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auto-update week 12
This commit is contained in:
Yo Robot
parent
d6590d514f
commit
c24b0327ce
243 changed files with 5125 additions and 4880 deletions
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@ -69,26 +69,26 @@
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},
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"Land use": {
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"agricultural land": {
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"text": "42.8% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "41.4% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 22.3% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 21.8% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 3% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 3.2% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 17.4% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 16.4% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"forest": {
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"text": "28.8% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "28.8% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"other": {
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"text": "28.2% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "29.8% (2022 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Irrigated land": {
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"text": "1,820 sq km (2020)"
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"text": "1,907 sq km (2022)"
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},
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"Major lakes (area sq km)": {
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"fresh water lake(s)": {
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@ -403,22 +403,22 @@
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},
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"Land use": {
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"agricultural land": {
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"text": "42.8% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "41.4% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 22.3% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 21.8% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 3% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 3.2% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 17.4% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 16.4% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"forest": {
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"text": "28.8% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "28.8% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"other": {
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"text": "28.2% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "29.8% (2022 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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@ -492,7 +492,7 @@
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"text": "People's Socialist Republic of Albania"
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},
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"etymology": {
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"text": "the English-language country name seems to be derived from the ancient Illyrian tribe of the Albani; the native name \"Shqiperia\" is derived from the Albanian word \"Shqiponje\" (\"Eagle\") and is popularly interpreted to mean \"Land of the Eagles\""
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"text": "name may be derived from the pre-Celtic word <em>alb</em>, meaning \"hill,\" or from the Indo-European root word <em>albh</em>, meaning \"white;\" the local name \"Shqiperia\" is derived from the Albanian word <em>shqiponje </em>(\"eagle\") and is popularly interpreted to mean \"Land of the Eagles\""
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}
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},
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"Government type": {
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@ -531,8 +531,8 @@
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"history": {
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"text": "several previous; latest approved by the Assembly 21 October 1998, adopted by referendum 22 November 1998, promulgated 28 November 1998"
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},
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"amendments": {
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"text": "proposed by at least one-fifth of the Assembly membership; passage requires at least a two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; referendum required only if approved by two-thirds of the Assembly; amendments approved by referendum effective upon declaration by the president of the republic; amended several times, last in 2020"
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"amendment process": {
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"text": "proposed by at least one-fifth of the Assembly membership; passage requires at least a two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; referendum required only if approved by two-thirds of the Assembly; amendments approved by referendum effective upon declaration by the president of the republic"
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}
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},
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"International law organization participation": {
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@ -64,22 +64,22 @@
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},
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"Land use": {
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"agricultural land": {
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"text": "40% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "39.9% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 1.7% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 1.6% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 38.3% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 38.3% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"forest": {
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"text": "34% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "34% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"other": {
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"text": "26% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "26.1% (2022 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Irrigated land": {
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@ -357,22 +357,22 @@
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},
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"Land use": {
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"agricultural land": {
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"text": "40% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "39.9% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 1.7% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 1.6% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 38.3% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 38.3% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"forest": {
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"text": "34% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "34% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"other": {
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"text": "26% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "26.1% (2022 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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@ -421,7 +421,7 @@
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"text": "Andorra"
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},
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"etymology": {
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"text": "the origin of the country's name is obscure; the name may derive from the Arabic \"ad-darra\" meaning \"the forest,\" a reference to its location as part of the Spanish March (defensive buffer zone) against the invading Moors in the 8th century; an alternate explanation is that the name originates from a Navarrese word \"andurrial\" meaning \"shrub-covered land\""
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"text": "the origin of the country's name is obscure; may originate from the Navarrese word <em>andurrial, </em>meaning \"shrub-covered land;\" alternately, may derive from the Arabic <em>ad-darra</em> meaning \"the forest,\" a reference to its location; many other theories exist"
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}
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},
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"Government type": {
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@ -460,8 +460,8 @@
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"history": {
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"text": "drafted 1991, approved by referendum 14 March 1993, effective 28 April 1993"
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},
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"amendments": {
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"text": "proposed by the coprinces jointly or by the General Council; passage requires at least a two-thirds majority vote by the General Council, ratification in a referendum, and sanctioning by the coprinces"
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"amendment process": {
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"text": "proposed by the co-princes jointly or by the General Council; passage requires at least a two-thirds majority vote by the General Council, ratification in a referendum, and sanctioning by the co-princes"
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}
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},
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"International law organization participation": {
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@ -539,7 +539,7 @@
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"text": "Supreme Court of Justice of Andorra or Tribunal Superior de la Justicia d'Andorra (consists of the court president and 8 judges organized into civil, criminal, and administrative chambers); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional (consists of 4 magistrates)"
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},
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"judge selection and term of office": {
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"text": "Supreme Court president and judges appointed by the Supreme Council of Justice, a 5-member judicial policy and administrative body appointed 1 each by the coprinces, 1 by the General Council, 1 by the executive council president, and 1 by the courts; judges serve 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional magistrates - 2 appointed by the coprinces and 2 by the General Council; magistrates' appointments limited to 2 consecutive 8-year terms"
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"text": "Supreme Court president and judges appointed by the Supreme Council of Justice, a 5-member judicial policy and administrative body appointed 1 each by the co-princes, 1 by the General Council, 1 by the executive council president, and 1 by the courts; judges serve 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional magistrates - 2 appointed by the co-princes and 2 by the General Council; magistrates' appointments limited to 2 consecutive 8-year terms"
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},
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"subordinate courts": {
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"text": "Tribunal of Judges or Tribunal de Batlles; Tribunal of the Courts or Tribunal de Corts"
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@ -64,22 +64,22 @@
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},
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"Land use": {
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"agricultural land": {
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"text": "38.4% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "31.5% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 16.5% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 16% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 0.8% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 21.1% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 14.7% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"forest": {
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"text": "47.2% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "47.2% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"other": {
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"text": "14.4% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "21.3% (2022 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Irrigated land": {
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@ -388,22 +388,22 @@
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},
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"Land use": {
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"agricultural land": {
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"text": "38.4% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "31.5% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 16.5% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 16% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 0.8% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 21.1% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 14.7% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"forest": {
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"text": "47.2% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "47.2% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"other": {
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"text": "14.4% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "21.3% (2022 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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@ -491,7 +491,7 @@
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"text": "Oesterreich"
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},
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"etymology": {
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"text": "the name Oesterreich means \"eastern realm\" and dates to the 10th century; the designation refers to the fact that Austria was the easternmost extension of both Bavaria and all German peoples; the word Austria is a Latinization of the German name"
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"text": "the name Oesterreich means \"eastern realm\" and dates to the 10th century; the designation refers to the fact that Austria was the easternmost extension of Bavaria and German peoples; the word Austria is a Latinization of the German name"
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}
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},
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"Government type": {
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@ -530,8 +530,8 @@
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"history": {
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"text": "several previous; latest adopted 1 October 1920, revised 1929, replaced May 1934, replaced by German Weimar constitution in 1938 following German annexation, reinstated 1 May 1945"
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},
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"amendments": {
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"text": "proposed through laws designated \"constitutional laws\" or through the constitutional process if the amendment is part of another law; approval required by at least a two-thirds majority vote by the National Assembly and the presence of one-half of the members; a referendum is required only if requested by one-third of the National Council or Federal Council membership; passage by referendum requires absolute majority vote; amended many times, last in 2020"
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"amendment process": {
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"text": "proposed through laws designated \"constitutional laws\" or through the constitutional process if the amendment is part of another law; approval required by at least a two-thirds majority vote by the National Assembly and the presence of one-half of the members; a referendum is required only if requested by one-third of the National Council or Federal Council membership; passage by referendum requires absolute majority vote"
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}
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},
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"International law organization participation": {
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@ -75,22 +75,22 @@
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},
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"Land use": {
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"agricultural land": {
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"text": "44.1% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "44.6% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 27.2% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 28.3% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 0.8% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 16.1% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 15.5% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"forest": {
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"text": "22.4% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "22.6% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"other": {
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"text": "33.5% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "32.8% (2022 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Irrigated land": {
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@ -388,22 +388,22 @@
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},
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"Land use": {
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"agricultural land": {
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"text": "44.1% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "44.6% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 27.2% (2018 est.)"
|
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"agricultural land: arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 28.3% (2022 est.)"
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},
|
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"permanent crops": {
|
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"text": "permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)"
|
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"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
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"text": "permanent crops: 0.8% (2022 est.)"
|
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},
|
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"permanent pasture": {
|
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"text": "permanent pasture: 16.1% (2018 est.)"
|
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"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
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"text": "permanent pasture: 15.5% (2022 est.)"
|
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},
|
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"forest": {
|
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"text": "22.4% (2018 est.)"
|
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"text": "22.6% (2022 est.)"
|
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},
|
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"other": {
|
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"text": "33.5% (2018 est.)"
|
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"text": "32.8% (2022 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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@ -523,8 +523,8 @@
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"history": {
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"text": "drafted 25 November 1830, approved 7 February 1831, entered into force 26 July 1831, revised 14 July 1993 (creating a federal state)"
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},
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"amendments": {
|
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"text": "\"revisions\" proposed as declarations by the federal government in accord with the king or by Parliament followed by dissolution of Parliament and new elections; adoption requires two-thirds majority vote of a two-thirds quorum in both houses of the next elected Parliament; amended many times, last in 2019"
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"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "\"revisions\" proposed as declarations by the federal government in accord with the king or by Parliament followed by dissolution of Parliament and new elections; adoption requires two-thirds majority vote of a two-thirds quorum in both houses of the next elected Parliament"
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}
|
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},
|
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"International law organization participation": {
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@ -64,22 +64,22 @@
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},
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"Land use": {
|
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"agricultural land": {
|
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"text": "42.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "44.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
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"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 19.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 19.7% (2022 est.)"
|
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},
|
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"permanent crops": {
|
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"text": "permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.)"
|
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"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
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"text": "permanent crops: 2.1% (2022 est.)"
|
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},
|
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"permanent pasture": {
|
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"text": "permanent pasture: 20.5% (2018 est.)"
|
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"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
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"text": "permanent pasture: 22.4% (2022 est.)"
|
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},
|
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"forest": {
|
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"text": "42.8% (2018 est.)"
|
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"text": "42.7% (2022 est.)"
|
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},
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"other": {
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"text": "15% (2018 est.)"
|
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"text": "13.1% (2022 est.)"
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}
|
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},
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"Irrigated land": {
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@ -378,22 +378,22 @@
|
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},
|
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"Land use": {
|
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"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "42.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "44.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 19.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 19.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 20.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 22.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "42.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "42.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "15% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "13.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -508,8 +508,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "14 December 1995 (constitution included as part of the Dayton Peace Accords); note - each of the political entities has its own constitution"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "decided by the Parliamentary Assembly, including a two-thirds majority vote of members present in the House of Representatives; the constitutional article on human rights and fundamental freedoms cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2009"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "decided by the Parliamentary Assembly, including a two-thirds majority vote of members present in the House of Representatives; the constitutional article on human rights and fundamental freedoms cannot be amended"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,26 +64,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "43.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "39.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 27.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 27.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 15.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 11.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "42.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "43.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "13.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "16.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "303 sq km (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "260 sq km (2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major rivers (by length in km)": {
|
||||
"text": "Dnyapro (Dnieper) (shared with Russia [s] and Ukraine [m]) - 2,287 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
|
||||
|
|
@ -394,22 +394,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "43.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "39.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 27.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 27.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 15.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 11.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "42.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "43.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "13.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "16.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -524,9 +524,10 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest drafted between late 1991 and early 1994, signed 15 March 1994"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic through petition to the National Assembly or by petition of least 150,000 eligible voters; approval required by at least two-thirds majority vote in both chambers or by simple majority of votes cast in a referendum; amended 1996, 2004; note -one of several amendments passed in the February 2022 referendum - the presidential 5-year, two-term limit - will be imposed after the 2025 election"
|
||||
}
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic through petition to the National Assembly or by petition of least 150,000 eligible voters; approval required by at least two-thirds majority vote in both chambers or by simple majority of votes cast in a referendum"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>one of several amendments passed in the February 2022 referendum -- the presidential 5-year, two-term limit -- will be imposed after the 2025 election"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
|
||||
|
|
@ -1237,7 +1238,7 @@
|
|||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> conscripts can be assigned to the military, to the Ministry of Interior, or to the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection (alternative service)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Military - note": {
|
||||
"text": "the military of Belarus is responsible for territorial defense; it is a mixed force of conscripts and professionals that is equipped with Russian or Soviet-era weapons; Russia is the country’s closest security partner, a relationship that includes an integrated air and missile defense system and joint military training centers and exercises; Russia leases from Belarus a strategic ballistic missile defense site operated by Russian Aerospace Forces and a global communications facility for the Russian Navy; in 2020, the countries signed an agreement allowing for close security cooperation between the Belarusian Ministry of Interior and the Russian National Guard, including protecting public order and key government facilities and combating extremism and terrorism; in 2022, Belarus allowed Russian military forces to stage on its territory for their invasion of Ukraine and continues to supply arms and other aid to the Russian military, including logistical support, medical care, and airfields for Russian combat aircraft; in 2023, Belarus agreed to permit Russia to deploy nuclear weapons on its soil<br><br>Belarus has been a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) since 1994 and has committed an airborne brigade to CSTO's rapid reaction force; the military trains regularly with other CSTO members (2023)"
|
||||
"text": "the military of Belarus is responsible for territorial defense; it is a mixed force of conscripts and professionals that is equipped with Russian or Soviet-era weapons; Russia is the country’s closest security partner; in 2022, Belarus allowed Russian military forces to stage on its territory for their invasion of Ukraine; in 2023, Belarus agreed to permit Russia to deploy nuclear weapons on its soil<br><br>Belarus has been a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) since 1994 and has committed an airborne brigade to CSTO's rapid reaction force; the military trains regularly with other CSTO members (2024)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Space": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,26 +72,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "46.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "46.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 29.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 31.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 15.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 13% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "36.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "36.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "16.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "17.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "987 sq km (2013)"
|
||||
"text": "929 sq km (2016)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major rivers (by length in km)": {
|
||||
"text": "Dunav (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
|
||||
|
|
@ -392,22 +392,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "46.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "46.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 29.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 31.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 15.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 13% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "36.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "36.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "16.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "17.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -524,8 +524,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest drafted between late 1990 and early 1991, adopted 13 July 1991"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Assembly or by the president of the republic; passage requires three-fourths majority vote of National Assembly members in three ballots; signed by the National Assembly chairperson; note - under special circumstances, a \"Grand National Assembly\" is elected with the authority to write a new constitution and amend certain articles of the constitution, including those affecting basic civil rights and national sovereignty; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote in each of several readings; amended several times, last in 2023"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Assembly or by the president of the republic; passage requires three-fourths majority vote of National Assembly members in three ballots; signed by the National Assembly chairperson; note - under special circumstances, a \"Grand National Assembly\" is elected with the authority to write a new constitution and amend certain articles of the constitution, including those affecting basic civil rights and national sovereignty; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote in each of several readings"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -599,7 +599,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Cassation (consists of a chairman and approximately 72 judges organized into penal, civil, and commercial colleges); Supreme Administrative Court (organized into 2 colleges with various panels of 5 judges each); Constitutional Court (consists of 12 justices); note - Constitutional Court resides outside the judiciary"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Cassation consists of a chairman and approximately 72 judges organized into penal, civil, and commercial colleges; Supreme Administrative Court is organized into 2 colleges with various panels of 5 judges each; Constitutional Court consists of 12 justices) and resides outside the judiciary"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Cassation and Supreme Administrative judges elected by the Supreme Judicial Council or SJC (consists of 25 members with extensive legal experience) and appointed by the president; judges can serve until mandatory retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court justices elected by the National Assembly and appointed by the president and the SJC; justices appointed for 9-year terms with renewal of 4 justices every 3 years"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,26 +72,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "13.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "13.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 9.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 10.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 3.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "18.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "18.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "67.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "68% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "268 sq km (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "269 sq km (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "population concentrated in central Nicosia and in the major cities of the south: Paphos, Limassol, and Larnaca"
|
||||
|
|
@ -393,22 +393,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "13.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "13.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 9.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 10.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 3.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "18.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "18.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "67.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "68% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -524,11 +524,12 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "ratified 16 August 1960; note - in 1963, the constitution was partly suspended as Turkish Cypriots withdrew from the government; Turkish-held territory in 1983 was declared the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (\"TRNC\"); in 1985, the \"TRNC\" approved its own constitution"
|
||||
"text": "ratified 16 August 1960"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "constitution of the Republic of Cyprus - proposed by the House of Representatives; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the total membership of the \"Greek Community\" and the \"Turkish Community\"; however, all seats of Turkish Cypriot members have remained vacant since 1964; amended many times, last in 2020;<br>constitution of the “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus” - proposed by at least 10 members of the \"Assembly of the Republic\"; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the total Assembly membership and approval by referendum; amended 2014"
|
||||
}
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "constitution of the Republic of Cyprus -- proposed by the House of Representatives; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the total membership of the \"Greek Community\" and the \"Turkish Community\"; however, all seats of Turkish Cypriot members have remained vacant since 1964<br><br>constitution of the “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus” -- proposed by at least 10 members of the \"Assembly of the Republic\"; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the total Assembly membership and approval by referendum"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> in 1963, the constitution was partly suspended as Turkish Cypriots withdrew from the government; Turkish-held territory in 1983 was declared the \"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\" (\"TRNC\"); in 1985, the \"TRNC\" approved its own constitution"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
|
||||
|
|
@ -603,14 +604,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Cyprus (consists of 13 judges, including the court president); note - the highest court in the \"TRNC\" is the \"Supreme Court\" (consists of 8 \"judges,\" including the \"court president\")"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Cyprus (consists of 13 judges, including the court president)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Republic of Cyprus Supreme Court judges appointed by the president of the republic upon the recommendation of the Supreme Court judges; judges can serve until age 68; \"TRNC Supreme Court\" judges appointed by the \"Supreme Council of Judicature,\" a 12-member body of judges, the attorney general, appointees by the president of the \"TRNC,\" and by the \"Legislative Assembly,\" and members elected by the bar association; judge tenure NA"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Republic of Cyprus district courts; Assize Courts; Administrative Court; specialized courts for issues relating to family, industrial disputes, the military, and rent control; \"TRNC Assize Courts\"; \"district and family courts\""
|
||||
}
|
||||
"text": "Republic of Cyprus district courts; Assize Courts; Administrative Court; specialized courts for issues relating to family, industrial disputes, the military, and rent control; \"TRNC Assize Courts\"; \"TNRC district and family courts\""
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the highest court in the TRNC is the Supreme Court (consists of 8 judges, including the court president)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "<strong>area under government control:</strong> <br>Democratic Front or DIPA <br>Democratic Party or DIKO<br>Democratic Rally or DISY <br>Movement of Ecologists - Citizens' Alliance <br>Movement of Social Democrats EDEK<br>National Popular Front or ELAM <br>Progressive Party of the Working People or AKEL (Communist Party) <br>Solidarity Movement<br><br><strong>area administered by Turkish Cypriots:</strong> <br>Communal Democracy Party or TDP<br>Communal Liberation Party - New Forces or TKP-YG<br>Cyprus Socialist Party or KSP<br>Democratic Party or DP<br>National Democratic Party or NDP<br>National Unity Party or UBP <br>New Cyprus Party or YKP<br>People's Party or HP <br>Rebirth Party or YDP<br>Republican Turkish Party or CTP<br>United Cyprus Party or BKP"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -76,26 +76,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "63.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "65.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 58.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 59% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 4.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 5.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "12.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "15.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "23.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "18.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "2,360 sq km (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "2,420 sq km (2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "with excellent access to the North Sea, Skagerrak, Kattegat, and the Baltic Sea, population centers tend to be along coastal areas, particularly in Copenhagen and the eastern side of the country's mainland"
|
||||
|
|
@ -395,22 +395,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "63.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "65.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 58.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 59% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 4.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 5.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "12.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "15.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "23.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "18.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -526,8 +526,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 5 June 1953"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the Folketing (Parliament) with consent of the government; passage requires approval by the next Folketing following a general election, approval by simple majority vote of at least 40% of voters in a referendum, and assent of the chief of state; changed several times, last in 2009 (Danish Act of Succession)"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the Folketing (Parliament) with consent of the government; passage requires approval by the next Folketing following a general election, approval by simple majority vote of at least 40% of voters in a referendum, and assent of the chief of state"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -313,7 +313,7 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "none; the EU legal order relies primarily on the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU (TFEU)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "European Union treaties can be amended in several ways: 1) Ordinary Revision Procedure (for key amendments to the treaties); initiated by an EU member state, by the European Parliament, or by the European Commission; following adoption of the proposal by the European Council, a convention is formed of national government representatives to review the proposal and a conference of government representatives then reviews the proposal; passage requires ratification by all EU member states; 2) Simplified Revision Procedure (for amendment of EU internal policies and actions); passage of a proposal requires unanimous European Council vote after European Council consultation with the European Commission, the European Parliament, and the European Central Bank (if the amendment concerns monetary matters) and requires ratification by all EU member states; 3) Passerelle Clause (allows the alteration of a legislative procedure without a formal amendment of the treaties); 4) Flexibility Clause (permits the EU to decide in subject areas where EU competences have not been explicitly granted in the Treaties but are necessary to the attainment of the objectives set out in the Treaty)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -356,7 +356,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Justice of the European Union, which includes the Court of Justice (informally known as the European Court of Justice or ECJ) and the General Court (consists of 27 judges, one drawn from each member state); the ECJ includes 11 advocates general while the General Court can include additional judges; both the ECJ and the General Court may sit in a \"Grand Chamber\" of 15 judges in special cases but usually in chambers of 3 to 5 judges"
|
||||
"text": "Court of Justice of the European Union, which includes the Court of Justice (informally known as the European Court of Justice or ECJ, includes 11 advocates general) and the General Court (consists of 27 judges, one drawn from each member state; can include additional judges); both the ECJ and the General Court sit in chambers of 3 to 5 judges but may sit in a Grand Chamber of 15 judges in special cases"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "judges appointed by the common consent of the member states to serve 6-year renewable terms"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -69,22 +69,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "66.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "63.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 15.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 6.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 50.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 56.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "10.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "23% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "25.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -374,22 +374,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "66.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "63.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 15.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 6.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 50.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 56.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "10.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "23% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "25.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -505,8 +505,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1922; latest drafted 14 June 1937, adopted by plebiscite 1 July 1937, effective 29 December 1937"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed as bills by Parliament; passage requires majority vote by both the Senate and House of Representatives, majority vote in a referendum, and presidential signature; amended many times, last in 2019"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed as bills by Parliament; passage requires majority vote by both the Senate and House of Representatives, majority vote in a referendum, and presidential signature"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -608,7 +608,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Ireland (consists of the chief justice, 9 judges, 2 ex-officio members - the presidents of the High Court and Court of Appeal - and organized in 3-, 5-, or 7-judge panels, depending on the importance or complexity of an issue of law)"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Ireland (consists of the chief justice, 9 judges, 2 ex-officio members -- the presidents of the High Court and Court of Appeal -- and organized in 3-, 5-, or 7-judge panels, depending on the importance or complexity of an issue of law)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "judges nominated by the prime minister and Cabinet and appointed by the president; chief justice serves in the position for 7 years; judges can serve until age 70"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -70,22 +70,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "22.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "23.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 14.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 16.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 7.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 6.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "52.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "57.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "25.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "19.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -383,22 +383,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "22.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "23.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 14.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 16.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 7.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 6.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "52.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "57.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "25.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "19.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -514,8 +514,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 28 June 1992, entered into force 3 July 1992"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by at least one-fifth of Parliament members or by the president of the republic; passage requires three readings of the proposed amendment and a simple majority vote in two successive memberships of Parliament; passage of amendments to the \"General Provisions\" and \"Amendment of the Constitution\" chapters requires at least three-fifths majority vote by Parliament to conduct a referendum and majority vote in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2015"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by at least one-fifth of Parliament members or by the president of the republic; passage requires three readings of the proposed amendment and a simple majority vote in two successive memberships of Parliament; passage of amendments to the \"General Provisions\" and \"Amendment of the Constitution\" chapters requires at least three-fifths majority vote by Parliament to conduct a referendum and majority vote in a referendum"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,26 +64,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "54.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "45.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 41% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 32.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 12.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 13% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "34.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "34.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "10.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "19.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "220 sq km (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "220 sq km (2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major rivers (by length in km)": {
|
||||
"text": "Labe (Elbe) river source (shared with Germany [m]) - 1,252 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
|
||||
|
|
@ -385,22 +385,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "54.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "45.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 41% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 32.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 12.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 13% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "34.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "34.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "10.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "19.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -522,8 +522,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1960; latest ratified 16 December 1992, effective 1 January 1993"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "passage requires at least three-fifths concurrence of members present in both houses of Parliament; amended several times, last in 2021"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "passage requires at least three-fifths concurrence of members present in both houses of Parliament"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -75,26 +75,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "7.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "7.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 7.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 7.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "72.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "73.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "19.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "18.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "80 sq km (2015)"
|
||||
"text": "80 sq km (2016)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major lakes (area sq km)": {
|
||||
"fresh water lake(s)": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -400,22 +400,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "7.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "7.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 7.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 7.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "72.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "73.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "19.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "18.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -536,8 +536,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1906, 1919; latest drafted 17 June 1997, approved by Parliament 11 June 1999, entered into force 1 March 2000"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by Parliament; passage normally requires simple majority vote in two readings in the first parliamentary session and at least two-thirds majority vote in a single reading by the newly elected Parliament; proposals declared \"urgent\" by five-sixths of Parliament members can be passed by at least two-thirds majority vote in the first parliamentary session only; amended several times, last in 2018"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by Parliament; passage normally requires simple majority vote in two readings in the first parliamentary session and at least two-thirds majority vote in a single reading by the newly elected Parliament; proposals declared \"urgent\" by five-sixths of Parliament members can be passed by at least two-thirds majority vote in the first parliamentary session only"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -611,14 +611,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (consists of the court president and 18 judges); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 21 judges, including the court president and organized into 3 chambers); note - Finland has a dual judicial system - courts with civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative courts with jurisdiction for litigation between individuals and administrative organs of the state and communities"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (consists of the court president and 18 judges); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 21 judges, including the court president; organized into 3 chambers)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court judges appointed by the president of the republic; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 68"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "6 Courts of Appeal; 8 regional administrative courts; 27 district courts; special courts for issues relating to markets, labor, insurance, impeachment, land, tenancy, and water rights"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Finland has a dual judicial system; courts with civil and criminal jurisdiction, and administrative courts with jurisdiction for litigation between individuals and administrative organs of the state and communities"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "Aland Coalition (a coalition of several political parties on the Aland Islands)<br>Center Party or Kesk <br>Christian Democrats or KD <br>Finns Party or PS <br>Green League or Vihr <br>Left Alliance or Vas <br>Movement Now or Liike Nyt <br>National Coalition Party or Kok <br>Social Democratic Party or SDP <br>Swedish People's Party or RKP or SFP "
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -66,22 +66,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "2.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "70.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 70.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "97.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "29.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -311,22 +311,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "2.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "70.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 70.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "97.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "29.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -417,7 +417,7 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "5 June 1953 (Danish Constitution), 23 March 1948 (Home Rule Act), and 24 June 2005 (Takeover Act) serve as the Faroe Islands' constitutional position in the Unity of the Realm"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "see entry for Denmark"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -476,10 +476,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Faroese Court or Raett (Rett - Danish) decides both civil and criminal cases; the Court is part of the Danish legal system"
|
||||
"text": "Faroese Court or Raett (Rett in Danish) decides both civil and criminal cases; the Court is part of the Danish legal system"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of the First Instance or Tribunal de Premiere Instance; Court of Administrative Law or Tribunal Administratif; Mixed Commercial Court; Land Court"
|
||||
"text": "Court of the First Instance or Tribunal de Première Instance; Court of Administrative Law or Tribunal Administratif; Mixed Commercial Court; Land Court"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -85,22 +85,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "52.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "51.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 33.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 34.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 17.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 15.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "29.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "31.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "18.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "16.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -413,22 +413,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "52.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "51.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 33.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 34.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 17.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 15.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "29.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "31.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "18.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "16.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -563,8 +563,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "many previous; latest effective 4 October 1958"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic (upon recommendation of the prime minister and Parliament) or by Parliament; proposals submitted by Parliament members require passage by both houses followed by approval in a referendum; passage of proposals submitted by the government can bypass a referendum if submitted by the president to Parliament and passed by at least three-fifths majority vote by Parliament’s National Assembly; amended many times, last in 2008"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic (upon recommendation of the prime minister and Parliament) or by Parliament; proposals submitted by Parliament members require passage by both houses followed by approval in a referendum; passage of proposals submitted by the government can bypass a referendum if submitted by the president to Parliament and passed by at least three-fifths majority vote by Parliament’s National Assembly"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -667,15 +667,14 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation (consists of the court president, 6 divisional presiding judges, 120 trial judges, and 70 deputy judges organized into 6 divisions - 3 civil, 1 commercial, 1 labor, and 1 criminal); Constitutional Council (consists of 9 members)"
|
||||
"text": "Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation (consists of the court president, 6 divisional presiding judges, 120 trial judges, and 70 deputy judges organized into 6 divisions -- 3 civil, 1 commercial, 1 labor, and 1 criminal); Constitutional Council (consists of 9 members)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Cassation judges appointed by the president of the republic from nominations from the High Council of the Judiciary, presided over by the Court of Cassation and 15 appointed members; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Council members - 3 appointed by the president of the republic and 3 each by the National Assembly and Senate presidents; members serve 9-year, non-renewable terms with one-third of the membership renewed every 3 years"
|
||||
"text": "Court of Cassation judges appointed by the president of the republic from nominations from the High Council of the Judiciary, presided over by the Court of Cassation and 15 appointed members; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Council has 3 members appointed by the president of the republic and 3 each by the National Assembly and Senate presidents; members serve 9-year, non-renewable terms with one third of the membership renewed every 3 years"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "appellate courts or Cour d'Appel; regional courts or Tribunal de Grande Instance; first instance courts or Tribunal d'instance; administrative courts"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> in April 2021, the French Government submitted a bill on judicial reform to Parliament"
|
||||
"text": "appellate courts or cours d'appel; regional courts or tribunaux judiciaires; first instance courts or tribunaux de proximité; administrative courts"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "Citizen and Republican Movement or MRC <br>Debout la France or DLF <br>Democratic Movement or MoDem <br>Ensemble or ENS (electoral coalition including RE, MoDem, Horizons, PRV, UDI)<br>The Ecologists - the Greens or EELV<br>French Communist Party or PCF <br>Horizons <br>La France Insoumise or FI <br>Liberties, Independents, Overseas and Territories or LIOT <br>Movement of Progressives or MDP <br>National Rally or RN (formerly National Front or FN)<br>New Democrats or LND (formerly Ecology Democracy Solidarity or EDS)<br>New Popular Front or NFP (electoral coalition including FI, EELV, PS, PCF)<br>Radical Party of the Left or PRV <br>Reconquete or REC <br>Renaissance or RE <br>Résistons! <br>Socialist Party or PS <br>The Republicans or LR <br>Union of Democrats and Independents or UDI<br>Union of Far Right or UXD (electoral coalition of LR, RN)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -63,10 +63,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2011 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "100% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "100% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -289,10 +292,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2011 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "100% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "100% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -365,7 +371,7 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1969; latest passed by referendum 30 November 2006, entered into effect 14 December 2006, entered into force 2 January 2007"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by Parliament and requires prior consent of the British monarch (through the Secretary of State); passage requires at least three-fourths majority vote in Parliament followed by simple majority vote in a referendum; note – only sections 1 through 15 in Chapter 1 (Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms) can be amended by Parliament"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -423,14 +429,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal (consists of at least 3 judges, including the court president); Supreme Court of Gibraltar (consists of the chief justice and 3 judges); note - appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)"
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal (consists of at least 3 judges, including the court president); Supreme Court of Gibraltar (consists of the chief justice and 3 judges) "
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal and Supreme Court judges appointed by the governor upon the advice of the Judicial Service Commission, a 7-member body of judges and appointees of the governor; tenure of the Court of Appeal president based on terms of appointment; Supreme Court chief justice and judges normally appointed until retirement at age 67 but tenure can be extended 3 years"
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal and Supreme Court judges appointed by the governor upon the advice of the Judicial Service Commission, a 7-member body of judges and appointees of the governor; tenure of the Court of Appeal president based on terms of appointment; Supreme Court chief justice and judges normally appointed until retirement at age 67, but tenure can be extended 3 years"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of First Instance; Magistrates' Court; specialized tribunals for issues relating to social security, taxes, and employment"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "Gibraltar Liberal Party or Liberal Party of Gibraltar or LPG <br>Gibraltar Social Democrats or GSD <br>Gibraltar Socialist Labor Party or GSLP <br>GSLP-Liberal Alliance <br>Together Gibraltar or TG "
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -62,6 +62,26 @@
|
|||
"Natural resources": {
|
||||
"text": "cropland"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "43.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 18.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 24.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "5.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "51.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "NA"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -266,6 +286,26 @@
|
|||
"Climate": {
|
||||
"text": "temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "43.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 18.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 24.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "5.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "51.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
"urban population": {
|
||||
"text": "31.2% of total population (2023)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -343,8 +383,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "unwritten; includes royal charters, statutes, and common law and practice"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "new laws or changes to existing laws are initiated by the States of Deliberation; passage requires majority vote; many laws have been passed; in 2019, 60 laws were passed"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "new laws or changes to existing laws are initiated by the States of Deliberation; passage requires majority vote"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Citizenship": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -406,14 +446,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Guernsey Court of Appeal (consists of the Bailiff of Guernsey, who is the ex-officio president of the Guernsey Court of Appeal, and at least 12 judges); Royal Court (organized into 3 divisions - Full Court sits with 1 judge and 7 to 12 jurats acting as judges of fact, Ordinary Court sits with 1 judge and normally 3 jurats, and Matrimonial Causes Division sits with 1 judge and 4 jurats); note - appeals beyond Guernsey courts are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)"
|
||||
"text": "Guernsey Court of Appeal (consists of the Bailiff of Guernsey, who is the ex-officio president of the Guernsey Court of Appeal, and at least 12 judges); Royal Court (organized into 3 divisions - Full Court sits with 1 judge and 7 to 12 jurats acting as judges of fact, Ordinary Court sits with 1 judge and normally 3 jurats, and Matrimonial Causes Division sits with 1 judge and 4 jurats)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Royal Court Bailiff, Deputy Bailiff, and Court of Appeal justices appointed by the British Crown and hold office at Her Majesty's pleasure; jurats elected by the States of Election, a body chaired by the Bailiff and a number of jurats"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Alderney; Court of the Seneschal of Sark; Magistrates' Court (includes Juvenile Court); Contracts Court; Ecclesiastical Court; Court of Chief Pleas"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> appeals beyond Guernsey courts are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "Alliance Party Guernsey or APG <br>Guernsey Partnership of Independents or GPI <br>Guernsey Party or GP "
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,26 +72,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "48% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "47.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 34.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 33.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 13.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 13.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "31.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "32.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "20.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "19.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "5,056 sq km (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "5,065 sq km (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major lakes (area sq km)": {
|
||||
"fresh water lake(s)": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -398,22 +398,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "48% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "47.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 34.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 33.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 13.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 13.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "31.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "32.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "20.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "19.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -546,8 +546,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1919 (Weimar Constitution); latest drafted 10-23 August 1948, approved 12 May 1949, promulgated 23 May 1949, entered into force 24 May 1949"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by Parliament; passage and enactment into law require two-thirds majority vote by both the Bundesrat (upper house) and the Bundestag (lower house) of Parliament; articles including those on basic human rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended many times, last in 2020; note - in early 2021, the German federal government introduced a bill to incorporate children’s rights into the constitution"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by Parliament; passage and enactment into law require two-thirds majority vote by both the Bundesrat (upper house) and the Bundestag (lower house) of Parliament; articles including those on basic human rights and freedoms cannot be amended"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -636,13 +636,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Federal Court of Justice (court consists of 127 judges, including the court president, vice presidents, presiding judges, other judges and organized into 25 Senates subdivided into 12 civil panels, 5 criminal panels, and 8 special panels); Federal Constitutional Court or Bundesverfassungsgericht (consists of 2 Senates each subdivided into 3 chambers, each with a chairman and 8 members)"
|
||||
"text": "Federal Court of Justice (court consists of 127 judges, including the court president, vice presidents, presiding judges, other judges; organized into 25 Senates subdivided into 12 civil panels, 5 criminal panels, and 8 special panels); Federal Constitutional Court or Bundesverfassungsgericht (consists of 2 Senates each subdivided into 3 chambers, each with a chairman and 8 members)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Federal Court of Justice judges selected by the Judges Election Committee, which consists of the Secretaries of Justice from each of the 16 federated states and 16 members appointed by the Federal Parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 65; Federal Constitutional Court judges - one-half elected by the House of Representatives and one-half by the Senate; judges appointed for 12-year terms with mandatory retirement at age 68"
|
||||
"text": "Federal Court of Justice judges selected by the Judges Election Committee, which consists of the Secretaries of Justice from each of the 16 federated states and 16 members appointed by the Federal Parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 65; half of Federal Constitutional Court judges are elected by the House of Representatives and half by the Senate; judges appointed for 12-year terms with mandatory retirement at age 68"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Federal Administrative Court; Federal Finance Court; Federal Labor Court; Federal Social Court; each of the 16 federated states or Land has its own constitutional court and a hierarchy of ordinary (civil, criminal, family) and specialized (administrative, finance, labor, social) courts; two English-speaking commercial courts opened in late 2020 in the state of Baden-Wuerttemberg - English-speaking Stuttgart Commercial Court and English-speaking Mannheim Commercial Court"
|
||||
"text": "Federal Administrative Court; Federal Finance Court; Federal Labor Court; Federal Social Court; each of the 16 federated states or Land has its own constitutional court and a hierarchy of ordinary (civil, criminal, family) and specialized (administrative, finance, labor, social) courts; two English-speaking commercial courts opened in 2020 in the state of Baden-Wuerttemberg -- the Stuttgart Commercial Court and the Mannheim Commercial Court"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -70,26 +70,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "63.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "44.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 19.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 14.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 8.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 34.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 22.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "30.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "30.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "6.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "25.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "11,853 sq km (2019)"
|
||||
"text": "12,191 sq km (2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "one-third of the population lives in and around metropolitan Athens; the remainder of the country has moderate population density mixed with sizeable urban clusters"
|
||||
|
|
@ -384,22 +384,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "63.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "44.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 19.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 14.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 8.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 34.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 22.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "30.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "30.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "6.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "25.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -518,8 +518,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "many previous; latest entered into force 11 June 1975"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by at least 50 members of Parliament and agreed by three-fifths majority vote in two separate ballots at least 30 days apart; passage requires absolute majority vote by the next elected Parliament; entry into force finalized through a \"special parliamentary resolution\"; articles on human rights and freedoms and the form of government cannot be amended; amended 1986, 2001, 2008, 2019"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by at least 50 members of Parliament and agreed by three-fifths majority vote in two separate ballots at least 30 days apart; passage requires absolute majority vote by the next elected Parliament; entry into force finalized through a \"special parliamentary resolution\"; articles on human rights and freedoms and the form of government cannot be amended"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -594,10 +594,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Civil and Criminal Court or Areios Pagos (consists of 56 judges, including the court presidents); Council of State (supreme administrative court) (consists of the president, 7 vice presidents, 42 privy councilors, 48 associate councilors and 50 reporting judges, organized into six 5- and 7-member chambers; Court of Audit (government audit and enforcement) consists of the president, 5 vice presidents, 20 councilors, and 90 associate and reporting judges"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Civil and Criminal Court or Areios Pagos (consists of 56 judges, including the court presidents); Council of State (supreme administrative court) consists of the president, 7 vice presidents, 42 privy councilors, 48 associate councilors and 50 reporting judges, organized into six 5- and 7-member chambers; Court of Audit (government audit and enforcement) consists of the president, 5 vice presidents, 20 councilors, and 90 associate and reporting judges"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by presidential decree on the advice of the Supreme Judicial Council (SJC), which includes the president of the Supreme Court, other judges, and the prosecutor of the Supreme Court; judges appointed for life following a 2-year probationary period; Council of State president appointed by the Greek Cabinet to serve a 4-year term; other judge appointments and tenure NA; Court of Audit president appointed by decree of the president of the republic on the advice of the SJC; court president serves a 4-year term or until age 67; tenure of vice presidents, councilors, and judges NA"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by presidential decree on the advice of the Supreme Judicial Council (SJC), which includes the president of the Supreme Court, other judges, and the prosecutor of the Supreme Court; judges appointed for life after a 2-year probationary period; Council of State president appointed by the Greek Cabinet to serve a 4-year term; other judge appointments and tenure NA; Court of Audit president appointed by decree of the president of the republic on the advice of the SJC; court president serves a 4-year term or until age 67; tenure of vice presidents, councilors, and judges NA"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Courts of Appeal and Courts of First Instance (district courts)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -69,26 +69,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "23.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "25.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 16% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 15.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 6.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 9.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "34.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "34.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "41.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "39.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "171 sq km (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "170 sq km (2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major rivers (by length in km)": {
|
||||
"text": "Dunav (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
|
||||
|
|
@ -389,22 +389,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "23.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "25.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 16% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 15.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 6.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 9.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "34.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "34.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "41.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "39.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -529,8 +529,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 22 December 1990"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by at least one fifth of the Assembly membership, by the president of the republic, by the Government of Croatia, or through petition by at least 10% of the total electorate; proceedings to amend require majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; passage by petition requires a majority vote in a referendum and promulgation by the Assembly; amended several times, last in 2014"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by at least one fifth of the Assembly membership, by the president of the republic, by the Government of Croatia, or through petition by at least 10% of the total electorate; proceedings to amend require majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; passage by petition requires a majority vote in a referendum and promulgation by the Assembly"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -611,8 +611,9 @@
|
|||
"text": "president of Supreme Court nominated by the president of Croatia and elected by the Sabor for a 4-year term; other Supreme Court justices appointed by the National Judicial Council; all judges serve until age 70"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Administrative Court; county, municipal, and specialized courts; note - there is an 11-member Constitutional Court with jurisdiction limited to constitutional issues but is outside of the judicial system"
|
||||
}
|
||||
"text": "Administrative Court; county, municipal, and specialized courts"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> an 11-member Constitutional Court has jurisdiction limited to constitutional issues, but it is outside the judicial system"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "Bosniaks Together<br>The Bridge or MOST (formerly the Bridge of Independent Lists)<br>Croatia Romani Union Kali Sara (SRRH)<br>Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ<br>Democratic Union of Hungarians in Croatia (DZMH)<br>Focus or Fokus<br>Homeland Movement or DP (also known as Miroslav Škoro Homeland Movement or DPMS)<br>Independent Democratic Serb Party or SDSS <br>Independent Platform of the North (NPS)<br>Istrian Democratic Assembly or IDS<br>Social Democratic Party of Croatia or SDP<br>We Can! or Mozemo! "
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,26 +64,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "58.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "55.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 48.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 45.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 8.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 8.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "22.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "22.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "18.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "21.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "1,010 sq km (2019)"
|
||||
"text": "1,331 sq km (2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major lakes (area sq km)": {
|
||||
"fresh water lake(s)": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -387,22 +387,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "58.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "55.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 48.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 45.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 8.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 8.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "22.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "22.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "18.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "21.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -532,8 +532,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1949 (heavily amended in 1989 following the collapse of communism); latest approved 18 April 2011, signed 25 April 2011, effective 1 January 2012"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic, by the government, by parliamentary committee, or by Parliament members; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament members and approval by the president; amended several times, last in 2018"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic, by the government, by parliamentary committee, or by Parliament members; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament members and approval by the president"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -613,7 +613,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Curia or Supreme Judicial Court (consists of the president, vice president, department heads, and has a maximum of 113 judges, and is organized into civil, criminal, and administrative-labor departments; Constitutional Court (consists of 15 judges, including the court president and vice president)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Curia president elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president of the republic; other Curia judges appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the National Judicial Council, a separate 15-member administrative body; judge tenure based on interim evaluations until normal retirement at age 62; Constitutional Court judges, including the president of the court, elected by the National Assembly; court vice president elected by the court itself; members serve 12-year terms with mandatory retirement at age 62"
|
||||
"text": "Curia president elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president of the republic; other Curia judges appointed by the president on the recommendation of the National Judicial Council, a separate 15-member administrative body; judge tenure based on interim evaluations until normal retirement at age 62; Constitutional Court judges, including the president of the court, elected by the National Assembly; court vice president elected by the court itself; members serve 12-year terms with mandatory retirement at age 62"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "5 regional courts of appeal; 19 regional or county courts (including Budapest Metropolitan Court); 20 administrative-labor courts; 111 district or local courts"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -69,26 +69,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "18.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "18.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 17.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 17.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "81% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "80.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "0.5 sq km (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "0.5 sq km (2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "Iceland is almost entirely urban with half of the population located in and around the capital of Reykjavik; smaller clusters are primarily found along the coast in the north and west"
|
||||
|
|
@ -378,22 +378,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "18.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "18.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 17.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 17.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "81% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "80.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -506,8 +506,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest ratified 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944 (at independence)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the Althingi; passage requires approval by the Althingi and by the next elected Althingi, and confirmation by the president of the republic; proposed amendments to Article 62 of the constitution – that the Evangelical Lutheran Church shall be the state church of Iceland – also require passage by referendum; amended many times, last in 2013"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the Althingi; passage requires approval by the Althingi and by the next elected Althingi, and confirmation by the president of the republic; proposed amendments to Article 62 of the constitution – that the Evangelical Lutheran Church shall be the state church of Iceland – also require passage by referendum"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -584,7 +584,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Supreme Court or Haestirettur (consists of 7 judges)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "judges proposed by Ministry of Interior selection committee and appointed by the president; judges appointed for an indefinite period"
|
||||
"text": "judges proposed by Ministry of Interior selection committee and appointed by the president for an indefinite period"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Appellate Court or Landsrettur; 8 district courts; Labor Court"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -63,22 +63,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "74.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "71.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 43.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 42.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 30.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 29.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "6.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "6.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "19.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "22.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -304,22 +304,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "74.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "71.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 43.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 42.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 30.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 29.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "6.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "6.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "19.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "22.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -399,8 +399,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "development of the Isle of Man constitution dates to at least the 14th century"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed as a bill in the House of Keys, by the \"Government,\" by a \"Member of the House,\" or through petition to the House or Legislative Council; passage normally requires three separate readings and approval of at least 13 House members; following both House and Council agreement, assent is required by the lieutenant governor on behalf of the Crown; the constitution has been expanded and amended many times, last in 2020"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed as a bill in the House of Keys, by the \"Government,\" by a \"Member of the House,\" or through petition to the House or Legislative Council; passage normally requires three separate readings and approval of at least 13 House members; following both House and Council agreement, assent is required by the lieutenant governor on behalf of the Crown"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Citizenship": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -489,14 +489,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Isle of Man High Court of Justice (consists of 3 permanent judges or \"deemsters\" and 1 judge of appeal; organized into the Staff of Government Division or Court of Appeal and the Civil Division); the Court of General Gaol Delivery is not formally part of the High Court but is administered as though part of the High Court and deals with serious criminal cases; note - appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are referred to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)"
|
||||
"text": "Isle of Man High Court of Justice (consists of 3 permanent judges or \"deemsters\" and 1 judge of appeal; organized into the Staff of Government Division or Court of Appeal and the Civil Division); the Court of General Gaol Delivery (not formally part of the High Court but is administered as such) deals with serious criminal cases"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "deemsters appointed by the Lord Chancellor of England on the nomination of the lieutenant governor; deemsters can serve until age 70"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "High Court; Court of Summary Gaol Delivery; Summary Courts; Magistrate's Court; specialized courts"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note</strong>: appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are referred to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "Green Party <br>Liberal Vannin Party or LVP <br>Manx Labor Party<br>Mec Vannin (sometimes referred to as the Manx Nationalist Party)",
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -70,26 +70,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "47.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "44% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 22.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 24% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 8.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 8.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 15.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 11.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "31.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "32.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "21.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "23.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "26,010 sq km (2013)"
|
||||
"text": "24,460 sq km (2021)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
|
||||
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km), <em>(Adriatic Sea)</em> Po (76,997 sq km), <em>(Mediterranean Sea) </em>Rhone (100,543 sq km)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -387,22 +387,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "47.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "44% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 22.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 24% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 8.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 8.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 15.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 11.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "31.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "32.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "21.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "23.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -521,8 +521,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1848 (originally for the Kingdom of Sardinia and adopted by the Kingdom of Italy in 1861); latest enacted 22 December 1947, adopted 27 December 1947, entered into force 1 January 1948"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by both houses of Parliament; passage requires two successive debates and approval by absolute majority of each house on the second vote; a referendum is only required when requested by one fifth of the members of either house, by voter petition, or by 5 Regional Councils (elected legislative assemblies of the 15 first-level administrative regions and 5 autonomous regions of Italy); referendum not required if an amendment has been approved by a two-thirds majority in each house in the second vote; amended many times, last in 2020; note - in June 2024, the Senate approved in its first vote an amendment calling for the direct election of the prime minister; subsequent votes by both the Senate and House of Deputies is required for passage; lacking approval by Parliament, approval is required by constitutional referendum"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by both houses of Parliament; passage requires two successive debates and approval by absolute majority of each house on the second vote; a referendum is only required when requested by one fifth of the members of either house, by voter petition, or by 5 Regional Councils (elected legislative assemblies of the 15 first-level administrative regions and 5 autonomous regions of Italy); referendum not required if an amendment has been approved by a two-thirds majority in each house in the second vote"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -630,7 +630,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Cassation or Corte Suprema di Cassazione (consists of the first president (chief justice), deputy president, 54 justices presiding over 6 civil and 7 criminal divisions, and 288 judges; an additional 30 judges of lower courts serve as supporting judges; cases normally heard by 5-judge panels; more complex cases heard by 9-judge panels); Constitutional Court or Corte Costituzionale (consists of the court president and 14 judges)"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Cassation or Corte Suprema di Cassazione (consists of the first president, deputy president, 54 justices presiding over 6 civil and 7 criminal divisions, and 288 judges; an additional 30 judges of lower courts serve as supporting judges; cases normally heard by 5-judge panels; more complex cases heard by 9-judge panels); Constitutional Court or Corte Costituzionale (consists of the court president and 14 judges)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the High Council of the Judiciary, headed by the president of the republic; judges may serve for life; Constitutional Court judges - 5 appointed by the president, 5 elected by Parliament, 5 elected by select higher courts; judges serve up to 9 years"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -63,22 +63,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "66% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "43.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 66% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 18.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 24.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "5.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "34% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "51.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -295,22 +295,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "66% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "43.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 66% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 18.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 24.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "5.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "34% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "51.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -389,7 +389,7 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by a government minister to the Assembly of the States of Jersey, by an Assembly member, or by an elected parish head; passage requires several Assembly readings, a majority vote by the Assembly, review by the UK Ministry of Justice, and approval of the British monarch (Royal Assent)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -66,13 +66,13 @@
|
|||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "52.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 27.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 23.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -296,13 +296,13 @@
|
|||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "52.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 27.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 23.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -387,10 +387,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1974, 1990; latest (postindependence) draft finalized 2 April 2008, signed 7 April 2008, ratified 9 April 2008, entered into force 15 June 2008; note - amendment 24, passed by the Assembly in August 2015, established the Kosovo Relocated Specialist Institution, referred to as the Kosovo Specialist Chamber or \"Specialist Court,\" to try war crimes, crimes against humanity, and other crimes under Kosovo law committed during and immediately after the Kosovo War (1998-2000)"
|
||||
"text": "previous 1974, 1990; latest (post-independence) draft finalized 2 April 2008, signed 7 April 2008, ratified 9 April 2008, entered into force 15 June 2008"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the government, by the president of the republic, or by one fourth of Assembly deputies; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, including two-thirds majority vote of deputies representing non-majority communities, followed by a favorable Constitutional Court assessment; amended several times, last in 2020"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the government, by the president of the republic, or by one fourth of Assembly deputies; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, including two-thirds majority vote of deputies representing non-majority communities, followed by a favorable Constitutional Court assessment"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -473,7 +473,7 @@
|
|||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeals (organized into 4 departments: General, Serious Crime, Commercial Matters, and Administrative Matters); Basic Court (located in 7 municipalities, each with several branches)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> in August 2015, the Kosovo Assembly approved a constitutional amendment that established the Kosovo Relocated Specialist Judicial Institution, also referred to as the Kosovo Specialist Chambers or \"Special Court\"; the court, located at the Hague in the Netherlands, began operating in late 2016 and has jurisdiction to try crimes against humanity, war crimes, and other crimes under Kosovo law that occurred in the 1998-2000 period"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> in 2015, the Kosovo Assembly approved a constitutional amendment that established the Kosovo Relocated Specialist Judicial Institution, also referred to as the Kosovo Specialist Chambers or \"Special Court\"; the court, located at the Hague in the Netherlands, began operating in 2016 and has jurisdiction to try crimes against humanity, war crimes, and other crimes under Kosovo law that occurred in the 1998-2000 period"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "Alliance for the Future of Kosovo or AAK<br>Ashkali Party for Integration or PAI<br>Civic Initiative for Freedom, Justice, and Survival<br>Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK<br>Democratic Party of Kosovo or PDK<br>New Democratic Initiative of Kosovo or IRDK<br>New Democratic Party or NDS <br>Progressive Movement of Kosovar Roma or LPRK<br>Romani Initiative<br>Self-Determination Movement (Lëvizja Vetevendosje or Vetevendosie) or LVV or VV<br>Serb List or SL<br>Social Democratic Union or SDU<br>Turkish Democratic Party of Kosovo or KDTP<br>Unique Gorani Party or JGP<br>Vakat Coalition or VAKAT"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,22 +72,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "29.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "31.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 18.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 21.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 10.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 9.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "54.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "54.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "16.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "13.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -387,22 +387,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "29.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "31.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 18.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 21.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 10.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 9.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "54.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "54.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "16.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "13.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -511,10 +511,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous (pre-1991 independence); note - following the restoration of independence in 1991, parts of the 1922 constitution were reintroduced 4 May 1990 and fully reintroduced 6 July 1993"
|
||||
"text": "several previous (pre-1991 independence); after independence was restored in 1991, parts of the 1922 constitution were reintroduced on 4 May 1990 and fully reintroduced on 6 July 1993"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by two thirds of Parliament members or by petition of one tenth of qualified voters submitted through the president; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of Parliament in each of three readings; amendment of constitutional articles, including national sovereignty, language, the parliamentary electoral system, and constitutional amendment procedures, requires passage in a referendum by majority vote of at least one half of the electorate; amended several times, last in 2019"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by two thirds of Parliament members or by petition of one tenth of qualified voters submitted through the president; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of Parliament in each of three readings; amendment of constitutional articles, including national sovereignty, language, the parliamentary electoral system, and constitutional amendment procedures, requires passage in a referendum by majority vote of at least one half of the electorate"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -66,26 +66,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "44.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "46.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 34.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 36.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 9.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 9.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "34.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "35.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "20.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "18.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "16 sq km (2013)"
|
||||
"text": "61 sq km (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major lakes (area sq km)": {
|
||||
"salt water lake(s)": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -389,22 +389,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "44.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "46.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 34.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 36.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 9.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 9.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "34.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "35.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "20.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "18.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -520,8 +520,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest adopted by referendum 25 October 1992, entered into force 2 November 1992"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by at least one fourth of all Parliament members or by petition of at least 300,000 voters; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament in each of two readings three months apart and a presidential signature; amendments to constitutional articles on national sovereignty and constitutional amendment procedure also require three-fourths voter approval in a referendum; amended many times, last in 2022"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by at least one fourth of all Parliament members or by petition of at least 300,000 voters; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament in each of two readings three months apart and a presidential signature; amendments to constitutional articles on national sovereignty and constitutional amendment procedure also require three-fourths voter approval in a referendum"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -598,7 +598,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of 37 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the president and appointed by the Seimas; judges serve 5-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the Seimas from nominations - 3 each by the president of the republic, the Seimas speaker, and the Supreme Court president; judges serve 9-year, nonrenewable terms; one-third of membership reconstituted every 3 years"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the president and appointed by the Seimas; judges serve 5-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the Seimas from nominations - 3 each by the president of the republic, the Seimas speaker, and the Supreme Court president; judges serve 9-year, nonrenewable terms; one third of membership reconstituted every 3 years"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeals; district and local courts"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,26 +64,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "40.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "38.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 28.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 27.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 10.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 10.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "40.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "40.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "19.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "21.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "211 sq km (2015)"
|
||||
"text": "259 sq km (2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major rivers (by length in km)": {
|
||||
"text": "Dunaj (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
|
||||
|
|
@ -381,22 +381,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "40.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "38.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 28.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 27.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 10.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 10.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "40.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "40.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "19.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "21.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -516,10 +516,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous (preindependence); latest passed by the National Council 1 September 1992, signed 3 September 1992, effective 1 October 1992"
|
||||
"text": "several previous (pre-independence); latest passed by the National Council 1 September 1992, signed 3 September 1992, effective 1 October 1992"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Council; passage requires at least three-fifths majority vote of Council members; amended many times, last in 2020"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Council; passage requires at least three-fifths majority vote of Council members"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -599,10 +599,10 @@
|
|||
"text": "Supreme Court of the Slovak Republic (consists of the court president, vice president, and approximately 80 judges organized into criminal, civil, commercial, and administrative divisions with 3- and 5-judge panels); Constitutional Court of the Slovak Republic (consists of 13 judges organized into 3-judge panels)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judge candidates nominated by the Judicial Council of the Slovak Republic, an 18-member self-governing body that includes the Supreme Court chief justice and presidential, governmental, parliamentary, and judiciary appointees; judges appointed by the president serve for life subject to removal by the president at age 65; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the National Council of the Republic and appointed by the president; judges serve 12-year terms"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judge candidates nominated by the Judicial Council of the Slovak Republic, an 18-member self-governing body that includes the Supreme Court chief justice and presidential, governmental, parliamentary, and judiciary appointees; judges appointed by the president serve for life, subject to removal by the president at age 65; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the National Council of the Republic and appointed by the president; judges serve 12-year terms"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "regional and district civil courts; Special Criminal Court; Higher Military Court; military district courts; Court of Audit;"
|
||||
"text": "regional and district civil courts; Special Criminal Court; Higher Military Court; military district courts; Court of Audit"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -61,22 +61,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "37.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "32.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 18.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 10.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 18.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 21.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "43.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "41.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "19.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "25.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -335,22 +335,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "37.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "32.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 18.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 10.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 18.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 21.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "43.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "41.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "19.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "25.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -449,8 +449,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1862; latest adopted 5 October 1921"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by Parliament, by the reigning prince (in the form of \"Government\" proposals), by petition of at least 1,500 qualified voters, or by at least four communes; passage requires unanimous approval of Parliament members in one sitting or three-quarters majority vote in two successive sittings; referendum required only if petitioned by at least 1,500 voters or by at least four communes; passage by referendum requires absolute majority of votes cast; amended many times, last in 2023"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by Parliament, by the reigning prince (in the form of \"Government\" proposals), by petition of at least 1,500 qualified voters, or by at least four communes; passage requires unanimous approval of Parliament members in one sitting or three-quarters majority vote in two successive sittings; referendum required only if petitioned by at least 1,500 voters or by at least four communes; passage by referendum requires absolute majority of votes cast"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,22 +64,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "50.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "51.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 24% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 24.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 26.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 26.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "33.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "34.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "15.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "14.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -373,22 +373,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "50.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "51.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 24% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 24.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 26.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 26.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "33.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "34.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "15.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "14.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -507,8 +507,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1842 (heavily amended 1848, 1856); latest effective 17 October 1868"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the Chamber of Deputies or by the monarch to the Chamber; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Chamber in two successive readings three months apart; a referendum can be substituted for the second reading if approved by more than a quarter of the Chamber members or by 25,000 valid voters; adoption by referendum requires a majority of all valid voters; amended many times, last in 2020"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the Chamber of Deputies or by the monarch to the Chamber; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Chamber in two successive readings three months apart; a referendum can be substituted for the second reading if approved by more than a quarter of the Chamber members or by 25,000 valid voters; adoption by referendum requires a majority of all valid voters"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,26 +64,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "74.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "69.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 55.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 52.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 9.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 6.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 10.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 10.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "11.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "13.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "18.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "2,155 sq km (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "2,150 sq km (2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major rivers (by length in km)": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Dunărea (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km; Nistru (Dniester) (shared with Ukraine [s/m]) - 1,411 km <br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth</p>"
|
||||
|
|
@ -381,22 +381,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "74.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "69.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 55.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 52.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 9.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 6.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 10.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 10.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "11.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "13.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "18.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -514,8 +514,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1978; latest adopted 29 July 1994, effective 27 August 1994"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by voter petition (at least 200,000 eligible voters), by at least one third of Parliament members, or by the government; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament within one year of initial proposal; revisions to constitutional articles on sovereignty, independence, and neutrality require majority vote by referendum; articles on fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended many times, last in 2018"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by voter petition (at least 200,000 eligible voters), by at least one third of Parliament members, or by the government; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament within one year of initial proposal; revisions to constitutional articles on sovereignty, independence, and neutrality require majority vote by referendum; articles on fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -589,14 +589,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Justice (consists of the chief judge, 3 deputy-chief judges, 45 judges, and 7 assistant judges); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president and 6 judges); note - the Constitutional Court is autonomous to the other branches of government; the Court interprets the Constitution and reviews the constitutionality of parliamentary laws and decisions, decrees of the president, and acts of the government"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Justice (consists of the chief judge, 3 deputy-chief judges, 45 judges, and 7 assistant judges); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president and 6 judges)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Justice judges appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the Superior Council of Magistracy, an 11-member body of judicial officials; all judges serve 4-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court judges appointed 2 each by Parliament, the president, and the Higher Council of Magistracy for 6-year terms; court president elected by other court judges for a 3-year term"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Justice judges appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Superior Council of Magistracy, an 11-member body of judicial officials; all judges serve 4-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court judges appointed 2 each by Parliament, the president, and the Higher Council of Magistracy for 6-year terms; court president elected by other court judges for a 3-year term"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Courts of Appeal; Court of Business Audit; municipal courts"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note</strong>: the Constitutional Court is autonomous; it interprets the Constitution and reviews the constitutionality of parliamentary laws and decisions, decrees of the president, and acts of the government"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Bloc of Communists and Socialists or BCS<br>Party of Action and Solidarity or PAS</p>"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -69,22 +69,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "38.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "18.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 12.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 24.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 17.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "40.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "61.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "21.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "19.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -401,22 +401,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "38.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "18.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 12.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 24.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 17.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "40.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "61.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "21.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "19.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -532,8 +532,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 22 October 2007"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of Montenegro, by the government, or by at least 25 members of the Assembly; passage of draft proposals requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, followed by a public hearing; passage of draft amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; changes to certain constitutional articles, such as sovereignty, state symbols, citizenship, and constitutional change procedures, require three-fifths majority vote in a referendum; amended 2013"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of Montenegro, by the government, or by at least 25 members of the Assembly; passage of draft proposals requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, followed by a public hearing; passage of draft amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; changes to certain constitutional articles, such as sovereignty, state symbols, citizenship, and constitutional change procedures, require three-fifths majority vote in a referendum"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,22 +64,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "44.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "49.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 16.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 16.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 26.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 31.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "39.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "39.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "15.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "10.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -379,22 +379,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "44.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "49.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 16.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 16.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 26.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 31.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "39.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "39.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "15.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "10.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -508,8 +508,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous (since 1944); latest adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic, by the government, by at least 30 members of the Assembly, or by petition of at least 150,000 citizens; final approval requires a two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; amended several times, last in 2019; this amendment was the result of the 2018 Prespa Agreement with Greece, in which the constitutional name of the country would be modified to Republic of North Macedonia in exchange for assurances that Greece would no longer object to its integration in international organizations; note - a referendum on amendments to the constitution is expected in 2024"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic, by the government, by at least 30 members of the Assembly, or by petition of at least 150,000 citizens; final approval requires a two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -66,22 +66,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "99% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "100% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -326,22 +326,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "99% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "100% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -440,8 +440,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1911 (suspended 1959); latest adopted 17 December 1962"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by joint agreement of the chief of state (the prince) and the National Council; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of National Council members; amended 2002"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by joint agreement of the chief of state (the prince) and the National Council; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of National Council members"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -69,26 +69,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "32.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "27.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 28.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 24.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 3.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "66.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "71.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "35 sq km (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "39 sq km (2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "most of the population lives on the eastern half of Malta, the largest of the three inhabited islands"
|
||||
|
|
@ -378,22 +378,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "32.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "27.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 28.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 24.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 3.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "66.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "71.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -501,8 +501,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "many previous; latest adopted 21 September 1964"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposals (Acts of Parliament) require at least two-thirds majority vote by the House of Representatives; passage of Acts requires majority vote by referendum, followed by final majority vote by the House and assent of the president of the republic; amended many times, last in 2020"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposals (Acts of Parliament) require at least two-thirds majority vote by the House of Representatives; passage of Acts requires majority vote by referendum, followed by final majority vote by the House and assent of the president of the republic"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -579,7 +579,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Court of Appeal (consists of either 1 or 3 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 3 judges); Court of Criminal Appeal (consists of either 1 or 3 judges)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal and Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president, usually upon the advice of the prime minister; judges of both courts serve until age 65"
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal and Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president, usually on the advice of the prime minister; judges of both courts serve until age 65"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Civil Court (divided into the General Jurisdiction Section, Family Section, and Voluntary Section); Criminal Court; Court of Magistrates; Gozo Courts (for the islands of Gozo and Comino)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -73,22 +73,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "55.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "53.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 29.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 29.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 24.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 22.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "10.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "34.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "35.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -391,22 +391,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "55.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "53.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 29.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 29.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 24.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 22.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "10.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "34.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "35.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -535,8 +535,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "many previous to adoption of the \"Basic Law of the Kingdom of the Netherlands\" on 24 August 1815; revised 8 times, the latest in 1983"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed as an Act of Parliament by or on behalf of the king or by the Second Chamber of the States General; the Second Chamber is dissolved after its first reading of the Act; passage requires a second reading by both the First Chamber and the newly elected Second Chamber, followed by at least two-thirds majority vote of both chambers, and ratification by the king; amended many times, last in 2023"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed as an Act of Parliament by or on behalf of the king or by the Second Chamber of the States General; the Second Chamber is dissolved after its first reading of the Act; passage requires a second reading by both the First Chamber and the newly elected Second Chamber, followed by at least two-thirds majority vote of both chambers, and ratification by the king"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -635,7 +635,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Hoge Raad (consists of 41 judges: the president, 6 vice presidents, 31 justices or raadsheren, and 3 justices in exceptional service, referred to as buitengewone dienst); the court is divided into criminal, civil, tax, and ombuds chambers"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Hoge Raad (consists of 41 judges: the president, 6 vice presidents, 31 justices, and 3 justices in exceptional service); the court is divided into criminal, civil, tax, and ombuds chambers"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "justices appointed by the monarch from a list provided by the House of Representatives of the States General; justices appointed for life or until mandatory retirement at age 70"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -75,22 +75,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "2.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "2.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "27.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "33.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "69.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "63.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -392,22 +392,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "2.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "2.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "27.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "33.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "69.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "63.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -527,8 +527,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "drafted spring 1814, adopted 16 May 1814, signed by Constituent Assembly 17 May 1814"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposals submitted by members of Parliament or by the government within the first three years of Parliament's four-year term; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of a two-thirds quorum in the next elected Parliament; amended over 400 times, last in 2023"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposals submitted by members of Parliament or by the government within the first three years of Parliament's four-year term; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of a two-thirds quorum in the next elected Parliament"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -602,11 +602,12 @@
|
|||
"text": "Supreme Court or Hoyesterett (consists of the chief justice and 18 associate justices)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "justices appointed by the monarch (King in Council) upon the recommendation of the Judicial Appointments Board; justices can serve until mandatory retirement at age 70"
|
||||
"text": "justices appointed by the monarch (King in Council) on the recommendation of the Judicial Appointments Board; justices can serve until mandatory retirement at age 70"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Courts of Appeal or Lagmennsrett; regional and district courts; Conciliation Boards; ordinary and special courts; note - in addition to professionally trained judges, elected lay judges sit on the bench with professional judges in the Courts of Appeal and district courts"
|
||||
}
|
||||
"text": "Courts of Appeal or Lagmennsrett; regional and district courts; Conciliation Boards; ordinary and special courts"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note</strong>: in addition to professionally trained judges, elected lay judges sit on the bench with professional judges in the Courts of Appeal and district courts"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Center Party or Sp <br>Christian Democratic Party or KrF <br>Conservative Party or H <br>Green Party or MDG <br>Labor Party or Ap <br>Liberal Party or V<br>Patient Focus or PF <br>Progress Party or FrP <br>Red Party or R <br>Socialist Left Party or SV </p>"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -69,26 +69,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "48.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "46.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 36.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 36.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 10.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 8.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "30.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "31.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "21.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "22.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "760 sq km (2013)"
|
||||
"text": "1,327 sq km (2016)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major lakes (area sq km)": {
|
||||
"salt water lake(s)": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -392,22 +392,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "48.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "46.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 36.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 36.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 10.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 8.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "30.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "31.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "21.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "22.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -537,8 +537,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 2 April 1997, approved by referendum 25 May 1997, effective 17 October 1997"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by at least one fifth of Sejm deputies, by the Senate, or by the president of the republic; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote in the Sejm and absolute majority vote in the Senate; amendments to articles relating to sovereignty, personal freedoms, and constitutional amendment procedures also require passage by majority vote in a referendum; amended 2006, 2009"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by at least one fifth of Sejm deputies, by the Senate, or by the president of the republic; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote in the Sejm and absolute majority vote in the Senate; amendments to articles relating to sovereignty, personal freedoms, and constitutional amendment procedures also require passage by majority vote in a referendum"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -76,22 +76,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "39.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "42.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 11.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 10.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 7.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 9.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 20% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 23.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "37.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "36.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "22.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "21.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -385,22 +385,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "39.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "42.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 11.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 10.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 7.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 9.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 20% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 23.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "37.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "36.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "22.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "21.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -519,8 +519,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 2 April 1976, effective 25 April 1976"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the Assembly of the Republic; adoption requires two-thirds majority vote of Assembly members; amended several times, last in 2005"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the Assembly of the Republic; adoption requires two-thirds majority vote of Assembly members"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,26 +64,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "57.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "41.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 37.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 30.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 3.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 16.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 7.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "31.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "32.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "10.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "26.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "520 sq km (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "550 sq km (2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major rivers (by length in km)": {
|
||||
"text": "Dunav (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
|
||||
|
|
@ -397,22 +397,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "57.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "41.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 37.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 30.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 3.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 16.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 7.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "31.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "32.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "10.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "26.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -539,7 +539,7 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "many previous; latest adopted 30 September 2006, approved by referendum 28-29 October 2006, effective 8 November 2006"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by at least one third of deputies in the National Assembly, by the president of the republic, by the government, or by petition of at least 150,000 voters; passage of proposals and draft amendments each requires at least two-thirds majority vote in the Assembly; amendments to constitutional articles including the preamble, constitutional principles, and human and minority rights and freedoms also require passage by simple majority vote in a referendum"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -75,26 +75,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "60.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "55.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 39.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 35.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 19.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 17.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "28.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "30.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "10.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "14.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "4,730 sq km (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "5,280 sq km (2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major rivers (by length in km)": {
|
||||
"text": "Dunărea (Danube) river mouth (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine) - 2,888 km <br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
|
||||
|
|
@ -397,22 +397,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "60.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "55.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 39.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 35.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 19.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 17.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "28.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "30.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "10.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "14.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -537,8 +537,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "initiated by the president of Romania through a proposal by the government, by at least one fourth of deputies or senators in Parliament, or by petition of eligible voters representing at least half of Romania’s counties; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers or – if mediation is required - by three-fourths majority vote in a joint session, followed by approval in a referendum; articles, including those on national sovereignty, form of government, political pluralism, and fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended 2003"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "initiated by the president of Romania through a proposal by the government, by at least one fourth of deputies or senators in Parliament, or by petition of eligible voters representing at least half of Romania’s counties; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers or – if mediation is required - by three-fourths majority vote in a joint session, followed by approval in a referendum; articles, including those on national sovereignty, form of government, political pluralism, and fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -66,26 +66,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "22.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "30.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 8.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 8.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 13.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 18.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "62.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "61.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "14.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "39 sq km (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "50 sq km (2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
|
||||
"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: <em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -379,22 +379,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "22.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "30.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 8.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 8.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 13.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 18.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "62.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "61.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "14.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -514,10 +514,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1974 (preindependence); latest passed by Parliament 23 December 1991"
|
||||
"text": "previous 1974 (pre-independence); latest passed by Parliament 23 December 1991"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by at least 20 National Assembly members, by the government, or by petition of at least 30,000 voters; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; referendum required if agreed upon by at least 30 Assembly members; passage in a referendum requires participation of a majority of eligible voters and a simple majority of votes cast; amended several times, last in 2016"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by at least 20 National Assembly members, by the government, or by petition of at least 30,000 voters; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; referendum required if agreed upon by at least 30 Assembly members; passage in a referendum requires participation of a majority of eligible voters and a simple majority of votes cast"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -620,7 +620,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of the court president and 37 judges organized into civil, criminal, commercial, labor and social security, administrative, and registry departments); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 7 judges)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court president and vice president appointed by the National Assembly upon the proposal of the Minister of Justice based on the opinions of the Judicial Council, an 11-member independent body elected by the National Assembly from proposals submitted by the president, attorneys, law universities, and sitting judges; other Supreme Court judges elected by the National Assembly from candidates proposed by the Judicial Council; Supreme Court judges serve for life; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the National Assembly from nominations by the president of the republic; Constitutional Court president selected from among its own membership for a 3-year term; other judges elected for single 9-year terms"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court president and vice president appointed by the National Assembly on the proposal of the Minister of Justice, based on the opinions of the Judicial Council, an 11-member independent body elected by the National Assembly from proposals submitted by the president, attorneys, law universities, and sitting judges; other Supreme Court judges elected by the National Assembly from candidates proposed by the Judicial Council; Supreme Court judges serve for life; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the National Assembly from nominations by the president of the republic; Constitutional Court president selected from among its own membership for a 3-year term; other judges elected for single 9-year terms"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "county, district, regional, and high courts; specialized labor-related and social courts; Court of Audit; Administrative Court"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -61,22 +61,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "16.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "38.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 16.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 33.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 5.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "16.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "83.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "45% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -331,22 +331,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "16.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "38.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 16.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 33.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 5.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "16.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "83.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "45% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -434,8 +434,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "San Marino’s principal legislative instruments consist of old customs (antiche consuetudini), the Statutory Laws of San Marino (Leges Statutae Sancti Marini), old statutes (antichi statute) from the1600s, Brief Notes on the Constitutional Order and Institutional Organs of the Republic of San Marino (Brevi Cenni sull’Ordinamento Costituzionale e gli Organi Istituzionali della Repubblica di San Marino) and successive legislation, chief among them is the Declaration of the Rights of Citizens and Fundamental Principles of the San Marino Legal Order (Dichiarazione dei Diritti dei Cittadini e dei Principi Fondamentali dell’Ordinamento Sammarinese), approved 8 July 1974"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the Great and General Council; passage requires two-thirds majority Council vote; Council passage by absolute majority vote also requires passage in a referendum; Declaration of Civil Rights amended several times, last in 2019"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the Great and General Council; passage requires two-thirds majority Council vote; Council passage by absolute majority vote also requires passage in a referendum"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -510,14 +510,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Council of Twelve or Consiglio dei XII (consists of 12 members); note - the College of Guarantors for the Constitutionality and General Norms functions as San Marino's constitutional court"
|
||||
"text": "Council of Twelve or Consiglio dei XII (consists of 12 members)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "judges elected by the Grand and General Council from among its own to serve 5-year terms"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "first instance and first appeal criminal, administrative, and civil courts; Court for the Trust and Trustee Relations; justices of the peace or conciliatory judges"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note</strong>: the College of Guarantors for the Constitutionality and General Norms functions as San Marino's constitutional court"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "Domani - Modus Liberi or DML <br>Free San Marino (Libera San Marino) or Libera <br>Future Republic or RF <br>Party of Socialists and Democrats or PSD <br>Reformist Alliance or AR <br>RETE Movement <br>Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party or PDCS <br>Socialist Party or PS <br>Tomorrow in Movement coalition (includes RETE Movement, DML)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -74,26 +74,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "54.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "53.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 24.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 23.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 9.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 10.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 20.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 19.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "36.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "37.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "9.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "9.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "37,593 sq km (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "38,012 sq km (2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major rivers (by length in km)": {
|
||||
"text": "Tagus river source (shared with Portugal [m]) - 1,006<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
|
||||
|
|
@ -394,22 +394,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "54.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "53.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 24.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 23.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 9.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 10.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 20.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 19.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "36.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "37.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "9.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "9.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -533,8 +533,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest approved by the General Courts 31 October 1978, passed by referendum 6 December 1978, signed by the king 27 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the government, by the General Courts (the Congress or the Senate), or by the self-governing communities submitted through the government; passage requires three-fifths majority vote by both houses and passage by referendum if requested by one tenth of the members of either house; proposals disapproved by both houses are submitted to a joint committee, which submits an agreed upon text for another vote; passage requires two-thirds majority vote in Congress and simple majority vote in the Senate; amended 1992, 2011"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the government, by the General Courts (the Congress or the Senate), or by the self-governing communities submitted through the government; passage requires three-fifths majority vote by both houses and passage by referendum if requested by one tenth of the members of either house; proposals disapproved by both houses are submitted to a joint committee, which submits an agreed upon text for another vote; passage requires two-thirds majority vote in Congress and simple majority vote in the Senate"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -646,7 +646,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo (consists of the court president and organized into the Civil Room, with a president and 9 judges; the Penal Room, with a president and 14 judges; the Administrative Room, with a president and 32 judges; the Social Room, with a president and 12 judges; and the Military Room, with a president and 7 judges); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional de Espana (consists of 12 judges)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the monarch from candidates proposed by the General Council of the Judiciary Power, a 20-member governing board chaired by the monarch that includes presidential appointees, lawyers, and jurists confirmed by the National Assembly; judges can serve until age 70; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the National Assembly, executive branch, and the General Council of the Judiciary, and appointed by the monarch for 9-year terms"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the monarch from candidates proposed by the General Council of the Judiciary Power, a 20-member governing board chaired by the monarch; judges can serve until age 70; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the National Assembly, executive branch, and the General Council of the Judiciary, and appointed by the monarch for 9-year terms"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "National High Court; High Courts of Justice (in each of the autonomous communities); provincial courts; courts of first instance"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -190,7 +190,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "none; note - Svalbard is subordinate to Norway's Nord-Troms District Court and Halogaland Court of Appeal, both located in Tromso"
|
||||
"text": "Svalbard is subordinate to Norway's Nord-Troms District Court and Halogaland Court of Appeal, both located in Tromso"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,26 +72,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "7.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "7.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 6.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 6.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 1.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 1.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "68.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "68.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "23.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "23.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "519 sq km (2013)"
|
||||
"text": "510 sq km (2016)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major lakes (area sq km)": {
|
||||
"fresh water lake(s)": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -394,22 +394,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "7.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "7.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 6.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 6.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 1.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 1.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "68.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "68.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "23.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "23.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -530,8 +530,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "Sweden has four fundamental laws which together make up the Constitution: The Instrument of Government (several previous; latest 1974); The Act of Succession (enacted 1810; changed in 1937 and 1980); The Freedom of the Press Act (many previous; latest in 1949); The Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression (adopted 1991)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by Parliament; passage requires simple majority vote in two consecutive parliamentary terms with an intervening general election; passage also requires approval by simple majority vote in a referendum if Parliament approves a motion for a referendum by one third of its members; the results of such a referendum are only binding if a majority vote against the proposal; there has not been a referendum on constitutional matters; The Instrument of Government - amended several times, last in 2018; The Act of Succession - changed in 1937, 1980; The Freedom of the Press Act - amended several times, last in 2019; The Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression - amended several times, last in 2023"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by Parliament; passage requires simple majority vote in two consecutive parliamentary terms with an intervening general election; passage also requires approval by simple majority vote in a referendum if Parliament approves a motion for a referendum by one third of its members; the results of such a referendum are only binding if a majority vote against the proposal"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -605,7 +605,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Supreme Court of Sweden (consists of 16 justices, including the court chairman); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 18 justices, including the court president)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court justices nominated by the Judges Proposal Board, a 9-member nominating body consisting of high-level judges, prosecutors, and members of Parliament; justices appointed by the Government; following a probationary period, justices' appointments are permanent"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court justices nominated by the Judges Proposal Board, a 9-member nominating body consisting of high-level judges, prosecutors, and members of Parliament; justices appointed by the government; after a probationary period, justices' appointments are permanent"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "first instance, appellate, general, and administrative courts; specialized courts that handle cases such as land and environment, immigration, labor, markets, and patents"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,26 +64,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "38.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "37.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 10.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 10% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 27.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 27.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "31.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "32.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "29.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "29.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "327 sq km (2016)"
|
||||
"text": "494 sq km (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major lakes (area sq km)": {
|
||||
"fresh water lake(s)": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -387,22 +387,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "38.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "37.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 10.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 10% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 27.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 27.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "31.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "32.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "29.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "29.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -525,8 +525,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1848, 1874; latest adopted by referendum 18 April 1999, effective 1 January 2000"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the two houses of the Federal Assembly or by petition of at least one hundred thousand voters (called the \"federal popular initiative\"); passage of proposals requires majority vote in a referendum; following drafting of an amendment by the Assembly, its passage requires approval by majority vote in a referendum and approval by the majority of cantons; amended many times, last in 2018"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the two houses of the Federal Assembly or by petition of at least one hundred thousand voters (called the \"federal popular initiative\"); passage of proposals requires majority vote in a referendum; following drafting of an amendment by the Assembly, its passage requires approval by majority vote in a referendum and approval by the majority of cantons"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -638,11 +638,12 @@
|
|||
"text": "Federal Supreme Court (consists of 38 justices and 19 deputy justices organized into 7 divisions)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "judges elected by the Federal Assembly for 6-year terms; note - judges are affiliated with political parties and are elected according to linguistic and regional criteria in approximate proportion to the level of party representation in the Federal Assembly"
|
||||
"text": "judges elected by the Federal Assembly for 6-year terms; judges are affiliated with political parties and are elected according to linguistic and regional criteria in approximate proportion to party representation in the Federal Assembly"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Federal Criminal Court (established in 2004); Federal Administrative Court (established in 2007); note - each of Switzerland's 26 cantons has its own courts"
|
||||
}
|
||||
"text": "Federal Criminal Court (established in 2004); Federal Administrative Court (established in 2007)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": " <strong>note</strong>: each of Switzerland's 26 cantons has its own courts"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "The Center (Die Mitte, Alleanza del Centro, Le Centre, Allianza dal Center) (merger of the Christian Democratic People's Party and the Conservative Democratic Party)<br>Evangelical Peoples' Party or EVP/PEV <br>Federal Democrats or EDU <br>Geneva Citizens Movement or MCR/MCG <br>Green Liberal Party (Gruenliberale Partei or GLP, Parti vert liberale or PVL, Partito Verde-Liberale or PVL, Partida Verde Liberale or PVL) <br>Green Party (Gruene Partei der Schweiz or Gruene, Parti Ecologiste Suisse or Les Verts, Partito Ecologista Svizzero or I Verdi, Partida Ecologica Svizra or La Verda)<br>The Liberals or FDP.The Liberals (FDP.Die Liberalen, PLR.Les Liberaux-Radicaux, PLR.I Liberali, Ils Liberals)<br>Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz or SP, Parti Socialiste Suisse or PSS, Partito Socialista Svizzero or PSS, Partida Socialdemocratica de la Svizra or PSS) <br>Swiss People's Party (Schweizerische Volkspartei or SVP, Union Democratique du Centre or UDC, Unione Democratica di Centro or UDC, Uniun Democratica dal Center or UDC) "
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -73,22 +73,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "71% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "69.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 25.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 24.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 45.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 44.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "11.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "13.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "17.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "17.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -386,22 +386,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "71% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "69.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 25.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 24.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 45.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 44.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "11.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "13.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "17.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "17.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -520,8 +520,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "uncoded; partly statutes, partly common law and practice"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed as a bill for an Act of Parliament by the government, by the House of Commons, or by the House of Lords; passage requires agreement by both houses and by the monarch (Royal Assent); many previous, last in 2020 - The European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020, European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed as a bill for an Act of Parliament by the government, by the House of Commons, or by the House of Lords; passage requires agreement by both houses and by the monarch (Royal Assent)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -610,10 +610,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of 12 justices, including the court president and deputy president); note - the Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 and implemented in 2009, replacing the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords as the highest court in the United Kingdom"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of 12 justices, including the court president and deputy president)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "judge candidates selected by an independent committee of several judicial commissions, followed by their recommendations to the prime minister, and appointed by the monarch; justices serve for life"
|
||||
"text": "judge candidates selected by an independent committee of several judicial commissions, then recommended to the prime minister, and appointed by the monarch; justices serve for life"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "England and Wales: Court of Appeal (civil and criminal divisions); High Court; Crown Court; County Courts; Magistrates' Courts; Scotland: Court of Sessions; Sheriff Courts; High Court of Justiciary; tribunals; Northern Ireland: Court of Appeal in Northern Ireland; High Court; county courts; magistrates' courts; specialized tribunals"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -73,26 +73,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "71.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "71.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 56.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 56.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 13.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 13% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "16.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "16.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "12% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "12% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "4,350 sq km (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "1,000 sq km (2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major rivers (by length in km)": {
|
||||
"text": "Dunay (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km; Dnipro (Dnieper) river mouth (shared with Russia [s] and Belarus) - 2,287 km; Dnister (Dniester) river source and mouth (shared with Moldova) - 1,411 km; Vistula (shared with Poland [s/m] and Belarus) - 1,213 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
|
||||
|
|
@ -394,22 +394,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "71.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "71.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 56.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 56.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 13.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 13% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "16.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "16.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "12% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "12% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -533,8 +533,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest adopted and ratified 28 June 1996"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of Ukraine or by at least one third of the Supreme Council members; adoption requires simple majority vote by the Council and at least two-thirds majority vote in its next regular session; adoption of proposals relating to general constitutional principles, elections, and amendment procedures requires two-thirds majority vote by the Council and approval in a referendum; constitutional articles on personal rights and freedoms, national independence, and territorial integrity cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2019"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of Ukraine or by at least one third of the Supreme Council members; adoption requires simple majority vote by the Council and at least two-thirds majority vote in its next regular session; adoption of proposals relating to general constitutional principles, elections, and amendment procedures requires two-thirds majority vote by the Council and approval in a referendum; constitutional articles on personal rights and freedoms, national independence, and territorial integrity cannot be amended"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -613,12 +613,11 @@
|
|||
"text": "Supreme Court of Ukraine or SCU (consists of 100 judges, organized into civil, criminal, commercial and administrative chambers, and a grand chamber); Constitutional Court (consists of 18 justices); High Anti-Corruption Court (consists of 39 judges, including 12 in the Appeals Chamber)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judges recommended by the High Qualification Commission of Judges (a 16-member state body responsible for judicial candidate testing and assessment and judicial administration), submitted to the High Council of Justice, a 21-member independent body of judicial officials responsible for judicial self-governance and administration, and appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 65; High Anti-Corruption Court judges are selected by the same process as Supreme Court justices, with one addition – a majority of a combined High Qualification Commission of Judges and a 6-member Public Council of International Experts must vote in favor of potential judges in order to recommend their nomination to the High Council of Justice; this majority must include at least 3 members of the Public Council of International Experts; Constitutional Court justices appointed - 6 each by the president, by the Congress of Judges, and by the Verkhovna Rada; judges serve 9-year nonrenewable terms <p> </p>"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judges recommended by the High Qualification Commission of Judges (a 16-member state body responsible for judicial candidate testing and assessment and judicial administration), submitted to the High Council of Justice, a 21-member independent body of judicial officials; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 65; High Anti-Corruption Court judges are selected by the same process, with one addition – a majority of a combined High Qualification Commission of Judges and a 6-member Public Council of International Experts must vote in favor of potential judges in order to recommend their nomination to the High Council of Justice; Constitutional Court justices appointed - 6 each by the president, the Congress of Judges, and the Verkhovna Rada; judges serve 9-year nonrenewable terms <p> </p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Courts of Appeal; district courts</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> specialized courts were abolished as part of Ukraine's judicial reform program; in November 2019, President ZELENSKYY signed a bill on legal reforms"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "Batkivshchyna (Fatherland)<br>European Solidarity or YeS<br>Holos (Voice or Vote)<br>Opposition Bloc (formerly known as Opposition Bloc — Party for Peace and Development, successor of the Industrial Party of Ukraine, and resulted from a schism in the original Opposition Bloc in 2019; banned in court June 2022; ceased to exist in July 2022)<br>Opposition Bloc or OB (divided into Opposition Bloc - Party for Peace and Development and Opposition Platform - For Life in 2019; ceased to exist in July 2022)<br>Opposition Platform - For Life (resulted from a schism in the original Opposition Bloc in 2019; activities suspended by the National Security and Defense Council in March 2022; dissolved in April 2022)<br>Platform for Life and Peace<br>Radical Party or RPOL<br>Samopomich (Self Reliance)<br>Servant of the People<br>Svoboda (Freedom)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -61,10 +61,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "100% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "100% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -139,10 +142,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "100% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "100% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -214,10 +220,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1929, 2000; latest issued by Pope FRANCIS 13 May 2023, effective 7 June 2023 (Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, the main governing document of the Vatican's civil entities); the Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus – the departments and ministries – used by the pontiff in governing the church; note - Pope Francis in October 2013, instituted a 9-member Council of Cardinal Advisers to reform the Roman Curia to include writing a new constitution; in June 2018, Pope Francis approved the Council of Cardinals' first draft of the new apostolic constitution, <em>Predicate Evangelium</em> (Preach the Gospel); it became effective 5 June 2022, replacing <em>Pastor Bonus</em>, the previous governing document of the Roman Curia"
|
||||
"text": "previous 1929, 2000; latest issued by Pope FRANCIS 13 May 2023, effective 7 June 2023 (Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, the main governing document of the Vatican's civil entities); the Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus – the departments and ministries – used by the pontiff in governing the church"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "note - although the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State makes no mention of amendments, Article Four (drafting laws), states that this legislative responsibility resides with the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State; draft legislation is submitted through the Secretariat of State and considered by the pope"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "although the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State makes no mention of amendments, Article Four (drafting laws), states that this legislative responsibility resides with the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State; draft legislation is submitted through the Secretariat of State and considered by the pope"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -280,14 +286,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura (consists of the cardinal prefect, who serves as ex-officio president of the court, and 2 other cardinals of the Prefect Signatura); note - judicial duties were established by the Motu Proprio, papal directive, of Pope PIUS XII on 1 May 1946; most Vatican City criminal matters are handled by the Republic of Italy courts"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura (consists of the cardinal prefect, who serves as ex-officio president of the court, and 2 other cardinals of the Prefect Signatura)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "cardinal prefect appointed by the pope; the other 2 cardinals of the court appointed by the cardinal prefect on a yearly basis"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Appellate Court of Vatican City; Tribunal of Vatican City"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note</strong>: the Motu Proprio (papal directive) of Pope PIUS XII established judicial duties on 1 May 1946; most Vatican City criminal matters are handled by the Republic of Italy courts"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "none"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue