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2
europe/al.json
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@ -560,7 +560,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, nominated by the president, and approved by the Assembly"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president indirectly elected by the Assembly for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); a candidate needs three-fifths majority vote of the Assembly in 1 of 3 rounds or a simple majority in 2 additional rounds to become president; prime minister appointed by the president on the proposal of the majority party or coalition of parties in the Assembly"
},
"most recent election date": {

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europe/an.json
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@ -486,7 +486,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Executive Council composed of head of government and 11 ministers designated by the head of government"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "head of government indirectly elected by the General Council (Andorran parliament), formally appointed by the co-princes for a 4-year term; the leader of the majority party in the General Council is usually elected head of government"
},
"most recent election date": {

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europe/au.json
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@ -559,7 +559,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers proposed by the chancellor and appointed by the president"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); chancellor appointed by the president but determined by the majority coalition parties in the Federal Assembly; vice chancellor appointed by the president on the advice of the chancellor"
},
"most recent election date": {

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europe/be.json
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@ -563,7 +563,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers formally appointed by the monarch"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary and constitutional; following legislative elections, the monarch usually appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister, which the legislature approves"
}
},
@ -1233,7 +1233,7 @@
"text": "Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy-Interfederal Space Agency of Belgium (BIRA-IASB; established 1964; IASB added 2017); Belgium Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) (2024)"
},
"Space program overview": {
"text": "founding member of the European Space Agency (ESA), which acts as the de facto Belgian space agency as most programs are carried out under the ESA or bi-laterally with its member states; builds satellites, particularly research/science/technology and remote sensing (RS) platforms; also researches, develops, and produces a wide variety of other space technologies, including telecommunications, optics, robotics, scientific instruments, and space launch vehicle (SLV) components; supports the ESA’s SLV program with economic assistance (6% of the funding for the Ariane-5 SLV, for example), as well as legal, scientific, and technological expertise; hosts the European Space Security and Education Center (established 1968); participates in international astronomy efforts, particularly through the European Southern Observatory (ESO); participates in multiple ESA and EU space-related programs and research efforts; in addition to the ESA and EU and their individual country members, has cooperated with a variety foreign space agencies and commercial entities, including those of Argentina, China, India, Russia, South Africa, UAE, Vietnam, and the US (2024)",
"text": "founding member of the European Space Agency (ESA), which acts as the de facto Belgian space agency; builds satellites, particularly research/science/technology and remote sensing (RS) platforms; researches, develops, and produces a wide variety of space technologies, including telecommunications, optics, robotics, scientific instruments, and space launch vehicle (SLV) components; provides funding for the ESA’s SLV program, as well as legal, scientific, and technological expertise; hosts the European Space Security and Education Center (established 1968); participates in international astronomy efforts, particularly through the European Southern Observatory (ESO); in addition to the ESA members, has cooperated with a variety foreign space agencies and commercial entities, including those of Argentina, China, India, Russia, South Africa, UAE, Vietnam, and the US (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide"
}
},

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europe/bk.json
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@ -537,7 +537,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairperson, approved by the state-level House of Representatives"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "3-member presidency (1 Bosniak and 1 Croat elected from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 1 Serb elected from the Republika Srpska) directly elected by simple-majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term but then ineligible for 4 years); the presidency chairpersonship rotates every 8 months, with the new member of the presidency elected with the highest number of votes starting the new mandate as chair; the chairperson of the Council of Ministers appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the state-level House of Representatives"
},
"most recent election date": {

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europe/bo.json
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@ -552,7 +552,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (no term limits); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and approved by the National Assembly"
},
"most recent election date": {

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europe/bu.json
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@ -553,7 +553,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, elected by the National Assembly"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president and vice president elected on the same ballot by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister) elected by the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers nominated by the prime minister, elected by the National Assembly"
},
"most recent election date": {

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europe/cy.json
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@ -554,7 +554,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (limited to 2 consecutive terms)"
},
"most recent election date": {

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europe/da.json
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@ -552,7 +552,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of State appointed by the monarch"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the monarch usually appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister&nbsp;"
},
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>Queen MARGRETHE II abdicated on 14 January 2024, the first Danish monarch to voluntarily abdicate since King ERIC III in 1146"
@ -679,11 +679,12 @@
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {
"text": "11 (8 cultural, 3 natural); note - includes three sites in Greenland"
"text": "11 (8 cultural, 3 natural)"
},
"selected World Heritage Site locales": {
"text": "Denmark: Mounds, Runic Stones, and Church at Jelling (c); Roskilde Cathedral (c); Kronborg Castle (c); Wadden Sea (n); Stevns Klint (n); Christiansfeld, Moravian Church Settlement (c); Par force hunting landscape, North Zealand (c); Greenland: Ilulissat Icefjord (n); Kujataa, Norse and Inuit Farming (c); Aasivissuit–Nipisat, Inuit Hunting Ground (c); Viking-Age Ring Fortresses (c)"
}
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> includes three sites in Greenland"
}
},
"Economy": {
@ -1169,7 +1170,7 @@
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service for men and women; conscripts serve 11 months, including five months of basic training, followed by six months in an operational unit (2025)",
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> women have been able serve in all military occupations, including combat arms, since 1988; as of 2022, they made up about 9% of the military's full-time personnel; military conscription was extended to women in June 2025<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> Denmark has had compulsory military service since 1849; conscripts are chosen by lottery (about 4,700 were selected in 2024); conscientious objectors can choose to instead serve 6 months in a non-military position, for example in Beredskabsstyrelsen (dealing with non-military disasters like fires, flood, pollution, etc.) or overseas foreign aid work<br><br><strong>note 3: </strong>foreigners who have lived in Denmark for at least one year or in another EU country for six years may apply to join the armed forces, provided they are fluent in Danish"
"note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>Denmark has had compulsory military service since 1849; conscripts are chosen by lottery (about 4,700 were selected in 2024); conscientious objectors can choose to instead serve 6 months in a non-military position, for example in Beredskabsstyrelsen (dealing with non-military disasters like fires, flood, pollution, etc.) or overseas foreign aid work<br><strong><br>note 2:</strong> women have been able serve in all military occupations, including combat arms, since 1988; as of 2022, they made up about 9% of the military's full-time personnel; military conscription was extended to women in June 2025<br><br><strong>note 3: </strong>foreigners who have lived in Denmark for at least one year or in another EU country for six years may apply to join the armed forces, provided they are fluent in Danish"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "approximately 800 Latvia (NATO); Denmark contributes small numbers of air, ground, and naval forces to a variety of other NATO and international missions (2024)"
@ -1183,7 +1184,7 @@
"text": "no formal space agency; the Ministry of Higher Education and Science has responsibility for coordinating Danish space activities managing international cooperation; the Danish Space Research Institute (Dansk Rumforskningsinstitut (DRKI) was the country&rsquo;s space agency from 1966-2005; DTU Space, National Space Institute, is Denmark&rsquo;s national space institute (2024)"
},
"Space program overview": {
"text": "a member of the European Space Agency (ESA) and fully integrated within its structure; participates in ESA programs, particularly those linked to human spaceflight and satellite-based remote sensing activities, as well as technology programs involving telecommunications and navigation; independently builds and operates satellites, particularly those with meteorological, science, technology, and signal/traffic monitoring capabilities; conducts research and development of such technologies as measurement and instrumentation systems, microwaves, remote sensing, electromagnetic systems, astrophysics, geomagnetism, etc.; in addition to cooperating with the ESA and EU, as well as bi-laterally with member states, it has relations with the space agencies and industries of Canada, India, Japan, and the US (2024)",
"text": "member of the European Space Agency (ESA); participates in ESA programs, particularly those linked to human spaceflight and satellite-based remote sensing activities, as well as technology programs involving telecommunications and navigation; independently builds and operates satellites, particularly with meteorological, science, technology, and signal/traffic monitoring capabilities; conducts research and development of technologies such as measurement and instrumentation systems, microwaves, remote sensing, electromagnetic systems, astrophysics, and geomagnetism; has relations with the space agencies and industries of Canada, India, Japan, and the US, in addition to the EU member states (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide"
}
},

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europe/ee.json
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@ -801,7 +801,7 @@
"text": "ESA&rsquo;s spaceport is located in Kourou, French Guiana; Europe also has or is developing commercial space ports in Italy, Norway, Sweden, and the UK, as well as maritime launch capabilities with a logistics base in Germany (2024)"
},
"Space program overview": {
"text": "the EUSPA’s mission is to provide a link between European users and space technologies and capabilities, including remote sensing (RS), satellite navigation, and telecommunications; it is responsible for the operational management of the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) and Galileo satellite navigation programs; the EU has a space strategy, which includes encouraging investment in and the use of space services and data, fostering competition and innovation, developing space technologies, and reinforcing Europe’s autonomy in accessing space<br><br>the ESA is a comprehensive space agency and active across all areas of the space sector outside of launching humans into space, including producing and operating satellites with a full spectrum of capabilities (communications, multipurpose, navigational, RS, science/technology), satellite launch vehicles (SLVs), space launches, human space flight (has an astronaut training program), space transportation/automated transfer vehicles, re-usable spacecraft, space station modules, spacecraft components, robotic space labs, lunar/planetary surface rovers, interplanetary space probes and exploration, space telescopes, research, science, technology development, etc.; ESA also participates in international space programs such as the International Space Station and works closely with Europe’s commercial space industry; it also cooperates with a broad range of space agencies and industries of non-member countries, including China, Japan, Russia, and the US; many of its programs are conducted jointly, particularly with the US space program<br><br>Europe has a large and advanced commercial space sector capable of developing and producing a full range of capabilities and technologies; a key focus for both the ESA and EUSPA is encouraging the European commercial space sector; Europe is a global leader in satellite-based communications and hosts the headquarters of three of the world’s major satellite communications companies (2024)",
"text": "EU member states have a large and advanced commercial space sector capable of developing and producing a full range of capabilities and technologies; the EU's space capability includes two primary agencies, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the EU Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA); a key focus for both the ESA and EUSPA is encouraging the European commercial space sector; Europe is a global leader in satellite-based communications and hosts the headquarters of three of the world’s major satellite communications companies<br><br>ESA is comprehensive space agency that is active across the sector except for launching humans into space, including producing and operating satellites with a full spectrum of capabilities (communications, multipurpose, navigational, RS, science/technology), satellite launch vehicles (SLVs), space launches, human space flight (has an astronaut training program), space transportation/automated transfer vehicles, reusable spacecraft, space station modules, spacecraft components, robotic space labs, lunar/planetary surface rovers, interplanetary space probes and exploration, space telescopes, and research; ESA participates in international space programs such as the International Space Station and works closely with Europe’s commercial space industry; it also cooperates with a broad range of space agencies and industries of non-member countries, including China, Japan, Russia, and the US; many of its programs are conducted jointly, particularly with the US space program<br><br>the EUSPA is responsible for the operational management of the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) and Galileo satellite navigation programs; the EU space strategy includes encouraging investment in and the use of space services and data, fostering competition and innovation, developing space technologies, and reinforcing Europe’s autonomy in accessing space<br> (2024)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide"
}
},

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europe/ei.json
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@ -534,7 +534,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the president, approved by the Dali Eireann (lower house of Parliament)"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president directly elected by majority popular vote for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term); taoiseach (prime minister) nominated by the House of Representatives (Dail Eireann), appointed by the president"
},
"most recent election date": {
@ -586,7 +586,7 @@
},
"Legislative branch - upper chamber": {
"chamber name": {
"text": "Senate (Seanad &Eacute;ireann - Senate)"
"text": "Senate (Seanad Éireann - Senate)"
},
"number of seats": {
"text": "60 (49 indirectly elected; 11 appointed)"
@ -1188,7 +1188,7 @@
"text": "130 Golan Heights (UNDOF); 325 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2024)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "Ireland has a long-standing policy of military neutrality; however, it participates in multinational peacekeeping and humanitarian operations, as well as crisis management; Ireland is a signatory of the EU’s Common Security and Defense Policy and has committed a battalion of troops to the EU’s Rapid Reaction Force; Ireland is not a member of NATO but has a relationship with it going back to 1997, when it deployed personnel in support of the NATO-led peacekeeping operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina; Ireland joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace program in 1999; it has been active in UN peacekeeping operations since the 1950s<br><br>the Irish Defense Forces trace their origins back to the Irish Volunteers, a unit established in 1913 which took part in the 1916 Easter Rising and the Irish War of Independence (1919-1921) (2024)"
"text": "the Irish Defense Forces (IDF) are responsible for external defense, assisting civil authorities upon request, participating in multinational peacekeeping and humanitarian operations, and providing for maritime security; the IDF traces its origins back to the Irish Volunteers, a unit established in 1913 which took part in the 1916 Easter Rising and the Irish War of Independence (1919-1921)<br><br>Ireland has a long-standing policy of military neutrality; however, Ireland is a signatory of the EU’s Common Security and Defense Policy and has committed a battalion of troops to the EU’s Rapid Reaction Force; Ireland is not a member of NATO but has a relationship with it going back to 1997, when it deployed personnel in support of the NATO-led peacekeeping operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina; Ireland joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace program in 1999; it has been active in UN peacekeeping operations since the 1950s (2025)"
}
},
"Terrorism": {

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europe/en.json
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@ -540,7 +540,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet appointed by the prime minister, approved by Parliament"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president indirectly elected by Parliament for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); if a candidate does not secure two thirds of the votes after 3 rounds of balloting, then an electoral college consisting of Parliament members and local council members elects the president, choosing between the 2 candidates with the most votes; if a president is still not elected, the process begins again; prime minister nominated by the president and approved by Parliament"
},
"most recent election date": {

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europe/ez.json
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@ -548,7 +548,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (limited to 2 consecutive terms); prime minister appointed by the president for a 4-year term"
},
"most recent election date": {

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europe/fi.json
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@ -562,7 +562,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by Parliament"
},
"most recent election date": {

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europe/fo.json
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@ -422,7 +422,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Landsstyri appointed by the prime minister"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; high commissioner appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the Parliament usually elects the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as the prime minister"
},
"most recent election date": {

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europe/fr.json
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@ -592,7 +592,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president at the suggestion of the prime minister"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president"
},
"most recent election date": {

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europe/gi.json
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@ -380,7 +380,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed from among the 17 elected members of Parliament by the governor, in consultation with the chief minister"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the governor usually appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as chief minister"
}
},

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europe/gk.json
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@ -385,22 +385,22 @@
"text": "King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Lieutenant-Governor Richard CRIPWELL (since 15 February 2022)"
},
"head of government": {
"text": "Chief Minister Lyndon TROTT (since 13 December 2023)"
"text": "Chief Minister Lindsay de SAUSMAREZ (since 1 July 2025)"
},
"cabinet": {
"text": "none"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; lieutenant governor and bailiff appointed by the monarch; chief minister, who is the president of the Policy and Resources Committee, indirectly elected by the States of Deliberation for a 4-year term"
},
"most recent election date": {
"text": "7 October 2020"
"text": "7/1/2025"
},
"election results": {
"text": "<em><br>2020: </em>Peter FERBRACHE (independent) elected president of the Policy and Resources Committee and chief minister: percent of States of Guernsey vote - 57.5%<em><br><br>2016:</em> Gavin ST. PIER (independent) elected president of the Policy and Resources Committee and chief minister"
"text": "<em>2025:</em> Lindsay de SAUSMAREZ (independent) elected president of the Policy and Resources Committee and chief minister<em><br><br>2020: </em>Peter FERBRACHE (independent) elected president of the Policy and Resources Committee and chief minister: percent of States of Guernsey vote - 57.5%<em><br><br>2016:</em> Gavin ST. PIER (independent) elected president of the Policy and Resources Committee and chief minister"
},
"expected date of next election": {
"text": "2024"
"text": "2029"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the chief minister is the president of the Policy and Resources Committee and is the de facto head of government; the Policy and Resources Committee, elected by the States of Deliberation, functions as the executive; the 5 members all have equal voting rights"
},
@ -412,7 +412,7 @@
"text": "unicameral"
},
"number of seats": {
"text": "40 (directly elected)"
"text": "38 (directly elected)"
},
"electoral system": {
"text": "plurality/majority"
@ -424,16 +424,16 @@
"text": "4 years"
},
"most recent election date": {
"text": "10/7/2020"
"text": "7/1/2025"
},
"parties elected and seats per party": {
"text": "GPI (10); GP (6); independent (22); States of Alderney (2)"
"text": "independent (35); Forward Guernsey (3)"
},
"percentage of women in chamber": {
"text": "20%"
},
"expected date of next election": {
"text": "June 2025"
"text": "2030"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> non-voting members include the bailiff (presiding officer), attorney-general, and solicitor-general"
},
@ -450,7 +450,7 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> appeals beyond Guernsey courts are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)"
},
"Political parties": {
"text": "Alliance Party Guernsey or APG <br>Guernsey Partnership of Independents or GPI <br>Guernsey Party or GP "
"text": "Forward Guernsey&nbsp;"
},
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
"text": "none (British crown dependency)"

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europe/gm.json
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@ -579,7 +579,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet or Bundesminister (Federal Ministers) recommended by the chancellor, appointed by the president"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president indirectly elected by a Federal Convention consisting of all members of the Federal Parliament (Bundestag) and an equivalent number of delegates indirectly elected by the state parliaments; president serves a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); following the most recent Federal Parliament election, the party or coalition with the most representatives usually elects the chancellor, who is appointed by the president to serve a renewable 4-year term"
},
"most recent election date": {

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europe/gr.json
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@ -544,7 +544,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president elected by Hellenic Parliament for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); president appoints as prime minister the leader of the majority party or coalition in the Hellenic Parliament"
},
"most recent election date": {

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europe/hr.json
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@ -555,7 +555,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and approved by the Assembly"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the president and approved by the Assembly"
},
"most recent election date": {

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europe/hu.json
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@ -558,7 +558,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet of Ministers proposed by the prime minister and appointed by the president"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president indirectly elected by the National Assembly with two-thirds majority vote in first round or simple majority vote in second round for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president"
},
"most recent election date": {
@ -1174,17 +1174,17 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> in 2017, Hungary announced plans to increase the number of active soldiers to around 37,000 but did not give a timeline"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the HDF has a mix of Soviet-era and more modern, Western equipment from such countries as Germany, France, Sweden, and the US; in 2017, Budapest launched a modernization program known as Zrinyi 2026, which was aimed at replacing its Soviet-era weaponry with modern systems, and increasing Hungary&rsquo;s defense expenditure to 2% of GDP by 2024, in line with NATO spending targets&nbsp; (2024)"
"text": "the HDF has a mix of Soviet-era and more modern, Western equipment from such countries as Germany, France, Sweden, and the US; in 2017, Budapest launched a modernization program aimed at replacing its Soviet-era weaponry with modern systems; Hungary has also placed emphasis on building up its s defense industrial capacity&nbsp; (2024)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (abolished 2005); 6-month service obligation (2023)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> as of 2021, women comprised over 20% of Hungary's full-time military personnel"
},
"Military deployments": {
"text": "150 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR stabilization force); 150 Iraq (NATO); 410 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR); note - Hungary has small numbers of troops on several UN missions (2024)"
"text": "250 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR stabilization force); 200 Chad; 365 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR) (2025)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the Hungarian Defense Forces (HDF) are responsible for ensuring the defense of the country’s sovereignty, territorial integrity, and citizens, and fulfilling Hungary’s commitments to the EU and NATO, as well as contributing to other international peacekeeping efforts under the UN; the HDF is also responsible for some aspects of domestic security, crisis management, disaster response, and assisting law enforcement forces in border security; Hungary’s most recent national security strategy addressed migration as an important security concern, alongside other issues, such as great power competition and cyber security; modernizing the HDF by replacing Soviet-era equipment with Western systems and building up Hungary’s defense industrial capacity has been a priority over the past decade<br><br>Hungary has been a member of NATO since 1999 and considers the collective defense ensured within the Alliance as a cornerstone of the country’s security; NATO membership is complemented by Hungary’s ties to the EU under its Common Security and Defense Policy; the HDF has participated in multiple NATO-led security missions, including in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Kosovo, as well as EU-led missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Mali; it hosts a NATO battlegroup comprised of troops from Croatia, Hungary, Italy, and the US, and NATO’s Multinational Division Center, a headquarters capable of commanding a division-sized force (typically 15-20,000 troops) in a crisis; both organizations were established as a result of Russian aggression against Ukraine; Hungary also hosts NATO’s Center of Excellence for Military Medicine; Hungary is a member of the Visegrad Group, a regional platform that brings together Czechia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia to discuss cultural, defense, and political cooperation (2024)"
"text": "the Hungarian Defense Forces (HDF) are responsible for ensuring the defense of the country’s sovereignty, territorial integrity, and citizens, and fulfilling Hungary’s commitments to the EU and NATO, as well as contributing to other international peacekeeping efforts under the UN; key areas of concern for the HDF the HDF is also responsible for some aspects of domestic security, crisis management, disaster response, and assisting law enforcement forces in border security<br><br>Hungary has been a member of NATO since 1999 and considers the collective defense ensured within the Alliance as a cornerstone of the country’s security; NATO membership is complemented by Hungary’s ties to the EU under its Common Security and Defense Policy; the HDF has participated in multiple NATO-led security missions, including in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Kosovo, as well as EU-led missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Mali; it hosts a NATO battlegroup comprised of troops from Croatia, Hungary, Italy, and the US, and NATO’s Multinational Division Center, a headquarters capable of commanding a division-sized force (typically 15-20,000 troops) in a crisis; both organizations were established as a result of Russian aggression against Ukraine; Hungary is a member of the Visegrad Group, a regional platform that brings together Czechia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia to discuss cultural, defense, and political cooperation (2025)"
}
},
"Space": {

4
europe/ic.json
View file

@ -532,7 +532,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the prime minister"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president directly elected by simple-majority popular vote for a 4-year term (no term limits); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition becomes prime minister"
},
"most recent election date": {
@ -1071,7 +1071,7 @@
"text": "the Icelandic Coast Guard's inventory consists of equipment from mostly European suppliers (2024)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "Iceland was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) in 1949; Iceland is the only NATO member that has no standing military force; defense of Iceland remains a NATO commitment and NATO maintains an air policing presence in Icelandic airspace; Iceland participates in international peacekeeping missions with the civilian-manned Icelandic Crisis Response Unit (ICRU)<br><br>Iceland cooperates with the militaries of other Nordic countries through the Nordic Defense Cooperation (NORDEFCO), which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden; areas of cooperation include armaments, education, human resources, training and exercises, and operations; NORDEFCO was established in 2009<br><br>in 1951, Iceland and the US concluded an agreement to make arrangements regarding the defense of Iceland and for the use of facilities in Iceland to that end; the agreement, along with NATO membership, is one of the two pillars of Iceland‘s security policy; since 2007 Iceland has concluded cooperation agreements with Canada, Denmark, Norway, and the UK; it also has regular consultations with Germany and France on security and defense (2025)"
"text": "Iceland was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) in 1949; Iceland is the only NATO member that has no standing military force; defense of Iceland remains a NATO commitment and NATO maintains an air policing presence in Icelandic airspace; Iceland participates in international peacekeeping missions with the civilian-manned Icelandic Crisis Response Unit (ICRU)<br><br>Iceland cooperates with the militaries of other Nordic countries through the Nordic Defense Cooperation (NORDEFCO, established 2009), which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden; areas of cooperation include armaments, education, human resources, training and exercises, and operations<br><br>in 1951, Iceland and the US concluded an agreement to make arrangements regarding the defense of Iceland and for the use of facilities in Iceland to that end; the agreement, along with NATO membership, is one of the two pillars of Iceland‘s security policy; since 2007 Iceland has concluded cooperation agreements with Canada, Denmark, Norway, and the UK which entail dialogue on security and defense issues as well as situational awareness and search and rescue; it also has regular consultations with Germany and France  (2025)"
}
},
"Transnational Issues": {

2
europe/im.json
View file

@ -404,7 +404,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the lieutenant governor"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; lieutenant governor appointed by the monarch; chief minister indirectly elected by the Tynwald for a 5-year term (eligible for second term)"
},
"most recent election date": {

4
europe/it.json
View file

@ -547,7 +547,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, who is known officially as the President of the Council of Ministers and locally as the premier; nominated by the president"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of both houses of Parliament and 58 regional representatives for a 7-year term (no term limits); prime minister appointed by the president, confirmed by parliament"
},
"most recent election date": {
@ -1233,7 +1233,7 @@
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> Italy has about 11,500 total air, ground, and naval forces deployed on foreign missions<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> since 1960, Italy has committed more than 60,000 troops to UN missions, and it hosts a training center in Vicenza for police personnel destined for peacekeeping missions"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the Italian military is responsible for Italy’s national defense and security and fulfilling the country’s commitments to the EU, NATO, and the UN; it also has some domestic security duties; for example, the Army has provided troops for guarding public buildings and for more than a decade several thousand Army and Carabinieri personnel have been deployed domestically to support the National Police as part of a government effort to curb crime in various Italian cities <br><br>Italy has been an active member of NATO since its founding in 1948, and the Alliance is a cornerstone of Rome’s national security strategy; it is a strong supporter of European/EU defense cooperation and integration; Italy is a frequent participant in EU, NATO, UN, and other multinational military, security, and humanitarian operations; key areas of emphasis for Italy’s security policy and multinational cooperation are NATO/Europe’s eastern and southern flanks, including the Mediterranean Sea, East and North Africa, and the Middle East and its adjacent waters<br><br>Italy is one of NATO’s leading contributors of military forces and participates in such missions as NATO’s Air Policing in the Baltics, the Enhanced Forward Presence in Eastern Europe, and maritime patrols in the Mediterranean and beyond; it hosts NATO’s Joint Force Command in Naples and a NATO Rapid Deployable Corps headquarters in Milan, as well as the headquarters for the EU’s Mediterranean naval operations force in Rome; in addition, Italy has close defense ties with the US and hosts several US military air, army, and naval bases and facilities (2024)"
"text": "the Italian military is responsible for Italy’s national defense and security and fulfilling the country’s commitments to the EU, NATO, the UN, and other multinational military, security, and humanitarian operations; it also has some domestic security duties; key areas of emphasis for Italy’s security policy and multinational cooperation are Europe’s eastern and southern flanks, including the Mediterranean Sea, East and North Africa, and the Middle East and its adjacent waters<br><br>Italy has been an active member of NATO since its founding in 1948, and the Alliance is a cornerstone of Rome’s national security strategy; it is one of NATO’s leading contributors of military forces and participates in such Alliance missions as Air Policing in the Baltics, the Enhanced Forward Presence in Eastern Europe, and maritime patrols in the Mediterranean and beyond; it hosts NATO’s Joint Force Command in Naples and a NATO Rapid Deployable Corps headquarters in Milan <br><br>Italy is also active in European/EU defense cooperation and integration, including hosting the headquarters for the EU’s Mediterranean naval operations force in Rome; in addition, Italy has close defense ties with the US and hosts several US military air, army, and naval bases and facilities (2025)"
}
},
"Space": {

2
europe/je.json
View file

@ -393,7 +393,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed individually by the states"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; Council of Ministers, including the chief minister, indirectly elected by the Assembly of States; lieutenant governor and bailiff appointed by the monarch"
}
},

2
europe/kv.json
View file

@ -405,7 +405,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet elected by the Assembly"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president indirectly elected for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term) by at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; if a candidate does not reach this threshold in the first two ballots, the candidate winning a simple majority vote in the third ballot is elected; prime minister indirectly elected by the Assembly"
},
"most recent election date": {

2
europe/lg.json
View file

@ -539,7 +539,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, appointed by Parliament"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president indirectly elected by Parliament for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president, confirmed by Parliament"
},
"most recent election date": {

2
europe/lh.json
View file

@ -552,7 +552,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the president, approved by Parliament"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president, approved by Parliament"
},
"most recent election date": {

2
europe/lo.json
View file

@ -547,7 +547,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); following National Council elections, the president designates a prime minister candidate, usually the leader of the party or coalition that wins the most votes, who must win a vote of confidence in the National Council"
},
"most recent election date": {

2
europe/ls.json
View file

@ -471,7 +471,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet elected by the Parliament, confirmed by the monarch"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the monarch usually appoints the leader of the majority party in Parliament as the head of government, and also appoints the leader of the largest minority party in Parliament as the deputy head of government if there is a coalition government"
},
"note": "<strong>note</strong>: the prince's successor is his son, Heir Apparent and Regent of Liechtenstein Prince ALOIS; on 15 August 2004, HANS-ADAM II transferred the official duties of the ruling prince to ALOIS, but Prince HANS-ADAM II retains the status of chief of state"

2
europe/lu.json
View file

@ -536,7 +536,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister, appointed by the monarch"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; following elections to the Chamber of Deputies, monarch usually appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister; deputy prime minister also appointed by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime minister are responsible to the Chamber of Deputies"
}
},

4
europe/md.json
View file

@ -543,7 +543,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet proposed by the prime minister-designate, nominated by the president, approved through a vote of confidence in Parliament"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president directly elected for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister designated by the president in consultation with Parliament; within 15 days from designation, the prime minister-designate must request a vote of confidence for his/her proposed work program from the Parliament"
},
"most recent election date": {
@ -585,7 +585,7 @@
"text": "40%"
},
"expected date of next election": {
"text": "July 2025"
"text": "September 2025"
}
},
"Judicial branch": {

2
europe/mj.json
View file

@ -554,7 +554,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "ministers serve as the cabinet"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister nominated by the president, approved by the Assembly"
},
"most recent election date": {

2
europe/mk.json
View file

@ -529,7 +529,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers elected by the Assembly by simple majority vote"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president directly elected using a modified 2-round system; a candidate can only be elected in the first round with an absolute majority from all registered voters; in the second round, voter turnout must be at least 40% for the result to be valid; president elected for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); following legislative elections, the Assembly usually elects the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister"
},
"most recent election date": {

2
europe/mn.json
View file

@ -467,7 +467,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Government under the authority of the monarch"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; minister of state appointed by the monarch from a list of three French national candidates presented by the French Government"
}
},

2
europe/mt.json
View file

@ -524,7 +524,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president indirectly elected by the House of Representatives for a single 5-year term; following legislative elections, the president usually appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister for a 5-year term; deputy prime minister appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister"
},
"most recent election date": {

4
europe/nl.json
View file

@ -565,7 +565,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; following Second Chamber elections, the monarch usually appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister; deputy prime ministers are also appointed by the monarch"
},
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Prime Minister Dick SCHOOF resigned on 3 June 2025 after a party withdrew from his governing coalition, but he will continue in a caretaker capacity until new elections are held, probably in the fall of 2025"
@ -604,7 +604,7 @@
"text": "39.3%"
},
"expected date of next election": {
"text": "November 2027"
"text": "October 2025"
}
},
"Legislative branch - upper chamber": {

2
europe/no.json
View file

@ -561,7 +561,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of State appointed by the monarch, approved by Parliament"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the monarch usually appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister, with the approval of Parliament"
}
},

2
europe/pl.json
View file

@ -566,7 +566,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, appointed by the president, and approved by the Sejm"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister, deputy prime ministers, and Council of Ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the Sejm; all presidential candidates resign their party affiliation"
},
"most recent election date": {

7
europe/po.json
View file

@ -548,7 +548,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); following legislative elections, the president usually appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister"
},
"most recent election date": {
@ -584,8 +584,11 @@
"most recent election date": {
"text": "5/18/2025"
},
"parties elected and seats per party": {
"text": "Social Democratic Party (PPD/PSD) - Democratic and Social Centre - People's Party (CDS-PP) (88); Chega (CH) (60); Socialist Party (PS) (58); Other (24)"
},
"percentage of women in chamber": {
"text": "34.8%"
"text": "33.5%"
},
"expected date of next election": {
"text": "September 2029"

2
europe/ri.json
View file

@ -567,7 +567,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet elected by the National Assembly"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister elected by the National Assembly"
},
"most recent election date": {

2
europe/ro.json
View file

@ -571,7 +571,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament"
},
"most recent election date": {

2
europe/si.json
View file

@ -542,7 +542,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, elected by the National Assembly"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second consecutive term); following National Assembly elections, the president usually nominates the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister, and the National Assembly elects the nominee"
},
"most recent election date": {

2
europe/sm.json
View file

@ -463,7 +463,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Congress of State elected by the Grand and General Council"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "co-chiefs of state (captains regent) indirectly elected by the Grand and General Council for a single 6-month term; Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs indirectly elected by the Grand and General Council for a single 5-year term"
},
"most recent election date": {

2
europe/sp.json
View file

@ -559,7 +559,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Council of Ministers designated by the president"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the monarch usually proposes as president the leader of the majority party or coalition, who is then indirectly elected by the Congress of Deputies; vice president and Council of Ministers appointed by the president"
},
"most recent election date": {

2
europe/sv.json
View file

@ -181,7 +181,7 @@
"head of government": {
"text": "Governor Lars FAUSE (since 24 June 2021)"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "none; the monarchy is hereditary; governor and assistant governor responsible to the Polar Department of the Ministry of Justice"
}
},

2
europe/sw.json
View file

@ -556,7 +556,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet appointed by the prime minister"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually becomes the prime minister"
}
},

2
europe/sz.json
View file

@ -554,7 +554,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Federal Council or Bundesrat (in German), Conseil Federal (in French), Consiglio Federale (in Italian) indirectly elected by the Federal Assembly for a 4-year term"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president and vice president elected by the Federal Assembly from among members of the Federal Council for a 1-year, non-consecutive term"
},
"most recent election date": {

2
europe/uk.json
View file

@ -549,7 +549,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet appointed by the prime minister"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually becomes the prime minister"
},
"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> in addition to serving as the UK head of state, the British sovereign is the constitutional monarch for 14 additional Commonwealth countries (each referred to as a \"Commonwealth realm\")<br><br><strong>note 2</strong>: King CHARLES III succeeded his mother, Queen ELIZABETH II, after serving as Prince of Wales (heir apparent) for over 64 years -- the longest such tenure in British history"

2
europe/up.json
View file

@ -555,7 +555,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Cabinet of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, approved by the Verkhovna Rada"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister selected by the Verkhovna Rada"
},
"most recent election date": {

2
europe/vt.json
View file

@ -251,7 +251,7 @@
"cabinet": {
"text": "Pontifical Commission for the State of Vatican City appointed by the pope"
},
"elections/appointments": {
"election/appointment process": {
"text": "pope elected by the College of Cardinals, usually for life or until voluntary resignation; Secretary of State appointed by the pope"
},
"election results": {