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auto-update week 12
This commit is contained in:
Yo Robot
parent
d6590d514f
commit
c24b0327ce
243 changed files with 5125 additions and 4880 deletions
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@ -72,26 +72,26 @@
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},
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"Land use": {
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"agricultural land": {
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"text": "17.4% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "17.3% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 3.2% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 3.2% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 13.8% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 13.8% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"forest": {
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"text": "0.8% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "0.8% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"other": {
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"text": "81.8% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "81.8% (2022 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Irrigated land": {
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"text": "12,605 sq km (2016)"
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"text": "13,819 sq km (2019)"
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},
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"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
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"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)<br>Internal <em>(endorheic basin) </em>drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)"
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@ -386,22 +386,22 @@
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},
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"Land use": {
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"agricultural land": {
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"text": "17.4% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "17.3% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 3.2% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 3.2% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 13.8% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 13.8% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"forest": {
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"text": "0.8% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "0.8% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"other": {
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"text": "81.8% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "81.8% (2022 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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@ -512,8 +512,8 @@
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"history": {
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"text": "several previous; latest approved by referendum 1 November 2020"
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},
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"amendments": {
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"text": "proposed by the president of the republic or through the president with the support of three fourths of the members of both houses of Parliament in joint session; passage requires approval by both houses, approval by referendum, and promulgation by the president; the president can forego a referendum if the Constitutional Council determines the proposed amendment does not conflict with basic constitutional principles; articles including the republican form of government, the integrity and unity of the country, and fundamental citizens’ liberties and rights cannot be amended; amended 2002, 2008, 2016; last in 2020"
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"amendment process": {
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"text": "proposed by the president of the republic or through the president with the support of three fourths of the members of both houses of Parliament in joint session; passage requires approval by both houses, approval by referendum, and promulgation by the president; the president can forego a referendum if the Constitutional Council determines the proposed amendment does not conflict with basic constitutional principles; articles including the republican form of government, the integrity and unity of the country, and fundamental citizens’ liberties and rights cannot be amended"
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}
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},
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"International law organization participation": {
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@ -618,14 +618,15 @@
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},
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"Judicial branch": {
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"highest court(s)": {
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"text": "Supreme Court or Le Cour Suprême, (consists of 150 judges organized into 8 chambers: Civil, Commercial and Maritime, Criminal, House of Offenses and Contraventions, House of Petitions, Land, Personal Status, and Social; Constitutional Council (consists of 12 members including the court chairman and deputy chairman); note - Algeria's judicial system does not include sharia courts"
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"text": "Supreme Court or Le Cour Suprême, (consists of 150 judges organized into 8 chambers: Civil, Commercial and Maritime, Criminal, House of Offenses and Contraventions, House of Petitions, Land, Personal Status, and Social; Constitutional Council (consists of 12 members including the court chairman and deputy chairman)"
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},
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"judge selection and term of office": {
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"text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the High Council of Magistracy, an administrative body presided over by the president of the republic, and includes the republic vice-president and several members; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Council members - 4 appointed by the president of the republic, 2 each by the 2 houses of Parliament, 2 by the Supreme Court, and 2 by the Council of State; Council president and members appointed for single 6-year terms with half the membership renewed every 3 years"
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},
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"subordinate courts": {
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"text": "appellate or wilaya courts; first instance or daira tribunals"
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}
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},
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Algeria's judicial system does not include sharia courts"
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},
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"Political parties": {
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"text": "Algerian National Front or FNA<br>Algerian Popular Movement or MPA<br>Algeria's Hope Rally or TAJ<br>Dignity or El Karama<br>El-Infitah<br>El Mostakbal (Future Front)<br>Ennour El Djazairi Party (Algerian Radiance Party) or PED<br>Equity and Proclamation Party or PEP<br>Islamic Renaissance Movement or Ennahda Movement<br>Justice and Development Front or FJD<br>Movement for National Reform or El Islah<br>Movement of Society for Peace or MSP<br>National Construction Movement or El-Bina (Harakat El-Binaa El-Watani)<br>National Democratic Rally (Rassemblement National Democratique) or RND<br>National Front for Social Justice or FNJS<br>National Liberation Front or FLN<br>National Militancy Front or FMN<br>National Party for Solidarity and Development or PNSD<br>National Republican Alliance or ANR<br>New Dawn Party (El-Fajr El-Jadid)<br>New Generation (Jil Jadid)<br>Oath of 1954 or Ahd 54<br>Party of Justice and Liberty or PLJ<br>Rally for Culture and Democracy or RCD<br>Socialist Forces Front or FFS<br>Union for Change and Progress or UCP<br>Union of Democratic and Social Forces or UFDS<br>Vanguard of Liberties (Talaie El Hurriyet)<br>Workers Party or PT<br>Youth Party or PJ",
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@ -72,19 +72,22 @@
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},
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"Land use": {
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"agricultural land": {
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"text": "45.7% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "36.8% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 3.9% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 4.3% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 41.5% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 32.3% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"forest": {
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"text": "54.3% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "52.5% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"other": {
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"text": "10.6% (2022 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Irrigated land": {
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@ -377,19 +380,22 @@
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},
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"Land use": {
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"agricultural land": {
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"text": "45.7% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "36.8% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 3.9% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 4.3% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 41.5% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 32.3% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"forest": {
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"text": "54.3% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "52.5% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"other": {
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"text": "10.6% (2022 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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@ -464,7 +470,7 @@
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"text": "People's Republic of Angola"
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},
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"etymology": {
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"text": "name derived by the Portuguese from the title \"ngola\" held by kings of the Ndongo (Ndongo was a kingdom in what is now Angola)"
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"text": "in the 15th century, Portuguese explorers derived the name from the title \"n'gola,\" which was held by kings of the Ndongo"
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}
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},
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"Government type": {
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@ -503,7 +509,7 @@
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"history": {
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"text": "previous 1975, 1992; latest passed by National Assembly 21 January 2010, adopted 5 February 2010"
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},
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"amendments": {
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"amendment process": {
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"text": "proposed by the president of the republic or supported by at least one third of the National Assembly membership; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly subject to prior Constitutional Court review if requested by the president of the republic"
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}
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},
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@ -64,22 +64,22 @@
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},
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"Land use": {
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"agricultural land": {
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"text": "45.8% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "45.6% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 0.6% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 0.5% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 45.2% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 45.2% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"forest": {
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"text": "19.8% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "26.5% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"other": {
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"text": "34.4% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "27.9% (2022 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Irrigated land": {
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@ -381,22 +381,22 @@
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},
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"Land use": {
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"agricultural land": {
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"text": "45.8% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "45.6% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 0.6% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 0.5% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 45.2% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 45.2% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"forest": {
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"text": "19.8% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "26.5% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"other": {
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"text": "34.4% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "27.9% (2022 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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@ -513,8 +513,8 @@
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"history": {
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"text": "previous 1960 (pre-independence); latest adopted March 1965, effective 30 September 1966"
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},
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"amendments": {
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"text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires approval in two successive Assembly votes with at least two-thirds majority in the final vote; proposals to amend constitutional provisions on fundamental rights and freedoms, the structure and branches of government, and public services also requires approval by majority vote in a referendum and assent by the president of the republic; amended several times, last in 2021"
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"amendment process": {
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"text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires approval in two successive Assembly votes with at least two-thirds majority in the final vote; proposals to amend constitutional provisions on fundamental rights and freedoms, the structure and branches of government, and public services also requires approval by majority vote in a referendum and assent by the president of the republic"
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}
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},
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"International law organization participation": {
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@ -72,26 +72,26 @@
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},
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"Land use": {
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"agricultural land": {
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"text": "31.3% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "43.1% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 22.9% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 31.4% (2022 est.)"
|
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},
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"permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 3.5% (2018 est.)"
|
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"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
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"text": "permanent crops: 6.7% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 4.9% (2018 est.)"
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"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
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"text": "permanent pasture: 4.9% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"forest": {
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"text": "40% (2018 est.)"
|
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"text": "26.9% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"other": {
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"text": "28.7% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "30% (2022 est.)"
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}
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},
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"Irrigated land": {
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"text": "172 sq km (2017)"
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"text": "530 sq km (2019)"
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},
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"Major watersheds (area sq km)": {
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"text": "Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km), Volta (410,991 sq km)"
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@ -398,22 +398,22 @@
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},
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"Land use": {
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"agricultural land": {
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"text": "31.3% (2018 est.)"
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"text": "43.1% (2022 est.)"
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},
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"arable land": {
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"text": "arable land: 22.9% (2018 est.)"
|
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"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
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"text": "arable land: 31.4% (2022 est.)"
|
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},
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"permanent crops": {
|
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"text": "permanent crops: 3.5% (2018 est.)"
|
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"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
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"text": "permanent crops: 6.7% (2022 est.)"
|
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},
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"permanent pasture": {
|
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"text": "permanent pasture: 4.9% (2018 est.)"
|
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"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
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"text": "permanent pasture: 4.9% (2022 est.)"
|
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},
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"forest": {
|
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"text": "40% (2018 est.)"
|
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"text": "26.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
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"other": {
|
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"text": "28.7% (2018 est.)"
|
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"text": "30% (2022 est.)"
|
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}
|
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},
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"Urbanization": {
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@ -522,10 +522,10 @@
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},
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"Constitution": {
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"history": {
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"text": "previous 1946, 1958 (preindependence); latest adopted by referendum 2 December 1990, promulgated 11 December 1990"
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"text": "previous 1946, 1958 (pre-independence); latest adopted by referendum 2 December 1990, promulgated 11 December 1990"
|
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},
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"amendments": {
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"text": "proposed concurrently by the president of the republic (after a decision in the Council of Ministers) and the National Assembly; consideration of drafts or proposals requires at least three-fourths majority vote of the Assembly membership; passage requires approval in a referendum unless approved by at least four-fifths majority vote of the Assembly membership; constitutional articles affecting territorial sovereignty, the republican form of government, and secularity of Benin cannot be amended; amended 2019"
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"amendment process": {
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"text": "proposed concurrently by the president of the republic (after a decision in the Council of Ministers) and the National Assembly; consideration of drafts or proposals requires at least three-fourths majority vote of the Assembly membership; passage requires approval in a referendum unless approved by at least four-fifths majority vote of the Assembly membership; constitutional articles affecting territorial sovereignty, the republican form of government, and secularity of Benin cannot be amended"
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}
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},
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"International law organization participation": {
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@ -600,14 +600,15 @@
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},
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"Judicial branch": {
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"highest court(s)": {
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"text": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of the chief justice and 16 justices organized into an administrative division, judicial chamber, and chamber of accounts); Constitutional Court or Cour Constitutionnelle (consists of 7 members, including the court president); High Court of Justice (consists of the Constitutional Court members, 6 members appointed by the National Assembly, and the Supreme Court president); note - jurisdiction of the High Court of Justice is limited to cases of high treason by the national president or members of the government while in office"
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"text": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of the chief justice and 16 justices organized into an administrative division, judicial chamber, and chamber of accounts); Constitutional Court or Cour Constitutionnelle (consists of 7 members, including the court president); High Court of Justice (consists of the Constitutional Court members, 6 members appointed by the National Assembly, and the Supreme Court president) "
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},
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"judge selection and term of office": {
|
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"text": "Supreme Court president and judges appointed by the president of the republic upon the advice of the National Assembly; judges appointed for single renewable 5-year terms; Constitutional Court members - 4 appointed by the National Assembly and 3 by the president of the republic; members appointed for single renewable 5-year terms; other members of the High Court of Justice elected by the National Assembly; member tenure NA"
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"text": "Supreme Court president and judges appointed by the president of the republic on the advice of the National Assembly; judges appointed for single renewable 5-year terms; Constitutional Court members - 4 appointed by the National Assembly and 3 by the president of the republic; members appointed for single renewable 5-year terms; other members of the High Court of Justice elected by the National Assembly; member tenure NA"
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},
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"subordinate courts": {
|
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"text": "Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Court for the Repression of Economic and Terrorism Infractions (CRIET) or Cour de Repression des Infractions Economiques et du Terrorisme; district courts; village courts; Assize courts"
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}
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"text": "Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Court for the Repression of Economic and Terrorism Infractions (CRIET) or Cour de Répression des Infractions Economiques et du Terrorisme; district courts; village courts; Assize courts"
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},
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> jurisdiction of the High Court of Justice is limited to cases of high treason by the national president or members of the government while in office"
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},
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"Political parties": {
|
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"text": "African Movement for Development and Progress or MADEP <br>Benin Renaissance or RB <br>Cowrie Force for an Emerging Benin or FCBE <br>Democratic Renewal Party or PRD <br>Progressive Union for Renewal <br>Republican Bloc <br>Sun Alliance or AS <br>The Democrats <br>Union Makes the Nation or UN (includes PRD, MADEP)",
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|
|
@ -64,22 +64,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "73.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "82.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 38.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 50.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 15.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 13.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 18.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 18.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "6.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "10.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "20.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "6.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -401,22 +401,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "73.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "82.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 38.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 50.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 15.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 13.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 18.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 18.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "6.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "10.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "20.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "6.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -532,8 +532,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous, ratified by referendum 28 February 2005"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic after consultation with the government or by absolute majority support of the membership in both houses of Parliament; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Senate membership and at least four-fifths majority vote by the National Assembly; the president can opt to submit amendment bills to a referendum; constitutional articles including those on national unity, the secularity of Burundi, its democratic form of government, and its sovereignty cannot be amended; amended 2018 (amendments extended the presidential term from 5 to 7 years, reintroduced the position of prime minister, and reduced the number of vice presidents from 2 to 1)"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic after consultation with the government or by absolute majority support of the membership in both houses of Parliament; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Senate membership and at least four-fifths majority vote by the National Assembly; the president can opt to submit amendment bills to a referendum; constitutional articles including those on national unity, the secularity of Burundi, its democratic form of government, and its sovereignty cannot be amended"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,22 +64,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "39.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "40% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 3.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 4.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 35.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 35.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "9.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "51.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "56.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -400,22 +400,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "39.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "40% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 3.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 4.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 35.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 35.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "9.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "51.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "56.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -531,7 +531,7 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest adopted by National Transitional Council 27 June 2023, approved by referendum 17 December, verified by Chad Supreme Court 28 December, promulgated 1 January 2024"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "previous process: proposed as a revision by the president of the republic after a Council of Ministers (cabinet) decision or by the National Assembly; approval for consideration of a revision requires at least three-fifths majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires approval by referendum or at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,22 +72,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "31.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "31.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 29.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 29.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "65.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "64.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "3.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "4.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -406,22 +406,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "31.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "31.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 29.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 29.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "65.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "64.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "3.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "4.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -543,7 +543,7 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest approved by referendum 25 October 2015"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by Parliament; passage of presidential proposals requires Supreme Court review followed by approval in a referendum; such proposals may also be submitted directly to Parliament, in which case passage requires at least three-quarters majority vote of both houses in joint session; proposals by Parliament require three-fourths majority vote of both houses in joint session; constitutional articles including those affecting the country’s territory, republican form of government, and secularity of the state are not amendable"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -646,14 +646,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of NA judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members); note - a High Court of Justice, outside the judicial authority, tries cases involving treason by the President of the Republic"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of NA judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judges elected by Parliament and serve until age 65; Constitutional Court members appointed by the president of the republic - 3 directly by the president and 6 nominated by Parliament; members appointed for renewable 9-year terms with one-third of the membership renewed every 3 years"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judges elected by Parliament and serve until age 65; Constitutional Court members appointed by the president of the republic - 3 directly by the president and 6 nominated by Parliament; members appointed for renewable 9-year terms with one third of the membership renewed every 3 years"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Audit and Budgetary Discipline; courts of appeal; regional and district courts; employment tribunals; juvenile courts"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> a High Court of Justice, outside the judicial authority, tries cases involving treason by the President of the Republic"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "Alliance of the Presidential Majority or AMP<br>Action Movement for Renewal or MAR <br>Citizen's Rally or RC <br>Congolese Labour Party or PCT <br>Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development or MCDDI <br>Congo on the Move or LCEM <br>Movement for Unity, Solidarity, and Work or MUST <br>Pan-African Union for Social Development or UPADS <br>Club 2002-Party for the Unity and the Republic or Club 2002 <br>Patriotic Union for Democracy and Progress or UPDP <br>Perspectives and Realities Club or CPR <br>Rally for Democracy and Social Progress or RDPS <br>Republican and Liberal Party or PRL <br>Union of Democratic Forces or UDF <br>Union for Democracy and Republic or UDR<br>Union of Humanist Democrats or UDH-YUKI <br>Union for the Republic or UR "
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -70,22 +70,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "11.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "15.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 3.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 6.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "67.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "54.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "20.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "29.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -409,22 +409,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "11.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "15.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 3.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 6.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "67.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "54.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "20.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "29.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -557,8 +557,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 13 May 2005, approved by referendum 18-19 December 2005, promulgated 18 February 2006"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic, by the government, by either house of Parliament, or by public petition; agreement on the substance of a proposed bill requires absolute majority vote in both houses; passage requires a referendum only if both houses in joint meeting fail to achieve three-fifths majority vote; constitutional articles, including the form of government, universal suffrage, judicial independence, political pluralism, and personal freedoms, cannot be amended; amended 2011"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic, by the government, by either house of Parliament, or by public petition; agreement on the substance of a proposed bill requires absolute majority vote in both houses; passage requires a referendum only if both houses in joint meeting fail to achieve three-fifths majority vote; constitutional articles, including the form of government, universal suffrage, judicial independence, political pluralism, and personal freedoms, cannot be amended"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -663,10 +663,10 @@
|
|||
"text": "Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation (consists of 26 justices and organized into legislative and judiciary sections); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Cassation judges nominated by the Judicial Service Council, an independent body of public prosecutors and selected judges of the lower courts; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by the president, 3 by the Judicial Service Council, and 3 by the legislature; judges appointed by the president to serve 9-year non-renewable terms with one-third of the membership renewed every 3 years"
|
||||
"text": "Court of Cassation judges nominated by the Judicial Service Council, an independent body of public prosecutors and selected judges of the lower courts; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by the president, 3 by the Judicial Service Council, and 3 by the legislature; judges appointed by the president to serve 9-year non-renewable terms with one third of the membership renewed every 3 years"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "State Security Court; Court of Appeals (organized into administrative and judiciary sections); Tribunal de Grande; magistrates' courts; customary courts"
|
||||
"text": "State Security Court; Court of Appeals (organized into administrative and judiciary sections); Tribunal de Grande Instance; magistrates' courts; customary courts"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -69,22 +69,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "20.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "20.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 13.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 13.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 3.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 3.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 4.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 4.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "41.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "42.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "37.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "36.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -408,22 +408,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "20.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "20.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 13.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 13.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 3.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 3.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 4.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 4.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "41.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "42.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "37.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "36.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -547,8 +547,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest effective 18 January 1996"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by Parliament; amendment drafts require approval of at least one third of the membership in either house of Parliament; passage requires absolute majority vote of the Parliament membership; passage of drafts requested by the president for a second reading in Parliament requires two-thirds majority vote of its membership; the president can opt to submit drafts to a referendum, in which case passage requires a simple majority; constitutional articles on Cameroon’s unity and territorial integrity and its democratic principles cannot be amended; amended 2008"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by Parliament; amendment drafts require approval of at least one third of the membership in either house of Parliament; passage requires absolute majority vote of the Parliament membership; passage of drafts requested by the president for a second reading in Parliament requires two-thirds majority vote of its membership; the president can opt to submit drafts to a referendum, in which case passage requires a simple majority; constitutional articles on Cameroon’s unity and territorial integrity and its democratic principles cannot be amended"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -63,22 +63,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "84.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "71.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 46.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 34.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 29.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 28.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 8.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 8.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "1.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "17.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "14.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -370,22 +370,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "84.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "71.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 46.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 34.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 29.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 28.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 8.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 8.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "1.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "17.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "14.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -487,7 +487,7 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1996, 2001; newest adopted 30 July 2018"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the union or supported by at least one third of the Assembly of the Union membership; adoption requires approval by at least three-quarters majority of the total Assembly membership or approval in a referendum"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>a referendum held on 30 July 2018 - boycotted by the opposition - overwhelmingly approved a new constitution that allows for 2 consecutive 5-year presidential terms while retaining the rotating presidency within the islands"
