iran are divided between the Islamic Republic of Iran Regular Forces (Artesh) and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC or Sepah):<br><br>Artesh: Ground Forces, Navy (includes marines), Air Force, Air Defense Forces<br><br>IRGC: Ground Forces, Navy (includes marines), Aerospace Force (controls strategic missile force), Qods Force (aka Quds Force; special operations), Cyber Electronic Command, Basij Paramilitary Forces<br><br>Ministry of Interior: Law Enforcement Command<br><br>Ministry of Intelligence and Security (2024)",
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"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> the Artesh Navy operates Iran’s larger warships and operates in the Gulf of Oman, the Caspian Sea, and deep waters in the region and beyond; the IRGC Navy has responsibility for the closer-in waters of the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the Basij is a volunteer paramilitary group under the IRGC with local organizations across the country, which sometimes acts as an auxiliary law enforcement unit for the IRGC; it is formally known as the Organization for the Mobilization of the Oppressed and also known as the Popular Mobilization Army<br><br><strong>note 3: </strong>the Ministry of Intelligence and Security and law enforcement forces under the Interior Ministry, which report to the president, and the IRGC, which reports to the supreme leader, share responsibility for law enforcement and maintaining order<br><br><strong>note 4:</strong> the Law Enforcement Command (FARAJA) is the uniformed police of Iran and includes branches for public security, traffic control, anti-narcotics, special forces (riot control, counterterrorism, hostage rescue, etc), intelligence, and criminal investigations; it has responsibility for border security (Border Guard Command)"
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"text": "the military forces of Iran are divided between the Islamic Republic of Iran Regular Forces (Artesh) and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC or Sepah):<br><br>Artesh: Ground Forces, Navy (includes marines), Air Force, Air Defense Forces<br><br>IRGC: Ground Forces, Navy (includes marines), Aerospace Force (controls strategic missile force), Qods Force (aka Quds Force; special operations), Cyber Electronic Command, Basij Paramilitary Forces<br><br>Ministry of Interior: Law Enforcement Command (FARAJA)<br><br>Ministry of Intelligence and Security (2025)",
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"note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>the Artesh primarily focuses on defending Iran’s borders and territorial waters from external threats, while the IRGC has a broader mission to defend the Iranian revolution from any foreign or domestic threat<strong><br><br>note 2:</strong> the Artesh Navy operates Iran’s larger warships and operates in the Gulf of Oman, the Caspian Sea, and deep waters in the region and beyond; the IRGC Navy has responsibility for the closer-in waters of the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz<br><br><strong>note 3:</strong> the Basij is a volunteer paramilitary group, which sometimes acts as an auxiliary law enforcement unit for the IRGC; it is formally known as the Organization for the Mobilization of the Oppressed and also known as the Popular Mobilization Army<br><br><strong>note 4: </strong>the Ministry of Intelligence and Security and law enforcement forces under the Interior Ministry, which report to the president, and the IRGC, which reports to the supreme leader, share responsibility for law enforcement and maintaining order<br><br><strong>note 5:</strong> the FARAJA is the uniformed police of Iran; it includes branches for public security, traffic control, anti-narcotics, special forces (riot control, counterterrorism, hostage rescue, etc), intelligence, and criminal investigations; the FARAJA also has responsibility for border security (Border Guard Command)"
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},
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"Military expenditures": {
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"Military Expenditures 2024": {
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@ -1176,7 +1176,7 @@
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"text": "<strong>note:</strong> Iran maintained a military presence in Syria and recruited, trained, and funded thousands of Syrian and foreign fighters to support the ASAD regime during the Syrian civil war (2011-December 2024)"
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},
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"Military - note": {
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"text": "the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) was formed in May 1979 in the immediate aftermath of Shah Mohammad Reza PAHLAVI’s fall, as leftists, nationalists, and Islamists jockeyed for power; while the interim prime minister controlled the government and state institutions, such as the Army, followers of Ayatollah Ruhollah KHOMEINI organized counterweights, including the IRGC, to protect the Islamic revolution; the IRGC’s command structure bypassed the elected president and went directly to KHOMEINI; the IRGC played a critical role in helping KHOMEINI consolidate power in the aftermath of the 1979 revolution, and it ensured that KHOMEINI's Islamic revolutionary vision prevailed against domestic challenges from nationalists and leftist factions in the scramble for control after the Shah's departure<br><br>the Iran-Iraq War (1980–88) transformed the IRGC into more of a conventional fighting force with its own ground, air, naval, and special forces, plus control over Iran’s strategic missile and rocket forces; today, the IRGC is a highly institutionalized and parallel military force to Iran’s regular armed forces (Artesh); it is heavily involved in internal security and has significant influence in the political and economic spheres of Iranian society, as well as Iran’s foreign policy; on the economic front, it owns factories and corporations and subsidiaries in banking, infrastructure, housing, airlines, tourism and other sectors; its special operations forces, known as the Qods/Quds Force, specialize in foreign missions and have provided advice, funding, guidance, material support, training, and weapons to militants in countries such as Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, and Yemen, as well as extremist groups, including HAMAS, Hizballah, Kata’ib Hizballah, and Palestine Islamic Jihad; the Qods Force also conducts intelligence and reconnaissance operations; note - both the IRGC and the Qods Force have been designated as foreign terrorist organizations by the US <br><br>the Supreme Council for National Security (SCNS) is the senior-most body for formulating Iran’s foreign and security policy; it is formally chaired by the president, who also appoints the SCNS secretary; its members include the speaker of the Majles, the head of the judiciary, the chief of the Armed Forces General Staff (chief of defense or CHOD), the commanders of the Artesh (regular forces) and IRGC, and the ministers of defense, foreign affairs, interior, and intelligence; the SCNS reports to the supreme leader; the supreme leader is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces<br><br>the Iranian Armed Forces are divided between the regular forces (Artesh) and the IRGC; the Artesh primarily focuses on defending Iran’s borders and territorial waters from external threats, while the IRGC has a broader mission to defend the Iranian revolution from any foreign or domestic threat; in 1989, Iran established the Armed Forces General Staff to coordinate military action across both the Artesh and the IRGC; Iran also has a joint military headquarters, the Khatam ol-Anbia Central Headquarters, to command the Artesh and IRGC in wartime (2024)"
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"text": "the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) was formed in May 1979 in the immediate aftermath of Shah Mohammad Reza PAHLAVI’s fall, as leftists, nationalists, and Islamists jockeyed for power; while the interim prime minister controlled the government and state institutions, such as the Army, followers of Ayatollah Ruhollah KHOMEINI organized counterweights, including the IRGC, to protect the Islamic revolution; the IRGC’s command structure bypassed the elected president and went directly to KHOMEINI; the IRGC played a critical role in helping KHOMEINI consolidate power in the aftermath of the 1979 revolution, and it ensured that KHOMEINI's Islamic revolutionary vision prevailed against domestic challenges from nationalists and leftist factions in the scramble for control after the Shah's departure<br><br>the Iran-Iraq War (1980–88) transformed the IRGC into more of a conventional fighting force with its own ground, air, naval, and special forces, plus control over Iran’s strategic missile and rocket forces; today, the IRGC is a highly institutionalized and parallel military force to Iran’s regular armed forces (Artesh); it is involved in internal security and has influence in the political and economic spheres of Iranian society, as well as Iran’s foreign policy; on the economic front, it owns factories and corporations and subsidiaries in banking, infrastructure, housing, airlines, tourism and other sectors; its special operations forces, known as the Qods/Quds Force, specialize in foreign missions and have provided advice, funding, guidance, material support, training, and weapons to militants in countries such as Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, and Yemen, as well as extremist groups, including HAMAS, Hizballah, Kata’ib Hizballah, and Palestine Islamic Jihad; the Qods Force also conducts intelligence and reconnaissance operations; note - both the IRGC and the Qods Force have been designated as foreign terrorist organizations by the US (see Terrorist Organizations under References)<br><br>the Supreme Council for National Security (SCNS) is the senior-most body for formulating Iran’s foreign and security policy; it is formally chaired by the president, who also appoints the SCNS secretary; its members include the speaker of the Majles, the head of the judiciary, the chief of the Armed Forces General Staff (chief of defense or CHOD), the commanders of the Artesh (regular forces) and IRGC, and the ministers of defense, foreign affairs, interior, and intelligence; the SCNS reports to the supreme leader; the supreme leader is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces<br><br>the Iranian Armed Forces are divided between the regular forces (Artesh) and the IRGC; the Artesh primarily focuses on defending Iran’s borders and territorial waters from external threats, while the IRGC has a broader mission to defend the Iranian revolution from any foreign or domestic threat; in 1989, Iran established the Armed Forces General Staff to coordinate military action across both the Artesh and the IRGC; Iran also has a joint military headquarters, the Khatam ol-Anbia Central Headquarters, to command the Artesh and IRGC in wartime (2024)"
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}
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},
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"Space": {
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"cabinet": {
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"text": "Cabinet selected by prime minister and approved by the Knesset"
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},
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"elections/appointments": {
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"election/appointment process": {
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"text": "president indirectly elected by the Knesset for a single 7-year term; following legislative elections, the president, in consultation with party leaders, tasks a Knesset member (usually the member of the largest party) with forming a new government"
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},
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"most recent election date": {
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}
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},
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"Political parties": {
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"text": "Balad<br>Blue and White<br>Hadash<br>Jewish Power (Otzma Yehudit)<br>Labor Party or HaAvoda<br>Likud<br>Meretz<br>National Unity (alliance includes Blue and White and New Hope)<br>New Hope<br>Noam<br>Religious Zionism (election alliance of Religious Zionist Party, Jewish Power (Otzma Yehudit), and Noam)<br>Religious Zionist Party<br>Shas<br>Ta'al<br>United Arab List<br>United Torah Judaism or UTJ (alliance includes Agudat Israel and Degel HaTorah)<br>Yesh Atid<br>Yisrael Beiteinu"
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"text": "Balad<br>Blue and White<br>Hadash<br>Labor Party or HaAvoda<br>Likud<br>Meretz<br>National Unity (alliance includes Blue and White and New Hope)<br>New Hope<br>Noam<br>Otzma Yehudit<br>Religious Zionist Party<br>Shas<br>Ta'al<br>United Arab List<br>United Torah Judaism or UTJ (alliance includes Agudat Israel and Degel HaTorah)<br>Yesh Atid<br>Yisrael Beiteinu"
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},
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"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
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"chief of mission": {
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the IDF recruits foreign Jews and non-Jews with a minimum of one Jewish grandparent, as well as converts to Judaism; each year the IDF brings in about 800-1,000 foreign recruits from around the world"
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},
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"Military - note": {
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"text": "the IDF is responsible for external defense but also has some domestic security responsibilities; its primary operational focuses include the threat posed by Iran, instability in Syria, and terrorist organizations, including HAMAS, Hizballah, the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS), and Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ)<br><br>since its creation from armed Jewish militias during the First Arab-Israeli War in 1948-49, the IDF, particularly the Ground Force, has been guided by a requirement to rapidly mobilize and defend the country’s territory from numerically superior neighboring countries; the active-duty military is backed up by a large force of trained reserves--approximately 300-400,000 personnel--that can be mobilized rapidly <br><br>Israel’s primary security partner is the US; consistent with a 10-year (2019-2028) Memorandum of Understanding, the US annually provides over $3 billion in military financing and cooperative military programs, such as missile defense; the US also provides Israel access to US-produced military weapons systems including advanced fighter aircraft; Israel has Major Non-NATO Ally status with the US, a designation under US law that provides foreign partners with certain benefits in the areas of defense trade and security cooperation<br><br>the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) has operated in the Golan between Israel and Syria since 1974 to monitor the ceasefire following the 1973 Arab-Israeli War and supervise the areas of separation between the two countries; UNDOF consists of about 1,300 total personnel (2024)"
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"text": "the IDF is responsible for external defense but also has some domestic security responsibilities; its primary operational focuses include the threat posed by Iran, instability in Syria, and terrorist organizations, including HAMAS, Hizballah, and Palestine Islamic Jihad; since its creation from armed Jewish militias during the First Arab-Israeli War in 1948-49, the IDF, particularly the Ground Force, has been guided by a requirement to rapidly mobilize and defend the country’s territory from numerically superior neighboring countries; the active-duty military is backed up by a large force of trained reserves--approximately 300-400,000 personnel--that can be mobilized rapidly <br><br>Israel’s primary security partner is the US; consistent with a 10-year (2019-2028) Memorandum of Understanding, the US annually provides over $3 billion in military financing and cooperative military programs, such as missile defense; the US also provides Israel access to US-produced military weapons systems including advanced fighter aircraft; Israel has Major Non-NATO Ally status with the US, a designation under US law that provides foreign partners with certain benefits in the areas of defense trade and security cooperation<br><br>the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) has operated in the Golan between Israel and Syria since 1974 to monitor the ceasefire following the 1973 Arab-Israeli War and supervise the areas of separation between the two countries; UNDOF consists of about 1,300 total personnel (2025)"
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}
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},
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"Space": {
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"cabinet": {
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"text": "Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, approved by Council of Representatives (COR)"
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},
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"elections/appointments": {
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"election/appointment process": {
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"text": "president indirectly elected by COR to serve a 4-year term (eligible for a second term)"
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},
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"most recent election date": {
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},
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"Military and Security": {
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"Military and security forces": {
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"text": "Ministry of Defense: Iraqi Army, Army Aviation Command, Iraqi Navy, Iraqi Air Force, Iraqi Air Defense Command, Special Forces Command, Special Security Division<br><br>National-Level Security Forces: Iraqi Counterterrorism Service (CTS), Prime Minister's Special Forces (Security) Division, Presidential Brigades<br><br>Ministry of Interior: Federal Police Forces Command, Border Guard Forces Command, Federal Intelligence and Investigations Agency, Emergency Response Division, Facilities Protection Directorate, and Provincial Police<br><br>Ministry of Oil: Energy Police Directorate<br><br>Popular Mobilization Committee (PMC): Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF), Tribal Mobilization Forces (TMF)<br><br>Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) Ministry of Peshmerga: Unit (or Division) 70 Forces, Unit (or Division) 80 Forces, Regional Guard Brigades, counterterrorism units (2025)",
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"note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>the Iraqi military and associated forces are collectively known as the Iraqi Security Forces (ISF)<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the PMF and TMF are a collection of more than 50 militias of widely varied sizes and political interests<br><br><strong>note 3:</strong> the federal constitution provides the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) the right to maintain its own military/militia (peshmerga) and security forces, but the two main Kurdish political parties, the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), each maintain their own forces; the Unit/Division 80 Forces and the Counterterrorism Directorate (CTD) are under the KDP, while the Unit/Division 80 Forces and the Counter Terrorism Group (CTG) are under the PUK; the KDP and PUK jointly staff the Regional Guard Brigades; the KDP and PUK also maintain separate police, emergency response, and internal security/intelligence (Asayish) services under nominal KRG Ministry of Interior control"
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"text": "Ministry of Defense: Iraqi Army, Army Aviation Command, Iraqi Navy, Iraqi Air Force, Iraqi Air Defense Command, Special Forces Command, Special Security Division<br><br>National-Level Security Forces: Iraqi Counterterrorism Service (CTS), Prime Minister's Special Forces (Security) Division, Presidential Brigades<br><br>Ministry of Interior: Federal Police Forces Command, Border Guard Forces Command, Federal Intelligence and Investigations Agency, Emergency Response Division, Facilities Protection Directorate, and Provincial Police<br><br>Ministry of Oil: Energy Police Directorate<br><br>Popular Mobilization Committee (PMC): Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF), Tribal Mobilization Forces (TMF)<br><br>Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG): Kurdish Security Forces (2025)",
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"note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>the Iraqi military and associated forces are collectively known as the Iraqi Security Forces (ISF)<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the PMF and TMF are a collection of more than 50 militias of widely varied sizes and political interests<br><br><strong>note 3:</strong> the federal constitution provides the KRG the right to maintain its own military and security forces; some forces, such as the Regional Guard Brigades, are unified under the KRG's Ministry of Peshmerga Affairs, but the two main Kurdish political parties, the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), also maintain their own forces; the Unit/Division 80 Forces are under the KDP, while the Unit/Division 70 Forces are under the PUK; the KDP and PUK also maintain separate police, emergency response, and internal security/intelligence (Asayish) services under nominal KRG Ministry of Interior control; the KRG is working towards disbanding the partisan 70 and 80 Forces and integrating them into joint units under the Ministry of Peshmerga Affairs by September 2026"
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},
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"Military expenditures": {
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"Military Expenditures 2024": {
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> service in the armed forces was mandatory in Iraq from 1935 up until 2003; in 2021, the Iraqi cabinet approved a draft law to reinstate compulsory military service and referred the proposed law to the Iraqi parliament; as of 2023, the proposed law had been shelved"
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},
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"Military - note": {
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"text": "the Iraqi security forces (ISF) are primarily focused on internal security duties; they are actively conducting counterinsurgency and counterterrorism operations against the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) terrorist group, particularly in northern and western Iraq; the Counter Terrorism Service (CTS), which is comprised of three special forces brigades, is the ISF's principal operational unit against ISIS<br><br>Kurdish Security Forces (KSF, aka Peshmerga) also conduct operations against ISIS; the KSF are recognized as a legitimate Iraqi military force under the country’s constitution and have operated jointly with the Iraqi military against ISIS militants, but largely operate outside of Iraqi military command structure; since 2021, the ISF and the KSF have conducted joint counter-ISIS operations in an area known as the Kurdish Coordination Line (KCL), a swath of disputed territory in northern Iraq claimed by both the Kurdistan Regional Government and the central Iraqi Government; the KSF/Peshmerga report to the Kurdistan Regional Government or Kurdistan Democratic Party and Patriotic Union of Kurdistan parties instead of the Iraqi Ministry of Defense<br><br>Popular Mobilization Commission and Affiliated Forces (PMF or PMC), also known as Popular Mobilization Units (PMU, or al-Hashd al-Sha’abi in Arabic), tribal militia units have fought alongside the Iraqi military against ISIS since 2014, but the majority of these forces continue to largely ignore the 2016 Law of the Popular Mobilization Authority, which mandated that armed militias must be regulated in a fashion similar to Iraq’s other security forces and act under the Iraqi Government’s direct control; the Iraqi Government funds the PMF, and the prime minister legally commands it, but many of the militia units take orders from associated political parties and/or other government officials, including some with ties to the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and some that have been designated as terrorist organizations by the US; the PMF/PMU is an umbrella organization comprised of many different militias, the majority of which are Shia: <br><br>--Shia militias backed by Iran; they are considered the most active and capable, and include such groups as the Badr Organization (Saraya al-Sala), Asaib Ahl al-Haq, and Kataib Hizballah <br><br>--Shia militias affiliated with Shia political parties, but not aligned with Iran, such as the Peace Brigades (Saray al-Salam) <br><br>--Shia militias not connected with political parties, but affiliated with the Najaf-based Grand Ayatollah Ali al-SISTANI (Iraq’s supreme Shia cleric), such as the Hawza militias<br><br>--other PMF/PMU militias include Sunni Tribal Mobilization militias, or Hashd al-Asha’iri; some of these militias take orders from the ISF and local authorities while others respond to orders from the larger Shia PMU militias; still other militias include Yazidi and Christian militias and the Turkmen brigades; the links of these forces to the PMU are not always clear-cut and may be loosely based on financial, legal, or political incentives<br><br>two international military task forces operate in Iraq to assist the country's security forces at the request of the Iraqi Government; in October 2018, NATO established an advisory, training and capacity-building mission for the Iraqi military known as the NATO Mission Iraq (NMI); in December 2021, a US-led task force that leads the defeat ISIS mission in Iraq, Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF-OIR), transitioned from a combat role to an advise, assist, and enable role (2024)"
|
||||
"text": "the Iraqi Security Forces (ISF) are primarily focused on internal and border security; they are actively conducting counterinsurgency and counterterrorism operations against the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) terrorist group, particularly in northern and western Iraq; the operations include securing the border with Syria; the Kurdish Security Forces, as well as are also active in conducting operations against ISIS <br><br>two international military task forces operate in Iraq to assist the country's security forces at the request of the Iraqi Government; in 2018, NATO established an advisory, training and capacity-building mission for the Iraqi military known as the NATO Mission Iraq (NMI); in December 2021, the US-led Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF-OIR) transitioned from a combat role to an advise, assist, and enable role (2025)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -566,7 +566,7 @@
|
|||
"cabinet": {
|
||||
"text": "Cabinet appointed by the monarch in consultation with the prime minister"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections/appointments": {
|
||||
"election/appointment process": {
|
||||
"text": "prime minister appointed by the monarch"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -1198,7 +1198,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Jordan has about 200 police deployed to the MONUSCO mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "the JAF traces its origins back to the Arab Legion, which was formed under the British protectorate of Transjordan in the 1920s; it is responsible for territorial defense and border security and has a supporting role for internal security; the JAF participates in both bilateral and multinational exercises, UN peacekeeping missions, and has taken part in regional military operations alongside international forces in Afghanistan, Syria, and Yemen<br><br>the JAF’s primary concerns include terrorist and criminal threats emanating from its borders with Syria and Iraq, as well as the ongoing Israel-Hamas war in Gaza and conflicts in southern Lebanon/northern Israel and the Red Sea; the terrorist group Hizballah and Iranian-backed militia forces operate in southwestern Syria near Jordan’s border while fighters from the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) terrorist group continue to operate in both Iraq and Syria; ISIS fighters have included Jordanian nationals, some of whom have returned to Jordan; individuals and groups sympathetic to Palestinian causes have planned and conducted terrorist attacks in Jordan<br><br>the US is a key security partner, and Jordan is one of the largest recipients of US military aid in the region; it cooperates with the US on a number of issues, including border and maritime security, arms transfers, cybersecurity, and counterterrorism; Jordan has Major Non-NATO Ally status with the US, a designation under US law that provides foreign partners with certain benefits in the areas of defense trade and security cooperation (2024)"
|
||||
"text": "the Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF) are responsible for territorial defense and border security and have a supporting role for internal security; key areas of concern include regional conflict and instability and unconventional threats, such as terrorism and weapons smuggling; the JAF participates in both bilateral and multinational exercises, UN peacekeeping missions, and have taken part in regional military operations alongside international forces in Afghanistan, Syria, and Yemen<br><br>the US is a key security partner, and Jordan is one of the largest recipients of US military aid in the region; it cooperates with the US on a number of issues, including border security, arms transfers, cybersecurity, and counterterrorism; Jordan has Major Non-NATO Ally status with the US, a designation under US law that provides foreign partners with certain benefits in the areas of defense trade and security cooperation (2025)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Terrorism": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -533,7 +533,7 @@
|
|||
"cabinet": {
|
||||
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister, approved by the amir"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections/appointments": {
|
||||
"election/appointment process": {
|
||||
"text": "amir chosen from within the ruling family, confirmed by the National Assembly; prime minister appointed by the amir"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -541,7 +541,7 @@
|
|||
"cabinet": {
|
||||
"text": "Cabinet chosen by the prime minister in consultation with the president and the National Assembly"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections/appointments": {
|
||||
"election/appointment process": {
|
||||
"text": "president indirectly elected by a qualified majority of two-thirds of Parliament members in the first round and, if needed, a two-thirds quorum of members by simple-majority popular vote for a 6-year term (eligible for non-consecutive terms); prime minister appointed by the president in consultation with the National Assembly"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"most recent election date": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -535,7 +535,7 @@
|
|||
"cabinet": {
|
||||
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the amir"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections/appointments": {
|
||||
"election/appointment process": {
|
||||
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the amir"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -540,7 +540,7 @@
|
|||
"cabinet": {
|
||||
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch every 4 years and includes many royal family members"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections/appointments": {
|
||||
"election/appointment process": {
|
||||
"text": "none; the monarchy is hereditary; an Allegiance Council created by royal decree in 2006 established a committee of Saudi princes who have a voice in selecting future Saudi kings"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -517,7 +517,7 @@
|
|||
"cabinet": {
|
||||
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections/appointments": {
|
||||
"election/appointment process": {
|
||||
"text": "president directly elected by simple-majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); the president appoints the vice president and prime minister"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"most recent election date": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -574,7 +574,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "<strong>legal parties/alliances:<br></strong> Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party<br>Arab Socialist (Ba'ath) Party – Syrian Regional<br>Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syrian Regional Branch, Socialist Unionist Democratic Party<br>Arab Socialist Union of Syria or ASU<br>Democratic Arab Socialist Union<br>National Progressive Front or NPF<br>Socialist Unionist Democratic Party<br>Socialist Unionist Party<br>Syrian Communist Party (two branches)<br>Syrian Social Nationalist Party or SSNP<br>Unionist Socialist Party<br><strong><br>major political organizations:<br></strong>Kurdish Democratic Union Party or PYD<br>Kurdish National Council or KNC<br>Syriac Union Party<br>Syrian Democratic Council or SDC<br>Syrian Democratic Party<br>Syrian Opposition Coalition<br> <p><strong>de facto governance entities:<br></strong>Democratic Autonomous Administration of Northeast Syria or DAANES <br>Syrian Interim Government or SIG<br>Syrian Salvation Government or SSG</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
|
||||
"text": "none<strong><br><br>Note</strong>: operations at the embassy were suspended on 18 March 2014"
|
||||
"text": "none<strong><br><br>note</strong>: operations at the embassy were suspended on 18 March 2014"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -571,7 +571,7 @@
|
|||
"cabinet": {
|
||||
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections/appointments": {
|
||||
"election/appointment process": {
|
||||
"text": "president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"most recent election date": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -523,7 +523,7 @@
|
|||
"cabinet": {
|
||||
"text": "24 members from northern and southern Yemen, with representatives from Yemen's major political parties"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections/appointments": {
|
||||
"election/appointment process": {
|
||||
"text": "formerly, the president was directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); vice president appointed by the president; prime minister appointed by the president"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"most recent election date": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue