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middle-east/ae.json
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@ -1179,6 +1179,12 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> each emirate maintains a local police force called a general directorate, which is officially a branch of the federal Ministry of Interior; all emirate-level general directorates of police enforce their respective emirate’s laws autonomously; they also enforce federal laws within their emirate in coordination with one another under the federal ministry; the State Security Directorate (SSD) in Abu Dhabi and Dubai State Security (DSS) have primary responsible for counterterrorism law enforcement efforts; local, emirate-level police forces, especially the Abu Dhabi Police and Dubai Police, are the first responders in such cases and provide technical assistance to SSD and DSS"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"Military Expenditures 2022": {
"text": "4% of GDP (2022 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2021": {
"text": "5% of GDP (2021 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2020": {
"text": "5.6% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
@ -1187,12 +1193,6 @@
},
"Military Expenditures 2018": {
"text": "5.5% of GDP (2018 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2017": {
"text": "5.2% of GDP (2017 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2016": {
"text": "6% of GDP (2016 est.)"
}
},
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {

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middle-east/aj.json
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"note": "<strong>note:</strong> most of the military is made up of professional contract soldiers; as of 2018, women made up an estimated 3% of the active duty military"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the Azerbaijani military was established in 1991, although its origins go back to 1918; much of the military’s original equipment was acquired from former Soviet military forces that left Azerbaijan by 1992; territorial defense is the military’s primary focus, particularly with regards to neighboring Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh region; a secondary focus is guarding against Iran; the Ground Forces have five army corps and an independent combined arms army in the Azerbaijani exclave of Naxicvan (Nakhichevan); four of the army corps are deployed around Nagorno-Karabakh (one corps also has units deployed along the Iranian border) while the fifth is responsible for the defense of the capital Baku;  between them, the corps and the combined arms army have more than 20 mechanized or motorized combat brigades; the Ground Forces also have separate brigades of artillery, battlefield rockets, and special forces; the Air Force has about 30 Russian-origin fighters and ground attack aircraft, as well as some combat helicopters; the Navy patrols the Caspian Sea with a corvette and several coastal patrol craft<br><br>Armenia and Azerbaijan engaged in open conflicts over Nagorno-Karabakh in 1991-94 and 2020, plus a brief flare-up in 2016; six weeks of fighting in September-November 2020 resulted in Azerbaijan seizing control over much of the territory it lost to Armenian and Nargorno-Karabakh forces in the 1990s, including a portion of Nagorno-Karabakh and almost all of the surrounding territories; in November 2020, Russia deployed about 2,000 peacekeeping troops in and around Nagorno-Karabakh as part of a Russian-brokered cease-fire agreement, which required Armenia to withdraw its military forces from Nagorno-Karabakh; Armenia claimed this withdrawal was completed as of August 2022; nevertheless, tensions remain high, with Azerbaijan accusing Armenia of secretly continuing to provide weapons, supplies, and troops to Nagorno-Karabakh; cease-fire violations across the Armenia-Azerbaijan border and the line of contact between Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan occur regularly; since 2021, a series of small scale clashes also have occurred between Armenia and Azerbaijan along their border; in addition, Armenia has accused Azerbaijani forces of multiple border intrusions and seizing parts of sovereign Armenian territory<br><br>Turkey is Azerbaijan’s strongest military partner, a relationship that has included weapons transfers, technical advice, bilateral training exercises, and key support during the 2020 conflict with Armenia; military reforms over the past decade and the operations of the Azerbaijani forces during the 2020 conflict reflected Turkish influence; Azerbaijan is not part of NATO but has had a cooperative relationship with it dating back to when it joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace program in 1994 and has provided troops to NATO-led missions in Kosovo (1999-2008) and Afghanistan (2002-2014) (2023)"
"text": "the Azerbaijani military was established in 1991, although its origins go back to 1918; much of the military’s original equipment was acquired from former Soviet military forces that left Azerbaijan by 1992; territorial defense is the military’s primary focus, particularly with regards to neighboring Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh region; a secondary focus is guarding against Iran; the Ground Forces have five army corps, plus an independent combined arms army, which is assigned to the Azerbaijani exclave of Naxicvan (Nakhichevan); between them, the corps and the combined arms army have more than 20 mechanized or motorized combat brigades; the Ground Forces also have separate brigades of artillery, battlefield rockets, and special forces; the Air Force has about 30 Russian-origin fighters and ground attack aircraft, as well as some combat helicopters; the Navy patrols the Caspian Sea with a corvette and several coastal patrol craft<br><br>Armenia and Azerbaijan engaged in open conflicts over Nagorno-Karabakh in 1991-94 and 2020, plus a brief flare-up in 2016; tensions continued following the 2020 conflict; Azerbaijan seized the entire enclave in 2023 <br><br>Turkey is Azerbaijan’s strongest military partner, a relationship that has included weapons transfers, technical advice, bilateral training exercises, and key support during the 2020 conflict with Armenia; military reforms over the past decade and the operations of the Azerbaijani forces during the 2020 conflict reflected Turkish influence; Azerbaijan is not part of NATO but has had a cooperative relationship with it dating back to when it joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace program in 1994 and has provided troops to NATO-led missions in Kosovo (1999-2008) and Afghanistan (2002-2014) (2023)"
}
},
"Space": {

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middle-east/am.json
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@ -113,7 +113,7 @@
}
},
"Ethnic groups": {
"text": "Armenian 98.1%, Yezidi (Kurd) 1.2%, other 0.7% (2011 est.)"
"text": "Armenian 98.1%, Yezidi 1.2%, other 0.7% (2011 est.)"
},
"Languages": {
"Languages": {
@ -1210,7 +1210,7 @@
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> as of 2021, conscripts comprised about half of the military's active personnel; as of 2018, women made up about 13% of the active duty military; the Armenian Army established its first all-women combat unit in 2020"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the Armenian Armed Forces were officially established in 1992, although their origins go back to 1918; the modern military’s missions include deterrence, territorial defense, crisis management, humanitarian assistance, and disaster response, as well as socio-economic development projects; territorial defense is its primary focus, particularly in regards to ongoing tensions with neighboring Azerbaijan over the Nagorno-Karabakh region; from the early 1990s until 2022, Armenian military forces worked closely with the “Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army” (aka “Artsakh Defense Army”) to provide defense and security for Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding regions; Armenia and Azerbaijan had significant military clashes over the area in 1991-94 and 2020, plus a brief flare up in 2016; the six-week 2020 conflict resulted in an Armenian defeat, and almost 2,000 Russian peacekeeping troops were deployed to the area in and around Nagorno-Karabakh as part of a Russian-brokered cease-fire agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan; the agreement required Armenia to withdraw its military forces from Nagorno-Karabakh, and Armenia claimed this withdrawal was completed as of August 2022; nevertheless, tensions remain high with Azerbaijan accusing Armenia of secretly continuing to provide weapons, supplies, and troops to Nagorno-Karabakh; cease-fire violations across the Armenia-Azerbaijan border and the line of contact between Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan occur regularly; since 2021, a series of small scale clashes have also occurred between Armenia and Azerbaijan along their border; in addition, Armenia has accused Azerbaijani forces of multiple border intrusions and seizing parts of sovereign Armenian territory<br><br>the bulk of the Armenian military’s ground combat forces are organized into five small corps that are  typically comprised of one or more Soviet-style “motorized rifle” (mechanized infantry) regiments, plus supporting units of artillery, reconnaissance, and tank forces; there are also separate artillery, air defense, battlefield rockets, and special operations forces; four of the five corps are typically deployed along the border with Azerbaijan with the fifth deployed along the border with Turkey; the ground forces also have a peacekeeping brigade; the air combat forces consist of small numbers of Soviet-era ground attack aircraft and attack helicopters; Armenia is landlocked so it has no naval forces  <br><br>Armenia has close military ties with Russia and hosts Russian military forces at two bases, as well as Russian border guards along multiple border areas; it has been a member of the Russian-led Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) since 1994 and committed troops to CSTO's rapid reaction force; Armenia has relations with NATO going back to 1992 when Armenia joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council; in 1994, it joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace program and has contributed to the NATO force in Kosovo, as well as the former NATO deployment in Afghanistan (2023)"
"text": "the Armenian Armed Forces were officially established in 1992, although their origins go back to 1918; the modern military’s missions include deterrence, territorial defense, crisis management, humanitarian assistance, and disaster response, as well as socio-economic development projects; territorial defense is its primary focus, particularly in regards to tensions with neighboring Azerbaijan over the Nagorno-Karabakh region; from the early 1990s until 2022, Armenian military forces worked closely with the “Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army” (aka “Artsakh Defense Army”) to provide defense and security for Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding regions; Armenia and Azerbaijan engaged in open conflicts over the Nagorno-Karabakh enclave in 1991-94 and 2020, plus a brief flare-up in 2016; tensions continued following the 2020 conflict; Azerbaijan seized the entire enclave in 2023 <br><br>the bulk of the Armenian military’s ground combat forces are organized into five small corps that are  typically comprised of one or more Soviet-style “motorized rifle” (mechanized infantry) regiments, plus supporting units of artillery, reconnaissance, and tank forces; there are also separate artillery, air defense, battlefield rockets, and special operations forces; four of the five corps are typically deployed along the border with Azerbaijan with the fifth deployed along the border with Turkey; the ground forces also have a peacekeeping brigade; the air combat forces consist of small numbers of Soviet-era ground attack aircraft and attack helicopters; Armenia is landlocked so it has no naval forces  <br><br>Armenia has close military ties with Russia and hosts Russian military forces at two bases, as well as Russian border guards along multiple border areas; it has been a member of the Russian-led Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) since 1994 and committed troops to CSTO's rapid reaction force; Armenia has relations with NATO going back to 1992 when Armenia joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council; in 1994, it joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace program and has contributed to the NATO force in Kosovo, as well as the former NATO deployment in Afghanistan (2023)"
}
},
"Space": {

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middle-east/gz.json
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@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
},
"People and Society": {
"Population": {
"text": "2,037,744 (2023 est.)"
"text": "2,098,389 (2023 est.)"
},
"Nationality": {
"noun": {

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middle-east/ir.json
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@ -643,7 +643,7 @@
},
"National heritage": {
"total World Heritage Sites": {
"text": "26 (24 cultural, 2 natural)"
"text": "27 (25 cultural, 2 natural)"
},
"selected World Heritage Site locales": {
"text": "Persepolis (c); Tchogha Zanbil (c); Bam and its Cultural Landscape (c); Golestan Palace (c); Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System (c); Pasargadae (c); Hyrcanian Forests (n); Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex (c); Meidan Emam, Esfahan (c); Bisotun (c)"

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middle-east/iz.json
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"text": "Ministry of Defense: Iraqi Army, Army Aviation Command, Iraqi Navy, Iraqi Air Force, Iraqi Air Defense Command, Special Forces Command, Special Security Division (Green Zone protection)<br><br>National-Level Security Forces: Iraqi Counterterrorism Service (CTS; reports to the Prime Minister), Prime Minister's Special Forces Division, Presidential Brigades<br><br>Ministry of Interior: Federal Police Forces Command, Border Guard Forces Command, Federal Intelligence and Investigations Agency, Emergency Response Division, Facilities Protection Directorate, and Provincial Police<br><br>Ministry of Oil: Energy Police Directorate<br><br>Popular Mobilization Committee (PMC): Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF), Tribal Mobilization Forces (TMF); the PMF and TMF are a collection of approximately 60 militias of widely varied sizes and political interests<br><br>the federal constitution provides the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) the right to maintain its own military/militia (peshmerga) and security forces, but the two main Kurdish political parties, the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), each maintain their own forces: <br><br>KRG Ministry of Peshmerga: Regional Guard Brigades; Unit (or Division) 70 Forces and Counter Terrorism Group (CTG) of the PUK; Unit (or Division) 80 Forces and Counterterrorism Directorate (CTD) of the KDP<br><br>KRG Ministry of Interior: both the KDP and PUK maintain separate police, emergency response, and internal security/intelligence (Asayish) services under nominal Ministry of Interior control  (2023)"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"Military Expenditures 2022": {
"text": "2.1% of GDP (2022 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2021": {
"text": "3.7% of GDP (2021 est.)"
},
@ -1213,20 +1216,17 @@
},
"Military Expenditures 2018": {
"text": "4.5% of GDP (2018 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2017": {
"text": "6% of GDP (2017 est.)"
}
},
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
"text": "information varies; approximately 200,000 personnel under the Ministry of Defense (190,000 Army/Aviation Command/Special Forces; 5,000 Navy; 5,000 Air/Air Defense Forces); approximately 25,000 National-Level Security Forces; Ministry of Peshmerga: approximately 150,000-plus (45-50,000 Regional Guard Brigades; 40-45,000 Unit 70 Forces; 65-70,000 Unit 80 Forces); estimated 100-160,000 Popular Mobilization Forces (2023)"
"text": "information varies; approximately 200,000 personnel under the Ministry of Defense (190,000 Army/Aviation Command/Special Forces; 5,000 Navy; 5,000 Air/Air Defense Forces); approximately 25,000 National-Level Security Forces; estimated 100-160,000 Popular Mobilization Forces<br><br>Ministry of Peshmerga: approximately 150,000 (45-50,000 Regional Guard Brigades; 40-45,000 Unit 70 Forces; 65-70,000 Unit 80 Forces) (2023)"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the Iraqi military's inventory includes a mix of equipment from a wide variety of sources, including Europe, South Africa, South Korea, Russia, and the US; in recent years, Russia and the US have been the leading suppliers of military hardware to Iraq (2023)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-40 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2022)",
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> service in the armed forces was mandatory in Iraq from 1935 up until 2003"
"note": "<strong>note:</strong> service in the armed forces was mandatory in Iraq from 1935 up until 2003; in 2021, the Iraqi cabinet approved a draft law to reinstate compulsory military service and referred the proposed law, called the “Service Under the Flag Law,” to the Iraqi parliament "
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "Iraqi security forces (ISF), including conventional air and ground forces, are primarily focused on internal security duties; they are actively conducting counterinsurgency and counterterrorism operations against the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) terrorist group, particularly in northern and western Iraq; the Counter Terrorism Service (CTS), a highly regarded force comprised of three special forces brigades, is the ISF's principal operational unit against ISIS<br><br>Kurdish Security Forces (KSF, aka Peshmerga) also conducted operations against ISIS; the KSF were formally recognized as a legitimate Iraqi military force under the country’s constitution and have operated jointly with the Iraqi military against ISIS militants, but they also operate outside of Iraqi military command structure; since 2021, the ISF and the KSF have conducted joint counter-ISIS operations in an area known as the Kurdish Coordination Line (KCL), a swath of disputed territory in northern Iraq claimed by both the Kurdistan Regional Government and the central Iraqi Government; the KSF/Peshmerga report to the Kurdistan Regional Government or Kurdistan Democratic Party and Patriotic Union of Kurdistan parties instead of the Iraqi Ministry of Defense<br><br>Popular Mobilization Commission and Affiliated Forces (PMF or PMC), also known as Popular Mobilization Units (PMU, or al-Hashd al-Sha’abi in Arabic), tribal militia units have fought alongside the Iraqi military against ISIS since 2014, but the majority of these forces continue to largely ignore the 2016 Law of the Popular Mobilization Authority, which mandated that armed militias must be regulated in a fashion similar to Iraq’s other security forces and act under the Iraqi Government’s direct control; the Iraqi Government funds the PMF, and the prime minister legally commands it, but many of the militia units take orders from associated political parties and/or other government officials, including some with ties to the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and some that have been designated as terrorist organizations by the US; the PMF/PMU is an umbrella organization comprised of many different militias, the majority of which are Shia: <br><br>--Shia militias backed by Iran; they are considered the most active and capable, and include such groups as the Badr Organization (Saraya al-Sala), Asaib Ahl al-Haq, and Kataib Hizballah <br><br>--Shia militias affiliated with Shia political parties, but not aligned with Iran, such as the Peace Brigades (Saray al-Salam) <br><br>--Shia militias not connected with political parties, but affiliated with the Najaf-based Grand Ayatollah Ali al-SISTANI (Iraq’s supreme Shia cleric), such as the Hawza militias<br><br>--other PMF/PMU militias include Sunni Tribal Mobilization militias, or Hashd al-Asha’iri; some of these militias take orders from the ISF and local authorities while others respond to orders from the larger Shia PMU militias; still other militias include Yazidi and Christian militias and the Turkmen brigades; the links of these forces to the PMU is not always clear-cut and may be loosely based on financial, legal, or political incentives<br><br>at the request of the Iraqi government, NATO agreed to establish an advisory, training and capacity-building mission for the Iraqi military in October 2018; as of 2022, the NATO Mission Iraq (NMI) had about 500 troops; in December 2021, the task force that leads the defeat ISIS mission in Iraq, Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF-OIR), transitioned from a combat role to an advise, assist, and enable role (2023)"

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}
},
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
"text": "approximately 94,500 active duty armed forces personnel (80,000 Army; 14,000 Air Force; 500 Coast Guard); approximately 15,000 Gendarmerie Forces (2022)"
"text": "approximately 95,000 active duty armed forces personnel (80,000 Army; 14,000 Air Force; 500 Coast Guard); approximately 15,000 Gendarmerie Forces (2023)"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the JAF inventory is comprised of a wide mix of imported equipment from Europe, some Gulf States, Russia, and the US; in recent years, the Netherlands and the US have been the leading suppliers (2023)"
@ -1254,7 +1254,7 @@
},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "2.4 million (Palestinian refugees) (2020); 12,866 (Yemen), 6,013 Sudan (2021); 33,951 (Iraq) (mid-year 2022); 656,762 (Syria) (2023)"
"text": "2.4 million (Palestinian refugees) (2020); 12,866 (Yemen), 6,013 Sudan (2021); 33,951 (Iraq) (mid-year 2022); 655,283 (Syria) (2023)"
},
"stateless persons": {
"text": "64 (2022)"

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middle-east/ku.json
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"note": "<strong>note 1:</strong> the Emiri Guard Authority and the 25th Commando Brigade exercise independent command authority within the Kuwaiti Armed Forces, although activities such as training and equipment procurement are often coordinated with the other services; the 25th Commando Brigade is Kuwait's leading special forces unit; the Emiri Guard Authority (aka Emiri Guard Brigade) is responsible for protecting Kuwait's heads of state<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the Kuwaiti National Guard reports directly to the prime minister and the amir and possesses an independent command structure, equipment inventory, and logistics corps separate from the Ministry of Defense, the regular armed services, and the Ministry of Interior; it is responsible for protecting critical infrastructure and providing support for the Ministries of Interior and Defense as required<br><br><strong>note 3:</strong> the police, Kuwait State Security, and Coast Guard are under the Ministry of Interior"
},
"Military expenditures": {
"Military Expenditures 2022": {
"text": "4.5% of GDP (2022 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2021": {
"text": "6.8% of GDP (2021 est.)"
},
@ -1153,17 +1156,14 @@
"text": "6.3% of GDP (2020 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2019": {
"text": "5.6% of GDP (2019)"
"text": "5.6% of GDP (2019 est.)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2018": {
"text": "5.1% of GDP (2018)"
},
"Military Expenditures 2017": {
"text": "5.6% of GDP (2017)"
"text": "5.1% of GDP (2018 est.)"
}
},
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
"text": "approximately 17,000 active duty armed forces personnel (12,500 Army, including the Amiri Guard and 25th Commando Brigade; 2,000 Navy; 2,500 Air Force); approximately 6,500 National Guard (2022)"
"text": "approximately 17,000 active-duty armed forces personnel (12,500 Army, including the Amiri Guard and 25th Commando Brigade; 2,000 Navy; 2,500 Air Force); approximately 7,000 National Guard (2023)"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the military's inventory consists of weapons from a wide variety of sources, including Western Europe, Russia, and the US; the US has been the leading supplier of arms to Kuwait (2023)"

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middle-east/mu.json
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}
},
"Military and security service personnel strengths": {
"text": "approximately 40,000 active-duty troops (25,000 Army, 5,000 Navy; 5,000 Air Force; 5,000 Royal Guard) (2022)"
"text": "approximately 40,000 active-duty troops (25,000 Army, 5,000 Navy; 5,000 Air Force; 5,000 Royal Guard) (2023)"
},
"Military equipment inventories and acquisitions": {
"text": "the SAF's inventory includes a mix of older and some more modern weapons systems from a variety of suppliers, particularly Europe and the US; in recent years, the UK has been the leading supplier of arms to Oman (2023)"
},
"Military service age and obligation": {
"text": "18-30 years of age for voluntary military service (women have been allowed to serve since 2011); no conscription (2022)"
"text": "18 for voluntary military service for men and women (women have been allowed to serve since 2011); no conscription (2022)"
},
"Military - note": {
"text": "the SAF’s primary responsibility is external security; it is a small, but professional and well-equipped military that trains regularly, including with foreign partners such as the UK, US, and Gulf Cooperation Council countries; the SAF has a longstanding security relationship with the British military going back to the 18th century; the relationship was notable during the Dhofar Rebellion (1963-1976), when the British military provided considerable assistance to the SAF in their eventually successful counterinsurgency campaign; today, the SAF and the British maintain a joint training base in Oman and exercise together regularly; in 2017, Oman and the UK signed an agreement allowing the British military the use of facilities at Al Duqm Port; in 2019, the US obtained access to the port, expanding on previous military cooperation agreements in 2014, 2010, and 1980; Oman also allows other nations to use some of its maritime facilities, including China<br><br>the Omani Navy conducts maritime security operations along the country’s long coastline, including patrolling, ensuring freedom of navigation in the key naval chokepoint of the Strait of Hormuz, and countering piracy and smuggling; while Oman is not a member of the US-led, 34-member nation Combined Maritime Forces (CMF), which operates task forces to counter piracy and smuggling, the Omani Navy has at times participated in CMF-led joint exercises; the Navy is a small but relatively modern force; its principal warships include nine corvettes and offshore patrol vessels, which are supported by a number of small patrol and fast attack craft<br><br>the Royal Army was formed as the Muscat Garrison in 1907; today, it has an armored brigade equipped with American and British tanks, 2 brigades of infantry, and a border guard brigade, as well as an airborne regiment; the Royal Guard is comprised of an infantry brigade and 2 special forces regiments; the Air Force has about three dozen modern European- and US-made multipurpose fighter aircraft (2023)"

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middle-east/tu.json
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},
"Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
"refugees (country of origin)": {
"text": "10,244 (Iraq) (mid-year 2022); 3,298,817 (Syria), 43,605 (Ukraine) (as of 31 August 2023) (2023)"
"text": "10,244 (Iraq) (mid-year 2022); 3,288,755 (Syria), 43,605 (Ukraine) (as of 31 August 2023) (2023)"
},
"IDPs": {
"text": "1.099 million (displaced from 1984-2005 because of fighting between the Kurdish PKK and Turkish military; most IDPs are Kurds from eastern and southeastern provinces; no information available on persons displaced by development projects) (2022)"