|
||||
|
|
@ -571,7 +571,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Supreme Court judges - selection and term of office NA"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeals (in Moroni); Tribunal de premiere instance; island village (community) courts; religious courts"
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeals (in Moroni); Tribunal de première instance; island village (community) courts; religious courts"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<br> <br><br> "
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,22 +64,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "8.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 5.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 4.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "36.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "35.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "55.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "55.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -382,22 +382,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "8.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 5.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 4.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "36.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "35.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "55.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "55.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -514,9 +514,9 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest constitution passed by a national referendum on 30 July 2023 and validated by the Constitutional Court on 30 August 2023; note - the new constitution was proposed by President Faustin-Archange Touadéra, extended the presidential term from 5 to 7 years, removed term limits, and will allow President Touadéra to run again in 2025; opposition parties denounced the changes, claiming they were created to facilitate a \"life precedency\" for Touadéra"
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest constitution passed by a national referendum on 30 July 2023 and validated by the Constitutional Court on 30 August 2023"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposals require support of the government, two thirds of the National Council of Transition, and assent by the \"Mediator of the Central African\" crisis; passage requires at least three-fourths majority vote by the National Council membership; non-amendable constitutional provisions include those on the secular and republican form of government, fundamental rights and freedoms, amendment procedures, or changes to the authorities of various high-level executive, parliamentary, and judicial officials"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -592,7 +592,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of NA judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges, at least 3 of whom are women)"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (number of judges unknown); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges, at least 3 of whom are women)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president; Constitutional Court judge appointments - 2 by the president, 1 by the speaker of the National Assembly, 2 elected by their peers, 2 are advocates elected by their peers, and 2 are law professors elected by their peers; judges serve 7-year non-renewable terms"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -67,22 +67,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "18.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "19.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 11.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 12.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 6.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 6.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "21% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "60.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "68.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -375,22 +375,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "18.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "19.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 11.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 12.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 6.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 6.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "21% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "60.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "68.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -489,8 +489,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1981; latest effective 25 September 1992"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposals require support of at least four fifths of the active National Assembly membership; amendment drafts require sponsorship of at least one third of the active Assembly membership; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly membership; constitutional sections, including those on national independence, form of government, political pluralism, suffrage, and human rights and liberties, cannot be amended; revised 1995, 1999, 2010"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposals require support of at least four fifths of the active National Assembly membership; amendment drafts require sponsorship of at least one third of the active Assembly membership; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly membership; constitutional sections, including those on national independence, form of government, political pluralism, suffrage, and human rights and liberties, cannot be amended"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,22 +72,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "73.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "73.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 73.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 73.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "26.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "26.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -379,22 +379,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "73.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "73.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 73.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 73.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "26.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "26.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -506,8 +506,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "approved by referendum 4 September 1992"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; Assembly consideration of proposals requires assent of at least one third of the membership; passage requires a simple majority vote by the Assembly and approval by simple majority vote in a referendum; the president can opt to bypass a referendum if adopted by at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; constitutional articles on the sovereignty of Djibouti, its republican form of government, and its pluralist form of democracy cannot be amended; amended 2006, 2008, 2010"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; Assembly consideration of proposals requires assent of at least one third of the membership; passage requires a simple majority vote by the Assembly and approval by simple majority vote in a referendum; the president can opt to bypass a referendum if adopted by at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; constitutional articles on the sovereignty of Djibouti, its republican form of government, and its pluralist form of democracy cannot be amended"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -582,7 +582,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of NA magistrates); Constitutional Council (consists of 6 magistrates)"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Cour Suprême (consists of NA magistrates); Constitutional Council (consists of 6 magistrates)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court magistrates appointed by the president with the advice of the Superior Council of the Magistracy (CSM), a 10-member body consisting of 4 judges, 3 members (non-parliamentarians and judges) appointed by the president, and 3 appointed by the National Assembly president or speaker; magistrates appointed for life with retirement at age 65; Constitutional Council magistrate appointments - 2 by the president of the republic, 2 by the president of the National Assembly, and 2 by the CSM; magistrates appointed for 8-year, non-renewable terms"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -75,22 +75,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "3.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "4.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 3.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "96.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "95.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -407,22 +407,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "3.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "4.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 3.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "96.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "95.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -544,8 +544,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest approved by a constitutional committee in December 2013, approved by referendum held on 14-15 January 2014, ratified by interim president on 19 January 2014"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by one fifth of the House of Representatives members; a decision to accept the proposal requires majority vote by House members; passage of amendment requires a two-thirds majority vote by House members and passage by majority vote in a referendum; articles of reelection of the president and principles of freedom are not amendable unless the amendment \"brings more guarantees;\" amended 2019"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by one fifth of the House of Representatives members; a decision to accept the proposal requires majority vote by House members; passage of amendment requires a two-thirds majority vote by House members and passage by majority vote in a referendum; articles of reelection of the president and principles of freedom are not amendable unless the amendment \"brings more guarantees\" "
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -69,22 +69,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "10.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 4.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 3.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "57.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "86.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "32.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "9.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -354,22 +354,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "10.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 4.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 3.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "57.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "86.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "32.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "9.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -471,8 +471,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1968, 1973, 1982; approved by referendum 17 November 1991"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic or supported by three fourths of the membership in either house of the National Assembly; passage requires three-fourths majority vote by both houses of the Assembly and approval in a referendum if requested by the president; amended several times, last in 2012"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic or supported by three fourths of the membership in either house of the National Assembly; passage requires three-fourths majority vote by both houses of the Assembly and approval in a referendum if requested by the president"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -583,7 +583,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Supreme Court of Justice (consists of the President of the Supreme Court and nine judges organized into civil, criminal, commercial, labor, administrative, and customary sections); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president and 4 members)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president for five-year terms; Constitutional Court members appointed by the president, 2 of whom are nominated by the Chamber of Deputies; note - judges subject to dismissal by the president at any time"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president for five-year terms; Constitutional Court members appointed by the president, 2 of whom are nominated by the Chamber of Deputies"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Guarantees; military courts; Courts of Appeal; first instance tribunals; district and county tribunals"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -66,22 +66,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "75.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "62.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 6.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 5.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 68.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 57% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "15.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "9.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "28.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -379,22 +379,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "75.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "62.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 6.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 5.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 68.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 57% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "15.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "9.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "28.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -490,7 +490,7 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "ratified by the Constituent Assembly 23 May 1997 (never implemented)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of Eritrea or by assent of at least one half of the National Assembly membership; passage requires at least an initial three-quarters majority vote by the Assembly and, after one year, final passage by at least four-fifths majority vote by the Assembly"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -65,26 +65,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "36.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "34.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 15.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 14.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 20% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 17.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "12.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "15% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "51.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "50.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "1,813 sq km (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "1,814 sq km (2020)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major lakes (area sq km)": {
|
||||
"fresh water lake(s)": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -410,22 +410,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "36.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "34.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 15.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 14.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 20% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 17.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "12.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "15% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "51.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "50.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -552,7 +552,7 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest drafted June 1994, adopted 8 December 1994, entered into force 21 August 1995"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposals submitted for discussion require two-thirds majority approval in either house of Parliament or majority approval of one-third of the State Councils; passage of amendments other than constitutional articles on fundamental rights and freedoms and the initiation and amendment of the constitution requires two-thirds majority vote in a joint session of Parliament and majority vote by two thirds of the State Councils; passage of amendments affecting rights and freedoms and amendment procedures requires two-thirds majority vote in each house of Parliament and majority vote by all the State Councils"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -655,14 +655,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Federal Supreme Court (consists of 11 judges); note - the House of Federation has jurisdiction for all constitutional issues"
|
||||
"text": "Federal Supreme Court (consists of 11 judges)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "president and vice president of Federal Supreme Court recommended by the prime minister and appointed by the House of People's Representatives; other Supreme Court judges nominated by the Federal Judicial Administrative Council (a 10-member body chaired by the president of the Federal Supreme Court) and appointed by the House of People's Representatives; judges serve until retirement at age 60"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "federal high courts and federal courts of first instance; state court systems (mirror structure of federal system); sharia courts and customary and traditional courts"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the House of Federation has jurisdiction for all constitutional issues"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "Ethiopian Citizens for Social Justice and Democracy or EZEMA <br>Gedeo People's Democratic Party<br>Independent<br>Kucha People Democratic Party <br>National Movement of Amhara or NAMA<br>Prosperity Party or PP"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -75,22 +75,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "56.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "62.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 41% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 43.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 14.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 18.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "43.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "22.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "14.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -394,22 +394,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "56.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "62.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 41% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 43.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 14.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 18.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "43.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "22.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "14.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -506,11 +506,12 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1965 (Independence Act), 1970; latest adopted 8 April 1996, approved by referendum 8 August 1996, effective 16 January 1997; note - in early 2018, the \"Constitutional Review Commission,\" was established to draft and assist in instituting a new constitution; a second draft completed in March 2020 was rejected by the National Assembly in September; the president announced in January 2022 government plans to draft a new constitution "
|
||||
"text": "previous 1965 (Independence Act), 1970; latest adopted 8 April 1996, approved by referendum 8 August 1996, effective 16 January 1997"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires at least three-fourths majority vote by the Assembly membership in each of several readings and approval by the president of the republic; a referendum is required for amendments affecting national sovereignty, fundamental rights and freedoms, government structures and authorities, taxation, and public funding; passage by referendum requires participation of at least 50% of eligible voters and approval by at least 75% of votes cast; amended 2001, 2004, 2018"
|
||||
}
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires at least three-fourths majority vote by the Assembly membership in each of several readings and approval by the president of the republic; a referendum is required for amendments affecting national sovereignty, fundamental rights and freedoms, government structures and authorities, taxation, and public funding; passage by referendum requires participation of at least 50% of eligible voters and approval by at least 75% of votes cast"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> in 2024, The Gambian government announced its commitment to adopting a new constitution "
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,22 +72,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "19% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 17.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 6.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "81% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "91.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -368,22 +368,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "19% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 17.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 6.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "81% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "91.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -488,8 +488,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1961, 1991; latest approved in November 2024 referendum"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic, by the Council of Ministers, or by one third of either house of Parliament; passage requires Constitutional Court evaluation, at least two-thirds majority vote of two thirds of the Parliament membership convened in joint session, and approval in a referendum; constitutional articles on Gabon’s democratic form of government cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2023 (presidential term reduced to 5 years and election reduced to a single vote)"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic, by the Council of Ministers, or by one third of either house of Parliament; passage requires Constitutional Court evaluation, at least two-thirds majority vote of two thirds of the Parliament membership convened in joint session, and approval in a referendum; constitutional articles on Gabon’s democratic form of government cannot be amended"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -75,22 +75,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "69.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "55.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 20.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 20.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 11.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 11.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 36.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 22.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "21.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "35.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "9.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "9.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -405,22 +405,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "69.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "55.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 20.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 20.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 11.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 11.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 36.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 22.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "21.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "35.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "9.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "9.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -522,8 +522,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest drafted 31 March 1992, approved and promulgated 28 April 1992, entered into force 7 January 1993"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by Parliament; consideration requires prior referral to the Council of State, a body of prominent citizens who advise the president of the republic; passage of amendments to \"entrenched\" constitutional articles (including those on national sovereignty, fundamental rights and freedoms, the structure and authorities of the branches of government, and amendment procedures) requires approval in a referendum by at least 40% participation of eligible voters and at least 75% of votes cast, followed by at least two-thirds majority vote in Parliament, and assent of the president; amendments to non-entrenched articles do not require referenda; amended 1996"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by Parliament; consideration requires prior referral to the Council of State, a body of prominent citizens who advise the president of the republic; passage of amendments to \"entrenched\" constitutional articles (including those on national sovereignty, fundamental rights and freedoms, the structure and authorities of the branches of government, and amendment procedures) requires approval in a referendum by at least 40% participation of eligible voters and at least 75% of votes cast, followed by at least two-thirds majority vote in Parliament, and assent of the president; amendments to non-entrenched articles do not require referenda"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -600,7 +600,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and 13 justices)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "chief justice appointed by the president in consultation with the Council of State (a small advisory body of prominent citizens) and with the approval of Parliament; other justices appointed by the president upon the advice of the Judicial Council (an 18-member independent body of judicial, military and police officials, and presidential nominees) and on the advice of the Council of State; justices can retire at age 60, with compulsory retirement at age 70"
|
||||
"text": "chief justice appointed by the president in consultation with the Council of State (a small advisory body of prominent citizens) and with the approval of Parliament; other justices appointed by the president on the advice of the Judicial Council (an 18-member independent body of judicial, military and police officials, and presidential nominees) and on the advice of the Council of State; justices can retire at age 60, with compulsory retirement at age 70"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal; High Court; Circuit Court; District Court; regional tribunals"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -69,26 +69,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "58.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "70% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 11.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 20.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 5.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 43.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 43.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "26.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "24.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "15.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "5.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "950 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
"text": "949 sq km (2017)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major rivers (by length in km)": {
|
||||
"text": "Niger river source (shared with Mali, and Nigeria [m]) - 4,200 km; Gambie (Gambia) river source (shared with Senegal and The Gambia [m]) - 1,094 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth"
|
||||
|
|
@ -388,22 +388,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "58.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "70% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 11.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 20.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 5.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 43.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 43.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "26.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "24.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "15.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "5.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -520,10 +520,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1958, 1990; 2010 and a referendum in 2020, which was suspended on 5 September 2021 via a coup d’etat; on 27 September, the Transitional Charter was released, which supersedes the constitution until a new constitution is promulgated"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Assembly or by the president of the republic; consideration of proposals requires approval by simple majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires approval in referendum; the president can opt to submit amendments directly to the Assembly, in which case approval requires at least two-thirds majority vote; revised in 2020"
|
||||
"text": "previous 1958, 1990; 2010 and a referendum in 2020, which was suspended on 5 September 2021 via a coup d'état; on 27 September, the Transitional Charter was released, which supersedes the constitution until a new constitution is promulgated"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -592,13 +589,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (organized into Administrative Chamber and Civil, Penal, and Social Chamber; court consists of the first president, 2 chamber presidents, 10 councilors, the solicitor general, and NA deputies); Constitutional Court - suspended on 5 September 2021"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Cour Suprême (organized into Administrative Chamber and Civil, Penal, and Social Chamber; court consists of the first president, 2 chamber presidents, 10 councilors, the solicitor general, and NA deputies); Constitutional Court - suspended on 5 September 2021"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court first president appointed by the national president after consultation with the National Assembly; other members appointed by presidential decree; members serve 9-year terms until age 65"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; High Court of Justice or Cour d'Assises; Court of Account (Court of Auditors); Courts of First Instance (Tribunal de Premiere Instance); labor court; military tribunal; justices of the peace; specialized courts"
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; High Court of Justice or Cour d'Assises; Court of Account (Court of Auditors); Courts of First Instance (Tribunal de Première Instance); labor court; military tribunal; justices of the peace; specialized courts"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,22 +72,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "64.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "84.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 9.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 13.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 14.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 29.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 41.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 41.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "32.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "2.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "7.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -406,22 +406,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "64.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "84.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 9.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 13.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 14.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 29.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 41.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 41.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "32.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "2.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "7.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -538,8 +538,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1960, 2000; latest draft completed 24 September 2016, approved by the National Assembly 11 October 2016, approved by referendum 30 October 2016, promulgated 8 November 2016"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by Parliament; consideration of drafts or proposals requires an absolute majority vote by the parliamentary membership; passage of amendments affecting presidential elections, presidential term of office and vacancies, and amendment procedures requires approval by absolute majority in a referendum; passage of other proposals by the president requires at least four-fifths majority vote by Parliament; constitutional articles on the sovereignty of the state and its republican and secular form of government cannot be amended; amended 2020"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by Parliament; consideration of drafts or proposals requires an absolute majority vote by the parliamentary membership; passage of amendments affecting presidential elections, presidential term of office and vacancies, and amendment procedures requires approval by absolute majority in a referendum; passage of other proposals by the president requires at least four-fifths majority vote by Parliament; constitutional articles on the sovereignty of the state and its republican and secular form of government cannot be amended"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,22 +72,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "48.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "49.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 9.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 11.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 37.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 37.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "6.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "6.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "45.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "43.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -389,22 +389,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "48.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "49.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 9.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 11.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 37.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 37.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "6.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "6.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "45.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "43.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -531,7 +531,7 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "current constitution passed by referendum on 4 August 2010"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "amendments can be proposed by either house of Parliament or by petition of at least one million eligible voters; passage of amendments by Parliament requires approval by at least two-thirds majority vote of both houses in each of two readings, approval in a referendum by majority of votes cast by at least 20% of eligible voters in at least one half of Kenya’s counties, and approval by the president; passage of amendments introduced by petition requires approval by a majority of county assemblies, approval by majority vote of both houses, and approval by the president"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -75,22 +75,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "28.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "20% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 5.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 5.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 20.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 12.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "44.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "78.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "27.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -384,22 +384,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "28.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "20% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 5.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 5.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 20.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 12.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "44.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "78.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "27.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -497,8 +497,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1847 (at independence); latest drafted 19 October 1983, revision adopted by referendum 3 July 1984, effective 6 January 1986"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by agreement of at least two thirds of both National Assembly houses or by petition of at least 10,000 citizens; passage requires at least two-thirds majority approval of both houses and approval in a referendum by at least two-thirds majority of registered voters; amended 2011, 2020"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by agreement of at least two thirds of both National Assembly houses or by petition of at least 10,000 citizens; passage requires at least two-thirds majority approval of both houses and approval in a referendum by at least two-thirds majority of registered voters"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -606,14 +606,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of a chief justice and 4 associate justices); note - the Supreme Court has jurisdiction for all constitutional cases"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of a chief justice and 4 associate justices)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "chief justice and associate justices appointed by the president of Liberia with consent of the Senate; judges can serve until age 70"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "judicial circuit courts; special courts, including criminal, civil, labor, traffic; magistrate and traditional or customary courts"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note</strong>: the Supreme Court has jurisdiction for all constitutional cases"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "All Liberian Party or ALP <br>Alliance for Peace and Democracy or APD <br>Alternative National Congress or ANC <br>Coalition for Democratic Change (includes CDC, NPP, and LPDP)<br>Collaborating Political Parties or CPP (coalition includes ANC, LP; CPP dissolved in April 2024)<br>Congress for Democratic Change or CDC <br>Liberia Destiny Party or LDP <br>Liberia National Union or LINU <br>Liberia Transformation Party or LTP <br>Liberian People Democratic Party or LPDP <br>Liberian People's Party or LPP <br>Liberian Restoration Party or LRP <br>Liberty Party or LP <br>Movement for Democracy and Reconstruction or MDR <br>Movement for Economic Empowerment <br>Movement for Progressive Change or MPC <br>National Democratic Coalition or NDC <br>National Democratic Party of Liberia or NDPL <br>National Patriotic Party or NPP <br>National Reformist Party or NRP <br>National Union for Democratic Progress or NUDP <br>People's Unification Party or PUP <br>Unity Party or UP <br>United People's Party <br>Victory for Change Party or VCP "
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,22 +64,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "76.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "74.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 10.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 8.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 65.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 65.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "1.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "22.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "24.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -390,22 +390,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "76.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "74.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 10.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 8.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 65.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 65.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "1.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "22.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "24.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -518,8 +518,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1959, 1967; latest adopted 2 April 1993 (effectively restoring the 1967 version)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by Parliament; passage of amendments affecting constitutional provisions, including fundamental rights and freedoms, sovereignty of the kingdom, the office of the king, and powers of Parliament, requires a majority vote by the National Assembly, approval by the Senate, approval in a referendum by a majority of qualified voters, and assent of the king; passage of amendments other than those specified provisions requires at least a two-thirds majority vote in both houses of Parliament; amended several times, last in 2011"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by Parliament; passage of amendments affecting constitutional provisions, including fundamental rights and freedoms, sovereignty of the kingdom, the office of the king, and powers of Parliament, requires a majority vote by the National Assembly, approval by the Senate, approval in a referendum by a majority of qualified voters, and assent of the king; passage of amendments other than those specified provisions requires at least a two-thirds majority vote in both houses of Parliament"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -618,14 +618,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal (consists of the court president, such number of justices of appeal as set by Parliament, and the Chief Justice and the puisne judges of the High Court ex officio); High Court (consists of the chief justice and such number of puisne judges as set by Parliament); note - both the Court of Appeal and the High Court have jurisdiction in constitutional issues"
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal (consists of the court president, such number of justices of appeal as set by Parliament, and the Chief Justice and the puisne judges of the High Court ex officio); High Court (consists of the chief justice and such number of puisne judges as set by Parliament)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal president and High Court chief justice appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; puisne judges appointed by the monarch on advice of the Judicial Service Commission, an independent body of judicial officers and officials designated by the monarch; judges of both courts can serve until age 75"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Magistrate Courts; customary or traditional courts; military courts"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note</strong>: both the Court of Appeal and the High Court have jurisdiction in constitutional issues"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "All Basotho Convention or ABC <br>Alliance of Democrats or AD <br>Basotho Action Party or BAP <br>Basotho National Party or BNP <br>Democratic Congress or DC <br>Democratic Party of Lesotho or DPL <br>Lesotho People's Congress or LPC <br>Movement of Economic Change or MEC <br>National Independent Party or NIP <br>Popular Front for Democracy of PFD<br>Reformed Congress of Lesotho or RCL "
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -70,22 +70,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "8.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 7.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 7.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "91.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "91.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -366,22 +366,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "8.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 7.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 7.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "91.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "91.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -489,11 +489,9 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1951, 1977; in July 2017, the Constitutional Assembly completed and approved a draft of a new permanent constitution; in September 2018, the House of Representatives passed a constitutional referendum law in a session with contested reports of the quorum needed to pass the vote and submitted it to the High National Elections Commission in December to begin preparations for a constitutional referendum"
|
||||
"text": "previous 1951, 1977, 2011 (interim)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "note - in early March 2023, the High Council of State voted for a constitutional amendment to provide a groundwork for elections"
|
||||
}
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>a draft constitution was approved in 2017, but it is not yet ratified"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
|
||||
|
|
@ -555,7 +553,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Libya's judicial system consists of a supreme court, central high courts (in Tripoli, Benghazi, and Sabha), and a series of lower courts; the judicial system is factious given the ongoing tension between Libya's eastern and western regions; since 2011, Libyan political factions and armed groups have targeted judges and courthouses"
|
||||
"text": "Libya's judicial system consists of a supreme court, central high courts (in Tripoli, Benghazi, and Sabha), and a series of lower courts"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,22 +72,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "71.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "70.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 5.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 64.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 64.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "21.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "21.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "7.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -396,22 +396,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "71.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "70.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 5.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 64.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 64.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "21.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "21.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "7.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -518,7 +518,7 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1992; latest passed by referendum 17 November 2010, promulgated 11 December 2010"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic in consultation with the cabinet or supported by a least two thirds of both the Senate and National Assembly membership; passage requires at least three-fourths approval of both the Senate and National Assembly and approval in a referendum; constitutional articles, including the form and powers of government, the sovereignty of the state, and the autonomy of Madagascar’s collectivities, cannot be amended"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -618,13 +618,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of 11 members; addresses judicial administration issues only); High Constitutional Court or Haute Cour Constitutionnelle (consists of 9 members); High Court of Justice (consists of 11 members; addresses cases brought against the president of Madagascar and high officials for high treason, grave violations of the Constitution, or breach of duties incompatible with the exercise of the presidential mandate)"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Cour Suprême (consists of 11 members; addresses judicial administration issues only); High Constitutional Court or Haute Cour Constitutionnelle (consists of 9 members); High Court of Justice (consists of 11 members; addresses cases brought against the president of Madagascar and senior officials for high treason, grave violations of the Constitution, or breach of duties incompatible with the exercise of the presidential mandate)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court heads elected by the president and judiciary officials to serve 3-year, single renewable terms; High Constitutional Court members appointed - 3 each by the president, by both legislative bodies, and by the Council of Magistrates; members serve single, 7-year terms; High Court of Justice members include: first president of the Supreme Court; 2 presidents from the Court of Cassation; 2 presidents from the Court of Appeal; 2 deputies from the National Assembly; 2 senators from the Senate; 2 members from the High Council for the Defense of Democracy and the State of law"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Courts of Appeal; Court of Cassation; Courts of First Instance; military courts; traditional (dina) courts; Trade Court"
|
||||
"text": "Courts of Appeal; Court of Cassation; Courts of First Instance; military courts; traditional courts (dina); Trade Court"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,22 +64,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "59.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "64.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 38.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 42.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 19.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 19.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "34% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "22.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "6.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "12.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -402,22 +402,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "59.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "64.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 38.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 42.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 19.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 19.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "34% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "22.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "6.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "12.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -538,8 +538,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1953 (pre-independence), 1964, 1966; latest drafted January to May 1994, approved 16 May 1994, entered into force 18 May 1995"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage of amendments affecting constitutional articles, including the sovereignty and territory of the state, fundamental constitutional principles, human rights, voting rights, and the judiciary, requires majority approval in a referendum and majority approval by the Assembly; passage of other amendments requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; amended several times, last in 2017"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage of amendments affecting constitutional articles, including the sovereignty and territory of the state, fundamental constitutional principles, human rights, voting rights, and the judiciary, requires majority approval in a referendum and majority approval by the Assembly; passage of other amendments requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -616,7 +616,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Supreme Court of Appeal (consists of the chief justice and at least 3 judges)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court chief justice appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly; other judges appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission, which regulates judicial officers; judges serve until age 65"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court chief justice appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly; other judges appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission, which regulates judicial officers; judges serve until age 65"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "High Court; magistrate courts; Industrial Relations Court; district and city traditional or local courts"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -65,22 +65,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "34.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "35.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 5.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 6.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 28.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 28.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "10.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "10.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "55.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "53.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -403,22 +403,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "34.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "35.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 5.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 6.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 28.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 28.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "10.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "10.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "55.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "53.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -537,10 +537,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest drafted 13 October 2022 and submitted to Transition President Assimi GOITA; final draft completed 1 March 2023; approved by referendum 18 June 2023; validated by Constitutional Court 22 July 2023; note - the new constitution includes provisions for expansion of presidential and military powers and creation of a \"senate\""
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "procedure for amending the 2023 constitution NA"
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest drafted 13 October 2022 and submitted to Transition President Assimi GOITA; final draft completed 1 March 2023; approved by referendum 18 June 2023; validated by Constitutional Court 22 July 2023"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -613,7 +610,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of 19 judges organized into judicial, administrative, and accounting sections); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Cour Suprême (consists of 19 judges organized into judicial, administrative, and accounting sections); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the Ministry of Justice to serve 5-year terms; Constitutional Court judges selected - 3 each by the president, the National Assembly, and the Supreme Council of the Magistracy; members serve single renewable 7-year terms"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -77,22 +77,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "67.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "67.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 17.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 16.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 47.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 47.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "11.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "12.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "21% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "19.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> does not include the area of the former Western Sahara, which is almost exclusively desert"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -420,22 +420,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "67.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "67.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 17.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 16.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 47.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 47.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "11.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "12.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "21% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "19.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> does not include the area of the former Western Sahara, which is almost exclusively desert"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -559,9 +559,9 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest drafted 17 June 2011, approved by referendum 1 July 2011; note - sources disagree on whether the 2011 referendum was for a new constitution or for reforms to the existing constitution"
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest drafted 17 June 2011, approved by referendum 1 July 2011 "
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the king, by the prime minister, or by members in either chamber of Parliament; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers and approval in a referendum; the king can opt to submit self-initiated proposals directly to a referendum"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -68,26 +68,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "43.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "43.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 38.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 37.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 3.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 3.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "17.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "19.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "38.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "37.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "158 sq km (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "143 sq km (2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "population density is one of the highest in the world; urban clusters are found throughout the main island, with a greater density in and around Port Luis; population on Rodrigues Island is spread across the island with a slightly denser cluster on the north coast as shown in this population distribution map"
|
||||
|
|
@ -377,22 +377,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "43.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "43.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 38.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 37.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 3.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 3.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "17.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "19.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "38.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "37.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -492,8 +492,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 12 March 1968"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage of amendments affecting constitutional articles, including the sovereignty of the state, fundamental rights and freedoms, citizenship, or the branches of government, requires approval in a referendum by at least three-fourths majority of voters followed by a unanimous vote by the Assembly; passage of other amendments requires only two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; amended many times, last in 2016"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage of amendments affecting constitutional articles, including the sovereignty of the state, fundamental rights and freedoms, citizenship, or the branches of government, requires approval in a referendum by at least three-fourths majority of voters followed by a unanimous vote by the Assembly; passage of other amendments requires only two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -570,14 +570,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Mauritius (consists of the chief justice, a senior puisne judge, and 24 puisne judges); note - the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) serves as the final court of appeal"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Mauritius (consists of the chief justice, a senior puisne judge, and 24 puisne judges)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "chief justice appointed by the president after consultation with the prime minister; senior puisne judge appointed by the president with the advice of the chief justice; other puisne judges appointed by the president with the advice of the Judicial and Legal Commission, a 4-member body of judicial officials including the chief justice; all judges serve until retirement at age 67"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "lower regional courts known as District Courts, Court of Civil Appeal; Court of Criminal Appeal; Public Bodies Appeal Tribunal"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note</strong>: the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) serves as the final court of appeal"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "Alliance Morisien (Mauritian Alliance)<br>Jean-Claude Barbier Movement (Mouvement Jean-Claude Barbier) or MJCB<br>Mauritian Militant Movement (Mouvement Militant Mauricien) or MMM<br>Mauritian Social Democratic Party (Parti Mauricien Social Democrate) or PMSD<br>Mauritius Labor Party (Parti Travailliste) or PTR or MLP<br>Militant Platform (Plateforme Militante) or PM<br>Militant Socialist Movement (Mouvement Socialist Mauricien) or MSM<br>Muvman Liberater or ML<br>National Alliance<br>Patriotic Movement (Mouvement Patriotique) or MAG<br>Rodrigues Peoples Organization (Organisation du Peuple Rodriguais) or OPR"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -75,22 +75,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "38.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "38.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 38.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 38.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "61.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "61.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -410,22 +410,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "38.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "38.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 38.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 38.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "61.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "61.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -544,8 +544,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1964; latest adopted 12 July 1991"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by Parliament; consideration of amendments by Parliament requires approval of at least one third of the membership; a referendum is held only if the amendment is approved by two-thirds majority vote; passage by referendum requires simple majority vote by eligible voters; passage of amendments proposed by the president can bypass a referendum if approved by at least three-fifths majority vote by Parliament; amended 2006, 2012, 2017"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by Parliament; consideration of amendments by Parliament requires approval of at least one third of the membership; a referendum is held only if the amendment is approved by two-thirds majority vote; passage by referendum requires simple majority vote by eligible voters; passage of amendments proposed by the president can bypass a referendum if approved by at least three-fifths majority vote by Parliament"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -620,13 +620,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (subdivided into 7 chambers: 2 civil, 2 labor, 1 commercial, 1 administrative, and 1 criminal, each with a chamber president and 2 councilors); Constitutional Council (consists of 9 members); High Court of Justice (consists of 9 members)"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Cour Suprême (subdivided into 7 chambers: 2 civil, 2 labor, 1 commercial, 1 administrative, and 1 criminal, each with a chamber president and 2 councilors); Constitutional Council (consists of 9 members); High Court of Justice (consists of 9 members)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court president appointed by the president of the republic to serve a 5-year renewable term; Constitutional Council members appointed - 3 by the president of the republic, 2 by the president of the National Assembly, 1 by the prime minister, 1 by the leader of the democratic opposition, 1 by the largest opposition party in the National Assembly, and 1 by the second largest party in the National Assembly; members serve single, 9-year terms with one-third of membership renewed every 3 years; High Court of Justice members appointed by Parliament - 6 by the ruling Coalition of Majority Parties and 3 by opposition parties"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Courts of Appeal; courts of first instance or wilya courts are established in the regions' headquarters and include commercial and labor courts, criminal courts, Moughataa (district) Courts, and informal/customary courts"
|
||||
"text": "Courts of Appeal; courts of first instance, or wilya courts, are established in the regions' headquarters and include commercial and labor courts, criminal courts, Moughataa (district) Courts, and informal/customary courts"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -69,22 +69,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "56.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "52.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 6.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 7.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 49.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 45.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "43.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "46.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -392,22 +392,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "56.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "52.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 6.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 7.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 49.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 45.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "43.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "46.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -531,8 +531,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1975, 1990; latest adopted 16 November 2004, effective 21 December 2004"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic or supported by at least one third of the Assembly of the Republic membership; passage of amendments affecting constitutional provisions, including the independence and sovereignty of the state, the republican form of government, basic rights and freedoms, and universal suffrage, requires at least a two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly and approval in a referendum; referenda not required for passage of other amendments; amended 2007, 2018"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic or supported by at least one third of the Assembly of the Republic membership; passage of amendments affecting constitutional provisions, including the independence and sovereignty of the state, the republican form of government, basic rights and freedoms, and universal suffrage, requires at least a two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly and approval in a referendum; referenda not required for passage of other amendments"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -606,7 +606,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 5 judges); Constitutional Council (consists of 7 judges); note - the Higher Council of the Judiciary Magistracy is responsible for judiciary management and discipline"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 5 judges); Constitutional Council (consists of 7 judges)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court president appointed by the president of the republic; vice president appointed by the president in consultation with the Higher Council of the Judiciary (CSMJ) and ratified by the Assembly of the Republic; other judges elected by the Assembly; judges serve 5-year renewable terms; Constitutional Council judges appointed - 1 by the president, 5 by the Assembly, and 1 by the CSMJ; judges serve 5-year nonrenewable terms"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,26 +64,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "35.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "36.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 12.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 14% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 22.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 22.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "63.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "62.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "2,666 sq km (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "2,881 sq km (2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major lakes (area sq km)": {
|
||||
"fresh water lake(s)": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -391,22 +391,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "35.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "36.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 12.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 14% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 22.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 22.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "63.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "62.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -532,8 +532,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; passed by referendum 31 October 2010, entered into force 25 November 2010"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "formerly proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; consideration of amendments requires at least three-fourths majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires at least four-fifths majority vote; if disapproved, the proposed amendment is dropped or submitted to a referendum; constitutional articles on the form of government, the multiparty system, the separation of state and religion, disqualification of Assembly members, amendment procedures, and amnesty of participants in the 2010 coup cannot be amended; amended 2011, 2017"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "formerly proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; consideration of amendments requires at least three-fourths majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires at least four-fifths majority vote; if disapproved, the proposed amendment is dropped or submitted to a referendum; constitutional articles on the form of government, the multiparty system, the separation of state and religion, disqualification of Assembly members, amendment procedures, and amnesty of participants in the 2010 coup cannot be amended"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>Note: </strong>on 26 July 2023, the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland, a military junta which took control of Niger's government, dissolved the country's constitution"
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -610,15 +610,14 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "formerly the Constitutional Court (consists of 7 judges); High Court of Justice (consists of 7 members)"
|
||||
"text": "High Court of Justice (consists of 7 members); Supreme Court (membership NA); Constitutional Court (consists of 7 judges)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "formerly, Constitutional Court judges nominated/elected - 1 by the president of the Republic, 1 by the president of the National Assembly, 2 by peer judges, 2 by peer lawyers, 1 law professor by peers, and 1 from within Nigerien society; all appointed by the president; judges serve 6-year nonrenewable terms with one-third of membership renewed every 2 years; High Judicial Court members selected from among the legislature and judiciary; members serve 5-year terms"
|
||||
"text": "High Judicial Court members selected from among the legislature and judiciary to 5-year terms; Constitutional Court judges nominated/elected - 1 by the president of the Republic, 1 by the president of the National Assembly, 2 by peer judges, 2 by peer lawyers, 1 law professor by peers, and 1 from within Nigerien society; all appointed by the president; judges serve 6-year nonrenewable terms with one-third of membership renewed every 2 years"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "formerly, Court of Cassation; Council of State; Court of Finances; various specialized tribunals and customary courts"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>Note:</strong> on 26 July 2023, the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland, a military junta which took control of Niger's government, dissolved the country's judicial system"
|
||||
"text": "Court of Cassation; Council of State; Court of Finances; various specialized tribunals and customary courts"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Alliance for Democracy and the Republic<br>Alliance for Democratic Renewal or ARD-Adaltchi-Mutuntchi <br>Alliance of Movements for the Emergence of Niger or AMEN AMIN<br>Congress for the Republic or CPR-Inganci<br>Democratic Alternation for Equity in Niger<br>Democratic and Republican Renewal-RDR-Tchanji<br>Democratic Movement for the Emergence of Niger Falala<br>Democratic Patriots' Rally or RPD Bazara<br>National Movement for the Development of Society-Nassara or MNSD-Nassara<br>Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Progress-Zaman Lahiya or ANDP-Zaman Lahiya<br>Nigerien Democratic Movement for an African Federation or MODEN/FA Lumana<br>Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism or PNDS-Tarrayya<br>Nigerien Patriotic Movement or MPN-Kishin Kassa<br>Nigerien Rally for Democracy and Peace<br>Patriotic Movement for the Republic or MPR-Jamhuriya<br>Peace, Justice, Progress–Generation Doubara<br>Rally for Democracy and Progress-Jama'a or RDP-Jama'a<br>Rally for Peace and Progress or RPP Farilla<br>Social Democratic Rally or RSD-Gaskiyya<br>Social Democratic Party or PSD-Bassira</p>",
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,26 +72,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "78% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "75.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 37.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 40% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 7.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 8.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 33.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 27.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "9.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "23.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "12.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "2,930 sq km (2012)"
|
||||
"text": "2,188 sq km (2017)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major lakes (area sq km)": {
|
||||
"fresh water lake(s)": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -397,22 +397,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "78% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "75.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 37.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 40% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 7.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 8.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 33.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 27.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "9.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "23.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "12.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -524,8 +524,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 5 May 1999, effective 29 May 1999"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of both houses and approval by the Houses of Assembly of at least two thirds of the states; amendments to constitutional articles on the creation of a new state, fundamental constitutional rights, or constitution-amending procedures requires at least four-fifths majority vote by both houses of the National Assembly and approval by the Houses of Assembly in at least two thirds of the states; passage of amendments limited to the creation of a new state require at least two-thirds majority vote by the proposing National Assembly house and approval by the Houses of Assembly in two thirds of the states; amended several times, last in 2018"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of both houses and approval by the Houses of Assembly of at least two thirds of the states; amendments to constitutional articles on the creation of a new state, fundamental constitutional rights, or constitution-amending procedures requires at least four-fifths majority vote by both houses of the National Assembly and approval by the Houses of Assembly in at least two thirds of the states; passage of amendments limited to the creation of a new state require at least two-thirds majority vote by the proposing National Assembly house and approval by the Houses of Assembly in two thirds of the states"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -62,19 +62,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "45% (2018)"
|
||||
"text": "44.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 4.4% (2018)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 3.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 40.7% (2018)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 40.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "11.3% (2018)"
|
||||
"text": "11.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "43.5% (2018)"
|
||||
"text": "44% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -331,19 +334,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "45% (2018)"
|
||||
"text": "44.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 4.4% (2018)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 3.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 40.7% (2018)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 40.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "11.3% (2018)"
|
||||
"text": "11.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "43.5% (2018)"
|
||||
"text": "44% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -439,10 +445,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 2005 (preindependence); latest signed 7 July 2011, effective 9 July 2011 (Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011); note - new constitution pending establishment under the 2018 peace agreement"
|
||||
"text": "previous 2005 (pre-independence); latest signed 7 July 2011, effective 9 July 2011 (Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Legislature or by the president of the republic; passage requires submission of the proposal to the Legislature at least one month prior to consideration, approval by at least two-thirds majority vote in both houses of the Legislature, and assent of the president; amended 2013, 2015, 2018"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Legislature or by the president of the republic; passage requires submission of the proposal to the Legislature at least one month prior to consideration, approval by at least two-thirds majority vote in both houses of the Legislature, and assent of the president"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Citizenship": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -530,15 +536,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of South Sudan (consists of a chief justice, deputy chief justice, and 5 additional justices); note - consistent with the 2008 Judiciary Act, the Transitional Constitution of South Sudan calls for 9, rather than 5 additional justices"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of South Sudan (consists of a chief justice, deputy chief justice, and 5 additional justices); the 2011 Transitional Constitution of South Sudan calls for 9, rather than 5 additional justices"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "justices appointed by the president (the 2011 Transitional Constitution of South Sudan calls for the establishment of a Judicial Service Council to recommend prospective justices to the president, and for the justices' tenures to be set by the National Legislature; neither of these steps have been effectively implemented as of mid-2023)"
|
||||
"text": "the 2011 Transitional Constitution of South Sudan calls for the establishment of a Judicial Service Council to recommend prospective justices to the president, and for the justices' tenures to be set by the National Legislature"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "national level - Courts of Appeal; High Courts; County Courts; state level - High Courts; County Courts; customary courts; other specialized courts and tribunals"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "Note: in mid-2022, the Government of South Sudan inaugurated an Ad-hoc Judiciary Committee, a 12-member body led by two eminent jurists, which is charged with reviewing relevant laws, advising on judicial reform and restructuring of the judiciary"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note</strong>: in mid-2022, the Government of South Sudan inaugurated an ad-hoc judiciary committee, a 12-member body led by two eminent jurists, that is charged with reviewing relevant laws, advising on judicial reform, and restructuring the judiciary"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Democratic Change or DC<br>Democratic Forum or DF<br>Labour Party or LPSS<br>South Sudan Opposition Alliance or SSOA<br>Sudan African National Union or SANU<br>Sudan People's Liberation Movement or SPLM<br>Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-In Opposition or SPLM-IO<br>United Democratic Salvation Front or UDSF <br>United South Sudan African Party or USSAP<br>United South Sudan Party or USSP</p>"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -69,22 +69,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "44.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "30% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 8.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 14% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 6.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 8.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 29.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 7.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "55.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "69.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -377,22 +377,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "44.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "30% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 8.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 14% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 6.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 8.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 29.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 7.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "55.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "69.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -495,10 +495,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "promulgated 16 May 1984; note - constitution suspended following military coup April 2012, restored 2014; note - in May 2020, President EMBALO established a commission to draft a revised constitution"
|
||||
"text": "promulgated 16 May 1984"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National People’s Assembly if supported by at least one third of its members, by the Council of State (a presidential consultant body), or by the government; passage requires approval by at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; constitutional articles on the republican and secular form of government and national sovereignty cannot be amended; amended 1991, 1993, 1996"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National People’s Assembly if supported by at least one third of its members, by the Council of State (a presidential consultant body), or by the government; passage requires approval by at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; constitutional articles on the republican and secular form of government and national sovereignty cannot be amended"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -572,14 +572,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal de Justica (consists of 9 judges and organized into Civil, Criminal, and Social and Administrative Disputes Chambers); note - the Supreme Court has both appellate and constitutional jurisdiction"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal de Justica (consists of 9 judges and organized into Civil, Criminal, and Social and Administrative Disputes Chambers)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "judges nominated by the Higher Council of the Magistrate, a major government organ responsible for judge appointments, dismissals, and judiciary discipline; judges appointed by the president for life"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Appeals Court; regional (first instance) courts; military court"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Supreme Court has both appellate and constitutional jurisdiction"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cabo Verde or PAIGC <br>Democratic Convergence Party or PCD <br>Movement for Democratic Alternation Group of 15 or MADEM-G15 <br>National People’s Assembly – Democratic Party of Guinea Bissau or APU-PDGB <br>New Democracy Party or PND <br>Party for Social Renewal or PRS <br>Republican Party for Independence and Development or PRID <br>Union for Change or UM "
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,22 +64,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "74.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "81.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 47% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 51.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 10.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 14.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 17.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 15.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "18% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "7.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "7.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -394,22 +394,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "74.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "81.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 47% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 51.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 10.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 14.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 17.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 15.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "18% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "7.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "7.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -522,8 +522,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest adopted by referendum 26 May 2003, effective 4 June 2003"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic (with Council of Ministers approval) or by two-thirds majority vote of both houses of Parliament; passage requires at least three-quarters majority vote in both houses; changes to constitutional articles on national sovereignty, the presidential term, the form and system of government, and political pluralism also require approval in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2015"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic (with Council of Ministers approval) or by two-thirds majority vote of both houses of Parliament; passage requires at least three-quarters majority vote in both houses; changes to constitutional articles on national sovereignty, the presidential term, the form and system of government, and political pluralism also require approval in a referendum"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -629,7 +629,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief and deputy chief justices and 5 judges; normally organized into 3-judge panels); High Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and a minimum of 24 judges and organized into 5 chambers)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the president after consultation with the Cabinet and the Superior Council of the Judiciary (SCJ), a 27-member body of judges, other judicial officials, and legal professionals) and approved by the Senate; chief and deputy chief justices appointed for 8-year nonrenewable terms; tenure of judges NA; High Court president and vice president appointed by the president of the republic upon approval by the Senate; judges appointed by the Supreme Court chief justice upon approval of the SCJ; judge tenure NA"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the president after consultation with the Cabinet and the Superior Council of the Judiciary (SCJ), a 27-member body of judges, other judicial officials, and legal professionals, and approved by the Senate; chief and deputy chief justices appointed for 8-year nonrenewable terms; tenure of judges NA; High Court president and vice president appointed by the president of the republic upon approval by the Senate; judges appointed by the Supreme Court chief justice upon approval of the SCJ; judge tenure NA"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "High Court of the Republic; commercial courts including the High Commercial Court; intermediate courts; primary courts; and military specialized courts<strong><br></strong>"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -69,22 +69,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "6.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 4.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "88.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "73.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "23.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -374,22 +374,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "6.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "3.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 4.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "88.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "73.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "23.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -488,8 +488,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1970, 1979; latest drafted May 1993, approved by referendum 18 June 1993, effective 23 June 1993"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the National Assembly; passage of amendments affecting the country’s sovereignty, symbols and languages, the supremacy of the constitution, fundamental rights and freedoms, amendment procedures, and dissolution of the Assembly also requires approval by at least 60% of voters in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2018"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the National Assembly; passage of amendments affecting the country’s sovereignty, symbols and languages, the supremacy of the constitution, fundamental rights and freedoms, amendment procedures, and dissolution of the Assembly also requires approval by at least 60% of voters in a referendum"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -77,22 +77,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "79.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "79.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 9.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 9.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 69.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 69.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "7.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "14% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "13% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "6.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -409,22 +409,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "79.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "79.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 9.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 9.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 69.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 69.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "7.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "14% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "13% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "6.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -535,8 +535,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest drafted 8 May 1996, approved by the Constitutional Court 4 December 1996, effective 4 February 1997"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Assembly of Parliament; passage of amendments affecting constitutional sections on human rights and freedoms, non-racism and non-sexism, supremacy of the constitution, suffrage, the multi-party system of democratic government, and amendment procedures requires at least 75% majority vote of the Assembly, approval by at least six of the nine provinces represented in the National Council of Provinces, and assent of the president of the republic; passage of amendments affecting the Bill of Rights, and those related to provincial boundaries, powers, and authorities requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, approval by at least six of the nine provinces represented in the National Council, and assent of the president; amended many times, last in 2020"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Assembly of Parliament; passage of amendments affecting constitutional sections on human rights and freedoms, non-racism and non-sexism, supremacy of the constitution, suffrage, the multi-party system of democratic government, and amendment procedures requires at least 75% majority vote of the Assembly, approval by at least six of the nine provinces represented in the National Council of Provinces, and assent of the president of the republic; passage of amendments affecting the Bill of Rights, and those related to provincial boundaries, powers, and authorities requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, approval by at least six of the nine provinces represented in the National Council, and assent of the president"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -639,7 +639,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Supreme Court of Appeals (consists of the court president, deputy president, and 21 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of the chief and deputy chief justices and 9 judges)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Appeals president and vice president appointed by the national president after consultation with the Judicial Services Commission (JSC), a 23-member body chaired by the chief justice and includes other judges and judicial executives, members of parliament, practicing lawyers and advocates, a teacher of law, and several members designated by the president of South Africa; other Supreme Court judges appointed by the national president on the advice of the JSC and hold office until discharged from active service by an Act of Parliament; Constitutional Court chief and deputy chief justices appointed by the president of South Africa after consultation with the JSC and with heads of the National Assembly; other Constitutional Court judges appointed by the national president after consultation with the chief justice and leaders of the National Assembly; Constitutional Court judges serve 12-year nonrenewable terms or until age 70"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Appeals president and vice president appointed by the national president after consultation with the Judicial Services Commission (JSC), a 23-member body chaired by the chief justice; other Supreme Court judges appointed by the national president on the advice of the JSC and hold office until discharged from active service by an Act of Parliament; Constitutional Court chief and deputy chief justices appointed by the president of South Africa after consultation with the JSC and with heads of the National Assembly; other Constitutional Court judges appointed by the national president after consultation with the chief justice and leaders of the National Assembly; Constitutional Court judges serve 12-year nonrenewable terms or until age 70"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "High Courts; Magistrates' Courts; labor courts; land claims courts"
|
||||
|
|
@ -653,7 +653,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation in the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador Ebrahim RASOOL (since 13 January 2025)"
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Ismail ESAU (since 18 March 2025)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"chancery": {
|
||||
"text": "3051 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008"
|
||||
|
|
@ -673,7 +673,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Diplomatic representation from the US": {
|
||||
"chief of mission": {
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Dana M. BROWN (since January 2025)"
|
||||
"text": "Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires David J. GREENE (since March 2025)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"embassy": {
|
||||
"text": "877 Pretorius Street, Arcadia, Pretoria"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -75,22 +75,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "46.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "49.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 17.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 19.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 29.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 29.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "43.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "41.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "9.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "9.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -404,22 +404,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "46.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "49.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 17.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 19.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 29.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 29.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "43.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "41.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "9.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "9.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -535,8 +535,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1959 (pre-independence), 1963; latest adopted by referendum 7 January 2001, promulgated 22 January 2001"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; passage requires Assembly approval and approval in a referendum; the president can bypass a referendum and submit an amendment directly to the Assembly, which requires at least three-fifths majority vote; the republican form of government is not amendable; amended several times, last in 2019"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; passage requires Assembly approval and approval in a referendum; the president can bypass a referendum and submit an amendment directly to the Assembly, which requires at least three-fifths majority vote; the republican form of government is not amendable"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -610,10 +610,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or <em>Cour Suprême </em>(consists of the court president and 12 judges and organized into civil and commercial, criminal, administrative, and social chambers); Constitutional Council or <em>Conseil Constitutionnel </em> (consists of 7 members, including the court president, vice president, and 5 judges)"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Cour Suprême (consists of the court president and 12 judges and organized into civil and commercial, criminal, administrative, and social chambers); Constitutional Council or Conseil Constitutionnel (consists of 7 members, including the court president, vice president, and 5 judges)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president of the republic upon recommendation of the Superior Council of the Magistrates, a body chaired by the president and minister of justice; judge tenure varies, with mandatory retirement either at 65 or 68 years; Constitutional Council members appointed - 5 by the president and 2 by the National Assembly speaker; judges serve 6-year terms, with renewal of 2 members every 2 years"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president of the republic upon recommendation of the Superior Council of the Magistrates, a body chaired by the president and minister of justice; judge tenure varies, with mandatory retirement either at 65 or 68 years; Constitutional Council members are appointed, 5 by the president and 2 by the National Assembly speaker; judges serve 6-year terms, with renewal of 2 members every 2 years"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "High Court of Justice (for crimes of high treason by the president); Courts of Appeal; Court of Auditors; assize courts; regional and district courts; Labor Court"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,22 +64,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "30.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "30.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 10.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 10.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 20.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 20.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "5.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "5.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "64.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "64.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -310,22 +310,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "30.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "30.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 10.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 10.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 20.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 20.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "5.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "5.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "64.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "64.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -383,7 +383,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest effective 1 September 2009 (St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009)"
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest effective 1 September 2009 (St. Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Citizenship": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -412,14 +412,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal (consists of the court president and 2 justices); Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice - a nonresident - and NA judges); note - appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)"
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal (consists of the court president and 2 justices); Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and judges)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal and Supreme Court justices appointed by the governor acting upon the instructions from a secretary of state acting on behalf of King CHARLES III; justices of both courts serve until retirement at age 70, but terms can be extended"
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal and Supreme Court justices appointed by the governor acting upon the instructions from a secretary of state acting on behalf of the British monarch; justices of both courts serve until retirement at age 70, but terms can be extended"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Magistrates' Court; Small Claims Court; Juvenile Court"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note</strong>: appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "none"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -75,22 +75,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "56.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "54.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 23.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 21.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 30.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 30.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "37.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "34.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "6.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "10.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -387,22 +387,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "56.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "54.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 23.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 21.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 30.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 30.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "37.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "34.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "6.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "10.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -509,8 +509,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest effective 1 October 1991"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by Parliament; passage of amendments requires at least two-thirds majority vote of Parliament in two successive readings and assent of the president of the republic; passage of amendments affecting fundamental rights and freedoms and many other constitutional sections also requires approval in a referendum with participation of at least one half of qualified voters and at least two thirds of votes cast; amended several times, last in 2016"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by Parliament; passage of amendments requires at least two-thirds majority vote of Parliament in two successive readings and assent of the president of the republic; passage of amendments affecting fundamental rights and freedoms and many other constitutional sections also requires approval in a referendum with participation of at least one half of qualified voters and at least two thirds of votes cast"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -585,7 +585,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Superior Court of Judicature (consists of the Supreme Court - at the apex - with the chief justice and 4 other judges, the Court of Appeal with the chief justice and 7 other judges, and the High Court of Justice with the chief justice and 9 other judges); note – the Judicature has jurisdiction in all civil, criminal, and constitutional matters"
|
||||
"text": "Superior Court of Judicature (consists of the Supreme Court at the top, with the chief justice and 4 other judges, the Court of Appeal with the chief justice and 7 other judges, and the High Court of Justice with the chief justice and 9 other judges)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court chief justice and other judges of the Judicature appointed by the president on the advice of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission, a 7-member independent body of judges, presidential appointees, and the Commission chairman, and are subject to approval by Parliament; all Judicature judges serve until retirement at age 65"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -69,22 +69,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "70.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "70.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 68.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 68.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "10.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "9.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "19.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "20.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -365,22 +365,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "70.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "70.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 68.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 68.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "10.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "9.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "19.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "20.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -482,10 +482,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1961, 1979; latest drafted 12 June 2012, adopted 1 August 2012 (provisional)"
|
||||
"text": "previous 1961, 1979; latest drafted 12 June 2012, adopted 1 August 2012 "
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the federal government, by members of the state governments, the Federal Parliament, or by public petition; proposals require review by a joint committee of Parliament with inclusion of public comments and state legislatures’ comments; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote in both houses of Parliament and approval by a majority of votes cast in a referendum; constitutional clauses on Islamic principles, the federal system, human rights and freedoms, powers and authorities of the government branches, and inclusion of women in national institutions cannot be amended; amended 2024"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the federal government, by members of the state governments, the Federal Parliament, or by public petition; proposals require review by a joint committee of Parliament with inclusion of public comments and state legislatures’ comments; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote in both houses of Parliament and approval by a majority of votes cast in a referendum; constitutional clauses on Islamic principles, the federal system, human rights and freedoms, powers and authorities of the government branches, and inclusion of women in national institutions cannot be amended"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -582,14 +582,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "the provisional constitution stipulates the establishment of the Constitutional Court (consists of 5 judges, including the chief judge and deputy chief judge); note - under the terms of the 2004 Transitional National Charter, a Supreme Court based in Mogadishu and the Appeal Court were established; yet most regions have reverted to local forms of conflict resolution, either secular, traditional Somali customary law, or Islamic law"
|
||||
"text": "the provisional constitution stipulates the establishment of the Constitutional Court (consists of 5 judges, including the chief judge and deputy chief judge)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "judges appointed by the president upon proposal of the Judicial Service Commission, a 9-member judicial and administrative body; judge tenure NA"
|
||||
"text": "judges appointed by the president on proposal of the Judicial Service Commission, a 9-member judicial and administrative body; judge tenure NA"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "federal courts; federal member state-level courts; military courts; sharia courts"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note</strong>: under the terms of the 2004 Transitional National Charter, a Supreme Court based in Mogadishu and the Appeal Court were established, but most regions have reverted to local forms of conflict resolution, whether secular, Somali customary law, or Islamic law"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>Cosmopolitan Democratic Party<br>Green Party<br>Himilo Qaran Party<br>Ilays Party<br>Justice and Reconciliation Party<br>National Progressive Party<br>Peace and Unity Party<br>Qaransoor Party<br>Qiimo Qaran Party<br>Security and Justice Party<br>Social Justice Party<br>Somali Labour Party<br>Somali Republic Party<br>Somali Social Unity Party or SSUP<br>Union for Peace and Development Party or PDP<br>Wadajir Party</p>",
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -73,26 +73,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "100% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "60.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 15.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 11.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 84.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 49% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "9.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "30% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "15,666 sq km (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "15,504 sq km (2019)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major rivers (by length in km)": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>An Nīl (Nile) (shared with Rwanda [s], Tanzania, Uganda, South Sudan, and Egypt [m]) - 6,650 km; Blue Nile river mouth (shared with Ethiopia [s]) - 1,600 km<br><strong>note</strong> – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth</p>"
|
||||
|
|
@ -384,22 +384,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "100% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "60.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 15.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 11.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 84.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 49% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "9.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "30% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -516,9 +516,7 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1973, 1998, 2005 (interim constitution, which was suspended in April 2019); latest initial draft completed by Transitional Military Council in May 2019; revised draft known as the \"Draft Constitutional Charter for the 2019 Transitional Period,\" or “2019 Constitutional Declaration” was signed by the Council and opposition coalition on 4 August 2019"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "amended 2020 to incorporate the Juba Agreement for Peace in Sudan; the military suspended several provisions of the Constitutional Declaration in October 2021"
|
||||
}
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>amended 2020 to incorporate the Juba Agreement for Peace in Sudan; the military suspended several provisions of the Constitutional Declaration in October 2021"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; withdrew acceptance of ICCt jurisdiction in 2008"
|
||||
|
|
@ -563,10 +561,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "National Supreme Court (consists of 70 judges organized into panels of 3 judges and includes 4 circuits that operate outside the capital); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 justices including the court president); note - the Constitutional Court resides outside the national judiciary and has not been appointed since the signature of the 2019 Constitutional Declaration"
|
||||
"text": "National Supreme Court (consists of 70 judges organized into panels of 3 judges and includes 4 circuits that operate outside the capital); a Constitutional Court was required in the 2019 Constitutional Declaration, but it has yet to be implemented"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "National Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judges selected by the Supreme Judicial Council, which replaced the National Judicial Service Commission upon enactment of the 2019 Constitutional Declaration"
|
||||
"text": "National Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judges selected by the Supreme Judicial Council"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal; other national courts; public courts; district, town, and rural courts"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -69,22 +69,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "67.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "70.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 45.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 48.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 3.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 3.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 18.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 18.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "4.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "22.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "27.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "7.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -396,22 +396,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "67.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "70.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 45.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 48.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 3.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 3.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 18.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 18.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "4.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "22.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "27.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "7.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -522,8 +522,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 27 September 1992, effective 14 October 1992; revised 6 May 2024"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic or supported by at least one fifth of the National Assembly membership; passage requires four-fifths majority vote by the Assembly; a referendum is required if approved by only two-thirds majority of the Assembly or if requested by the president; constitutional articles on the republican and secular form of government cannot be amended; amended 2002, 2007, last in 2024 (reported as a revision)"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic or supported by at least one fifth of the National Assembly membership; passage requires four-fifths majority vote by the Assembly; a referendum is required if approved by only two-thirds majority of the Assembly or if requested by the president; constitutional articles on the republican and secular form of government cannot be amended"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -626,10 +626,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (organized into criminal and administrative chambers, each with a chamber president and advisors); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges, including the court president)"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Cour Suprême (organized into criminal and administrative chambers, each with a chamber president and advisors); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges, including the court president)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court president appointed by decree of the president of the republic upon the proposal of the Supreme Council of the Magistracy, a 9-member judicial, advisory, and disciplinary body; other judicial appointments and judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the National Assembly; judge tenure NA"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court president appointed by decree of the president of the republic on the proposal of the Supreme Council of the Magistracy, a 9-member judicial, advisory, and disciplinary body; other judicial appointments and judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the National Assembly; judge tenure NA"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Assizes (sessions court); Appeal Court; tribunals of first instance (divided into civil, commercial, and correctional chambers; Court of State Security; military tribunal"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,22 +64,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "50.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "44.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 9.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 4.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 40.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 39.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "28.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "52.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "21.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "2.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -388,22 +388,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "50.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "44.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 9.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 4.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 40.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 39.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "28.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "52.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "21.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "2.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -502,8 +502,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "approved 5 November 1975"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; the Assembly can propose to the president of the republic that an amendment be submitted to a referendum; revised several times, last in 2006"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; the Assembly can propose to the president of the republic that an amendment be submitted to a referendum"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,22 +72,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "64.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "62.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 18.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 18.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 15.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 13.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 31.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 30.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "6.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "4.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "28.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "33% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -394,22 +394,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "64.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "62.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 18.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 18.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 15.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 13.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 31.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 30.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "6.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "4.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "28.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "33% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -517,7 +517,7 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "<p>several previous; latest - draft published by the president 30 June 2022, approved by referendum 25 July 2022, and adopted 27 July 2022</p>"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic or by one third of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People membership; following review by the Constitutional Court, approval to proceed requires an absolute majority vote by the Assembly and final passage requires a two-thirds Assembly majority vote; the president can opt to submit an amendment to a referendum, which requires an absolute majority of votes cast for passage"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -616,10 +616,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Cassation (consists of the first president, chamber presidents, and magistrates and organized into 27 civil and 11 criminal chambers)"
|
||||
"text": "Court of Cassation (consists of the first president, chamber presidents, and magistrates; organized into 27 civil and 11 criminal chambers)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the Supreme Judicial Council, an independent 4-part body consisting mainly of elected judges and the remainder legal specialists; judge tenure based on terms of appointment; Constitutional Court (established in the 2014 and 2022 constitutions, but inception has been delayed; note - in mid-February 2022, President SAIED dissolved the Supreme Judicial Council and replaced it with an interim council in early March 2022"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judges nominated by the Supreme Judicial Council, an independent 4-part body consisting mainly of elected judges and the remainder legal specialists; judge tenure based on terms of appointment; Constitutional Court (established in the 2014 and 2022 constitutions, but never implemented)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Courts of Appeal; administrative courts; Court of Audit; Housing Court; courts of first instance; lower district courts; military courts"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -70,22 +70,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "43.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "44.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 14.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 15.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 27.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 27.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "37.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "50.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "19% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "4.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -413,22 +413,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "43.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "44.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 14.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 15.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 27.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 27.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "37.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "50.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "19% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "4.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -555,10 +555,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 25 April 1977; note - drafting of a new constitution by the National Assembly in 2014 had stalled, and not until 2021, when President HASSAN expressed the need for broad government reform was there a renewed mandate for a new constitution; a task force drafted and submitted a report in October 2202 with broad government reform recommendations, including a six-pronged approach to a new constitution; the president as recently as mid-2023 reaffirmed her commitment to a new constitution; Tanzania's political opposition in early 2024, called for protests rallying countrywide support for action on this issue"
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 25 April 1977"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage of amendments to constitutional articles including those on sovereignty of the United Republic, the authorities and powers of the government, the president, the Assembly, and the High Court requires two-thirds majority vote of the mainland Assembly membership and of the Zanzibar House of Representatives membership; House of Representatives approval of other amendments is not required; amended several times, last in 2017"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage of amendments to constitutional articles including those on sovereignty of the United Republic, the authorities and powers of the government, the president, the Assembly, and the High Court requires two-thirds majority vote of the mainland Assembly membership and of the Zanzibar House of Representatives membership; House of Representatives approval of other amendments is not required"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -636,7 +636,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Court of Appeal of the United Republic of Tanzania (consists of the chief justice and 14 justices); High Court of the United Republic for Mainland Tanzania (consists of the principal judge and 30 judges organized into commercial, land, and labor courts); High Court of Zanzibar (consists of the chief justice and 10 justices)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal and High Court justices appointed by the national president after consultation with the Judicial Service Commission for Tanzania, a judicial body of high level judges and 2 members appointed by the national president; Court of Appeal and High Court judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 60, but terms can be extended; High Court of Zanzibar judges appointed by the national president after consultation with the Judicial Commission of Zanzibar; judges can serve until mandatory retirement at age 65"
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal and High Court justices appointed by the national president after consultation with the Judicial Service Commission for Tanzania, a judicial body of high-level judges and 2 members appointed by the national president; Court of Appeal and High Court judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 60, but terms can be extended; High Court of Zanzibar judges appointed by the national president after consultation with the Judicial Commission of Zanzibar; judges can serve until mandatory retirement at age 65"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Resident Magistrates Courts; Kadhi courts (for Islamic family matters); district and primary courts"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -61,22 +61,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "71.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "71.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 34.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 34.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 11.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 11% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 25.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 26.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "14.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "14.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "16.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -384,22 +384,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "71.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "71.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 34.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 34.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 11.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 11% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 25.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 26.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "14.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "14.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "16.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -514,8 +514,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 27 September 1995, promulgated 8 October 1995"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly membership in the second and third readings; proposals affecting \"entrenched clauses,\" including the sovereignty of the people, supremacy of the constitution, human rights and freedoms, the democratic and multiparty form of government, presidential term of office, independence of the judiciary, and the institutions of traditional or cultural leaders, also requires passage by referendum, ratification by at least two-thirds majority vote of district council members in at least two thirds of Uganda's districts, and assent of the president of the republic; amended several times, last in 2018"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly membership in the second and third readings; proposals affecting \"entrenched clauses,\" including the sovereignty of the people, supremacy of the constitution, human rights and freedoms, the democratic and multiparty form of government, presidential term of office, independence of the judiciary, and the institutions of traditional or cultural leaders, also requires passage by referendum, ratification by at least two-thirds majority vote of district council members in at least two thirds of Uganda's districts, and assent of the president of the republic"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,22 +64,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "44.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "53.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 22% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 28.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 37% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 21.93% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 21.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "19.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "22.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "36.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "24.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -382,22 +382,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "44.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "53.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 22% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 28.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 37% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 21.93% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 21.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "19.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "22.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "36.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "24.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -516,8 +516,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest approved by referendum 2 June 1991, adopted 11 June 1991, temporarily suspended late October to mid-November 2014; initial draft of a new constitution to usher in the new republic was completed in January 2017 and a final draft was submitted to the government in December 2017; a constitutional referendum originally scheduled for adoption in March 2019 was postponed; on 1 March 2022 a transition charter was adopted, allowing military authorities to rule for three years and barring the transitional president from being an electoral candidate after the transition"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president, by a majority of National Assembly membership, or by petition of at least 30,000 eligible voters submitted to the Assembly; passage requires at least three-fourths majority vote in the Assembly; failure to meet that threshold requires majority voter approval in a referendum; constitutional provisions on the form of government, the multiparty system, and national sovereignty cannot be amended; amended several times"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president, by a majority of National Assembly membership, or by petition of at least 30,000 eligible voters submitted to the Assembly; passage requires at least three-fourths majority vote in the Assembly; failure to meet that threshold requires majority voter approval in a referendum; constitutional provisions on the form of government, the multiparty system, and national sovereignty cannot be amended"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -590,7 +590,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Supreme Court of Appeals or Cour de Cassation (consists of NA judges); Council of State (consists of NA judges); Constitutional Council or Conseil Constitutionnel (consists of the council president and 9 members)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judge appointments mostly controlled by the president of Burkina Faso; judges have no term limits; Council of State judge appointment and tenure NA; Constitutional Council judges appointed by the president of Burkina Faso upon the proposal of the minister of justice and the president of the National Assembly; judges appointed for 9-year terms with one-third of membership renewed every 3 years"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judge appointments mostly controlled by the president of Burkina Faso; judges have no term limits; Council of State judge appointment and tenure NA; Constitutional Council judges appointed by the president of Burkina Faso after a proposal from the minister of justice and the president of the National Assembly; judges appointed for 9-year terms with one-third of membership renewed every 3 years"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Appeals Court; High Court; first instance tribunals; district courts; specialized courts relating to issues of labor, children, and juveniles; village (customary) courts"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -73,22 +73,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "47.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "47.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 46.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 46.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "8.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "7.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "44% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "45% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -384,22 +384,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "47.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "47.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 46.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 46.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "8.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "7.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "44% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "45% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -521,8 +521,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "adopted 9 February 1990, entered into force 21 March 1990"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "passage requires majority vote of the National Assembly membership and of the National Council of Parliament and assent of the president of the republic; if the National Council fails to pass an amendment, the president can call for a referendum; passage by referendum requires two-thirds majority of votes cast; amendments that detract from or repeal constitutional articles on fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended, and the requisite majorities needed by Parliament to amend the constitution cannot be changed; amended 1998, 2010, 2014"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "passage requires majority vote of the National Assembly membership and of the National Council of Parliament and assent of the president of the republic; if the National Council fails to pass an amendment, the president can call for a referendum; passage by referendum requires two-thirds majority of votes cast; amendments that detract from or repeal constitutional articles on fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended, and the requisite majorities needed by Parliament to amend the constitution cannot be changed"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -628,7 +628,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and at least 3 judges in quorum sessions)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "judges appointed by the president of Namibia upon the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission; judges serve until age 65, but terms can be extended by the president until age 70"
|
||||
"text": "judges appointed by the president of Namibia on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission; judges serve until age 65, but terms can be extended by the president until age 70"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "High Court; Electoral Court, Labor Court; regional and district magistrates' courts; community courts"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,22 +64,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "68.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "69.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 9.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 10.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 57.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 58.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "31.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "29.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -372,22 +372,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "68.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "69.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 9.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 10.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 57.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 58.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "31.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "29.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -495,7 +495,7 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1968, 1978; latest signed by the king 26 July 2005, effective 8 February 2006"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed at a joint sitting of both houses of Parliament; passage requires majority vote by both houses and/or majority vote in a referendum, and assent of the king; passage of amendments affecting \"specially entrenched\" constitutional provisions requires at least three-fourths majority vote by both houses, passage by simple majority vote in a referendum, and assent of the king; passage of \"entrenched\" provisions requires at least two-thirds majority vote of both houses, passage in a referendum, and assent of the king"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -593,14 +593,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and at least 4 justices) and the High Court (consists of the chief justice - ex officio - and 4 justices); note - the Supreme Court has jurisdiction in all constitutional matters"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and at least 4 justices) and the High Court (consists of the chief justice ex officio and 4 justices)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "justices of the Supreme Court and High Court appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission (JSC), a judicial advisory body consisting of the Supreme Court Chief Justice, 4 members appointed by the monarch, and the chairman of the Civil Service Commission; justices of both courts eligible for retirement at age 65 with mandatory retirement at age 75"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "magistrates' courts; National Swazi Courts for administering customary/traditional laws (jurisdiction restricted to customary law for Swazi citizens)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>the Supreme Court has jurisdiction in all constitutional matters"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "political parties exist but conditions for their operations, particularly in elections, are undefined, legally unclear, or culturally restricted; the following are considered political associations:<br>African United Democratic Party or AUDP <br>Ngwane National Liberatory Congress or NNLC <br>People's United Democratic Movement or PUDEMO <br>Swazi Democratic Party or SWADEPA "
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,22 +64,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "31.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "32.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 4.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 5.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 26.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 26.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "66.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "59.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -391,22 +391,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "31.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "32.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 4.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 5.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 26.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 26.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "66.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "59.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -521,8 +521,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 24 August 1991, promulgated 30 August 1991"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly in two separate readings at least 30 days apart; passage of amendments affecting fundamental rights and freedoms requires approval by at least one half of votes cast in a referendum prior to consideration and voting by the Assembly; amended 1996, 2015, 2016; note - in late 2020, an amendment which would have altered the structure of the constitution was defeated in the National Assembly"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly in two separate readings at least 30 days apart; passage of amendments affecting fundamental rights and freedoms requires approval by at least one half of votes cast in a referendum prior to consideration and voting by the Assembly"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -596,7 +596,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice, deputy chief justice, and at least 11 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 11 judges); note - the Constitutional Court began operation in June 2016"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice, deputy chief justice, and at least 11 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 11 judges)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president of the republic upon the advice of the 9-member Judicial Service Commission, which is headed by the chief justice, and ratified by the National Assembly; judges normally serve until age 65"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,22 +64,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "42.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "39.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 10.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 8.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 31.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 31.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "39.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "44.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "18% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "15.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -397,22 +397,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "42.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "39.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 10.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 8.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 31.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 31.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "39.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "44.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "18% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "15.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -528,8 +528,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1965 (at Rhodesian independence), 1979 (Lancaster House Agreement), 1980 (at Zimbabwean independence); latest final draft completed January 2013, approved by referendum 16 March 2013, approved by Parliament 9 May 2013, effective 22 May 2013"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the Senate or by the National Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the membership of both houses of Parliament and assent of the president of the republic; amendments to constitutional chapters on fundamental human rights and freedoms and on agricultural lands also require approval by a majority of votes cast in a referendum; amended many times, last in 2017"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the Senate or by the National Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the membership of both houses of Parliament and assent of the president of the republic; amendments to constitutional chapters on fundamental human rights and freedoms and on agricultural lands also require approval by a majority of votes cast in a referendum"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -642,7 +642,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and 4 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of the chief and deputy chief justices and 9 judges)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president upon recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission, an independent body consisting of the chief justice, Public Service Commission chairman, attorney general, and 2-3 members appointed by the president; judges normally serve until age 65 but can elect to serve until age 70; Constitutional Court judge appointment NA; judges serve nonrenewable 15-year terms"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court judges appointed by the president on recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission, an independent body consisting of the chief justice, Public Service Commission chairman, attorney general, and 2-3 members appointed by the president; judges normally serve until age 65 but can elect to serve until age 70; Constitutional Court judge appointment NA; judges serve nonrenewable 15-year terms"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "High Court; Labor Court; Administrative Court; regional magistrate courts; customary law courts; special courts"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
|
|||
"land": {
|
||||
"text": "14.2 million sq km (285,000 sq km ice-free, 13.915 million sq km ice-covered) (est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> fifth-largest continent, following Asia, Africa, North America, and South America, but larger than Australia and the subcontinent of Europe"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> fifth-largest continent, following Asia, Africa, North America, and South America, but larger than Australia and the continent of Europe"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Area - comparative": {
|
||||
"text": "slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US"
|
||||
|
|
@ -95,7 +95,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Antarctica"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "name derived from two Greek words meaning \"opposite to the Arctic\" or \"opposite to the north\""
|
||||
"text": "name derived from two Greek words, <em>anti </em>and <em>arktikos</em>, meaning \"opposite to the Arctic\" or \"opposite to the north\""
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -62,13 +62,13 @@
|
|||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -103,13 +103,13 @@
|
|||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,22 +64,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "24.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "14.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 15% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 4.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 9.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 9.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "75.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "85.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -303,22 +303,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "24.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "14.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 15% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 4.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 9.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 9.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "75.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "85.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -356,7 +356,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "AS"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "the meaning of Samoa is disputed; some modern explanations are that the \"sa\" connotes \"sacred\" and \"moa\" indicates \"center,\" so the name can mean \"Holy Center\"; alternatively, some assertions state that it can mean \"place of the sacred moa bird\" of Polynesian mythology; the name, however, may go back to Proto-Polynesian (PPn) times (before 1000 B.C.); a plausible PPn reconstruction has the first syllable as \"sa'a\" meaning \"tribe or people\" and \"moa\" meaning \"deep sea or ocean\" to convey the meaning \"people of the deep sea\""
|
||||
"text": "the meaning of Samoa is disputed; according to one theory, <em>sa </em>means \"sacred\" and <em>moa </em>means \"center,\" so the name can mean \"Holy Center\"; alternatively, some assert that the name can mean \"place of the sacred moa bird\" of Polynesian mythology; however, the name may pre-date the Polynesian era (before 1000 B.C.), with <em>sa'a</em> meaning \"tribe or people\" and <em>moa </em>meaning \"deep sea,\" or \"people of the deep sea\""
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -393,8 +393,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "adopted 17 October 1960; revised 1 July 1967"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by either house of the Legislative Assembly; passage requires three-fifths majority vote by the membership of each house, approval by simple majority vote in a referendum, approval by the US Secretary of the Interior, and only by an act of the US Congress; amended several times, last in 2021"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by either house of the Legislative Assembly; passage requires three-fifths majority vote by the membership of each house, approval by simple majority vote in a referendum, approval by the US Secretary of the Interior, and only by an act of the US Congress"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Citizenship": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -425,14 +425,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "High Court of American Samoa (consists of the chief justice, associate chief justice, and 6 Samoan associate judges and organized into trial, family, drug, and appellate divisions); note - American Samoa has no US federal courts"
|
||||
"text": "High Court of American Samoa (consists of the chief justice, associate chief justice, and 6 Samoan associate judges and organized into trial, family, drug, and appellate divisions) "
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "chief justice and associate chief justice appointed by the US Secretary of the Interior to serve for life; Samoan associate judges appointed by the governor to serve for life"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "district and village courts"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> American Samoa has no US federal courts"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "Democratic Party<br>Republican Party"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -74,26 +74,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "46.65% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "47.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 4.03% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 4.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.04% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 42.58% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 43.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "17.42% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "17.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "33.42% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "35.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "15,210 sq km (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "19,450 sq km (2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major lakes (area sq km)": {
|
||||
"fresh water lake(s)": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -400,22 +400,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "46.65% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "47.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 4.03% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 4.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.04% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 42.58% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 43.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "17.42% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "17.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "33.42% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "35.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -496,7 +496,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Australia"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "the name Australia derives from the Latin \"australis\" meaning \"southern\"; the Australian landmass was long referred to as \"Terra Australis\" or the Southern Land"
|
||||
"text": "the name Australia derives from the Latin <em>australis </em>meaning \"southern\"; the Australian landmass was long referred to as \"Terra Australis,\" or the Southern Land"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -541,8 +541,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "approved in a series of referenda from 1898 through 1900 and became law 9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by Parliament; passage requires approval of a referendum bill by absolute majority vote in both houses of Parliament, approval in a referendum by a majority of voters in at least four states and in the territories, and Royal Assent; proposals that would reduce a state’s representation in either house or change a state’s boundaries require that state’s approval prior to Royal Assent; amended several times, last in 1977"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by Parliament; passage requires approval of a referendum bill by absolute majority vote in both houses of Parliament, approval in a referendum by a majority of voters in at least four states and in the territories, and Royal Assent; proposals that would reduce a state’s representation in either house or change a state’s boundaries require that state’s approval prior to Royal Assent"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -653,7 +653,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "justices appointed by the governor-general in council for life with mandatory retirement at age 70"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "subordinate courts: <em>at the federal level:</em> Federal Court; Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia; <em>at the state and territory level:</em> Local Court - New South Wales; Magistrates' Courts – Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania, Northern Territory, Australian Capital Territory; District Courts – New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia; County Court – Victoria; Family Court – Western Australia; Court of Petty Sessions – Norfolk Island <p> </p> <p> </p>"
|
||||
"text": "subordinate courts: <em>at the federal level:</em> Federal Court; Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia; <em>at the state and territory level:</em> Local Court - New South Wales; Magistrates' Courts – Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania, Northern Territory, Australian Capital Territory; District Courts – New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia; County Court – Victoria; Family Court – Western Australia; Court of Petty Sessions – Norfolk Island"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -111,7 +111,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Ashmore and Cartier Islands"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "named after British Captain Samuel ASHMORE, who first sighted his namesake island in 1811, and after the ship Cartier, from which the second island was discovered in 1800"
|
||||
"text": "named after British Captain Samuel ASHMORE, who first sighted the island in 1811, and after the ship <em>Cartier</em>, from which the second island was discovered in 1800"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Dependency status": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -67,22 +67,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "3.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "4.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 3.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "78.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "90.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "17.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "5.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -362,22 +362,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "3.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "4.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 3.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "78.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "90.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "17.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "5.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -466,10 +466,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "adopted 31 May 1978, effective 7 July 1978; note - in late 2017, provincial leaders agreed to adopt a new federal constitution; progress has been stalled, but as of February 2023, the draft constitution was with the Constitutional Review Unit in the prime minister's office "
|
||||
"text": "adopted 31 May 1978, effective 7 July 1978"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Parliament; passage of constitutional sections, including those on fundamental rights and freedoms, the legal system, Parliament, alteration of the constitution and the ombudsman, requires three-fourths majority vote by Parliament and assent of the governor general; passage of other amendments requires two-thirds majority vote and assent of the governor general; amended several times, last in 2018"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Parliament; passage of constitutional sections, including those on fundamental rights and freedoms, the legal system, Parliament, alteration of the constitution and the ombudsman, requires three-fourths majority vote by Parliament and assent of the governor general; passage of other amendments requires two-thirds majority vote and assent of the governor general"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -540,10 +540,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal (consists of the court president and ex officio members including the High Court chief justice and its puisne judges); High Court (consists of the chief justice and puisne judges, as prescribed by the National Parliament)"
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal (consists of the court president and ex officio members including the High Court chief justice and puisne judges); High Court (consists of the chief justice and puisne judges)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal and High Court president, chief justices, and puisne judges appointed by the governor general upon recommendation of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission, chaired by the chief justice and includes 5 members, mostly judicial officials and legal professionals; all judges serve until retirement at age 60"
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal and High Court president, chief justices, and puisne judges appointed by the governor general on recommendation of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission, chaired by the chief justice and includes 5 members, mostly judicial officials and legal professionals; all judges serve until retirement at age 60"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Magistrates' Courts; Customary Land Appeal Court; local courts"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -206,9 +206,6 @@
|
|||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "23 November 1955 (Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "amended many times, last in 2020"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Citizenship": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,22 +64,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "6.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 2.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "65.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "53% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "27.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "45.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -304,22 +304,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "6.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 2.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "65.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "53% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "27.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "45.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -399,8 +399,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "partially effective 9 January 1978 (Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands); fully effective 4 November 1986 (Covenant Agreement)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by constitutional convention, by public petition, or by the Legislature; ratification of proposed amendments requires approval by voters at the next general election or special election; amendments proposed by constitutional convention or by petition become effective if approved by a majority of voters and at least two-thirds majority of voters in each of two senatorial districts; amendments proposed by the Legislature are effective if approved by majority vote; amended several times, last in 2012"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by constitutional convention, by public petition, or by the Legislature; ratification of proposed amendments requires approval by voters at the next general election or special election; amendments proposed by constitutional convention or by petition become effective if approved by a majority of voters and at least two-thirds majority of voters in each of two senatorial districts; amendments proposed by the Legislature are effective if approved by majority vote"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Citizenship": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -431,14 +431,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) (consists of the chief justice and 2 associate justices); US Federal District Court (consists of 1 judge); note - US Federal District Court jurisdiction limited to US federal laws; appeals beyond the CNMI Supreme Court are referred to the US Supreme Court"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) (consists of the chief justice and 2 associate justices); US Federal District Court (consists of 1 judge)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "CNMI Supreme Court judges appointed by the governor and confirmed by the CNMI Senate; judges appointed for 8-year terms and another term if directly elected in a popular election; US Federal District Court judges appointed by the US president and confirmed by the US Senate; judges appointed for renewable 10-year terms"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Superior Court"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note</strong>: US Federal District Court jurisdiction limited to US federal laws; appeals beyond the CNMI Supreme Court are referred to the US Supreme Court"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "Democratic Party<br>Republican Party"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -66,22 +66,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "8.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "7.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 4.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 4.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 5.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "64.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "65% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "27% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "27.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -360,22 +360,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "8.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "7.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 4.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 4.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 5.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "64.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "65% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "27% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "27.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -446,8 +446,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "4 August 1965 (Cook Islands Constitution Act 1964)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by Parliament; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Parliament membership in each of several readings and assent of the chief of state’s representative; passage of amendments relating to the chief of state also requires two-thirds majority approval in a referendum; amended many times, last in 2004"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by Parliament; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Parliament membership in each of several readings and assent of the chief of state’s representative; passage of amendments relating to the chief of state also requires two-thirds majority approval in a referendum"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -505,14 +505,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal (consists of the chief justice and 3 judges of the High Court); High Court (consists of the chief justice and at least 4 judges and organized into civil, criminal, and land divisions); note - appeals beyond the Cook Islands Court of Appeal are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)"
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal (consists of the chief justice and 3 judges of the High Court); High Court (consists of the chief justice and at least 4 judges and organized into civil, criminal, and land divisions) "
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "High Court chief justice appointed by the Queen's Representative on the advice of the Executive Council tendered by the prime minister; other judges appointed by the Queen's Representative, on the advice of the Executive Council tendered by the chief justice, High Court chief justice, and the minister of justice; chief justice and judges appointed for 3-year renewable terms"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "justices of the peace"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> appeals beyond the Cook Islands Court of Appeal are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "Cook Islands Party or CIP<br>Cook Islands United Party <br>Democratic Party or Demo<br>One Cook Islands Movement or OCI"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -70,22 +70,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "23.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "17.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 4.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 4.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 3.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 9.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 9.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "55.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "63.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "21% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "19.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -373,22 +373,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "23.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "17.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 4.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 4.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 3.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 9.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 9.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "55.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "63.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "21% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "19.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -493,7 +493,7 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest signed into law 6 September 2013"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed as a bill by Parliament and supported by at least three quarters of its members, followed by referral to the president and then to the Electoral Commission, which conducts a referendum; passage requires approval by at least three-quarters of registered voters and assent by the president"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -519,7 +519,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Executive branch": {
|
||||
"chief of state": {
|
||||
"text": "President Ratu Wiliame KATONIVERE (since 12 November 2021)"
|
||||
"text": "President Ratu Naiqama LALABALAVU (since 12 November 2024)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"head of government": {
|
||||
"text": "Prime Minister Sitiveni Ligamamada RABUKA (since 24 December 2022)"
|
||||
|
|
@ -528,10 +528,10 @@
|
|||
"text": "Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among members of Parliament and is responsible to Parliament"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"elections/appointments": {
|
||||
"text": "president elected by Parliament for a 3-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 October 2021 (next to be held in 2024); prime minister endorsed by the president"
|
||||
"text": "president elected by Parliament for a 3-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 31 October 2024 (next to be held in 2027); prime minister endorsed by the president"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"election results": {
|
||||
"text": "<em>2021:</em> Ratu Wiliame KATONIVERE elected president; Wiliame KATONIVERE (People's Alliance) 28 votes, Teimumu KEPA (SODELPA) 23 votes<br><br><em>2018:</em> Jioji Konousi KONROTE reelected president (unopposed) "
|
||||
"text": "<em>2024: </em>Ratu Naiqama LALABALAVU elected president (People's Alliance) 35 votes, Meli Tora TAVAIQIA (Fiji First) 14 votes<em><br><br>2021:</em> Ratu Wiliame KATONIVERE elected president; Wiliame KATONIVERE (People's Alliance) 28 votes, Teimumu KEPA (SODELPA) 23 votes"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Legislative branch": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -571,14 +571,14 @@
|
|||
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice, all justices of the Court of Appeal, and judges appointed specifically as Supreme Court judges); Court of Appeal (consists of the court president, all puisne judges of the High Court, and judges specifically appointed to the Court of Appeal); High Court (chaired by the chief justice and includes a minimum of 10 puisne judges; High Court organized into civil, criminal, family, employment, and tax divisions)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "chief justice appointed by the president of Fiji on the advice of the prime minister following consultation with the parliamentary leader of the opposition; judges of the Supreme Court, the president of the Court of Appeal, the justices of the Court of Appeal, and puisne judges of the High Court appointed by the president of Fiji upon the nomination of the Judicial Service Commission after consulting with the cabinet minister and the committee of the House of Representatives responsible for the administration of justice; the chief justice, Supreme Court judges and justices of Appeal generally required to retire at age 70, but this requirement may be waived for one or more sessions of the court; puisne judges appointed for not less than 4 years nor more than 7 years, with mandatory retirement at age 65"
|
||||
"text": "chief justice appointed by the president of Fiji on the advice of the prime minister following consultation with the parliamentary leader of the opposition; judges of the Supreme Court, the president of the Court of Appeal, the justices of the Court of Appeal, and puisne judges of the High Court appointed by the president of Fiji on the nomination of the Judicial Service Commission after consulting with the cabinet minister and the House of Representatives committee responsible for the administration of justice; the chief justice, Supreme Court judges, and justices of Appeal generally required to retire at age 70, but this requirement may be waived for one or more sessions of the court; puisne judges appointed for not less than 4 years or more than 7 years, with mandatory retirement at age 65"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Magistrates' Court (organized into civil, criminal, juvenile, and small claims divisions)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "Fiji First <br>Fiji Labor Party or FLP <br>Freedom Alliance (formerly Fiji United Freedom Party or FUFP)<br>National Federation Party or NFP <br>People's Alliance <br>Peoples Democratic Party or PDP <br>Social Democratic Liberal Party or SODELPA <br>Unity Fiji "
|
||||
"text": "Fiji First <br>Fiji Labor Party or FLP <br>Freedom Alliance (formerly Fiji United Freedom Party or FUFP)<br>National Federation Party or NFP <br>People's Alliance <br>Peoples Democratic Party or PDP <br>Social Democratic Liberal Party or SODELPA <br>Unity Fiji"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "ACP, ADB, AOSIS, C, CP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OPCW, PCA, PIF, Sparteca (suspended), SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,22 +64,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "25.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "7.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 19.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 3.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 4.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "74.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "92.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -329,22 +329,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "25.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "7.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 19.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 3.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 4.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "74.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "92.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -436,9 +436,10 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "drafted June 1975, ratified 1 October 1978, entered into force 10 May 1979"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by Congress, by a constitutional convention, or by public petition; passage requires approval by at least three-fourths majority vote in at least three fourths of the states; amended 1990; note – at least every 10 years as part of a general or special election, voters are asked whether to hold a constitution convention; a majority of affirmative votes is required to proceed; amended many times, last in 2019 (approval by referendum to hold a constitutional convention)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by Congress, by a constitutional convention, or by public petition; passage requires approval by at least three-fourths majority vote in at least three fourths of the states"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> at least every ten years, voters are asked as part of a general or special election whether to hold a constitution convention; a majority of affirmative votes is required to proceed"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
|
||||
|
|
@ -506,7 +507,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and not more than 5 associate justices and organized into appellate and criminal divisions)"
|
||||
"text": "Federated States of Micronesia Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and not more than 5 associate justices and organized into appellate and criminal divisions)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "justices appointed by the FSM president with the approval of two-thirds of Congress; justices appointed for life"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -63,22 +63,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "12.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "14% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 6.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 7.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 5.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 5.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "43.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "43.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "43.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "43% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -311,22 +311,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "12.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "14% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 6.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 7.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 5.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 5.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "43.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "43.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "43.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "43% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -411,7 +411,7 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "4 October 1958 (French Constitution)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "French constitution amendment procedures apply"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -470,14 +470,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel (composition NA); note - appeals beyond the French Polynesia Court of Appeal are heard by the Court of Cassation (in Paris)"
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel (composition NA)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "judges assigned from France normally for 3 years"
|
||||
"text": "judges assigned from France for 3 years"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of the First Instance or Tribunal de Premiere Instance; Court of Administrative Law or Tribunal Administratif"
|
||||
}
|
||||
"text": "Court of the First Instance or Tribunal de Première Instance; Court of Administrative Law or Tribunal Administratif"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>appeals beyond the French Polynesia Court of Appeal are heard by the Court of Cassation (in Paris)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "I Love Polynesia (A here la Porinetia) <br>List of the People (Tapura Huiraatira) <br>People's Servant Party (Tavini Huiraatira) <br>Rally of the Maohi People (Amuitahiraʻa o te Nunaʻa Maohi) (formerly known as Popular Rally (Tahoeraa Huiraatira))"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -63,22 +63,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "33.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "29.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 16.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 13% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 14.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 14.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "47.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "51.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "18.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "18.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -303,22 +303,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "33.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "29.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 16.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 13% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 14.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 14.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "47.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "51.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "18.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "18.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -403,9 +403,6 @@
|
|||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "effective 1 July 1950 (Guam Act of 1950 serves as a constitution)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "amended many times, last in 2015"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Citizenship": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -466,14 +463,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Guam (consists of 3 justices); note - appeals beyond the Supreme Court of Guam are referred to the US Supreme Court"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Guam (consists of 3 justices)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "justices appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Guam legislature; justices appointed for life subject to retention election every 10 years"
|
||||
"text": "justices appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Guam legislature; justices appointed for life but subject to retention election every 10 years"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Superior Court of Guam - includes several divisions; US Federal District Court for the District of Guam (a US territorial court; appeals beyond this court are heard before the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
"text": "Superior Court of Guam (includes several divisions); US Federal District Court for the District of Guam (a US territorial court; appeals beyond this court are heard before the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> appeals beyond the Supreme Court of Guam are referred to the US Supreme Court"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "Democratic Party<br>Republican Party"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -67,22 +67,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "42% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "42% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 39.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 39.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "15% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "43% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "56.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -373,22 +373,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "42% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "42% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 39.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 39.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "15% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "43% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "56.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -481,10 +481,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "The Gilbert and Ellice Islands Order in Council 1915, The Gilbert Islands Order in Council 1975 (preindependence); latest promulgated 12 July 1979 (at independence)"
|
||||
"text": "The Gilbert and Ellice Islands Order in Council 1915, The Gilbert Islands Order in Council 1975 (pre-independence); latest promulgated 12 July 1979 (at independence)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the House of Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly membership; passage of amendments affecting the constitutional section on amendment procedures and parts of the constitutional chapter on citizenship requires deferral of the proposal to the next Assembly meeting where approval is required by at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly membership and support of the nominated or elected Banaban member of the Assembly; amendments affecting the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms also requires approval by at least two-thirds majority in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2018"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the House of Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly membership; passage of amendments affecting the constitutional section on amendment procedures and parts of the constitutional chapter on citizenship requires deferral of the proposal to the next Assembly meeting where approval is required by at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly membership and support of the nominated or elected Banaban member of the Assembly; amendments affecting the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms also requires approval by at least two-thirds majority in a referendum"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -556,7 +556,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "High Court (consists of a chief justice and other judges as prescribed by the president); note - the High Court has jurisdiction on constitutional issues"
|
||||
"text": "High Court (consists of a chief justice and other judges as prescribed by the president)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "chief justice appointed by the president on the advice of the cabinet in consultation with the Public Service Commission (PSC); other judges appointed by the president on the advice of the chief justice along with the PSC"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -202,9 +202,6 @@
|
|||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "1 October 1958 (Christmas Island Act 1958)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "amended many times, last in 2020"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Citizenship": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -63,22 +63,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "10.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "10.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 9.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 9.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "45.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "45.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "43.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "44.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -314,22 +314,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "10.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "10.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 9.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 9.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "45.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "45.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "43.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "44.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -405,7 +405,7 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "4 October 1958 (French Constitution with changes as reflected in the Noumea Accord of 5 May 1998)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "French constitution amendment procedures apply"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -464,14 +464,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal in Noumea or Cour d'Appel; organized into civil, commercial, social, and pre-trial investigation chambers; court bench normally includes the court president and 2 counselors); Administrative Court (number of judges NA); note - final appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are referred to the Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation (in Paris); final appeals beyond the Administrative Court are referred to the Administrative Court of Appeal (in Paris)"
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; organized into civil, commercial, social, and pre-trial investigation chambers; court bench normally includes the court president and 2 counselors); Administrative Court (number of judges NA)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "judge appointment and tenure based on France's judicial system"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Courts of First Instance include: civil, juvenile, commercial, labor, police, criminal, assizes, and also a pre-trial investigation chamber; Joint Commerce Tribunal; administrative courts"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note</strong>: final appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are referred to the Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation (in Paris); final appeals beyond the Administrative Court are referred to the Administrative Court of Appeal (in Paris)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "Caledonia Together or CE <br>Caledonian Union or UC <br>Future With Confidence or AEC <br>Kanak Socialist Front for National Liberation or FLNKS (alliance includes PALIKA, UNI, UC, and UPM) <br>Labor Party or PT <br>National Union for Independence or UNI <br>Oceanian Awakening <br>Party of Kanak Liberation or PALIKA <br>Socialist Kanak Liberation or LKS <br>The Republicans (formerly The Rally or UMP) "
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -63,22 +63,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "19.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "18.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 3.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 3.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 11.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 10.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 3.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 3.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "71.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "72.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "9.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -207,22 +207,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "19.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "18.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 3.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 3.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 11.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 10.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 3.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 3.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "71.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "72.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "9.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -291,8 +291,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous (New Zealand colonial statutes); latest 19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act 1974)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly membership in each of three readings and approval by at least two-thirds majority votes in a referendum; passage of amendments to a number of sections, including Niue’s self-governing status, British nationality and New Zealand citizenship, external affairs and defense, economic and administrative assistance by New Zealand, and amendment procedures, requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly and at least two thirds of votes in a referendum; amended 1992, 2007; note - in early 2021, the constitution review committee of the Assembly requested suggestions from the public about changes to the constitution"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly membership in each of three readings and approval by at least two-thirds majority votes in a referendum; passage of amendments to a number of sections, including Niue’s self-governing status, British nationality and New Zealand citizenship, external affairs and defense, economic and administrative assistance by New Zealand, and amendment procedures, requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly and at least two thirds of votes in a referendum "
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Suffrage": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -349,7 +349,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal (consists of the chief justice and up to 3 judges); note - the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) is the final appeal court beyond the Niue Court of Appeal"
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal (consists of the chief justice and up to 3 judges)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Niue chief justice appointed by the governor general on the advice of the Cabinet and tendered by the premier; other judges appointed by the governor general on the advice of the Cabinet and tendered by the chief justice and the minister of justice; judges serve until age 68"
|
||||
|
|
@ -357,7 +357,7 @@
|
|||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "High Court"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> Niue is a participant in the Pacific Judicial Development Program, which is designed to build governance and the rule of law in 15 Pacific island countries"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) is the final appeal court beyond the Niue Court of Appeal"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "none"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -66,22 +66,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "25% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "25% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 25% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 25% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "11.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "12.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "63.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "62.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -138,22 +138,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "25% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "25% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 25% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 25% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "11.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "12.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "63.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "62.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -207,9 +207,6 @@
|
|||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1913, 1957; latest effective 7 August 1979"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "amended many times, last in 2020"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Citizenship": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -266,14 +263,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Norfolk Island (consists of the chief justice and several justices); note - appeals beyond the Supreme Court of Norfolk Island are heard by the Federal Court and the High Court of Australia"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Norfolk Island (consists of the chief justice and several justices)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "justices appointed by the governor general of Australia from among justices of the Federal Court of Australia; justices serve until mandatory retirement at age 70"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Petty Court of Sessions; specialized courts, including a Coroner's Court and the Employment Tribunal"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note</strong>: appeals beyond the Supreme Court of Norfolk Island are heard by the Federal Court and the High Court of Australia"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "Norfolk Island Labor Party <br>Norfolk Liberals "
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -71,22 +71,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "15.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "15.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 10.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 10.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 3.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 3.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "36.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "36.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "48.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "48.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -363,22 +363,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "15.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "15.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 10.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 10.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 3.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 3.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "36.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "36.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "48.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "48.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -475,8 +475,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "draft completed August 1979, finalized by constitution conference 19 September 1979, ratified by French and British Governments 23 October 1979, effective 30 July 1980 at independence"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the prime minister or by the Parliament membership; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by Parliament in special session with at least three fourths of the membership; passage of amendments affecting the national and official languages, or the electoral and parliamentary system also requires approval in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2013"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the prime minister or by the Parliament membership; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by Parliament in special session with at least three fourths of the membership; passage of amendments affecting the national and official languages, or the electoral and parliamentary system also requires approval in a referendum"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -551,7 +551,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal (consists of 2 or more judges of the Supreme Court designated by the chief justice); Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and 6 puisne judges - 3 local and 3 expatriate)"
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal (consists of 2 or more judges of the Supreme Court designated by the chief justice); Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and 6 puisne judges -- 3 local and 3 expatriate)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court chief justice appointed by the president after consultation with the prime minister and the leader of the opposition; other judges appointed by the president on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission, a 4-member advisory body; judges serve until the age of retirement"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -66,22 +66,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "20% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "20% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 20% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 20% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "80% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "80% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -349,22 +349,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "20% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "20% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 20% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 20% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "80% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "80% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -446,8 +446,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "effective 29 January 1968"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by Parliament; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament; amendments to constitutional articles, such as the republican form of government, protection of fundamental rights and freedoms, the structure and authorities of the executive and legislative branches, also require two-thirds majority of votes in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2018"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by Parliament; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament; amendments to constitutional articles, such as the republican form of government, protection of fundamental rights and freedoms, the structure and authorities of the executive and legislative branches, also require two-thirds majority of votes in a referendum"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -502,14 +502,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and several justices); note - in late 2017, the Nauruan Government revoked the 1976 High Court Appeals Act, which had allowed appeals beyond the Nauruan Supreme Court, and in early 2018, the government formed its own appeals court"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and several justices)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "judges appointed by the president to serve until age 65"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "District Court, Family Court"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note</strong>: in 2017, the Nauruan Government revoked the 1976 High Court Appeals Act, which had allowed appeals beyond the Nauruan Supreme Court, and in 2018, the government formed its own appeals court"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "Nauru does not have formal political parties; alliances within the government are often formed based on extended family ties"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -73,22 +73,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "43.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "37% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 41.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 34.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "31.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "37.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "25.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "25.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -387,22 +387,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "43.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "37% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 1.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 41.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 34.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "31.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "37.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "25.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "25.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -512,8 +512,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "New Zealand has no single constitution document; the Constitution Act 1986, effective 1 January 1987, includes only part of the uncodified constitution; others include a collection of statutes or \"acts of Parliament,\" the Treaty of Waitangi, Orders in Council, letters patent, court decisions, and unwritten conventions"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed as bill by Parliament or by referendum called either by the government or by citizens; passage of a bill as an act normally requires two separate readings with committee reviews in between to make changes and corrections, a third reading approved by the House of Representatives membership or by the majority of votes in a referendum, and assent of the governor-general; passage of amendments to reserved constitutional provisions affecting the term of Parliament, electoral districts, and voting restrictions requires approval by 75% of the House membership or the majority of votes in a referendum; amended many times, last in 2020"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed as bill by Parliament or by referendum called either by the government or by citizens; passage of a bill as an act normally requires two separate readings with committee reviews in between to make changes and corrections, a third reading approved by the House of Representatives membership or by the majority of votes in a referendum, and assent of the governor-general; passage of amendments to reserved constitutional provisions affecting the term of Parliament, electoral districts, and voting restrictions requires approval by 75% of the House membership or the majority of votes in a referendum"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -585,7 +585,7 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of 5 justices, including the chief justice); note - the Supreme Court in 2004 replaced the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) as the final appeals court"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of 5 justices, including the chief justice)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "justices appointed by the governor-general upon the recommendation of the attorney- general; justices appointed until compulsory retirement at age 70"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,13 +64,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2011 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "74.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "74.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "25.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "25.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -125,13 +125,13 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2011 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "74.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "74.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "25.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "25.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -242,14 +242,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Pitcairn Court of Appeal (consists of the court president, 2 judges, and the Supreme Court chief justice, an ex-officio member); Pitcairn Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and 2 judges); note - appeals beyond the Pitcairn Court of Appeal are referred to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)"
|
||||
"text": "Pitcairn Court of Appeal (consists of the court president, 2 judges, and the Supreme Court chief justice, an ex-officio member); Pitcairn Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and 2 judges)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "all judges of both courts appointed by the governor of the Pitcairn Islands on the instructions of the British monarch through the Secretary of State; all judges can serve until retirement, normally at age 75"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Magistrate's Court"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note</strong>: appeals beyond the Pitcairn Court of Appeal are referred to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "none"
|
||||
|
|
@ -289,7 +290,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "postage stamps, handicrafts, beekeeping, honey"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - partners": {
|
||||
"text": "Zambia 99%, Czechia 0%, UK 0%, US 0%, Australia 0% (2022)",
|
||||
"text": "UK 21%, Canada 19%, Tanzania 12%, Colombia 11%, Spain 8% (2023)",
|
||||
"note": "<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exports - commodities": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -297,11 +298,11 @@
|
|||
"note": "<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - partners": {
|
||||
"text": "Zambia 100%, NZ 0%, Brazil 0%, UAE 0%, UK 0% (2022)",
|
||||
"text": "USA 59%, NZ 37%, Italy 2%, UAE 1%, Brazil 1% (2023)",
|
||||
"note": "<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Imports - commodities": {
|
||||
"text": "raw copper, refined copper, cobalt oxides and hydroxides, corn, soybean meal (2022)",
|
||||
"text": "construction vehicles, refined petroleum, beef, computers, other foods (2023)",
|
||||
"note": "<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Exchange rates": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -69,22 +69,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "10.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "9.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 4.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 4.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 4.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 4.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "87.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "90.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "1.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -352,22 +352,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "10.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "9.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 4.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 4.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 4.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 4.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "87.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "90.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "1.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -456,8 +456,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "ratified 9 July 1980, effective 1 January 1981"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by a constitutional convention (held at least once every 15 years with voter approval), by public petition of at least 25% of eligible voters, or by a resolution adopted by at least three fourths of National Congress members; passage requires approval by a majority of votes in at least three fourths of the states in the next regular general election; amended several times, last in 2020"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by a constitutional convention (held at least once every 15 years with voter approval), by public petition of at least 25% of eligible voters, or by a resolution adopted by at least three fourths of National Congress members; passage requires approval by a majority of votes in at least three fourths of the states in the next regular general election"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -566,7 +566,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "justices nominated by a 7-member independent body consisting of judges, presidential appointees, and lawyers and appointed by the president; judges can serve until mandatory retirement at age 65"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "National Court and other 'inferior' courts"
|
||||
"text": "National Court and other inferior courts"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -70,22 +70,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "50.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "38.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 7.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 31.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 36.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 11.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "49.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "52.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -361,22 +361,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "50.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "38.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 7.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 31.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 36.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 11.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "49.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "52.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -473,8 +473,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "effective 1 May 1979"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Parliament or by a constitutional convention; passage by Parliament requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the total membership in each of two readings and approval by a majority of votes in a referendum; amendments submitted by a constitutional convention require approval of at least two thirds of votes in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2018"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Parliament or by a constitutional convention; passage by Parliament requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the total membership in each of two readings and approval by a majority of votes in a referendum; amendments submitted by a constitutional convention require approval of at least two thirds of votes in a referendum"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -550,7 +550,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and 2 associate justices)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "judges appointed by the Cabinet upon the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission (consists of the chief justice of the High Court, the attorney general and a private citizen selected by the Cabinet) and upon approval of the Nitijela; the current chief justice, appointed in 2013, serves for 10 years; Marshallese citizens appointed as justices serve until retirement at age 72"
|
||||
"text": "judges appointed by the Cabinet on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission (consists of the chief justice of the High Court, the attorney general and a private citizen selected by the Cabinet) and upon approval of the Nitijela; the current chief justice, appointed in 2013, serves for 10 years; Marshallese citizens appointed as justices serve until retirement at age 72"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "High Court; District Courts; Traditional Rights Court; Community Courts"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -63,22 +63,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "60% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "60% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 60% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 60% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "40% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "40% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -198,22 +198,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "60% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "60% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 60% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 60% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "40% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "40% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -271,8 +271,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "many previous; latest effective 1 January 1949 (Tokelau Islands Act 1948)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed as a resolution by the General Fono; passage requires support by each village and approval by the General Fono; amended several times, last in 2007"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed as a resolution by the General Fono; passage requires support by each village and approval by the General Fono"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Citizenship": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -66,22 +66,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "43.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "48.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 22.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 27.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 15.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 15.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 5.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 5.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "12.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "12.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "44.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "39% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -384,22 +384,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "43.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "48.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 22.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 27.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 15.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 15.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 5.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 5.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "12.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "12.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "44.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "39% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -493,8 +493,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "adopted 4 November 1875, revised 1988, 2016"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the Legislative Assembly; passage requires approval by the Assembly in each of three readings, the unanimous approval of the Privy Council (a high-level advisory body to the monarch), the Cabinet, and assent to by the monarch; revised 1988; amended many times, last in 2013"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the Legislative Assembly; passage requires approval by the Assembly in each of three readings, the unanimous approval of the Privy Council (a high-level advisory body to the monarch), the Cabinet, and assent to by the monarch"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -566,14 +566,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal (consists of the court president and a number of judges determined by the monarch); note - appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are brought before the King in Privy Council, the monarch's advisory organ that has both judicial and legislative powers"
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal (consists of the court president and a number of judges determined by the monarch)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "judge appointments and tenures made by the King in Privy Council and subject to consent of the Legislative Assembly"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court; Magistrates' Courts; Land Courts"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note</strong>: appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are brought before the King in Privy Council, the monarch's advisory organ that has both judicial and legislative powers"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "Democratic Party of the Friendly Islands or DPFI or PTOA <br>Tonga People's Party (Paati ʻa e Kakai ʻo Tonga) or PAK or TPPI"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -69,22 +69,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "60% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "60% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 60% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 60% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "33.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "33.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "6.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "6.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -362,22 +362,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "60% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "60% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 60% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 60% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "33.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "33.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "6.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "6.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -471,8 +471,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1978 (at independence); latest effective 1 October 1986"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the House of Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly membership in the final reading; amended 2007, 2010, 2013, 2023"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the House of Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly membership in the final reading"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,26 +64,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "42.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "42.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 7.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 7.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 35.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 35.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "41.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "41.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "15.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "15.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "0.6 sq km (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "0.6 sq km (2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Natural hazards": {
|
||||
"text": "cyclones; tsunamis"
|
||||
|
|
@ -301,22 +301,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "42.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "42.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 7.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 7.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 35.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 35.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "41.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "41.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "15.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "15.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -382,7 +382,7 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "4 October 1958 (French Constitution)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "French constitution amendment procedures apply"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -436,14 +436,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Assizes or Cour d'Assizes (consists of 1 judge; court hears primarily serious criminal cases); note - appeals beyond the Court of Assizes are heard before the Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel (in Noumea, New Caledonia)"
|
||||
"text": "Court of Assizes or Cour d'Assizes (consists of 1 judge; court hears primarily serious criminal cases)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "NA"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "courts of first instance; labor court; note - justice generally administered under French law by the high administrator, but the 3 traditional kings administer customary law, and there is a magistrate in Mata-Utu"
|
||||
}
|
||||
"text": "courts of first instance; labor court"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note 1</strong>: appeals beyond the Court of Assizes are heard before the Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel (in Noumea, New Caledonia)<br><br><strong>note 2</strong>: justice is generally administered under French law by the high administrator, but the 3 traditional kings administer customary law"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "Left Radical Party or PRG (formerly Radical Socialist Party or PRS and the Left Radical Movement or MRG)<br>Lua Kae Tahi (Giscardians)<br>Rally for Wallis and Futuna-The Republicans (Rassemblement pour Wallis and Futuna) or RPWF-LR <br>Socialist Party or PS<br>Taumu'a Lelei <br>Union Pour la Democratie Francaise or UDF"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -66,22 +66,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "12.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "17.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 4.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 7.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 11.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 1.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 2.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "60.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "57.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "27.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "24.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -369,22 +369,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "12.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "17.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 2.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 4.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 7.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 11.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 1.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 2.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "60.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "57.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "27.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "24.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -479,10 +479,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous (preindependence); latest 1 January 1962"
|
||||
"text": "several previous (pre-independence); latest 1 January 1962"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed as an act by the Legislative Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly membership in the third reading - provided at least 90 days have elapsed since the second reading, and assent of the chief of state; passage of amendments affecting constitutional articles on customary land or constitutional amendment procedures also requires at least two-thirds majority approval in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2020"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed as an act by the Legislative Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly membership in the third reading - provided at least 90 days have elapsed since the second reading, and assent of the chief of state; passage of amendments affecting constitutional articles on customary land or constitutional amendment procedures also requires at least two-thirds majority approval in a referendum"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -559,10 +559,10 @@
|
|||
"text": "Court of Appeal (consists of the chief justice and 2 Supreme Court judges and meets once or twice a year); Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and several judges)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "chief justice appointed by the chief of state upon the advice of the prime minister; other Supreme Court judges appointed by the Judicial Service Commission, a 3-member body chaired by the chief justice and includes the attorney general and an appointee of the Minister of Justice; judges normally serve until retirement at age 68"
|
||||
"text": "chief justice appointed by the chief of state on the advice of the prime minister; other Supreme Court judges appointed by the Judicial Service Commission, a 3-member body chaired by the chief justice and includes the attorney general and an appointee of the Minister of Justice; judges normally serve until retirement at age 68"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "District Court; Magistrates' Courts; Land and Titles Courts; village fono or village chief councils"
|
||||
"text": "District Court; Magistrates' Courts; Land and Titles Courts; village chief councils"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -63,22 +63,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "11.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 11.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 11.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "2.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "2.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "86.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "86.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -321,22 +321,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "11.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 11.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 11.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "2.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "2.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "86.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "86.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -382,7 +382,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Aruba"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "the origin of the island's name is unclear; according to tradition, the name comes from the Spanish phrase \"oro huba\" (there was gold), but in fact no gold was ever found on the island; another possibility is the native word \"oruba,\" which means \"well-situated\""
|
||||
"text": "the origin of the island's name is unclear; according to tradition, the name comes from the Spanish phrase <em>oro hubo</em> (\"there was gold\"), but no gold was ever found on the island; other possible sources are either the local word <em>oruba</em>, which means \"well-situated,\" or a combination of two Carib Indian words, <em>ora </em>and <em>oubao</em>,<em> </em>respectively meaning \"shell\" and \"island\""
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -70,22 +70,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "20.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "20.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 9.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 9.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "18.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "18.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "60.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "61.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -341,22 +341,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "20.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "20.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 9.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 9.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "18.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "18.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "60.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "61.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -407,13 +407,13 @@
|
|||
"Government": {
|
||||
"Country name": {
|
||||
"conventional long form": {
|
||||
"text": "none"
|
||||
"text": "Antigua and Barbuda"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"conventional short form": {
|
||||
"text": "Antigua and Barbuda"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "\"antiguo\" is Spanish for \"ancient\" or \"old\"; the island was discovered by Christopher COLUMBUS in 1493 and, according to tradition, named by him after the church of Santa Maria la Antigua (Old Saint Mary's) in Seville; \"barbuda\" is Spanish for \"bearded\" and the adjective may refer to the alleged beards of the indigenous people or to the island's bearded fig trees"
|
||||
"text": "<em>antiguo </em>is Spanish for \"ancient\" or \"old\"; Christopher COLUMBUS named the island in 1493, after the church of Santa Maria la Antigua (Old Saint Mary's) in Seville, Spain; <em>barbuda </em>is Spanish for \"bearded\" and may refer to the island's lichen-covered fig trees"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -449,8 +449,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest presented 31 July 1981, effective 31 October 1981 (The Antigua and Barbuda Constitution Order 1981)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by either house of Parliament; passage of amendments to constitutional sections such as citizenship, fundamental rights and freedoms, the establishment, power, and authority of the executive and legislative branches, the Supreme Court Order, and the procedure for amending the constitution requires approval by at least two-thirds majority vote of the membership of both houses, approval by at least two-thirds majority in a referendum, and assent to by the governor general; passage of other amendments requires only two-thirds majority vote by both houses; amended 2009, 2011, 2018"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by either house of Parliament; passage of amendments to constitutional sections such as citizenship, fundamental rights and freedoms, the establishment, power, and authority of the executive and legislative branches, the Supreme Court Order, and the procedure for amending the constitution requires approval by at least two-thirds majority vote of the membership of both houses, approval by at least two-thirds majority in a referendum, and assent to by the governor general; passage of other amendments requires only two-thirds majority vote by both houses"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -549,10 +549,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (ECSC) is the superior court of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States; the ECSC - headquartered on St. Lucia - consists of the Court of Appeal - headed by the chief justice and 4 judges - and the High Court with 18 judges; the Court of Appeal is itinerant, travelling to member states on a schedule to hear appeals from the High Court and subordinate courts; High Court judges reside in the member states, with 2 assigned to Antigua and Barbuda"
|
||||
"text": "the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (ECSC) is the superior court of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States; the ECSC is headquartered on St. Lucia and consists of the Court of Appeal -- headed by the chief justice and 4 judges -- and the High Court with 18 judges; the Court of Appeal travels to member states on a schedule to hear appeals from the High Court and subordinate courts"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "chief justice of Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court appointed by the His Majesty, King CHARLES III; other justices and judges appointed by the Judicial and Legal Services Commission; Court of Appeal justices appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 65; High Court judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 62"
|
||||
"text": "chief justice of Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court appointed by the British monarch; other justices and judges appointed by the Judicial and Legal Services Commission; Court of Appeal justices appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 65; High Court judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 62"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Industrial Court; Magistrates' Courts"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -66,22 +66,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "61.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "61.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "38.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "38.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -298,22 +298,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "0% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "61.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "61.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "38.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "38.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -334,7 +334,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Anguilla"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "the name Anguilla means \"eel\" in various Romance languages (Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, French) and likely derives from the island's lengthy shape"
|
||||
"text": "in 1493, Christopher Columbus named the island Anguilla, meaning \"eel\" in Spanish, because of the island's elongated shape"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -372,9 +372,6 @@
|
|||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest 1 April 1982"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "amended 1990, 2012, 2017, 2019"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Citizenship": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -428,10 +425,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (ECSC) is the superior court of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States; the ECSC - headquartered on St. Lucia - consists of the Court of Appeal - headed by the chief justice and 4 judges - and the High Court with 18 judges; the Court of Appeal is itinerant, travelling to member states on a schedule to hear appeals from the High Court and subordinate courts; High Court judges reside in the member states, though none on Anguilla"
|
||||
"text": "the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (ECSC) is the superior court of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States; the ECSC is headquartered on St. Lucia and consists of the Court of Appeal -- headed by the chief justice and 4 judges -- and the High Court with 18 judges; the Court of Appeal travels to member states on a schedule to hear appeals from the High Court and subordinate courts"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court chief justice appointed by Her Majesty, Queen ELIZABETH II; other justices and judges appointed by the Judicial and Legal Services Commission; Court of Appeal justices appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 65; High Court judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 62"
|
||||
"text": "Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court chief justice appointed by the British monarch; other justices and judges appointed by the Judicial and Legal Services Commission; Court of Appeal justices appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 65; High Court judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 62"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Magistrate's Court; Juvenile Court"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -63,22 +63,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "32.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "23.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 25.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 16.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 4.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 4.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "19.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "14.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "48% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "62.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -354,22 +354,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "32.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "23.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 25.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 16.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 4.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 4.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "19.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "14.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "48% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "62.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -468,10 +468,9 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "adopted 22 November 1966, effective 30 November 1966; Constitution (Amendment) (No. 2) Bill, 2021 establishes Barbados as a republic and revokes the earlier Order in Council"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by Parliament; passage of amendments to constitutional sections such as citizenship, fundamental rights and freedoms, and the organization and authorities of the branches of government requires two-thirds majority vote by the membership of both houses of Parliament; passage of other amendments only requires a majority vote of both houses; amended several times, last in 2021"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note: </strong>following the transition to a republic in November 2021, the Government of Barbados in February 2022 began the process of establishing a constitution commission to review a new draft constitution"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by Parliament; passage of amendments to constitutional sections such as citizenship, fundamental rights and freedoms, and the organization and authorities of the branches of government requires two-thirds majority vote by the membership of both houses of Parliament; passage of other amendments only requires a majority vote of both houses"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -63,22 +63,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "1.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "51.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "50.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "47.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "47.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -328,22 +328,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "1.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "1.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 0.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 0.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "51.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "50.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "47.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "47.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -431,10 +431,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1964 (preindependence); latest adopted 20 June 1973, effective 10 July 1973"
|
||||
"text": "previous 1964 (pre-independence); latest adopted 20 June 1973, effective 10 July 1973"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed as an \"Act\" by Parliament; passage of amendments to articles such as the organization and composition of the branches of government requires approval by at least two-thirds majority of the membership of both houses of Parliament and majority approval in a referendum; passage of amendments to constitutional articles such as fundamental rights and individual freedoms, the powers, authorities, and procedures of the branches of government, or changes to the Bahamas Independence Act 1973 requires approval by at least three-fourths majority of the membership of both houses and majority approval in a referendum; amended many times, last in 2016"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed as an \"Act\" by Parliament; passage of amendments to articles such as the organization and composition of the branches of government requires approval by at least two-thirds majority of the membership of both houses of Parliament and majority approval in a referendum; passage of amendments to constitutional articles such as fundamental rights and individual freedoms, the powers, authorities, and procedures of the branches of government, or changes to the Bahamas Independence Act 1973 requires approval by at least three-fourths majority of the membership of both houses and majority approval in a referendum"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -69,22 +69,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "6.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 3.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 4.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 2.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 2.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "60.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "55% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "32.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "37% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -392,22 +392,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "6.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 3.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 4.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 1.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 2.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 2.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "60.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "55% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "32.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "37% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -501,10 +501,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1954, 1963 (preindependence); latest signed and entered into force 21 September 1981; note - in July 2022, the government introduced a bill to establish the People's Constitutional Commission to review the constitution and to provide recommendations to the National Assembly"
|
||||
"text": "previous 1954, 1963 (pre-independence); latest signed and entered into force 21 September 1981"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed and adopted by two-thirds majority vote of the National Assembly House of Representatives except for amendments relating to rights and freedoms, changes to the Assembly, and to elections and judiciary matters, which require at least three-quarters majority vote of the House; both types of amendments require assent of the governor general; amended several times, last in 2017"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed and adopted by two-thirds majority vote of the National Assembly House of Representatives except for amendments relating to rights and freedoms, changes to the Assembly, and to elections and judiciary matters, which require at least three-quarters majority vote of the House; both types of amendments require assent of the governor general"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -604,10 +604,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Judicature (consists of the Court of Appeal with the court president and 3 justices, and the Supreme Court with the chief justice and 10 justices); note - in 2010, Belize acceded to the Caribbean Court of Justice as the final court of appeal, replacing that of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Judicature (consists of the Court of Appeal with the court president and 3 justices, and the Supreme Court with the chief justice and 10 justices); the Caribbean Court of Justice is the final court of appeal"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal president and justices appointed by the governor-general upon advice of the prime minister after consultation with the National Assembly opposition leader; justices' tenures vary by terms of appointment; Supreme Court chief justice appointed by the governor-general upon the advice of the prime minister and the National Assembly opposition leader; other judges appointed by the governor-general upon the advice of the Judicial and Legal Services Section of the Public Services Commission and with the concurrence of the prime minister after consultation with the National Assembly opposition leader; judges can be appointed beyond age 65 but must retire by age 75; in 2013, the Supreme Court chief justice overturned a constitutional amendment that had restricted Court of Appeal judge appointments to as short as 1 year"
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal president and justices appointed by the governor-general upon advice of the prime minister after consultation with the National Assembly opposition leader; justices' tenures vary by terms of appointment; Supreme Court chief justice appointed by the governor-general upon the advice of the prime minister and the National Assembly opposition leader; other judges appointed by the governor-general upon the advice of the Judicial and Legal Services Section of the Public Services Commission and with the concurrence of the prime minister after consultation with the National Assembly opposition leader; judges can be appointed beyond age 65 but must retire by age 75"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Magistrates' Courts; Family Court"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -66,22 +66,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "11.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 8.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 8.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "52.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "52.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "35.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "36.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -299,22 +299,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "11.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 0.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 2.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 8.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 8.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "52.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "52.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "35.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "36.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -395,9 +395,6 @@
|
|||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest approved 10 June 2009, entered into force 6 November 2009 (The Cayman Islands Constitution Order 2009)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "amended 2016, 2020"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Citizenship": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -451,14 +448,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal (consists of the court president and at least 2 judges); Grand Court (consists of the court president and at least 2 judges); note - appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)"
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal (consists of the court president and at least 2 judges); Grand Court (consists of the court president and at least 2 judges) "
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Appeal and Grand Court judges appointed by the governor on the advice of the Judicial and Legal Services Commission, an 8-member independent body consisting of governor appointees, Court of Appeal president, and attorneys; Court of Appeal judges' tenure based on their individual instruments of appointment; Grand Court judges normally appointed until retirement at age 65 but can be extended until age 70"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Summary Court"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "Cayman Islands Peoples Party or CIPP<br>People's Progressive Movement or PPM"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -73,22 +73,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "37.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "34.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 4.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 3.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 6.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 6.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 25.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 24.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "51.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "60.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "11.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "5.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -394,22 +394,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "37.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "34.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 4.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 3.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 6.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 6.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 25.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 24.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "51.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "60.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "11.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "5.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -514,8 +514,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "many previous; latest effective 8 November 1949"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposals require the signatures of at least 10 Legislative Assembly members or petition of at least 5% of qualified voters; consideration of proposals requires two-thirds majority approval in each of three readings by the Assembly, followed by preparation of the proposal as a legislative bill and its approval by simple majority of the Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly membership; a referendum is required only if approved by at least two thirds of the Assembly; amended many times, last in 2020"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposals require the signatures of at least 10 Legislative Assembly members or petition of at least 5% of qualified voters; consideration of proposals requires two-thirds majority approval in each of three readings by the Assembly, followed by preparation of the proposal as a legislative bill and its approval by simple majority of the Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly membership; a referendum is required only if approved by at least two thirds of the Assembly"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -73,22 +73,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "60.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "61.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 33.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 28% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 3.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 6.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 22.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 27.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "27.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "31.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "12.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "7.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -399,22 +399,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "60.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "61.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 33.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 28% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 3.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 6.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 22.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 27.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "27.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "31.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "12.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "7.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -522,7 +522,7 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest drafted 14 July 2018, approved by the National Assembly 22 December 2018, approved by referendum 24 February 2019"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Assembly of People’s Power; passage requires approval of at least two-thirds majority of the National Assembly membership; amendments to constitutional articles on the authorities of the National Assembly, Council of State, or any rights and duties in the constitution also require approval in a referendum; constitutional articles on the Cuban political, social, and economic system cannot be amended"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -66,22 +66,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "34.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "33.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 24% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 22.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 2.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 2.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "59.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "63.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "6.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "2.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -314,22 +314,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "34.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "33.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 24% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 22.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 2.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 2.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "59.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "63.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "6.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "2.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -420,10 +420,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1967 (preindependence); latest presented 25 July 1978, entered into force 3 November 1978"
|
||||
"text": "previous 1967 (pre-independence); latest presented 25 July 1978, entered into force 3 November 1978"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the House of Assembly; passage of amendments to constitutional sections such as fundamental rights and freedoms, the government structure, and constitutional amendment procedures requires approval by three fourths of the Assembly membership in the final reading of the amendment bill, approval by simple majority in a referendum, and assent of the president; amended several times, last in 2015"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the House of Assembly; passage of amendments to constitutional sections such as fundamental rights and freedoms, the government structure, and constitutional amendment procedures requires approval by three fourths of the Assembly membership in the final reading of the amendment bill, approval by simple majority in a referendum, and assent of the president"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -497,10 +497,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (ECSC) is the superior court of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States; the ECSC - headquartered on St. Lucia - consists of the Court of Appeal - headed by the chief justice and 4 judges - and the High Court with 18 judges; the Court of Appeal is itinerant, traveling to member states on a schedule to hear appeals from the High Court and subordinate courts; High Court judges reside in the member states, with 2 in Dominica; note - in 2015, Dominica acceded to the Caribbean Court of Justice as final court of appeal, replacing that of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, in London"
|
||||
"text": "the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (ECSC) is the superior court of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States; the ECSC is headquartered on St. Lucia and consists of the Court of Appeal -- headed by the chief justice and 4 judges -- and the High Court with 18 judges; the Court of Appeal travels to member states on a schedule to hear appeals from the High Court and subordinate courts; the Caribbean Court of Justice is the final court of appeal"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "chief justice of Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court appointed by the Her Majesty, Queen ELIZABETH II; other justices and judges appointed by the Judicial and Legal Services Commission, an independent body of judicial officials; Court of Appeal justices appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 65; High Court judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 62"
|
||||
"text": "chief justice of Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court appointed by the British monarch; other justices and judges appointed by the Judicial and Legal Services Commission, an independent body of judicial officials; Court of Appeal justices appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 65; High Court judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 62"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Court of Summary Jurisdiction; magistrates' courts"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -76,26 +76,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "51.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "50.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 16.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 18.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 10.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 7.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 24.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 24.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "40.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "44.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "7.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "4.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "2,980 sq km (2018)"
|
||||
"text": "2,981 sq km (2018)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Major lakes (area sq km)": {
|
||||
"salt water lake(s)": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -404,22 +404,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "51.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "50.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 16.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 18.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 10.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 7.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 24.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 24.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "40.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "44.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "7.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "4.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -532,7 +532,7 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "many previous (38 total); latest proclaimed 13 June 2015"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by a special session of the National Congress called the National Revisory Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority approval by at least one half of those present in both houses of the Assembly; passage of amendments to constitutional articles, such as fundamental rights and guarantees, territorial composition, nationality, or the procedures for constitutional reform, also requires approval in a referendum"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
|
|
@ -642,10 +642,10 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Justice or Suprema Corte de Justicia (consists of a minimum of 16 magistrates); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional (consists of 13 judges); note - the Constitutional Court was established in 2010 by constitutional amendment"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Justice or Suprema Corte de Justicia (consists of a minimum of 16 magistrates); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional (consists of 13 judges)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judges appointed by the National Council of the Judiciary comprised of the president, the leaders of both chambers of congress, the president of the Supreme Court, and a non-governing party congressional representative; Supreme Court judges appointed for 7-year terms; Constitutional Court judges appointed for 9-year terms"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judges appointed by the National Council of the Judiciary composed of the president, the leaders of both chambers of congress, the president of the Supreme Court, and a non-governing party congressional representative; Supreme Court judges appointed for 7-year terms; Constitutional Court judges appointed for 9-year terms"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "courts of appeal; courts of first instance; justices of the peace; special courts for juvenile, labor, and land cases; Contentious Administrative Court for cases filed against the government"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,26 +72,26 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "74.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "57.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 33.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 34.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 10.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 7.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 30.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 15.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "13.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "27.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "11.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "14.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
"text": "274 sq km (2020)"
|
||||
"text": "240 sq km (2022)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Population distribution": {
|
||||
"text": "athough it is the smallest country in land area in Central America, El Salvador has a population that is 18 times larger than Belize; at least 20% of the population lives abroad; high population density country-wide, with particular concentration around the capital of San Salvador"
|
||||
|
|
@ -397,22 +397,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "74.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "57.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 33.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 34.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 10.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 7.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 30.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 15.2% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "13.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "27.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "11.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "14.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -473,6 +473,9 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"local short form": {
|
||||
"text": "El Salvador"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "means \"the Savior\" in Spanish and is a shortened form of \"the Divine Savior of the World\" (el Divino Salvador del Mundo), referring to Jesus Christ; Spanish colonists gave the name to the fort located where the country's capital of San Salvador now stands, and the name was later used for the city, the surrounding region, and after 1824, the country"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Government type": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -489,7 +492,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"etymology": {
|
||||
"text": "Spanish for \"The Savior\" (referring to Jesus Christ)"
|
||||
"text": "Spanish for \"Holy Savior\" (referring to Jesus Christ)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Administrative divisions": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -508,8 +511,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "many previous; latest drafted 16 December 1983, enacted 23 December 1983"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposals require agreement by absolute majority of the Legislative Assembly membership; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; constitutional articles on basic principles, and citizen rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended 2003, 2009, 2014"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposals require agreement by absolute majority of the Legislative Assembly membership; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; constitutional articles on basic principles, and citizen rights and freedoms cannot be amended"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -587,7 +590,7 @@
|
|||
"text": "Supreme Court or Corte Suprema de Justicia (consists of 15 judges, including its president, and 15 substitute judges organized into Constitutional, Civil, Penal, and Administrative Conflict Chambers)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "judges elected by the Legislative Assembly on the recommendation of both the National Council of the Judicature, an independent body elected by the Legislative Assembly, and the Bar Association; judges elected for 9-year terms, with renewal of one-third of membership every 3 years; consecutive reelection is allowed"
|
||||
"text": "judges elected by the Legislative Assembly on the recommendation of both the National Council of the Judicature, an independent body elected by the Legislative Assembly, and the Bar Association; judges elected for 9-year terms, with renewal of one third of membership every 3 years; consecutive reelection is allowed"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Appellate Courts; Courts of First Instance; Courts of Peace"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -63,22 +63,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "32.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "23.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 8.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 8.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 20.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 11.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 2.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 2.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "50% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "52.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "17.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "24.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -345,22 +345,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "32.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "23.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 8.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 8.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 20.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 11.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 2.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 2.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "50% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "52.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "17.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "24.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -453,8 +453,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "previous 1967; latest presented 19 December 1973, effective 7 February 1974, suspended 1979 following a revolution but restored in 1983"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by either house of Parliament; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the membership in both houses and assent of the governor general; passage of amendments to constitutional sections, such as personal rights and freedoms, the structure, authorities, and procedures of the branches of government, the delimitation of electoral constituencies, or the procedure for amending the constitution, also requires two-thirds majority approval in a referendum; amended 1991, 1992"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by either house of Parliament; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the membership in both houses and assent of the governor general; passage of amendments to constitutional sections, such as personal rights and freedoms, the structure, authorities, and procedures of the branches of government, the delimitation of electoral constituencies, or the procedure for amending the constitution, also requires two-thirds majority approval in a referendum"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -553,14 +553,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "regionally, the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (ECSC) is the superior court of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States; the ECSC - headquartered on St. Lucia - consists of the Court of Appeal - headed by the chief justice and 4 judges - and the High Court with 18 judges; the Court of Appeal is itinerant, traveling to member states on a schedule to hear appeals from the High Court and subordinate courts; High Court judges reside in the member states, with 2 in Grenada; appeals beyond the ECSC in civil and criminal matters are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)"
|
||||
"text": "regionally, the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (ECSC) is the superior court of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States; the ECSC is headquartered on St. Lucia and consists of the Court of Appeal -- headed by the chief justice and 4 judges -- and the High Court with 18 judges; the Court of Appeal travels to member states on a schedule to hear appeals from the High Court and subordinate courts "
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "chief justice of Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court appointed by Her Majesty, Queen ELIZABETH II; other justices and judges appointed by the Judicial and Legal Services Commission, and independent body of judicial officials; Court of Appeal justices appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 65; High Court judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 62"
|
||||
"text": "chief justice of Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court appointed by the British monarch; other justices and judges appointed by the Judicial and Legal Services Commission, and independent body of judicial officials; Court of Appeal justices appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 65; High Court judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 62"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "magistrates' courts; Court of Magisterial Appeals"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> appeals beyond the ECSC in civil and criminal matters are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "National Democratic Congress or NDC<br>New National Party or NNP"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,22 +72,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "41.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "43% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 14.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 14.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 8.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 11% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 18.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 17.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "33.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "32.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "25.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "24.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -395,22 +395,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "41.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "43% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 14.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 14.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 8.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 11% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 18.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 17.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "33.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "32.7% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "25.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "24.3% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -514,8 +514,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest adopted 31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986; suspended and reinstated in 1994"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic, by agreement of 10 or more deputies of Congress, by the Constitutional Court, or by public petition of at least 5,000 citizens; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Congress membership and approval by public referendum, referred to as \"popular consultation\"; constitutional articles such as national sovereignty, the republican form of government, limitations on those seeking the presidency, or presidential tenure cannot be amended; amended 1993"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the president of the republic, by agreement of 10 or more deputies of Congress, by the Constitutional Court, or by public petition of at least 5,000 citizens; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Congress membership and approval by public referendum, referred to as \"popular consultation\"; constitutional articles such as national sovereignty, the republican form of government, limitations on those seeking the presidency, or presidential tenure cannot be amended"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -590,14 +590,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (consists of 13 magistrates, including the court president and organized into 3 chambers); note - the court president also supervises trial judges countrywide; note - the Constitutional Court or Corte de Constitucionalidad of Guatemala resides outside the country's judicial system; its sole purpose is the interpretation of the constitution and to see that the laws and regulations are not superior to the constitution (consists of 5 titular magistrates and 5 substitute magistrates)"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (consists of 13 magistrates, including the court president and organized into 3 chambers)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court magistrates elected by the Congress of the Republic from candidates proposed by the Postulation Committee, an independent body of deans of the country's university law schools, representatives of the country's law associations, and representatives of the Courts of Appeal; magistrates elected for concurrent, renewable 5-year terms; Constitutional Court judges - 1 elected by the Congress of the Republic, 1 by the Supreme Court, 1 by the president of the republic, 1 by the (public) University of San Carlos, and 1 by the Assembly of the College of Attorneys and Notaries; judges elected for renewable, consecutive 5-year terms; the presidency of the court rotates among the magistrates for a single 1-year term"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Appellate Courts of Accounts, Contentious Administrative Tribunal, courts of appeal, first instance courts, child and adolescence courts, minor or peace courts"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note 1: </strong>the Supreme Court of Justice president also supervises trial judges countrywide<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the Constitutional Court or Corte de Constitucionalidad of Guatemala resides outside the country's judicial system; its sole purpose is the interpretation of the constitution and to see that the laws and regulations are not superior to the constitution (consists of 5 titular magistrates and 5 substitute magistrates)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "Bienestar Nacional or BIEN<br>Blue Party (Partido Azul) or Blue<br>CABAL<br>Cambio<br>Citizen Prosperity or PC<br>Commitment, Renewal, and Order or CREO<br>Elephant Community (Comunidad Elefante) or Elephant<br>Everyone Together for Guatemala or TODOS<br>Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity or URNG-MAIZ or URNG<br>Humanist Party of Guatemala or PHG<br>Movement for the Liberation of Peoples or MLP<br>Movimiento Semilla or SEMILLA<br>National Advancement Party or PAN<br>National Convergence Front or FCN-NACION<br>National Unity for Hope or UNE<br>Nationalist Change Union or UCN (dissolved 16 December 2021)<br>Nosotros or PPN<br>PODEMOS<br>Political Movement Winaq or Winaq<br>TODOS<br>Value or VALOR<br>Vamos por una Guatemala Diferente or VAMOS<br>Victory or VICTORIA<br>Vision with Values or VIVA<br>Will, Opportunity and Solidarity (Voluntad, Oportunidad y Solidaridad) or VOS"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -75,22 +75,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "66.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "65.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 38.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 36.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 10.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 10.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 17.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 17.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "3.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "12.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "30% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "22.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -390,22 +390,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "66.4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "65.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 38.5% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 36.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 10.2% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 10.9% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 17.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 17.8% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "3.6% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "12.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "30% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "22.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -510,11 +510,12 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Constitution": {
|
||||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "many previous; latest adopted 10 March 1987, with substantial revisions in June 2012; note – the constitution is commonly referred to as the “amended 1987 constitution”"
|
||||
"text": "many previous; latest adopted 10 March 1987, with substantial revisions in June 2012"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the executive branch or by either the Senate or the Chamber of Deputies; consideration of proposed amendments requires support by at least two-thirds majority of both houses; passage requires at least two-thirds majority of the membership present and at least two-thirds majority of the votes cast; approved amendments enter into force after installation of the next president of the republic; constitutional articles on the democratic and republican form of government cannot be amended; amended many times, last in 2012"
|
||||
}
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the executive branch or by either the Senate or the Chamber of Deputies; consideration of proposed amendments requires support by at least two-thirds majority of both houses; passage requires at least two-thirds majority of the membership present and at least two-thirds majority of the votes cast; approved amendments enter into force after installation of the next president of the republic; constitutional articles on the democratic and republican form of government cannot be amended"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> the constitution is commonly referred to as the “amended 1987 constitution”"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
"text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; non-party state to the ICCt"
|
||||
|
|
@ -623,15 +624,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Cour de cassation (currently 11 of 12 judges as prescribed by the constitution, 8 of whom were appointed in March 2023); note - Haiti is a member of the Caribbean Court of Justice; Constitutional Court, called for in the 1987 constitution but not yet established; High Court of Justice, for trying high government officials - currently not functional"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court or Cour de cassation (consists of 12 judges)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "judges appointed by the president from candidate lists submitted by the Senate of the National Assembly; note - Article 174 of Haiti's constitution states that judges of the Supreme Court are appointed for 10 years, whereas Article 177 states that judges of the Supreme Court are appointed for life"
|
||||
"text": "judges appointed by the president from candidate lists submitted by the Senate of the National Assembly"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "Courts of Appeal; Courts of First Instance; magistrate's courts; land, labor, and children's courts"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note</strong>: the Superior Council of the Judiciary or Conseil Superieur du Pouvoir Judiciaire is a 9-member body charged with the administration and oversight of the judicial branch of government"
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note</strong>: the Superior Council of the Judiciary or Conseil Supérieur du Pouvoir Judiciaire is a 9-member body charged with the administration and oversight of the judicial branch of government<br><br><strong>note</strong>: Haiti is a member of the Caribbean Court of Justice, the Constitutional Court (called for in the 1987 constitution but not yet established), and the High Court of Justice, for trying high government officials (currently not functional)<br><br><strong>note</strong>: Article 174 of Haiti's constitution states that judges of the Supreme Court are appointed for 10 years, whereas Article 177 states that judges of the Supreme Court are appointed for life"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "Alternative League for Haitian Progress and Emancipation (Ligue Alternative pour le Progres et l’Emancipation Haitienne) or LAPEH<br>Christian Movement for a New Haiti or MCNH or Mochrenha<br>Christian National Movement for the Reconstruction of Haiti or UNCRH<br>Combat of Peasant Workers to Liberate Haiti (Konbit Travaye Peyizan Pou Libere Ayiti) or Kontra Pep La <br>Convention for Democratic Unity or KID<br>Cooperative Action to Rebuild Haiti or KONBA<br>December 16 Platform or Platfom 16 Desanm<br>Democratic Alliance Party or ALYANS (coalition includes KID and PPRH)<br>Democratic Centers' National Council or CONACED<br>Democratic and Popular Sector (Secteur Democratique et Populaire) or SDP<br>Democratic Unity Convention (Konvansyon Inite Demokratik) or KID<br>Dessalinian Patriotic and Popular Movement or MOPOD<br>Effort and Solidarity to Create an Alternative for the People or ESKAMP<br>Fanmi Lavalas or FL<br>Forward (En Avant)<br>Fusion of Haitian Social Democrats (Fusion Des Sociaux-Démocrates Haïtiens) or FHSD<br>G18 Policy Platform (Plateforme Politique G18)<br>Haiti in Action (Ayiti An Aksyon Haiti's Action) or AAA<br>Haitian Tet Kale Party (Parti Haitien Tet Kale) or PHTK<br>Independent Movement for National Reconciliation or MIRN<br>Lavni Organization or LAVNI<br>Lod Demokratik<br>Love Haiti (Renmen Ayiti) or RA<br>MTV Ayiti<br>National Consortium of Haitian Political Parties (Consortium National des Partis Politiques Haitiens) or CNPPH <br>National Shield Network (Reseau Bouclier National)<br>Organization of the People's Struggle (Oganizasyon Pep Kap Lite) or OPL<br>Patriotic Unity (Inite Patriyotik) or Inite<br>Platform Pitit Desalin (Politik Pitit Dessalines) or PPD<br>Political Party for Us All or Bridge (Pont) or Pou Nou Tout<br>Popular Patriotic Dessalinien Movement (Mouvement Patriotique Populaire Dessalinien) or MOPOD<br>Rally of Progressive National Democrats (Rassemblement des Democrates Nationaux Progressistes) or RDNP<br>Respe (Respect)<br>Women and Families Political Parties (Defile Pati Politik Fanm Ak Fanmi)"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -75,22 +75,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "28.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "32% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 9.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 9.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 5.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 15.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 17.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "45.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "56.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "25.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Irrigated land": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -397,22 +397,22 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Land use": {
|
||||
"agricultural land": {
|
||||
"text": "28.8% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "32% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 9.1% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: arable land": {
|
||||
"text": "arable land: 9.1% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 4% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent crops": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent crops: 5.4% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 15.7% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"agricultural land: permanent pasture": {
|
||||
"text": "permanent pasture: 17.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"forest": {
|
||||
"text": "45.3% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "56.5% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"other": {
|
||||
"text": "25.9% (2018 est.)"
|
||||
"text": "11.6% (2022 est.)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Urbanization": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -516,8 +516,8 @@
|
|||
"history": {
|
||||
"text": "several previous; latest approved 11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"amendments": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Congress with at least two-thirds majority vote of the membership; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of Congress in its next annual session; constitutional articles, such as the form of government, national sovereignty, the presidential term, and the procedure for amending the constitution, cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2021"
|
||||
"amendment process": {
|
||||
"text": "proposed by the National Congress with at least two-thirds majority vote of the membership; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of Congress in its next annual session; constitutional articles, such as the form of government, national sovereignty, the presidential term, and the procedure for amending the constitution, cannot be amended"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"International law organization participation": {
|
||||
|
|
@ -592,14 +592,15 @@
|
|||
},
|
||||
"Judicial branch": {
|
||||
"highest court(s)": {
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (15 principal judges, including the court president, and 6 alternates; court organized into civil, criminal, constitutional, and labor chambers); note - the court has both judicial and constitutional jurisdiction"
|
||||
"text": "Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (15 principal judges, including the court president, and 6 alternates; court organized into civil, criminal, constitutional, and labor chambers)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"judge selection and term of office": {
|
||||
"text": "court president elected by his peers; judges elected by the National Congress from candidates proposed by the Nominating Board, a diverse 7-member group of judicial officials and other government and non-government officials nominated by each of their organizations; judges elected by Congress for renewable, 7-year terms"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"subordinate courts": {
|
||||
"text": "courts of appeal; courts of first instance; justices of the peace"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"note": "<strong>note</strong>: the Supreme Court has both judicial and constitutional jurisdiction"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Political parties": {
|
||||
"text": "Anti-Corruption Party or PAC<br>Christian Democratic Party or DC<br>Democratic Liberation of Honduras or Liderh<br>Democratic Unification Party or UD<br>The Front or El Frente<br>Honduran Patriotic Alliance or AP<br>Innovation and Unity Party or PINU<br>Liberal Party or PL<br>Liberty and Refoundation Party or LIBRE<br>National Party of Honduras or PNH<br>New Route or NR<br>Opposition Alliance against the Dictatorship or Alianza de Oposicion contra la Dictadura (electoral coalition)<br>Savior Party of Honduras or PSH<br>Vamos or Let’s Go<br>We Are All Honduras (Todos Somos Honduras) or TSH"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
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